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A::oi tablouri Ce moravuri care ne pun in lumind o lume cinicd 9i de-
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jefuiau qi ei popoarele qi nu se pregdteau atunci si aducii asupra Ita-
liei apdsarea cea mai grea ? Simfind o forld obscuri la spaiele lui au
preferat sd cu.mpere pe cel care le citise jocrtl gi ar fi puiut sir clesco-

pere lucruri neplicttte. Nu e locul sd ne induiogdm aslrpra cazuiui 1ol.
Un monstru de depravare, o fiard de pradd acest Aretino ? DesiEur ntl.

Un ,,bon vivant", un bun gi vesel tovarbp, un onr spirituai ;i simpatic,

dornic de viafd largii gi somptuoasd, Lrn voluptuos care ca sd ajungi
ia indestularea tuturor poftelor se servegte cle istetimea lui nativd, de
qiretenia lui fdrd rnargini gi mai ales de prostia ori temerea altora. in
fond nu era un om rdu. A fdcut gi binele, a ajutat o sumd cle nevoiagi,

a risipit in dreapta gi ln stinga, a impus talente, Era capabil cle prie-
tenie pi de der,otarnent prietenesc. Cind mai mulfi s-au oferiL sd-l

rdzbune de unii dugmani care treceau limita, a refuzat, Dacd avea cu-

rriiaiiljeeurlalusfidr,icAa5traedclieenoilon&vsitecurriusinggpii esderefescdtr'eieptciauprrtaed,ebnicnuoiqmsoetrrc.diliCue.cueCtaoemrptierpi<nuiiraicleourjqaoijauqcluifir.uitzobicad--i
tii viala; e tipLtl r:omic in cirama ciin care d\'€d sd noarii ]taija. Aie-

tino e produsul unei epoci de sl6biciune morald, de dezorientare su-
fleteascS, de clecadenfd qi o exprim[ perfect. hr acelagi timp, ne aratd
pind unde poate merge omul liberat de orice constringere internf, ori
exterioard, unde duce incliviclualismul exagerat, cel care nL1 mai e lu-
rninat de nici o spiritualitate.

20 lrrtr-uii mod airalog, dar m:ri inlunccat, apatic p.)rtrcluL lui [)it:tro ,\raiino
irr r-iziunca lui Jacob BurcklnrcLt. Ll e:te consideri-il, iu primul rind, ,,cei utai mate
cal,)nniator al epocii", ln Venelia, uncle qi-a pctrc.Llt uitimii trcizcci dc ani ai r.ie-
,;tCt-iiiiia,fcli,r;|i'ilai').rucreuQtrl'rr1tuioioreidnaAptiruceeriiilnrcignceAoiilperFei;blriot-ariariDnticloslgiitslrievscdaiiItnl-,tiau,i,a,llcsiceiaieniirqoiozunrfaiteulrvel-reuiraaa.nlzuniiilaennp1etcovadsocceleib.cl:alisrl:c.t;rpaliielerateniplmtta.rdnupActrreceas1istLa"cc.ind,o,oiouRrieip;itseraaerlsriisctneiicingm,suefeaie;ecirIecucisatvcrtrisirceoristrdeaapaiu;ne.,
trmindoi, atapindu-se, bineinfeles, mai nult de Quintul, care riimisese stirpinul Ita-
liei, Dupa victoria lui Carol asllpra Tunisului (1535), tonul sdu trecu Ia o proslir-
ndvieurr:ampe,a,rxPoaiaegvpenoeriairau;t5, m,psaudopn-tailvfifieutinallatdeanedleaedzfvievedci.nrtaaiiznt aucrcnreaerdiipcinslrispicvrioeelcilI"td.eprnoVifmeunneednI,iiads, uecba1raperR-el otuemcxiatdupnlouscteirana,arii:ipccueuntaeoaca,httisetia-cou,
ccuuramidu"ltX(CiunilteulreupcRiuennaeg, leRreiisittuutlierenlea,trli,iloerc[l,uciit.c,uppc.c2i 0rIn-2aOri,2)e. ra ;;antaj, sau ccrSetorie
cyrn{le"r,.r$.',ilsaiJrreaircnuore:btausl1|cunrjrucukrintldtaa, rldidsatiitccooirinitmsdiodaceblreaurzncucd.luSPi eideelsrpopuuAnbcrle,icttjoitttatootdcsa,-tqaiii,bccudiciuetraal ltee, snintteu,lvirltcirlmemrcaratrlt,cacalp, ldruie-i
!)i.'trr,t t\rt:tirlo, ptoza lui limpede qi picani6, capaciiatca cie a obsen'a oamenii ;i
facut, in orice caz, rernQrcQbil, cu toatii neprlcepercc lui
iucrurilc, l-ar fi de a scrie
o lperii cie arti propriu-zisd, rie a construi, l;undoara, sr:heletill clramatic al ttnei
lii-r'.n-:er:acncnaei dfliin. i,,Ltlaloadcaetads,tadasreulasdtaruirgludc, itpeallignlgtuitleriiultlarotetca$tci,eian mai qrosolaui, dar
privirrla cilrria, in
:lr:r':1 cilzut:, rrrl rirn?tte mai prejos cle Rabclais" {1bir.len, p. 20.1).

Aet-

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'Y 'rrliiliod alulfis ril Is Ppuilq€ 'euP ul 'Rf,Il(]s0li} Ea-T
-elo6nJ uj lou t-inrlnlp IlslIlB aplqlsap ig pr olurltrS ul
eres /PuellElI Ea.{a'}*puou

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DlluoJ 'lulptDllclnD Iq Inwsr]l]oau 'latu.is Plull#uoc ap uaurDxa : .Iprotr
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urp ata6o lail alac astl![o(1 alal.r]Ns'!u!prD!))!nD 1! 111o'tott1ttt1a1 I

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pdtat nu are parte, cit tinrp ii e clat s5-9i slujeascd patria, decit cle pos-
tgcouai rilsenidatsrreudiibbcaiueaiitnneifnerantreeaez,nitmdidieacmdieinnpi drrencdajaoepisuferldull,emoGcmouuqeliiucriaicteiiSalrierndtolaiunatiiil,drsicterdarilnaiaial,apqfodtoeircdsuidnpsdsifturcuifeenslreteeemadgiiaszceigearilna6safcliiatlii-'

te posturi fie la Florenla, fie in serviciul celor doi papi Medici.

460

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ii

mai prlin ca pe moFul Jacopo. li recunoaqte meritele ile r',riute Si sui ei'

clar nu-i aprobii dezillteresul de lucrul ilnblic.

era ,,Pietro a fost un adevdrat infelept, cu juclecal6 sigurd ;i pitruDzirtr--.tre; 'l:
llorentin cu crxrqtiinld mai inalti Fi mai
culatd; iubea cetatt'a 5i 1lr: :irrac:i :i
n5bs5D-duiiaac-apriu,frifursrfiacitdeertucf,tntmdclfencoiiroigmmnpialaoioarinrttru,rfeuiirviianvianicalvip-6zcaurdicit.uccliceinrnetoldvtimitranaieaaafmarisremtmadfleeiiildncm,aeifiruiiifeGulo$td.siicotPavdvpieeaotrmnnieimctfuriBuuupitiaantuatteleiccii'leslaeestaattvcerocaiRefff,iiei{,dciaaiaon.uvqlfDqauia,itaqc11arcde:-,ie1tprcnpuiitfienmrrcuriiesilnittn]io1amI-bicirpI;lrn1eiruilic.botrL:iiuarilitlelnrtter€ir;r'i;r':ir"''rir-eer',.-'t-ii'
le.r ereiu ir-rlr-adevhr aspre 5i ciuclate, pi;ea cu pufin curaj fi multir bigare t1':
decit in pu{ine treburj, ueitltriucl decit irlcet 1i riir:;Ii
seamd, neamestecinclu-se a1e statului, ;i nu-;i arala pe fafi pirerea li irrtt'ni'l-' .

n1ultJr cl-iibzujald i1 cele
itfcnuiiirttrcucdihrcoeinisr,tniumnuniiicjslleoci c1ifmua-.clopupotusurLellabaruncittaraedpt,eriaddloeericupi5tiaiarstrttieudavntoosclraiunfuciciiniddidoe. rTnmecoi$vatcour.ei1;air,riqdpnisuotcurio,trannnr5auctrmaifi,nelliaulneii1lvuilioeibmnslicuelJuatIljuuil'uipnDirter:c-caiir:tuir"ice'zrrt'lr''t"'i':eii'.
inIicsiciurpitrui idaedteoasteeaprrlaimIeuiid,iiciedc$ii-tqoi{pi 6csetridltilnfieafutirnasdans}iteunail!}i1aa,ficei1earrciael.rrruscsreu intilj.r lrl:"

rrtlilLlI '''

lor. "

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p1ilr5uo0Ef5et,srieezpeiinsga5c\rorocacilnaaatudt reacu.clAruejnuptnccgueerasrmedpeaeijrnmlesalailteVuoldecianlat iiulFttttlstoetrr,euDn,loaaclt$l.oii:rr:i-lrlrtr-li
profesori

