Antoniade, COnstantin - Opere

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urp aprolcl 'a1er{eds ap{peapn[a.rd ap 1e6nfqns s]sa In]lrlds urnr g:r,
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lcgt '7n7co nu alsa 'enor uurolrpdl^'I1p*Haf,iBqpls,ldIIqsInzsJs^aIpruoIrd1ou1nun'qe1els1auoatruergSz.ieu.;t
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a:ec ulrd urferodo rep 'nlletls ';g.tape-riu-r 'gdnro inlnllqour aIP aAIs
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aprfelgcso Dsaurnu af, BaaJ lulzardar gurl 'd1iqc lsaJp ul zalnp Pl t't]
-puapdlp'npllnprruploaproBpuBnlerlJpndp olnlnsuor 1S pnulluoJ es efurrl$uoc ap roiaidel;
ap nes arpziupfiro ap
snssoJorc{ trn 'naru ir"l.t;.

lreclere originalitatea calitatirrti a m,igcdrii ca aci qi vrea si
cmsoltairqrurceidacrocniieni,csscittoreeudaliaaosstmdcln.olmtgcieSia1nc-arqeollieebacmil.aitenA5ntfisitteat9fteisivplc(aistnftipatarilmeeti,uocclbeusilltiertpiaibotcedzltoitnftuitu)u6n9ieslieelecpmseuolecaicnnteetteseicn\rosaen1ive-i

sau caiitatirr (actul unic care strdbate poziliunile succesive, sinteza
acestor pozifidni) se produce un fenomen de endoslnozfir un amestec

intre senzatia pur intensirr5 de mobilitate ;i reprezentarea extensivd a
ppspieadcefiauarteultdiilppasartrcrtfueibrsan.tee,,,oDbueiigtoinnupdiamrctdsedsapetrriopbioueaicmttefmmdiivaSicczedasrtiuiandcitvluiinzcsirbuuigliidtaiantresanpusapluiuan,fiusah6c-tii,I
nianuptlria-cu6rnmlecvdueevn-iani t]iau:nacgfiiurmt".ilaicnreuieami cpa5ec,eccahasitraderlooincsatarlifdzabarXaretedaemucoonbntillqlutpli,irnosfgdf,r-eltrsseocilniudtisufipclaXctomin-

existd cu prezentul !" (Les Donnries... p' 84).

tliutaluteDi acinttmatirqcaecieadcsrittio[. rcSiaou,nnfautuzciuuIennzoeuslactaurttnesiSodcfeis6mmrioienclesutresalpfeiiaalettiiulollursictrZudebpn5rotiuvnti'rieranpltaoratrrieievcaa--

r-ealitXtii misciirii, a$a nlmitele arqumente aie Diho|oiniei. St"rqetij, a1

lliepirrmuinnnununiruiicttSziucllieannoninitAbcrtatnacrevapciq-rttllaeeireiot-crieil,nseiaullOeltenintalrSbrrii,tem-cieSittjnaiabirudpno,oselalm.ufmtduabiruSinIafbgeeaulititmtitantXidastX-dtri;otoe5geeiiuuncadabiidlsgtbnnruauetqtriifrtipi.riiiruS5meian.-urmTbcuicaplqlteoacnnuaeiuiauattntitiesmulelttitieiti,juinmanuiFdllisicmuiapceoonDdiadnaaiicpfrpahtssirearaunloetieastrrnctiiesdetontscade,arbmaEtirospeCaeiiitjnnuefeutoriiintrienenmeeccejpt;fupooaursadrm-nmluzpeetutefrixzdpezuuniebifuitznnannialsidieetsutttdrd6ta$esapnuutaefaitirtmienodaialai!gub,itcPspgsmairaadacfarptdiaotieentaen9meriirutfneiigcaditaputalseicdu.i,9doierimn:dSIdirarn9iiieiqositllnturnpeicptactfaalrrotiipia'v-rernacjurdetaUcfoeitSanniie------,i

toria e clivizibild intr-o infinitate de puncte, dar traiectltl, migcarea,

tiqottSniuumcidluigcdppueucrrl6rtei6ialim,p,rusesEtnuseutblponigpu'rotd,enocaecactclttiaa,tafneirdxccneecaatnscairstiipreceteunien,nztu,gobcccertsoi,ateeamnrtreeriib4omnmicl$neipacgtesr5cnaatiael;titeetadioicrnm,iectnoSuomdsrpobuiioaavfiniml,siXztmmee,iibnnsaocittdlbefueeilhl-cilnu'iuuiiezniirruminmmbildiial6$fceuittcre.rooeaalca1dttdenraaee:smraatfeaerr:agcciudiumndemimcnopaetmuu\nefralneetsuuptnmciel-.'t
BfcrceseqcsirnlloiuessiiiiLenm"nrttorieei"epui.ia,;ufriem;lnruingln;eti.irdn"deticasce;dteloedcaeaarce,tsancvclreuccgu"tla9ii,pcaeomun6diaunf,matbiselrfncuciaucteemcdaenjnulbaprts,bdtesrrunutieoicauemluiltagilr"mtusldirrorriueaeneaflidti,nnirsitcsretesis.lrAiuecppiacrttcrctvnola5de5oaohratqutbtrcniai6licicltaaifeseneul5t,ecel,duzuilstmieceicnuiuaiaersanonim;Anrelsabteeegeecjpigapecamhraenanoevlisautlilaeaiaeuuetcretipl.ieliuvsmedcer'ulZaolesciecvngepctoapuaecfnarjan-ului1oaruesrisnnneltrnpcntetecgtr{-rarautllueeeiiail-nulis,si5cecunne.mteicteiliepndscuiso;baapiuifcoinmirmrtranaodrdiadtooaarpiaitrteugadiesrlt'eual5e.cpeucAua.nDtitib5.tdnbuAiia1rJlnredEolicaro,iiavtaielavdemsccsdlrsiaaaica5zrmicdEgarrulieedei-,i--ili

254

992

'('o'N) itZ'd 'o:.toura14 la arQllDW 6

aa.-rBurlslBoop'rJroaRldaoof,oplBlrleJlerpogfloullsulrprtoplrSpSlsul'Eaeo:Jellceraofliplr+elolIrllErrulppcnnJrfUl,dpBI;aAz1rrPilornlJolruculorJan1apnuel1xJItpoln1esr1$pldepeu1lr-i1u1pr1noaJnr1suiRiona^ouu1IrloEafrudnllrsollalapcBsfd,n',rsRauprAruerEIr1ulnlpslrellEIrurIonBruJsrcnrBgsrSrun:spndpad{pouraru1lrspo1oodz*l
g{u111$uor ap rollJpis Ba}Bllcllcil}IntrAi 'rgrilnu un pzeoturoJ areJ plcull
-s!p palB+lJ11ci111nur nJ Jolap puprupos nu'greuifiuo Io Boleltrnd ri5 g11ri
"rrd 'gfurrl$uof, op rolrrpls eo1e1rrr1dr1ll-Lrlr pJ a+sa olznl3uoJ RlIp O

'uo6oruo 1ndur11 al3arunu es
o--asJ!lJppaaaaple3ullJno1l1lsndar1f1ep1dlnssreuouJo1eppnupntuleurrraodJdurq1lneJfsuo1IondcE1oaeJJ;r1oauicu1lleIiBnaiiBie'(IdaSareu'c1llleoe;leudolaIJ€sIBEPaolsoclJxpa'Rtlilo33-IuBilJll
Ieur B ap pullarul eun) plellpel .io1 elirullslp el purJn ui os-npurpug0
'gc nrlued 'elallp ep RleJ alaun pzeazlrolrolxa aT 'lol BarpzIrEpIIos
lnluezard nc Inln3orl g6eai a1t{urlsau ad pzeez
1$gsu1 ug:d 'punrlgd os orEf, pfurtl$nor 1e3ppaulcnlaergclBuiIl Joi nep oreogalxa
-rue6ro as
aIpIrl-uannppIupoizTlprrlqorprFcRalelslrxagoflau'pjrlrrrulJ3;anujlopuJgpoJaunnnrrldluueoelrxdJn'llelJoAa1JpaeseuaolppJlrtlaSefot-.'tra1ualo1-IlPllepntuaupeJlpJolaEIsJEuaoollee; ulrenJl
-riclillnur rS prn6urs plslxa aJeoJJolxo IIUnI aIE aAISaJf,ns aslz aliJgls
ue--np1r1Jepss1aarat3prJ1JBodnJrs1a'1nIlJJnlfIuer:ridpopsollpspaJalpenJJpeln1IpooDplIuoUl 1lBqarrluoslnrousfng,nl6zeunitunJeotlfufeulodto-lJIslJ$auuol1sopof'n, llgotfeoJrcBtresJuciuup'g!uq1lI1Facnlueso1oJul1nsatpiiflrusB1a1oueol1n;1tiBcq1.'ero1nrdu$l
-lllnur o Elslxa eleod ntfeds uI ulelprunaupugi-cic'iusea6poousrooor+€sJa
alllqns alsoJp intfucls 1prunu
LJ alsa ozIlBuE
ErznIJLroJ

'BIpaloJos o IJiu aulf nu RlllelrlpJ ro

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p-E-IaoalilurqaeaoJuouarlaopsasIesruuelp-coJSnrlqpoBuippJupp1rlpueiJcl1rall3arplsElorloetcerrlpnupJeepocdaluueut1rirft1rlapuoiutippoif3e'IAnnnIll+EaJEAIulIl.IJIiBoooElupiJlSlru'tIflJlegR1nllc1uuSaoluts1uean1ct1rSiuonrt1lu1nlIl1snn'plrcueoluolute1unt1rl
Brdnsp gzeeredo nu oJp3 'eiug11S 1* grolleut olsa etl 'a1tfe11aue11nut1s
rS lnrfecls Eunpaplo+ 1c 'eerecSlur IJIU lncliuil 1IJIU rrPJnsPur nu PJ

aJarJ ul pJ 'u pcsee;do es qs naTnd rD Inilqou nrfeds inlsaJe 1u 1:und
'pollop 1e 'nrfeds un orrJsop olpcSrru aJIJo PJ 'IlJui : PJIJ
-rercl efe1.t nrluecl gfuelrodurg nB arpJ olarn6uts 'a1du1 gnop purrrdxa
-u-alnlnluurlonJprJa1nrnpl{zuurr1nusee6'e-rJroJDoaa}pJr{auerapd\Janlprro$eeeurdnceagaslplqlnoT}uzlr^sBlpao:\lersrcadlpeloe1rpe3lrSe'nSluregr c1psoulu1lnr'TlBnl'lPlqJJppoozlaIlJll
-laun E eJplnJalorrr eJnllnrls ap aclncoard es nu InJolrJrrnru urncerd

