Antoniade, COnstantin - Opere

ConstantinAntoniade

ffi

Editura Eminescu

.J

EDITURA EMINESCU

BIBLIOTECA DE FILOSOFIE A CULTURII ROMANE$TI

apare sub ingrijirea lui
VALERIU RAPEANU

In aceas-t5 coleclie
au mai apdrut :

CFIEORGHE I. BRATIANU
T radilia istor icd" clespre intemeier ea

statelor romd.neSti

TUDOR VIAI.JU

Studji de |ilosotia culturii

VICTOR PAPACOSTEA

iC iv i I iz at i a r o md.ne as c it g c iv i I iz ali ct b al c an i c d

MIRCEA FLORIAN

Recesivitaf ea ca structurd. a lumii

VOL. I
C, RADULESCU-MOTRU

PersonoJjsmul e ne r g et ic
$i alte scrieri

P, P. NEGULESCU

Geneza tormelor culturii

In preg[tire :

I. C, FILITTI
Opere olese

PETRU CO]VAR\IESCU

Scrierj
I, LUPA$
Sfudji din istoria Transilvaniei

986I 'l$arnrng

n)seurr.ug EJnlrPA

nSsgdod Tivltird NoI
rgiJoeulue,gwfeoycaI;sd
'lalilpa op alou rrpn?S
e.rdnse ,alelralas

ffiwsdo

3pe1$o3{rycrpus}srro3

C3;:lil A

A

pdnp Blqrun nu | !n{ e3unu ap II1I€ pJIz ps nBale or pi prspapulb as ps pral porunul
I ruotupo rlle{rof, nr 13 auls n3 raou-rs EJg 'nora un ef ur,L p?pol lsoJ p ,prurul p}r}ol
urp lEJeA3pB lnzar;l IJ i-nu Rs orsc od pulr ;n6u-rs un s,rlJs e nu otcl ,p.\r1.lp olep
-lorlrl o rE arelJoJs o 1t 'ro[ un €la :nu plpr^ oJp] nJtruod guoilo:s Tuulql op so:nDi,r
urBau un-Jlurp llfai '1rqou rS lleur pJa ar 1o1 nrlued sFIJSop Inlollns nJ lDp /olesrlpJu]
e1 n:dse '3n3pl rS :olernbu.ts elsaJB Inuro .1rn1dpprl rS p-eI rep ,rrfar,r palDlluurap
peal farelquornuu'qnlpuro:uTrnel lo6lraauu-rallJ'eo1po1ndrsqraTaupouerpretoepuprulclpatppJurBrlsuonJIIIe,ln(tuBsBrot_lo!r6lrtn1p)uon1o,dt1o:rud;
15

€

rnl E1DrA"'aI.{IrDJ souroqJ In1 erado nf, rS aEplLD.rlALrnolru,,voA.3rlJlearlodoIrldpleluluJp-s,,eos)poelacurnu
pa^p p:r n;1ued 'lllul i a1{1rn3 sDurorlJ op
'ararpl tavtrtraruls rp)Lrnw plplnlr?ur ,zoi6ua Inlnrqalar erodo urp o16o1c1ue pf,rru o
lprxrn V 'aILITDJ sDruor/J rni p arro?s/ LtI In)loja rS ro[rota nIIn) .r!or3 Tuplrnl s
uzel0uo pquiTl urp €alaJnppti rf a1{1lo3 sDurot[J urJer6onour trnrpcle ne 601j, u]
.a_rrleruclurol o:lrJotrsl

1i ar16ololuo:o1 a1a1:adse qns al.3iriurr\:'rafrirli.:r:nf p:Joel op l;o:euob aruclqord

'o17otb .tlduaxa asale aitosolrJ ap aualsrs ur-rd e1eluarun6.ie ,lsrleuorieJ rs r;rlE.r lulds
u1'aleuorfnlos I3 asnd luls oprrr!,106I uI pllrpdll rf plnurfsns ,ptryosolry porTr) ap
arDrro)ul'vJSIlVgu vuar NaJfu!qzansoTolplenJ3otr,3aopppraupole.Izyal.JulincrIpezJ1lpuoa.{ie1u1is0pl,6ronea-lra.^lrl/orol4rJl osoli}
Ef,Itrirr r.rJ rf argosoy;

'nllol,\tr-nssalnppu ullirctsrro, IuosaloJd op 1r:urn"rprrl 1* snpuor ,lprolJop op IBr:l
-ads Inreulruag e1 elred lEnI E'g06I-F06I o-rlu]'llsarnrno urp rrlplrsro^run p oral!.]
-1n3looJloJsos1onll1CndaapruB5 eElpIlianp3srCnlnBIllIs.,rouJolor{sno1lg0y,rau1alurrfdurocurlrlrcllSatdnulerlpsnusn;p,-tlSrpr€r0n6I IrirrJrr6.0X10X1rionsl
Inusllpar q3sEairpuroJ Blnllnl ul slriJsap e otpJ rs rip rssloip l:joJ p
'lnnstuoyln|ona rf .rnln}datp nttr111! pluaJll op DZol ,206t ui U] p1r:pclr1 oJp:l
epun ,11$ar
,lnurXsns r:
-nlng urp tr|glrsra,trun e 1dar6 op
alunslntr lpru:n. e apDlLroJLrV irlplinc€C olp alol ed rode ,clprBspu lolpr^l lnl
-naf,J'J .t ,6tlBI 1sn6ne gI
pi ,ltEarnrnfl EI lnrspN

{tnOi-Zggi) ncsalnryl aDlosrAl ap ptrleuroldrp ri qrrlrlod cJre ur
rBj '(Ll6l-B9Bt) nrtotg-n3salnppg u.r;uDtsrroJ IS (lI6I-6FBI) nrsrrolDl.\i ntiJ ,.)lauorl
-Bu llrnlln] a1e lfpltleucsrod qnop op',xx Tnlnloras 1n1ndoruI e1 ,aies 1r:lerrr e o1_rrd
eurlrci ug oJiqosoap nr'lef,lsurar lsoy e (7961-6991) apoiuolrrk ur?lrDJsrroJ,(9-96I-

-n0rBsrBr/Ig) !$nD olrttutlg -rnl Ie I3 (e96I-8681) ttttol1ptg';' atl\toaqg Ini 1e'(9961-igglI
abtoag -irll IB '({g€I-SLBi) lfn)uprg urlLtDlsuo) 1n1 1e rru:oduio}uo3

YlVCsAd

?dspiate '5i onoruri, 9i cind acestea, intru tirziu, au venit spre ei, le-a refuzat cu o

demnitate care aminteste pe Spincza" 1.

C, Anton-iatle vcia, iu al doilea rind, sd infSliseze publiculul romAncsc cultul
pe munci gi sinceritate, critica ipocriziei engleze
muncii Si a1 patriotismului fundat aristocra{iei trindave (unv,orkii'tg orislocrccl'J qi a

fi a utilitarismulni, corclamilarea
,,mamonisraului" burghbz, icleea ch munca, gi numal munca, alcdtuieqte mediul priel-

nic de formare qi dezvoltare a personalitdfi!.

In 1910, C" Antonisclc'a publicat, in revisir: Convorbiri literaie, escul A/i/ril
novi? 5i nonografia .FiJoscfia ,lui Fienri Bergsr:n, care urma si fie inceputul unei
serii de studii cu prlvire la curenteie qi orientiriie Jilosr-.fiiior conicfiporane.

Lspita de a dc-,'cr,i profesor universitar s-a s1;ulberat in 1910. Era iiberS, prin

pensionarea lui Tjfu i\j.iiorescu, catedra de lsforic Iilosofiei Si Enciclopedie lilosoiicd
Ce la Universitatea riin Bucurcsti. Comisia de conc:urs l-a preferat pe P, P, lfegu-

Jescu, titularul cursuiui de Isforia lilasoliei de 1a Universiiatea din IaSi.

In 1913, C. Antaniade a publicat studiul Ralionalism;i pragmalism, iar in 1915

trupe-le Imperiolismu! culttttii germane, cate i-a adus, in 19i6, arestarea de chtre
lai;Er din
germal1e aflale pe teritcrir-il RomAniei gi deportarea intr-un Bulgaria,

.ile unde a errailat ;i, iittor:; la lSucureg'Li, a stat ascuns pini la inchcierea Pdcii cie la
Buftea (24 aprilie/7 mai i918).

In urma desdvirgirii stctului nafional rcman urlitar, C. Antonjarte, Iegat prin
,,afinitdXi elective" de l/icoice Tr'lulescu, a intrat in slujba Ministerului de Exterue'
A fost, rind pe rind, crbitru pe lingd Tribr-rnalul arbitral romdno-ungar {1922-1927),
minstru plenipc:tenliar la Geneva si reprezentant aI Rr:m|trjci la Socieiatea Nafiu-
nilor (1928-1.929\, preparctor al Comisiunii pcntru Ccnierin{a dezarmdrii 9i ai Cc-
mitetului de arbiiraj Ei securitate (i929-1931), cielegat la Conferin!a dezarmErii
{ 1932-i935), tninisf ru plenipatenli(tr al RomAniei la Berna (1936-i937).

l.tru prea mult timpr de la. inldturarca lui Nicojoe T'itttlescu cle la cirma Mi-
nisterului Afacerilo; Externe {29 argust 1336), C. }tntottiucie a fost destituit (6 iunie
1937) Ci1 aceicaEi moti."'c (ticluite de grupurilc politice de dreapta din trari ti din
strdlnitate) ca gi iiustrul sdu sprijrnitor 9i plieten. Vreme de 17 ani, de la iniitu-
rarea dirr dipiorna{ie, C, Antanicde a tr&it in Fran{a. A murit la 19 iulie 10J4 la

\'ladrid, in timpul unei vizite fdcute fiului siu Georgc '\niorticLde '
Priviiii 1n tLrtalliatca ei, via{a iui C. Anlonlcdc apare ca dratna unci persona-
!'tt\l,i ccceni,u,{11c, i)ir,'ciesi-inat5, parcE, sI trea:: prin vije}ii1e unl;r et'enil'cllte i'i r --'
. 1;:l:tul ri:l-. 1 ::-, :--i-.,r'
inl'ltiii.t.rele: riis- ':.:,l:e.' rlin 19i.:, ccie c',liii r.i:l-rt;iiil bi..icenii e - -- .l -:-- --::: ':-..---
iriu:liiii l.-iii:'-l-: -.:l;:.:- ::. C.:.:::. --l :,, -,..
,:--- :. i:

in-..;,:'.'...._--:.-.:.-'.-:.._..-'-
ninre,rio, C. -,:.: -.t. r:1.- ---. r.:::s inperii'rcai;rl. -\,lturi cle Njcclae TitUlescu Si-a
:1uj.i, ci c-l-r;;:li.-: s. c-:.-r::; f:a:iia,','lrrr!. de aproape douXzeci de ani, inmliidiind
trrirci;tiiie p.i1ii.-ii :i i:--':,p-il. niI.1iei. A avul acelea;i aspirafii ca qi Nicolae
i itulescu. A i,:st ull apSrii':r ',-ajtti: ai iezei roindnegti in epoca malelui proces ai
,,optan{ilor,, uflgttri -.: uii lurtdtrr ccls€c-.r(:nt gi neir,fticari p:ntiu sair"gardarea pdcii.
Nritrea;i ei conr.ilE.-rea c;r, p:r.ea ai putea fi salveti prin mijlocirea Ligii lJa{iu-
niior. cu condiiia ca +i u.R.s.s. sil iie admisd !n societatea ce }a Geneva 2.

1'Ihottas Cariyte, Eroii, Cuitul croilor Si eroicul in lstorie, traciucere ri-in iiinba
enqlezd de C. Antonjade, Instittltul cie Arie Grafice,,Luceafdrul", Bucureqti, 1921,
p.\rI.

2 Stuili; ptivintl palitica ez:ternd" a l""r.tminiei {1919-1939), Edltr;ra Militard, Bucu-

reqti, 1969; p.p. 79-80;

VI

IIN

'-hnrd6al-u00la6.i1rr)laIpIE.rlov ^B,rljnslalpugp'palonra!uaoryboosgo7t 'Z!.1 'd '056I ,llSarncng ,elugurou olsrlprros rTrrlq
aDo!lrooalsrNl u'!af'alqpgDlunarlrwyVnq.3r
lrolBuopJoat '(1 oa1nd

'p6o1ouro1, npDU s

'auis op

apIBuuoeaBIotlrpl-?polsrMarrol1]lolBelplurcPulnsIllur1rOslpBrie1nusor3{oslriruauorlruIeouopupneddlwI6dfrle,uneal'enlBlo3oe,rpe]pDzo1llpuIplsu.frsnn).BnoirlpgppundalcarldlroBsrrBlrnqluauusltulorun;lulpcrssnpua'oor'VoolruuppneucIlarJDilnirp,rliSr'rIdur,dlnnslBfuInuarluIoosoallrpVcnsiod1lulaolEouseIoIanpdB1'Avrdups1daI!'artneJsvprryfpIeJ,IuqgBqduJs'aoJBlNnlnlpoutp'J/lssp,nunJI,lBIuallinlrlDqezruDrE'rcl1o.arnnJrrrzrpsDlsuTuo,l'rnluIuvduIIare1oono^trrf,Dsesfpllsuial,6rolnna,esnrrutlut1Bpaauyav1eaorgg1!grrcf1xrD,nuIrpco'r1tayruloruuler6atJpel,araluaulFu1urIIHlpeIpasjrrAq-J1B*irloIlpn],nu-nIrndrJoI:aolnBIdercuJrlaprDesnlnur,er1Iio3pJllrraOnpoDosIlI1JIlsr,snnoIJjlr3oluarppuiJi]1rsl6en'snre.lpn'ru3lrweoBeop\uuc*lorp,]roarnIipIqutl.ulupslirp0rnllaoI)p,s1{Itlro^esrnursenJcrlapo*lucnnpsou.rfr6oJsl,ouolanr:nlrer]rlp^rssplrl

csasB6 as LrtnllnJ IB JlliJJ rf crrolsr ap r$ JosoIII ap'JBiJsoseorlraJduorouls!rsrBinprn'o6eol1pg,_uaal1rocrndT,,
ep 'Bs EoruaJA uI ,1soI np urnl ,1a;serdxe
nps nrJoj^I-ncsalnppa uIluDlsuoJ,nldurexo rolBorl un lsol e nu apD.ruoluv ,3

IB sorn6-rr lnsalef ug u! ,f,rlosolrtr rrralsls ep

--a-o'e--IeEnn1pppc1lrDenalu1lrnnulpIadnuaDp-spdIolp.ssulorlruIulupoloeolyldonl'lulIlulailll.pno'ury,JpnBll.'afo.lll.euurIitoearsna!le)'ssII1unroir$ueBsaSI3lugraBa,lrgl!rr,fsr1osd,qIre'sJnlJrlce1eeo-slairr;sreluzluo11oarp!10lsIrJdIrIodBJurriruBul,1-l,rJ;o1rp,dSIcg,eI,rs1,aBl.unJprurl1o1nauu!splllgaJnlu,o6^oo.luX3epllsrlns6BdliopXdz-Jolrro,credp1atdreInulIenIersaeulplglu1euop6goireaeofceru,,u11uslroesld6ol,pesu1.roIrprdBr3,1n1puuonno3nrnpIlrsanoBuapJaslsruoroJp,.dJruIroo.ponp6,us,lsoloapnTa,plBrlpnlauIJu,sarrurzinrarprseaJrfalJlnnlpelosludd'sluuooaouplJeolurlau\rrddoi3JprgIlaBrrBlr,oecoenISrStwlJsolslaupauroeISfarurlnAucre3cdlaeunoJrnsgnune!ou1rpnl,nes,3aeaa3ro1'lrogT^1uJr.arsrplsr'nlsirp1ptlalruzdBdluusloxgn.aorroISuduurSd
I16lle-I3a--e--':ulnTaoIu3lulo.araIsPt.udrr'oarrlpIu.laolnolsrluIlDola,lnprlrltlolmrsuuoslc1ounlllnsBo.{oaou;arruceefosolrlrsl,sq,ernorulausrp6s.'IsroelaoporB0aosneSlI,lD3l.1:llBp'E;rucpopLnJer1loJJnuodIullo1to.rssrSoip6r1oltuesgopzos1se1loIre6urelu-eos-ol1elnrIrrroZelvrIIrJlg1r6eJo:eB'lJlp1unZro0aqldpJ'',elu13uJqB6l-orogdse1dureolJlIar1u{oleliesleuduiJel1p1'.loJfuaoBodp1rulsnelunorlBsnrasVaplorugapljluazapllullrulzBBrrEoapJldapre^Il-J.BJup[rBrgoldarrodJr,iJcu3eogezarxfqJpoor,nc.zldJarlI16rBordnrsuSialnrl1oulrlInloa3rolcae1eroufatlll,ououfsualorpoparIor1paosIpaSro-rpnrlup':11pDldr!rdlfur3uruxsdol.,Ezurlrrlo1daun-JgsIronlIprJurIBopJr3nyl,rzppp1r$otIfeJuronproIJ-liaI'oIiorr1v1IrerllrIBlnsrBprsolBoaopaoBlllo.rarllnuqulmrsaJnl,11lruT.lnolpJpar''ldrf1uiB^oIuqllDluaIoIrpn-nadouIJnarrn.r1uJlori'luJIudlagarp1FIlsurposolrqouflpir,lliueu1leIolaopuuIurBBleIgdnrosaldlv3arqrIuectIpioulBp1,lndo1opaliI.pou6Ioubuetus3s,Iruulgl-p1enurrnnas1o1rr3"lrldl,lldors3sasau.a".elTJ1p1uaBeaerrl1lp^eruJeolno.roupgIl1olsf1ele1uo1Iuuarnre-Ipe1SaporerldI,elrszlrrruleour,Fa,oqu"1fueruetsro6r*udareonurgIlelnsrrs.rrdnrlis^ploaecpeuuid,oeoBa1dlslece"uporerJdeax,diurr,vrpueppo'Iloo1p€sls.'nu-urrruuials,rnrqru,Jrpf),laupInroutrcn,louuuerr?nriio[pd(uBsraluerirau.elSigajra1ldnB€uolslrr"plrBuae-1tarllEz1dpplrsirurru:mno6Jnrnru.dTo,llrpa-1pJiolpue:slrluriaJJlst.r3lnranra-pjprirul1!,I:pps:)sq1EJ1,,peB)rJ

Ir rlomeniul :;ocioiogie i, C. Anloninde schijcazZr, pc ruincle metodci ,,pur obie,-:'
iir'e" 1lui -[mj/c Dlir/rlreim;i pe celc a]c tucti:dei,,pur subiectivc" a lui Ccbrr'e.l'
Turctr.:, o t':t,:iodd obicciit'-^sr.rJ:icciiyd, pc carc o aplici in recoustituirea criticit.<i
i.ctr)rici a oi.liectuiui sociologiei;i sociologiei drcptulr-ri. In sistemul sIu de gindire,

,\1;lrui l?rilcc a acor{lai a.esiei inctcile rol privilegiai.

Tn colnplexul iclcilor cuprinsc in oircrcle s,r1c, C. Atttttnittde;rcordtl uneia ro
clc irlcc-lrjrlii: iJu (irjslocralia .ic rtrrglerc Si rl:: tillttri ltogic;tiie trel:ttic sai,pun.i irl
r{:li::i i.'latilie sociald, ci, cllmpolrivd, nrislctiaiio ,,cle rleriie 5l de 1r]enlc" lrcbtt;,t'
,:ri sr r rgdsurrscci .si 3d se i'ccLiitccscri in plrctm.idt: t'tLlarilor, Accetsli tezir, iiriircirti

cu priir.-'iplui s':lectirii sccialc prin,,niuncd qi prln rrrcrjt" rostit de }fjncr'Emincscn

:,i cu pri;r.:ijliilc ,,orrsjotle:noctaiiei" Iiis!ilului spre cale tinjeau Djmiirie Gusjj;i
Llilrrui Raleo, face mindrie criciirei filosoiii $i reprezinlA un titlu de glorie ai culturii

ronAi're ;.ti.

Analist dc maLe ciasi aI Renagtelii italiene qi al comunelor Italiei din secolui
ai XVI-jca, C. Anloniarie cste un portretist dcsdvirqit. ln galeria sa de porirete apar
llrj nutllai pcrscnaiit5li ilustre ale vremurilor descrisc, cum ar fi, bun5oard, Ntcco/o
Mccltic.tvcili, Lorenzo Nlagnilicui, Girolan.o Savoncrolct, Cescre Bcrgia, papii Alc.roti-
clru el \'I-icc $i Ltliu al II-lea, Pietto t\retino, Frallcesco Guicciardini $i Benvenuic
Cellitti, Bc:.Itlassare Ccrsliglionc 6i Isabeilc D'Estc Gonzago, dar 9i nenumdrate tlpuri

clc crhninaii, condotieri, tirani, preoli $i monahi, ucigaqi de voie Ei fird de voie,
fcmci pierdute;9i curtezane oneste, analizate cu nigald,qi judecate sever, dar drepL.
l)escrierea Floren{ei $i a altor cenire ale societi}ii italienc evidenliazd, in chip ne-
pirtinitor, rnirefia Si coruplia Italiei din vrelnea aceea. Se adaugd observafii privinct
mlrToadceltilcutlt,pclrliin, cmipoeraluviuirdi,eaoal m- ensi,aolvpaetorer,aclurlteaniiteei,qSi itennudidnolearfilaolsoefiic-e poriretizat in

gi sociologice"

Unci dinLre irisdturile cele lnai caracteristice ale operei lui C. Anloniade este descrie-
rca ltncr figuri clin Renaqtere in totalitatea lor conctcti qi istoricd. In privinJa
aceasta, figurile din Cinquecento qi principeselc, curtct-iii 5i curtezanele inf,iligate in
uitimele cloud opere publicate rezumd qi exprimf, epoca ior, prin ceea ce au ele
mai real, lrrai caracteristic Si mai particular, lncit notcle lor comuner generale ti
diferenliale alcdtuiesc, laolaltS, grandoarea qi decadenfa Rena;terii itaiiene.

Un Ioc aparte in analizele asupra Renaqterii iialiene il are caracterizarea
condifiei sociale a omului cle culturi, legatd de forfa bcgi{iei economice ti de mE-
rirea puterii politice" Este concludenti, sub unghi dc r.edcre eminan-iente ncgatr-.-
cbc9foaoailrnonrddesuiifinlln,cidacaupoc-cu,se'on:esCnet (ordIpatpetutretn:ilic-:cb:t,Lli-ai:.cln,iL''i:il-i,.1'r".dt:',-:ae"::i-t:ttal::,i;:t::ei:'::,rr-:e'.i-s-.::e-l:iIr:n:at::i:rc,t:ii:i:ui-.c:r---p".*u,::lc.ltu:ei.i-'a--c---o=.:s:n:-:-rd.--o.l-l.l-.:t:ilel--t-u*.t.::L.\1t--l ---(.:::!::-e::=.,-;:.'o-..1:-i.m..:--:.':-i:':..-a'::r.t'!-r,5-....li'r--.ai1.-:'-,:p-.:'€l-.::::.tr.-:.e:.-s.j--i'ue:-.t
ultimii treizeci de 3:.-i a: r'-=.-: .::.::-r q-'.:::1i al l-:lpuriior mcderlle", dar ;i mc'
atul tguarzoericcreu-i'r:.t.:-:t::::-.:--::.:o:.::clgleta-lia C. Antoniude
delul exemplar arguinenteazi afa5a ei, dac5 -a $i-a
vindut talentele avut
ti unora din
ceva de ciStigat. ,,Ceea ce pr.px.re ei celor mari ai zilei este un iirg: plitetti, te
Iaud, $i te laud in mdsura ir care piii':pti; dacd vrei, te ridic pind in slava ceruiui;
claci nu primesti ttrgul, ai \-izut ce pct armele tne1e, birfeala, batjocuril, ridicolul ;

bdqa[i de seam[, aveli fiecare cite o bubd ascunsd." 4.

4 C. Antoniacle, Rend$lerea italiand. Trei ligttri clitt Cinqueccnto. Pietro Arclifio---
Francesco Guiccjarclini-Beltvenulo Cellini, Fundafia pentru Literaturi 9i Artd, ,,Re-

gele Carol II", Bucurepti, 1935, P. 69.

VITI

XI

.6-8 .dd ,waplql
L
'8 'd
'tuaP'4Iq'Ide 'rgSa:
-nrng ',,ufnerodg" ei;ur0odlJ 'inusruo.IlnloAa Jf rnln1datp oluui$ 'aportrolult '3 q

'1 ,,ar€JSruI u! RAIozor os BunDcplol IS
allqplsul luns -Irooun JsalrqBls as of, olorqrlrrlJg 'ozp' op xrJ .lpumu un ap -i:ru 'a,,rr1
-luiJop rrpJs ap pqrol r; aiuod nu 'aunrlnlola o3llo uI TS Df, 'IJ*auoruo roitunr{daeuo;
earml{niona uJ" 'apDiuo&ry 'J inI ea:tpu36 ug 1ec11dru1 nrdrrui-td un g 'u,rt-rlodutq
'o,,r'rlrulJop rS asrqcul lJpls plepo-riru prurrdxa nu rolrapl B Is aleaJ II'Jlnl p Pnurl
-uoJ Earrualop pJ plpJp plspoJp rS '"roit.rnrcn1 prJoJsI etrnpotdor .tollopl EIJolsI

's t,alezIl
-iciorur pnladrod o €l e,lrlrzoci porpls pI osunlp alluuJdaruor !rrruppLioJ * apDluol
ol-susrVilaJ'JolelJ'rarqrlJpnrissrle-EarrurraonpJluppndfu,soo€o.arJo1"c0f',nooursaqa/[)pltru]iIlpoapJsJoeljnsrJnrunfnslottr-l'ariIlnr'pzT,cvldn1'rrnuzlocddltsrru€szt-putJdI ui psunle 'er n:luod

Inrus^llTlrzoci glurzo:d

rtr'pn.rbrirdsol'olpJ
ro1r.ro1rpug6 e ppeialci paleu ui alr.;sul as afDilioiuY ') 'ij'Jja) elsn6nlr r$ 1a6op1
'd'14,'C Inl alaualsrs u1p eslsdrl nu pa Pulapour p:cde u1 ,tut'gpttd ep s,rJf LtIp i{lJ
-D1oH ap ralplrrlJ!1ul/ utp qsnd osasnJ JolllnlJnl B af,lusa^ Tr.I.Iu3^op Bua{qord
'8,/rolT,rnrJnl E oJpqurlqJs pirJolo lI3ap
uJala o nu rlurrll 'PuuoJsupll es Inlol 'pcStru os Inic] ',aulS nJ lTluopl aulupl nu
--ItieulSrVuirln1u'l)anl/oalp.TJszqonepscalsluoEcaraloultnoarpurulrlPlrrtt-1lrulJnrolIlNnppu'njlsn'ofT,JplurOreorpilelunnllproeldAp1'u/e9rilrd'l'clelcnrorul,ltrlnrrpr:Jqdoslpsanoop1o)'cpplluroiuuJ3n:a'lldIrIrptoun?{]olqilurollpuourlneael$o'puJoln1ucp;pnnpcfld,ro-oui.'tuplnoslnnpl-€DuXaIr.sluIXoIotJli
-o1f n1o.ra eindrouud ad pl€punJ 'gis1uo1{n1o,ra puIltr)oC 'InlnulsIuoIln-{oAc olp alar
ad rS .rnlnurslulurolap allTierual azolnslJ ES nuJloJul InlnulsTriiulatropau olilnliESB pulr
'XX rnlnloJas InlndaJul €I p3IloJoal al€lPuruasul a.Ipru op oiso lpp 'ia oltrnlndaru3
e1 ep ruqla6nJ plrolsr pulutop ailnlolo ap Baapl oJ aurall op 'Rnou alsa nu Ia
pureJ 'ltrSarnrnfl uTp lrlptrlsralTun B ldaiq op Pale1lnrpd pi Z05I ur qlnutfsns qfrro:r1
op pzol o olsg 'apDluolLtv '3 op pltrpdll oJOIlJs purt.rd o nllll lsoJlr nf, PellcJ

.IN]^ISINOIINfOAA IS INTNIdEUC VINIIJ-S'i

ECVINCI-NV 'J IOT STEdECC

'piios luourppurlJ prpi rci'.rlor,':c 16
olurrJorr :olrlsardrut 3ol f spl nu Inlac.illlZ cl?tr uI '1inpg1)11cu ep tS o:ni31s eidel ed
1€toruoltrl /aJoJ Jc,lp?o)raJ inun Inuol a ollDitlolilt/', tril inuoJ'JIla1€clzoir osndns
rS osnci alaurolqc:d ul 1-rc;de.r rll'slnlsrp Ig e,iIJSrlr"od'a:t1so;rod 13 slnlsip'P.II.IJ

-cdoep'o+sa nps Inlrl5j'JJrDluoluy') Tni alltorJ-ts o:l€ol tIT eJfroLrnsol os'DrJDlJ ?D,1rI!
inl t:olelcrrqos nJ I6 nrs;utlpr', lril IB lturolod Inlll')lE1 nl t:o orrtind cp '',rt t(
nLrc{ A topnl InI ealplrl\prfi l3 ealeiputuo:! nt lt alnlb l"io3 '-J '1 Inl plucJl nJ lJnlol
clie uI 'nfra1g ut;1in1 lnl 1B IoJ n) -Ig nJsalolD\^tr nll,L lnl Inllls nJ 'Ilnf,clrl ct{'1rpnlul
also ol€J 'true6o1o IIls un-riul ierulrdxo 'oleutlit:o ,If iou iapl ep 1u6oq puoi utl

'i:s crccla utp Inlnlapuof, Iu UolilopiloJ Joun tl; spDIltaluv '3 op Piinqllip lJ
uolrrd 'lprlqryrrng qoJDI op 13 srtrrung 3p orsaruDJd op orlqosoop nJ /rPs ]u Tf,-IlIrJ Ilie
Jlr rS !]plsalJp rS ptrp1e+suo)'ou!laIV cJia/d iill lrl Joifiopuol ep porinlscjoJd

Iir der-euirea evolttlionismului moclern, C. AnLoniade recunoaste meritele lui
Ciror/,-'s Robcrt DcLrtvin gi contribufiile iui Jenrr-Boptisfe (te Monet Lamarh, expune

lapidar tecria catastrofelor (Georges Cuttier), teoria acliunii lente a cauzelor actuale
{Cltaries fye/,'j 6i tezele lui Nicolcus Copernicus, dar admird excesiv sinteza fi}o-
scfici irff,piuitd. r1e Llerbett Spencer, ile care se deiimiteazd critic in studiul FiJosoJja
li..ti tI,;tri BcigscIl. El noieazi cd sub semnui evolufionismului modern s-au consti-
tliit {l;sciplirg noi.,,Sociologia, care de-abia se ndscuse ca gtiinlE in sistemul lui
edio- incepe si se coirstituic pe baze solide. Socioloqia evclutivd
Ccintc i-ucestccariree a
se explica origina, c,cstered, structura qi activitaLea societd-
cste l
iiJcr prin cocpr^rar€a in cursul evolufiunii a cauzclor fizice, vitale Si psihice" s.
A1i1 turi 6ls 5ociologie se clczvcltd etnologia ;i antropclogia, lingvistica. $tlinta
rcliciiilrr si;tiinJa nrtelor care, iil pcrspectiva lui C. Anionicde, devin,,ranuri alc

Scciciogicl llenerale" e.