clrept in

cepe sa

e$>-iiiioa1O,i;tcriuprri;i*ato4ri;2r"irlr,aZnrrr4l;vi,,,i,;rl'2l-ulraei,ui,.ll;nl.isarCid1;,urtnSiibrai-'ttrJ-c,sjraedii,uof'irfets,et,i]ur'r1jouio,ijuIrqirriaitr.rl,irisitiC.tlrrciiuirrisl!irlclCc'li|lcteiornrcra,opemsia;l'ietri,crpllr"'os.irl,.c.p-uSluLcnoet.rrccrJiirpiloit,,oliiiu-sorisgi'filVrvictnuuiiian"-al".bia-i,n\tn,'A'ur,fiiIr,nceiitpn..Citcottfr"ti.uer-5el-ri("s,rsGsiinftisu5oirrtstslprotl8rcoaaliPerlu;5E.eufatoeiico-nlCcut1tllfiroirircrirlu6uuooa'ieernl1slpCil:puniro9euAPunolipr"i)fn,tanRcrirutccippitiimOsinnlratrrop:iu1esLrri;naeuiPlJei(iur,1cG'cltai.so'5csoP\trul(c5gii'ul'ljurl.uc0liiediclsetl-lLiNurei1dixrugo-cLi6'cr.sil'ansiX3-..et-isumi,1ailsPIl.ae)ptVraaec,itslccridl,n,cttn,rpGr:iuucoddrl-arlssii.s,eou'nn.uctlePvielFci-lcc,lceeeoltiuoorJtonom9n'rollirlutetiuaeirtsspGladll\ooc.loqatriel1anyi{llip\uiurialmleacraj\lzeli-resRlzdcil(t/jli0lorXr\(oro'r'm((risnil1r;tifrolrl'iilur51i-cir1li:.'rr'i6i'il'll:ri\ii't:;L!-l-tr".""'-';:'i'
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bLsrr!adcaedtuiicorlinsu.doirdtmfoulraDeldarri,peoinaiacPcgaracpe'uireruSXgeen"pzeac.uiidianliVnerrirdeiemiltcAem'ipcodprMhpumpuaieiJbngaolpplioctmalisirecchneiiiivaiauiia"aatrlvltauiqvudliopieri,iasroiaslftFSindaaberot-ceueiirldfereidiggacceigieeihnergitileaulrnautuiiznigimitiicdd.e,9FoisVirh,bpn,acroiueclnecaatnnitditlnesdtoirrurtdry{ureo,igiougaaantaieienrpesclatdeeemaesl.erliXrleualesfeirltpaatnatiinurrienoieamNPmacriin{episiseiattznarXeedo,r,saifrcSiiuirfndtirilolunccuoudlihirinneapriasFplmereaeirlupnobetuniitarFt,eebnpslrddonaaluiiee----t--
bnpcLliui.clteEdvaal, zeefSzi int;ienucPmseideiptrpuoartimumilnbeuasasdnsaceci6ili,ocrhna,oerctiledu/orraedinqlsdsteptrsed:dniuvspcaidirztsdeups.seeeMacsiaiccslddi5u,ntoFreetaabmnuiecsrrieilauesnctelooutiuGcdqaueiicagaccriveeaoaarcdsatiqa-ti
cplSdnliiureecaertairp'e(ilem5Pu,ccflanoep2inguanriteuf-i-es.ej1udorE5aerSr1{uvlre,riea2idn.)dnt,ieieiloImocrnarriesae.arneeuotuntgdedaruildtaaerdtmu.sxfsi6Gaiepn-piuilsepuaiuctcrrtprceueauuicttacrgie-rfpsridzu5iitejidnna6s.isi1csan3aVvdr1upaci6-ceii1gnet1foaFii1anrcloigiaaauarijrteulasenfnndrt,afgacndSneuuicccdrphelieaeS.izmdndBnetb_euecdcSrulueginrreoneinclsgaaieeotu-elriieaRinaeianvc,mevsoeneuiai,inngscr-ee--ii
uFerlominraetsnftffaadreerddsmedizniaaestvrlaere:dofirshaconretcdfeirazirieicso:unnnfeitcdnieeslvabolislioteir.sadpGeeurvevaeccrunueuzalerlmuLeoi lmeS,bonadriecdriiians,idin-a5uri
cumpere iibertatea. Spaniolii intrf, in Toscana, iar cu Prato la doi paqi
de Florenfa, unde comit un jaf rdmas de pomind, guvelnul florentin
cecliinrndidsntauurrnnineacnt,einpMfeaerseddaicpieirirmsauenaltaslcepEaodvreutig;lietido9eriacsgocunriflsueoid.reiCrdaeitni miFnalopiraepnturtitaagaldoefrac. icGteiuniacmcclibiapara--
sadorul ? Soarta Florentei era de mult pecetluit6 in gindul regeiui spa-
niol. NouI guveln florentin mentine pe ambasador in Spania, impotri-
va clorinlei lui -de a se intoarce in patrie, unde Se petrecuser5 .mari
schimbdri, de care ar fi putut profita, date fiind legdturile ce avea cu
neamul Mediciior. Ace$tia se indltau tot mai sus. M'urind Iuliu II, car-
Giovanni e papd. Din Spania, Guicciardini se grdbeqte sd
dinaiul pe fericitul ales se
felicite Leon X. La inceputul anului 1514, i dd in sfirgit
voia sd se intoarcd in Italia. Apropiindu-se de casd, af15 cd tatdl sdu

Piero murise.
Dacir nu putuse sd fie de mare folos patriei lui in misiunea spa-
niold, Guicciardini face in schimb o male 9i bogatX experienfd poiiti-
c5. Are norocul sX cunoascd 1n om politic
de mina iltii, pe regele

catolic Ferdinand, in care descoperd, cum descoperise Machiavelli in
cesare Borgia, un model de principe. un rege intelept, rdbddtor, sta-

ruitol', gtiind sd ingeie fdr5 sd fie descoperit' ,,Cred cd qtie sd se pre-
facir mai bine ca orice alt om". Vepnic norocos, gtia sd lucreze astfel

incit dorinlele gi planurile lui sd parx c5-i erau impuse de supugi.
Atit in lstoria Italiei cit gi in Ricorcli, Gtiicciardini nu se satulX admi-
rind pe acest istel $i norocos rege'

,,un mare noroc pentru oameni este sd aibd prilejul de a ardta c5 la lucrurile
cc fac pentru propriul lor interes au fost impin;i dc gindul binelui public. Acest

464

SSf/ i; '.lrttc I :- Ip-:l

euled pJSport-Iose r-ps nealg6erd as arpl
prola: 1n1r1,tros uJ a-tlLII gs eeurlrd lep 'etlled u1 c11r1od ior un -- Ia
ereo! ur!luI+uP.sIurlaPJulrsep,tne6fuunnuoRgl'apJrsoeIaI uylt.tudoqasl
-Dpo:p6arafsn'taro1zett-1r;.ro1:udod- a1$aq
ala1els eded

'Crur1 rrr{nd alsad'puJ3'efrtarolg ul Inl in6re1 e1 eofuirs as nu'oztloro'1
e-noocprr-iracentsaJepq:p:gnldeleuazrr-algno:1rfa,rsosposdJr3SppaolrnJqLUIu'EqIiafJsCenElnfor,cq.IscAast-aTrR1ttrslrsoqo-,,Ioz'ptuslJeotP-rai-sotp$'IPn{appuuJozpP'pJLJoipnRuuqrIUIeEInEauJP:aauIlsrg?IdPJusgp-Ildpoopnalpp'iJTl'"sllplu:anuIFoloeJ{l
-lsp aplqJuoJ rpp'ozua.ro1 nc lerrldxa e-s urnr aunds nN n'ole"Ilsip
r.rnsioruap pna+Io lnlg; 'ngr Ipirr ap pu-npugural tf aulur ap PIB] ozuar
-o'I I11l e ar{rzodstp Bnpar prilzRA" 'or16!utoy tp rprool4 u1 r$nsul
al paJSaJe alrrnrJnT 'ozuaroT n; arlldxa as Rs PtrllpJ 1t 1o a1
-Salsa.tocl 'ertrz
-odo u1 o3al] ntl 'a1red o e1 lnut| os-npu-IzP^ 'plsalY 'IIiIpJPIJJInS Ir11
e plnru eereqorclezap rS elaiuoJIlaJ a1ut1s '1n1n:IPls Ip 1clel ap lnuJctpls
!)Lrnlp Bre arpJ 'lJlpo1,{ ap ozuero'I 'ar11t1od 1n1 11fat.L In}sal }o} aJa}
-ns ps po,re arpJ op at{crpe,rluo3 'PAIlf,oJa earppnd rS urtlut InI Inluauil}
-uas aJlrrlp gpunlo.rd efuaF-tanrp adacul IJunlP ap tS [ernf, lseJp PSul
a-iln,JrpblnuaNazo'lrJlooalursr3purJposalota^pIIJspRrnJSBLIIpoos.JIAe'afIeIlJul IpaprdarlholpJEpI IJsPaJpp,lIppelossluuPIosrolis'neqRfuaser:tloSi1Jrge-IPlenf'dt*sonJdsou{l1ufl.luaJ't;ar\trts\l
-JoJo Inruo,rnb nrluecl 'IualploJ Iunq lprrr roJ ulil snduroc 'stlIilsel rsrli
nrlrsuoJ un IS 'drul1 6un1 ad nBs gfern ad raruo1e;uob un nJ 'nlllsuo3r
alar€ur : p-relnCod p6rel pzeq nr otfnlllstloJ ap rnT allopr nou rrlp Put
-rr1e rSi eruedg ui psul plJE as pulr ecl st.rcs (77 '1ot. 'ayypeui alarodg ulp
ap-rnluarrnolo-q[IdrIooIrspd1uePIr)nsallosorolrrlJprnlJoaJpdB'AllIeenorlIJedadeI lrIrrunlrnaeIslIrrnunaJJrqoaslIlrll3rpub.It{IaAIuplInnJIbnReuS-anbA-Ja]I:pnlIaJulAfIupr'lJglsuIaeeepJirft\arPInsuJoeI'IJa,IrExtqoe-.roeerrJllcaeel}.nlru:dootalr-ulI:iaIn1ip:1l>iI
pJa nu
-nnrslueaJdnIlJaIluiepalILpIpar,Itlvn'rilruoairdu.ldIJgIlus : ultrLreloIJ Inlnlulrugu.tonnfi u.tc[
oliJaIrJs u1 te ec 1n1 rrou ad nrdsp op inlsap gcapnl 'g:11qncl
rrnlg6a1 allrlJol alpol
rllr oJ n1Jn1a'16encrr;rt1t1uo'drtitIpnrueorJllJaIndJtr'tlpllalrtur4p1Jpdaeleclq" tlllrut

o-rlrrri)
r$ eiualo1g e1 ruSc[g1s IJIpaN ed al3asgb 'pIIe]I uJ ealosleo]ul E'I
'saralur nJ Izplsp I* 9UIIJ
oior:ef;arr-r1oalqalle{nIoo'pcagclsfl,pIaatue}rlnpeoLtuolSIo}I'Lafa,qiaulIopnlrsJ1snpren{Ip1JdrdplJsueIunaeotDfdccer't-srp,cItcJtrJi1IrosJ61o1ppnor1rsdl1unuer1dSotfuldeparzrzatlnaur1rleopor6ls1nq-}trp'soeslta.o'i'pt1aoeu9'1d+bsIaJeua?d-aIilgSl.srparrl;opltli:sI3]Juaaluasto')aruel+uzoJEIaldultlIIoJt.aIlctpl{Ill
-olJ In-{oppseqrue 'prel Fnou o pulJsounJ IS pul}Pqgr15 'erueds
alsed ugdpls p)pJ as ps e11S '-rolaSrar e6ar un setuPr IJ JB Ini Plpo}
lnuo6
-pJV nJ lelunu aJpJ 'lrqe e6ar un runf, PIrBas Pp ISI ruIpJerlJInD

',,rrrgaslg earerpde olds JtJ

'auTlsor) 1e{u1pan parolsorr ords ar; alneg; riu3e,r grnrgd 'lnl earlrPrn 13 eiue:nF
l rllcrler rnioFai oltroprrl:dorlug
-rs nrlu;d eornrnd o113r1,tqs asr,'ol-ro16 InJEI s 3/';^Iou