e1e mai multe. lnsd iimbajul, care nu este fdcut pentru subtilitxlile
acestea, confundii mereu cele doud inlelesuri ale multiplicitdfii.
nenorocire, suntem aga de obignuifi sd luminhm unul prin altul ,,Din
cele
sbeidnotoxcdgpuerdfrri,ifcmeddisnneacireacdloecoinesngatgcirsreteitiduianitnladledtiescasteiccn,eleecglfuoinieiraaegrgcapripnerciuizznuteuevatiaiiznrdendte,ibasiaanadj.siterltAefeesdlztiesuldetlnreilni,ur,Enizseieuceunesaaucpurladnrictnerceutdrnln-upamdui,ctauluisinin,eomdianuigemcltteie-at
rcsvilpzianaamtsfuieualmis<tsmfueenain,eitiplmmeliuenflnatetieud,x,l,pcdirlzueeorsLaaiaaltteseleialemp,ucairaeecreeijsutedretraaasirrntucllsrhcieoisaunernsrenplrl,eiennigndtirteurs-dara.litrleienclcetuur,err-glbieneutmi,enx,gftaoei brtcirioq:ui-i---
nuinta addesinfdcgiunrrdirrci,lEocdinaatStdedfeectauadtee,sfiirigri'mLrparutimmuptudml lntesrmpaefinui-i.
Imaginii
acestei destinali
l'fscraopnon5eluuirennctieueaitu:iiaxanimpgpdsieisidrucunliiaemii-nutrieSseetemae|diiiscitnetntrafamcasdrrsdcieeruplppiia-laisirdicfrdepuitaiuealniip,icluunrinointitdouiaultsiaetmiuetecricufpsublecenltaieactnjsuivlucatipatiimacacrtlsrceeirteuiirrmrrs'c,dLnlilofr.inluusareCtlsituiganaiclinicnundectcdaslfosaer5npnf,lcddugautgrrutlninudii;au.5irrtlair-e,$sdocpepidm1rieertneaoipaevzcbtiuceixisrcegpntp:rlait]aaaaiascgirrrrcatdeiueitel,aeaspupncitenuiicuuunittetennet5urmaearfua--iir
llczrtruaeieucrm,ceeaeaaicri,itudpecinliluienrcrue,armicepdasrtleeonclrirccietmneailrdestenisvniaculdeiulsildpsoicnueevutfnrlirecettauiatbcutriurilediuisoniienof,raadodrrneeneisociiczcnor,giieovldnaacazneialcddinsziltap?su1reele9Indniuasaeniabuacafiloceftniienseaatsdcltosarooegrramenvucsoeen,ugcaiseht-r-Snoieav,fpraidsriepeueezsunnpepteteurneleeal--
1or ernoJional. Negustorii o gtiu foarte bine ; gi in ioc sd arate pre-
unui obiect intr-un numdr rotund
Jul de franci, insemneazd preful
isdm-i9seutidtnti'capttSroinpcfreeesrzuiionlrtp,driinuntnecriacnradeloinnidtumaasdppreodcmit u:undnenitu6om|ipdgarirstfeuo,frimclei6empnrteocsluempcuuenltneiptmilmiciiedta.etnlen-
tice, ceea ce nu se poate concepe decit cu condifia ca aceste unitdli
so.irusiiiatdnt-[mr9itestia3ceui tu.le)imfno,inprdticnrreeauS-ligmaietuasxlct.uii,ddvi e,a:iendnfat{duru-rugudainnnreadfmciuiece-aasaddesniutudtnaitoaSpltmreoleinrofpegXdoterrosdanuir;b5ecid,atamalmi.trau,Gottdecruael.ia,ff,iialec[fliltigeddniespicataDuicrcorteaeans,n,litdtoadespisapiri,oe..tgc6rtreapueniplsa,-.

gacvi-u1eaiitnan,ii,t.pFiptieSNaneItocEnivcaitairritiueerrtdepinncrimetodueznereoSmmnstteaipaiinniurtneimtaiedaumpundnisotdegaaeiidnsassstsiriuimcfupc,dmbcunoecericldsiaictiiouXdemdnexaiiactnsteiidtermisioanepausxarplstdt{eeit,umdrc,iartouuiqtlrelilaitmziupnecpnloadicuuazimlisilatnmuurteeulnteaipipdairlciiofrcuaafiuipltaonidutmctateletceoaila-,c-
cind ne desprindem cit mai rnult de lumea exterioard. via{a noastrd
psihologicd superficialf, se desfdgoard intr-un mediu omogen, fdrd ca
acest mod de reprezentare sd ne coste o prea mare
sfortare. ,,Dar ca-
racterul simbolic al acestei reprezentdri devine din iz-
ce in ce mai

256

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-pd as aluatrrotu Iorpr aIB plernp o IJ 'pJrrerunu alplrtrldrllnur o E]
3lJ PS olualuolrl Iarec ele elpJnp o olso nu ala ssalqJl arpJ rrl ElE.rnc
'RlBpuI BJnleuop oI B prpJ srapa^ aaupndl3suBnodlnlsdar3rprp-urilp}-TuJieu!u,lrdrlisqxraea*eI
lJJu rallnlll Ipur nps Bun luns ap ps
as I BJnd alplrlBJ luns 'ealelrlrrps n'JJollaroludlplnrcupn
ap alr-rpls 'elseace qns lir
pfurrlSuoc
pJalsarrrB rJru np nEr
opunJord iS lnulluoJ

-srp ro1a1daf,uof, e'(ua6ouo 1nc{urr1) nrfeds llntrr rerrr elsa arer c{riir1
un-rlu3 ruprr3ul aI arpJ ad rolr-rg1s B 'olJullslp ropunr{dacrecl eeunl
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i'gO 'ci ""saguuog sa7) ,,'1u1

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-sgr IaJ+sE Ina tunJ 'loqtuls urrd 11cop Balelilear alSe:ez nu nes lll9lll
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nJ posapp leru
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Inusluos6raq 'elergnape IalBJnp IB Alsualxa loqwls 'aue6ouo 1e1er
-np Inlqnsapaq 'alua,ll$uoc 11faJl e1e alcadse pnop 'le1ernp oIE alrraJrp
lrorrerde pnop undnsard arBc 'surro; Rnop tep aJe ealelIJIIdIlInXI
'(fO 'd '"'se?uuae saTJ ,,oueroduraluoe luns arpJ nJ ai
-ilfezuas 13 ec eyepl nus olaluatulluas 1$ 'aralSuu lep nB-aI aJBc aural
-xa alaznsJ oISlplBraJle'aruIalrIoBlaolapalaqloaupnrncbelJsseapoausaabJolrsuBoouInarlleltdfeszuuol sro'ulrdenacrt
urfnd :
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bilitatea." (Les Donndes'.', PP. 97-98.)

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258

692

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ei
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toda lui cunoscuti, obfine iarESi citeria magistrale clisocieri Si araiS
cum trebuie pusf, adevdrata problemd a libeltdfii.
Intii, cerceteazi afirmdrile determinismului. Aceastd ipotez5 ri-
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logice, a fost constatat intr-un mare innutmotlar iictaieiecaaz1riorir,; dar a intinde
seriiie luate
paralelismul acesta la insernneazd a
rezciva a priori prol-ler:ia libertXfii. Din puncirii de r.edele al spe-
culafiei filosofice e permisd o frs€{ren€a intinclere gi sunt sistene, ca
cel ai lui Spinoza gi Leibniz, care n-arl ezitat sd o fac5. Dar acegti fi-
Iosofi nu afirmau peniru motive de ordine fizici corespondenla rigu-
roasl a st6rilor de conqtiinfd cu modurile intinderii. Leibniz o atribuia
unei armonii prestabilite pi nu admitea cd o r,'rigcare ar puiea vreo-
datd sX nascd perceptia, ca o cauzd care ar produce un efect. Nici
nu gdsea o lteragddutucrSincaduozuadldiiminbtriedmifeordituerivlee;innitcinudi earrili-eEvdi ralael
Spinoza : amindoud
cugetdrii
dsuebsctlaanrtiteaiteinafingiiter.igDoeatreeramgineisommueltrfiiczdicadiancevsrteoml: esaisnteoma.est.rdDuepd6epacaertset
deterrninism, congtiinfa s-ar nagte te miri cum, ca un epifenomen, din
mi;cSriie moleculare ce se
petrec in creier. Rdrnlnlncl in mecanicis-
mdeut}elrlru:rri,nantunseecepsoaartededeomornnisgtcraarneicnioodleactdulcatrldm. Lln fapt psihologic ar fi

intr-o rligcare nu pofi
gdsi explicarea decit a unei alte ir:iqcdri, iar nicidecum a unei st5ri
c1e con$tiin![. Numai erperienta poate stabili cd o stare psihicd inso-
!e;te o miqcare. $pienletgrudttuortaalaitcaeteasatacaczounrsitlaonl,tdciancuenlaori doi termeni nu
a fost verificatX peniru cele in-
dependente de r.oin!d. Dacd determinis;nui fizic intinde aceastd 1eg5-
turd la toate cazurile posi,bitre, o face, precum vedea, tot din mo-
tive psihologice. "'om

Congtiinfa ne aratd cd ceie mai rnulte din acfiunile noastre se
explicd prin motive ; insX acest determiuism al s; inmutuelusitecoginnudnesteermimi--
pac5 foarte bine cu credinta in liberui arbiiru
nism riguros, cciieulenrmcilneatereirarinsits6r:rriloar1 dceaicitoiintiqi.iiiFnfidicsuonleuiledpeitiel rmaijtneilret i;r
cirept a6solut5 gi

cun faptele psihoiogice cele mai simple se aEtern de la sine peste feno-
nene fizice bi:re definite, gi cuiii ceie rilai rnriile senzaliuni per iegate
de anume migcirri iloleculare, nu tnai
ezitX si agtearnb inireaga serie
psihologicd peste cea fizicl si si o ia pe cea clintii ca o traducere lite-
prarri5nc9iipbiue[riviiicdoansceerlvedilarilitee.nIeurgaiceei,sltibsiestretdnrl,ii in rirrna extinclerii ce se dd
rXmine plea pgtirr 1oc.
ii
I3ergson crede cd aceastd intinclere impllcd o alftune ip.otezl psiholoilrcd.
Rolul principiului conserv6rii energiei in istoria Stiintrelor nu tre-
buie exagerat prea mult ; e1 reprezintd un moment al evolutiei unor
gtiinle, dar nu a prezidat la aceast6 evolulie. ln forma iui cea mai ge'
neraiii, nu este declt o aplicare a principiului de non-contradic{iune. ,,In
orice operafie matematicd fdcutd asupra unei
cantitSfi date e impli'
catd permanenfa acestei cantitdfi in tot cursul opera{iei, ori in ce fel

am descompune-o. ln alti termeni, ceea ce e dat este dat Si ceea ce nu
e clat nu este dat, r$eiziunltaotr.ic$etiionrfdainveaamrdmfaicnee suma aceloragi termeni,
vorn g5si acelapi
ve;nic supusl acestei
legi ; clar aceastd lege nu implic5 nici o ipotezd speciald asupra na-
tnrii a ceea ce va tretrui sd fie clat, nici asupra naturii a ceea ce va
rd.mine constant. Intr-un anume sens, ne anunf5. c5 ceva n-ar putea
iegi din nimic ; dar numai experienta ne va spune care sunt aspec-
tele sau funcliunile realit5fii care vor trebui sd insemneze ceva din