Nici $tlinJa clreptulul nu face sxcepiic de 1a legile evcluliei. Cum e posibilA

inteineir:rea ei ?

Din pnuct clc veclcre filosofic, socciepte el,Ftiinfa dreptului i5i recunoagte prin-

cipiiie ci pri;r're i;-r rloctrine spcculativ-deductiviste asupra dsrteaptutul,lufi5. r"dRosuissceraeua, dI{danctd,
Fichte, Scl-reilir-rc1, Hegcl construiesc socictatea, dreptui,
ar fi ne",'oie s5. se observe ir,tii societifilc, drcpturile, statele. Kant, plecind cle la
concciriui -individului-, dedricc legiie uiriversale gi necesare ale societAtil, inde-

pcudcni de oricc condiiic geograficd sau istoricE" 10.

.,\ceastd conceptic spe culativi, pe carc C. Anloniade o rcevalueaz6, in chip
rcalisi {ler Irc urme bdti-torite, ca apriaristd, a primit o mare loviturd prin .Scoalo
fslorrr:i a Creptttlui, intcmeiatS, in Cermania, in 1814, d.e Karl Frieiiriclt Scvigny gi

de Fri::<lr[c]t Gearcl Pucltta. Ideile ei fundamentalc sint douii: ,,evolu]iunea dreptului

5i rolu1 con;tiintei comune a natiunii in formaica lui" 11.

Pe cind prima idec, in forma ei e{encrald, are valabilitate, a doua este ,,rneri

Eul;rcii,j " 12.

Ideea cd drcpiul izvolh;;te din cr-nr;;iiinla ccrnund a nafiunii, sub f,rrmd de

,,s1-.irit" 6l fieciri"li popor, esie ,,tubred.i" tocmai pentru cd dd drum liber Ce intrare
idcali:mu1ui in asczbminteie Stiirllei dreptului.
,'\l r,loilr:a mnre pas in constituirea SliinXei dreptului s-a fdcut, ln logica lui

C, Aritctnierlc, sub impulsul docirineicr evcluiioniste qi in urma dezr,'oltirii gtiin{e-

ior soclalr:.

a-. .{rlonilrrie subiiniazii cii una din form.cie sub care se prczintit Lrr.r r,..---

.

sirci;Llr tsie formr 1'or juritllci. .,Felone nlri iriidic, inirc lai rr f ::tl:r..: 'tl
piriit''. 1,lr;r-i.t

cblrcj.':'rle a e.a.:',rli' r'.
\letocia cl.,: i:r.. !c f!lrs:sie. cii pl::1:l::e, stiinfa.ireptului este, ii'i conside-

a faDi:irrr. ,,Se va lr:i:ti de la fa-Jte, c.lre vor fi observate, in toate amdnnn{imi1e
sple l.rLi j" 'li.

A:a cd, icleee de drept nu se ctncepr: si nu se explici dccit prin viafa sr.rciaii,
ccea cc itrteinciazd cafaciorril sociclogic a1 rireptului ca Cisciplind gtiinlificd.

t, !bidcn, p. 1.2.

'i.: Ihi4euL. p, 16.
p 18.
1/;rJem,
ibiclem,
. r;'dcnr,
.. lititiern, lr. lU.
Ibiden, p?..
1: 22.
23.

X

IX

'00 'd 'uJ.)ii!q j (/,
'i:i:. i,:0 r ,

o.rapa^ ap triund un-llurid osorqwo.I artsa) lni elrrilldo ilEot:!il! \l Jp rrral a:r)|ta
'-rninrotrtprJrTI rninlpnls InurlJpl od pluuod euielqord snd rJ p ep lliour aialEru 1n.\p
u 'orul6orlu! uI 'Irooun 'Flinp96pl IS plnleqluo-1 isop 'osorquoZ arlso) mI puuiroil
gJ alisounssi rpp rotrIpo^opau r3 ol13ofspu o!TTJ.:Ierd od purfrrds es,reutr,r3 p E3rA?le
allrrlpp ai€J tra .ipuacl
eourDlro IrqBlopISuor",slnorsraDlrurLl rurtnl InqlnpiDloLitpru.iat.tp)DnrurtccioitlVF,JJ olseloJos :n.iXn:Xde-irnpi
leifnloaa ,lolideJ Inurllln uI

-nloJos InlndoJuI €l ap pJspoueuio-r (pf,rpirnl rf g;16olorrcs) eo:rpug6 n:trire,j E:u lci
-uroxa oilpf, a IntilstLtatlnlo,ls /s m1n1rlotp DlrrrrSs urp JpJ iapl olseJe .rEuinir ni!.J
.linin reru nu lep ,,,pilu! l1nf,scunra,.r taFel
also -- nJsaulurfl '6r aunds unl3 -Illseloatrreli,cri:uer1:n1fua1;,C, rr:u;ei pa,jorufiarnyuagpirjo],lp3Jprp-tiruLeuop,laesuu;alnirN.d
rB nu
Tnlnse:co:C 1u,,pro1r::ids,,
'rrbal lnlnuriuor'erfe:ilruuias
/pllqBI€ elso eleda.r ioci as op ie li.rz:.ili r:!i.i'pj.,:za.rcoJ nrr oapT p3uar-1lese ir,r.Jp
eii.rn-rlnl c;pa1 ni: Er apDlror:y ..) rrll EOapI lrrcrr;,rii;r
rS alrqBls 'alerouaE ,otpsoJau ,eleifuasa ]rn].Ioder ,€r.trpos punq ap ,1urs ,sa:r_irrJ

llurnup Jnun olp o^lsarrns alTippls o-r1ulp oloJ lro 31{raJrp olJoiqo nes auauiorreS
e4uip eloJ'uaruoueJ nBs 13alqo rnun oIp af,TrlunpI aITJnlpI orlurp alTJnli.d.; opuh
'r6ei ep plpuraln6 euinl o-rlul eaunrzl,rard plrqrsod acug eaf a1 'a6ai o prur:cixo
aluorulrro^a nps auauroual 'oldpJ toun p o:uloder aJllo nN .larjo7au rrtp1+,.: :ttfia1

nr 1n7nSa;60td 10,,1iro1urds" /ns;Jul of,TJT1u-pr os qs r3ru,jol.rJnltnl lorl-.:inl €JGilsu
ollqplp^ IrznlruoJ 'ae6joepr1o^qlaepodlJousndpsur'rlirlnnrrlsnal rpopurTpre'tprlsST.rXoOunnN11rg.1a0uclrair!zl^eez:c1iqeep..tgn,p11r
aluslJTtns aATloru

-30Jo ojpolp^ nr plpsJa^Jun o6al o iorlor uI aund eolnd :e ola pf, atrsolopul as JBD
'rn1nser60rd 1e ,,p101er1ds" InsroIII a:clsap rolrapl palEllilqale^ olsEounsor ,96gI u-r
lerrlqnd 'arlass?r) DI ap InoDa lnlnzof,uer} un Ei as-npuiro;ar ,gr ]ci-1rp g
'po nJ Epu'nJuol as nu Jep 'laliDbau llro}au Iu nTpnls oifolrirrrie ,e1clo;1 laui:d ai:1st.r
no$a1 ap

'alJEJpl etruollIala oloun pIpuTI ra eldea;1 ed aza.rnelsor qs aleocl lercos rnlnsa.i5o;d
B OUOlJipEllUoJ E-rlo1f,A-1pr1 pC aui{sns lll nJ}u! 'EIpirds u! rupl{o^zap ozal

'rnlnldorp 1egr{n'l1,,oranalnusJarilsioradrEiuprTpJ!uoolprJlrrdssqb1nes-r.$rareu1"a):1IrdipslusrIf,Ior-srppllo^pZl€oJpId1sn>u-oIroe:caljEql-iol ,przzeeaptr
-uou:n6re

ardsap BuTrlJop onr]sns apDruolu\..),inLilsluo!in;o,ra r* rnin1dotp Dlutrls uI

'91 ,,plarpf,olJ e Jp^apB ap ea1:ed priiullotrop pA os rS iclo-rp op oliqlsod lopt
olatrI-raJrp Brpnls ro-{ as arps uE 'psrJosoIiJ rnd o1:ed o r3 'erpodod oialedirulrci u1
a-pldIzpIaoere]tp,t,oupelI{iuupae'JrtrTuruuanlco-ljl-dxrraadec"rru}oeoopsraool{arlaJlp;lsrrplorolrss}JteprpJ6auBroivsrJ,pI,n,,'ol1asnlNp1JTnroyiecAzl!uaoo-odrspl"uroia?JJetJpeuoJlsdlqouelIJroJJ,eupI1ZJ!,IroJa:oplpSliDosaluirrluro5aio.:lrelreurculvplr.{oJnalsoerdon,srllprloeEal:ri,al4lE.rs-luioerops.rris,aer
rs r{uJni Bldnsrp g1ez11eraue6 qf,Itr3loe} aunlzTA pf, piJOsoiu pul6uJdsor,o:ec ,1nrusir,r1

-gzod nc epDluoluv'J ad'IOI rinorl ui'atrSopnrul l-nu iIlDtrTIErJos olp alur-rlg ail€ ulp
prus 1n1n1de:p e16olotcos urp oiirals iai!elnrads eoroSurdser p.r sclefu3 ep €isE

'sr ninlnldalp eldnsE eunlfelncods iJ p^ eJ lo1 luI^no un nc '1da;p ur alEl{leur]
op ellun-IlsaJ '1eued 1n1n1dorp Inlnluaurepun; erclnse alrrElaJtaJ 'lninrusiurruralap rf
njl-rqrp Inlnraqli Brdnse allunrlnrsrp 'rnlnlderir lafuaso B"rdnsB 'arfrlsnI ap '1da.rp ap
rrapi 11ug6iro Brdnse ollrnltsao e1eo1 ln1n1datp 1ollosolIJ IB Elorp uI Bttui :on r* 1n1n1
-darp IaluTUS Inluoutop urp esnlf,xa rJ .tol aiur1ts alleloieJ ui
-3oluJ" 'apl3os rolalurrtrS Inlnurluo3 ur rS -Erollos uqzIspaltrrroautr-s oriEinrads orrJo ap ec i€tu
q1B] Inl
elslnder ep rS Jallor uI so)s r1u:a1nd otrsa apD.rlrolrry 'J InI larldecuor Inurs.rieag

si)ciolo.ji(, si ilcO5t.l, lLrbii!lilt iit srani .ir a{ivcI:,.1iii ,,tirrii ;c.oli italienc'" ii il1;lrrt,
llii ij.,\rriorr;cii.l.- cit rc:narcabil, ior:lnai prer;iru cir., qii;.Cc;ie ci, Iittiorui :;ritial ,tit:

iio i nf i,.rtrr.. l rr(; ir., i.lr'rar,,. i i ii 1n produccrci irtf ra.i iil:1ii.

Silrpraitilc luj C. --in1.-,iticili: fa!h tle lcitc,Sr:oc?ii iiaiillitti ct ci:plr-l/ui i).)/r{i1 sl i(r-
tcirrciazii, inclcr;lcbi, pc Jlitrni::;clc so.ioloqic.r pc (.ic l:nritt: Farri lc ptl:;cr:r-r ili
r,rplii:arc;i fiiitlelor ltctta)c, ri:rr'lc fitcionti srlcial aio o iitiirien{.i clt'sit:i c1c mirLc !;t
:;:jr.;ir5iica ilirai iiuirii. Jrrcici:ala iiri C-. ..irrlcrtirtilc c-'rii.' tiiLilt mai itrtl'rcsatrlii ,(i nt,ii
uiil.li r,i nta;, aicvar:it:i cieci! a lrii,irt.'rjco Fcrrj inirttcit r.'sitirric i-rcsii;iliiatl.r rt
icaijiatt: i'r1;1ir-:irrii inr'i:lliiL;nii j-rrirl r-rxaltarea rolultri faitr;lilor si-'tiali carc ,,ttu
trClt'LLic crataiirrr,'t, dlltii c'ur,r lru 1.rt:l-ruii-. ('\iali tai" rrli c.-'l i;i f;,rc iorilol llltrril,;-

lo,:ji. i" i;'.

.:q,tiiuie rlLcptrrliii, lnfili;ciir de C. '1i,';lo;tirirlc irr luriina evolulionisnrLllui, ltu
s-.r putut inici;reia;i ciczvciia ca ciisrillini;tiiliifici in ai.ira so:tictAlii, clar cpirtia

sa c."i c:,1 ai fi o rarnur:i a:;oci.rloglei nli csic s.rtisf.-rciitoarc iiecii dacii eslc con:ii-
clcrilti.t illi-n11 inlclcs tiparte, cei dc::ocioiogic a drcplului. Siub ac:e:;l ul,rJhi cit--
iumiit.i, C. A;lotri,,rle arc .iieili.rtc scriincl urinirtoerele: ,,Nici uita clin n'rallifesiiriic
r.ielii soci3le nu poate fi drrplitl;i aclir-rc priceputi daci nu este siudiaL:l itt funcliuiLr-r
dc sociciatc. Dreptul mai pulin dccit toate, c;tci 11r,1 poatc fi cotrc( put in afarir cle

o so:ietatc dati" 13.

Asifcl, cvolulia dreptului reproducc evoluli.r societAfii ti rcglrui icgllot juriciice
cste o imagtile a societdlii ajunsA pe uri anurnit prag al dcz."'oltirii ei isiori{ cl'
noteazi C. r{nloniade -- cste strins legata dc evolufiulcrt
,.Evolu{iunca jgridicir -ii trebuic sd mcarg;1 pari pft,ssu cu aceasta. Evolutiuuea ltt-
sociale
inlregil vicfi
se amni corltiinuitaie Si solicl,aritate intre Iazcic succesive I dacd in vrc'rrilul cl j I
ccie cloui 11crsuri paralcle, cvoluIiurlea juridicd sii evolu]iunea sociaii, sc it-rlirnpiir

vrcun hiatus ori se face vreun salt, ceiirlalt se resimte in mod fatai"1e'

Comparati cu subicclii.'lsmuJ socioJogic francez, cu principiile li concluziilt:
,Sco1,,i rsloricc a ()Ieptului , $colii clasr'ce a dreplului pcr?al sau cu cele ale ^tcolrl
sctc iologice q.lrcplLriLli (consliiulti 1n -sociologia coirtcmpoLaiti ia sfirS.itul secoJului
a] XIX-lea si clezvoltatd in secolul X,'i, plin E, Eltrliclt Si Ii, I,inntorovilz in Gcr-
nrania, pril Il. Pouucl in Stateie Uuitc ale ;\meiicii s;i prin J. Ftartk, \/. I.undslerJl -ci

I:,. Oli','ccrortc in sta+.cle scantliiravc), pune in relicf calacicrul social a1 clrcptului,

dar acordii uitcr factorl ir-rdirriduali, in cJicirf;f psiholollici, rol hr-rt;iriior iti frrtr ':.,r

tri irr riczr-oltarca circptului, mic:;orirld, in fclul a.esia, r.lu1 fl t'r: '. r '- -.
trina l,-rL C. l-;.'lo,'r;o4'-- desnre stil:t1l clrt:',ulut si l,.,rl'.ii:-l I I -
aparLr a.r u|:!al-,(]]t s--., - '-'-:::- -l- --. : -, ',
-

E,".:..1 , - f.: .. .. :. ... .. , , --,

zdrii st'rnr-itiiaa;;-lt: u::::.rl: :i:i::-:l:a L.:l i.l::':.r s -:-..e, i:l Sliilli.e drepi'.iiul,

cu deosebire str.'-l:g.:.:::iului, r-.lnstruiti dupd rnocielul ttiintelor socialc, ca
exprcsic (tcncralizatc 3lL.:r-:.r litiii so:ialc cu caractel imperativ $i asigulatc prirl

forfa de reprcsiunc a statui.lt.

Di1 arest punct dc \-cd.rc, C. ,r\nlont'ade inauqurcazi in lSllin/a cltcptulLti :'i
gi cvolLrlionisrnul, la inccputul sccclului XX, ln Rorninia, realisnul dialectic -ri

ra!iorralismul dcschis in sociolcgie ;i ili gtiinleie juridicc.

1t Iblclt,nt, p. 72.
13 /;;rrlc,ar, p. 8ti.
le lbitlcm, pp. 87- B[}.

-\_l!.

iltrx

,r' 'weP.r4I
,WAPIQI ez
A
'0 'd '/06I '11So:nang '119 'g'd 'wap1q1
aiD)ta)u[ 'pts!IDar uaun!zryI y1
I'aqpA0Dlu'.daleulve8'acga1. 1irn3
ulge:6od1; tprrlosoUl pr!yrr ap

ulsluour Inun porepuny glrqrsodrnl olsa Ia urrd r3 'cl6oioosouli inuuld ug :lBIaluatrrrl
olsJ llolqo-lrer(ins Inusripnp !3pC 'ir:odorsop soro,,r.oup olso IcupDrJy Intl/ aJnl ur
org6ololno lualSeonnr 1e 1ur:rc1e1 lnun eleueccli?J ul opu3 Io '.rarJosolll D alDlueutDptrn]
!awalqotd eo:euoi{n1os u5 plelrder elp+puuasul o orB erp) 'e16o1o1uo lnrusructu 1*
cr6olooson6 Inrusrlenp oriirlp Erllu]trslp prueos ur pulniou '83 olirnue 'r.ioypui6 :o1it:
i* 1e1dug1uJ p-s rI of, €aal alrnilloluy 'J InI rS ?Eldrxglu! B-s I pJ p^rasqo aS
'*lsrlpar Blulpual 'o jsrlpopr ouroJsrs olo'..n 3ptr uinr 'eleuatu'otzu"olnl Pp9lu5rPlSl oautrnefo,delupuotiocasiutr-tLpr
plplunrE otrso olIIs u3 rirrols^rxa qre..r t$ I elsa ot llrilr.lrlt '.IlIrrrlcll o Ep r-D TS Toiuwal
-sr;:o p,rcirrsp elurrirc:d os p;ll €alElisa:a-: cp iC'i:s rli:cl nii'lnrus:1n:ly (c

laz,lnlip nps IJJ un-.I;uJ P;E;u:z;.Icaj ;; p ap p:c-\a'!i al !a::{ r.r l
pirqlcscu6ornr pr plpurrrle olsa pluolsixo ro:rE pJ€p relqJ I piurlscunJ ep iu.riil;]
u1 uioundsue.rl o :*s aTnqo;l ureluazo-rd-n-r o ou ps p) 'plulllduoc op luapuadoprii
inleor p) qleluezo"tct li rB (or€l) qiuoisixa oli.:o" 4r nl?ur trsIIBopr soielul un rips
aiilpullrJp oleoi u] o3nporllti B cp EolBilsa:ou op ad:rs alaod nu lnursriucS'(e

: er n.rluad 'allelroioJ Ealpirsl€i 'olBlisolou nr 'r6,in.i
-op nu pler,t r* orunl ordsop oipiuorrrepunJ lutl:izll pnop aio3 oll'Llip pioun Tninl!.\
-ope porpurrrJB ulp llJ nrlul 'atoluawalrlwoJ tp '?.iD!a(1 otrdecuor 'JirD.ruolLry J tni
uiecepnI ril 'luls nu /]nlosqu jJJrqns un pzpolnlsod e:ur 'l?luIsiiDopi tS '1n1csqe 7;rrr1o
un pzpoinlsod o.rer 'ln';osllao.I 'taltiltrSounJ {E o,lspor\ op inlrund ulp otrr,\rld

'otp;ouaD a;liJolsI oli-rs olrlnsaiolul uI 'rrrsrfD.r;ajoi{a ;:t
IoJ nl uiluorirs'nrd.i:ur-rd ul'oJso ,,1JJ9tlna1" op Iol pLIll od'lnpo;dor o alp:) ad urir:1
-!lpor cp t'.ipJ rolropr inierurrci'lrrtidxr nes lrrtlcirur'ezeelr'1sod ol!rJ oJ:Joso{lJ.lllll}
-uolro rS eleiuorrll olsilnoJ rlltnlznlI lndrol u3 gtui;dxo ,,,.uslIDcpr" op Inuauirol

'i;,,Qlflciui(r:rril

IrnSogiq1€e1:oeulariiiizoc-lirEdooJuaIrooipJaoAsoolr';rlEurl"ro:'|osaI",,ignJrrtsriislElloprenr ldriqitoll"iruili'sotlJPEoopsl oaslEaoiiDnIuLl[Jau]LoIrrd:'o31;iiiu1
',,alsii€or Tiriniznlr" €o]B^iloul rS lir]nrrl

'uoc a:dsap aJrJosc,liJ roirtleln:ocis .rll uIpnlIlit 'cr'IlJeIqc rrlqlry:er p:dnsB Ep Il ;l.In1
-eu ps.rcloiroJ orpJ oti JI6oioasou6 lnlduroxl 1s inipol ador:ad unruoJ InlurIS u:n:)
Inlo]'lolullsounl TeIrootr a1e oldc:1 clllcJrp od rnlnii;or ntualclo:cl leuorlnlcs p-s uln,l
rB snd. p-s uinJ lnpcru c]{arpru:n '(p1stlua.t DaLInEniI rs }izT!a}a1il I'[7urs7ys]g ';3\r,tt
iclurrl3 llrus/lnoU) Ilrod torl I{ aJJllitlioJltll o-tlulp P1}n}Ef,iB'plsIID.rJ DouiltznlI

'a1tynd ptny trda)LIa) un EJ 'nIZlI] r.ctlt 'EZIJ:r'i
o!-lfr,su^JlrpgJqTsIu!Jpen^aobp-oTilgduoZuJn/ppttratqtr1aelnooJn:plprgI1otrcrgqldl'J1,,lG1ousitsoso^lrJt]rIBe-sr1nulnpt.ltrelJlrrno'llO,"r01unIl.rinduI'eu!'1p1:oe€l'deuPIetra1upppD{osraLruotoplulul]pcYs'e)oailiui rLlsI!

'r'06I r! lplolJop ap qzotr €r Plnurlsns +soJ V
'l1tlaw-nJSclnpDu urTuDlsuos op lprunJpll! IS I160ln)n[I ulp l]olpJIslor\iun ap ipzltl
-a-eor6llul.oi!ospleptrrpIolorlErpoppenrEoS1p3InlqellrlnpradsdoqsczuIponaJrorlluJslio€urJ-uioVsa'pleoD1lilouaos1Jo;uuIdyTID'tnpIt]lonallpsTruruIpSolilrollgylldo'JrsloollpJlpuJplllInoliddpo'nglpoCpCI*VI-le0i6OcII

V]ISOSOTIC VJIJ,IU] gA AUVJUA]NI
'YJSITVAU b'INniZfi-ti Z

iadnbespsoullaubntie,ucilnt,onimatordlsocugerilcai.diPneoaslciisabtrileidtaemteocabniidesmcuta,ulldsurrnaeu.alilsluimsitugi(rl=oresaerl.iorislaomtge-iircdiaedlaiselitsv)miuneunruesaeploitpaaotteea,iefiincsiiuscpsaefdinnrsuuatl
procesului cle cunoaStere, prin relaiia subiect-obiect, pe cind imposibilitatea dua-
lis.mului realism-idealism este cuprins& in structurile onticului ti ln cinpurile

ontologiel. Atitoniade pdsireazS, de la inceput 9i pind ]a sfir$it, in lluziunea

Totugi, c,
rcatistd, r-ipozifia realism-idealism qi considerd ci intreaga istorie a filosoliei se

caracterizeaza prin nucleul ei de semuificalie.

Acest mod de infelegere a istoriei filosofiei detrimiieazS, evident, reaUsnul cle
iclealism, clar nu le opune, in logica iui C. Antonlade, pentru cd, sigur de pczifia
sa, el crede ci ele se pot impdca, in plan gnoseologic ai conceptele care repiotiuc
realismul gi idealismul nu ar fi, din acest punct de vedere, opuse $i contradicicrii,

ci complementare.
c. Ar,toniarle, declarinclu-se contra ,,lucrului in sine" qi contra oricdrut a:raicg
lui (substanid, mas6, forld, substlat, incondificnai, absolul) necognoscibii, socoiea,
al lumina iluziuttii realiste, ci reaiismul Ei iciealismul se afli in relalie logicd de
irr posibilitatea po:;tulirii
compleneniaritate 9i cd amindoud pEstreazS, in germene,
unui subslrofrrm transcendent ordinii fenomenale a irtcrurilor. El nu izbutise si dell'
nriteze, in 1907, ttanscenderrtul En0seologiC de cel orltoIOgiC qi sd in|eleagi, astfel'

mai bine relafiile dinlre esenfri qi leno;iren.
Opozifla realism-idealism (deosebirea cea mai mare dintre cele doud ta]:ere,

in termenii lui C. Antoniacie.) trebuie interprctata, cu deosebire in tecria cunc;tiDfei,
in lumina Ijuziunii realiste in felul urmdtor : nici realismui nici idealismul nu pot
fi infdtilate unul ca un aclevdr Ei ce}&Ialt ca o etcare; din afirmarea adelraruiui
uneia dintre conceplii nu rezulti, cu necesitate, lalsitatea celeilalte. Complementa-
ritatea noliunilor care reproduc sfera gi confinutul celor doud imagini fundamentaie

despre lume gi via!5. st6 ascunsi in conceptul lI'UZIUNII REAIISTE'
Ce este iluziunea realistd gi cum este ea posibiiS in teoria cunostintrei ?
In gnoseologia sa, C, Antoniade pleacd de la prenisa ci forma subiect-obiect
este constitutivi oriclrei cunostintre, Iie cd e vorba de experienfa exiernii, fie cd e
vorba d.e cea internd, $i dezbate legdtura subiect-obiect inlduntrul reprezentdrii,
folosind iimbajul echivalent rcprezentativ-reprczentat. in accastd logicd, orice repre'
zerltdre se inff,fiqeazd prin doui elemente : urr teprczeri\tiv 9i un reprezental (Nu
cxistd un subiect iirf, un obiect +i un obiect fdri subiect)'
Teza existentei de sine stiidtoare a obiectuiui 9i a prirnatului iui fali re

subiect caracterizeazd esential iluziunea realisld, iar prin ea re-l:s:lul ilalel::: is:
gitdo5e.nsajeal,,srlteiens,-,.plieostbeteiepiecot"uaulle:suezi;caleuirlrcdnia.inrceeaptt;reeszaoel,l:idlc:.ai.a,,clrist;r:tia-ncrcitdicd:e::rl:ueeaiii.tuP=elaneitricuilr:p:e-s'riicneep-lii;ursnscii5i:elie,eixCnterc-nhi'ei:p-,
legea distincliunii unui a.t de un conlinut se prezintd ca afirmarea unei lumi de

corpuri, clistincti de conitiinid, ca afirmarea unei exterioritAti" 21,

Scrteudaer,mt,P}e{ciajIlin,lugcmdaerpeaodsmiebafiitineitirasiateelEamaidnteearianiaten6e6dae.pfeaocstianibt-irlialoaitnedacpuoegnrdmtacacn,teAcnnutdtondnoeiai dsaeerenczoaonfiuetrnxaJis>}tue-inlJaomhianni
sine, o realitate independenti de conttiinla noastr6, degi nu o cunoa;tem direct decit

prin efectele asupra noastrd" 25,

2a lbidem, p.139.
2s lhidem, p.156.

xrv

lgrffi'-'

AX

.y2 .d, ,waprql o,

I I "frlf'0I 'd '.tlr .W .prryoso1l plnlrr a p a r D r r a clt
. p t.Igr gr Dt a.rd. o,.atulcnJ .adnot t lJ ::
I'p.1Lto3;Iilro,.fi,da'otnj aippolTqa
,,
;;

€c eaa) aulitle Ps IaSJpptf,olzlg; puuIqoarrdBlallolprlulsa,1Joa5u1sOe ,,a1:$raosiRp6ur1nSgInplsIa.r;,o u! ,arpunzot ulJd
'pleziralrerer alsa ar DaunlzryI

IPiieEo'rlalnPur.sJrllqalunlBuruull'lrs!leIne3urinrudlapaafdsarzpuxgoilanuBaIl'parlapr3ldJlu^ruEoraa'odn3nlarqpx3loapelulalclla€prd!aEppruaBrozOropupr*ull,un3lnaElngaopdlIluBzJueaa'nurloBnu6lruordaltaarIra1rpdlpeuupu"zeaaJalaupldu'BzpprpuonllJt.unrol'e.r,u;,dlriBenl.tvusr'r'lplusnuau,usl,EueiaJorizallrllrs:rnes)ppdl,rllllEdorul',oJoBepaparlrorzezlopalervtutqulunrpuadn1luelzaeasulpalfrlrnuruu.uu1r'uerdnoe1llda1rassoanefrrl1dpu^ppnaeunlpaBNarlBErrrp,J16pcta..B(0n6r1psroa.1suzrfl,u0suped",reqo-iJ*du1n11-3Jo1,rspao"dl*rdu1qBlluolensporaa1ndlr!eurlb1zpla:opapnp)a*1fanrlr:,prnua.lrdpraBl!ulxaerluegeIaarunneolu,uul^nulooloTpsibJuazzlliJlaporrsalolzoururr4pdrrrro.Jrluo;rBloJon)errI
'eBiun-nqIp.reAuiJnaoluirotposTrqnrnul'nulBlsuoIlfnit,BsluuiraI1Bri33para'l1ligszrzaane1lnqarnlupnsllsnBaolopJdirpu''o3pg,anr.porrplatlrrprzu1oloaueldd6roaaplaulBxurraauIradarJparao'Baplluuuu,n!llians.,1ol,anrlooa1tllg0oudfjl!suE.aur,prpJls1,6l1anee-,ln,u,rprpi1tnlpilz,SitarrrJ.eru-Enruldorraitj,ul,rupr,lntp,lrorTxnoeZorfra,IaIlnr,rquBp0nps

ae'a'auura'urnrJopnn.llnBlu€'Bduu'iuonJBorllrrIolueloB'lolu'neJoaaJrA3IlarlxleIea1ra-Intu'sounBnzalro1nuzawlBo3un,gtaprlBldflllpf3ropslcBuslenrBD'o*1linrn'onaaasaloLtJruJ,^srralaltooncrpsoaulilluBplurelsapnu1rnlEooJzrv1sqoalIJrnpB1o'^usr,3lteelrasnrp1l{eJrur,6r'IInJ.onluOireIarupor11Fbgqrnlr,sopaeIr1ao,nulicrreaanl.llp,ruB:r1lrpdpue,OrunraBgnJ1rIu'esouBuuunore1:lPjolll1rdeu€5^oprduorBrutorlsornr1AoeplJ,ol,oslpc.er'lprraz;pq'16floluurBJ,upn.sIgiInJl,dlnuc^orll'rrolpBaa-llpo1,cosl-scllanuueBrlrl1,repolJBupn,reuolaBunl,lllenSa*l,po3Ipr,rloloDorrAslro'ieuuIlzraliiapoupdpranu1nrouurlroreueculopusunria.lorrpu"ivJ1nonlsaruoecodrppi.toenrr)3sAssrps"JqaupoaIisplrbiBponfrJfaoetItspel-rurn1":'rlsJpllpp.sIlu,ar"urdniaBfnrnBeo1irlnidJr1)x;,rrurroposapaBr,1ua,,anp.jd,"rsJlI1usla,cIooun.r",naerr1-llep1xIlrirrlnndis"la6llo's1u,x.ljoorgj'4#uasigtB13ccrtqoaoBloi)lp1li;dlruTnonaUenp,oplT1ri;l