III

ln 1516, incepe cariera lui Guicciardini de mare administrator pon-
tIciofdircr,oaRrl.aegEjugniroiusmgdiiictPlgiaaurmvleuar.ini-ansteo1rin5d2tei4n,Mdseuodbaedsnuoamp, luanniaadlectoerrl5umdiiaoinlutedpoaop-pltaaa;eMnie,cdiunicdfiiu,nnCutrtletut-ll
amdemnitnVisIt"rIa, teornculemmit ipnraezinidteiin.tIai ipRldocmeaagsntdepi.inDirineaca9pi ugltilaocsudluoi se aratd
Mamcuintnivtc.iitnGddfuiivf5leurrdingfpidirleisngimtetc,ianvreevdaeesataadtoectovufrlie,rasgptdtoianddotoemtnunldli,ed.fdiIncesaaentdioiatlsuuel.i, O
de exercite.
oggulivnedrdnd.a-
pentru cE o
pretinsese pi gtiuse sd o obtinS, o autoritate universaiS. Puterile lui
envrianatucaiinlfoeorlis.rntUistnatdte'paidnpeeavnbdtrsruoaltucdtp:raocscatofpenlscugirlt.iruilSsegtaistmedleigliitpaleornifatnicfi5ac.caeOlelarigeuirnatdiume pcaeaglelupvmeroar--i
rdu aclministrate din ltalia. Populafiile erau cele mai turbulente, iar
ctcgoeeianaPtaseatraertminrnaruueticnuoiirtciipqeiuni teiernrdaazuRsbouosmpifiogaorgiratinatabeu,indncteuuGifttaeuaciccdfitceuiganbriia,dsnictndruidi.ttrptieAn9iiectiirietrai,itlzeapvardMdcetiofitidbci.aednnAfdanine,aulRerthuemigraigleeiaro,--
facliunile qi banditrii 9Sioaiidcuitcuedilnineiagtelu9ii sigulanfd populafiilor
stirpegie terorizate.
sdrdcite gi riepnic se lndrepta mai aLes
sicznilpriuecmrmeecauaeciiirMeedtiuaaemlcbshliucutirraixiev$gnaenifiiiuf,cloi.imdesaN,tilridpu,traoceertdtdru5reaotiianrtduaidreneaaancnricj,uudpzcsudiatmt.rainecCtt.eervuEiaezsgcidcmen5rieec.mpAsbitgdinucfolen[esaeitsnurettqaroruebtfrubdepugrzrdiieninatmsacatluiodrlzdcc,aiunctfraiulinel]medu.
pufaan,cdeaeaccf[liourmrteauntitasin5eda,l'pddleiccuecmapr;ereieteur$atiintmddaeinintimr-cionedecrauectacetaeindbveSino|aersicreein.adJcuainistiudi t:ucjrauilseFtlioofidraeant9d-i
pacificate, nu se mai gindea decit la operele de folos-obqtesc I.orga-
nizarea justifiei, agezarea dreaptd a impozitelor, cdi de coinunicafie,
construclii. Om sobru qi auster, administrator parcimonios aI banuiui
public, trdia fdrri cea mai micd
risipd. ii pldcea- insd fastul care im-
pune : mindru gi distant, nu se amesteca cu administrafii, dar cind
iegea in pubiic ii pl5cea sd fie inconjurat de pompa unui
adevSrat

domnitor. excelent administrator civil : cum era 9i cap

Nu era numai un
impaa'ipdliaaiaieior:raie,l,,ppenrnioctrviuidncecdii]laosorc,ainriptsaitemfad-cameaepaud"s,aitsnocrriaiaacedeseit apdrdtor a1 posesiunilor

loc, nu voi lipsi nici de
in 1517, cind ducele de
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sunt intrlun glas sd afirme cd guvernatorul Guicciardini a salvat atunci

oragul. mai insemnat il joacd Guicciardini tn evenimentele care
tn Italia dupd tpAitFdtriaancdiesclaI,Paadviicad gi pacea incheiatd la
Roiui cel Carol Quintlrl
se desfd;oard in tirnpul rXztroiului
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tim Giberti, cunoscul ca profrancez, se lnsuflefeEte la ideea libertdfii
Itaiiei gi se
preg5teqte ca odinioar[ iuiiu II sd ia conducerea unei
ligi, care sd izgoneascd pe barbari din peninsulir. Papa indeamnd pe
toli potenta{ii italieni sir nu piardi acest prilei unic. La un moment
r-lal se ginclepte chiar, pentru armarea propriilcir lui provincii, sd aplice
atunci
ideile pe care Machiavelli le aplicase odinioard la Florenla,
cind crease miii{iiie nafionaie. ir{achiavelli e trimis cu misiune in re-
gulii la amicui sdu, prezidentul Romagnei. Aristocratul Guicciardini
nu avusese nlci simpatie, nici incredere in miii{ia democraticd a fos-
tului secretar ; f6rd sii ciezaprobe ideea, aratd cd e cu neputinfd de a-
pniuicralat iincliRnovmioalgennaf,e{,inuuntdeinucnairiesnuonrtoapdaeriliezatrndiiieFscrainn{errieicahri dugmhnii gi
pdratului 5i nimeni ai Bisericii :
a1}ii ai Inr-
a le arma ar insemna sd le
'1i'1ecl-lai dleptui la rEzr"'rdtire. Papa renuufd,5i ideea scumpd lui indemne
rbmine neapiicati in stateie Machia-
pontificale.
Pentru preqldtlrea diplomaticd a ligii antiimperiale ce p15nuise,
cilhaellaarna.ivepae nerroie de un concluc.ltor abil : la inceputui anului 1526'

Guicciardini la Rorna. Prezidentul conduce acum diploma-
nfiaarSefiinntuinlucihSeciearuena, el scrie instrucfiunile ambasaclorilor Ei partea 1ui e
Fran{a, Sfintttl
iigii de la Cognac imai 1526) intre
Sliiomtacaaplciueeennrle,ida,FlihfituooosrrteednsdricfraienlaagtirgitVnai eElcialolel,nifmdaiaune.cu;eLiarciegraeaaasuidgtlrtiieazllrtbriaooutptaueurhainliseiacadtiL,eluiagclrairiufsiMr5itarmfedidbrfirodues.iftetD,c1iiaapzigao9ocmienmeairafeii9aja-i
inill{ime. Cind riizboiul ajunge inevitabil, Guicciardini e irunit loco-
tenent general al papei lg arniateie pontificale. Ca reprezentant al flo-
rentinilor in tabr"rra Ligii e numit Machiarrelli, qi intre cei doi floren-
tini incepe o strinsd qi continud colaborare. Amindoi se luptd din rds-
puteri sii galvanizeze energiile amorfite ale compatriotilor lor. Rdz-
boiul acesta e o rugine pentru ltalia. Actiunea militai'5 e condusd fdrd
nici o energie ; cbpitanii armatelor confederate nll se infeleg intre ej
qi lucreazd fiecare pentru sine. Cel mai vaioros, Giovanni dalle Bande
Nere, un Medici, fiu al Caterinei Sforza, e ucis intr-o incbierare cr-l
hcardele germanice ; crr ei, Italia pierde ultimul ei cdpitan. Conducii-
i-orul armatelor venefiene, ducele de tlrbino Francesco Maria deila
Rovere, purcede vegnic cu o incetineald care exasp€reaz5: incapabil
ori trbddtor ? Probabii amindoui. Incuriei 5i incetinelii lui se datore+-
ie clezastrul cel mare, iuarea gi jaful aRvorunteia, Nfaorcoecuci ucelinmaamreicail irn-
pdratului, scrie Guicciardini, fdrii
minte Si fdrd curaj. Crr drept e sd fi ii numepte Machiavelli pe acepti

cuvint
italieni de corruffelo, conducitori de state, cdpitani de armate, soldafi,
',,ituperio del mondo, ru$inea lumii, Intre membrii Ligii nu domnea
riici o incredere. Regeie Franfei nu trimite ajutoare efective : plSteqter
pe italieni cum il plirtiserS gi ei ani de-a rindul, cu sfaturi '9i vorbe
bune. Regele Angliei, aderent gi el la Ligd, se ,dezintereseazd cu totul
de treburile Italiei t quid cd nos ltalia ? spunea cardinalul Wolsy tri-
m,isnlui papei. Clement VII nu ascultd sfaturile, indemnurile gi cererile
locotenentutui sdu. Nu avea curajul, nici mijloacele pecuniare ca sd
clucii un lung r6zboi. Nimeni nu mai pricepea dg ce, in asemeuea con-
ciifii, riciicase o dupmdnie apa de primejdioasd, ca aceea a lmpdra-
1-uhii, In veqnica lui qovdiald, pontificele c6zu in cursa ce-i intinsese

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puildap
rprrr Bac

mocrat[l Busini din partidul infrint scrie : ,,Oraqul ajunsese un adevir-
rat iaci. lnvingdtorii furd tot a;a cle turbafi impotriva noastrd, cum fu-
seserdm li noi impotriva 1or, cu deosel:irea cd noi avean clreptate, pe
cind ei nu." Guicciardini a fost fdcut li el rdspunzXtor, gi cu clrept ctt-
vint, de cnrzimea acestei represiuni,
pe care eI incearcd si o justifice
prin necesitatea coirsoliddrii statului: ,,cine t'rea sd intdreasc[ state-
le, trebuie sd renunte la mijloacele blinde".
Nici cle data asta nu are norocul sd-gi poatd pune in apiicare, pla-
planuri pe care le aqterne
nurile lui de republicd aristocraticd, cliu
nou in patru frumoase,,discursuri" ce scrie in pufinele luni cit stii la
cirma F'lorenlei. Clement VII arrea cu totul alie idei : instalind la Flo-
renla pe nepotul sdu Alessandro se gindea sd infiinfeze un principat
fariebeps.roeAiuzietesn;staasnnetdsraodl,tulnrmauspme5irdtae,t,ucdlauepim,aeoIctgrimautvipeerdcneauluugini fdlaoenreaunpnatirnfee"nllgedileeinpdsreteazldaiedtmecnoietcrucaine-
republicd. Dar in 1532, toate institufiile republicane sunt desfiin{ate;
Alessandro e intitulat ,,duce
al republicii florentine" : in realitate e
un principe absolut qi orice urrnd de libertate democraticd piere din

Florenfa.
Guicciardini nu mai rdmine in patrie gi primegte atunci sd fie nu-
mit de Clement VII vicelegat lnauBmoiougltniav. r$emi aec,oclfo,cai dinmi1n5is3t4renaezfadstcnul
obignuita lui infelepciune, dar
Clement VII moare gi urmaSul acestuia, Paul iII Farnese, du$man al
Mediciior, nu-l mai pdstreazd in importanta iegaliune bolognezii. Fran-
cesco se intoarce la Florenla, unde ajunge repede sfetnic al clucelui
Alessandro. Acesta, ia moartea papei, rdmdsese fdrd nici un sprijin'
Dacd Guicciardini ii sare in ajutor Pi-l serrreqte cu agerimea spiritului

sdu politic, nu e atit de dragul acestui Eters Medici, cit pentru cd era
vorba gmi amiatioaalte5sIdtaeliain,daepr efindpeuntufat ei fafd de Impdrat care,
stdpin de Florenfa lesne sd o cotropeascd.
cum era pe
Cum moare Clement VII, numerogii exilali florentini printre care erau
personaje considerabiie, ca un Fiiippo Sfiozzi, un Ippolito de \'{edici'
ca istoricii Nardi, Varchi, Giannotti, incep o llptd pe fafd contra du-
celui de Florenfa, pe care-l numesc tiran 9i uzurpator. Cdci intre Flo-
renfa gi Carol Quintul intervenise un tratat care stipula mentiperea
dlrbiebeinnrettarcitntadeipf.iiincafillnmogdraeu,rnveitneinnrne1uu5m;3lud5tir,rarCietiaaptpruuorblellinzQceuaunnitfnuastsluierel sfddseoeclrueeosaspeuprteideculletaacetlNod9areip5EoAi tliiece,ressrrseeuasfruenitgdoictaorleit,cipiectlfatllieorie---
rea clucelui uzurpator gi tiranic. Sfdtuii cle Guicciardini, Alessanciro se
ca s5 se justifice fata imp6ratului. Apdrarea
ctuce gi el la Napoii in
acuzalii a1e exilafilor o prezintd insugi messer Fran-
contra dreptelor abild, elocrrentd, inclrdzneafd, care nu putea clecit sd
apdrare cdruia nu-i ardea deloc sd restaureze regimul popu.:
cesco , la Florenfa, e mai pulin aclevairat cii
placd lmfdratului, republicane Nu
iar ori li'bertSfile
Gvtarifinuatoigccieeccrriaioilleorndrtiiinnnluiet,eaicrciuooeatloemreaamtdraealaiepbariFdliimtlionaectreejid.aniSefleui,niia;g,cuaienrpaetdra-rluadadioeasvccmuadezursd'ztdseeeccucacldlueeirceehealnraeprrcedeoiarnantretlre'-ga{trluaucgroiieanita--l
tuturor exilatilor sub contlolul lmpdratului, control pe care Carol Quiil-
tul era foarte dornic s6-1 primeascS. in cele din urm5, Alessandro, $Ifl-

472

ELl-

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-e-i6a1urar u1 e{unual lniergdur; 'lnsarord pbr1s3; 'rurprelJJinD InI all

nu uitat, Francesco Guicciardini se stinge din viaf6' Dupd dorinfa ce
exprim.i e inmormintat fdrd nici o pompd in biserica Santa Felicita din
Florenla, ziditti de strdmogii sdi. Cu el piere ultimul apbrdtor al aris-
locra{iei floreir ii ne.