262

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ce timpul a trecut, putem pune din nou lucruriie in starea lor de rnai
inainte, cf, aceleagi motive pot sd lucreze din nou asupra aceloragi
domeniul
persoane, cd aceleagi cauze pot produce aceiagi efect in
congtiinfei. Aceastd confuziune a duratei reale, trdite, cu durata
rentd, ne face sd ludm principiul conservdrii apa-
energiei drept o iege
universaid. Pierdem prirr aceasta din vedere diferenfa fundamentalii
dintre iumea exterioard Si cea interioari i asimildm in mod arbitrar
via{a materiei, care e un vegnic prezent,
cu viata originald a conqti-
ilnrnteboi,gi5nfircea. rePrdinuraactaeainsstaemrenzeoalzvddmtotdaeapurnioariupnrocbiSletrmy,atilmihpeurtldtrfeiic,unteo-
gind-o, insd acest determinism fizic se reduce in fond la un deterrni-
nism psihologic.

piricDileteenrmglienzisdm, uiml pplsicihdoloogicco, nacgeapclilellnasaofcoiasftiofnoirsmt5uiaat de gcoala c.in-
spiritului.
Dar
ijti.zseocaiaz{iiocitu.isntorrgutl,inolarbrlr.tiecliiei aincteeelanqei,iiouzdieesafdsgiomalrudluini CsGplfalutilul,,ccaornefusnpdc,inijecil-
cciounra$ttaiinrledaiciiucmu ucletiaplaicpiataretenatdnguimmeurilctidpliaciiltuacteruaricloarlitiantgivirf,uiaiesitndrisloparfidue'
ajunge, in privinia iibertdfii, la concluzii care contrazic natura reai&

a- v161ii suileteqti. Determinismul asociafionisi igi reprezintd eui ca
nn agregat cle stdri psihice, adevdrati atomi sufieteFti, dintre care cel
nai ir",t6rnic are o influentd hotdritoare 9i atrage pe ceiialti dupd el.
distinge deci unele de altele faptele psihi[:e coexis-
Aceasid doctrind
rieenztu.el*.;aAnStaa,ddeelibpeilrdd5r,iloJrohinnteSrtnuearitnMfeillIuel xuprmiicddtocro:nf,l,iMct-ualEdfei motive 9i
putut ab-

liiineiocsitemaaoimsloarbi eclacctedcgiiroitsapziatamceaaredemdcriimmdpin9gi eteamsedreoa cle urmdri n-ar
comit". Sau in
: ,,,Dolinfa de a face binele gi ura de rdu sunt destul de pu-
ait loc orice altd dorintf, sau aversiune contrarie". Do-
ca sd invingd
ternice aci ca lucruri clistincte ; nu
rninufma,agiprorianzac,utveimnteerleeac, aisrpeitlaesuenxtpprrimezdenstautnet lucruri separate, dar prin

chiar natura lor. ,,Conflictul, zice tot I\4i11, are loc intre eul cale doregte o
pirlaiicieimrebSaijueluuli care se teme de remuqcare". Aci filosofia e cu totul victi-
gi a inclindrii de spafializale. Am vdzut mai sus deosebi-
rea dintre multiplicitatea calitativd a stdrilor sufletegti 9i multiplicitatea
numericd din spaliu : a vorbi despre atomi psihici distincii, despre stdti
izolate coexis[ente numeric e a cddea intr-o iluzie grosolanX. Stdrile
cie conqtiinlX nu se juxtapun unele lingd altele, ca lucrurile din spa-
{iu : rnuitiplicitatea ior es're muliiplicitate de fuziune, de pXtrunclere
rnutuald r aci suntem in domeniul caliidtii pure.
copil,d,Rrieespimir pi arerfvuimn uinl umnuemi torarien.dLafair gi indatd amintiri confuze clin
drept vorbind, aceste amintiri
n-au fost evocate de parfumul trandafirului : le respir in insugi tran-
dafirul ; acesta le cuprinde pe toate pentru mine. Altii il vor simli
altfel. Dar e acelagi miros totdeauna, imi vefi zice, numai cd e aso-
ciat cu idei diferite. Primesc acest fel de exprimare, dar nu uitafi cd ali
eliminat din impresiunile diverse pe care trandafirul le produce asu-
;.,i.: liec5ruia din noi ceea ce ele au ca personal ; n-ati plstrat dt'cit
aspectul obiectiv, ceea ce, in parfumul trandafirului, aparfi{ne tlo-
menirilui comun, cu un cuvlnt, spatiului, Numai cu aceast6 conclitln-

261

992

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Privind aclir-rnile viitoare, determinismui afirmd cd cuncscind :irai
clinainte toate antecedentele viitcare aie unei actiruni, se pcal,e i:re-
vedea cu siguranfd hotdrirea ce va ciecurcie. Preveclerile noe:;tre E,.il':t
de obicei inierte clin pricinl cii nri cunoa$te.n toate cotrc!-i'',iunile llto-
probabilitatea cregte cu cit ni se dau mai multe condiliuni
blemelor ;
gi ptdern,:truexoceipnltieeligl5erenvldecsieurpeeariaorarfdi care ar clllloaste toate antecer'lente-
ie
sb fie examinat6 ls, fdrii gre;, $i aceastX ipoiezS merit5

Iat6, de pi1d5, o persoanf, care are sd ia o hotSrire in aparen-i5
lPcsrctai,ugacz,nccpltai1-ieauibiernintieudt'en"eccecreitpiec,nrt.g.iteieii{iaenrrrSl6ioacrioiermvAtcouldzcsttlulAialriez.ueae,r5ste,lag"nae.rvnetpdaC,ertadougtimciinsPonnntitaeuetsai"etetfuiepaetnn.iaceanccal"rlut.cnelstouuv*rit.alsefra'ritsbaoiIaa.triScgcloietlFr,nnr,zetcdte,drlcteirdgseeaiiuadecdArenlsaicc1tirltlielmslmnu,ddeelalctieuaenpacrru'cieavrrnnelurpuerieisoniadcnloectfponlon,rlatiuciu1noaegailderdnaiorrataneiecnitueealezriipcadsroirnjadigmaccm-iiuilienomacirfiogmoetefnuair,uicgipafcinricdp,cg"idttgeuc,uaePiiareeparasnccmter!oecrrirrbasusluiutsueearftnegnlenaiuoeur;tpnlftlairuetndg-gliacesrtIira,ligcsaaeeaS:tisetjintegnr,vSiuttsin,ap,inaeairtupearndpc.adXcuadFscquru.leildrtXroasiilia[sleaenanrlneSmlinntnelsceeit'gipagtidduns{neorLca-ae.6iriFi:icsliislnddsii-iiomlc,rlcencenrtueftcaieoisedoaeiovcnavnnlnmlnuuebaricaar}otadsteauritnel,aldcoIcclniuuenciigfotmietfe6mcapiuimieoaoescr,lieiuaoaenInauaiirlueeuiaaaitdceaanolfunnisqneeelalltnnqlagtenuatetiPiniazeaiic'tolrccidnspteeilsi.nffbniirelaoctooicnapettoi-autsrlroDrlsccda5ruonctueenvsi,itiicdeacrati6e.ducroebcidSiadsS5trmarr,iinirCuaccelcrtt,ebl:iaaeiaiithanlaihaneisolarduclatjegoieatean,ipa1reerpcn$aassd"ubaculaorierunsiteideni$uncbiisar,rtuctilceiiArat,tiii.orandpordndioecs.detccd.eniraiaafaeieilneic6ae-czddncas$icrtrrauiuiuec:erliyeeci;tcaijoaciniuci-:guseari,ceiicttczioon:rctpitssriiiiriniri-acrlncun5u5mlrrl-mtalo'aareeaferta',------ti,ii
iru ie c-1ounastatd forla simfindu-Ie, ca persoand activii. Aceast6 inriica-

ii; ;- neapdrat un caracter cantitativ : \rom constata, de pi1d6,
anume senlimelt are mai
cd un muliS forfd decit altele, cd trebriie
iJ titr"* mai msltii socoteald de el, cd a iucat un roi mai mare' Dar
cum am putea sd ne cl6m seama de aceste raporturi cantitative, clacd

1. Les Donntcs imm6dr'cles..., pp' 140-i51. ll{'4..)

2V0

lL7'

ap 'pSV 'rninrolrrl B aJopanatd ap elulnJsrpau alduraxe ep efurrlS gt
earern[ardul o]sa plrqe+rlaur r$ elernleu eiznJuoc aJeJ oJ eoaJ
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.inriecj-s nc
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rsg$ uo,t 'eleluarun6re RlIopuI RlsBaJB ]lnru rpur pulpungordrT"

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pi1d5, in prevederea fenomenelor astronomice, inteligenla imbriili;ea-
zd in momentul prezent o bucatd oricit de mare dln timpul viitot', Nu-
rmanceatci cacindeicpveroeidnvietfdde.erdlEesafutengdtSiaitnimuteteincndta-altirdmeepnutiicimidpoeualcsapersmeihdeonalovregoirccb,uadpiernevdefuderenarotemaaepununerlue{i'
lnv,cntt,-6rel,eieeng1rnsaauiu.uulij,upnI.ac,tn,uldilroet.andniastpziifddcntieocipictconlereuieetczecnvdaolrteuirrImdIrdrioaaaeerptlmlendu,mii,anenfscieaamnciricueoluaiso,pnmlnurcietlnersuezer,n1ani,euaeeptln.clelto(eeii$dmmrastaiatsiieitctrtrn)orostfatncroininmemuoadaumtadislemilioz-ticaai5aumnernc,du.ieeasgudliscictnn.uatheder|irnmaiaa;ilucteabcsemelaru'asudurtrnniedrnnaitmvedcdeeaecienurncsusetrqusaeuamaifniitiunitaienuiiistlletennatearruumrdnvcmmiaaedntd5rieiuiee-rr-,l
paiioe:ceopedretueeicanl.cicppEaisnerISedpc'icdantilsrrteetrnrd'lpeuouainnpzluddei,clcsaseeedlclpruiemnaleuecr,aoafsranpgecsbdretiriaitdnudedlraeiel.czoeslCrtcimidesn,deudoltpsaacossnutzuerriotftitei[nue,zon$eome9uimniilntciepetorrreeivdnzaeccilcieodoelere,rpnidutameelci'elapessiicltdecruedaer--,'-
Ptveiraietzovderd.neCurmeuaatioi,ntruealdsuatcrltoecneaovpmaroieeapeteimacspuisu'ttlaoprteusailt,rioninltoegirmivcaaflgeailfnedadtdieee, timp psihologic.