: rrnra^ru larr u! rarruo" prnu,,o,rr,':,nj":'!;::;t,r"::t3::,:ii;#tf *HS?;IJj:l."Is I€

;ir::j#:,r,::ralrp'Bf, arv .ar'luaz",u", oll ";:""':j,:##1ilj,"';;iJ,r::'""ilta':i

-Ear'-upospuuraorcrpJJIriaIrJudwJoBgJsuuE'IlnlljIJDpJarouuJicrqorplsutolasJdupurISJp'npputw|rlJunoJoaB-o,rrlzjp1qaa)urnltap3tdsJpaaJrltsolp-lrDu,uJs+oloir1uupJJ7alap0zt!u;7rooyurlolnnd1alwluolzunarosel.rtdldrl{oDunr1d-aa'ralourldrrpneuIBl1p?loIBrcu'ollpraJrfulerurtgsloprp1dua'p1.srsl,iallrss1epolriai-ppdnru*/,l'a,upaopelDipullcuuTaal'luaulxulle3fznoxutsa.utoprun,Isdan\lr.la/lxr3n'arJsupi1o]uIr(lf€ern,noa1aolrusurrBo*nJrlefcirsp,a1a}zra,osp5J1apaivelB;n11Irjngonsrspru:rzaunrl:il!l
un-nflp,dr'IoanriAaiisilrruaunlqIJo'oelflnusraolzsoaurpocDcl 1luasoleelloravdrp'eJllsie,snarulpesarr^oiTdlloJxlaau.arqttrnuospduoaolclsllej'n;J uunJJ1u,Tna1Bls{reauzrnupNaus,,uqnacpal3anrlcr€llpaelayq'eJiJq,q"rsuroor-rdlnll

incortdijirnat, ini;i c\lloricnfa o aclrice si constaic prctuiindeiri ci toaie lucrurilc

stitli contiiiicnartc reciproc. Niciiieri l)rl poatc si prii:r.lir ccva ca incondif iorlat, ca
ab-;olul : doutcniul ci cste cc1 al relaLivitirfii ; ceca ce c.)]rs'tiiuie peliiru siirc o reali-
tale estc nriinai rcjaiiunea clintrc fcDixrcnc. Aci arc s.-L cuute colistaitl.r;i perma-
prirlde cil trici ulr
irenfa-,fcnrucniur.lri,c-culn absolut pe c.tre nu-i poaLc iittzitutii rcrljslc il cilip":t. filosolia,
nai prieliric dc afirrri.ric a reprezint6

cu.icsivirtire isloria filcsofici;i, in bulti parlc, fiio:,ofia stiinfclor. Icleca fundtr-
i,reirti:l;i pe caie C. r\ntoniarlc o ca'Jt:r in ioa'ic sistcmclc de iilosr:riic qi dc filosofict

.r qtiinlelor cslc ci speculafiunr:a r"ilosoficir, in inlclcsul no].;i1 ai cxprcsicl, neagir,

cle la inceput, realitatca:'ensibiiii:7i rc'cunoa;,1t, itiltii It\ urinl uril,:lrv, o laiuri
incopclifiopatii. :r iur-rr:rilor (ur-r ,,in siirc" cstc nu; rlc 1r ilrr'clrlit c.a obiccl. rl c,lr-
ce tirii filoscti'-r:2). Vii,.r1 Nia_r.ci clin filo:.oi . irr.li,rrii, r:rr::ril sir accperc realiiittea

irclinc.i a cxi::i1ln.i{:i, .rt:oaii: ia ii.cali opc,:ilia iiir',irr pl :riitrttt.erion;i rroirin,:noir. ljiio-
srf ia grcacir, prirr I'1r:loir ,!i AfrtloJcl, inLE: c;ir:, iil i '.ltsiii: i.i;i:ic lui C, t\rttottiaCe,
f .rl;nr::,;ar lpozif rr. ivl:rriic srsiein': iilosr-:ficc dil r,rlr :r I r ).1rrrril (iL'sairlil.,s, Spit'tozct,
It:il::t':z) €:iaiti i'-^' -..1i']rca nellrrii:rtil a ralir.riii in llrill-iiriit t:r irr-ii.eri si in leglLirni-
l.rir:a l-.-rsiulatr:1cr ci, pr cinil. scc'Dli.-isnrLl1 i'ur-id.lJtilt:):'c iriiirictic cic ca1-'ii,:i'r.rLc.i

r(iiiLL;rii rLe a clciiopi.ri ei.vii.'.'l.

ii;rnJlu.jl lirlrl sc opr.lnc aiii clogr;rati;:luJui cii s,i s, cpticisinului, dat idealis-
r:rul siu ciiiic fur;-:alLc lrinr:a in r::ristclii jci:oiiltral:i;i ill cr:irierriir tiountclrct;'d,
Lira i:oiirrcr;cii;ili, iriia i;'icoqnoscibiiii. C.,'inlcliiliic l,i.iblinia.zit r:ii ar',nit':rt'a rtttul

,, lu:iu in:;inc" 1:t troria cuur-,1tin1,ci,,c.itc linul diii llurctalc celc nal ollslute ale
iiirrscii.'i lli iii: tt'' :1.

Cricu;u at'ii i)i'irrit,,lric::u.i iir silc" ln sirtril. clc nclilnniicrri', ei ii aparc lui
C. l\-rltcni(,..[c ca ,,ililr,].1 cLintrc 1,.iocl-irscle ccic mai rli:jiiilitc eilc iiuziunii r-i,'.rii:;ii:" 34,
iar clualismril plo;;rol:.'rrrri-.lloum,, llol inr s,moolizcazi cjccil ,,siini..l lJi'incjCioas:i a

slr.;i:r-iia liunii liio:;iriilc" 35.
Ncgafia rarirr-.l;ri.r a luc.rului jn sj;rc, iltlcpcndcnt dc tnodul irum csLe el it:fil1i;at

i:r 11if.:lite clociiirLc rro,:i.,'lne 1i crcnicnporanc, expliiri, 1;r crie clin ulmir, opcziiia
lti O. t\niouicrllc faiii dc ag:rrstici:;m ii descllirlc iirumuiile raiici'ritlismniui cle:schjs
li eie rc.ilisinuiui dialoctir: in lilosclia ronAnea:icii Cin:;ecolui )i-{, ir-r rnargini.l':
.1ir.:;'irii rtiilisr:it, l,:cri.i cuDo;tiirfr:i i,ri girsc;Lc obicciul ci prol)riu iir co.a c'J esl.,

saa ii, iragmcntc.ilc cxisieniri ca c:ilslcljir.,,IcicnLriicind ccca a.u cst.r trLi \.r-)!).{
{rc .rllaro, cil ccca cc clinoattanl *- scrre C, Antoniticlc
Lrnl-rrii r:ri:;ticd cc c;:;r. Nu c-sistii inr-:utio;iibi1 ; riesigt-ti t-tc lrrcuno$liir'llu1 dispare ca c
inc ortjcl;.1 urt ll",-rti n r,it-

il.):i(]l']i,ilt:.i1rll..C.}(]cc9|.]l)Olics.idcviilirclllillrj:llltlliic:l..l.ii:l.:: .. '.,

irti:lir-r;rliii;ilul a!rsllr:: lrlr;tile l hi;:rlrj. Lullc.t i)ia a.ri.: ) :.- . -1. ..

itU C.-il,l i.i:it

rcai.., ,:l:::,.:-t ,.-.,: r.rl-'i rt;-t:lf, l- l-. C,r,3-.'.-. l-:.:: -:.t :.-tl:, -..::!,. I:-i:'..llaL.:, ca:a
ll,l i).:r:!r r,i ..,','ir;: n.:i:iatr cl,.i:ci Ce cunf $t:,n;i1, acaea e !i.l o f eniasi-nagcrie $i o
ln';i,t:r:l:;:ric.i 1..c cero o 1;roiecteazi asupra adevEratei realitdfi tccriilc pcsiuti:ite
,rlr,:.:. :,-..,.., C,-r:r.:riilrlc noasii:, rcprezentiriic noastrc iIu sutli seiilrle caic aslund
o lr:ali:.ri:, ll: su:'iL ccea ce esi,:. Nu suni dctli lumi strij;rc ullLr alte lir., ciiirtlc care

Lilta lic c Cu:rls:ui.i dal nu cxisti 5i alta existd dar nu ll3 c cuncscut[.

2i lbid2n. p. 75.
:13l2llbflbbirCl'rcleeicrrrnnit,,.
i:. Ti3.
p.
p. 91.
E$.
3s lbidenr, p. 1rJ9.

XVI

IIAX a €TBor 66ss Bp-O

erlJBrD oUV op Inlnlrlsul 'aumtrpa Dnop D 'aIilrDD sD'wV.ZoLIt6lI-IIt.,L,9tallsptIa'odr.lnddttron.'wwl8uctyp,p/!qt.eq3pll ,no*ioJD3t

gpBlfaE,upenlussnEpJda'eoolBplflaro.oaroulNrllrulfDpl JlaripesDuDolwusoorqoluJdvIpn.a3IrBB,oEllBEorA^urpISlu.ZoB1pro6rd^I oa ug ound zaybue 1n1n.r1sn11 erado

ap plBJ pllprltupE nr lollEritroltrl
ug 'arilpa Bnop E u; ,P1e:riqndar
rS arflpe gurrd o-r1ug 606t, utr pllrpdll lsoJ e sr nilll lsotB nc elge:6ouo141

ITATUYJ SVI^IOHJ'O

op ltloulnuour un eInl!isuo3 opDiuo;xF- 'J 'ou9urot ]unllnJ Balello,^.zep uI orllpnra

inl Inrpnls plspeuEurol piJosolrJ ur olpu
't6r:o rs rou ropr'asndxe rolrepJ pzalr:s rs pzriEi-e Lr p:rlsrirls eiue6cla rs arelueru
'cl-nunslIa6dAsrunegobJxaaoorproplensrauno:erilu1BrdnnJdoug'lJ1lsl'uhag1ulpz'eXaur:lXdriraBct:l{nupoiaJanllullooodrsro$os1ilnoIl1rn1pialrnrcldldulsletBrnrS{uIra:aop€ilJrIopasuajogDplBlrJtraepll)lrBurquIll.-rpr11rtrnnlls1Julnlno1Drp:pu1,idlloesDJlIaooBu-s\nJuolssnolDclul fug,rpiquoiuxr!l.

'rr ,,opfepeu o tS p{urnppbpl o ]ou nrluad ar; ps a-Inqor1 'pruleds o Bc rS totrslur un p}
e$tfg1u1 os Iu e op a:lredap 'lnlpod 'e{ue1s1xe Iolpf,llo !IuourJotr urp Inun olso plu1
-IlSuoJ p)pp 'pllqr?Sounr ra elnesa ur-rd olsa efuolsixa pr€C 'aJ u! oJ lup otrnpa,{ Ii
BlullsounJ psul 'nrlsou lnrnlordug suouil pf,ul a InlnJsounf,oN/, 'nnurluor 1ur6:eur-sop
ol B ap IS laluolslxo oiD esunJsp .rBru oleulpl
ur trInIlI lpul of, uI ar urp epun-r1gd
e op 1iun1!er e plel.Tuirlau ue1e11:rude;r ed epEJ InluolJB olBl rrI ,slol1un ur plEzrlpi
-n6urs plurrt BJ inlnuo Ip oilosolTJ urul un
'o]sa a, Daac loJ nr pie6o Jep 'ppuauJorial JeIIar uJ locs (alsr1uar lrLrnlznu uo.rp^ilolu
orunl BJ plploprsuo3 ,Eelplrlpor olSeounc e
op rnlnrrlo e plerdlf,nr:d ualulglrqrsod ,ininusr3l?sou6r: ee:a6uldsot iaurs ul mlnt)nl g:
luolP,lrrlJa nBs lnlTlsqns '6o1eue Tnlpf,.rlo BJIIuJ ,orlosolu ulp rn1 ea:1uo0z1 e1 o:r,ttrcf
nJ oiotruorilnn.re 1S auls ul lnlnJcnl porB6eu ,,,p1a1druorur rS qlereuao olriJOJ olapo-\
o-.rtruI"'rarJosolTJ pTlolsI uI rusllBapl-ruslleor erfrzodo,lrf:edsopau op luIS lroiqns.
-lrolcio orlulp elgnl.rodel) ?ls.r/Dar DaunpryI ugp eledlrurrd o1aze1 pJ obololul aS
'rolullsounr ele als.ilr.rsad eiJlloel IIlplIIBor BrdnsB pzualcolorc.l oI o]BJ ocl prlir

-rDpDz p.rclutn o -rs a.rlo6DusDJuD/ o ,e1es o11ife:eplsuoJ rrr ,also ,elnJSounf, plppot:rlu
yJ eoind BA nu o.rBJ 'lo1se.rdxe 1e sornblr lnselafug ur ,plDuawnu Dalunl oJ olljojA
ap 'rr6o1oosou6 ueld uI piBuoruoual Bluolsixo 13 efualslxa pf, al3opa^op
apDlLtoluv 'D -_ TIrunI parJolluoal3pBr oluunlsJ
ep lnsooo:d u1 err11e6ou roi oll"reurn pullpre
rS - rolurtrSoun) BI.rool u! aueJluEflsod rS ouollue{ elezal lrtl}1"1c pugundng

'olqrsod alurl
-gounJ raun InlJorqo purlop us eleod elso el pooo 1ol pr rS ploar naurnl ,ourn1 g:n6
-uls o Pl)^lxo pr olsolocos'ou.rs u! lnlu)nl ololuolupJ op lBroq{la 'opDlLrotuv., ,lol
rolaluoso IUoiSeounJ eo1e1111qrsodru1 r3 :o11rnrrnl E oleueriroue; rr:a16eounf, polplr:
-rqrsod lpop uoide,ur onu:a1uuiandou1-oudoeu,a,,luoouursjDurljd.lnpllnplfJ,lpnpi,-,r
pzpirlnlsod lnusrueruoual ,oJJ durrl
ecrllrr u1-rd olSoclruru otBJ
o apDluoluv
er|1zodo ulrd uzeozlral)Ele) es 'plureua6 BS purJoJ qns ,Ini.usruaruouoJ qt n:1uod ,ri1ug
lpur 'lElp^opu nc glnurlsns r; oleod Trtr pallpnluJ 'lnursilraurouot nJ spDIUoluy "3
ad 6p.r. a1Sopnru3 II rnlnlxal E aged Burllln u! plnullrroJ Baopl pf,. eo:ed re-g
9e ilaruolupJ nt nG
rS IpoJ B^or nJ odnco es ps porl pJep 'eIJosoIlJ adnro as ps aJ€ Bo nJ -TJOCI .ro!.t
uluad p:Islxo a.IpJ un6u1s
olse pleuarnoual ;lsaunu o ilJosoIIJ orpl od eJuolslxg

pe muncd ti sinceritate, trebuie subliniatd qi recunoscutd ca valabil&, dar cultul
eroului ca divinitate, ca profet, ca poet, ca om de litere, ca rege, este excesiv

ln secolul XX Ei trebuie privit cu destuld pruden{d.

C. Antoniade pleacd de la premisa, recunoscutd in istoria filosofiei, cE existd
douE chipuri de a filosofa : unul discursiv, altul intuitiv. Prin primul mod, spiritele
sistematice purced, pas cu pas, de la fapte concrete la generalizari, incit rezultatele
cercetdrii se orinduiesc intr-un sistem coherent, in care fiecare parte ipi are locul

5i rostul ei.

In al doilea mod de filosofare, rolul de cipetenie il are imaginatia sau intuilia
poeticd. ,,Asemenea spirite nu pot ajunge niciodatd la sisteme care sd aibd rigoarea
celor itiiniifice, in care si gdsim acea ordine, inlSnfuire, non-contradictiune" 3q.

Trhsdtura generaid gi caracteristich pe care C. Antoniade o gdsegte in stilul
$i in spiritul lui Tftomos Carl'1le se recunoagte in ceea ce englezii numesc humor,
,,Cuvintul este englezesc, ca gi sentimentul pe care iI exprimd. Este greu de g5sit
o definifie precisd Ei completd a acestui termen, care n-are echivalent in nici o

altd limb6" ac.

voacd,,Hcuomrnoicuurul lo-biqnscuritie, eCs.teAunntonsieandteim-entnmu ualrtemvaesi einlitaelezgcotumaotrtiozaast,d pe care o pro-
c reactiune mai

inceatd; cu un cuvint, un ris ai spiritului" 4i.
introdus ln $tiinfa moralei de Jereml' Bentham (i748-1832) 9i,
ln Utilitarisrnul, Stunrf Mjll (1803-1873) este, dupd o observatie a lui KorJ Msrx,
parte, de Joftn

geniu ,,al sttlpiditdfii burgheze". Eroarea fundarrnental6 a utilitarismului izvoritd din
plincipiul ,,esigutarea celei mai mari lericiri posibile pentru un nLtnd.r cit mai
mare de aomeni", a fost denuntati atit de TJrornas Carl'yle cit qi c1e C, Antctniade
pentru cd:

a) utilita,rismuJ, sub forma sa generalS, expusd de Jeremy Bentham, nu a
izbutit, decit intr-o mdsurd negiijaL.ilH din punct de vedere practic, sd dep6qeasc6
hedonismul;
b) morc/.ifcCeo, cuprinsd ln utilitarism, nu-i declt rezultatul unui calcul bine
fEcut, de vrerre ce faptele, prin natura lor, nu au calitate morald, ci au doar prin
urmdrile pe care le produc ;

c') meconismlil (-mecanicismul), in formele lui cle utiiitarisrn gi asocialionism,

micqoreazd valoarea moralitAtii qi a persona)itifli ;

d) ideea de viald morald nu poate fi intemeiatd 6i explicatS, 11 6octrina lui
Ihomos Carlyle, pe principiul fericirii, ci pe ,,cultui durerii,, a2.

C. Atttoniade opune, in spiritul lui ?homas C{trlyle, moralei
care virtutea era trica cle durere qi nd.Cejdea rle pldeete, datoria
r.ietii | {!j.;initatee ie:i:l
mentale a Ceur3:.ic.e" ::t:c-slia-.llrc::::c: lumij eare regro4uce -:: : tt-,:cld c
:::-:-_:l ::.
ei ar fi : lr s: :i-o. l:i:i1:
lull:-;:-" acer illli = .raio,.a.-e es:
,sacrificiu

cdlugirii meii:r'rlr.

Acestui chip de a prir-i |egea morald. i se adaugd doctrina eroilor qi a cultului
ior.,,Eroui .-ERrOeJzuim. dCcu.ltuAinteornoiaildoer, in prefafa de la tra<lucerea din limba enqlezd a
volumului si eroicul in istatie
mai in adincul ei realitatea, omul care std in atingere -c.u este omul care pricepe

faptul divin ;i etern al

3e lbidem, p, 4.
4c lbidern, p.56.
41 lbidem,
t2 lbidem, p. I0B.
43 lbidem, p.1i3.

XVIH

xIx

'alrotsl ut InrloIrar.rSf I'Aro-;.IrIoAra'dIdry,ltnzJg'ItlO'lltVortnr rInnglpn,,l,sInetp1Jepoiorrnaf,t,6ou3l!J,DarpD\laulorytuavp,lJnlnftj,lsuJ

---uoBorJdcqloneslrluBJeioeolanJuulpriclup;aepsoAarae'ufq,p.btru3lolq'Q6eozgqe"alu'rqir1llre6dsosulESu6eInrud,a.i-rID! ruaIoEr?prLnrr,yollnd.Or 11np3rlou13ne1z-ria,nt.1Ioe-up rninsra^lun e .rlaf,pi

pluatrslxo arede ar

1$ g,r,iasucl II elpl
ed inlncorl ep olfcun; u! lIJap plepolJru alseilrJap os nu inluazolcl orp:r rr! rg Ugq
-uIIriJs ollsrrJsau u1rd p1ez11eer uJala also erlears ajps uI 'ro1ea:l Tnlnrrlo E arroJsT o
ellqrsod a tataJD! o p tryp un olso nu p3seauoulo piuatrsTxa pf,up rt ,Blucsc !:rolalcj
pluolslxo EcpC 'iarzeiloburieC a1e alsile3llotrJ nEs oleJrlolf, lcpT olj ,alrlCsu ollnLir qns
'C nJ ,efrIr,rr"rci p:lspof,e u3 ,1ipn:ur o:eclu
ros'rlpLill.TrrrTIap talq)!rI'C .f IS yaSag .g.n!

apDTualLrv '3 'alLI)iJ 'c 'l Inl inlhrualsrs priaursl !l !1s ojr.rtr 'iclporr ,.ninlrlJ Eee;,i1
ad ts ',rJDllon 7Jp ls t::uJcJsuFjl ,JlpqLJ.'l,s ,,,j ... ..ru ,. n:.,i.. .- .,t.c,.:J r , f o. .. ., :
o ia1epl '.{ 'r14. 'C e::: ed ,ipnltlrds rs :.jr,l:i ,i;.j..:;i1
od .ro1un::nl p aJ''.isa-\ rire::;a.iC pjJ-;1 Fjr;rj€L;.-.-:iI tit-r,::t_\ri.l ,:..i.:__.-J .-:r-.i
l5: ..,. -",:.
, s):- . .

-BJard lof,iuse^ B alroetr oals:eoJruiJ'noofls,roo,lllalsjllotourx!lsarlol plrr.rorJplorosriorllInluJcllppilJl?Eoleipoao^JizJJoopaa)p,oan1r!uSliotrotjui13vi3stt.rrJlc__ua/op:u{]Ziui:rTJnnlll
etroredo ug qlelrldurr pa

ap Iqfun 1sof,B qnS 'oTJolsI ui JTuIoJrd JoI alsosp6 rS! rilgltltucs:;d cariu:r,rog

'o] p:l.l rl os

utr Ig prnlpu uI'€s E.rpJe u.pl l€rSolapuslsuuudI,nafiLelljrslo€uao-srleotcui !pJ,:nplznurarlzoriepoql railsoein:d?JoouiqnnJlsE-ar-rppJJ

ui 1S arEoiBoJJ eotrellAilJB

'Iqosoapul 'J) 'alprotu latlolup InuoJol ed reop g,seaiojtn otnqall nu pJunl,t ap Eaurril
-ou Pir llloJos e apDluollrv '3 'o1un,1r.ilds r.r3r{ntu Eo-rpolil^ }Bzrsas B ajps 'a1lr1to3
sDtrl1LIJ +Irep linlu rEt{ '{Jo}rpul6 iop rolar oiaredo ur asnd olaslru;r:d ulp aornrop
-lan.lrnzronrrilsosuatrosufr,slFoelsoBJraSrJJBoayp1{$1c^'ranoir3fiduseaacduxorIa$leIlJpninrpnulE1tonJpnTpil^nuruporusololsarosir?nlBll_lprlprsrluolcosJqtapdaapoe€nr IpansqrlnluoaoJldas,onuenusJ"u.rn-ni1^Inle3ltlit1lrs^3

Bar€lisorau us elcli;u1 ruiJpppr arp rs. '",o,,.,r"r.,i'lr1'j;Tff:jt;JT;jlt;: il,,-;
'.Lapay1 utlof Inf,l4lJ ospzi.rell€.rsJ o urnJ '.rrtoJpJ D tnl ap nryat16uolg .:ise a1,i,,:p3
eradO p3 pzprurlqns I[ 'Joljolo I€ uulr sonitrsuoIII InlseJu tiu]lu
sDLrlOrlJ In1 rS roliora plnd-ur1
InlnllnJ p lau1tlf,op eJuasa epodurll eundxc ?pnruolLr1-
nu rBp 'rol .J

'ff,IolluourBo lllptraTJos ie rf 1a16r1ar ela-lnqurJs ,nps rninioijas p
El€injirip e:1e1d '1n1nuo IB luolllltrues l.rqou IBur IaJ alsg .relualsjxe Tnluratslill efe3 ui
epul:dnt au orp3 BoJpunuiill 113 pJnlpu Issaaf,e op olso plssalp €o-ielopv .es e^rcnsu3pr
lp'-dsBsBaluppJllf-nuarpnsaasaoJl1seaouf,JI'Jrsaoooliuloru1sslonpIciB1anqrrlnBn,JJraosJIip€JloJunrlusUaolnpJpIqopalrpu'Bprlpoolapjip,upavrsurun'ulon1oToLooditluEsiBuJoBojAIun1rpuepr1ro,[oi1l1e1a'JuIrniqnpppErBsulcsgIa;Asosloug.ulod6lJoIpppusl
rs Iusra^rull

trnts€uLlr [nG
1pu 131 prliJ
oJE orEJ ad
otnlBlznrirllrl.drBsIrIonllBJnSuprUnJJpJnJalIfBaU-rTo'jOJrElnJ oardg 'oior:r:n o-s rs olinsse o ps plrlrs o €ajlr:our.j
a1SA,t'rOU nJiUAcl OISaA o nJ lnJsoun-Ju lnlrurJur
ulp s.Iurirl lnuro '1eui61ro Inuo 'dru11 lSeiore ur 'olso 1no:g 'a1i!1reJ I-:c €31Jtrp air
apallpsuaoIlnllalnIruxBaooluEulrlrrndler c-al:sloQaJ:{drnlBooqrilgpuso'r'gnnrldJsrrel[rnJ'lgBceAuloBippsBolapalreunlnrordosaluITJrSsrnJpoulnI-ppB]BuaoTJlppplrJe.rloIfn3auuurr:scoed,lJsIoaplipleJJru\eollJertdr3upoorl
'Rla6nc oe 1ol 'epatJ of, "lo3"arel .in1 Intrallns ur f,ol np-u alIZllD uip efurl3oun:
r3iu 'olarowlg irlN 'rolrlplrlEar Ie plios intugrpl ed olscsRd is rollrnlrnl p pteo
-rraluJ praJs ilr ezeerf,nl IA:,aunlzln Bls€a:)p BJaunlul olBod i-nu rlurru !Inlns:onTun

.-tituic forlele ti vaiorile existenlei poate sA cli:pard. Sub formele noi nu dispare
:iinic clin CCC{ co cra esenlial in celc vechi" a5.
lle sigur, pieirea inseam-ni, in logica hcgcliani, numai suprimarea cxistclltei

externc, nu ittsi nimicirea escnfci,

prirna idcc care punc in nriScarc lcgca ctcrnd a profaccrii lucrurilor ilrat;L ca
,,prccu111 nirnift nLi sc picrrlc in rrairLra rcinsuflcliti, tot a;a nimic nu sc'picrde in

tlonrcniui s;piriiull" 46.

I11:16 61g progfc-5 esic, astlcl, cupriirs;, in !csiitr-Lra.sa intimf,, ilr accsl. principiu.

Si C. A1lo1ifi4.: scccte$te, ca $i ?'ftoinas Carlyic, cd nici ull olll iltl lstc lipsii
r.u 1.otu1 11c originalitate. Fic'care on lirr1lcltc, prin dcscopl:riri, faptc,.illtudjni,
r-oirvlrrgeri s:,u ilsu;iri:roi, iinagiula unit,i:rsului rlcsfirgit in carc ii csic clal sd
trliiascd gi sil at:iioneze ca o mici p3rtc tr tltului cxislepfial. Oricine ,,gilscltc ccva
rrare cra dc cr'-'zrlt pentru strimr:$ur. lui, cic trccrczut pcutru el, fals pcntru el'
nepotlivit Cu CCYa ncU pc cate 1-a Clcscoperit s;au oi-rsctvat c1. Accasta este istoria
fiecilri om; r;i in i:;toria omcurrii vedcm accasta aclittral iu totaluri i',loricltl lcvo-

lnlii, cpoci l:rj" {7.

;\ cloua irice fundantentaii a frioscfiei istorir:i in opera lui ?'lioittas earf ilc sd-
iiqluicgtc ill cloctrina eroilor qi iu vcilertrrara ior bigoi;1.,,Ercii sunt agerllii vc5ni-
cpialorarirt,riazinirscfo-ir-noirai11a1jcclrisi orecDicfetizrcfirit.i{Etii\''sli,rrcnliulo;..'li;nt'cxrptirieniiaariiu-i zicc C..ttrnlotttnrli: prin
Emersoti, r 'rr!' r'-'ltrnl'l 111
si 6 cpcl:i il-rircagi, carc dal mariit ciir':r:f ii iil via|a spirituala'I a ontellirli;' 4i.

x'coria lui 7'iiomas Cnr?yle gi a iui c. Anicniacl,: dcsprc,,culiui eroilor" ca
irgcrl]li ai tuillor schimbdrilor in istorie sint, fie,-'arc alifcl, itrccrciri clr: a cl':'tc'rmina
raporiuriic riiltl e personaliiate ;i popor iir tne: :;ul istorici. Pri:nui punc actrctrtttl pe
rirlul pciscitaLiilJfilcr eliceplioraie in devenirczr lstoricir $i concrct:i a r-caiitiilii sotiale
atit Cc raciici l ;i de cons3cver-rt incit, in chip ncinclorcltric, istoria olneiritii ii a;l-tre,
in cclc din uil:td, ca produs al l'ocaliei eroiior (r:a dir,'rnitale, ca profct, ircr p()t'i, ca

preo'r, ca otil cte iiicre, ca rege), pc cind cel dc a1 cloiica substituic, cl,.'scori, tr.'osiui
liper6riiclogli:trr faniomatic al eroului in isto;:ic r.111 l.lport 611 1t-rmplone:rt.rritate.
f upcllt pc ini.bgerca cliaicctici mutual.l dintre pcrsc;traiitaie ;i sc:ictalc. ,, Cci doi
rt,e:crlicirirrci,cdc:L6l:r::i.c:.u;1ns1oceircoteuil:cre-zumnodieo;'!zc:rpoCcl.5r,l.enslclrctjasducflc-tulsrr-.itnitcl iitc'itirv-ririizcarlllilii,llutoil;ttlafisu.cr 'sl:li;acirec-
Lale.i Lt model.it.j dc erou, carc esie aiitrviratui creat3r de valori noi" 1?.