Acestea sunt imprejurdrile exterioare ale unei vieti consacrate
acliunii gi cugeidrii politice in vremurile cele mai tulburi ale Italiei
cvtrienumquceuncnoeornoatecggutetlires:advoipaom|sduedfluddcirnuintddteodrciiuonmtrre-qun;intepgeninretnrinuedineotxirepeilnriucicaperte,daeemadcaelnicuiennpdifiiidl.uePienala--
omul insu;i, care ne permit sii-l vedern pind in rescrturile cele mai

dscuirso ale firji.

V

Omul acesta, care n-a publicai un singur rind cit a trbit, a ldsat
ca niostenire o masd impundtoare cle clocumente scrise. Deli absorbit
de activitatea lui practicS, politicir ori cliplon-ratic5, Guicciarclini a scris
nult ; se poate spune cii era ve;nic cL1 llana in min5. Spirlt exact, apli-
rleloclic, hiase obiceiu.l sii merlileze scriincl, notindu-9i exa-
cat, totul,
n.rinincl toir-r1, planuri, proiecte, idei, errenimente. Sarcinile ltti oficia-
le il obligau sI scrie rapcarte 5i scrisori i acestea ocupS mai rnulte
rrli6.nogulautzmuo.erillduenincgedo-lpcleodrrseeasleupoliunncailietcenolldempclulueitefca.fmiPciieiiiaqiirniiimg, dcauicaoalrmeessicpdioiu,npcdbuernce{utarnaoogfseiccrieallatlidi.,di-inna
r.iata activS, a scris nu ttuilai operele lui politice 9i istorice, dar 9i o
sumii cie lucrdri ct1 caracter mai iutim, personal. AEa sunt amintiriie
r.ietii lui 2a ;mi incedrrcue, tfdrrailgemceentientraedpuinillasteesien asupra ascendenlilor de care
era a;a de
operele lui sub titlul de Ri-
cordi di famiglia. Cele mai interesanie sunt lnsd aceie Ricordi politici
e ci,,ili, colecfie cle maxirne, amintiri qi precepte pe care istoricul gi
ie nota, nu-mai _p-epnrtorudussinuel qi ai s5i, firrd nici un gincl sd le dea vreo-
dath in vileaq nnei lungi experienfe a oamenilor 5i lucru-
lilor. Aceastd cbrticicd este eratnenul de congtiin!5 cel mai sincer a1
nnui om a1 Renagterii, o oglindd fideld care reflecteazd nlt numai pe
oiuii Guicciarclini in inirequl lui, ci atiir,rr-l inea in r.'ialii a unei iutrecii
epoci, fiiosofia dezolatd a unor vLemuri rle decadenfd. Egoismul, us-
c.lciunea, oportunismul qi refuzul orlcbrui ideal care transpird dintr-in-
sa au fic,.rt pe critictri italian Frattcesco De Sanctis st"t o i:tti:neasci,,.14
coriuttele italiana codilicats e innlznta ct tegola della vita". E o carte
uscai.i ;i anai5, plind de o teriitiiir sinceritate. E, cutn aln spus, rodul
e--.<perien!ei dezolate a unui o.rr carc a -,rdztit in juru1. lui numai dezas-
strdduit cit a clar care, in cele
tre, care s-a ,:ciiiinge cl-e ltuir-rt sd facir oarecare bitte,
clin..rlrr5, sc zdcl.drnicia oric.rrei sforiXri. Pathen"Lctta muth-
clnti/tI spiriI l)rc(is Si i,iti :nitlle i]uzii cl in nagLere, expcricnilr lt-a
l'icut clccit s.i-i inlSreasci afitttdinea, pi pentru cl cele incercate 5i

:rr; j i'liniiriJ(. 1ui Froitce sco Cjt.rilc jr.trrllnt' ,,sint corupfia italiar iiX r'odificatd ;i
indl[ata la treapta unei reguli de viald" (F!'ancesco c]e Scrncljs, Istoria litcraturii ita-

lir:rLc, cr.l. c1i., p.571).

474

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-a-1pua{ozaa6nd3uppenrJiouuuuuairrolpaTuloog'aa;euJt1lrlSip-uproaJr1psupoI-qJJrul9psoJzupnarl:unplrroutlJn*onea6JrolaJ6r'nrernl,eprfae;cuBr:lg1cnui1pirsneool'pppiS3glinleS"lpnaJiJc.eiatz-nnlrepoRui,rlt,srrcpprpppasJenls-ra,rrJ,rS1iparnlnntotu:el}oprs:llsulrrorqrocIeofrJ,rJprlU}iuilrfIt;,pr1ala_eps-jlauaaru?1Jl
-Sarunflnru l-nu : glJpllsqe orfrn;trsuor ellJo ntluad ,g1e1rua6uof, Ljlupu
-6nder o aJV 'alreclap reiu pFtporu ris trrfplcto.rpuI opotJ os nu :lilr1od
l:a-npicirJlJoeucleIliorlcallsu6penTJcpoppISIpJlpIIinpJpJs.uuiaoonpllrsnerpJu- l loltDll D arrotrsl rn1 efee-rpur pls au
atrErpotrri aiBznsJ oirrnlqilal loi 1ig]lnl

EIpaJ
op 'Joi ea1e1rre1nr11:ed uI alaluaurrrolo
'rrloa+ u1 13 rrgzrlp;auab ul oJapaJJuI o t:)ru
na--/ISrJIu6I^oarerp'A-pluuurpurnrlu;qsonrJprapnrrreltur{nriuJfr',rfrSEr,ljinlEaupDplacuJor'ronjiJplleJJlrsnsuIrlonl;onnJJll-upnlrlriuo-l le'r)JuepaIrspfps:-IoIeSnrrlJoEaetrnIr3JJniapDp'plcssluua,IrprnpodlqeJnraunltoJelarlpriurJldaanpsJenrIqeSreyausr+srapose^nraalleprlpntaruldEr Il-ulrpJpinJoaptlargrlasnaauJ1
.'lpJocla alsoJp pJ rurpre]JJlilD
-pd ps aulq leru p1n[e au nu ]IurrN :Brnlelplu,] lni Insulpp u_r urapl.rnJl
elrrurlpd
prp] ]so] ne-u

aFa de nepotrivit acolo unde nu se potri\rcsc concl;liilc, ill{it e ca 1i cum i'rljir
('a ull mbgar sA alerge c.t un c.ll" (Ricorcll, 110).

Aici e o alltzie directir la rnetocia lui iv'liichiavelli in fairtioa-seie
iui Djscorsi sopra le Deche di']'ito Littio. fju.icciarrlini nu se itnpirctt
deloc ctt teoriile qi geueralizdrile amicului siu ; i se pdreau hazarcia-
frtiadiaiiieinruiitnrr,-lliDagieisgniisfeelimdrcledrodcedpreorcrseninlinleuatisidcpneSieeuuselu|b.elalg.nN,icmiNLatfcaooaruaelctdor,hepcesioreaeepngvcr'reerpulaeelruilucuolbtdtt.ailasciecRtir.nceaeeiCeattpdiniEuitonisgnirr-neid.pcrcabgedosnunlcrnitletlraiclriiiueurcehrcieatcui,acirlnealienflorolseigCls-iiuatclmcirtlra-l-rnerfculel;seudt-iraijctsaaelsitcctpeo,prlqecrrtiozryiinneeipdotlrrrarngaieeiriltiaoeifhnsll.ro,tiil<\rerci'iccetoiirilrjelnri'rt.'ir--i--:,t
begte cu un deosebit clispref, nu nlrrlai tle:niracoler, in care nLt crecle,
5i de astrologie in care nt1 r;ede clecit Sariaianie, clar gi cle filosofie si

teologie.

,,Filosofii qi teok:gii, ;i toti cei ce scriu asupra ]ucrurilor supranaturalc ..rt:

care llu se vdd, spun mii cle nebunii ; pentru cd. dc fapt oamct.tii tr-au lunini r:t-lt-
tru as<:menea lucruri $i cercetirile lor au servit $i servcsc nrtii nrult la exi:rcitalr:.t
minfilor decit pentru aflarca adevdrului" (Ricordi, 125i.

Ca gi Machiavelli, gi mulfi allii din vremea ior, Cuicciarci,nr
nu era un spirit religios. Misterul lumii ;i existentei nu-l tulbrrra ilesie
mbsurd Ei in tot cazul formula cato1ic.1 nr,r-i impunea o aclezi'due ls'-
Se aratd $i el, ca
condifiopatd. mai tofi ceilalti, Iespeclllos de rlor;ir,' .1
asilruntieMoacphreiadvileelcliti_e-peexnatltttdt pfotirgleinliesinin,clcirazriceh-iltti, dtll;.i cr;'i-r-
cregtind, dar in cleose-
cepfia hii gi
bire de cregtinism care, negind valoarea vieiii pairrinte;ti, }e indbuqise^

,S-a zis cu drept cuvint ci prea multi religie stricir Iumea, pentru ci clc-

mineazd spiritele, invdluie pe oameni in mii de erori, ii .rbaic clc la mulle irii'r.'-
prirrderi generoase gi virile; ltu rrroiesc prin aceasta sd dc'rog de }a credinla crc:j-
tini Si cultul divin, ci tocmai sd lc intdresc s;i sir lc ndrcsc Ccosc];itrd cxcesul ile
ceea ce e cie ajuns, indemnind spiritele sd priveascf, bitte numri cele tle care lrtr-.
bui.e linut socoteald Ei sd dispreluiasci rcstul" (Rit:ordi' ):'11.