la un fenomen
cel astronomic.
i ocmai intervalele de timp dintre extremitdfile simultaneitSfilor' pe
cctatpciiigreieelamamuiutcslrzrr'fdecieeainince,gndAadad$oitAoeilts",iiudictneiatdanuassrbttodrlctrreiad-caetuuieaanrutdr.dliladtletale,Sauoo,rcIlrrtsusd,eadieue;nverltmapioseicsegdiraccancfiirmomifhdtdcnonmeicfiaeumlqli,uimtvmdtbociilcaunitedcnoelrltcimfaennupbfdurtigadeiepenruciisnrdiiaintdietd'tnircdrmeaeirunilnlinziircp'nudaascsdeumeotuetiapdmanmndsuprttareieoirmeahispdadcto;tripjrteetueoleeaotsmgddictigstmeriindinetfidaaoeenptsdo.arferteladmreitUg,mde-saiesmin.nninblniteusNdtauis'rluuerjl-€oleut,iilulnn,ilodmiuctnsvileirnimeseroo,usendlareedmenboriciniafmeuaan;oitclrsmeanredcctai$irenmallcizeeeimatrdirestfz-ptaaerulpassddgnan-teie1--ar---
iuprima ceva din reaiitatea vie, psihologicd.
icpapidcuureleamtneJnctomtutiifiimdfniiciacpidfSptairacmuirnavelpeuiiunniedirancaidntfotsua,rtnetrrpcrg-aboaottfunirlfemeladonpcnaetdtditectiaoi,,lmloricai[irpa,utnuuclcioon1letaacidrctoieoie5npcpsuei9enpecmritdldeipcpimnoa1loufareecea.tlieselCainurpmeeuepre.xelianasaDvetceiadcmtdpereue,oraatiarcnlcetialogieceleuiespftrnauvreeepeLoa9ts,flultbc,eepnuavecrainitadctacuoeeamaasafrdpsrsaeerurtr-dde-,'l
iei*xpiit"einltarescau,tf:aapjuilnl spslaihotelorrgniecnaujlu' npgroegtrensulLiutcjruc,arpee-iccaorensttii-tul ipeoinfisdreg-i
pctneeiriegeitetozteeecrnmnmputriaanoindigdmirinesnftstularuen-r,eoenfpasdfeatpaantttldtiolcc,ulrfeNl.,ccDusdouentibonEaftftlcoiuiaenre$metndaadlacvnduiulieotcoprllruuu,erctaetrrtsumaeirnbiv,pguiiruicteeoirlsaasicnrdiuenls,ptatcCraairvdiuenuizndrdfaii.ena:taan$vmteoiyciirdciebtudodal,aaercnsteaad-
ca s5 ne reprezentdm dinainte fragmentele ei i durata trebuie trditd

pe mdsurd ce se desfdgoarS,

272

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nu iS glep o pfuul3uoJ uI q:|urz
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fie qi libertatea in necesitate. De aceea, orice definifie a libertdlii va

drdI;pii1rrcil;"inaaeue*,'iir'tietnitcetedr"ur"nlor\urDiDe*lm.etafu-gvipaeiepioiipurinlif-"ftfnfiuaiii;r"cnasne"d"ut"tehmieei-ai-stevil"iv.t"aaidoefmii*osdrrfem,ipmipaeetabucaiesneiorif?rriaanarsaihm'alaAacuecdDilici,tnmmin"tutt"eautr-iiieisi"'ertilti*n1emisilllq-iaiu.eib"l"ubcs"i;u"fA"elep;auieu.aitarpto,bsiir"".usatieisarto(notdttpaaeacfsuuofclfdadoecnonrneus'erdnieir6lrrmnepifiF{areicdr1ra'tduefedieaic1*glzcaeelnnme.tSnbaieceon?usico.teauto,eea-n,ncdSplam,ucuDeossartenstaeeiaaudrc{ctttnacraehdiaadenbtai'ecdevaopft,tsriamsl,iceiadltlcpeoaaofi,tdsnrdned'mceeeoc{maueecavaruetrfphddaiiaaluaaeiztgvcmnsbatduealrdeitsenitzloacnaeovdalcaioiicnllinruhnntnicifsneti6oitclhicaefiit,nreln,cd,reeataoraxtccaainmdmuiierdnrbdneoaiicu9eifiiat-----ii-ri
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(Les Donnees..., P' 167')

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274

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traclucem in termeli limpezi aceastd propozifiune pentrtl a-i da pe
fafd absurclitatea. Nen'ii aferenfi, creierul, mi,gcErile transmise de
nervii senzitivi la centrii corticali, sunt nigte imagini. Pentru ca ima-
ginea pe care o numesc rnigcare cerebrald sd produci imaginile ex-
terioare, ar trebui s.1 le cinonfinint5re, ginimtre-usndfefilesiamupalilctualt,d9iincaacreeepare-a
zentarea iumii materiale
aCestei migcdri moleculare. Presupunerea e absurdd, cdci creierul face
ipjisropnmnui5aailtspeeuirarmttcer,egppaarlieuaoncegiesliiiilunrna,eceeellacelsiuearnugtcemixcetaterutseraeesfieiaeenrctieligto=lrmuiainuvuaclilaaitrrmrtdaedtegietaaeiemdrtngzriaeaiaa5iiignoeln,dpcisrs,careee-monarrbseptuiitetr.gricetirl,ii^uiou,enoccimrpoaeplmieeorrnlupeeaiatlgulraatecnmceldulagtoa,ueirausreccmettlaiedermulio,rguapiaaiccmrcngiiaiuenmiiirnsfiedailsittu,md,oniiens.ru9pa.tnemrictitDmiememreaeraaauiceiazremgleql6reicsldtn.ue,uts9iaP,imcu9i'rvonriimlSveeraarp,idorenrvuedcsrdoplioirtnfiunsirtemcduptsed-ciu1ateade-ill
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dacfl e imagine, imagine nri poate da decit ceea ce punem intr-insa,
noastrd, numai imaginea corpului, e ab-
gi pentru ci este, in"ipoteza
surd sii scoli dintr-insa imaginea intregului univers. ,,corpul nteu,
centtu de acliune
obiect deslinat sd mi,;te obiecte, este deci un ; nu

poate dar sri nascd o reprezentare."
frdieuornnfeieAi.nicNeeese:fetracvreoieinrspaftieu,felturrnaenunlu|islemtdrsaiitntenmspgmuiignicntcdumteriilpgelocacbaertpeileelarfirifnecdareiieenoct:rritiiigiaunintnedarvilnteoossattirluer;omatleetctoenl$rtsetiidsai t,ebeepmarrgucin---
lui nerr;os. Mirclurra spindrii transfoi-md de-a dreptul excitafiiie pri-
mite in miqcdrile executate;
creierul le prelungegte in reacfiuni nds-
icnomapmunindclionut5recaezleu,rsileaurosdiuol pmreaatsecrdiemi nigecrbvroilaes;e este sd
cincle ; clar unde poate intra o congtiin{d, o
exterioare. Mi$cdrile exterioare in toate
con{Lrc.1, s:i
aocepsetetcaenpufiuvneecleatnlucimeloiic reprezentare,

nu au nimic

cle a face scadufepcrieoannrdgti.tiaiDuiatasci.ds$tesimisctuuelmutioucaletnereearbvcrooes-sstepcaiunaemlsotpedeidnfietcrs6utruiclleasl5,u,piseenrccufeioppnlireuoz--
toti nervii
nea mea"
cluce percepfiunea mea, de ce aceasta piere odatd cu distrugerea lui
psfgodaearlfutdieaceri[ep1z?raeimSpaeiescmruliipfoiegrnarcaideraercialleeasntdepeiiealnv,riilflDuoemarrireeclaeutncrderturciin.pilneaadffriapifrnidrtirpneprreicuvnepittnoerturrucncu;uarem,cnloaatriupllrauicnlaadnrcueufilumsnmdeeaur-i';
cunl se face atunci de piere gi reprezentarea ? Rdspunsui Ia aceastd
inirebare il gdsim clac[ aprofundXm adevdrata naturd a percepfiunii

1r oastf e.

Greqeala tuturor leoriilor elnise asupra percepfiunii, atit ln siste-
mele iciealiste, cit gi in ceie realiste, std in aceea cd s-a privit per-
cepfiunea ca o cunogtintd pur6, ca ceva cal'e are numai un interes
speculatir-. Perceplirinea ar fi ori o oglindire a unei realit5ti necunos-

278

6LZ

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I eil.rpc$Iur ered
-arcl ps rS p:rsearurrcl gs ;t'rsnlJXe aisa rnl eaunifcung Jallrpluazardar
alSelg6ard nu TJrLr 'eJrrqpJ nu rJlu sollau Inuo+srs ltt 'd 'ailout?W