Sc strecoarir, i1sir, $i in ralionamcntclc lui C. -,1nio;tiatla r, o.lrc.larrl illittriire
cr-r l-lromns C::rl\rlr: cind descrie Ei susfinc cil tcma proprie, urli:il li f .)ilrlr l)i"f'r '.r-:
ir istciiei Ctlt!r:tirii,..are dclinc prirlaliil al:ju1)I.1 tu'.ui{lrjl, tLr ii r,l;'r
'::
rrcdil.Lid 5i, p': f'::ldu1 e'. r,'il!i,i;i'-r''-;l:;i-r'-: I -':r'::.'' '

tl. A:llo;t.c:lr -l,l:. ir! ::rl: la:'il:- Il::-!--. :-: :--1'---:|:' ' -: .-. :f,
pot a\'aa €"J:i c.i::jl',:i
l-ri :-''1,:lli:::,li:'.. l:-:: :ii :-:'rj t:'u- .: '-.-*: . -r i,- crc-
dinfd, ade.,'drat'.il e:,:'u, e-r:: ::::tti C: r'.rl''rl;rci. t--cl care e prir"i c o crc,u de
limpurils de necredlr-'t..i i::: o :)ireri ll.gati','ii, clc clistrugere. Dac'i un crou pozitiv
pria rni,st.:rioa.ele i!ltiiilpliri a1c soetrtci, lntr-o vrci:Lr,'rlr nccredinfd,
sc stieccard, atit dc prtsr!]ic i;rCit sE ristotrrnc cu totul timpul s6r-r;i si-i impuni
daca nu este
o creclin!i nou6, cuur a ficui, dc pilda, Muhammed cu poporui arab, atunci rlu-i

a5 C. Anlcltrarle, Tlrrmas Carlyle, cd' cit.. p. 132.
46 Ibident, ir. 133,
11 trbidcn, pp. 134-135.
48 lbklcm, pp. 146-147,
qe Ibiricni, p. 1,{7.

XX

IxX

.ggl .d ,rEapIEI

'BgI 'd 'uraprcll ec
'd 'tuapiql ,q
'r9l D,

'zq ,/3ror;l nlf,lJllJ€S un plnr^ Is al6rl.)J
eleri'iJpe o EJunur e:et n.rluod JoloJ u ,ryqrtu lptu JOIO:r e ,runc1 :c1o:r u oJalnpuo3 c)
'ollEJJorsTJE qrDaJ o ear^ Io 'rruruollJun.r uori:1r:oid:ia urp irle6oqu-rl ln.usriulrtrsnpui
!'-o6sou3lstlTrrI4rIroBtnolul,lvIprB'luunr0topra1o3pIrBelerorllnpOleropuJlorsunllsnru.errnreSIrnlIJnanoil3nfia0llurrInrrduluIsrr"*fla-o'zrfouorro{i6t.]do3r1nlos:qeliur3e.nrnu-ilernulJ-orrosulnjlrplpo'rul.uurreDorpJrruuanurIulepnrr.Ji,c3coipslsJ3i€o.,ra!eDpu.pr,o,ou{-J.irl:Jup\l;JouIto,!rIslrl,or.€,illlloplcr
'ecils-uoroBre' Is orerauo6 'aunruol
ole,If,os rcioldeg IB rolplrasqo unq ,aa,1r1i11zer6ra3u5r,oD1turoc{lJrriFerJr;rRutrrrpr}ossuoJIeopllrrTunuoula.trlr JrlrrJ IE

.3

ro1lrn1pd rS :o1ose1t Bunpp uI ,lueur pJlJ lailpllcls:l: Inixa.rJrll .ni?iarros o1e soI op
ei gsnd ,rrr.\ppul]l rs
r1fg1t1eue,t'!arzrrlodr Ie roiz!'arlpnruj uui'rs
ls €JIlBrJols.ue 'B3lrosrq rer 'fardslp aJrro ap r:li:iic.r'J e Funq Ern.r Eic,glueJ']:rrlLrr
pul5ap orqreElio
o eir j€'.i:rircp ,Jrcl
-rIBAr uJ 'BJA 'AJIBluazardar 1$ :rqrpuo{II gfuarr:de ur ,{nluIlupuro,tn6 ,e3srieuorirppl}
;$ pr.rlercols.irp 'arrsrl^psop nJ 'era €ot-xlx Ie 'lnlnloJas o11rn1ndocu1 01 0p pzal6uo
ealBloTlos g: olSalocos apoiuoluy'3,a1.dyru3 sDruoUJ op unlr?ie,Fr trelou ap g
'0gBI-{eBI arlug psnr-rdnr olsa 3llrlod rolritrs r:.r a;.{.;;n3 sanoqJ rnI B.]iplrjr
'r:lrv 'plsrIEor ptuiparJ ep plr1r10d aunrsalord o-r1u1rd ada:u3 pct1t10d Drlosol!.{

'pcr1r1od DrIosoIrJ ]0[n]tlu{
'rot;e16ououi 1u loirdec 'JIntualr+luln1,ou,4[.1In1tfr,fa,o1roqor{q;]lsrroiru;cn"loroip!gdrlf}p1lriineic13E,opusour;rra,psl!s' l.xcl111tlr3
sDruol/J 1S apuuolulr

'rs,,ll3rluJJ op epuruu:6 uTp ptir1 1u'AUr
e nu nou Io, Inxiuapq4 'eg.eldarp od gf gqe-i1,r.opp oJqrerol o acl glepunJ o]e:]oi:]os
o 'trBrpAepB lugurpu:aan6 un edorng ur rutlJp grrld rSor 1n1nd u nu rrunrlniolag e
alunqou ElrsriJsau UTC 'pnou aurplo o ':to1 u5 r,r^Ef,llB ozoarJ ps o.l€ls il! lsoJ ne nu
'sanbcoS-uoat Dt ap to1 oylat1l3uodg nl'rlL-?il{tos op rl-rolpurlrpp rS rrroluFol-i rsul
'atB1o.13os qbuarlul o a139rIl -Io {nro^n! uI I orrln:os .io[I]uida.ipau p-r]uoJ tg rlr[,u]jJl
asleJ laun BrtruoJ Barelsalord era'alluso:t runrlnio,r.or roun elir:f-rodo:d er,aliire3 1n1
rlqlo u!
'arpJ 'ulsea3e BJotlselp3 '1ou ofutpon ards arfizusll ap lrodo llJop li lo{i nLr
o,t11e6au ellicCa gJ pzBaropolul otr €tsu.r:Jv €:\oJ oZooJJ !s leJlolur
'nou p o.rD-)

/pzoJuEJI pIlnloAoU n3 pulurral os 'tn1 a{r:rjlrlJ ti; ainrnrfe0ou nJ 'Eol-JIlnX lo lnlo.l
-oS" : oraTaq3u3 eoJBolpIIIrn pluopnIJLroJ oisi, 'ulseoJE e{trrnird rrI 'lol EoJl?z-u!rJtr1llr?.)
oleq?rls 'plr:ulpD op Inlsap lroaun 'ailudutr>^ oil pzop orpiu Or'BllucJ urg 'zoi{)ir.t
rnlnrqoJcs.ioiropl p1t-Iurorrrolou r-rI arzr{e o r;]ii{ o,tLrJ as nu e1.d.;roJ sDLuo.IJ o.ic1s.rp
lnrpnis uI .rEp'e{uer6 urp pal-IIIAX le InloJos r{rp oole rS arr]rluri}s alou'[l]roir
op plDI apDruoluy 'J rnl aloluaueuogfcr 1( lurs Eolsof,€ nu pJ lulp^opr olsl

'pIDLtoil

ap s.rno? .Ini ale aIaJ u! tg arlsmry ap qdJ,lof Inl alrlpnls ur surrdnc rrln [nlilop lr.]
gzBoulralu! os '(B/1,[-?69Il arlotlon larlory arrD1{-sroJuDJd inl InursrlplT.lal]rlue oJ
areolralrd aiao erTqasoop nJ 'zoJuErJ pal-IiIAX IB InloJas op pletr a7,r'7ta3 suuorll
in1 alilslnder 'lJodse lsaJll qns 'pte$ IE au4r.1 ardsop a1sra1 alrildeJuor op puIpol
qrgl 1lrpdsap as s ep rn1 efgrlndeu 'enlllodoop 'Is a3-rel lupullllop aJl.rolsi olrrodo cp
gfey c1l.1ro3 sDuroqJ 1n1 elttpaopnfard plere u:r nrluod lueAaiat else 1n[esu4

'0s,orBolIIA sltlteragoo oJluad pr:5Pr{ pplid o '1a;1se 'gugrupr ps rS <rrra)pl e orlprPdur!

earPuID u; aza16nlar as Ps 'pleT{\ rn1 elrdord uI InJIore 1o1 aunpe IS-ps ll"top oilrur}..r

T,homas Carlyle. considerh, cS burghezia din pnma jurrr-Etate a secoluiui XIX
a\rea un singur DumnQzeu,.[=...,13.cr,nu.1). ,,Aceastd stare de spirit e] o infiereazi cu
-Maamucun.iiaAtceEsvtaunigahielisae
nuineie de nrcmonism. Englezii. ':..paiafrazedzd, C. Antonirtde

adevdratd a lui Dumnezeu., Si.,.a.a.pritnit acuin Evanghelia lui

inchind tcli. Singura r€aiitaie este s.{ faci bani, tot restul sunt fantasme, cotrjccLuri,
inchipuiri. Goanei accstel.i. ciupd.bcEbtie, humourul iui Caliyle ii di tnfililarea unei
adevdrate reiigii. ladq1 elglezilor , din ziga de ast6zi nu mai este vechiui iad
creqtin, ci teama de a nu. izbuti .sd fuci. buiri". t'.
Setea ncpotoiiti ile iir'lbogiiiir-- elprii;ii cs.-:n'ia lnomcni.sniultti, iar inchjnirtorii

luih'Iamonpunprelpeoq;nguIdrelaiieslciaiS-capitalui,pecirrdmuncitorii

slnt tratali ca simple instrumenic de rnunci.

?'homcs Car\}e s-a oilus, deopctrivi", .'.r:stccrafiei (ieudale) trindave ti bur-
frguehnleienzseietiriCmc.a'A;iFnntioocnncjicar;:lr..l1e,l,iF5-,jl'adiaargrciirsietnioieuciraqluliiairlMoapaiumfnaoenneosatEi,ivncaddnucgsihtrpeiaeiileiscmillneudludcii,lee$atleianicttlaLlsptcirtra,elteisoamtziuai igucieitvd-ae,

aceasta c cu toiul sicri16" 5a.

111 schirnlJ, clasa ilunc irare' €ste tipsit; {ip orice drepturi ii lSsaiii bunuiui plac
ul clas^l'; rlu.::.tt-;:i' .

Soarta murcitoiilor ei-a mai crud;i dccii soaita e.rrolimlibaalcrltoari.e,,tDriar:i.i-, irotrizeazd
er-. ii:i, t-i;ir accca cie a
Crn.ur,iintll,in' ilnaddnelc"- ::. canleilii aicitii s.-r:ri lri
Nu se pcate s,June cE I'Jror,rcs Curil'l:, simpatizal:i, 1a inceputurile forurafiei
sale intclecluale, i-r1 priraei r^lgcili revoiu,iona:e dc n:isi a prolelariatului din
rru:r.:E:ie ie c a r ar fi criiicat
istoria rni;,ciri inunciiirresti p-ozic{iuilenoisdceuoilioi gsirc.reb fefnsg,irei z-e
mai tirziu, burghezla tle pe ale arisiocratiei conservatoare

Fi retrograde, cie r.re me r:e criticii s s este inclreptaid, der;potritr,i, atit spre f cudall-
tatea lrincJar..i cit li sple burghezia' r;icn.oirir{. Ilin acest punat de yedeie, C. Anto-
nicCe, re:;unrind iciei ale lui Tl"!omas Carir'ie t; rostindu-Fi si crczuri proprij, scrie:
,,1n secoiele dirr urmf,, erristrrcra{iile dc titlur! S! tradiiii au fEcut un enorrn faiiment
.5i dcum pretutindeni in: Europa .asistdrr! . ia disolufia ior. Arisiocraiia industriali,
ieqii6 din hipertroiia .bolndvicioas6.a capitalismului, a rdmas mamonic5 Sl nil. are
nici uua din apuciitrrrile .nobiie Ei eroice ale unei adevdr.tte aristcct'alii : nu e L1n
cavalerism, ci o piraterie" 55.
pusd Acldinevodarmaetaniacrilsetomcreartiriiegi-deintalelongt"icasz. celor doi ginditori - ar trebui si fie ,,com-

;'il:i':-'r. :: : ll -

-;'.:;ol.caa, ca

tnlelege o apoicgie: i:rie- ::,:i.-e otr a succesului celui nai tare, dobindit prin
mijloace mescitine, filnC:I f.'-:r;.c, Ccirli'ie si rJ. - nioniacie consider6 cd mai presus
rlecit forla brutaii, iie itatlri iizici, esie fcrfa intelectuaii, caie e totuna cu forfa
mora16, qi acestea i;i ar-r raCicinlie in culiul mrincii:ii ili ai meritului real.

53 /bjdern, p. 1:i.
51 lbidem, p. LVd.
5s p.
Jbidenl, p. 1ij2.
ts lbi{ie)n, \92.

5- 1birirrn, jr. I Ii.

XXII

F. __ -'---.:;ff1--ry-.srrya:E-l*sss

IIIXX

.L1Z-qAZ .dd 'waprq1 o,
'Z0Z'd'Luaplql
Bc

alou arE nu pJ IS alqcll. ,D .f InI intusllBnpl^lpur nJ ,BAlIJnrlu! ,lrpnlu! rS punru:a6
o16o1oap1 u! lBr-rip3 '(lpluttlcy todsoy) raurris, xDId Inl
u3 'oundo as ,a1lt1to3 sDLuoLIJ InI ,lroTJJs oIBiln,u,lrs'ruoI6a,l,e, zJnalnpussrol€3nxporlurpn-u.ll?
'ISsJper drqc
-u1rd '1rnqrr1e ',,1nrus11enp-rA.rpul, 'olBlprB ale^T1orrr ulp ,pJ l€uoliuaur alrrlnl oS

'pzDq ap apy|ouostad'BlseJB inlal ui ,puJuai,op ,olptrolJos
ug 13 grnleu u! 'Bs pJpJB uI IS euls u! 'ailpalr ulrd 'nnu11uoJ poIII u3 ,orrsrrapsap
a.rds opu.rl p11u11dug IoJlsB Bueosre6 'nfpleiros rS rauolsl olruibreur uI llnur TEur a:)
-u-BtIDOos)JrasduDlpwBuoe.q1rJSllaJtuno1Dp1dpprur3o3 Jopesleuot!BruIro'eolo'plDullnlpoJtuaunpJDsnluurso'plupDvlu'uJnnueapulsipa:ds-pa'1lnoI1alunlpaq1nprrsJllpqpuaal seeoolersppazl1ulp"rr[on3aJ01s1-e
,a1_{1

Iau

':o1iJp1r1enpi-\ipui €uuolar plrsll^Es IJ Jp purtr
Irunle pllurldt[I -IJ re a;,liro3 sDwoqI peu-19.r o a.ip: od plErrcs purrojag 'elsaurjop
as otpc uaFledo-drSausndnuuooeaoleolarlploJsrogl::rqnrr:1auEadpirEpjuprl'c;Jl':no1zna?r:::-lrfrupn::], gs eiecd nu rliu rg
adaeuoc
E3tE:r-:.Jet .',:):-:.:
-uV'j rnl alrllerap-rsuoJ u! 'alsa aILlJDJ sDuioqJ Inl E alplf,os lar:llcJor in;t-\.d

'qulopour

BJoda ulp zaq6rnq -rnlnus.rurls.rllJ eIB olerauab JS ar11s1ralJerB) lrnlpsprl luls Inlnu
'1e1z1Dod1 1e llsrSrrgsap Inlapour 'apoLuo\uy # a1i,1to3
-sllinzo.r al(ap.r rB.r 'J lnl e

sDuraqJ .rnl B1na1unnplzo,drluutol S'alIsnoln-ulprtoopIlmnrzoale1puFouJtp- ro(gagp9al-lteeryu1n)u qns 'gpgl uI 'trululJjuor
'(pCaI) sns.rl
o1oltoZ ap n(ou61

rg uoluerncuoJ Iaraqli 13 rcitunr|
-ualuoJ glplJoqII lnlnrdrcurrd ezuq ad IlSriBlrdul erlpJ ap roII-rolI3unru ee;eleoidxa
ner1y11snI aref, .roJe BI luDJ 'uor,lg lnlnprol BorBrtrul Blunuu as arB] u! olausol
-Bs ulp psBI ps BII€1I u! alrolplpJ ug rzaloua rrFqou ed paopJ orpJ Inluourluos Bro
luDr loJ. '1eqos ernb BI 'Ia BI psBJ uI rB3prrr rf,lu ro1c1d alsod rorctd 'qpe$ nu ps
'Ipqpuols InI eqro^ ednp '.ize16ue liun ad oJeJ plsparE ulzrrcodl 'p1ez-ruB6ro plenlulds

ou.rpnl-rle o eul^op 'ptruallSuoJul lro ellnru ep a6un[e oteJ ,punuoc elroigrpgard
p':lslrsurBso1arru3op6p1luurnD$lorrLdJgsyo.rtufqrolnelucragrda1sezapol1p6euopglsp'oaJls.'rnelu,ruror uIonropppuloeIllSBpIou,liIlJulpJl'lolueizrlzoirrulrocrdorld?ullz1InSlJeppElarordBperpralspozlErpraToll.;rtL"_dr!o€J6i?ae ppp
'pllsaf,xo Bard a pul) 'plBtour plseaf,B eare6ulrlsuor psuJ,, ,1.aeluao1tfuaep1ri:1o6du,lrnoLruIsSruToulrrlpnndl
--rle uI alBlipl6ir e11nu eard 13 urs1ro61r 11nrn eard snpe p
'gze16ue elzrrcodr op plpt plBlnrrBllsou Bs Boun.rsrole elnlllsuoJ o ,apDluotuy .J
op IoIIor ug esnd 'al/'IrD) sanoqJ rn1 e errlrlod rorlosolr] B pJilsJralrBrB3 ptlv
lolerour ,11cunrlr rninllnJ
lnlnsourlBl els lapr ,,,noco{ un BJ ,Jsa'rsrfpp6lrarrareusrsro115 Ip up]rl
lnsurrdnt ur pJ oparr
apDluotr
-uV 'D rcp 'a1Xyto3 souroqJ InI aIB IepI 'lal unarl u! ,snporder IJ rE €al-XIX Ie tnlnl
-o3as B alBlpurnf Bnop E u1p ezaq6rnq olaurJo1or pr ipolop ealnd re-u ]ueur-rN

es B op o11fg1111q1sod lrptu .rol as MB nr 'ss "1Ion1unIi1llprld6soqoIoBpoIlreloutnrppoerreolTirriopuoordtr

,csouoruo

e1 ;Selrgd rllnur .reur IJ ro^ lIf, nJ 'aABuIpuBJs aleunr BJ aspogalsJrrr auuas elsiu
Pulrupr ps Inlnlaqelle alolol1l ruorrrpp op ou€olllru ee111u nrluad Br lp3qd olsg 'llrotr
-.rnuIIIr ap1ps1D[u-.rbiunuoq3lounrvler-.esJurnplJlznnplduogluBroauurgdrfopfB^, ou-l!soIJ*IBlr.oraallplclBuI3nanl^lpatari,ln,os'lee1IsSep1onclBoo.sJ,Bee1fg,1u1nr'louu6gaot1upegcefgrl,pStutqer l1olESsrBrernllrieuacltnurBpnosal

nolulJo-td

ep lezllpJauo6 r$ 11qe11qea lllals.rs Inun B rs rrsurn'ur e lrezruuoro aldo"rp leun e prrl
-Jerd Ealpl.rsoo€u eullsns a1\to3 sDuroqJ ,p1e.rcos purolar op oIBs o11rnue1d uJ

comunc cu imolalismul cuplins (prin interpretare) in operele lui Frjederich Njelzsehe'

nr,e,iIczniudmciSvuditdueuclxailiisueteiels.nluttMeiiaalocisi.mrecAseatlneeliltooamntoleiuad,mdedreena,edrcea9nsr;irpe-c1roeeenssTttetehemoopsmoirnoreagsanulecirt'aaa;trelnysluetraesSsenteiicnduc, hnmeaaiebi seinoolufteo' rltudoilntuuerlmdnidvutionrsde;
paiielrupmomirtueiinoacecmegusteltueiisasddg-aigroilurecle5agliezoermdzeionrecaaildt dmcivaairnieddterpepbeliunpieedsmseininlsat,elsureiiaalluiczcleetzevedz'reaOtl6ard, iinainer-fadlepugtnueiiavreemrasouurlaunlie&i

sso9ssNcrootl.irirrtriicniulcccpiiuaoaeeilru1,lnt,^ii?1ii,tnpfe,lLda'oilc,eracfl;ooorci,ttuine,ilcl,pevpnriinleirappaotseo'sl"rrdzrebisdioz]miigrr-}alicuai"iaQueilgciir/v6n]1ulno0rii.TelnamaseyJgixtlrnrzeeeroieteeosea,asamzctrtonleeeingicoscasisuictrrlaeuiatsizcrCr.mollaiCieqtDaecaeiieri.iaeamldiyldcldeAc;lpeleeee;t,noei,avtpstacos{rpllrrnoi.nveipaicngadqAiriece.iainnlcteelaptAotuxotircecinclnsitunaueuiutcoelrlllliaceiounlnala,fleeItecro.cxmciriaafsaaaarIIetgudeeuorlxenaeia,clicricearpetfddiart,iiprSd,reeliicnfi,peniee;uoeiri$t9igmitdnd,pieoineuemiossran9esememrIcisiaeabrhpsmei,ttieldiarit6qniocctduiedttetau,ounpearlq$aaeisrsciniitvitp,tnhuioiidzod,vc,aecrcecscrnodziranmnnmiccttztiacib,rteililcrietueat,prac,,'rzuedtreiilitest:r'elnele"eu-'i
talente,, qi pune in relief lolui exceplional de important aI insn;irilor
merit,; ,si de valorii practice a muncii in procesul de formare qi de
dezvoltare al
morale ;i al

pcrson aii til tii.

4. NIHiL NOVI ?

Aced:jtd iltrebarc, de mare insemndtate teoreticd qi practicd in istoria cuiturii,
peCareli-aupus-oceivechi,indeosebieliniiqilatinii'gipecareaurepus.0,
lpoderuictirgrotsirnnucMtaleiilden,inezimttcu,reealdrbcladidleererviitasaoelepitimd,saetnrreainilfiuoiedcndaaaceitioreininnnitatitirnrl-q-uuuaidncnceoacsenitsnrtueieopimuumnpipuioocuiru,ab9dnlsiiicaiii,adr ateId-euieananssidsoC,iepuoeitntsvriietevouogn9raneibtis-cpiort;eieIiinu'lciuttte.orvr-adaAutrlcnnueel6iotrmlre.ironjuaddoctnpu.ootRnznir'Ilois$ar'i

lucru rilor.

cnciiaeclrirltclaccpii.eeialniA{nicneot:oliairti'itaiafaetcinlvleouimrnnaoeitnieerlal'l.oz:rcf:,ini-ci,u5zt ip-ap.rsieemccicaz..,ienfa,pdzexcpJeeeeloeF-nrci-leeNitn{)aorgilrdciiuelctllGueNieu,ieysptazirluseteczehzicaeEe,irlendaoeinuifc:5rrix,c;eonm$uianp.slpuS,o,,Paoiadtrcletieeg'aali'i

Prevdzut" t2' c. --!::io.'tll:J: ie:ur::asie lalabilitaiea Iegilor rezultatelor psi'

In conti:tuare,
l-iice, crc;tcrii energiei psirice Ei d:;r-oltirii prin contlaste, formulate de wilhelm
l,Vunrlt,;i, p':1:aza ic:, icinite c:-:i,,personaliiatea noastr6 creEle intruna' Fiecarc
clipd ii aiucc ccr-a ncu, ccva care nu a mai fost" 63'
de nontatc, clescoperitd in cliversitatea universului orb 5i mut ;i 9tl
I)ra5o-stea
nimicnicia eristenfei sociirle, acldugatd nactejdei de a afla, incontinuu'
splendcarea qi

6r il;iilcm, p. 221. Nilijj novi ? (in Canvorbiti literare, AnuI XLN, nr' I din

6r C. l\nloriadc,

ianueria 1910, pp, 3i8--347).
s't lbltlen, p.'J32.
63 lbidem, p. 339.

xxlv

AXX

'AI 'Io^ uI 'VLt ''8dIZ"U'd) ''d6ae6'pI 6'Iolsroorrxnor1n,gnp',olpUlrsrrgaArun
Inrpdil 'aurapow oIJojsJ 'uosbtag IruatrI .'Lg'nV?uttD'.ddr|''uurrtoaapp?!Inqqlll
lalpso1tr se

,e

n

I rilplriue: p prllllul I* prEo.rlolu! pleTA uI lnldarp B-ap opun.rlprl e ep o:ef:o;s o e];
ps orp IJ 'BJS€oil.1ulo lr?lJilln solL) retu 1rSnipnrlBseaat upauaorlunf:ulseul:oaldoxraouJlpBpeuanrrf;
u1:d ase:1xa lsoJ ne oJpJ alep a1S1u nr cetisqe

ps e.ru

nu ellosol-Ic 'InIpoJ nJ oundnsa:d o etpJ ad ea:uzlludurrs urrtl 'p1re ap oldordB as rs

''-pJrpolndl.dueonpr]uuf,lonarl sela-Jptrr.sraleopqpDlluorisusoolIllsCltv"P'J'ujlllopplzlxIpioBoloBoruaJE-o.lrspaEAzoIrulirBnnJulutl?fr,oEIreqlrornllsouopu,iniouJlnuorlloslnroBlupJlluI'pBlllsusolnlulpsno_cotdp1ouEnuzuru:od:l
rS egosolr; B op IaI Inlsate Ie lpluaruepun; r$ ru1:d lnldoruot also ,uos6rag uucg
lnl Inulolsls Eulruop erpJ /pIDaJ plDlnp op EoapI .prTJtlurrlS eftrrlSoun) op IeJlppl
olEaqasoop os €A 'Ef,lJosoF; tBpepaplpsJ'uoodsb,tpa.grr;.runu;oulrJplpnol loEloi{unTzT^
/BIJOsolrJ eJu11sounf, Inlnlf,alqns
ui 'orB1s uI olsa ozopunJ as ps fnqo.rl

'p16rr lnlnursTIeuo-r1Br p rS Ipuorlrppl] rnlnursllpnllalalur BlluoJ pldnl
uI pl€luaruepunJ .Io eurol olsospb iS uos6rag IJUaIJ lnl EIJosolIJ prunzal Inlpnls
',0 ,,na6ode ap noldorde es gDeallug Borunl uI es ealypug6 ep plell3raxo ertrBu.lrse; IS

InlnJosolrJ e1ro16 pugc luatuoui un-rlu!'pugruor p.rnleral.rl u.rp uosbrag erdsap nldurp,,

nlpntrs ruird lser€ ulp a:rfrlirgsop nr ol6asdll trlro 1n11:rds gc ?uruBasu! nN

'(9961) anb.rsLtldo1ayS DI p uolpnporruj Inlpnls ur'prnspu pur{nd luur uI'iS (106I)
a)Irpqtr uorlryo^gI'(9691) ar.row?ll; la oIQltDW'(699y) acua.rrsuor DI ap slDlpotu
-ur.r sa?uuop Jns .rDssA alrlrpJ uI osul:clnr JoIrapI B aJBluezard o g 'e:elardlalur ap 16
o.ra-rJJsap ap rr 'pltrBr[olsrs oJer]nl o olso nu '(6961) a7.r{.;.ro1 sDwoLII ft) ,Dlltrlnllul

DounlzryI ap lS (206I) Inwslaor|ryo^a lS !ryrydetp olug1g, op a.rlqosoap o.rdg
'al1ll|D)

sDu-ror1J ordsop ur;eroouoru nr 1a1u.red apDluotuv 'c ap plBlr€pot Is plndasuor
osasnJ /016I uI gln.rqdr: 'ttosotag rnl D!{osoIt{ 'pp$rlr oJsa Br-r1Tr3 rs !}nu
rtuag
-I1ar olso urfarlurpe orpJ uI 'o1co1[rur a1:o6a1ec o-rlurp al]Bd alBJ apDruotuv 'J 'iJus
-rolpe rS ]rolprTrrrpu rS ln^u V 'lllnur sirls ne uosqtag .IJuaH -rnl u:ado o:dsaq

'ee ,,oalllnlul T3 alrorrp oJeollrlu nf, ?ol€npT^Ipur rnl olorr
--roJ uJ BlolroJ I-D ornqarl pf, olsoloJo5^ OJBJ ad 'InInIBar e PlclJuoJ lpur Is p1e6c;q
luur orepulrdnJ o op orpotrTrcp 'ouroporlr elenllr-Ids lrpurnJpul lalaJe BZnBJ 'o1red til
-rosluelIsoalllodsxoolro] lrs-oruo-lsr nu:1.:l)1ruAzlrroe1pnn6Juisol1Jolsild-r:r Inusluosbleg" 'auerodruoluof, IS oulop
un olsaInlPJle es eradg'u1ezt1e:;uoJ
plp,:)os orolsDounlor o 111o1a.1nduir1 ui lrprrlqop B-ls (i?6I--6cBI) uosfJag rJuall

NOSSU!fl IUNEII InT VICOSOII.I 'q

pundspr 'DAoLr DtLnilo I paunlJIJprup rS eeplappuzep pirlelJxa ia'lroes,,eqenpslep.rpnuouiSina1ierNra"
'aleluoulBpunJ ro olazal uird rS Ia rluaso ulrd apoluoluy 't lnl eredo lrexo ruru
lj3 pzlratrrprpo ealnd u nrluad Rlprurlqhs rS plniJrlor plJrour Inlnasa poJalarlruJ
'0r,,;
aJ 'aunlfeo:r ap olplarJpA aJ 'olDuauloual epfIerpeuullrlIrsrdalP'ulen1oud PJTusoA
oiolunuglup
lnlsaJp
InrlunuuI Jep ! slElnurrlsou I6aI nf, InlnsJol]un Ip upid oupn'p-zpoIazpoaulfr,feslnEsJ
'ols1/' 'apD.ruolut/ 'D 1ni eDoyolcos rS -'nolurr6plsAoop3
piJosoIIJ 'peuobrasB