Glicciarciini nu neaqd rostnl credin{ei, clar sirnie ne\''oia sii-i cleor
o justificare ralional5 gi utiiiiarir: clacd creciinfa cluce [a iucruri rnr:ri.
esie cil intdregte viala, Ia ostinazione, cum zice el : ,,tine are creCrlr{ii
obstinat in ceea ce clecle ;i prircecle in calea sa inimos D.i jlo-
clerrine
tdrit, dispreiuincl greutii!i1e ;i prirlejctiile, c{ata si snporte orice s'.1 fe-
rinfi" (Rrcordi, 1).
face o rec1ulir a vjelii, il face sii l:rr
Circumspectrirlnea, ciin care vd luptatri nicioclatd cu
,,Nu religia c.:i jl-
atace religia ori clogmele :
crurile ce par a depincle de DumneZ€Ll ;cla6lcCir€Sn'ileta\rarueatrslrieralnmprt'eritici tltorietr-i
in mintea proslilor" (Ricortli,253). Dar
ligia, Guicciarclini inalt demnitar porrtifical, e anticlerical in ct-rce '""-ti
lui aciinc: ca gi N{achiavelli, e plin de sarcasmc pelltrll clernl corrcl
clin vremea lui gi |n disprelul ce-i poartd inviilrtie pe to{i siujitorrr ;i
mai ales pe cei mai mari, pe care-i ctincscLtse Pi-i serr"ise alli de zi-le"

q{tr

!,Lp

ps :puBroqin{-lla 116
..
-uEAo ErrrroJ u! Intllslluptrsotro-rci I[ie pzuauuasop Jrr/1rlT i,rrl..r)ttr {t1[ ,DlJaS" a.

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eaa'urrdrdIoJtsSaup'l(unpfiglerlteBpqu'JtJpIIeraJofruup)letfy,aln)al,JF,lorrprsunsrlnacalllrr.prErdfJIaauaInnpudurr.nn{sn'la('1goe:g,gldraq1elaou'1ysqa$apirap1tsos_apocrJl6lpogpp)ospIsBS,n,IE"pR"-anirJ$srp1pprsrprruc-lrrrotJsapun,lrsr'Jru:rarorapporu1lrpacg3rp:suleJs3peaaJuq,nluqt;srn.Js:r
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-e;pd aqunqJs eI ppspRalanfJ,peJnpJ-raplnlpunJIun-lr{eplsrSrrulnrsuand 13 nerpr} aJpr rrl pdrunl
TS 'rnlniusrurl*arl aifcle:ricr : nps
--eopuan:cJisaapInauooprRpJrlpoJrppalJraupoqlo'rJllaJlANpr'gq1Jdpnl.{rqreSrpnll eelplrraJurs lnllra'"il:
uI 'o.rltloiii

'eenp rurp,rprJJrnS

'(BZ'lptotrg 'JJ) alBlrrolne plpJ tlps liJr,t RlpJ llps sptupr rJ :-s
pcrpe '(rlnrana)s rp DATaJD) nisanb.) 13o1q:r11 ap else Elrpr{ alrualnJ allLr
-r6reur u-r pJnpar ps pJ rr 'aurqsert rei6rla-r airlial ail ozaJaqri es gs p]
l-aniqqullllnr-r+ilTlpurJierJrrnt-lrrIlree+i-JluI\inrisusJelprp(l1.lIp1p"np,r"clrJo(nIp1nrrrllSuSoieujnricanlef"e,ilaloe:lrrlanEnur;lJullp| aoJll{l[arJtuBrsrlEsbopiolrapufp,'rp1eiup.er3rdoopa1rapepplrepl,r-ruasirtnflrrrsqrlJruueles1oprlosorrrargrpru6oel6er1Jap;}a3l

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Jar{lnT urlrBlll ad rqnr 3p 'lullnr }soJu lsoJ IJ Je-rr op I JoI pa.rrlpur otds rsarnpqlls
pur ps IS csorop ps llls lsol rup lllul IaJ pSB op (11n 1uoura13 'y rrool) rded rcp
ruo^E P5^ trIOA P Btr,rpOS lep /JliSerZAIsA rn{nlpls D(rrnj polntnd 1rrop ulp 'o13olrl,'

: lol 11e-r1u1 r$

-prll ap €arunl plBraqll IInSunrolrJBAqreeoqplolo^ lI,oaAppy3'l6prElialZnqulll,ipptroo.lp€tr1y11"jrtr,/,prpiouri1rspqprltrcr1u,ipfposoaulrlpd;lrasrloa,lisouaplrtiegrl"eirfrriipr.l:

-uJr alrrq grrlqr'.dar o I

I - leded Intrueualorol erJJs - Irnur E ap alulpul ppl ES Jsalop rlntJnl IoiI"

iicLora"dinrl1ua;"aaura'a;u"r1Eimr"*ielt.6f"uefi;ao"at,ae,is"r;a"cirisnsiuriirrt,"utlaet;cii"rti;uilc;omo.a"fa.dirt-'iiraf;ipn.i"ieavain,Amospn.laett"e5"recerciegrvatsb.una\a(iotetilcr"aaReomit"enteraalruuoiuenisrgcpcl?vcarlestaioaioopo;ta'IslrrrlGurcrtrdimuei.acLnoplliuiiouil,ni?ntaipdipii,cvttvcds2rru'epeReuiodctdiunlplreic8btitccdelaodlieot)ueniscs-rr.lrbrapcaididueceaiinieillGiuralinssai-ei"vearetdluesuuiauip,mdlociaisirscnidup9cdiroeptuc:reeierni.ppr.oilooitiiabave1arcgfen,opeiraqaupuueaadpr,iirSitfcvlisaua:iuSneacNlaariretrgieflirietln9{encI,iiuemtmcaneiiuad-srndut,,p9u,itudiuillmeicanrmiagrinigiusmirgulrilpjtiaeeetlfmovi6icirnieaamsisiester.nsac1nhfoifcailpaffeglliaifaieoeeucioiu-ilrr,rasagm6elr,deteectia)cindaecg.xmentumsqofioeiaTgna5mssaaararisdd-otodidt9iattpedsaet1uiftdir(1ieitrnlatnRfdc-aaeaanFe(iiuraptircgpupc9decarcrolmtirisiiadoeadrceotmpecarroreeladueiae9eamtvgi,pui,niei,rsnt,dac-escelacpieuiugui2ipcuincsrriue8ucleilmlit-du1Sl).e---ea:'"-.
vs.p"edr"cnrsleA*eP^leaupinncmto"ttroameu1eaounGdai{e,ua;zai,$cectccicieiuaru,cmrndatomivneaissin,tptedeeocsmgcfiiaiiuu,unlacieelilntialiiilneeind:l.eati^ipnonitnttsuceefaslaarlttetoureecroaibhlmeudilouiicserlecpcprderlran5olic,tupttilnirnici:iaui,it,ilnpcastoued6ziuciditntieiivnga,toreicrirdiiaceriresese-,''
pcilhr;o;iaictrl"u;lcu;"cadruelsecea1*mumiuar*iiamdruuic"nu,trcetXr"e.ciNo,,rumi imtceiailrndicsfeaeprniucitciuriioric:, laaetpdirnoilanepleevpoimtiaspdeinrcctiiemnptp5tiibrdeilr;eitii''
cdci cine qtie utlcie te duce.

.,Cine se conciuce lar intirrrp}are se gdseSte la sfir'ii ia intimpiare,; calea
dreaptS e sir cugefi, sd examinezi, sd orice lucru cit de mdrunt;
cintire5ti bine gindifi-vd cum nerg cei ce

chiar trdind a$a tot clr greutate ili conduci treburile:
se lasii duqi de cursul apei" (Ricotdi' t871.

n;;init;"c;copapcao.r;;rr;,tehuilimtr"upucui;i"otue:ce;i;eiiiuno;ln",;tfe"lt'u"e;&ElSes"oci"s"lIo.i*anio"iiica,.tn;otrii-drldt?;nnioe1riclaec'feta;psrogeiuSiau3trs0ldn;rataruartel1vi'iieieiidgaucp."e0iibpitrd-npfuebcelirru*ndee.eirrtrcl,rtma..ieti.fiiclNcncnte"cuaofgdsuridl,i"iocoero",oenpriis'1;tsclupsialdreeeootietspecit;trga.rssreleo5ha'neusbzattpbimuedri-trfpa,isrbuon!v,snur,iiiu,ddnleitiaip:feiilnsndlaldcredieaerta,,i{tiereagiira3rrncnisi1itpamdipnns1"racipiIga5ncrr0ieiu.ovcdii.uflspp)si*epnlesiu.sdiiiriiartrAaneneenretugeeeodpee(eegfsimomz3sj&oaecmgmd.ttee0d.iiablaiota.tqiine9ooauiuoinC-c9lgeEf)rnroitribplao.diniii;aiineu_rirfulsFdcgisedsmcimfii5shneae5inapaliraunnitSesiuoruuusruantesniinlceirdimglferpeutgna-u,tdtudiurisoarlte,bntriceeseeretngnamctsaeassd-bjnexeeeeedtlctrfeuueaueunsneq,enilildleegcmiisluettitfeavdeaesiariari,ceu5aiiee-rtr,snscletdedfdtoeetridduscip.zsoreen5ro;eiumertddl,rnsutedasabice-didlpccam.djcudpnumuuoeedee.iuCiciipvebsncdeicr-Dtaraniuadv|tauinuapiemrgcltmroceuietuiarieuinpiiiinziizaalete:nttroainsavuuiazSccat,xaduleseserrapetsfepdtfodneaazrerilpteietarieeaeeureusrduli-apeac'viansicos9fcpanbsdpcdrms5acberritpaoreuieturdretccii1ednnecrefiinilrcaieeee-fie,-eai-,-,-iii

478

6Lf,

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IA

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iui Machiavelii, exaltarea acestuia peutru unele idei, tot factorul di-
ratnic din opera amicului il lasd rece. Cu drept cur-i1t s-a spus (Mar-
Iclna,tr,Xo1Tjuu-eoMnta]toeulocurrnuenlr,enal 1aciiaeaunfrclo)tuceosmeclatedsebiitnluGeeonbtunqr?sieciiecccsPriuiuvautnpartdrgeulaiiimunlgaeni ftssiaie"etcehul(us7iinmndc6-rbq)Mpu.;ariraLeiflccazoaheerciv,ncaiateraorv$ecbaallriluniecfnfidgdm5lrscledidcirnihstneseiumaolynbnril-SiiuaetoromlielSerjui;iiod?fdsaceercch,hea,isuN_sciiltcuedhlbeiiamuvcanufl-?.,
onLiloosr;iti1caucesc-fhi ifmolbo6sreilgetecadraecdnuacseclahSimi rb6duasltacuevilaeccalzeccitec-|hi icpduqruiineaoPaentert-t
trsilLa-lrci5uviallnufacicoreucrNuil.lo{alrur?tiipvi?lifneceeleapplltdfuiciteptraerimpfeoelfs?ic"avht2eravc6rvu\.irrziLlieaucaclSecaibi rcpuulermascdisituemireto,spsAeurui CmfooeIsro-t
rebuni florentinii cincl iamupverroiaiitilo,,rim;piontfreivleapofirjicadrrefii natiuni" sh se opu-
1530, la asaltul ceclat furtu.nii. Ne-
nii, i1 Ferruccio, utl Michelal.lgelo, Care au ilustrat acea
buni erar-r clar un DesicJur, Guicciarc'lini i;i iubeSte Floren}a, dole$te
eroicd rezisten{ii.
fcstaaliitlnaeartiaonviteerlosuluuicifts,iae5cbl-iutiilaluVLllaeuuciir,llnirisjarieezigals'eouesnsiei,,llilelul;lresddaiqgzatuXert.'cdpVto"eiorirobnbarfiajntcbcietladrauiejrlrcatcraelgriieei npaiiruucetiiicnucp{naltoarroeinnpfuaietltSIacteaa, plvj1aian-
reafiza. Iube$te lratria, clar dacd se intimplir ca palria sii se prdbligeas-
cii e de plins nu palria, ci cetii{eanui care a atiLLt nenorocul
sii se uas-

ci in a6a vrelnllri.