la arErlowJ,,'ela uip eullorl od azazrupbro ps nBS'slrqrsod runr{ce
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uos$rag'Jlunrfdacred Brdnse alsllpnlralolul JolrlroaJ'RzealJalas
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*ig"it:f" interioare ale substanfei cerebrale ?
cicv"alrccnesaotDaitcDdiaigpeetbbgi"piaui:ers,rcoadxdmlusnuteLid.ueamaiiuiitseltiroccutelieznemdtiitcufpnzpriiltaitevuneipaalteajon"sdl"teisigneucacoigaBtmletavgdrtrtttntt,.r'lrruateasroaftiliiiidetl-rereegcunudoateit"iicccLdliatit"iircraiiaq"neeir,ptoeriiauanoeg"ueccllaeAioiedlftsecelrtmnunpetvesleuiitigepg.o"rstimee"Iue"oassenniouaceradpars.tprptnpsPnpitaancuedrrgirnfmpdpamtlajimaotdceuftueddn*tcitneaire.eeoriutteuspericat'bu.tiearceoseniAnap,rc.tmlagar,iapa"smilprriude1teolecaiislge"}pniafrsircltfrltouer"tllap"arrLtoi.i,nuetaieeoite"tu,"uigtedr.tx;"noacrmnecuptt,"ur".aci';tritn"adr-cn"uindii-irlTcap*J*n-iie"lsilmiiili;n"tEGii.J"elpuu-ereiilt.litrtu"pa;J".lidii"aJpm.aatrf-a;x;is:igip;ipi.dC6ai-rire-;tseetti"t-fmiprf-"dlifir,a[eeusiiiapiiiuaudoisuu,et'laroneu"ilieiaitl;el-,en"io"t.iacr;'*n6iaisr;i,n'stt,e't"trmrtltetcgcep""i,"'u1ou,tretp,ie."]e"'iacfecia,er"iiii9p;xrioaacor;ari-atntcilueinaup"lbemec;om,"ru'rieruullc"vt5r"9uslne,faalgt&n'ptnir-uaiu;gaspiiuaiumi1t,eirdpteast*fueiecuapntp,cdeinnierlu.:tnseuqenet,*atureloienulfits'reuiniuq.neectritLaacemrimidleculecirs.til.eeoYitahilniceperlpoelisramnsemlees.cssp,giccompad5uncalatpcem.exueauiJueu5ffs,ir".recugcruur"iiarotgsulrionuusneiic-rceSioenlrluseia"mrndisetueaol,ucbnntoeerptarrgtattrc.iIigeoiarldiiereieidireneunp'5uonicsuirseC'ef;tqacrvrmmatpre'a5ilfiafdciiitcaaeviuifipoc,cocrudmuiceiul's,urreitmonieiuicl';e$iuBitenru.n.cetcn.ieglriirdt:icprrcaenr.uscseliuoganed.eeilsdeusoaf9eDoncmacqiiimtzct6aaraigi1u,toenslp,a.xagsprlspiieeiinl3reiecteeritme;iledrrnsteauaupcneI,dseuou"npeeeacar'coftfiscdrptetiedLenbelm9ireotaaltidcfniecoedmenm"e]sdrna,xapcipacdee,g,cuuo"naegeldailrtttpi-ubfeesieepaieiarme"rcnaeitiei"dtrlttup_nstainc$'acIeielep.imsrtrr,nctulim.spaie_rnc.nicetutei-zueiapfeoetie:tcirisrci-csnraeietesngdnursmtblaeiixeuaprainiriderteotaccacmartresnsocegealrurr?obe6foclaoiitcaeale'ieuartamjerntcfisculirculonedmt'reiiranmi'omeaimauusoreiuizenlavsenpocininsetsuPilurerRrorieivstoa;iuea"nuutdtu"pcltrtosnicpceseeaiundertqrtnifpnai.tpnlualnrelriliesevoqniiluescncreraatve.ea{uuuli"'edAbgatt}rehtueee"atbastpina.a-tieirneineieuuisca'ccslsnniumui:cint-es]tjitdn+miiancoiaHuiltmcmit'teinesant-otpdeleee5-auesuatetnri:a,fei-il'-.-'a-t'ie-i-tli

imagini,nuaresHcreezenimicnoureaarenumais6-reprezinfeit:^ia-

cgduienrnialecsd[eiiunpnareoindptueicecelexf"iisei"treic"neiupterli*'uCinneeaearaencoeiantsretrrb5n.uijlOioercsgudalfniieirsnemaxugpliininciloaosrtetrrsu];t,relie]nnurn;c'a'eainiicriu-

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aceasta potrivit cu legile acfiunii. Percepfiunea este o seJecfiune a
imaginilor, nu o rreclere fotograficd a ior. Fotografih, dacd poate fi
vorba de fotografie, este trasd de rnai inainte, in interiorul lucrurilor
qi pentru toate punctele spafiultti.
Imaginile lumii exterioare soiicitd activitatea mea in tot felul ;
nervii centripefi gi cei centrifugi slaunpt ecroinfedruieci;itofieriicamreigcfi6rrici odnedulac5ptoer-
riferie gi de
la centru ia centru
cle la ueriferie 1a centru insemneazti o posibilitate pentru punctele
spaliului de a-mi solicita activitatea, de a pune o intrebare voinfei
mele* fiece intrebare pusS acti*uitdtii mele este ceea ce numim o
ipneeugrdcdetuaprufdiundnaeign.tteDreraecprdeeprecreeapzgefiaen,t5nqruiii,medsoatderifgticordeturuillessfe,sinspeteetmrcelducmleuicsneaeaqrmvioacsdu:emascrteeripsnrtseeaa-
zentarea ar rezulta din mi$cdrile interioare ale creierului, pentru c5,
pe de o parte, structura creierului ne dd planul minutios aI mi;cdri-
lor ce sunt posirbile in urma unei solicitdri din afar6, 9i pe de alta,
percepNiunea desemneazii toate punctele din lumea externd aflrpra
i5rora s-ar putea exercita activitatea noastrS. Cum zguduirile primite
de corpul nostru cleterminir
de la iucrurile lumii exterioare in noi
reacliuni n6scinde gi cum miqcdrile acestea interioare ale substanfei
cerebrale clau in fiecare mornent schi,ifa acfiunii noastre posibile asu-
pra lucrurilor, starea cerebrai5 corespunde exact cu perceptiunea.
lns5 starea cerebrald nu e nici cauza, nici efectul, nici duplicatul per-
cepliunii, este numai continuarea acesteia, percepfiunea fiind acliu-
nea noastr6 virtuali{ gi starea cerebral5 acfiunea noastri inceputd.

Cind ninetrrevriiuapfie, rpeenlfci espaliuunceeanterisi tseuinnt iezafi pi traiectul curentului
aceea;i rnSsurir scf,zrttil sau
ni-'r:\'os e
chiar desfiinfatd pentru anume categorii de impresii sensibile. Nu e
de mirare. Rolul sisten-Lului nervos este sd utilizeze zguduirea ner-
voas5, sd o converteascd in demersuri practice, real sau virtual in-
depiinite. mai
Cind excitafia nu mai ajunge ia creier, perceptia nu
are loc, pentru cii solircitarea de activitate nu se mai face. Odatd ce
nu mai este cu putinfd a se da un rdspuns la intrebdrile puse activi-
tdfii, este de prisos ca intrebarea sX mai apard in congtiintd.
ln deosebire de toli psihologii
un 9ini tfril-oinssoafiincuaroe fac din perceptiune
fapt pur mental, Bergson vede creafie
a minfii, ci
o parte a realitdtii. Perceptiunea nu este in noi, ci in chiar obiectele
pe care le percepem. Un punct luminos P trimite raze care intiinind
retina noastrd o impresioneazd ; de aci, prin nervii optici se transmit
anume modificdri, care pun in migcare centrii opti,ci, gi ca un rezultat
aI intregii operatii, se produce ln centrii corticali o imagine inerten-
sivii, pe care apoi spiritul, prin operafiuni foarte compiicate, o pro-
iecteaz5 in P. Aceasta este explicarea gtiinfificd. Pentrri Bergson a-
dev&rul este cd punctul P, razele pe care le emite, retina pi elenen-
tele nervoase interesate formeazd un tot solidar, din care nu putem
despdrti cu mintea nici unul din termenii compoirenli. Punctul P face

parte din acest tot i acolo in P se formeazd imaginea 5i acoio este

perceputS. Dacd nu aclmitem imaginea in P, nu avem unde sd o loca-
liz5m aiurea, c6ci tot ceea ce urmeazd dupd P este un proces me-
canic cle miSciri, care nu seamdnd deloc cu o percepfiune pi nu e

282

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mtunijieoccSu'linascdesctionrcilmvar6giiensiccasrde-el xspolliicciptderdceeptloiuanteeapderxlitleer,ioTaortiucl useeiien--
mentele inertensirre psihice : nu pot sd clSdesc inlutmerenae,ecxtienrnudmraeai lqii"il
cea care este, iufi:-acle-"dt, datd, cu
stdri pur
sicarnepasaesroezctlditumrerubixilirolpcergll,eicinpidpuoemaenpsteerctrur.icetDeecipvenifatipaeurfcnraoniebpetaloteeaicmntapeeelxeplmetcreoianasdrseuuii,lvcefoeicn,csddotrpuong-etrsrraeeoll$vnBedigteristndpgeusapsof-elitrnl.eoosCicemoarcfeutuipadtldertieen,.astaicdlihunaelzecsiaeiiiuf,idcarlresnraiealr

aclevdraia erplicare. nevoie de educafie' Nu lo-
noastre, fie de vdz, fie
lntii e faptul cd simlurile noastre au cle

calizdm de la lnceput gi precis impresiile
ahtsB{cicsbaioiuntieoaueeiligtzsiirllnui'soigl,aeteiiilsoedgecliceeootaiseiolSi,nerclnrdte,isdjoecuuelianpbinemtsssroetiaeitefasrnan1,iccnfc-icoasoiceazctlitraluenpriailacicesrld{iljieliituu5eenuuirganexreannumictlaseiparlihaceeanaerpddipitaneueuulneoioromnrnuiisejnblauelide.ieicsxeitcinrTrottcsienrazqnntteeedapuiadrinifulpciinziipaiununoAucotednelctepitexeanliereluoteeziieeznmcdntaaaanderiodbusidxlicuclaofiurutvie,e,ienrileieired.anntpili,tlBitsPi;ieeeni,,niedgervlidcdcorceanegeieeereirsnpanrpcisoepniegurneian,meddlmman,undcmalncnctadue9ridfuoaru.reicsumiiin,l9opnt;aaieantauneic.fnvipf5tpnrdoouoratD,utororirrpiacrmnepuouiraileiaorelidanrac,peecsdpcruieait'psrae.ecleilipuet--coi'az.i]r,sil\ernLorea..iii-eii;,e-*---r--i
adeviirata lui naturd.
specificS a nervilor"j i--
Ai doilea fapt ar fi aga-nurnita ,,energie fiziologii cit qi psiltoiogii"

prejurui cdreia s-au certat atita r,'reme atit
bin citeva fapte foarte particulare, de pildd aceta cd excitind neL',:u'l
optic printr-o cauza mecanic5 sau printr-un culent electric ave!] o
gcsicidrmcncerieueariaeltrgiae"nspanlilitiietzalad,tia,ocsapuirr'esclataonuidseeAcsotataeru-gfsvclaurosspieeoiecpzgtrrnno"giliraennuiiez,rulrcouiaianalcflmsglafale$oefidouiippaienrp,fnmrtvazccneepeiildrlderele,uruiocencrnzrdieeracgnvidiopnaiunitcaufep:iimsiicicnudxi,refedcnouteneplclecleerczusnlrlaiaguaaeliisoincicrfniinaidepvuzpfeemoaronaaosancaailmeviireesaunretoretet-nisgeanrlaaceit{icltmepaeo;iagdimilnneiissssncongspdpecoaeetdlnedidasritnonazcraresuzaialficintlef5aSnedrfiezcei.tuel:aidoapusF,csfmEcndpidiuua9zaiiaronniiutpdclongiet_iz,ueuiieeafnoe.ercccnlugeiveiarDiedemmiiineartrieeeafltiaaboen5.aniuaalrai,Dieuzcsptdceaeoripioagasvnpilaiouilutaoeuila1zrlieciutiru1crilsirx1i'jes;,Jei.cepniisi:idieslaie:icileirieeea------i
cificitatea s-a mutat de la nervi la centri. Dar aceste legi sunt foerie
problematice. Lotze Ie bdnuise de Ia inceput falsitatea. Ca
sd fie acle-
rzFra5alrpiautteneli,eca1arelefluigamtrteeinbdsuei9t,iredvduihuprcdalleinuls,ndi,l,eclaaluuumnndinesoliaensgSeuorsndtoiprede:sadeuxdcreeitacahnoiticuhulinuuinusuiicnseecnia"--'
pdcaaeubzaildpdmreoedcauacnpeircodad,cuaecererainEsdieosnuezdnazlicauatniupi nadebiifleseuridnteet,saeaxpucroictdauunrectenelteuinlmeoulrelgtciaptnrlieco,csamlaroaud'ijiifii.eJ-
care a echilibruluil electric, |n exemplul cu electrizarea limbii, ceea