IIAXX

'-Depl-A:-nuoPasrIJAttrIur1ana'puEcls7urlJursJa'n'EonpnDnsl)u6^Iuu'DIo-lpDE'iIroppg.nLoiltaoJTrd'B'u(oJipqvsooosapsrguoyal:^silletoIjeotlnupIpopo/'Toula{p:lr)Arr1.nrpor'uDiu,Epo3rqIlressr';surSo,oy,osel)as;Jpftotpf,alalaIgli'seIlpudnlllu.tslgtsgrpurpueuynJoprnr1edolalnulsupusrlrepyevrnauaBlro'gpyJurlIqdcnprptu'asullJrundpJtslnIllBols1unolsuynS1iiBuloplrxIe5qlfunT'u,arouoa3JiatTusi6rrruJadpsloorIprnutJussudrrpJ.o$lop;l:o'pSrBsfodJIrturJ6s.dguru-r:ilnea$slparlll-s.rqJIrp)tpr1u;ltloHuoIZteu.3JuBeu1rgBatoaeob'rprruT1sr'oeld[^ilxruoj?rT-deaIcEiyllol1teNpo'l'rJ.6ra'7SJaasu:lpV!pOz.Jep^d-JD1aao1rDt[drzuJioIr.ial,dnsueuru^lp,,elr.zo)os\t'lu''wnol;waipltadle3Ouurp3alsar6rtyuvnpe,lplnaep1ldru!rj''S.n,rrqeldjrOnrurlp7g,lsrr,Snass'esDtzt1eLd]j,t:1n-uDollt_,nDrl'ru1e-rolrlllTnlooallnuprgddpcDt!]l
6,.

lnwsllourbntd rS uos6.rag Utgrura0Hl6tlnulr mwsluolllnql pf, €rapTsua) apDiuoluv .J ,uos
,rup iotl nJ grrr.rn u3 ,gr lnz1ro:d auTAnJ
-6tag ltttag rnl DrIasaM aS

'fl,,raIIrqrs rs
I'e-s-anlrepraluuoletlree-lsofBa1ireJ6ntrrBuuElerouInallrnEJupuBorfusr-Jsillucnlulpqe.!raurra:r,r1gonliunelsrrireosdp^,tluenlB.rrreurl3nrusr"unlrilluse'llinn;uenluonr1lolufdpralasnrusldlllpupBuunroIll1llllt'1pp?u1rraeoB^p'BliurorJrfpnour,udlsruleso-1rounsu1uona;elrpJnDlopoeosrliuBul.orrBratalulrscivr1rg6B{.sJ0i)Jsu1o0aIsa1lnoelqruliJluJnos;le,Iuj-Bu3orsrul6u3p;o0alrlpgur
-ncads ^r1€I
lnlnrusllpapr psndo '.r.runrlrD -rarJosollJ IB urlsrlBraueo 1nue6 else lnursrTnurfn.rry

'inlnrusglerubr:.rd ealuluug lnJpdB ne aret rS (naunlJot -) 7n1ca1a7ut,aratr*Bounr ep otrBi

'-aInpJDBlJuaplleulvuo.u3rprpnu1nJoln13feprauprrlrsduoBJJ /pzpq BI nB orBs osrlosolrJ roiljpluolro rorn:lnl pzslrrrs
uI ,otrsa ,t1raue6 ngs 1nsa1efu3 utr ,nLusrlDuollDy

i Inwsllnv5otd r! lnwsrlouorlor 1u3s o3

'n, ,,ws11xut6o;d i6 rus.r;ouoJ]Dl arlul aund os

nrlsou 1ndu1l ulp IertosoilJ B plpluaurepunJ €rxolTpi/ pl plErp Ininrpnis 1ndo.:g

.i1 XX rninlores e alelqurnI
eurr:d urp IsTjosoIIJ alE oiBluerrrppun} of,rJosoiiJ Itpiuol.ro p)'trctl}urflD.rd 13 ius;;nu
-o.rjDJ Allurp i.rn1;oclur pzEazlleue rS ar-rJSap nl?11 lsef,B n3 Inln jpntrs InlnuriuoJ

Y{SIIV]^IDYUd IS i^ISITV'NOIJVU'9

'zoJu-dJJ ro1rpu10 insourrp; aldsop tsaupurol

nipnls e.rEru lnruird aulurpr 'rro6o1g uDnnT Inl Eilpilrupp lrzall L] e.rec fequrli un-llui
eslrcs 'uos6:ag ltuaH rnl Dllosoir1 '1ro1tpu3.l3 iop iot or1u3 riggurJe toun ppnlf, ui

'lrnrs1C alsore ed sun[e e nu aporu
u--Uorsldullreuvul o'ICSlt,Bl'iXri:alXul*pBIonuulnonrJoesrldnussiapptJorlrnJdolnsuuogIsTrIiEleeouolop:irp{rrus:greI0nllxi,npourrurs:ornlielulurolilpieleJalllaIBnJlopuruinp,qiaucagnlprpnpr,ei.usore-irpraurornats6l-r;rnlrJsur
nrlug plrfqldorpuJ p'puJrJ{ln-udJup3ls,BpornotBrBli ptOas'InalpnDurrusrolBlunvlr.o3ia,luo:r1psrl:nnr1prJqueplillsrploarBu3ulutdos6;ag
IJUaH InI 'prnsEut

BAaJ Br oulurpr InlnursjlenlJalolul p '61 ,liQe:nP

pc11i:r ep ualred pJ lprp^app urfnd geul
a nu 'uos6ra8 inl rourllf,op B p^rtrJnllsuoJ IS garlrzod ea1:r:d u1 :lntpJ ap e^lazel
arBJoreo lLrns qf,eg 'ofu1pua1 IS olre icurnu apurrd arpJ iS B1ua6l{etru} eo elel: aldel
-uor Bliuiiap aleod nu atBJ olillnlur lapolau elred o:err ur l1nqll:le arnqartr ln:rnl

(ln(jlo-(Lmciicon au o singura notd comund, generale ti calactelistici: rntirn!ia'

noll's.mul 75.
Jntre cele doui orientdri, C. Anlonjacle stabilea citeva note dilcrcnliale. Prag-
matismul, ca rnetodf, $i teorie genctic:r a adevdrului, pleca de Ia pre-mi>^a c6 o idcc
este aclevdratd clacd are urmfri utile, ceea ce inseamna ca adevarui unei cunottintc
este opus tczei ratrionaliste care dclincate adevirul ca acord intrc realitate $i fr"t-
noqtinfd. I;r privinfa lui Henri Bergsolt, c. Antoniacle consideld c5 ,,adevelul" afitrl:
prirl intullie cstc niai presus decit cei dobindit prin ,,empilismul radicatl"' ,,Bergsr;n'
pStrunzind n"ltura utiiitard a cuno$tintrei noastre pi vdzind cd toatc iitsttcccscle ::1;t:-
din accea cd se tntrebuinfeazit in spcculaiic mctodc :'i
culaliunii filoscifice provin ca si reuqeascir in practic;, incearcir sir invinclit to;r1c
i.nstrumente f,icuie numai ca,ltc cuno;tin!a dincolo dc cotitura carc 0 incirc:plcii;t'-r
prcjudecJililc atliunii gi si

sprc uillitatc" i6. critic al lui c. Anfoniacle alur-iccJr inspre intuilionisi-ll, pc tlitrc ii
Aici s'pirilul
{boipinlLiiililaticnjplitranaE.q:i,n.irnagatiniiisiilsemIiuplaruai gapmcrleainrtridscrnouunluluci.liu,szecialamcr icenasfiisoetnesnet-aerrz-irinrl uluctdiilSIsIepdneitcrriuplBauc]tirargcsftoilcon1scno-u'f'ii:iiprloilirucCl''{s'!i1c1-ri}rpaoirli:l{{i'"--
idei cu cele rosiiic in Raliona,lisln rsi pragrnof;srl-
Ccl cerrc compar{ aceste aI putea sJr-i inl'putc lui (]. 'ltrlorr'icrlt l
de-sprc pragtmaIsrnul lui I'{cnri Bergsol:L

lipsd de con:ielvclrl;r ln atitudini ;i convingeri'

7. IN{PERIALISMUL CULTUR1I GERNIANE

Accst uese este un model exemplar de criticd radicald a mersianismu lui Ii
irnperialiilnului pangermanist de la incepuful secolului XX. A apilut, iniii, in

martie 1915, in Nouq Revistd Romdnd, apoi in broqurh separataTT' mai peritu-
Arrloruade i se pare cd doCtrina gcrmanismului este cca
Lui C.
Ioasd cioctrinS. politicii. ,,Printre aceste glasuri care se IidicA de asupra invdlmilrScl ii
urnane, cel mai discorclant gi mai prcten{ios este desigur cel aI germani-smului. Dc
m1ucfi:ar1amrg{reaoeesiplputauippetttreieu6rcleoicidrueleapfureer:otrunniptnirepiuaunpnutuiednnlsiec-taeat tcjteudris-irmetnipfb-idctriuliaaleirrttaiac9zri,niiii,icdnicenrsncctitproie-tnfusuootnrarmimalbeiicalncei,uiiqncdniuccupltamuperrucaabtileuAardn.eurde$mfpodi torsuaentrcpdilcstciasaitilcecis'lrepdctrlirrml$tcetatpaicqntfnuiiare:[rtrtiici;irp<ilir)ctlt:l-l

esic c:lcesivd 5i ag;esivi" 73. o dlgrli ..re il.i-
f,.,lcrricszul l,a,rgtr:ermEcrn-ildslc, :irja''pr:utisf-g'-riirrririrlnii'irloallcca i:'ii'rita pr;;l:u1
Ir-r ielul accsta, gir-
nc;te Ce la e.frrriiri,
man, ainirg'.rtcu-i ci a; f1 pcprrul ,,ales" c:l ,.'ri::a l'linii'
C.,{iiiirrricic:b.:itd, cu iionie, cd savar-rii de reputalie monciia}ri (Willeiirl
\Vundt,,/r.cJoli lo:l Ii,,irnaci;, Rucloll .Eucken sau trVilhelm Ostn'aftlJ s-au inrolat ad-ltirt:
printre cltctcrli dcctrilci gcrnanisrriulLti qi ili propune sa denunle, cu glas tarc
ti fdrd r-iiii un fcl clc iearni, principiile ei. In acest scop, el analizeazl bazclc dot-
trinci, cr.rin rili fls,i clc pusc cic J. G. Fichie, Ollo Bisrnarck, Treitsc]fte, -Friedrri:Jl
Aiiejz:,:,r:: ,i ii. Sl. CIt-trn!:erittitt, teo:eticiar-rul op.oziJiei dintre cuit,-riii ;i civiliz:rli|.

7s C. Arrlo,'r/ac/e, Filcsoiicr lui Henri IJ:lrgson, cti. c)t., P. 1.42.
76 Ibidt:m.
cullurii germane, Tipcgrafia,,Gutenbcr.r;', Joscph
1t O. Anloniacle, Imperialismul
Gijbl S-sori, Ilucurelti, 1915.
/8 lbieiem, pp. 6-7.

xxvru

. -- _-as.-EailEiltw*":ig.-__

xrxx

'Lt- d'ur./;;q1 t8
'Ce-a€ dd 'rt.'P,q1
e3
'Zt'd'.:.idp.ql
''6lz7,,--8\z2'd'ddd ,3
'uta;:rq1
'uc1;;q1 ci

pl '€B ,,sSOUAUIO -inlnl.rrlds e pSBOIp lpur Bcf, paJEOiJ
uErrra6 {nlljrds pllpxo o{rif,sllojJ un '.rou6e41 un 'olqlid un pulf od 'Dlpr,r oil
uEurra6 IninloJ p.tT.rlodrul arotle IEnr aia) olotuspJlps olSapprrrp16 aurcpl un ! aueur
-ra6 Trrr] :oirlaSorF rS roiJlnsdrl loJnlntr Bldnsp erurznrf, nJ plsrsur rf uprutcll a o,)
lotr pl la.rdsrp nr rso,rr:d or{f,szlalN un 'lonpquadorlJs un 'lnlnlal pApls u! nrrlcl rg13n1

Ia ed lprrplr rrp-s rro 'p:rnspur elsod ?lnioJdslp np-s -rS lllnq np-s ]ro : rlolE^ rc)[
-IoTrdold re rA r:r; rol ial.Idord Ie IJclpJsounJ rpr rplrl lel luns IA" 'aupuuoF rrjn:1.
-lnJ eie oferrn r1urlu rd pzBozualJpreJ - prnsErr €alp'appsDdlLrlro-lLtvs'rJrqdinql Jl6pil un
'Jrurru polrnrzr,\ uI ,ji_\

-los np^u arltaoD 'ri|f e! rs luDy [anLtDurul op asndoJd p]nspul op alolapotr^i

'ze rPlnsPu ap Esdrl I{peof,p 'lnios.lc
pdnp punqou puBoB rSpeoJp 'oiBlrllsaJxa rSpaarp IuopurlnloJd I ueru.roF Inro{lzFi
pI 'pupruroo uololrlodeu rf eaJalrlod BI 'upulra6 1nf;oruor e1 'pueru.rab pJrlrlod EI
'puerura6 pJlrTI rurBI u'prruoe6rurrnol5nltprrlJdossoplurJrJuE1ppr{rt,rBrrI4o'prt€luriaJpuurBllJnlionrld Bourpn}1ip a
-or Boulpnlllp : rS etruotr ur ptrtruir.ir
'lnlcs(ie
ep BluTnqoJI" 'alpotr uI DolDlr^rsaJxa urJd 'ap\luojuv '3 lnl BJr6oI ug 'ezuolaldruor
as rolirnrlni Jornln] IntrpdpJ e1 puld a6un!e p op plpauolso pispa3p pl rErunN
'Ls,,rodocl lle aJrjo lllop JuJpB IEru 'roirln-rf,nl InpunJ rir
puld a6rau p op pal€llnce;" : (ltaYqctypunt2) oatulzunyoid o+sa upru:c6 rninlr:rds

B plpluolllapun} ri qf,rlsuolJEjpJ rp^op€-rlui prnlpspr:l o p3 opa-r3 apDiuoluv')

'oe ,Jlula inlnloliEJ lalul-r1
-tOd1IIi palplobpxa eI TtO lri>^JI€s.IOAiun pl I"Io olunuAl Ps OInqAll 'plue.raor PLIIJlf,oi].
o pulrupr ps €J .pspr op InTlofilo ad alsllpsJa^iun olIllualold IS-npuloruolu! Inullrli
aprulriI)pB/pl:lslupoallaPiilnlqsnOlolzpalIlIloEII:olsd€nosrBoppTI ap
-Burteb aSun!e Z olzTi Ia InlBrisqns lunl Elpuo!ilp
-UoJ o ptrS€alp oIJ PS nP 'IOspl ll
OlpJ-{pLI

plplruAnuOf, poJtlIloltAJLlI ap AuIi.IlnuIBau allpTloioJ EOIEIIIoIJoJUI PJpC"'louTJlJoll
-io-BI-Sr-uJprElnuurarpIrrrrdor'lrn6nlosdEbalno€cdlsupopil:JnsBlolInc"flaIs,lipelIiSpI'aIoarplJturIeILauirtI:Sulo'doa1OiperIioI:q:etIlqpdirOzsotlsupiroeaotldunp:nioos6lapiJeezptBrruIuqoanlE{llaIlcaI{laIaolJpunnnp'dJpaJJpII/uaualplOJpDro-t.rrlrrpIo1uJBlnIuJlt}oe/uIl''IOa3stdf anretssp1Pt*o:rciipotouilolil6{lr
'lnluslu€urjoD 'ajurJosuor ulrd APJ6 JBp 'aloTorrratru! ulld AEIIi 3p lnlsop i-IollIItu
-1lB ',,XX Tninloros Inlrur' 'lodp /trIpPi3 E-s ar€) od '1n1a6ut"s Inlru Pf,Dle -lnlnulsiupui
-ra6 plrlrrJ ur pJ a apDluoiuv 'J InI roIazIIBuB B olpl-IlplnJiued O
1auulJop '6l ,,up{xra6 'rnl allulbuo pI 'ar} PS alnqall plof,p rlolPurnlp

-ul rlo loll?o.1,1 alpttl un ,pueurn oJp]rlpuoslod Pllpul o olgosP6 opunllo 'prpq0SIrol
Iuarlplr BI 'loSIzIA c l{oluads pi 'JuEI} c IZasUplJ pl unq o oJ lotr : Inlnulsluprul3S alol
-ulnqell njluad pzpouorllzlriJa-r II urpljcquipllJ 'o.IEodod otrsaf,P Pi unq clSasPD as a]
loJ 'orlnqirlrloJ E:lspof,e ul ui]pl lnlnllllds e oUEd o llIu apa^ nu 1o 'eueado:no
prnllnJ pl orlnqlrluoJ qluellodrul o ala IS snpe ne alpc /Iilolupds 'IIuallell 'tlzaluu:y
eJ ,alpodod
grnllnf, gilp toun !iuelsixa otrSBoIInf,al uInJ 'PuPulab o oJBf, 'gueodo.rno Poc :lllop
elfEounr nu ulBllaqTrrpqJ 'Prnllnl ap lualuola B3 Is 113 Pspr pl lI1E llPui
1---IaorJn1Jdllnnoplsffr,,rlldpguso6nousIpBnlllrqsuonlruplsopoppltuld^,rJonaldllnusauoIlllsuqlruluuepInalduolPpepFJs0pP0ISuztBIulJAlouololrllluluullopnallupuuDll3alU/6BgouJoeeUl-aVxadItXo'fJd:naIaB'rPurpIounrrrlnnnPlllonulsffT,p,oposuJI!ne,,lruaounlllaqldzpl/olr'uql"a'^uJlEp.iIdIPIaJara!tp1lbll;

svnicnrooircefaeeimetatciuIiinl,glcoefic;a,crurcancltpaaoiintinrtcuoeinenllutilcnsaulepii,pIicIeruiriielriteuauldiaamcrsiilni,iuitaapcrr9Ieecrainilaepiiduvnesoemrlnieidaiirttieieeiospmirsrrmta"ccus'bceiilciuncrrccinioaauinslpel-liic,iuannuuroiuiiloi.ttcuirumog'lrueniipinircdmdicir!aeaoiirrcnnjfcncieccsaiettis'apiflirteinnuzslt'lap'tuiliiesiuirepxidatup'uel,nulcuedsc'ie,aueArltlml,o,uncdsrteadmeelni'-tacaieiailnilidcldir:cre'dinfuEieqisltoliuecci--l'i'

lcoinridvsiurlfoleritjeeistiuqf].ei mielaiiisaciaedsuunniliiflirctar.roeuarrloitat tcinstul-poelciooancr6(l.p,,iiTeoatarmiitoanteicaiadCeespSriecllvuan-e ;i

teldcooexutaoilSircsuieeetArebi.eslii,lrnlt,eifIsf,e-,lifoanclcrrl'niifdt;aeatrtrrllrigaeie'rl-euirgseviriilrrdi-fllialei;cea,attecacmialouescarl,ic;,.rttcdruci-l,ortrrluainatcrosliiseetteistcftreererdilieeieecroicituvstleiici],cu]cllrdc,a:;eiiCt:-no;l,eoaeliircnscedieaeeaenite[rufarcila.utilvulc.eiiniolu'il.zreariciciCar]ciisirucn-e':ea]i:rtm.tccNdolCedinniniaS,vetCriatlicaiiunzs;dlr!aotgaeucfaviritaealinretcaaeuidtiixaev;pprirasporiiiopani'airi'leii,"ees3cct4i{uee'i
r'ie acr:a puternicd uiritate intericari a iuturcr vaiorilor sufletesLi' Cul+"ura
clominati acinc firca tinri popor, pe ci:ie,i cii,"ilizaliurrra riminc lluurai la sulrafafi'
pbtrurde

Civilizafia e irainii, culiuia e sufici" 35'
ccuiniail lIic)cij,y;riJcrma'zpaolitrli:ivce-ite'scei'1rccn.1if:15'i:{jiggoia! iieiei:,sfilci.irti,e;t-'l;tS'urr.trict.r;rien,e1li:ec':rrr;cdl:elc!ai'-zrr5irr':rgol'iiri'e.,u,i'Cg5iviciliiliiizllc;lisfieacu,pipiieurriidanelpenosicanirecta:ciiarv:1cil-,<clpilriec-
peceLr...e inilclel:;li a ltcpcrului care a plldus-r;" Ei.
lriit ttcl-.uic s;i sc iirpirtc iui fi. ;l;il::lrjrlair-- riain'ielsgcfa::a crntempcranl i:. ter-
nrr:riilr,.r cic culiuri'i:,i r:ivilizatic. Doi velti'ii .:rrtrollcl'rgi atni:ticanl"- AlJrecl i''t::eber
au analtzi.'t c,'ri';Liia istc'rii,-d a celot tloui cr:l:r'':lle'
;i {l.rviic !;iu::klt";tt:t cqaliti.iii.;ln:nfi.,nau, in 19:;2. ctl, in ultirnii 40 ti: rni,
itrtie c.rre ci priu scr:..rrLr-l
civlliu:at.i.:i.,au c..ilLrrr'ri i s-aii flat, nLrrnai in:\lrusul Europcl ,;ci in stai'JIe i-hlte
a1e Arreri:ii, 1G1 rle inielesur'i' iar Ceor17:::: lJaltLndier a analizat clitic' in I li -' u:r

rIrrmiii r_le 1250 clr: cieiiiri!ii <]aie cu]':urii:,i tlii'rlizafici. liici acum, in a dnua iu:r'ltate
a sc.colulrri Xl:. tuli!.tt;], d.eiir.,iii in inai inult de 300 Ce ccnccFte;i to'e aiiiez: ie{c-
lesuri. ru are o tlefir..ilie c(It-octerj.glicri ;:i rlu coi:.r'ir:'e cnlni eI soli deJjtlif o'
Dr: li-r Dirnljiie Ccr:ttt:nir l)ini la 'l'ii.u i,ktic.re:;ctt ;i 'Jr: ia l'iitrai .- ilr..- '' j ,' r';
1a Llii,i11 8,,A,7A, i-rC"'Oiii Cle a rec'Leil:ii i:uliula;;i civiii.lil{ia i.l fc:t rIii uri .. ^.r
errii:ir.:cl. C. .i;ii,:;ticcle esie, aiit-:lri clc Coll.!i(.lnljn Rdriujcsr:u-Moirtt' aI doilea glndi'
ior rol:LiI tl: j:: ir.rcel--,utili secDi';1ui ilX care a p'.:: l..i a solLlliLrllat, iri spiritul '.-r''::rii,
ll.c1,ti il\l.r:r,-scir;. i'c st:iri lul filo:i,'-.{iii .:itrI.!ra.trc a r:ultr-i:ii, tr.hicll.r ili:oscll:ill '-l;lirq
.rrrl,irii :ti i:l-,.ilt:,-1,::. Irrlr, C-):.:litrtt iciili''r,ri;l t;ll.li'r'li.'n.'s':ii.il iiliil) -si irrirl i-::::::r;'

j.t,'it-: C:'

cl e.tl-':r -:'r

t,-.r'aL u-,i-''e::'.1- ll:l,jl j'l---: :.-r i'tll"''-ll-:.1s1-":a'-l!o'-r-lr.':p::lt-r,".il-'ai-'.ra' ctarcls-it:e-'sttrin:urlllllltoeurri'i,cl'cul:i'l:tllieri-''l1ae':lcrerlnele'pf':'l1'',li"a'i-.iiillLfciai
psirlrcl:ile!iidi1l:e.t.l'Cl':iili:l.t'u:ll.:a-:rc.allc:c'\a'rr:iii

injtJhcl:al-c:lll'-riicuiiuLi,iliiepuiiiciitlsi:r:ciulaiXiII-ica,r'liulgelmaniiors-e:clius
la iniifcilie. Acca'-tii,,red'J.1ie", l;cfi-ln;:.li;1, evlCe:lt, pc fapie reaie, cste iini,.ii:ii de
rafiur:i poicrnice li p.rm{lciare ti esic jusiificati, in rnare rrrisurS, de spiritul nnti-
grrnrarir;t al lui C. Antr;njc,le,,,Cr:rnranii -- sclie r:1 - riinin i;r urma tutuilr $i

64 lirideni, p, 3ll.

B5 Ibid,.:::t.
lbiderit, p. 40.

XXX

IXXX

'29-19 'd.d'tuaprql
'uJaplql un
.7V .d ,waryq1 8s

n

'riBur-ra6 crlrlod inlnrusrierr
-ediu1 ersa:dxo alsa auBrura6 TTrnllnJ lnusrlurradrul IIJuI IoJlsB,,,pf,ruerurao ounrf
-Bu" ap uerrror rnlnrredr-.I1 o1e alioclau 13 eir.rlardurl oloalJnuotrord ad. ,apDllroluv .J
rn1 alrrfe;aprsuos ul 'pzprollretruJ os '?punJuoJ os rs ]solpJJul 3s ,o^rlpiuaza.rcla.r eunu
ut:d 1s ounuror Ia alalou ulrd 'eueur:eb enlinr ra upura6 Inre1s arpJ ui ,ol'1ll
'uopr pisBeJV 'R-iporro:!;ra oJezruB6ro rs puozeJ qurldr]sip Bf,luapJls o-:1u1 1i poesn:ci
au16uo op tusili?trrilur 1l6un1epul un-j:luI oJIJolsr iurJpp?r porlp igi oapur,roS IilnllnJ
,,tn1rrusr1ui-racluil'i inclrn.. 'ioJlsv 'a1en1r:rr:ls oiEsi olrriporf, u1 is uer';aD
erieur easpS tS1 auuru.teS rjjnllF.l Tiiurs;lnuadlur /i3s rninlpjs olTinl
-)n'rls uJ ot:dc''tC rTllgo!ru urjcl

1'rlT('Jruap;lrT:icrlniclj':;DidrseLrDoiolrrilr-riio-oa:xElporiacluspo'prorglspegzseea1r:6o1olsi:rcec.dllp1i.ssL;ri:ee1up3r-rru'ern.iDer:-nuiduecisiuilrrurEiciirlog'odlriralonuiEiirrraccrialsJooinrfr3l-lrrrJn:C)srIpuqr,uedunaplrdon,rpar(Srr
jnr rurroJ ur 'rnrno,srlue1sa10-rd oil.ins'nfeeu
-olBA lIruI loJ:lsa 'auDuilab acysolc lallosoilI nf, Faplaun3J,upopJlladsonpu,lauulsBrtrurrnoJb 1r;ni1nr air-r
ole ,qlsricuorJur

al;osoirJ op arecio olTrnlpjls ap is IJ ,rnlnrusilueutor a1e a;odopcdpJ op IS esBor6rle-r
rurunu sndsrp e-u ia pirolsr 1s plirBlsa:!o.r<1 EiuplrtreD .aueru
rlrpJ op rurunu lsol B-u

're6 F:n11nr I€ JT:rrrf, rs lslluuorfur 1n1rr1ds op plEJ o.la6a1eful ap es esdrl EllnBpu
e5 'rusrleuor{Ell ep ioJ eJTro ap plus^sesuoJ Es €arEtrrqdopu3 rs
o.ri:1e6nr op nps
rnlnruoJSrs ie lslieuoriu,r Injol3p.rlJ '}xotr 1sof,e ur rs 'alsopo,4'0p apD.rlrolut/ .J

.68
aI-'s3l1o0el6JPaal1lllsujeTJPutrrrorro'l1sl?nlueInJI;lJpseupfiuople'u11:aue1eruxuttrsrr6*l.1eurro-oJrnul:Iur1Biuruteprd'lldBEJeuOntlrunt:oludecrs:xlrpa'leuJ'Er:eep{uijltuuoli,ezrrfoaue.pirirlc'i3rlaeaurlorop,te;a1arrgud-rnr:scu.cola[1oiitu;Jsl?o11r^0ns1lpon,inltpulooiuo-u-qo;rir11dpuuote,iopso1f1ur{r*,a:p,nrelu1susr{iEox€eldApau
'rnlnluailsricJLrl siruTlJujpp ,lnlnlua1r1rtrrias ,pleilop:cqns ig aucsof,lp
olndlu,urlrurndilpurndInJieoI uI t pur,lu[_oue]ari qJnlinj
o1B1{nf,Ej o pJ 'ojiud o €l nEp o ra tBJ

e6ea:1u3 ep 1e1n1sod 'rTunrlpj 1n1eur1"rd nJ pzEopoulo3p os nu gueur:ao polrJ/, pJ pl"lp
u-t-rpBdJrurnourp.ErooB6eA'lpDian:Jlztslirllppsuornlo3LwJ1rt^rDauw6llurao0Trr-^ni'pfupql-e'ops:ur6nrloasugperllcB:pruulBlurs'op/1r€lo3rpuJ'lpaJsoJruorJiesouutrnrtBruoJ,6-IBonuuapptJsuunlrllotJT-rdr3lJrB'uspfapu,IiroJ'3orrs.pTJrpgrp.^lanrjpltrrJJla]p,llirsJsrBooaodsil2ooBDu:eiiou1r6oSezlu5Ivnpjjr;nn.)c:l
ed gulur.ralap I! atrsjueurJa6rlue rS olsjuBrun olcs o11ro6ulluoJ rS oliurpntrrlv

s-p/rJaIauIlJosBAIp]XuplJelroru'nnSnoln€'u,l,flzoBee'errureou"rostp3olrln6Irrnal'lrl1aSd/noerr1IptJurtSTJ]idzllnposnurlrEil3pz1lrnrplpfol,JlolzqfspI,JIroI.aJpuposrleErsro'alrpprpslltolnpIfBel,JlprnninorlilcinnlplosJla^.lauzeimoepupol IcaualrraesoouBspdnAoosdold3oopJsooaeezlssolrpujnl,araetu-lrlaraalsB1lun3elJoelpirulersuoao6rdeliec1opft6oiJrl,3q;pruppuul-de.ann.u,orupr
-pe nJ Jlsauaruo-lpsJa^run osnpoJd uI p1e-reduroc r; oleod nu orBJ ,eur:o;e6,, .IDrIpBl
pour ui unCo o1 rf ur1e1 ia) ap llueru:ab 1niua6
6ur1s1p Dajal$Duag 13 our:oyag

rla-eBrpreIq6pq/puzeTuaurrponaJipn{eoosuu-sBolpInpluusluulpazlprppurlosplrJeuurnpreouuuJarlrddoor6rupcl'lIquIlnlplualuurnolluplplapl1uppaIlonBEcn6lsluJunEorr!upreril.p1rBdrruazpareo13pJ6pi 'paoaprpesupI lll3lprnru1ue0nr1duuore.EpBdrsau,pJaI3a3'p1rJellorl,az,poPalrjdJz{rIuuUrlllrppol:uUrl:sJ)!I
ta 'PIBpnaI lBls ap purroJ uJ 'rlIBITor o1 op er{e1Iur1 ulrd e Io BI unq lpur a eJ 1ol

]n incheierca studiului siu, c. Antoniacle sclie : ,,Nu lle putcm dispensa de
crerlt.rni, nicl de contributia lor ia cultura lumii. infringcrea Germaniei va inscmna,

dcsigur, insiindtoqirea ei" eo.
Epoca in care a apdrut studiul lmperia/ismul cultutii gelmone este epoca
ccclrreiittziitvcaocltaidcrrbitiiotrimmaruputcluraiia,lllcdsaempsuprilocutiiiislomirne;l;Eoi rufarcnoltpeeazoiprilioci reinptaipanf-ag-erarmetaesntrelistotUer.-inilodresecih. iCzh.to-Ar trdtoertdjordueln-uri un
in

InipcrioJjsmul culturii qe tmanc (1915) reprezinti, al&turi de Psrhologia poporului

romAn, tipdrlta de Dimrlric Dritglti(csctt in 1907, prelala romaneascd magistralA la

critica rasisnului, gcopoliticii, eugcniei 9i pan-germanismului mesianic Ei irnpcrialist
diil prina junitatc a sr:coiului XX. Estc un titlu clc g)oric aI istorei culturii iornA'

ncqti :;i, prin ca, al isioriei culturii omenirii.