,,Toate cetdtikr, toatc. statelc, toatc clomrliile sunt muritoare i orice luc'ru, fie
prin firea lui sau printr-o intimplare, ajunge 1a sfirSit; iotuli, cetdfeanul cate asis-
ti la sfirsitul patriei lui nu trebuic sd se indurereze atita de nenorocirea acesteia
cit dc a sa proprie; deoarcce patriei i se intimpld ceea ce trebuia in orice cirip
sJ i se intimplc, dar nefericirea adevdratd e a aceluia ciruia i-a fosi clat si sc

nasci intr-o vreirc care avea si aducf, o astfel de catastrofd" (1ti9).

Guicciardini , ca gi Machiat'e1]i, constatir tristefea vrelnii lor de
corruttela i nrlmai cii N{achiarrelli reactioneazi, o combate 9i propune
leacuri, pe cliirni dDeCuSiacncciaiisrd.i-ni prinegte colruttela ait$iafaccuelndeinsteea9iiille- -
rLupd voiba se lnfXgurii inti-insa,
infelept decit Machia-
lepciunea $i aureola. Glicciardini se ciedea mai ce llt1 numai
I'elli ; privea, clesigtlr, cu rnil6 la iiuziile aceluia dorea s[

iAvnardpfirriinIotcaimlpiaiiun,ulibnineesrdastd15aizltigooaunnteiirfniacavptienSt,buadriralberag5riii,aparldar tnfaiumrailiietilaolausciileiulien.oifpNicur:niime-iadluteanzlaia,p,dr;oabra"at.;
fi cel mai fericit sd o putetn face $i sh o r'[cl i dar ce putem noi, ce poa-
ie ltalia asta depravatti ?

Dupd cleceptiiie incercate in ullimii ani ai rrielii lui active, Gur-
cciarclini nu mai spe!:A in nimic. ln adincul lui era rceailluebsliecasl]tricldau$isi eM*a'
chiarreili, dar repubiica pe caie o dorise,
pentrri

martore ne.stau scrierile lui politice, vastul tratat De] Reggfmento di
Fjrenze 6i rcle zece Disc.orsj inlerno alle mutazioni e rifnrtl?e clsi qr'-
,Llerno di FirerLze -- era o repuirlicd ierarhizatti, mai mult aristocratic5.

430

r8b Ft eleoc 6699 €p-:l

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In toatd firea lui era asodrvoIdaezreureatacciidzlee,zs,oechapimmeebanacirieinavsuitodslecenactleeo.,ncRdiuencfoudrmmriapeiSieprrpaine-

care le pldnuise r.o ,rroiu

puit"uti""e. Dar tnp"au

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statelor.

,,ToateStatele,privindbineoriginea]or,suntviolenteinueputelecale
s6fielegitimd,afarSdeaceeaarepublicilor,$iaceastanumaiinpatrialcriar
nrituaEteiianarofamrdan;niluoer,le.ag"iutimludnaicifpousttecreeaaimmapi6mraatrueluuiz,uCraparereeidnitnemluemiaet' d$pienauuteox-clttd

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altfel,

,,Rdt5ce;tecinecrcdecdvictoriaintreprinderilorconsistdinaceeacdsunt
justesauinjuste,cdciveclemcontrariulintoatezilele;ludrcptatea,Ciplriil.'111a
forlelorginoroculdaubiruin|a.Etoarteadeveratcdincelcearedreptatesenagte
oanumeincredereintemeiatdpepdrereacSDumnezeuddbiruintdcauzelorjuste,
tinocririleed. eFraepctaurlecfdactei-peedolaeampetenicirarudzrdazilniea|iSjuitidnimindoiqreiSctiu, ndearoreidfianltsr-ca6s.t1aisaejuntadscdivreicc.t,,

(Ricordi, 147)'

VIi
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482

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uJp ps earr3ar

'gi cliscursurile politice, e uil siil clitect, 1;rccis, ailroape abrupt' ce\ia
care se apropie de magnlficc prozi"i a lui l4alhia'''e11i. Cincl intreprincle
sd scrie istoric, cade gciae$l iptruaiduaroltrre,j,uccJeienctihrillioi rcnomo}niluee" a timpuitli, tea
,care impunea isloriei un stil alrarte,
,cu totul <liferrit cle litlba rrorbiiii;i naturalil, uu fel cle mecatristn (olll-
plicat, cu 1;ei"ioarle largi,;i iav5luitoare, plin cle artificii literare;i reto-
rice, in care cugeiarea clarii 5i ascufiti"r se clilueazi, se pierde Nitnic
irai artificial pentru un o1tl ciirect, i)recis, aclorator a1 faptr-rlui, c.t GLri-
cciardini. Acest stil suprapus cugetirii ir-ri, acea solennitate coniitti.tii a
tonulni ii intnnecil sub artificii de irnprutnut ospmoniitratuneriistaittne,ae;icoa-rtilqiltalairioli--
aceea lectura Istoriei, trebr;ie sI
:iatea. De

rioasd.

Numeroasele discursuri ale personajelor, lrrocedeu artilicial ;i aces-
ia, servesc istoricului sir precizeze mai l;ine psihologia actor:iior. Nr-r sunt
clliasiulteyoimirn-ictibtuarclitnoorin,reicaliailoeanGcnieui-csicitoclaisraaere;crlvl,(.eiiCnasirucsnpceeanrrrcuscidnseccirliuacisuantrsreIesiziateoelerxtillatnaliicilcueaii llfeMaaspaitpcsehrtieooraprai\rciiceiilitleolicrtli(ealioissorci,rcliliairscaoiu1ure--i
cincl motiveie acfiunii lor. Cit despre portrete, de indivizi ori de intrecli
toate neamurile iqi claserl intilnire in Itaiia epocii descijsa
;cllloepiosatoreric- -incglivEisdiumaloistvual sGtdugicacliearlcieii:nii,ncetlpnoocsacinacdepeaerdseoninacl lisruritcrtiuecalleittiliitei

puternice,
clin actorii clramei, gtie si tti-i prezinle, in toatd vivacitatea fiin!ci 1or,
in portrete larg desenate ori in scurte uote iiuni t.lioase.
ttuecolriniGeeuaoicrsicpipairrreidtjuiunadileiaicbaaotdrnd,aeetauxzraatimliseintrrre,erainrz.irdmi. etNorllltu.jer.iliceaa$;ai hp-cerilr,lsnnoeaiiinuetpuleonrettllcnmacpleirtatltc-alleiceclarr-itccaliilsjo--
crezione ori disceruSmint : fiecare fapl, in toate elementele, cjtnr toate a-
mirnunteie (toate au impoltanla lori, iri inclir;iclualitatea lui, coccl
ce:

il face Sii fie Ceea Ce este; Sau Clllll Spulle e1 Ccso pct CQ\o. Piil-rurldeteel
lui psiholocJicd e considerabilii; r:eea ce-i intereseazii clul-lii ce a stll(liat
fapli-11 e ceea ce siii la spatele lLl i: cLl ochiul siin sigtilr''.:cle Ctttl Se
nasc fap1ele pi ceiutEi trrotivele eicfiunii fiecitruia. $i aceslt: lrlotive ie gti-
se;te mai ales in forfele caie, clriiri el, migcii inriivich-rl, si r:are sutit o1'li-
1inlile, ltasiuniie;i mai aies interesui. in fiece acfiune cautir rnai aies
ce r-r
interesul ascuns a-i ceiui sirr,'irleqier, iilteres care 1;oale fi cle treiiura
intetes illlarifieact,e-iu.'atearcrsbeitrueor,llcilee\-caac5lti in-
cea raai variatai, interes llul-riic, to-
tetese igr"iolti1e. Acliunea o1'llLLltj i ll-i il
tr-rl libeii e cletenrinaiir l;i fiece pas: penirtL etl otttr,,.1 e cl.elertnitral tie
1egile coustitutirre ak: firii iui.
.McNitnua-uttpaleritrtaeAeeatlrcoolneeerrnilacgli,-saii.cis.rliiniiuaitpnoivcirp.ieiitiiaia,Il's1ettiiLiilno,eoinprn:i'i;r;ectiicotLlluritzi:iiieati,txijin-e"ircc,ilnLti,aplriincr,eeir,f:i-ra.i:i;ilc-iie.iciiairsclcirtiir'slc,a-ercirirrccL:-irnllo,.;ii;tllarttosretiesriulct;eritiigrilei.fn-iralc11ieal;u;ctc,ei1pilosu1art;1oirietreiria-iaailzrozioinilsr,rrrb,rcrr:lec.elilttciitrz.ii:ersatimtrtrio'pn.tralrrltiiitsitccia-eitutntrcrlii1ouac9'Iti.-ii'
4tSic-e,ihrgiaspinailfnerrieaocczabi.,hsiril.uttriilPirintarolairfcrleueolsaintdmeTue$ue-tIccenii1idilcs:oioepdraireete5e,ifmlmf-iaacpiii;ctsteeapiinorrcieprlti,zeiiglzsnenotueaietnrttvretlaeieaisltlzicrtiitoncrbceiiiur.ntiasrtFletldioaecan9tc1riritiiiu,ami,ncNcteifl-,ereabisalriierigd: uacinlrr,uiiocueisuiilltditiTtraesisa,acLcri1erieat{-.,-i

48,1

co{-

'!^0P'd'Id{jI r1'r.)rnJnfl 'pfrJIlurl}:! l?rn}rp:1'l't}nisl
'auDroytto14 riJ o1:iosq6o,r os purS|:rJ pls!rJ;rD 'rrl np !)I1pr6oilqlq EoJolruru.i,,

oun,nblenb na llu rla.{.,u 11 'afin! ii,ionb.,p suf)l?rlrrp orqwou iu13u1 1or ",\.ur.rBd'anir
t;:rrrfir:rur,1r alqissr.r1r':r 1sa 1y'1i;i,:d onbloni; Ir nc Ji!ncLJrA Lrors,.-r:1")o;;nbionii T? i:,ne.)
o1 alro[a.: uo II'sarusoui sallo/p truaros a{Ii)inb.,ruirrrddD rud scliorl Jnod'suoii)u;i]i
s-1trnotr op 'lo i opuoru np saiulo:!s.l ln.il np lriirr{.olrj,l r:1 sorl-rud s.o) Is oururi).) ',rlrroIJs
-lio) lo u{:,151lol'nllo pI P Inos un srrrupi a1;ccldf-r r.r.r,u II's{iosrtO;r JO:''ll.rJuroAnoru
air lrlsl op'opn! i:,r,1 slroylo j.J sirirg,lr lui,l .)p rnb
"!;.-,1 gnbreru;.'r Issilu 1D,f'"