284

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-rrnJJnI uradacre6 'pIBn}3€ eeJ op pfel 91en1rr.t eeunrfcp E3 l€IuJollii
a eunt{ca;e ap gfel eounlfdalrod 'PIBn}rB PUI^op 9s opui} PIenUIA r-rlir
eauntfce 'n.ilsou 1lnSdnseuul aadlsaap'nIJnllsJoaulqlondpruorlr nJ eplJulo3 IJ 'Ici.t'
lndroc 'tretpatul o:Iso inlol
ap lelrpclapul a IBru nu
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pralsoJe palelrsoJaN 'ae1e3uenurfcoesgelJuanlSlpeurSes'pizoeuanlllsalJtSal'aoqrpeJousoqeilaolxoalpluortil

pllp o 'eauntldor:ad
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-[1ur u1 lezete 'nrlsou lndror
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'llunrfcege BrnlBu e1 'e1detr op eIi
-o{ieler EJa.I} € pI aJnp dnr5 lsarr7
'i1l}sou lndror uI e}pzIIEJoI lut'11
a-p-JelJuarierJrzaprollrsaclJolpuJErpIoaJco]e'laIfeo,pro;uuIlptau:odpuInr'cpp1rzeprBJJa'cesrarou1p.1;Iroaaall1ulaonl sdiI-neaB]crrelirsoeJardnJpJVlaucor'Jb]aiseJdaluJnean6Iuaaap1lsIenBnlluqbnJouoereAncbfr,rooulaseprodSePnocsrusna-pldlaoll.l1rtecpzi:

afecfiunea este induntrul meu. Totalitatea imaginilor subzistS, chiar
cl acii corltul nostru piere, afecfiunea fdrd corp nll se poate concepe.

riei Pdtrunderea naturii afecfiunii Ptreerbcueipefiusntleaadpucudriunnuceoxreiscttdivdteecoi-t
acesteia a percepfiunii pure.
de drept. De fapt, perceptiuniie sunt amestecate cu stdri afective, curn
sunt amestecate gi cu rnemorie. Acestea, afectiunea gi rnemoria, sunL
partea de subiectivitate care seextaedrnar5-r,gXin1alnpleelrecseuplfiucniie.eaPeerscteeplniuunrenaa,i
stare
in puritatea ei, este o
rdsfringerea actiriit6trii corpurilor exterioare asupra corpr-r1ui nostru,
indicarea unei acliuni r,.irtuale. Teoria aceasta este o teorie biologic:d
mpaueplnentruoclespptrfuuiurnepisist:eihpdicuen;cliatuinilneccxleeteppnulsteivcp,aurcseiianinI meaiijclno[iucutn-eiels.itmePaeinngtinrsueilnoBzreaerfgixest,ioninns,ece,olcera--
un centru cle indeterrninare, carac'reristica rrielii. Percepliunea se nag-
te odatd ce viafa iqi organizeazX un sisten nervos gi nu face altcer:a
clecit s5 exprime gi sd rn5soai-e puterea de a lucra a fiinfei vii. ln
starea ei puri, percepliunea ar face parte chiar din lucruri, iar sen-
zcaotniuqntieinafesi,aucaafse&ctsiueneinat,indcelipi aartpeodi einaspfiagfniui, spontaneu din adincurile
coincide cu modificdrile
imaginii particulare pe care o irurnim corpul nostru. Cu mijlocul a-
cesta, teoria .bergsoniand scapd de clificultatea altor teorii de a expli-
ca crearea extensiunii cu sttiri neextinse gi a unei lumi obiective cu
stdrile noastre subiective.
Aceasta este, in trdsdturi foarte generale, teoria ,,percepfiunii
pure/r a 1ui Bergson. Percepfir,rnea purd, adicd percepfiunea cu totul
lipsit6 de elementele subiective ale afecfiunii qi mai ales ale memo-
riei care-gi ingrdmldegte imaginile ei peste senzafiunea actual5, este
soprirriizl.iuCnoeni5ntsitinainataaneree,ccaarreolfascie parte mai mult din lucruri decit din

leg1e prin lirul contitiu,-i ai memor:iei
aceste viziuni instantanee ale realului. In percepfia purd nu este clat
incd spiritul. Pe acesta il gdsim intr-un moment ulterior, atunci cind
la imaginea prezent5, Ia acea solidificare momentan5 pe care o ope-

reazd trebuintele noastre in totalitatea. irnaginilor care compun lu-
rnea exterioard, se adaugd afecfiunea gi memoria. Am vdzut in ce
consistd afecfiunea, ln studiul unei adevdrate teorii a mernoriei gd-
sim toate caracteristicile spiritului. Reintegrind memoria in perceptio
adevdrat5, vom putea sd determindm precis punctul de contact intre
congtiinfd 5i lucruri, intre corp gi spirit. Cele doud elemente, percep-
menoria, surlt intr-un arnestec ccntinuu
fiunea gi i percepliunea ca
sd devind un fapt psihia are nevoie de memorie, percepfia purd exis-
tind mai mult ln drept decit in fapt, gi memoria, la rindul ei, ca sI
se actualizeze are nevoie de o percepfiune pe care sd se altoiasc5.
O psihologie adevdratd trebuie sb le separe gi sd fixeze bine carac-
ierele 1or respective. Dar pin.l acu;n mai tofi psihologli. in loc sir ler
disocieze, au confundat percepfiunea gi memoria, le-au atrilbuit a-
ceeagi subiectirritate, aceeagi naturd ; intre ele nu ar fi decit diferen-
!5 de intensitate. Frin aceastd confuzie se viciazd gi teoria percep-
fiunii gi tecria memoriei, se intunecd o muifime de probleme psiho-
logice, ca cea a recunoagterii, a incongtientuiui, gi, ca urmare, multe
problerne metafizice. Aga, de pildd, atit concepfia idealistd cit 9i cea

286

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tului.
Teoria mernoriei a lui Bergson eSte consecvenla teoriei pelcep-
liunii pure, pe care o vdzurdm. Am vdzut care este rolul corpului in

percepfiune : corpr-il este numai un insttumeiri. de actiune, in nici
un qaz nu poate produce o reprezentare. Tot a;a 9i cu memoria I

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I[raismti.eerefatatbliAripnemlraziielizrrlxeillr'ure'alneanaeteJas'eirtt6dnssidslieii?nlrnilneaiupets,aeii-iacriite't*exblrcrutidoLruar,ciorsipie.lrin,i*tjleleid:eufgiiiualcxetnasmiti,cecrcrrpspicci"epronnea."Slaitaiaoioipsicsu.lsnirfcue"'.enaibepci?ir.tv2autm'cgi,iieiarin"6p"r.nrcaiipeiptfe.rl.t6ureneiii,"etr*nicz"e'"'Jruepa)lJuitsi'lo'm-eeJras-^cenNc;*,uiL"lurr;o"o"t'o0i;a*pp.lneiln";-psanc-riri;-i"odrgieu9";;bltln"r."pia;ibtpnii-nili;-"eufi;"cercii"uiacistur"rannrt;teeinrciruoi;lcdirl-.itaaeu-icebqsolactfI;utlpsircl"s6emrctt"ctnaate*.u,5t-arrurilia"uattiuieurricneuisnpunnazpmtlpltactseeim.euloreteotaeeaierirocinirracrdancrmemcilreoticieecaaep.niare'narelppai,eelneupnpi'*eapmaiadfirriaa.tiftr"ucefrqfrs"iiei-itualri1npmeuneebnnisiinmatztepen'ctdrtie-ueaelliiirrlaafeienirocitcia-eipalccauldiiiledlitpleosurr]"rqregeisj;1tpoetlilarrei-ieuc9c-feiita5iru.ipioeedcdeie^te,mtzTcrlzrrdi*erleszieaizoe^uoa'metn"eacalrelpEt.ulumTdTecdip.rzuinunancl^nissiurdla:o,t'srceltpot;ctp'iiriruiiniuonasareuoneiiSn"Dan"inun'aro'a';aadppaduuzatnrcaitciiia(rpfdmianesiaa1iIsIeidcrtmnet$hpendtirrteoidc,err'faoafteaameue'iiiiirezftnvc-mrsaeantigiolealieubc'eal'1mairieratetamregeel*rcideorrp-ip1dcbranceelcpedi:rom]uarat5atooaueuleuioa-em----ia-it----'--

nLentenerlroasedistincte,cums-arexplicafaptulc6amintireatin-
ctesdsetermineintr-opercepfiune?origineaacestorgrer"rtalieste