8, I\4AC}il-\VEI-LI

(a1n.1a6il3zE-c1ao5z2ic7ra).OrtEmcsrutoelm, d7a'cnimednipcsuacrdiiiledI,ucOicNpaejpcraoatl<ii9redi ce?ss'pjltiretelcssvuciabu{i.naPtiqtruiimloaput elSreaeiclvrueoitlaluirimuclc,ollaaldpt6eMrnutatirn:ih'niiaa1v9re3lla3i 'I
cecslxoioaniplceartaliDajrtna{i1gntie9i;a3mid1re)ofluuclpnfaoicrr-claaNulcrulrrte;irmro:rcclitzooaebnlliaorionzg'el:aAradcrPfnLcioeccllariititit-cicptatuu'tadlnu,l.leiuI,s,$sDttuoiaebIc(iscldcctuoc!d,'n!ineuPtxlarPidtcsrletizaa0irttlcuur-clme'Mianioner:ndvfinaiaieaIcItacii-louendi;isntnieiancifdedeeri[dsiplpeeulibnisnldaileceleleeicdEplcciecrilena-

\.i(r/o sa s(r sc Jj (rtd.tot ax(rcl coitttatul Q ceaa ce sc nume$Ie rle obicei machicNelic'

clct:ste o Jost M.luiidyelli" e1. in decembrie 1932, ci a avut norocul,

In PreltL!a, C. AnLottictcle mirturise;te,
iondatitnde,rIc.feL, .sCi-al Lcatgtniooalcsci-dainpdrceacpizracat pcedprcec1it.eL;t.eCPartjangr:iiapleeleE. ics. dA-lnvtoiznitieazdee deseori'

nu gtia

aproape r-rinic despre Nicco/d Macitiavelli. Citincl Principele Si cclelalte scrieri a1e
Secretarului llorerrtin, C. Antoniaclc 5i-a ciat seama c5, la prlmtr vedere, se ccntra'
ziceau. ,,Am cdutat atulci sd string mai c1c aproape *problcrna Macitiavelli". Luind
de cor-rduc[toii pe narii comentatori itaiicr-ri, un Viliari 6i un Tommasini (dar mai

aies primul) am studiat pe indelete toati opera" e2'
cniiaMt a,d,Acinhniratocvccanlltsii,taiptsaie.ot rc-iaa,recnoeunltipni]ouadntueCm,feiAstpnctroiocnmciapduuel ic-deal crcAnittreidreifz,uaodlcaeuivtrdloreastcdru-rtec9lv.itolculerbillaemiiua:lii Villari

calonr'
care a

trait ;i daci scrieiiic 1ui suttt prii'iie fl':care oll)lrrt" i-
Cu tcatc ci est: prina n.re l: -ill1,g:3fli r:lli]]ta-:i Ccspre r-iafa 9i opera
Secretarului Scnioriei f iore:.rirrc ,.i, t:: -.ciat1, cca n-iai itiscnilatd 9r, incd, necgalatd,
Cmaro,hdiAvenestot$ienii.an,r,-lNe3-psaemddeiosircvtoerepdpeer5riitincsll-ic- i9uisnccurdieopcreuilcml ';-eunit aocelsutcara- reudncsperiluitddiliee,alneausfa, mEi de rard
nou: toate cele esentriale sunt
cercetat

de mult

publicate de eruciifii italicni care au, pe bund dreptatc, ul1 cult pentru Secretarul
florentin. Nu propun nici o interpretare noua a iui Machiavelii : m-am mxrginit sd-i

ec lbidem, p. 60. volumul I, Sectetarul
1933, p.
s1 C, Antdniade, Miocil dvelli. Omul, Timpurile, Opera, IX'
Ilorentln, edilia a /1-4, Ectitura Cultura Nafionald, Bucure$ti,
Y2 lbidem, pp. XI-XII.
e3 lbiden, p. XII.

XXXII

-.:}'l'?flqfle.'

{fixxx I Btsoi 6608 sp_c

'62-Bt .d.d ,uap1q1
"IIIX-1IX 'dd ,utap1q1 oo

,o

_a'I''''alppiaEaprrirl1A1nfueu1sEaJolrrR:uu1rlp!uoJr0nnruprldrodpJsdooa1paupr*aloIpularroreardsdsas,leareuds1o/!'gsora6€1ldJu6rr,u{unlr1n*tI11r'rS,r*rralld'BlSrrrpis'pnJrApsourllenranrr"rnuzpul:lni'r1l*luyBoqannropdlracrlCu6aun1en,1pllatraJr6B1ldrpasoraz1uor1pllpe1rpnuna13lsdo.i€1oer'36pBluprexloop31r1orB1uprloereuarlJdlorsau,ll.BrreelIurnpyrldcrupJsnl,peodaqEraoll6lsuuBaruedaue1Jrriuta6uolun'slrerrosuurb:rrr1llerufuluserzIdlargrrluga*eu,!aorledqp.arplpurruJpuorpBgIgrlnldaprploratlsulBmrpd.ndrIJrrnooer1raealuxruSalfnaal,rIrurlSe*sn6!es1olleerllffrdnugeg.fUerlDrOu,,rllzdsoognnlapaqueE;uceJ.1l

a reur nu ,adBordB 6a116rn3rrnB*JuIopcIIIn"luucr"sa',p'ru,gjl6lI;a';s"'J.rTuo"r:u,,p:ol1t [r"orlaTp-e.iol,roffu'1et,sldoe;aJp,a.dtTatrJds
a{IarxaI 'rracgld rs

Joa1IpI-orl1o1oltpasoglrlllro36lucauelb1pprvrarordl1nl1rluslne.en)r'ecslrlanuJpIrroTn'll^aon€flse,ElluouI6rqzfIraur-laIpn-rBrotlsEl0ouIqrIJrausldI.'lnneal.3ur'l'rrnzJJr0leprol.'JtoalrrldlfuJl.ssearuenljrnuuoprqlsepl3l6€uxa.arJoearr'!lo1ndrdn1lrpIn3scadlaJrlu1uprDplq1al*o.aeerf'uudnuca3eo'!uFrnIudE€aIrrronnnadBslliusrJpauuaou_oz;nlrrasulrJpl1,oaqapnzasJ1rr'l;gDq^lgagauI1sodnqaInauJprrD6nroBuonnUl^'l1.lra3opo6aAr3odnp1aaDsUldJrluoSs1nll.,dlpoA,lrnoapsoJUfrqas,uragprroprp1DoJn,rlaseIA11aoEb,rururla1l-Japl!ls1JSdp1fa.,lersrareor1"anr1drpa1sssrrgelrgeaaIqd1nnrll1uepoleIu,la|spraufnud^nlrlaspfea-'l,prlozao.IuuaalptaaFooIuas,ustplwI'reIDlJlplanrnoa.urd1dqpuuslf
!Jn:)ol np IaJ arrro op oJorusllBueJ 'JoI allrnluozJro uJ ,alpulJpr alercosoqrsd aurslu
-e:our ulrd orez.rlear ,Itoaun,al*asp6 16g pt1111od era.lnd ap:glnolodau Bal6S .[

p-B1lrdlnnsluzgaa.ArlnB'1eepfpuz1aeparoforl,fglga;Juul3gseaa,apl1pDnl:rl1uIaara1rltqussuvlpyg'aOsaleegorzu.1.(rn6lge1clu1orIarnar:l-ops1luousourognuug1lCo!,oJdr.ur.a)arIl6o.gluplonr.cor1roaro1at1p1l 1l,do!IWrud1t,IBDaaIpluarBmpguoraDlrlslerrtlWo11d1fDn1g6I$caI1a.ig6p1aoe1loaonure1r1nud
a'-rooSpuloeDlJ1nlzu'lBlaloalraedl1rrurtodra1p{1an3u6lrrulapdyreerel'na1ud3ugoFpadlr!loadrlou,oula1gp7lnp1rlsllugtoladr1n,pao7o)pFr3Igurlegnpd6llulIqnnrgplJgslrrIpop,r6(uS1roO1lur$pe;tp:_lureploSrszof.alaIp)rsdrrDoalnIroBqT1zsDr1luBso,nalAl1erD1rfSo{ro.o,ocru,uxnraeDpBleoarpaluDsn-1lnzopa1uoplrpsd
.g6Vf-n6V,I otlulp efuarolg ulp .prltBrroal
prnlplrlp e ulzardar 11 gfuialrd plsBaf,B u! luapnlsuor nlduraxa un .assoulsEzap

'e''lo.'rtr1s1e3!1rtEeu:erlBlrldIc3aalgtraufpuderrroperu:nupaguaslg.rreJ1eleuasnllljgrdandsul'rreruoalIr.Jnud^roluloIn€arlABdsJo€eJllaruer:plasel1Eangqldlnrulldq1!gl*fya,'urrsaognx1odoSr'lll.ll.unlnlpopa-rrr^$af drrlrpelagrunJlralplrnEJfso,uoll-psIrglslepppllaounr-apr4lbolusr,lalaspdlluuplnrr3!qu,lrsnrpldurl
p'l-Jlouaolarlepllsllzllruouralnollliolg'aIrdBrona?r6rosel1sallepo1n^p,1zps1aJrp1adlurslelaluulpslnrl^duuaI,B1a'1l-lnsnsqlEonufl1,p.urBlnosaJl aBln.fJo,BJJuqpi3.oulllrorlo$,^ltu-lzt1laaopprdlutuaar!lpeclrsllplrplllaon1dllp|leq:rrlponnrdllalooplldlllsgueuu!oElrd3sugnlolrdorsor,r:pe[uprdrrn4lle{nplic)r,g€p1oolelpr[r
lrrnllnc r$ .rafua6r1a1u1 '}1ra1nd ulprue4'a"'aldnror rn1n1d1au1rd eareorlde gr alsapsAop
- nrsarlpg aDlo3.rN parunu o urns ,,,JoIIrntrBaA ,p ,olrn,lrpt[ ap Eau€J4 _ 'pIJOlsI
'gjtnlln3 gp+.lgq{ausao6egpe1?qr!ll9o.rpdr}drtdoofs*ttgu$rptnaoTsBul!upalnpatnirradldrcmuogcrda*pna'lil1rnof"rpo1d.er*r
: pu.rean8 'rys11tn6nyq ozuaroT lnl Balelllpuosra.d pu;zyrapsreD
p op BlrB ttl
rq .ound apn.ruotuy ,C

stl€o r!, :16 ,,{Erof.g:r}s 16 ltruro lesltBg4 no-s 1,r& :eler q,ris .,I*d}ue ,n'par ps 16 idj.4*n"B
lrttndtlllt erdrasB .gr8.l 'lEE! l*a z,i.r€toijul prs gs ,- -s,i!o :etirtuie €ietq
*

car,l.l cle joc..9i ,zaruri;-.-viori,,qi- harpe, ,gdfelf'de''temei, o$linzi $i parfumuri;'-perg6i
mente preliodse, Inanuscriser:;cu mihiaturi; opeiele 'poetilor 9i umarilgtitbr, tabl'buri'
cu goliciuni . si ehiar statui 'antice" s6 i '
,,g, iuteresele politice .jertfesc pe cele,,religioasea Pbrsoiralitdfiie religioaser'piet
cipcapnadluteortcafluuereguitlalien,.a.dz,Ln,deeiaru.liazenlaf2uetuu3milser1qmmco4la,da9tSec,Biqa)1sva,r4aoelc9ecno8rfo,dianfricGvrocbuilalnasrotoserdliidolipoimndurdeolecimnciSnndloadcetrvivvavoiorsmeneeiacpmBrrrodqaee/lzeaj'iultbaicro*aldeail,ri.ailooreSnirmeld,ndtniiiunnglocuiurmnulirauddaip,iR.ma''t,aeoCpeuptadu-iuiningebAevijl,lviiaeeocDlxidiiaaeo(tnrmaobddlletnierdcauu,cesliuadatledi"M'l,$aiAant'iIsiuenpfmtoctaUsesi'jtAl'''i
a fost spin?urat, Tlupul ,,ereti€ului't a lost ars pe rug 9i cenuqa'
locul Rena$terii' in-
i-a lost azvirlitS. riul Arno. a fErddelegilor sSvir';ite de papa Ajexcndru'
In judecdlile sale de evaluare
Petru in Cetatea de la Roma 5i ale nelegiuirilor fiului
al Vl-]ei, urmaqul Slintului
siu, Cesare l3orgia, .pe care istoria le-a i4jierat, ca un sumum de depravare qi ticd'

l\)corueJgm-ielvei,ne\ahuCc, i,aeaAurelenxsfloipoosssnctditiihqoporilnloeleocglsqlsLooieciina,,paiqdr9l1ioti-Ac-naaiutuiu,nmpalrditieecitrfaiectirClrieuzmetates'tcraeoprdcneauqttnrBiapmooaaroi$slgertiiiuecaAnrloeicraorii,nrtsdd'oqtaiicrviraii.atd,nalu6icti'doacnllerssoiddcitaeuArr,aeppt,eeapprsmaiuviibsAteuleurxandogin-shtotdipcuriuolunlodca-etl

gici succcsuiui.

mMoarc.ahFl-ipaaocveli.tloilgibqieaiclCtieudsieoNreijncBtceoorjreogsia,M.ionDcehcziaavdvderluulliilres9atiucodoiumnlluianiiuddtureeluafiapltfoddr,caIsercagocdattteeurirziilnaererdeianlietlrfuepi NoCritc'rceAotnuld-i

tcriiar)e.
ln toamna anului 1502, Njccolb MachioveJ/j prime$te misiunea de a duce tra-
iscPsaiiriln{r,inritvacucrtciii)pnzeecaaiiuunlti{rScca:}eeesrsts-iicrlr,iuroriesrraiioe,Bagi.uerat$nntagieitialracaat,uvcle?oaanr;a1cicbeiacislfaEltcirtr,paamcrtinietiltee}aerditi.slee,e.laieac"lse1Iiaeui grpiieaneC'tp"cecoas(hsr=rieuipbeivrlmieaBtapeotrbdeetgriazoeieadvnd,aatelEi.n,n,,asm,tuudoqnoibiprdsoilloeeemmrlviuaaucI,tai"icrapeneeidargxsletitozriaenaalaocal9ree]'i
r rija 5.i cumsi vrea, stdpil sine Ei pe evenimente, un dotninator i cunoscAtor al
,,,,*,,,ii1o. ri al lle Iovind repede ;i direct cind e de lovit ;
mijloacelor de a-i stipini ;
,r:clincl, asieptinckr-ti limpul cinii adversarul nu poate fi doborit dintr-odatd ; leu
,riu 1ulpc, ciupl lcvgie ; biind c.ind li poate folosi blinclefea, aspru, crurlt si nemilos'
ir,;i 5Lc',r-clali J.rrd rr,rst: toate in vcderea lintei ca-[e nu-i iese niciodatd illn minte'' 9;.
llocl,io-''e111 t-Lu f ace un iCeal'
elr,rr irc iingi a.!st llrot.rt:p reai, dir care \;ccolo ci
c, Anloa;ade, trdsdturi gdsiie
un:t.i.roci r-l:::-.iplair, se acaugb, r:.e:rlioneazd 1a

irlii \.;rliio:; ai .llr:ti,,uirii, care, 1:claltd, \'tt clea.imaginea Principelui eliberatot a\

lt,,,l( prbbufirea lui
portretul real
j;i :,,ui:itaiu) IL,' cl.escrie ,,prima.legafiune" la Roma $i Cesore Borgia'
'.rltir:rclr cloud, paragrafe,. C. Anloniocle reconstituie Njcco.lo
al lui
ytr:!,iavclli gi-1 r-'pune imaginii lui deformate strecurate in biografii despre el. Se
rici:lar.i, curJi cra qi de a5teptat, contla celor care, ln bEza scrisotilor cuprinse i6
jr,:,lcfiuni si idcilor din Prfncipele, il invinuiau pe Sccretarul (fi,,tegatul") fiorentin
r:c r,iutate, g-sciciune de suflet, laSitate, bucurie barbard tn fafa nenorocililOr lui

Cr'.rtrI iJ,tiq:n,

.' ! i.t;cl;::;i, :,:',) .r 1 1,

: ; :t.il!. tj 13't.

XXXIV

- -' 'T''ryPlUW':#F,"-

AXXX

:

'd 'LlrJplql L6
e6
:1 'e91 'rucP1ql

{aI a3.IrO Pzpouuosap ss ';.'
'a$ilar lpieJoul 'pc;1i1od. ! 1lsn1lso1ueiqJrdeo:lsnqln' lB,ielser{p1anlenssu'rrardr:n1:edurIrndJi,roarurSnrelsdua.Tp
alsa Inluo

paopl

es. oJBf, uI auRuro3 erunu luls octlqnd, DarD^IDs .ia-r:1ud 1e ldarp 1sa:e grirlrdxa
-ns 13, pinJp:ait €Uolpp. olse 1a1r1ed. eorergdy
If tpls ap oarrn.r/op: .a6a1 pn1 . Bward

.g0eer1u.g eaunll€u. alsa piJled
'u31J"rrod'lBsr.rSlrrlBesdlulaoorslssaauuollrJlredIln,ri,ngB.luullroezue1irandl1e1Jrnpc.lrl1'lina3u,tnrrrsiqpjloroDl^,rrJr,l{elnderInaIOl^sogolNelrialirrnueplbdeBuuacl,rlalor,pion?(lnul aurruo'pe
airol'p .Brutrd
-unI !a e1aza1

: rolp.trrrn, inioJ uI alpzJlBruals:s IJ 1od urnion, lsaJe uI asulrdnc pzpq op
-Il€aBaaIslrIllaa3aI'qap.JrsrI.u'u.'roBlIiIu:eaaalr-4i.iuuD$rnna.rld'trlallaoslD,ooiplqWpllprtgc'uQ|srroolIqIiplloneultdNrrlllNaqpglBl1urrnoIIna1llnBiJerBnsorJai€u.deoaaBoollrsrraeBunwolJlnllipnup,lnDn:i,t.ralIsuesuloJlarI:Boraalr,rsFrsorileuesrBu6aou-IlIliseerluoofp,sgurluolpuoiinraplciF.-trrtanrplpe6pdsuuaea1rrloseer,aluptsoullarn1lprrpnlp3oosuApsl'puu1irlei1lreuola,rapill.I.iorSlror1ondpeirqsdJpplIl9vsIuin6aienlrulleulpopplp_pesl\
u:1111od urrd eded ap ,a1red ug ,Secoaord ,,,lallpll Inlpuarul" ,Bluprd
orpalIu-IBJlutorar3ypuIg uI
rS etrrou ei aclleuoldlp olrunrsilll nrr3sop IIIA-JA a1a7o7tdo3.

€ozpeaIsnltArrtotc1''ioe1ric1"ioiTqdsnaldlleel1l en.r1l3llglialsfluoual!*rorIlocnl,oIaplr{aI€rnlcnroelulJpl3telrl.nrIe3aJseouppTa'pl^.o,loosla!apsInruilop_tlrrstBuBrJJeoJ.bueal-uuiiIl.g,1,lnplIzrs.er.oaa1lpus1Jllpe,ilJaluuu1rluqneaucs
PslSlslnl3pocpIn.eJoo3tr9PJlanJuraJp,3:aJJuolizJ..1Innl1olepiluroasrqraodxPoJr3plpecl rllSqn'ida6onlil:nquairJl ualppeaIdEnuf,rorsospbglslualson-dr
aI-aoplJ1ulJJlloruplpu-1{!.r3eds0rqop:oleBzapr:uapseq6ronroliIBEllcaJlau.rsIaIaa'rr^uooDri,lc,nneaIfJr,[pDnlr1JpWsrBiroor-'rluaoSl:rer"p1.rtornyaa[dpalrrdno' rJ'-fpnrs1zJeleu^daeoserprt]orDuprrJrJpuoIIenJ-lJllfnrfn1fulnn.ur1u!s,'rip,n1ldfpuoesllluropaflPpiJC,uu,oouur"_lreuuuo
-IunJdi.l.lanl.;,e1piSsaeuedaoaulsul,dainas/.$uprnsaiu^nrlpeurJnopnir-duTnllJuuo.au]pBu^1o,cpJ)1pIplu.n,uaoJ1rJdrluaJ'arA,11,red,ocl.1naUtrptaouorB1p1et6ipt-,o1tospn.glnJulunna,sllprDBoJu-[srtrluspa?rl,,ncJlIpu:nalrpclnuc,r,I,l1Bnpuaal-oosll"pplrnlrTl,lr1ulAnx;palpIiR"nuIr6JJ,,,p:perJlSoJpurlafr_ea"s1rqsrnllrrauotdJ,r^sundap,lolls(l,anVFd1usn-yel;l.p)1snl

€s .rrloo{\ a11gn[u1 a.lln os ps rBJ Iou ol,rlaouJoulq .rrBrx rof, EI p3 epoJJ aul3,, : Jrl
'r1od rnln:oI alqnbar eudJp1pnu11nea,s,,elrl1snr!^1gssialapsIanru0porll1tn,,upJrnpl r3aep1!rsoui6oro1\1puDr1lnuroeludvis,r)sri,rqs
'rerlsedqrd alJulbretu
rl$rnc1B1rJ1'auoudB,,llursueolussrp$rnuIpnlpUlpnrOuunp.t3€'pJl1u1ladqugo*o"ld1lu1uln1rnurDsrlugrops-rdlue,nprrll1ppnr1lrl'tnnuopprpJrnppull0ooqir1:,Qinrt3"q.nu: rr"nn, lpo!saplprarl6Pr.erdolnuldaB
uptusnp

orpr,rr o

'auls ap airugdpls Eerpru Ia u3 lerrwpe B-p3 IS ,,lrSr!^psop inueJ.ri,, ap pte1 Eoletraqll
plepoioirr'lnpra:d e:r$ nu l7a^Dlq:o4 Qloccg_r br gZearlsuouop appruoluV ,J
.so"alel1leor pdnp ardol o rj ,leopl
nu a adraultd uTp 1n1al1rod p3, ,Inlnulluale^ IB lunrl3lrlsar prpJ larlrod un
roleJ.rupB un asasnJ
-B:notlslruoo'ildE/'B,p'groB:'puOriurluBlessriuIoIllosJT.r.r'l-rnrl:n,lrRIe€ziloo,r.pr3s3IaEesrISa'iI'rnrBIpodrpnIa"psaas:lleasopndlrl:J,nIl€uuoloJrlfegllnlstlue,ouporl,slear1naoDdro.rpgqnroaopxu'pr,as,loae33auea1J6Jel_urui1parpoDllr.ur

dmfoeermngtauu.vldeeera=pauureb'vli:ec*iirreauprreutub,.l.ii.coo.alrui*skoa-iuug'epgnrieilcricn{lpdda'qaLeloddpeerminntqcaicprpaauttiuetelursiiiaegcsitvq{qiltesropsrqfictni'stcglaeurgeItntdidmei{evet'nrFqeqnlntedgdaie-'
timd li sigurd nunai printr-o guvernare bun&'

NiccoldMachiovelliopunevirtu{ilormonahalealecreStinismuluivirtutileroDa-

n!"oret-uoiivetlnourte;e;-renl"o,-,,P;intlor,mn;goim"pideailte;irenndti;inminJtoiececea;spsscceiqtnascabirtaettieqimouetanr.bdpeolaaealubodtrgizutcruttareoieaenualtig;inilrr-seuierii"ad."i',rvidmg1liie"imnii.."odrni.tniarb'i"cai,sdrrgiiicitrliiea"i"'oiiEpriimfligaeeimn,iieiliaian$rrcdatoe,tcaseecmcaaplureuirneeeunernldnsoslecdcuaiuiurvueilEilcliiamnuztdlneitiiceefsiuogtoizprcribvpaerfdaouiearseeeblrltttceeerSilitlaieeeutrncdciilliai,clcc^seilrlioiue,delionmeoiprtvpnpdrduauptuoielesnennppilregorili$.lienul.uureirdgimablaiiemtlnueereeniadrl9aoeeualitrcn$mrigngboiaaeeailtmenasrrrama'ciicern,rceecdetsiaaalparetldue6eil-een'''
spiritului.
.r_,-!_^:^r^-+
C.Antoniade4remarelemeritdealisubliniatcuinsistentrdcddoctrinalui

Npj.;6Nuli.olridju;cinr;ermc;,cuc;sio.paiane-lerib;bvl;,aoMe,re;ica.i;raem,s,ldcl-oaeaharnjc'rniaidaEav-rrrseeeaclplupfjcnttpt.uio'qeAi;nn;-eiiv;,ns;x;iln6;utairs-mlle$tu6cvii-pd,"Sapa1lpzer"paieauanrcgntueieir6tn;srs,*uitcesie.bocn"iaiorl|ntuaeoprempeeut''uitloie,i,rfna9gofcFiuarsotnnlstanoadi6zdcrata'oeqametniufiseeocfntnreeroitt,anisinl,lctiteceliaetr.cialtnaeoNtlesurireeiatciazrn,icac-eceoaaavltbucocionalizaiMet'',aetn$aeddleiicegeamhveciraiaetjnalucromtr|tdaideuuucelrn.lreoierillriaeea'i
de realizare a lul meritd admirat'

canunallatiutlaiStritacetduaedu$lriuuoi iplsleuiNnaitiCnecdtc.i.Acoditnao. l".o-upMntroisontcdhmeeiatod,vreeaclsullippl'tureeer:ascMtaeraroepcmchlAllirnoioepvarteouscplil'diuennoEeuci-Caaspl'rlnooAtsduntoltiotpdnuelinanrdEcc4dauedlveeininnsdtctearpriliuinrglodepcnprreiefu'ar9sfoiinl-'

9. ARREENTAI$NTOER_EAFRITAANLCIEASNCAO. GTRUEICI CFIIAGRUDRIINDI I_N CINQUECENTO'
PIETRO BENVENUTO CELLINI

PietroArctino(1492-1556}*,poligraf$ipamfletarcelebru'numit$i,,primul
gazetara}timpurilormoderne,,_,este,inconsideraliileluiC.Antoniadelunper.
s{aolennatjecloinricIu$iiadme oscrariiit,oarr,,isdd,.fliipes,i'tfdiaegseciurluppruinlceipsiilvoiro"'leNnut,caafroesatinzbicui tmit,adiatrtuonr'itnaici

mair6udecitSecoluls6u.Afostconstiintagiimaginealui.'Eunprodusaltimpu-
luisdusiintoat6echitateatrebuiejudecatinmijloculsocietdfiiincareaapdrut,
.cciatpcdreu-aluen6idnctaviu.drilialfciuitni,oiiiecrinumlr?ueaiiarpll5eIeEnomiaIiilEapttauespuiceanelr"esrtacrtde"liicuraaIuiduli"del-dma"em'recelcuitivtsodsiii,eadiuei.eoietDiaclpBauoilneuutnrrlpgrutlouaotn{targeminrJt],ceiiasvtc,utcuoiucnacll,duuitlAeroemplrntvetpudzeotiliiedacncreeueosinap,rdodercM'oriacivubcaluiemadcadbhumosioillap'liraljviiluDrobleaealeallfliciuirra,iaeliebidi,tnnsnledtuorusea-liouodecvdtioeeeleouctm,mauhleitbnxieielneceaAeuarrtopnC'aedfpdiittneereeiqen"uldodlieetle'nt-'i-

tino *l03CF.rAanncteosncjoodce;i.iRliierndairsrtier-eaiBtoelntavnendu'Tiorccil"ilgiiunrti,dlFnu.Cndinaqfiuae'pceennttrou.PLiiteetrraotAurrac-Fi

,Art6, BucureEti, 1935, P. 162.

xxxvl

trax.xx

'ILg 'd '89I 'd "tlldo ,apDlualuV .D eor
"1l."'do
'stltuDs'ap orsaruDrd, or

'?el--tel 'dd "11c t''93J#;f#'3 f*.-to^g^ ''d,
arou
^'.lsp,nSPl_o1$u1!fj1n.l!pqnls-'e'1oefasr3gn1p1purBl Brqlsralr:I uluad rp.rrrnotlrspfsts,fNliuo[sgvgapVbaN-sraNa4aprpd ts
ery
:a.q?IlDlI glnlf.ja]'i||

erdnseap 'Irnlsop,r rs a1.roa1 uud rpJrplr as rtrtrurp lal pulc ad 'altrratlp eluaruegrodruor
$ ptrpn111u rgp llge4dsE ISpaIarB nsa^E lf,llllod luarneo 1f louolsr lop Iaf,

ro1 erado IBSRI np : qd;als Rugupr ps xol efualradxa IS Earpllpaur E're$ll"oprrllglorxdp
nu If .rot $!ag qns neacarled as oJ rolac BrdnsB lplrpau ne ,ufualradxa plsB^ n3
Iuaqgo ilopulqlv 'd*Rrs IBru Bra al aJ Boaf, lol p pu.lnl e1 ,16o1tu11ndau ,alslsp gs IS
alasu!-rlg! 10r qn aceof ps 'p6Earlq! prl€ll rs ro1 eirled
lnlpqz nE-s arBs uI acrDerl
-rBrrr alaf, alaluaulrua^a e1 alred gI ps eroropull[e lep lsot E-arr .oluacanbu.r3 urp
alafb Isru alar ac11y1od alllu.lru er alpzualf,erp3 luls rfglrleuosrad pnop alal .rIIa.1
-alq"og qlorr.rN uerodnraluoo nps lnlillsnlt allapi 13 a1a1de; lr allereduor uI lu.rp
-to|cc1ng ocsaouor& ranp1 Dulruaodoluvrs.e3fe,1l^J;'earr6eoluuaou*rnIE"lrrena"p. 1s areiluasuoJ ap aralnd
areur
o-riulrd 'Bzea$rlglul a1e alolrdee ldo alac u1