'rrolsp6 Iruos
-oIrJ ocl Ilrlpulo ad nnd ii of,irrso!.rJo olillLLL ai) oiasaia.Irrl trr -Iolallclorll
poIElnRJ rs |rlp.roLii o.ryrctn,l33-iai or in1 ij-s{i fl -r!-c ,,'s'eso:llf :tcJ i)sin6.3p lii)
Ir OlruD.\ nc rna:\D{'cuttstl .{t}tl anb oJLr}rD{iclD aur?fllD D ./i,rr 11'l : rnln:)
p-l-{srufo.ogLr^oJtgpllrstpn-ortIu-SeOraSJIOlpeInJl)uIJslpplaquJpI+nEoeplAoIppAruupalXpl}Jn^?IozcltliqInlllsAplllnopnrE.u)rl.iz.)rrxsnrrlTlI}.XpELairp3?{lrlrlPlll\LonlZprJl)psloiaaLnsL?prorllstoucp}rrcis}iripolanfr}P,dslill[p(prrtIzonro1I]ru-piofai'rit!pErrnalrrrpI-.)rroloDslnt3sr!^l.3otJao'-.otilrrsiflIr,leipll''EllJod}?rlla]^E??allopla.l1-pll]l
ap aluarBciu azaa.rJ ps'RJsprnlspiir aT r)s'aloldp} aJIJISIe] ps r?lllporf,ru
l-pnlnlaRr3r3Pr-JNo'lUriaA:rlLsroTdrTrrO)uponlslEl lsrxaolr'rTc.:')r:ulsrlo){lPllr-rLrrIr:r:n) lpPl 3.]l.e1lpl:rrilpPJJaaAJ'ppl:s\0El.roP3pnrl)usooud
p-iI-l-glroJnlli[liDsi)rl(L,1srllprp1lnl1Ul6r1s'6JIo3arJrJSol$llepn]SlJ'JpjDrtiaa)JPOPla'rslclilsJjoopyupsd'rsaJaEorS'-aaoira'rerp-lbsrpr1ono-ouo3rlucrrJ6Lroirnrno--rLrrTpporr1l,{T-3rrnTinlrr-r-a.1rlrl-Uirar]lJrunzlJrnirLaT):rluiol,iBl?+ooIuns-J.rrtsJu.s1-{or-iouoo-rr3;raLrIrrrLi;r?"iuqr1r.n1l)J.''))'luiu,sonrliclt[liuirr[rl]rrlo.sss-Itlrr[olo€tr-orr)Jr[cuoznllaa1istln]3PlliiSr.il?Eadralrlrl'unl,ilroa.{uiPr?n{d.ro-{zPIl'-plur{op]a})lnsnrru]J-paln1ol}1llprlraJ;,,lr]essI.oN/ro'rt1nllilTusr'neo:r.Il}rUrslflci)nrilrlInacc-iril)ll

',,1o!tinIlnl(),!;,1 il,i..,lllll'llllqru{l dp sJ.J-.i.) tir:cL lr;'9lti'rp
-n:d op p5dr1 ut:c[ o1J 'JpJ or; 'rcrnyr] r,')JrnliL!r',r nryu.rcl ltiiit:cl np o r t-.;t-t;]nci trtttllp
ucinDcd l:cis puSrroluJ lg rcllg{,s iilr tttirtitr{re.\ ')lii\Jll pLr;1tn'aluazo:ti:o1 ol,)lutl
-op nus tlitrpl?J lol aloup,r rLzum:r ra)llrilt Lr:)lLilt)Lii ptllA€ 'pulr 'r;zuortrortnb i) ) J()iJ j
,Jlll olprns!lru npr elull!l{11 ';reocio:1 11r}Lr.rcl tirno.riJ}r):} Jirp'tStiul to n,rluotl Il() lllnlii
relu olaJ oll lLlns cst:O1n'jr.ilt1 -l) lli'llSJtt,lll!!),)[Iilli)ni asndns lrtns't.tlr-1u1'r ap ';i
-trln(l TJPIU ra,lliullrlruEpillpu.ir)uulrio-rlrin"u)li,.il'liiri,:ir;1)l\?iiI'i ,r ) {r-1 lPl.) trJuJt? JOi\ alduoxo i):}pJl?tllilitori
'unltlo.} ol.turq n-rlrtld lS ours n-titt;rd 'r:;inil
: J.r){r}rsolr}J

uA i)lpJorJ 'a,lurli cp .rs ilsri) \lp Jp Dgir .)lri,)(rirr,r.ril lo:isolr) D.)laJ*uounJ Ut(_1"

:al€s rJr.ioiis/ snil u IrlJr.rolsr o.r Ir'rinrqtlrp.i,i(]
a-rzn-\rrllp/Jil,rrllTL,ilLpLloraqsa'ua'rrrIaJrllqe-lrio rprzJnlliElo)cui rir)opllrlsopI]a?,,l)pllplrgto'olllqIeIllRulalguprlel1ril0nllilp]?ITlIEuiIIIunPI1i
-Lro{L '}uns apo^ aJ alalp}Inza.T iS 'InlnlE}Tnza-i Is arapoA ap InlsLII]{[ ulp ol
-'-pExf,olrJSoaollldsoparlrspluc[in.psuroaliaDplcIraloEieldsuI 'rprltiJrlJllRaajdaEnl]JsnoISlaprold)o1Ipll-lioi:l:d{Pinrlooolo,o)trddJpoJ-oIos:upnnfnc,lIxl'alIlIoItanc.Tl{pperoLDl{rtfip,npdlr{r\i1i{st1.e1T3l
'pL1I3 tli pu]f, ulp 0P .l-lp'l
apIlScslupaJllarsSuia-lnlJrpEJuJIlr3i]3srulPrrdppr'nzepsu.pirnu}lu?l xerdlos{oI-tlr{[}]rPl{z.PuIParlrul\Jao'pI{npesuEnI 3di-enlolNuillp'nlol(}nalnlSi'au.r}auciilesllrrlltp!t
olsa{L af,toira

oJ alrlf;olil3ll

rillpf lSploJE

qupnruoi'vidleuylisteeallypeeamruenlnetpqveouuyedeeqduveeiclqleau'dureaniessoonnn'e.gsNocuhusaltlpe;peectodrpreeuuplattioecnsotrnpetaeaguidotvnaevn:oucirqelsuaa'iilmsaiei1tefaessihctiotmmc6rmadicn'asduresl'i
lru-v seion soy" (Essais, li','re II, cirap. X).28

VIII

siot$iinpano"iitrti-girieilii'nriitunp,s"receDidi"oacard"acllaiiaras,euidcee,rdd"mcipoGvispiiedaumrer,auieoilrts.eccuicctactevdahelrtcreiis\oidiablnrznaA-aulreua-aerlEafdocudniurmlreui*tnuencEerfaiauidie,mnzcnerGdxipdioioal,ciod'onsn.ndlrmtrctliiisn,uicmuenadcpioiipvulaeiidtoanupdmdcrtp-medeoaaddru,isuaoienillscdtacucifcpreetroicieoitu,uzlcreaurtuld,ad,udcimd.i$autaannoaln.tfspciuuataAol-ddtiivnctr-temmaiieue:nonr,taliuanjimemlspgC.luogtaaaaicNesnrgtrcgutoaq6uueeoilbussasloretsedtidluappeoce,frfcoemmcd5eanaarnrrtpuudrul5ttumeoostmlnutntnacepeio9oSsatarilozetob,rdlr.itpie$tlemteefeAducij,ldxli|eelenlidiceal.,'socee,tadutiCrtsrirecrrreumaoRelesnilcEneptsea9ie-t,-t-t-ii
tosedricisueexruimisl ibipnodug.dtiIline. aEgiccudorrneuorm5nodrmd.eNinb-teaalenf6iidcluettti-c,oa,craegi9ativoedaaetdtaoviaiastetlaaptuaulutredi,rmilaear,seadorerofioarpienuttdeue-t
gritate exeinplard. N-a urmdrit niciodatd cigtigurile materiale' Acestea
iarcd nici nu intrau in ceea ce
pasiune ela aceea de a domina numea el iI particulore mio' Singura lui
: nu onorurile 9i locurile dintii, ci pu-
fuieinrmeluaolctaudsmeuivbtdairnlatetFdrlnoirsenanuulaaclphuaiiar-er nfdfceralde$lisoMtcdepo/rifniicciiriiaiidl,cinni,umsmatdraepiainctairraeccaoiinteiedfeu-ccteivrceSha.iaaSrd-caeur-
vdratd sd fie in miinile lui. Ambitios, nu se sfieqte s6-9i afirme ambi-
tia qi sd o Ambifia nu e de condamnat n-um5asi1ais;aels-e dacS
amfiliosul defineascd. glorie cu mijloace cinstite :
umbld dup6 s5vlr-

$esc lucrurile mari.

,,Cine e lipsit de aceastd dorintd e un spirit rece 9i inclinat mai mult spre odih-
n6 decit spre treburi. Acea ambifie e vdtdmdtoare Si detestabila, care ia mSrirea drept
scop, cum fac de obicei principii; aeegtia, cind ti-o propun ca idol, ca sd
singur la telul lor calcd in picioare conEtiinfa, onoarea, omenia Sl lucru"
ajungd. orice

lRicordi,32l.

2s ,,;\rn remarfat cd Cintre toate stdrile sufleteqti, atitudini, gesturi Ia care se
re{erd, nici una nu este raportatd la virtute, religie, con$tiinld' ca Ei cum acestea
ar veni din afara lumii i li tuturor fapteior, oricit de frumoase ar li ele, le gdseqte
cauza in viciu ; este imposibil s6-Ji imaginezi cE din numdrul mare de acliuni pe
care le j,udecd sd fie una care sd fie determinatd de rafiune. Nici o corupfie nu l-ar
putea prinde pe om dacd eI ar sc.6pa de contagiunea universala; aceasta md face
sd cred cir ei are un pic de, viciu in gustu,l sdu; Ei poate ajunge sd-l aprecieze
mai degrab5 la altul decit Ia slne insu$i".

486

L8V

-u"'-;p-i'J1ru"*uceuIou*ilruqrijI1Iliretrlu'ip;:cIpzp'tnFeilsueiiug'lraJ..nrBirBip1aulcrsSloco^cruapgnplS'1anrt1u6aopJD.elr,lno1runtuoJsniI1l3IcnrlaoItenu,Inuap,pnucilp1le1p!ulr1soalu'aqglelr^eu.ou,rnlt1uJerio1d'1ueeuuc,ruas1itl1bnelrInloP1oees'IlartdrrnpEri'olutllruIoeuuJytpol1antuaalrarrlrllBl1oulsulsrJgopuaeglU1dsplllr1cilnenIulrcp{aaidpBorrBepuccencareereuote1alo'pe1Il1saatpn1o1u'rceBrd3onelPeS1dauucIIoe'rgurugellsFp1fIcr'pilIureuoundlael1llrnDl3dee'arIna$oIo1g1eo6d'u;feI6uJ'auaaooelsPrlIpr1puIoaIzI'aIIn1dlrBl1l3lurlBueuu$ceeonaraap9luulntpsleusdulc1plaluuualrllureuleonrraalplcnS1dsEn'dn'dper.ddI1p!u1nnudeEunle11erl5tq1dcader1 a
1-F-Ei;o"rsobaap+cl'ouInsarur-yl1rl"-era1r'p-u'ar1ulillrpr1piu1urseirqprlfh6o,fp,u6InrreuDrdr-Buuel1i3a's(nepog1pi1oeo'11Jssl-epditSS.1tro1otlcralulnlgrlrern)ao,or,s"oudu'uuornraoaud'IslsIu19San113Iudtl6r1ru9aeqauolcnrsuedll1rlzooa1ppllnruc[Baa-Ba1lcJo1cureudearuannaIrc3cnaJi'aeInsl;assaatI1duS a