lQt

efiz

-aisa InlnJal+ puiJ ad'ounrfce pI BJBoAoJd p,ri aJ paaJ,auru uiuad
a1*aierl a3 eao) 'ezeasalalul Fru aJ paoJ elsa In:luazoJd .eareoJe e1
-'--.Buar;or!u1}1'pa:Rr)rnEllsu+1€J1fucpBy1rs1sJ'pe1reqfapoaalrsirseoruaoaor(rIlpun'raroJlapppplrlussanul-ddarls+eqauorprs;ooateapplneueonflulalloruJarBnapJs;lpeIef,zaaoulpanllrlIJlJ,dp3arlEpecr-seuraJcrllaLrplrrna_slztzreaaerapdrJrplruaSJ;reu1a1rncrecli
-'draluoJ o 1o1 lloop pAaJliE r; aleod nu prnd €aJrlillrrrp rS uin3 .are1d
u-n-rsLs;uEtrc'ao1tt$pllulrqroelreusorr1alder1urdrpIonxoloudsJurroruandnul'rnrrqnnlaoclrrnrJupulr1ereurd'egugusrlarpnsrEcraefud-dRrne6ulrlepreslorarcoqf-lderoao;RlrultlpJudrzooxrauatpapurcalrltlrroaf,eapp.'lqarsalapildpll'osneajorr1uupoure1lras3au:arrl3iFuge-noJrirllorfIidrqnslpartrsli.Iundrpasc-fdta,alpui:1oJii
--''-l-aidnrrelo{plpau3El.erralponJ,?'Je,llz'JeppnBopa1ronpro1rtldartrluBeuaunJslpnry1auaaSSlpfreddurgloaorrl'urscuoclar;;puaenazneJndaplElrrBRdoJg;t-snlnrtso1rualrrsauJeouJ1rBlDyeosJeJlJfzrsaoeieprlopraraliBzlobBatlnrrruilIop-eUn{JatlarfIeasp^lrp}roEaptzu-JJuunrsl{erullopiuJa-rarrroslrfor),dirdpll:0so"1al,pnu)r.:Lo]iiplafnrcrnneJlucpdIallnnsat.d1u]uauoar1.i1u6:lur1eiriul.oprnrouuirrlrapilflsJgdzneJoardiiup*Riceprrsturulnpgeapaceduc-rlr
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ure aJEJ acl 'gqe1s Ipur BIpnlJe arels o lJ B urrd adocul nu rl{lurup
rI--'a$aedLuuparrno:n;.r:lJlaeBdrfdaraurrrr:lr:gallueSzclefur{uauoaSpoc,ir|goBplgoelfue,st1rppuroonoplJrsJdlulBRuIaulascRtplnJropupRtusel'neg'por.riplJoau{Spzarnap]uo-llrn]oe}rdarnrfouenJar,srupruraupflsnruJqJoog'rrplproqa1lrBcoc'lBaIixsoeg'aJapru'ilaru'nplrle]qfuId}reJaplrsrclp'orsoorruude,en,leeroru]uoudinnapr1srf13
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-rodrlrl o o-ip rS rarbolcqlsd e:clnseap pJip,rr as Blsporp Br[alqord 'p-rn]
-eu ap qlBJIIreJ g{ue:ogrp o nes pe.r6 ap pfualogtp o.Ielunu alse ei{dot
-;aci r* oJrtrurure orlur pJBp',,pJnd Borrlulure" pulzrleue luepo,a. ps urnJp
aujrupg 'Inln.Iarart e ounrfcunJ o 'aJpluJn ulrd 'alsa nu plJourel4l

"---eoo!r:lunIliXrenaounJii[ruoog+lrpSnp-rrzleularlpdaluadrpl$fe,-aIncJruq'laoopgcsaeisJpna-rlr6i'pr1oran.rro.dErlcJJllnnaalrcrs+'daou;fnB6, sorarrndpl ueB'aliaeJuo-earJuucBrtnearr'gffrudr1plaeaoraSSrsaaa"drrc6ro1.arr3drq'e*Jrancor'rl,'ltoro'rJ;-relu]:o]r:upJvl

€sential neputincios ; prezentul este ceea ce lucreazd asupra mea gi
md face sX lucrez, este senzatiune Si migcare, este starea corpului
meu. Dar pe cind prezentul este prin esenfh senzori-motor, trecutul
este ceea ce nu mai lucreazd, dar care ar putea sE lucreze, dacd s-ar
insera in senzafiunea prezentd gi i-ar imprumuta vitalitatea. Trecutul
nu devine activ decit clacd se actuaiizeazd, dar actualizindu-se lnce-

teazd de a fi amintire qi devine percepfiune. Amihtirea aceasta vir-
tuaid, nerealizatd in vederea acfiunii viitoare intr-o imagine, este
dceinetar-ocestBaerergcseornebnruamlde. gStetaraemaincetirreebarapludrdc.onAtcineua5staamniuntipreoaa,teoraecztuuiata-
iizeazS, o aduce in prezent dindu-i o materialitate, dar arnintirea purd
este o rnanifestare de-a
spiritual6 i cu rnemoria suntem bineiea in do-

meniul spiritului.
Trecuiui care nu este practic folositor, care nu se poate itlsera
intr-o acliune prezenti'i, rdmine inconqtient' Psihologia modelnd avea
eooricrceoepnuqagtcientinavtni5tla,btnesudpmsaichairoinlpoito5gaicste6thfpriiiippnssiic,hhoiicncehg,tiinrindc|mo6n.in;Oteiednoatteds,imcpepelnodtrdsuitsacpredozndifeuiefinmoeara-i
ganicd, o virtuaiitate, ceva care poate sd revin5 la o conqtiinfd, dar
ficnienexipi-aracinttiur cncocainngcttueiifneinlxiiliiseatsdtreepalstlirihetdoalloiisgtlircuiemmqttiieir .epDriteadrreiocdaierifeninepixfiaraicntsdptE;erreciieotproliptusnaiehSaoalocgidtiSe-
noi. Realitatea materiei excedc percepfittnea, precum 9i reali-
a,rvaeterna psihicd excede congtiinfa. Con;tiinta este numai prezeptul 5i

{Ttpdari,eeezcarequpnatrutircmliuledresnsineetuexcminesaeut6iam,ccaceeiieaanncuucimieumtataeiariae:ltusiptcArrecelziuatecznnrfetel,uzlleeisn;tnuei uncnemoeenaaebixcflpUoerlCiorlrunsecidatrozetrdoa;ztpSceconeinntrqeutnxiioincsiX-.-
nu amcatiirre, satedicfodlopsreitzoel nit.inIdnaatcdfiucneeaalelusidnfuieinisaerdmguiefaozloiisiintoetx"'isdteenrrfi6ne: ia-

rii cu
toatai, repugnanla noastrd, trebuie sd admitem incongtientul ca o rea-
iSi'iiaWleiilpiaorznitiJvadm. eDse,aaitdfenii,tepsiilhinolocegiainmcaei nou5, ctt psihotrogi ca Myers
mai mult viafa ilcorrStientd a

spiritului ca o datb sigurd, ca o realitate pozitivd
Iatd, prin urmare, cum se explicd raportul concret al llrezentu-
lui ctr trecutu.l, Existh o rremorie a corpului, constituitii clin toate sis-
aclunat eripe-
iemele scnzori-motorii construite de obipnuin{5, care a
dar care nu et'ocd nici o irnagine ; rle alt5 par-
rienfa noastrd trecutd, care inregistreazd;i pds{reazh loate slhrile

te, existii o memorie
rnaotaes, treerissutibndfofrimecdarcti:e pimenatgruinsi,inAem;inirdioruedalnituatseusnnt tdrtOinuitir-luuctrrucroinstienpuau-
amestec : memoria organjcd este ca un punct mobii lle CEie n.]el11o-
ria purd ii insereazd in planul miEcdtor al experiei-rlei ; nleilioria purf
vrrju:eilnena1egliezecesuaiaezniiricznonoanurgigm-inmiiaiinloieftadoec,rieiailseddpiacrceudarmcienleeipjciaooacrttdrils"eurtvnlrleeainlnmeai sieneaftinccir{zaiiuioccnerlie.-niaMnlocpetoortenr,orzqieirl:iinaeciiniipjire:li:lrmrdeieee5calaicnoissrae---
ganizdrile senzori-rnotorii sunt cei doi poli opngi a.i I ieiii noasire
psihice : uita este pianul visului, celelalte suni pianul acliunii. lntre
ainindouii se petrece toatd viafa noastr6. De-ar fi nuniai plat:ui ac-

294

962

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(ilf 'ci'atiottr
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aundelxnf E atrso nu alerios:ad.
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rafuarredxa illpillelol ale asrallp rS a1er6a1ur runrflladat aleol .arerp
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5lusox InrqII
pill]zar utBur

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1; rue

uztpppiaoe;neirrs"ozirgtllred*piiaa,nl,ururnm;rsacl"letnaiu"irnlruel,tuitovmninrncerideliroideecunae;enirt;s;r:itsletadorpdcaetereo,to;argtritc";rcpc;;;,iea"ul:l;;"ip"z;aull-iilioliunnetu;nei.pisntiier,"tie;iez;,";pva';eptzi"es,aseioirxrcrif.liacianlFslerluumutsaeamsnp$irimgcciivearfcbi,iaitiuuiliirsncrsenipnilltolecueeeeatiaclise.'rentielellcslFenlutettaea*rciccua!madmfiemliidureisteac.enntenltqeneeinjcnn:tafrrrifiiaedelnepurlpieu,doeerprraenpea:cc^zsloscee.le:lt*afpa.reni"i'ultzrlgti:undcsi.\i,o-nnre1iliarre''_iptcclu,"ige1ui_nasrusi:oustiii:a(eeE-i-iiii

dniunedus_tei sodeinfricnaacgitaartiin,-"ur".arim"tiirnetairruleti,licri,ncuemaaciasr,deavCauccolirinnpcloeina;lgiini vti-ar' iri-
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psihologice ".

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mobilitatea, gi realitatea ei imi apare clar induntrul meu, in congti-
infd, ca o schimbare de s/arc sau de calitqte, ori de cite ori produc
olucmriugrcia:res. uTnoettual cdeilfaegridiuacbrsuoelusttedecintddcepreer,cecpumschluimmbindari de calit5fi in
diferd de in-
tuneric, o culoare de altd culoare i trecerea de ia unele la altele este
pentru mine un fenomen absolut real, Totdeauna cind percepem mig-

carea nu o percepem ca o simpld relafiune, ci ca un absolut. ln iu-
mea exterioard se lntimpld migc6ri ; cum distingem aci miqcdrile apa-
Dintre obiectele pe care le percepem in
rente de migcdrile reale ?
afard, care se migcd, care e in repaus ? lntrebarea aceasta presupune
cd materia este impdrfitd in corpuri independente, ctt contururi abso-
lut determinate. Dar experienta purd contrazice aceastd presupunere.
Al treilea rezultat al cercetdrii asupra materiei este cd orice cliviziu'
ne a ei in corpuri independente cu contururi absolut determinale este
o dit:iziune artitieiald. Este o diviziune introdus5 de trebuinlele noas-
tre, de necesitatea noastr6 primordiald, care este cea de acfirine., Sim-
gtuircilaerascutpeerruiol aersee, nrtridazl ual lgsi ppaipliduiltuuil,esseteinctoinntdinucieltal tmeaaii muli in
spafiu,
aceste simfuri
ne dau cunogtinta unei continuitdli milc5toare, in care totul se scl-Iim-
bd pi in acelagi timp rdmine. Totuqi, noi disociem cei doi termeni,
permanenfd gi schimbare, oEmiorgeepnreezeinnt6smpaptieur.m$aineansftafepl,riimn bcuocr6ptXurliin9di
schimbarea prin rnigc5ri
continuitatea lumii externe, cunoagtem corpuri individualizate, cu con-
tururi mai rnult sau mai putin precise. Dar diviiziunea aceasta a rea-
iului nu este o datd imediatd a con;tiintei, nici o cerinlX a qtiintei, care
cautd sd regdseasch articuiafiunile naturale ale unei lumi, pe care
o tdiern artificial. Este un efect al trebuinfelor noastre vitale, care ne
imping sh facem individualitbfi separate din p5rlile realului asupra
cdrora are sd se exercite acfiunea noastrS. Puterea fiinlelor vii de a
se ntanifesia prin acte cere fonnarea tl]ror zone materiale ttistincle,
care corespund cu corpurile vii. Odatd corpul constituit distins de
restul existentei, trebuinlele lui il imping sd distilngd 9i Si constituie
sd
Si alte corpuri. ,,A stabili raporturi particulare intre porfiuni astfel
tdiate din realitatea sensibil5 este tocmai ceea ce numim o lrdi". Di-
viziunea realului in corpuri distincte nu este un produs ai cunogtin-
tei, ci este referitoare numai la acliunea noastrS posibilS. Ipoteza
atomilor nu este decit continuarea acestei migcdri vitale pind la ul-
tima ei putinti r cu dinsa nu putem da socoteal5 despre materie ; ato-
mul nu este decit corpttl solid, creat de trebuintele noastre, reeius la
ultirna lui expresie. Tendinfa mai nou5 de a rezolva atomul in puncte
t9dimlinoii de fortd ne indicd direcfia adevdrat6 in care trebuie sd cdu-
mal adevdratb : in intinderea concretir
reprezentare a realului

se produc modificdri, perturbdri, schimbdri de tensiune sau cle ener-

gie, pi nimic altceva. Dacd e aga, qtiinfa ca gi congtiinla pot fi de
acord asupra celei cie a patra concluzii a lui Bergson, cd miScarect
reald este ntai ntult ftrLnsportul unei stdri decit al unui lucru.