-IguI lS Ele3lllpol puellpll urfdnroc lqs InI a1'/0rrrl"uptlweyl^ ap y1n6ar larm uldearl BI plsl
.BIoarnB rS eaunrcdaiafu5
,ee

ulp 'alSalnlgrlp rS-rS 1a a1afarur ug 1a 1$ prunre as 'lalldnroc IE nlp€rlar un lf,lu
apar. nu gc nrluad Is 'llznll are leu nu Ia" ',o1dn:or IBur ls a1rn6p1n relu,, rrler
-aua6 1a11e 1n6o1ord alsa alpuuasar Jlferauab laun 1nse16 aJBf, uI 'aua11e11 I.ualSEuaU
g-Enfa,dIrlrsrea{sr-nulrou't-rnpacwersl,raIlogpdopylIesuroollBumlylo,.saOpIonaltspnTlplaaaplwr3€EI'BraaslllunaulllJalsrrauylorrsrsreDrrledappa,parrrlegalldrnlurr?yanJxdaEuorarrllsauzplgroaJulolruqtrrileuur,ralsgr3ddqnaqp,
'"lDapl prpt IS altoal ity tila^o1tirary (OfSt-gBf t) rulprDrrrlng o)sarulrd

;u",lttiljls!*ra6exa rnrusrr€np!^lpqr asnp :,i1"T,fi"Hil,[[J"":i,T tj;

art-Spolurragrdotqucalal 1p-lnneducraar1oppaDaab!pIuerao'lFeul)ursavap'iae3e1lao.putdo6'n1nasugpparueurneo-lufgauorSorodpuzllppalapaleruyrareop'€fa,.lpIu.Balpll,pIdloaupuurtgrleo1oa3rlusuanpprpJlalsqdlepeHiasuA1Jea:ap.a1lcrrlaapcgdfo,rdauuadnlp-praaupurroulnrusdI.rnxrplsaanlrypo!
t'-rrgnnspgl rra1oltfurralrr1gdrq1n'nom0-saSnr p1I3o3rdaprpsumra{d!telrle3ruaaul dnnlp)a,g'opau'urlu1soIaIrplyelIlozEn,rllosau.lr-odIAf,RXr3SIleBoloBIoJnaslJodlrfo,attrrs_stop,,qatplr1O1aelro6spatu,lla-arllnaIl'taanllrslrrlnolsl}

-af,au n3 aundurl as ola ug sulrdnc tnrg^ape lIf,uI allpa^op aulq op lRp {F :aUpBrnI

ap llle luls ala R3 plslsuor oulprv ortald Inl rr[p111euosrad Ilrgzlralrurpr ulurArrd
uI sItcuDS ap orsatuvr& op 1* apo.ruoluv 'J ap alllsor a11aptr gredrnos arur laJ

'arurnfardrng areJaltr u! ln]gtr a.rnqarl aJ saa:)

e earadaclrd 1$ 1nra1g '{tllugurpura?srp ,'rolluourpo Inlardslp IS Baralspounr ,1afu1on
u ol6raue o 'roIJ ap dnrl un :sa6qr1ug as ro1a1;od ,alauopro(Ord alroy" u1

'lsn6-tlnq op 'sollln.rtr '{q}o pl ,lus6eIo
rup
1nfw1s 13 '11racP1d Inlu4s rolBlgq 'larRur a.lsa af, Baaf, Rlnel -rra3pld uI 'IqlS
rEorng nu Ia €l plstxa 'aF!.wr?dqu !S aslugad. Ir?rpld
op !s agnq lIEranI ap olrateltr s! tndeoFd lErq rolp?apnf atso nq luaurtN 'a3sld t!
ac Beor ul lsaQ erg ,ffi1 'alueoata aloqlsq 'aseounr; alalal 'ateooq olalslpd 'asgte
all.ttuprEtrrs ieseo{allap- o{g:ng1n pugdne as ,UsIu auod" uI 'rol alauqllradord el,rog g
geu a31od B{oteu BI op lB q e quttary aJrald ga gzealqq slloups ap oasacupJd

viziurrii dezoXante a prezentului qi desciridea poltrile viitorului, al doilea, 'incremenit
rie. tragedia la.care asista,,.refuza,. in uscEciunea lui de suflet, orice avint 9i orice
erois.m. Niccolo.Machicveljj avea un singur Dumnezeu I pattio. (naliunea, stoluU,' ce:
tsItuiiilruaci,.rlutFerr5illceip-naucategrinseaccaochuuiGnm1ar-tdrsjitcsioncpatjrcteAredtleivsniuja-vinearudairanrart.e,grusierposrrnueoA]urdorjieatlorudesieefpbcdaiirrtr6etlicamduealvarecgr.orininLlidtae'fmaeftep6tloledrctateaunauoSllreeic9cedireecgiJooelmnerueplcraaoIlllriaszioeraelrtne-ll-..
I se pdrea cd teolia nu-poate deveni, in fiici un fel, pfactic;
Si fat&i'de orice tcorie, oricum, insi trebuie sd acfioneze convilter
c6 fiecare poate sA gindeascd cum ii
si
crrfcrm interesului s6u propriu.
:

La'fel ca Niccolb Machiavelli qi mulli alfii din:vremea lor, Frcnccsco Gutcciar-
.lji1j nu eta un spirit'religios, C, Antoniade consideri ci Frcncesco Guicciar(l:ini'-
:-nrtae1etscalefmani6itai1l:'peocnietifriucilr'cl o-rueprtad, iinn In- aversiu-
aciincimile sufletului sdu, anticlerical.' binb or$arii-
Viemea aceea, se imbind libertatea

zeti, independenta 6i autonomia ltaliei li emanciparea tuturora de slrb autofitatea
irisericeascE. .Ttei lucruri doresc sri ttid scrie locotenentul
inainte cle a muri :.

papal; md inrloiesc insd; chior dccd n; trdi mu|t, cd rrol vedea vreunul: o republicd
binq rjnclulfd in cetalea noost?d, Italia liberatd. cle toti barbarii $i liberatd lumea de
l ir(, i( a(cs! ot prcoii f r'cdlogi tor.

l:r alt loc, ci precizeazE ci dczaprobb ambi!ia, zgirrcnia Sj vjola molatecd' a
p:.ot il,.tr, c.r si putcrca temporalf, a Bisericii, cX a clorit totdeauna ruina statului
ecleziastic, clar ,,soarta,,a vroit ca el sh slujeascx doi papi (pe Ieon o/ x-Jed si
pe Cletleltl nJ VII-1cra) intru mirirea lor. Din aceste motive il simpatizeazi pe Mar-
tin l,tttlter, pentru cd prin el e posibili ruiilalea acestol ,,preofi nelegiuifi" ori,;'1"1

.lru1in, t.ijerec tLiJpelor tiraniei ticdlcase a preolilor.

Se 6bservd, ti in acesf caz, cd sinpatiile lui C, Antoniorie sint orientate spre
ale cugetdrii mai
asitrctelb pozitive istoricului florentin qi spre o intelegere cit
exaci.i,i iucrurili:r. Ei constatd ch progranul politic al iui Njccolb Macltirn'elli
,iu )e cLcnscl-rea escnlial de programul lui Francesco Cuiccjord,ini. Primul era mai
.raciical, a] doilea era mai circumspect. Secretat.ul llarentin nutrea iluziile unui pa-
triot dcsivir;it, islor;cu1 llorenlin nu avea nici o iluzie. Se aratd id Froncesco
a!i;.ciardini sc socotca mai inlclcpt dccit Niccoio Moc/riovc/Ii tocmai penlru ti nu
::trtrc: iluziilc iui. Dar C. Antoniaclc uu sov,iie si se delimiteze de o astfcl de inle-

),.pciurc.rrciinplirritd,,,1rr|e1epciuncapracticEaluiCuicciardini_scrieel
ce\.a rec€ si uscat intr-insa. E omul fdr5 iluzii, cu vedere clar6, dar care nu vrea
s;i pril-casc.-i mai depalt€ de imediat 9i de propriul -sdu inleles' Entuziastnul unui

\.{.1.iiin\ e11i, rrlialtalea acestuia pelltru ullcle iclei, tot factorul dinamic din . opcra

'ai-'ii,:u1ui i1 lasi lgcg'1 11i.
C. Aptopirrcle scc.rtette cA lstorra.Italiei, pubiicatd mult nai tirziu, dupd moar-

r0.:r ciutorului ei (probabil, intre 1651-1654), are, totugi, cloud vicii fundalmentaie :
lniii,. rrrsemttarca itr feia rdului social .qi istoric' conipensatd de gustul pentru adevdr
s.i .pentru priceperea exactd a lucrurilor petrecute, Ei, in al doilea rind, ideea-Con-
cluzie cd inteleptutui nu-i rdrnine intr-o societate nedrept organizatd $i detestab'ild

suil urghiul clg vedere,,ql moralitdfii decit.q ,sirrgurd solulle. sri sq a-qomadeze cum

;rocfe,rrslIelin.itSd'liecitmaipu!inlov'itderduqidesuJeIin'd,11]'

iae Ibidcrtl p.2A2.
?lt lbldcil p. 208.
11r lbrdenl

XXXVIII

XIXXX

i,, gZ,Z_92?, .dd,uaptql {l
.rc2_-022 iri
.a,a.,wapaql

a nu iuilraf, 'o1traranbu13 ulp"roliuorupo, Ie rgjl s lgi;d1ifinJ'"b ,1{urrs e ap'Inra} 1q5c.
qns-eu-npulund lEooda g-6ear1u3 ,o .,,buru1 't$ eqlaog, lnJsounrdt nB runj ,1nsug-riuit
uPIsrrundsn'-uazlsa.Inrap:ruaS1p6.:aprs1aluJp3ras'latuuui!.lfritnavgcta2,o4rn.{ouIol6rdj^sdrtf'taH-gi'tr,f,ai',.yar1lqu7,lu*rt5oo0ztno5irdu.enifr{',sot.rtl,s,1Sini,rplu,i6anu;trrm,paurrpnui,ia1psnzuB,rl"oIinsuprna,llpiogurropauiplpnrisli
PalalSBuaU oJlpJ op lnlnuarujal lupllhsol€,luJ:,t!'osdnF.rh.!nlnou potBzrlrlJpJp]
'1lul1ziulaueJai1lr1cerielJt-1ui1ep(ronIrnuuu;s1na*pIasreu(ir!u2tgun6r\t7ru0op,prooolic|.ll,\1rb,init.oJs;i7slqose.t,.orrfazul\pnrulpls'e]iur;do-:'r)ia,,z1s(1nelrZtoap1gl3rtue_yiu,OluaiunOnacpaoiopl,rolr"niou,rlo^ll"jaunuy)rlrpn.o,aolnurl,nonr"lr;,l."pB,il,oll"rlgr;1r;'"r;au;o;r;u"tl
I-rSaoulJlrBunIlIcJ'naIzluolpAuipEprlsrpl-:xneauaeupanlrnlaclsldSaeeflo,aVufun.cllnpplllell^aorppl uo,r'fr€,ntn:Lnxp,nl,aJolri1Ilalnuassntloapdllunsc:pnuiyaortJupoe.drsepI..u\lrano.lpslploIrqpalrrrrupjrunqiuJaSrprna1p{riar1[inrp:n6urri:E,Jdp;e.uc:1.o::i:i;.:_.si
lS prspououo BlqI^ plnrpl ? orpr urp rfg3lurelec ep eoreul uJ .lBapl ariro pznlal
'f,.roro IuIAE .rn.rpr.rro ealBllllln gbeorr ,r:pldalpirl .laun 1cp eiullnd ur aperr jplx nu
'ounif,prpure ap oldrun peJslp',lgl l1fdsaecrap1euru1.lorj11uldl o'grcespeaurigijuupnull-Fprseuprrr,g1lsndlerqse es ar a1r-rii
-oJouou ap irsoldoo o
pui-r, p
IaupIe'''1prassrlpodlupllulisllrfloe9n,naouBa1'pidurpn1,loiIoad$slolBslua!u)flu1ueal11d!Jnnlsr3o$pdec:pfrBalucarJ,eialliepnuB15rroeone1ltRpo1l1r:secur1arrrrrT1luqoIepuilanBs1rorrpIlBSnoperd'rrJlcuuleuuJolgnrrr!uproBulllfnu{ul6c-D,slnoer,ualIorfIaar,uefllr,rnlr1eenrsldBu-nrJ*nra1eJdJoipuooprnoopa'nllt1BrErsl)el1u1'rli'drroeo3ipopzb61asJPolan1rIurtepzro3eIrunnspjdorlJlruee-nla-u,ureoIr1nrprrdzuss1runrls,lporBeEae,'3igcnlroerounrperprtlfnloredAsr:plruu3dr{pepud3nuu,1ud.o1nerIIn,ln}aiaprnBB6jurpJFJeaosu^urrl,trd"1aso_etu.a,pIlolnAr-a,cpJu,td,rrXtr-oreiooaucf.n,Jlp1ls1ruolu"ntBns1I"go1ueoul.r,,nu1ualnar,:lSu"r,5lo"1u1l1prirBrasn.lrenoop"ro'ru,end"iar*rrca:ru,rn.a*aTt,ari-.pp,!l,--,rir!
-u.r^uoJ ap ne.rusud'tp1'1jpDl'.pJr?fopJIlJ^Fnon0p.r.ceonaesl .oaBreeaulDnxrrddup'rId:nJutr,drpcrlupgr:uprenl'qdo,ulrorre-nrx3l.uaeort.!rledn'rlnps,6l,lpi,lcg1aenllJdr?aunprr1oneouerirolruaJSnepdupDg.l,srElauuTroPrltur,uulollvrpBu,.lauJctaq:ajipps
oJ paaD.u!

alaluerede

po1gs'rniSulerlorerraunburoreBqdBl.r;o'ee'reP:Dnae:aaAa1llseaBalrsof.ule.ueueJntveppr*.pprqr:sua9JE:1realdefusu,plte1r.;rl1.1nnard1roDlrletoeslo.a,u;'lunlrtaoaorr5ls1ol-1uag1sltE1n;rnlpg.6Bxcl1uJaau'1lran;ooso,U1pE^uclnI€r{Jflploiod't'?xtJll{lreDlnopolpillcnrorrd.zirlgiJ0iistirdllunDggre1spcd1ldlsrJtrsrlenruR6ooof.cuI'sEteealiblrnlgleoonsrlqorferfoaBru-uu5yrppn!1[i1lulznoa.r.aeurusapBrrecuop1'paJJsBdS1o'ars.lenaIaonrnxul0lrnlalpolupdn]aIc,ull1iIennJo'lpl,a,1nrrrpl6}tel1oErue.oprrgl,nisoou.p1iolr.orI.r:Eroeolr1r,rrrsna:qralc'p.1pi:l,:
ap lsole lurn 'ielndod 'olue3onburJ IoJs ulp 'rn1 ecoda uTp rJ rp-u prred ,ro,ros r*
--aa^'-1Jrln-l6rdrarueeeselroniusl.Qolrul.nu?p,rlg!iDx-a'e.pariala'.clnsruItBodarnquollrnJnJlopIIpslfspn"lr'qsprd'uu;H.aIirEurslns8lo:og3eLsrru!-u\^ueusXnlfrla,nsl.l36sn.oplllopeJelJsplceBiro.n'rlqt':nouIoulnnnJrlno1ouruluJ:,sr,rlr1asoaponags.pl'pr1er.{,rpi-ou{rnrIrIll[pupaue,'ol,lpuhJlaurescaloIqlIrs.upga;opDo"lsuFh+rnprohfgpp{tuiugrId'plrlpaulsrupJil,rpoBtlrVr^tociooa3tqlT'r:Jou:l.c,pNrtnsIcsilr!o,ulll,n€auoo.i5epn.zplpura}ud0urotl!olsd,lcssrodupllsic.aSodorooalcllpurrpreius$oo'n-lll.Jutpplug1osjsou.lorlLp.lqmlrnpperuB1cv3in1larla1.pll"ulsptrr'Ja1weE)n1sd'e,senlo1ar,putlBr16noppe1erltarrod,prur.rle.,pIue:n;c-bz:rp{li..,

un caz unlc ori rai ln Renssterea italianE. Vjrsta lui e bogatd in asemenea exem-
individualfttti puternice. Rena$t€Ieq a fost definitd de atitea
plare de rmanitate, de
omul, sr;ipat de cdtugele traditiei qi tuttror opreligtitor
ori ca epoteoza individului: qi fdrd constringere facultafile, inceplnd cu liberul Joc
exterrle, iti desfEtura lrber pind la cee mai inaltd formd a libeftdlii, aceea a cres'
al lor{elor vitale gi mergind

liunii artistice" 111. personalitate d fost Ilenvenulo CeIIini. N-a Stiut niciodatE, dup6
O astfel de
propria sa m&rturisire, ce culoare are lriea de ceva sau de cineva ti s-a bizuit tot-

dsadrstIeee-uaiaganrppudiuruldsenecesHeianusxg{uluptitnnzeiemlrdueircolmieotluoenulvraariiui,ttidturDliiePrpzluultneuaaeimmpfriidsrneidnaeienaBetdtzeilcreeieancanluiernuntvitensgerieetguidiailiurSroe,iatlviriuf'tiipleodrAeviu.ulrReseeCisieTml-eisAsaluo'inta.i'tcnrrlnuoiiuaacnigrllai$eac€tloieiitrnr9paa6ldliuiln'taraiiimaniiul'sDelaoPluuoviclelgmues,uritnnsinicnoeliccit,nzdna.ecatuizenualAu'ilctrelna.enualtouAeljcnunamuEet.iuoaaoliigucriddg6'iieocslSu,l-Eianop-m,eatd,rernciaiczuav,eeoaelvrtirrnueaainecurnoraiailntonrusemRirniCpanedddrtnge'iaimaivulmcilgimierddntpuejupdiulprliiiunsseiuq"esii'-i
deletdefeldemotive,indrameqitragedii,multe.dineleimoraleoriamorale,
dararEmas,irrceledinrlrmd,ullvalnicsculptorqiunmareartistslcrvintuluiscris.

C'At.|lonied.ecrede,printr.oargumentarecamEubred6,c6scrijlorulddepd,sj'

cu mult arlisful 115.

$iinacestvolum,C.Antaniadeli-adoveditvoca|iasacriticiqisisternaticatn
drizeasrceraieurenaour npoerresovneanllimtdtei nreteppreezternetcautitveelnpletanltirauinespeoccoalulolarl.X1Vnl-pleaaiagnijiennciaErual cStoec-ial

'dfiipmeocd}ltirtdeiceiado,isncevabrraeircritngeeirdizaievaaeczreagleeafnie,icceeainlreefi,,r,etirnac,ilillnegpulurleildosincEuCup,ineaqsripuleee,cbitneernealaloec,,ts,ripinuitrnriteiulecluaqiriienltndauelieasxntlin'sautsfllat

pemarginilepr.Epastieiintr.urlveacdeluminigiuinbre,$ireconstituietotceeaCe

confinea conceptul de vjrlu, atit de scump RenaEterii' Antoniacle, trci ta}i.
in domenii diferite'
Cele trei vieli Sint, in ce}e din urm{, in analizele lui C.

menre pe care le-a produs aceeagi culturS. Fiecare ilustreazd,

individualismul anarhist al epocii.

10, FIGURI DIN CINQUECENTTO'
PR.INCIPESE, CURTENI $I CURTEZANE

saie Vcaosllulgmliounle,a$pidcruurttienalgd3egl,aarteJrtbreinipo,aIlsliaableclelatuDi'tEesdtein93i gcduertecaa\dFeitolaleM.Baonllodvoos5-i
Cilevacullezane(Impelia,Tuttiad'eAragongiVeronicaFlanca)sinttitlurilecelbr
ttaarnelifsiapm6deri,ntit,inriaetirlacnroiirsnetfoaicnpruartfiuniaclliospriinrloegrzeulluumimtdiinqeairrleiispctourcorsdapuiiiacrietmu'fleEprrioEtuzrliuotiimv;iaanlcteR6aerindsaiinf't5terrerdiistiiertaanlniteiimn9eei' ncad-lri-'

turari, mdrefia gi decadehfa secolului al XVI'lea'

caracItnecruul]tpurrlianRarenaal gcutertriilioitratlileenlea,cuurbrlinlloe,bFraerrrigariam, icMiaanutjouvcaa$tui nMroilaldneooesieab, ipt.ritl
excelenta,militar'irEzbointc.l.nfrun.teqlorseallautiranifErdscrupuleqi1616

llt lbidem, p. 238.

11s lbjdem, p. 329.

xt

ITX

rj-rmd ,au'OJz-a8tin'dcdgf.'6ygu6aIl.r'nItaso'arnsacdn.gIJu',I,jIdI 1'oo1ruee3aaanlabu6.et3g"urgplrlrvn61r*g9'ranp1Dor.$I+u6;ofalru1uYfllu'iJfaf de;$; Etlep

ar'alBdllfe,,noupr!olslEeauprrulalroulnalrqlduolIr.aIolsIIBsUaIrnlafu,l$IlulIlP3oruuunnBuruunrf1ul,,11.$5pl'eae1a.relao'q!s1u1alnldlJrpoas6lllapalueaarCllsPr'ualls!oaledulIcIlpIulEradIl9tua)adua1!o$r'degAla-tllrqdloAlrd-uIoillenrpd3
alraura1 arlBnolstru ep dlt lsaao uI nB M* gdnao 1g alrede lsor un I$ 3oI u(l

'!ryn\nw otrlottolslto l* tturpD ala er nrluod 'oulqrn 1f ea'oluepq 'ElPrlad
,ouBIIIn{ tEluArold q ap alrlrnt ',arapQ^ ap lrund lsaJB ulp 'aluapnpuo: 1u15

'eil ,Inlnllraru elfeDolsue Is liulpe"
pa: fal,lI3ftrt.rrnlecurJ!'Ioo,llspIl.zsllplVlp''oaArlIus,annoIg)aXdnalrbudqgl3drplsuug3lf,1'ser$a'rElIa-ltIgPAslaXIpuIB€J-'sIIn{'leoodslusaasrsSuo!r1lrl'neludnIuSo11.1urpaIrllIllf€nuouluaI auISfa,aialerIlEllurIIlIIrda'gslsrne1sulRsoPuu6r
e-!3 luaur rS aralnd er1u1p 1146er1u1 1n1d1cu1rd pc leEnppe 'g1epo1o1 'alnqar;,
'1n1a6u1s ualuleu! '1afa1qou EIlIuIJap uI 'PJBorl Bs alnq

-arl Inllrarll pJ praplsuo] Is lJnlaulol alsarB ad eusllptl Palsls8uau Pllsxa 'aIBTJos
rlfa;n earlnurrlJ u! rolelualul ls rolallrau 1n1eru1rd op lupasqo 'apDluoluy
'3

'Rrnllnf, .I3 alellrolne arlulp laluplle e g11oo1[lurau elul]
--e'u,aaellsn!saSuiodIio-dnaaIlAorr^lDulXrsaohrolgt"elJre"ouledaIoncea1aIola1nosrJrdalaaIpo1sln,rndlpdgudpteIr1n1a''naa3Ir1lrerppgourprll1slr'd1u-nrIe1o(r1luplolDatIdarrnaauDBIr.IPrI'aAJyzIrrn.IIauXIpaElnpopaIduuIDaD91aa1rerxr!1eld^qu9posdryapgpplrnIsnn1Toao1Illuur1€nrla6nsBp1a1onra3ellurf'ma,1elualllcodcD.aJuarurlr-aan'dD;dlasaarpnnsfou1e1lrrdfu!n,e1lxcacrluoull'11/ndlDs1rIgdsIIp'IP'6louIslEp''aDIaorIP-rlPJ!sIfauI InnIPuniqu)lIl
olrols! uI 'Iroasap 'Pr pullullqns 'Prnlln) 1$ aralnd arlulp IllPllreluaualduroc 1n1d1r
-u1rd qulurnl u1 snd !I s ap llqElsaluo)ul Intruaw 'truaplAa 'arp apDJuoluv 'J

4r ,RUs rf grn1gfg,rug a ar lol pulnfard If l9nsug 1a

l--lo1aspr-s|unp1rsaqp1rlal$eaq1g.3l.anr.qrl1ff$aJquurl1€agIua1alazIprlroenapucupdlgnur,lauasRaadoplzoIIrueaqr.1rIarJn3J1casosaoslaIId'?aBrpIlrI1oBuBtlr-uaIIfleq.,l3IIrJ1J:udnP3tpaarsaaap'dIrann-eqrlu'ue-1lrRBa1€fps,lf1gleul-adls.tlrlrl3EeBalrlIaucrU3'uonnBooc11s3alfosuealfrnrlrPJnoao.Prlq6lstlnuIian)d1auul)l.l,aIaI!lrIrlldlInJuJnollIalqltuepssaanduelnul).lntInrruaIfI:,!fr'l,Psona'|a1uuIIau'lpntlPlaraasd1sluallPuouJla1DpllllplrlsdoIPlanrersulrgllnuna:laslotatrelueeeoa-JuqdIlBlcooIlalpuu!dofaelEl.ulRdallaxnnu{BgSuouroe!l)l

.grdsrglsealsaaodl.psaJgslJ.uols-lalnqallI!:t.:eutIlnIJnIP]seasIIARsgsplldsel(

ga.rro16eurllodaplqultuaInuBJ.lI'loIIlSJust$ro{rro111r:sD'rol-IrElnlrPJEeoaJP
'g$-o'glslolonarlosgl-uuern4nnaI[rSef'nyenlloplqoinluoa^r]uzrofa,aleolpBl.ldz'uarBpnrIauuzr'lrnllnasolparlaldfltpdusioa-e'lqpsaslup.afoalrlul:raq"snruoart.uBipdl .u9'l'1q{6lq!apulu1lenq1ll1)sIaeurnddtBrl1s'lcn.-pruI6nIurlral1dP-qrIrrtaepnPlfall,dnr'e.safrs,ozlaIqD'EdllInlqrrIaluEqnuruul!nBdrqpleJlnllEalipt*Iuelssi:lPes1aeaaI6rrpS1efu1uIq:'slE6tolafI,rosC'ulodlw"atuurl'uslulpllorln0dlp5rl
1n:ernlrql r8! 'rsrnllpr ug a1ua1o1ld 1s u1[1rds o13?s96 ]g' PlnsJ
-nlgrtrs Ior rm poeof lrqrn[ardru! allnul 3p llllorutr 13 allfrgd a]Bo1'.uip llp'u5d

t ,rnrlr '113g.rn[p.rrr 1$

-a-:$tr9ptqtaOaIpunqIp-liquI*ula"gprulga{alpupp-aoa!lHtrlrulcvr!$n'3r{lo*g)aodaolu$a{'ttlsqrro+'nillae-uldg,nrIuztlanauanrBF'rlSprrs,drrog6aVs$"ai a'R'ia#t$lsatll}rHfq\otu€a[lwouTraro-tPIg&aq!ll$$r1e$:fl?t'}aLo:laup.1flgB"noadTr}nru:o4JlpelY'Ea!lS;[rtd[a'gl.ulrq*dlngtal:6eqldl

suxii legiune.: in: acea.epocb,, Apa,. ci,i:r ,curfi,.,ga.,;j ia-.doctele,convqrbiri, e]g:. nu
Fulrt simple ,.tjgurante, , ei. ,adeviralq in9ujl.eti!.qale . ale adun6rilof " -11e'" 'i:i ji : l

. ,.,.Nu inseamn{ cS q{lanfa .dintf,e tiran, umanist,, istpric' poet $i arti5l . s-a in'
fip.{ujf, pinritnele.acrtiustaolci.raClioan. dmlfiearitleolorr"so'pcriael.htu.stiendreendiu. cDeiarnlpaoturiny5.f.el$.'duc.ec:e.isrqtaettonriirery-t.ep,urof$ini

r.rro,i:siti
on,;,rabili. olatura tristE a,CuttriloJ, intrigile, cgmpetiiiile, urnilinfele qi injosirile de
1'ri:o ziua, coborirea intelectualilor la rangul slugilor 5i miscirrici,tor,.a fost pus;
a lui Arg!in2,, Corte a=_.^fic}uortltileo,r;zmicaeia..beinl:e
inleviden{d de verva satiricd !n atmosJera mortali r:n..5Birit
lntr-adevir libqr nu poate_trgi barcagiu