Rezultaieie aceslei anaiize asu-i.)ra materiei pregdtesc api:opie''-
rea intre calitate Ei cantitate, intie senzafiune gi migcare. La prima
vedere, disttrnfa pare o prSpastie, CalitSfile sunt eterogene intre ele,
migcdriie - omogene. Senzafiunile scapd mdsurii, miqc5rile, totdea-

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zile ca sA se desfdgoare. Percepfiunea noastrd ar fi condensarea iil
citeva momente mai diferenliate de viald mai intens6 a unor perioa-
cie enoime rlintr-o existenfd infinit diluatd, rezumarea in|r-o clipd a
unei lungi istorii. a imobiiiza. Apari{ia conqtiiniei
A percepe ar fi
ttaueedr.rauaulnnng-etidcreepn, 6iccmeateiulciamtdlaCefielerneSuaseelfiptanaecstteeribe,icdlceeei,ccniianturmsesdianniaeeed, uaiincnptdars-ruutainnnrennIesuodpmurcefrorzitenminntrtfaaidncreetietaddinuneormmaatsoodtmmr;deen$ll6--1
acdecuersasetteepic,eatorieitcScii{fiineprieruinmvlideteadceeaxttneeinrgisoteiaurnsdec, hniinumtebar5riorfiaicrdadel.ccMuitlaigobcidaleirf,eeacreacnnefdir$sdteee mi$c6r;

ritm al

petiece

misna6lraicifinaefriiiniSinat -lmea"ra,ifiimadraerseceidntezinamsfiodumgnieesanetnenz,uasfeeiunsntzeeaaldiudenicieuiaiact,do,v,niibtmrraipncrdXtaEirnetiaaini5itneintrrit-or-uurnu-nl nu-
cri-

mo-

ment unic a vibraliunilor acestea cu o serie iinfinitd de momente. Ide-
ea cle lensiune ridicd dar opoziliunea dintre calitate Ei cantitate, ciiir-
tre senzafiune gi rnigcare.
Precum ideea de tensi'une face apropierea intre calitate 9i cantl-
ttcdaianleertsserfe.f,idaLtg,ooroiatmaoarcepdgeaoaiezeeviii:fdle<iauetnlenetiermearioeiidnarneeredttxeletuileex;cinfetesiibniniusiilnlijdnunendaietne,imtafroapeFbca;iesecpccadtiapreri5ritaoeic9pdteieieiinrmrieisnaaatiticcesieanrpsiteatru.efpniTlulei,rnnsicactdiotnnensdgsiettc$ieiinvi teiinrnndaetteiiiunnirfe--r-
csrtoitnerilumeaelernrb,i_oeotuicag,anieicnroitsnfdfmite$,ie,'bdlineguictuliearuvmantsitetdmpauaunolaieirlmtnn.moedeAmcdaenaimtotcaeergtiereleivse.nsnedieiA,,pqzinatptuneiriettcatcciitrsenearipencruaeeeaslnxLticuivteuuerilaednlneofdiisaumeida-uimolnsdeegueacefatamidenelt,lsteioseneiarenlnfseiiczidm,-daenccelsaoinuifdradnueissaeilotptoesleaeusrtretnadneimeoloveomapiasucddtfsmoruuaeeurraaqait]dnte1ttdileu---t
oareEum calitativd, in care multipiicitatea de stXri se contopeqte in-
tr-un tot, in care momentele Succesive decurg unele dintr-alteie,
f[-
crtddii,:scdaacfreieeaesetsaxteteesnrituoemadraeiifeuornltec5rleedaaefilutsonpreaa.faiAutlcreeoblmaugoinigfeleunlcorEruinacobuassitntrrateicn, tdoearsIecmahaectmeomn[caartebi---
stractd de care ne servim pentru a turna intr-insa realitatea adevdra-
itvn5ut.inl",d,.Celenreetiaandcc1ei1ivreeizsaattemXda$ateit,rniaceeltdnetainnucsueel esptseuterin;rteienasdlt,eeerceseateeadcievcviezaiabiiinnlStenrrdmiiexeidct iaaerrrefeinvnotsrrej--
be;te matematica ; este mai mult ceva analog cu extenslunea indi-
vizl a reprezentairii noastre. Cu ajutorul unui spatiu abstract, desffi-
yurat slb c'l?nsa cie ii-ebunifele ii.oastre active, o subdiv:tdem gi o trans-
fvoerri:s1ai,insuinblrti-ioiziniitdiinecxleterenslniuunlteiiariAcoqnicirneftidniat c'llvizibild. Piin operafia it,-
leplezent{.rii, ajungem 1a

senzaliunile ipextensive, cu care nu mai putem apoi reconstitui obiec-
tele reale. Psihologia mai nouf, este din ce in ce mai de acord a re-
cunoagte cd toate senzatiuniie sunt extensive intr-o mdsurd oareca-
rcee,clceAu,lupirdineusrmuabrteil,izsaernezaaliaunineeixtdeantseividmneudiaetseteadeccoitnqretizinutletai'tuAl sptfreoi-'
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IV
EVOLUTIUNEA CREATOARE

Cngetarea pe care o vdzurdm pind acum, adincind probleme fi-
rloasldofimceaisplaercgiablegiqmi aaniucnofimndp,repheenrnsi6vsdu,rdajucengineaiinntao,poerfialosLo'Efivpolguetinoen-
crdatrice deplin stdpind pe sine Si se desfdqoar5 aci in toat5 arnpioa-
rea ei armonicd. O mare unitate s-a putut observa pind acum in ciez-

rioltarea ideiior lui Bergson. Filosofi'a lui a crescut ca un organisrn
viu, f 5rd contradic!ii interioare qi fdrd directiuni divergente. lntr-o
scrisoare pe care am avut oiloarea sd o prirnesc de la filosof, acesta
imi spunea cd atunci cincl scria Le,s Donndes imn6di,otes nu biinuia
dezvoltarea ulterioard a filosofiei sale, nici concluziile generale 1a
care a\iea sd ajungd. Este tocmai imprevizibilitatea a tot ceea ce este
de clomeniul rrietii qi conqtiinfei, a tot ceea ce triiegte pi se clezvol-
tA 17. LTnitatea acestei filosofii i-o dd metcda pi intuifiunile prirror-
diale pe care le-am gdsit in cea dintii oper5. Dintre acestea, cea mai
Ce seamd ,,invenfiune" filosoficd este aceea a ,,duratei] pure", a tim-
pului concret, care este stofa insdgi a vietii de congtiintd. ln ideea de
duratd se gdsea indegceormngetniinitndt,reinagdaeo,,seevboilrueliudnee scimrebaotolualree"i.,
Durata
concretd a vielii tirnpul
supnaelliealiazaltoi,raa,mcvidozuettecdrogneuneeistateteo
succesiune de momente exterioare

purd, o compenetrare organi,cii cle
mornente calitativ diferite, o schimbare adevdratd, un proqres, o
cregtere continud ca a unui riu, in care la tot ce a fost se adaugd
ce\ra pururea nou, in care nimic nu piere, ci totul se sporegte. DupE
modelul acestei durate concrete a congtiinlei ajungem sd concepem
intreaga realitate, atunci cind invingern prejudecdfile iintelectualiste,
pi in locul unei vederi exterioare, simboiice a ei, ne silim, cu ajuio-
rul metodei intuitive, sd cdp6t&m o vedere interioard, sd pdtmndem
in ins5gi realitatea, sX ne identiflcdrn cu viala ei intimS. Atunci rea-
iitatea ne apare ca o devenire de aceeaEi naturd cu devenirea con-
gtiin{ei, ca ceva care se face, nu ca o reaiitate fdcutb gra:itace5ioinrc.:1rec--
raenitii, cum ne-o inf6{igeazti filosofiiie intelectualiste,

lufiune creatoare.
Problema speciald, pe care o abordeazd de data asta Bergson,
este problema viefii. Am vXzut cum ctt prilejul celorlaite probler:re
studiate, el formula gi concluzii generale filosofice ; $i de data asta
problema aleasd ii senre$te ca punte de trecere spre o filosofie ge-

17,,Irr.prer';zibilitate,a," caractcrizatd aci dccurge din caracterul indetermjt-ra-
p,ebianIe,sxoiAlise]vtasomtciaiiinrtbtluiiaailmllauit,t,ucoldieifrplivfoiril-iiololrsuoelas$ounrnoifltaiiuutfeersuulriiioiiinaprccntfEroerrioiemaeceldetnaidacuctctnioticteeneiuieazqdarrgdpieliciiiurs,"eimmatntgvc,uuqiioczslteidilauu.lnluu!banitIicusilIeoe,aterrrAiax,elpuaentaanngtmrdaocteuetanoiutnsautnireiatllaciaIdcls,ptue"6edzeEiur(iaEiR,dacl-mdaieiuturdnpcoaouroiaaooanraaiT$emcArrotaeeeecpmscarapoeiuoidlarsmseioeaiabgvmflied-itdiinuicig.etu,ereiiitlCalteooRidnirr.itdetiditedAcpneatuenseeultbiaIlotebdlaiinecnectistdziiutvittpveicameSrotlleee.iolastzrc.aRrtmieiceraeineea.i--.-

liste RomAnia, Bucureqti, 1980, pp. 190-191).
302