Ia Venefia decit om-de curte la Roma ori in glti pa{e':' t'0, , .: i::
,, lnfringerea statelor italieqe 9i a aiia{ilor Jor a insemna! sfirqitul auantei ,4iqlre
principii $i curtenii luminati din palatele Rena;terii;;i reprezgnlantii cei mai.aleqi
1i .ilerelor, artelor $i $liintelor.
Acolo unde nu.existd libertate p.ionlitvi4c.eemsgerip.cie1redoepr9eisiiiubneertastei actocmulitnuarfiiie. Pylgrea
,ti
'1iria culturii -iti sidbesc efeclele politic'i

gtriLind. Aliania dinire pgtglg qi culturd iti,,a1at{ lu,ylnite in vremuri. dc. marg, iqtlo-
1'1'.. rpiritualt gi este pusd in miqcare $i scoasi in relief dc pcrsorialit;li exc]npla.re.
O. I Lfet dc epocd a fost Rera$terca italiani. Ei ii cauti si ii si g5sosl6 C. Antoniaclc
Itrnrirrile gi umblele.
: .t:,
SpSannlcialasqsiaarcutCoa! satiigldioianelog(1u4lu78i -M1o52r9te) g- ianoton dc curte Ei diplomat, nun{iu apostolic
i;r
(= amul de curte) -.: se bucurE de

o l-ccunoagtele aproape generali in cartca lui C, Anlortr'ade, intii, pentlu meritele
sali de. curtean desdvirgit gi, in al doilea rind, pentru ci, prin 11 Corlegiono a dat
liLl'rumai un tabtou cxemplar al viel.ii clc curte, intr-unul din momentclc rcprezen-
t rl . e ale RenaSterii, ci si o prezentaro rem'arcribil6 a psihoiogiei persbnajolor din
o1;.,ci, sa. ,,Nu e'numai iin manual, un'tOa dc purtiri al omului de cLrrtb,'ci irn
,.i, ,1.'.'ptar- caie propune un ideai di atins. Casliglione nu erd numai un cuitean,
,rr r.rvalcr dcsirvirSit; eIa, in acelagi timp, un umrnisl, adinc pitruns tle cultur.r
tinipului, care punea accentul pe individ bi libera lui dezvoltare.r Desigur; 'Casti-
qliCine are ir] vedere, in primul rind, pe *omul de lume- 9i deshvirlirca. lui, clar
,li,l ri. de acest curtean iintegtc, firi s,i >i-o mtrturi'easci, lr ccva supcritr': la
iruiir.itlul peifect, la exemplarul clesivirlit dc umanitate, ce1 care-;i dezr.olti toate
.,p: tudinile, tr;gind folos elirr tot ce-i poate aduce culiura timpului. Daca ccntrul
cirlii este portretul itl€al al,curteaiiului, cdruia nimic din miEcdrile de idei ale:tiTnpu-
lu r 'ru-i era strdin, adun; tot felul de elomente care fac din 11 Corlegiono uri fel
de-slrmmq a curentelor gi ideilor epocii" 1?1. .. '
Il cottegiano este ,scris, dupd regulile tradiliei clasice eline 9i latine;,'sub
fo.rlna dialogului;:Curteanul astfel inchipuit trebuie,. ir-rtii de toate, sd fie 'nobil,
iirclrrsebi prin talente,. dac6 nu $i prin na;terc,. si aibA infiliFare plicriti;' .sd
ninrLiasch l:ine tot felul de arme, sd fie expcrt in exerciliile cavalere.lti, s6',aibd
gr:crjic in migcdri qi in ilireaga lu.i atitudine;;i comportare. Lipsa de afectare, mai
cu rcami in vgrbire, este- altA calitate.a opului de curte. Se adaugi;.-in spiritul
qrer:rii,,cunoagterea, ;i folosirea limbii italiene. Adevdrata podoabi a spiritului
Cqrleanului trebuie sd'fie ljlerele (,Sd cunoascd, deci, urt numai ppefii,.da.r rS.i ora-
liirll ' qi istoricii, sd sq qxercite sd sc rie el insu;i, in limba vulga;rb, . r-ct'sqri ..$i
"pr:r'7,ri't22.)
.::r , ....,:;

l1e lb"idem, p. 11.
120 lbidern, p. j13..
r21 lbidem, p. 118.
122 lbid.em, p. 123,

XLII

HIXX

"-c,Ll "d 'uJaptqJ m

'Z7l-|il 'dcl 'ulaptc1l

'671 'd'tuaPtc1| taL
zZL
'87,I 'cI 'Lualrlctl

-uBW B pJpIrlsnB Bileulurop qns 'P1rB ap olerado alpol ap llion ntr 1n1e1ed '11e1;ali
spaull-ITJps'0ra0n9IpJulale'Podls:+i6llez.irp. uIrBBuIa3'o1BuU1BedosI3lndAloBlslE)3-5linauprDt1Lei.il;
-rul'ap plsnl nJ B^olupJ,\tr:
-uf,:,'3'lpubipul"al;cs,;-
ap oJpunpp o'slz: OxIq:.IEui 'suarul lpled reloiuphtr'BI 'ep D!60a8"';i1.6pltr: ulliap' un
,nrzrgl l€trl rue op plfls d..rpqrp ps peAB ur PJqalaJ gnunlu es. pa-ls
are3 Is Bitetl RlBOl
ar€o erado ap oficaloc o }9lrrrol e-ls 'rolalre ollluoruop urp' Inun ]llu ul lsnD :u

girsdliau.'DbDzLtoD a$.A,:e..-D.:i.l;a...q.Dsrl.:'l.lt.r'roJl ro113r1re e,rtt'rolairB B'3:solra]ord eJ' '
.szl ,,Ia ap ArtrS pS lro^ p-:;
plpporl.rN 'ou11ery orta14 j'a6o1unqr sonlinr;:un plel^ Plpol lPllJJaxa B"EloiPJ prcln<p
llol ap lnuJal sale IBrrr pJa Is allplndar oletn Isnlol paAP aJpJ'tn0urs 1n:::r
'rrdlrurrd l( o.lp i
ad 11rop !1uBls!p e1 lnurJ e-u BloqpsI'lliolll:cs allpool;uaopluPv|P'JJ aleolTo^3urq
'plploqr"l" 'arerrl11snI IaIISP olsasPb 13-r 'r'.\nioti'i
-1npq6u1 rni 1n16o13
turtd arero:1 rr;1r1Sn1r lulprls 13 rJ'pAoluPI^I ulp lBrunu nu 1jrro1s1 'r1Srlre'r1eia1lr
ra lrunf ur pI sPullnlnpqBzVl .B'prf,ull.sn!Jll'BInpIsouPr lupltradltlloodlrunf',IllBallq.'or'l'F3fd, teurrroi lu'ueT! ,qqveu1l pcnpuor 1s ;s
tolauu uatuni
ez.az-rup6ro
ug: 1n:rsorin:a,r ie lniFlisard ulld r* PJTpedolf,rJuo -la eiinqnJ':urrd "ri1u1 'Pl!qas1'r:i
o1{erlurpe o -'apDluotut/ ? TnI llzoll e-I {BtgI_.t{vi1 rtbri'zuo> alsg,g olsaqnsl
'szL ,lPaPl eladliurrd nJ n.Iri'
erfaBrIeacJlVlde'Bplupoulpltour!o3raBr oal1pl-euuaoliu1l6sr1'aselp3tr):aelec'eaoJlrfJrouroorprioeFn'uS1'red11PslaepqozuPl'egllsolJpsrilSpln'pgsrp'or<tlc.r,;,
a-a--surJd,uDirp'r'sil:'zsu,piDo31arpeld.IsLrD'i;rppogouub1arapdpUTJ6o1lrluI-lnnruadrprpuraulazPprlpl.1raeupIlSl,'iJupEraerIworoE'llJreaJrooSlalalsn'rrcerp6n-ruDIuolJ'.f'rI,Iloulrunpd'olr'ap1ftEepu3u;DrurvP*rrludl;us6g'o3pu-txI1u13adpvJ.zPIeSo"papJlo-lluorlpsolalslnrulUpelldorn-nI'urln3nclnaJp1IlnnBtuallPI.rsarldplaElunsorarudlpurorradIpc-Pslp.^P-aS1PsuEIdElaJrprpulJTponrurloi5rltnft1ulr.arqeInJl':lS1'ant)jdlr'l;;:
ealuc ad ,Indurll 1ol 'pull l-ps azapeto:d Ps 'Inladiruud p-lrJporrrtl 'ls
eruelelrd elsopulqop 'gf,Bp 'lJ lJrul Ial BSp ug el plbrou IS Pril]lod qlrE-€albl '

i* a13a1;od -oJ a)Bl I rudrulu re rnlnuealriic ;aracpid 1n1'e1rdo:d gdnp alsainu:1:
ap PllnJse 'nN iuolelnpB lirop :n€s [nJn[ ur eircdns
1n'o,Espn1aNl1am5loaaqrf'l1rlupnll:g5orpreaacoreiulrr'pr;calrqnilloaBf'rarpdr;iJzr5ur$tdsu.Eu,ie,11reuofsgirsE3nu4:ple3nJdio'de)PaJ'6^qrBpnD-oIrrssulqqa€s"p0pD1paap3SesIulSDaran:B7lIBlSpuqIaal:lernePlurfiI6uel'^'rsTraBalrrlpwezlpIeb,orrJrnuyIdlpnnol arIl'cpse?pBscls'apepuuD7!l'I1leur1l'tfepJr,raona:;souu!!IlSsrlliagfuInslnbl1tBealu'Ils:'JPoguPaBlzB'oaollperIpJloneuud'pa3lpioeuIrl$J!fcpJg1oIrPp]9uquqi1Iono9n'JPcssaIaqp)'p'lerg1'aoaeofeiiu-r^uPrarron{o.!irTlerrpa1ur:odidnTyi'11Pocat'r''uu3ldqrle:l1rlr1rn:nonzuqn1ldr.'':,r:'::n:st!li!
arnqsJl al€ol ul,/ 'JruJnI ellnu lDur 13r erdsep Is oulJllo nc 1nrg1d ErsBaqroA E-s
qlt$iPs iS gttqBJe oIJ gs''arJnrl BrgI I* olpl^u! 9rg;;alriidruof, as'?s'etrllsulr liqliirC
qqin'g. alnqarl Eil 'plrsrr^psap Duoaunc Pts llsilngsaii 1nuea1rn5 ap llntglv
.:-.i 'oo(.rrit ap aIDa o'eunbopiol azerlspd'gg 'souini,;
Bulltr'ug qro luaunrlsu.l
,1u$nriaa,urJiq-nrtupj^'paSpe''llpecidaspnifnalrdInoJIpuloIaJsJ rpop IJ 'nps'lnpujdPls op 'erelsalp ap gFnl qE
af,Iro ap !S erlndlqru!
aII:Ps elnq'arl -aleoi tg'orlairstg
'pldsl ru! I6..gqro^ qg'rPzpq op InI'ol.rln6ar ulp:euh
'er&ldlnrs r'BrnlJ.rd ;'€SJznui :l o1e1:e pcseo6g:pu1 9s STnqd.n'''1lslJl'iCsep:'lnueatrITii'' :;'::

tovEl e*re ileteazd mrii bine de 150 de ani, palatul fusese harisformdt ln cszann6.
Acel6ti lucru sub donninatia franceid. La stirqitul setolulul trecut nu era decit o
valtd ruin6" w,

O maie ptisiune a Isobellei D'ESte Gonzagc o reprezint{ a{ldtoriite. Cdt&torllle
fdcute Ia Milano, Venefia, Florenfa, la Roma 9i in Frdntra nu brau Eotivate doAr de
curiozitatea neobositA d marchizei, ci 9i de scopuri practice, cu prec6derb politiee,
,,Ne-am ingela privind pe Isabella D'Este numai Sub intdlitarea de femeie cultivatb,

iubltoare de tot ce e ftumos, protectoare a literelor gi a aitelor, dornicd sd cunoascE
tot cees ce miicarea Renagterii adusese nou pe lume: suverana unui stat, nu vast
prin intindere, dar important prin pozilia lui, inruditd cu mai toate casele domni-

toare, mari sau mici, din ltalia, bd nu rdmlne strdind de nici una din complicaliile

timpului si joacd, direct sau indirect, un insemnal rol politic. Trdieqte, ca toate
marlle spirite ale epocii, tragedia italiand de la sfiri;itul secoluiui XV +i inceputul
cclu.i dc al XVI-lea Si partea ei nu este numai aceea a unui spectator dezinteresat.
Ca sotie a miirchizului Frhncesco, apoi ca mamh a lui Federico, in mai multe iin-
durl. sub domnia amindorora, ca regentd a statului, avu s5 sfdtuiascd atit pe sot

cit ti pc fiu, si-si spunl cuvintul 9i sE intervind in chlp activ" Es.
Jsobeilo D'Este Gonzaga prototip al femeii ctiltivate din viemea Renaqtbrii
italieire, cu toate virtufile 9i, -in pufinfi mdsur$, flr
ei vceicivilieemeui r-ile ti-a depigit epoca,
dar a conservat, in portretul moral-politic, ceea acelea de cruzime

$i omor, intregite de mecenatul culturii in gbnere, nu puteau produce decit prin
modele efemplare. Ea este un model, iar
asbrnenea carabterizhrea linalS a lui
C, Antoniade iqi pdstreaz6 vatabilitatea. ,,SincerE Si consecventd in politica ei ._
eprle-facdmapricshdizamiarit6fb. sNt-9aideeapdnqeitvionistdd si ioace, dublul ioc al timpulul,
scrie uneori, Si nti s:a lfrcut odioasE
niciodat6 limitele
si se
ca atili alli potentatri, ca soful li liul ei, de pildd" ?e'
Cultura romAneascl 9i istoriografia Rena$teril italiene datoreazd lui C, Anlo-
niade ieconstituirea portretelor unor curtezane celebre.
Ce era o curtezand ! ,,Asistim citre slirEitul secolului al XV-lea gi Ia !nce-
p:nurtiunltecletelu, iindemauI lXteMtr-hiesadtu-ri,sfcirgieurCa, Antonlade * la aperitia unui tip tehinin care'
qi rolul helcirei grece din secolul lui Pericles.
Dispreful legat, in atitea secole de viatd creqtind, de o meserie josnicd, se schimbd
in admirafie, uneori chiar in glorificare. Curtezbna Renagterii nu mai e dispretuitE,
ba chidr ajunge, dupd expresia istoricului Gregorovius, -muza litereloi frumoase-,
cdci aparilia ei e in strinsd legEturd cu inflorirba umonismului ; o vedem tronlnd
in cercurile literalilor qi artiqtilor, literatE ii artistd ea insEqi de multe ori, finlnd
<{saloNn'o; udluptidpmdoedefeluml e- ie,mcurteoalilsiemaulaunmdaisni-smucluuiililRorenPar;intccriiai,rep" o1alo.rti numele onorEibil
de ,,cortigiana" (= ,,femininul nunelui glorios de cottigiano" 131).
Spre deosebire de omu/ de curte, delinit 9i lnfdfiEat de BoJdossore Castiglione,

cortigiana este, dupd expresia unui contemporan, o merelrjse honesta, sau in
termenii lui C. Antonicde, curtezana cinstitd sau fei:neia otestd. ln portretul ei;
r€constituit pe bazi de documente concludente, se iecunosc, deopotiivE, libera ei
viafd, lrumusetea trupeascd, eleganfa vesiimentard, arta de a se tirce pldcut6, md-

sura in toate, cultura spiritualE.

t27 lbidem, pp. 184-185.
eE lbidem, p.242.
12e p.285.
lbidem, p.289.
tn Ibidem,

lll lbjdem.

xrrv

ATX

'tOE'd. 'wailql t$
'uaprql
'90e 'd rer
'v6z'd 'LuaHqI
zEL

'llrnlIns

FUolsI u! oalualrl ap .rs allJaur" ap lDr;olsuD un ls llsauPuor rolallrlds B pJIIqndaJ
Eseolulpt uJ ,EJIora Plualslxa" ap .Iulduoxo lopour un alsa Ia 'oio^au BaAp olpf, op
Irllpnra aJtrulp Inun lnJsounJor B-13 XX Inlnlo]es B alplPurnl Brtrlrd ulp JsauPuol
IBuoIl€u Inl.rrlds',Ia ulrd'Es €3odo uI oreolBarJ Dlualslxa o also apDruoluv'J

'arnnl u! ,,aJlora lalua$rxa', p pltrtol pf,
rwldrrl! ol s IS ,ptrogalDr lnln^lnradu.l" aluobu ap Braqlia atr P PurnEasul erpolPal3

plualslxa o g V 'lallDan DtrolDp : rBsa3au 1lps InluaEalduor ulrd 1!l3p elsalpl
-de.rpug as nu Inlnuo 1e g'fualsrxa e1 lnldarp PJ Plle^rasqo a3PJ o6o1g uortn7

{.

'rllDurarsls ngs 1n11r1ds ulrd t3 134

rlilro lnl 1n11rrds ulrd 1g1e allar.rmpa rzqlse rS ol*azarl spoluoluv '3 InI Inlpnls

',,orlluituu g1u1rgdapul"

o trIf,ap nera lpru nu auezagnJ allrBur 'Bal-1AX Ie InFIoJas ptrrfrl1s u1 ed 'ar11o1uc
Iplras.tg ale allunlsardar nc lnsnde nJ glepg
-cuErrror olualo!.{ le.Inp p rne ap 1$ oue11u1l IIJalSEuoU 'aqlarad PrPtr rol
alelgrnnf o adBordB
'f,paA ap ro1 urode PJ puf]Pru
.nrSs-aslaalruBaJlpal prlpBtaqrlalllqseraournof1,ar1nu1l1rrd1dsIS'oorl1quo!1so3oaupn)nar p'lBJlouIllq1nnsle1v1daerpuDtqrdolu1y* '3
olrlnulA
'lermnq 1E:r
'ro1 1e1tg6oq r$ llfasnurnr; rcur1e; ulrd lIlB 'unuror ulp all*ar oupzalrnr IS alaod
P'

'rol BaEarA u! arqalor -rooylat(artaOduwSalbl--u9of9o1,,eo)sl1sosocduu1o1oreogrueDBrz)lpoulluornatarf",1oprIo*guz(ne9o9Bp9lazl-lau9rdz0pgeollp9lrue1nrgel)Irnufu,JJoadfo, tIyr!
ap ryUnI '(pgt:--ggpl)

'm! ,lnf,arl ulp !a
osnporlrl <Elsouo> BuuzaunJ 'lppnlJ ared 1nDn1 ISoc 'olp)Ilap lsllll gfel,r op aurol
ap eareldope pI 'rol Earlnrlsnl BI 'Jol.IrnAerour'"ear]zuqqu!..pI Pln[B 'arun1 op alaurol
ug ggnrp;ard 'EuBzalrnJ 'ro3n nelnfuplzap as ola?Jullsul IS alBllldlRrq.:Plnlsap ?f,u!
eaulnop'plEzllBraual' plnllnr PlBol nl'eluc ug'gcoda o-r1uJ" :Prealou apoluoliilr'3
,arapaia ep lrund lsalE ulc 'rol.rJn^Broru pa4aIIIqlIII utr alpzllpar ltsgb e-13 euetl
Brnllnf, u! elsouo !auezallnl !aluanlIuT B PrBsoJau alBurn PllV
-Bl.r IIrolSDuaU
'rsr,,upllell ruslrlsplJ un BI Ullul-ocarb 1nursl:r1sul3 pI ap
af,np

a3 BaaJ 'auallpll IIqurlI B g1ezl1eraua6 IEIIr l!f, earefulnqerluS a:ds oullPI IBIzaod
IS Iazotd s pAlsnlsxo BatB^l1InJ PI ap Barsf,orl '1131uernn eI 'e13aqpr6 Ba : aJBrolII
rolaurroJ allcerlp aurnup o lodp aundurl IoIIoutsI eared1cl1ru6" 'alfdnroe Ia BIldoId

os1nlplzap t*g e11e11 arec ulrd 'olnJell alolo)as ulp allo^ou ellnur uI PlpzIIBrauoS
1o'r$loulgpllsasusralurldollnJr'rlnop.la&lulsEallplrunafaJ,usaaqIloIlrBg'lp.uI^n1lpl;frp,an1ulfl,u!elureo'sylrpBeorfnurlelrnzlfpa,rduo!lualsr'tdIrIllllI's1aqp.Iu)A1rroo'allaltlfuqeB€fprza*apuplgsnutIoSI)nl.oIaoUrIIlllSoIrUrdE
'ss1,Dro[6ls RlBrPAspB o 9J azo$IlPJu[ as Ps 'olulanf,. allP nJ : alsol uI
nzzegluab pqle Ps !S PIEnlIlIds all 9s 'ariro ardsap lqro.r! B oll$ Ps '91nc91d a$Esrari
-uor Rq!" gs s€lB lelrl rep 'aI1Br6 nJ a?€suep es I fseournrl. oloA ea,+s gtep p.ln6
ulp !6 aluauulfirt altnur lew l!f, ulp alug) gs I o,u11nr o qs t3 Bllznw ?sseounJ Ps
€lnqorJ" 'lluaulop allnlu IPur ll3 ul Dsonrr.r^ oll Ps qnqa.t+ alollst Bauolllosp o

.i-: : ':'

gATX

(atiowtab llrnlrc) lnurs;;o.rradurl'uosbtag trtuaq {q Drlosollg).rlnzpf, alaxn uI .ailrI ,jl
g1n:pde 'oaunrllpa enop eu llsolol B-s €alrop Ie ap Iaf, uI ,alllpe eur:d ug ailsoial
luurausnlllIopail'lNxID^llrolllnlJIlplnlofaaugdsld!oupnIrrInopdcl olrnu'aIppuIs'saln'unpr^ptu!rouoRDas-rddrogIaDe,llrl(-lIaip1BD!sJtaoyrlu3(rltaraollplnuc3sroEDDazsua!oDpa)ulucLpnalnunc'oraoDDquillJsruo)loaot!oacaulusluaataa!1lralu'Eni'Dp!l2j!lprr.''Cnason.lsr'r]tll/aslp-npda;€,-.rp1I1ocoonptauutt1uas.art'nL.llparll.rlzoDlvnBtulu\rrfaolaItdp"rl'ratuaaaanpIl!.ubDd,ruuf!.,rols'u}o,srolobruiu1lutaoatu!cup-gran:'inJ!tlrnnbutzua,ian:iH7)r:

'lsau9tuo.r

1euo1{eu rn1n11r1ds Ip rlpall1lqJp lcund 'g1s1uDum rS plsilpuo!1pJ 'plsIIEat ounrzr,\
o Pluapl^a ug und 16 g.reutpnltuald erezllear csasgb tfl apDtuotruv 'J rnl alp 3l1ul
'.uoJrf,s ollplalaf, u! llcap tola uI .puD.r/
lnlurl,upulaJslp 15 areoleero er{ecorr olaurliln 'XX ]nlniocos llnlll -rpul
BI op lslueut
-rtl Dalat$Duag csaalrd ilpnls pnop 1n1ndacu3
!r-etrlalnu6alulrnBud'aldrlnnu1urnor1s)-rrl.IDrn1drltosar.drSw1$Ilnai-nrausls-ner1uoepulnsnalcsuarInppJoopllppJlllnujl3rrnlplJa.aepta:;lelsiulpdnorruu{anextro1anIpa1epluon1us.raducpnoz:Pda-lrsuual!lq-nrsorailSrunaIlunwlrntua{Br\
-sruorfmlur roollrarlsaprnlroal lal^lJrralpslBzoopls-rJosuoeslibrnradgnrlroaaopH nipnls pallorl IV
'asndradns InI DrIosolrg -gs
elledruis 1s1-r1uaco6a Inrusrl
plpJ

-Bnpl.{tpul ap P1BI Barporo 'zeq6rnq .mlnurs.IuourDu E IS a^Dpuul larfercolsl:e Bolpzrl
-ern6ps '.rnlnrus-rora Ie rg Inlnusrlorrled 1n11nr ',rrn11ll ep I3 o6u!s op,, Dller)olslrp nJ
allrzodo u1 ,oluolBl ap rS allraru op4 BltrBrJolslre op pfe3 ealsoberp ,arle6auqp ie
allolBp 'elel.uo3uls 'pJuntu ad plepunJ 'alplour errlfBerlr^lueu1os:roaldyr-rrrldrol,pn^]penatrosppra,rlrqoapsoaIVp
-n1 'qzuo*rfg1u1 'a1,l1ro3 s9woq
',ar;ied I rn1 erado rS
-oasoub grpJ ldoJuo:'lnlsace IB lualpllr{Ja lntrtlsqns,6oleue -rn.rporlo e rS rar6o1
p auroluBI .relsa3p e 'alsllBal rrfrzod nEs ap 'arpluaurnbre ap a:a1nd o.ruru o-,r1

ad
-ur:d 'Bara6uldsar rS ,,aurs ut Inlnnry1l Intn! uI puplluB{oau BrJosolrJ rr! plIAT psla.t
'oJlLro3 eorerrr u! apoluoluv 'J lnl B alpotrBarJ ealel.roedet rS eolelileut6rro 'ea1e1
l-l1tluoulpPIluaa3p}'^oatuu-u1pauur nedug- ;dpa)tplosaolell.rlepu)4o!srrcadapoataDrJlpralrtarlp'pXlsXll1a-rtnDlnaloucnansnull -alenlerprnnnlsI
eutrd u1 lrJnlinf, a1e aleraueb auelqord eleuorfnlos lsoJ np urnc rS esnd lsoJ i1e tunJ
puIplioelJJsap'aOlB€luoaruerenpluulnaJ roI aloza] ur.rd 13 efuesa ulrd '1tcnr1ur 'a.iodlr
Inpotu Iallat
rS glear earabalafu3 airqrsod JBJ elBlraIas oIT{p
aies 1t6ar1ug
-nts 't?6t lsn-Ong 0Z pdnp ln.rpde apoluoluy 'J rnl oiarado urp runlol IJlulp Io) clsg
{'-rrArrro.n0ll€l6nAI3ae1JaalrularJolSlsa€..poi-ourSynuooao3rlr.ulllyo.ldS'3rxBoealap:lou6erIallSrlra'prildcurr!1l a'rp.r'rapatrna5lnoE1l€oao-rrilacnozts'oioalrren;orpsupor16p-u1ioJgsp}aesli;ruu1oaprailsoIunpru-rirdlnnior61rgo6{rto-pl

igiJICg YUdNSV VTON

'-:a

textele reproduse aU tost conf{untate cu textele publicate in alte revist€ (ABD€.cle
djn JiJosolja conlernporond, colectie ingrtjit6 de Conclontin Rddulescu'F1olru. llrrcu'
repti, 1919, seria I, pp. 161-tP qi 259-278, 9i serlc a II-c, pp. U-59 ri 113-169'
sau ln Nouc Revjsld Romdnd, editatd de Consfanlin Rddu/escu'Motrul. Studiul Re-
dcnsecajnzng6itce,e-ra,epcDBaejrelsouncltvilo6esneundbud.loteTitlrCBucreiloltLtuiig'nw,Aiuerrar,i|,tifdnPoiasn-rtiCsc,ioGnn1quJ9uicr3euh7cna.ettda1n.tnlionc,tuo-Paiteteectxtertocu|IailAnzcuir,oerri?lleienrs,oopituse-nxizitgbeFutlroerarennsdcueidnsecdoliilfmaeGrbdRuaeicunfcrnaaieiasnl-er-'

de altele.

In transcrierea textelor din edifia de fafd s-au aplicat normele ortografiei
actuale, dar s-au p6strat nealterate unele forme de limbd iabstractiune, creafiune,

evolufiune, lunc{iune 6i alte substantive cu stdixul june, lilosofie, sunt gi altele)' cum

gi unele forme de gralie (Raiul, Starea de Nevinovdfie, Virsta de Aur, Slujitorii
Domnului, Fortr6 Nevdzutd, Cartea Naturii, Teorema Universului) indeosebi iu stu'
diul despre Thomos Carlyle, respectindu-se, in felul acesta, grafia utilizatd atit de
?homos Carlyle cit Ei de C. Antoniade

Au lost corectate doar rnici greSeli tipogrefice.

Ordinea textelor tipdrite in aceastd edllie este cronologici. Notele care apar-
{in lui C. Anlsniade eu fost indicate prin literele N.A. incluse in parantezd, iar

celelalte dupd normele curente de trimitere.
ION MIHAIL POPSSCU

xrvilI

?clJosolltr ?rlllrc ep er"Jrecul

VISI-IVEU VENNI'ZN-fi



s

!ap?,pnl"ofplDuatloupyunaalc{da'alpaauutatorfrfuiplnpa{u{sqoypo}uptfyna.uttnanudneoaDrryaaprabotuwgrraorlot$t'arctrr[ltpIpotlpsuolasq.zlaayxuulalnsrfi.oaa1pn[Dc.ara$cjtuslcaaaLllulqnanulasr
gDLLr a{ac ap lro pcryrlutttrS olur1lounc ap aqrot a1sa, pc ary 'untaoc 1n1n!
-rurs ofur;(oun) al,sa pJ ar1 'raJut1lounc al;{ta4 a7oo7 o7
ap Dqrot

!tirDJru a1snouncat nu a!z.r{l rDur paut?r'DxSelDpitnJ'aa1uouuorrtJdrpTuooucouyyllpDuJocau7rtnDrJAnaJl
atDol plurza:d au atqsnou-11lutLu DalDJtaurtryods pugc ad ppc 'yunplctacap
{aufi. Da;oz7ua9.ra a$a pluaTradxa p4soou obna4ug yS auryznll pisuoJn
aa{'ylD3-ndpaaal.JnrIpposgutaDor);nJttpzDuranotnoq}acDllJpal'oasrtasplltaaptsnpn;pJtJorJaTtrJ.pu'rrDsqlauollnpsfaos.iuruzaxauaaldonnted|aupayltDuuntrrrToi,Idp.otnrntuftnn)*nTcur3srnuq;tpn?a'dpuusaunuo{roa!Jpl1pr#'utatlrDplrpllucsptson.lp1npcauttuonlaq'!pdlzDnfaauusutyndpla1pesDtgrupuaJunolbnr'cualy"nntapaD{llrpraqlpuoorl,i-opztlytuuatululrnrutprtl-yatt)c.asrztSl
-atdat un 'plutryf;oun) ap palqo un prpl pJulrySuoc ap nD un t DaT)lr[DJ]
a"g--apauopnpu-atturdraza-${yaaltuudtralod'llgurzcacaa-narnuutttDqln.taprrSnaratDlspDuatull!la{lrraouroperfrnr{plyuDopayanaE1zDppdsaalucaptpadaslrrpdaudca1draat'altptvruappnuusnTl[ruan"aD'auppaluzcys'aapatu.aLrtJslSduLnu'ottrpjataJntpsy-uuiaDllppl{srnpplntrionlypqrpaoor)upoappatucIaanarplJnfrs)rulauaapnprtu1pyDr[saduurlr1saynpraDzsrtuaDaaaag1tslJadDayroaSaopdrrsdDDy'lau[la)lnqlrplclaolJJDlsJ'JcJroultLcttcoarlotapiapzozt!l
-arclat alr.ro 'm[npaTclns ntcD ap TuapuaCapuy yS Tgnupfpiuaorqt ntrsn
lcur1srp
gptltiorryltunazIraytJdao{tqDoaatruDnllouanpurcll psug'aysfral sutrls ntdo au a1sa Tn1nurl
'palclo arcuab Lt{ runLrnu npalqo
aJ Daac
-Lroc rar 'ln[npalqns nalnd a$a Inpa t Tnurtuoc un 13 1ca un aundnsatd
aan-oJalnnratoprtrofl:ldiunooarczcaauautr;dnosocalntntasclua.yr;raodcd;uaaaaflbnutolu4daalootcuurarrcnro1D3:L)'IDnDntJApnruydJna)u1'rpanlLbatualnqnyuotJooDlnapurasDnp- plullt9L[oJ ap oiDls

atdnsD l)alqns lnltn
tnauar:1salpgdna4a[aqroy)nalluDnI
oatayabnc pJ uoaaD urp aultorcl alotrrun p$Da)V 'arcInulluoc !*
"arlurfnidapcuuyoldsap* a plulzatd 'rctuaystxa otclnso apuryatd lnu aIaJ arrlos"oJDlrii
alalJallar
l?ut a[aJ DI putd pS 'rr]ruaLUC Io unluoJ ln{n}lurc
ptrutrzatd as uInJ 'ioafna.lrtntp1lnsl'caa{IruqaoLnuaurcg1atTfinlrltt-td DIDrnruu iDuI lS aaui'r;t-tocls
nisaauouro oa^tnla6n;l
gllrrr na,r al ap

trHgSiIOOHfiNI