I

3
a

'(IBI'.rproc.rg),,1rn6nsa1Sour aIB.IJo i1ua1a1rd'rbrr1u1 u.r:d auifqo 1n1nci t;3e

colul.JslrfuAnra-pdrrNput'urBrornIlluBra'Ja1rroI3as1reguprazrlr$plne^eelrpusnrllocgngi!l1tgrBrub-lrrBPaquIpcrI€rtnpZPe1g1rdP9IeIdul9'ulcBpBfI,aaeaJ1rPll1sorBIrgu1la-dIesruulr1!gorolnlul1a!lssulloorudrale-ur^ueIlIc6rJruB'JlcspEaBa1'udlalepugurlsqer lp1eadstl1dlg;nusd3uBIe]eI-Burreure-rllnnuIurSr

lurnp -rJ Se 1!)u! 'Ilcuaslg alalulruPuralnb u! Ildnrarlulau IuB azecardsun lels uiv"

: rn1 ralrSner Inlalcas lsoJ e arec 13 lrerr IaJ nJ
e1bgl!rcnsedudlrorp.suuo1rcIuInrJocedJpnlpeporpiprnaorlauInI'glppsutnoIdJiysugBfnu-orlcpI al.t.rnlJprrr ulp Bun-4ul
'eseolnrtred
1-nu 'PlPJapn[.
InI Bunq 13 eeleiderp
lro allnru ep tS eeparc ec 9fe1 ed Bu
-rin"piof snds e-'a1'lJlpat{ tdBd top tolaJ'rornln} ueundrul as orec 6ar1
-uI ruo un Blg '1n1 eeieuluopul 'eaJapunrlPd 'efuapnld nrlued Prulls P1
-----r-neJIIunBnsIrailp^Duoel'niIglBnu'd1pIEpurralIru-s-psr,rpnp'aae1aNuryrrcappfBelu'lnnJaulu1prljr1ln!rnusotlltsanodlnooluaPlli[aosllsllll1€ru+JnpruenaoP-ldcrl-uaPesIaS1ld'rue1teszl1BruJcade-snt6Iadlf-acPedpIruPrueer'radcp-rnzgNeueuedl'sdlzoc1loIrlocorJnP6pupu']aaBuBPurIJlprallJr{SoJlpr^anlssc1'16aol3ulafulnaeu6l-1llearunoapr;laupq'IBlI1sJnun1IdU9alrulB6lBOierpunrJp1"r-ottuur'n1*drfTJlgIouuu.lrr3Iu,IllpoUppodu3Plrtplr;J1ut"I3lueOnrqA1rdl

-ns alBlIIpJ o op eunpaplol lsoJ e rn1 er{1qury 'ecrusoI rolafurrizpu'e-rd
p6ea1 o runf, rS a1Sau1;ap o urnJ eSu etflquu
-nsBap pJIpIJ as oreouo ap
gialzerpniJturdJpols.llrbupoal ur1rnr$pcaoaclaaplrlsulnnolrlionc!qlP'ealcralpo1rre$opC'1p4'z(:gelIoSIu),oo,pUBlBoaoqaIupr rllluEnrIoslllPJ, azar_peucalss1sa1e3rzpa1u9lnnrudA1sBe1nsoedn-uuo
gBeala-ilpsc"sleaaii-4oelappncddJat"ieguelaru1isceutaa-inaint-apr'c'usr-1larne'rgup'icpciocsruulrudgx"unrailacousanruullJoSu,elInlop1rrpIaP'ca1J1ouapnBcI7plua1lIafgapIigI3jJao')r(Ju1curIq,ndppI,,rnstllforpooualp1z-nlusslsarBRbr)4ll6oCfrRI1a,dne1uJI1l1SPloIrra1soPnIJlnplupag'tfaluIrolataslaaprIreIrfIdBpouI,IaVxuualcP'ueaaoles'acIaIP:uoutPssgIrepeSInuonqpB:lulu€oDInaoaBolrlIpAraJucPIlsBJnn'trosllltss9salplEieB-IanalrBaanJ-plan1lu6.nJrpfudarEpqatlllIssrJSzuundal1oauacNslpetnuB-n'pI"na-IrfJJJl1an:S'nlp1ruoIudrpuIslnoplneoarlr*9:eueon1usnol+cdlp.uJaoI9eBAo'tplfr;

tele ecleziastice, pe cei doi papi Leon X Si Clement VII, strdduindri-se
pentm puterea acestora gi intdrirea domeniilor pontificale ; cind ace$ti
papi cornit gregeli, nu se sfieqte sd le denunfe, respectuos dar ferm i nn
pdrdsegte slujba lor gi cautd nereu sd indrepte, prin acfiunea lui, ero-
rile celor mari. Pe Clement VII nu-l pdrdsegte in nenorocirile iui gi e

singurui care se luptd din rdsputeri sd-l scape din captivitate. Serrretie
apoi pe cei doi duci N{edici de la Florenfa, cu aceeagi credinfS, Lui

Alessandro ii a-duce servicii neprefuite gi-l sfdtuieqte cum sd-pi salveze:

lronui. Ar fi fost gata sd slujeasci gi pe urmaqul acestuia Cosimo, dacit

noul duce nu I-ar fi indepdrtat. El rdmine fidel cauzelor pind la sfirqit

gi nu-pi reia libertatea decit atunci cind e clezlegat fie de oameni, fie rie

erienimente.

In aceastd serie (te fidelit5fi continue 6i succesive, Guicciarciini nu

comite clecit o singurd infidelitate, ii cea mai gravd, acea fafir de sine

insr,rgi. 11 rredem, cu pdrere de rdu, imbrtiligind callze ori intreprinzincl
sd le apere, ftirii ca partea cea mai adincd a firii lui sd le clea aclinca ei
adeziune, Via{a lui abundd in contradic{ii. Republican clin conr,'ingere,
nn iubea neamul Medici pe care-l judeca nefast Fiorentei : totugi, clupii
cdderea republicii lui Soderini, primegte sh slujeascd pe noli stdpini. Nu
iubea pe papi, nici puterea lor, nici apezdmintul statului pontifical, pe
care-i j9uidseecalunpetfiapstenIttarulieiin:tdprriirmeaeppteutteortiui qpiaspdalfeie. Rindmalatsdreempnuibtalicr a;rnong-i

tifical
dorincl inslalarea unei republici aristocratice Ia Florenfa, primeqte si"r
.slujeascd pe tinerii duci Medici, adevdrafi tirani, Convingerile lui ade-
vdrate 5i le mdrturisegte numai in singurdtatea camerei lui de studiu, cu
pana in min6, inaintea foii albe ; cind intrd in actiune, iucreazd impotri-
rra tuturor credintelor lui. $i cu aceeagi sinceritate ne mdrturiseqte cii
clacd a luat aceastd cale este condus numai de ginclul acelui particulare
suo, de gindul propriultii interes. Aceasta scacle mult omul. lntemein-
dtt-Ei viafa practicd pe o asemenea fundamentaiir contradiclie, ntt e de
mirare cd n-a avut decit decepfii gi a ajuns, in cele clin urmd, la cel
rnai negru pesimism. Desigur, acel ,,punct de onoare" aristocratic care-i
impunea fidelitatea pind la sfirlit este ldudabil. Nu am vroi sil-l veclern
trddind cauza ce a apucat sX apere gi ne miqcd eroismul de care e in
stare qpirdeefecraatres5a-1dvaet dperombeim-briilntiqtiimndpunlumrdazibocaiuuluzei iLeigciai rdeerdpsilpdudnt;ledaaur

arn fi
intr-adevdr convingerilor lui cele mai adinci. Aceasta ar fi fost ader,ii-
rata probd de eroism.

Neirorocirea lui Guicciarclini se leagi qi se confundd ctt trenoroci-
rile Italiei. CLr pufini ani mai tindr ca nu N{achiavelli qi un tr4ichelan-
qelo, pare dintr-altd generafie, din cea care coplegitd de inizeriile ita-
liene se cufund.l tot rnai adinc in corruttelo, in sidbiciunea Fi neputinta
decacienfei, in acceptarea pasirrd gi refuzul oricdrei reacfii. inteligenlii
vastii, spirit politic asculit, venit pe lume cu mari aptitudini, muncitor

metodic gi st6ruitor, dorind binele gi putind sd-l urmdreasc5, lntocmai

ca ;i ILa1ia e coplegit de nenorocirile ce se abat, gi mergind din decep-

fie in decepfie, se umple de amdrdciune, nu rnai crede in putinfa nici
unei indreptdri, neagd uiilitatea oriciirui avint eroic, refuzd orice ideal.
In marea de calamitdfi din care e f5cutd viafa omeneascf, gi istoria, nu
vede decit un singur punct fix : individul. Acestuia nu-i riimlne, ln ne-
putinfa de a schimba ceva din mersul lumii, decit cunoaqterea exacti a

488

68I/

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{1500-1571)

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rerealuiVarchi.SoorlomonuscrisuJui.Il.Interesu]multipluglautobio.
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autobiografia lui Celiini.
tpvsldtifcpcnrreaouetoincdtirtratmpiipieiaputbtsuuneo,rioiletntlilvoeaiidsraspiolfiirrie,iancria.debpvCieaeiploanlmfaelxaeileerntotrp,,retml,nterelrtrliq-eavaencsaoptneltisfiselritiiteinctiifornniiinoelnliuiluerizu,rrdldeatifipqo-nfi,ne1iorlot.sceCerorti,etNliaincreulnzioyillulfnicoinitesriied,sruidniinrpc-fcctna,aeClrliau{iinpopnrdsittnlzlgomerirsiuncadaqevreciiciptuepceirajolaeiaiseuzeurntrtatseecteilaeEueseraoavaei,ciancr,ic.ereslv5cteeiuucimFoiiintspelinndoutdgheeoilulrisrtiiap',,dcrtiierizleEiiefudinl.ls.ccuorIpdNeoioclitrve;f,ainlreifi,ioacppitnncergtziIodb'zu'etmioeivoiu&enirpleepsambeqbinrsoeileiotiebrent1rrpvaciars,rroinoaiiesttnrjprenearplimrllcssmliiilviinnlaca1cuguiaeiiva1rerrirlis,aii[nt.lserfadtgpspocltiiialoil,eero"rlraIeortnucsaicsszcr;e]iillatrtiuara,utreeieltnirclrtaaloren}h.Ssiii)ir-a--ilia!es'ci,--ii-il;i
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frc;airi;eirorttt"n$agaXtta;ue'tli;iii.a;el.iia,.ti;unetcrnNiiiinecipmirltnesinrincticajiltn"iiegc;claduoctliurieivte',dtsdaactdcc,9lleiiein*zfsiiroieipaggliadz6ueeitrtni,ilmftee,ldraaadldurarcnepasbgsafrooeiroger9rfd1naii-ftgairpieereoirnatdtporsuiitsnuvtitttfioqitlaleauic,irlnllieucitn,uipc,irnorugecvliaytnefoelcsiertlntiiiriccereaeillaueinua,ilnufmcri"eilret:ucaiuulalttiotitr'paial'iltr{siei--tt
Dictincl o buui p'llainrtee, r.lin arnintirile Sale, Ben\renulo, Iecitinclu-le , {u
prins cle sci:upule.
igi ytr fi zis: e siqilr cii sunt <'el tnai inaii'
sculptor al timpllui gi cii atn cizelat in aur gi argint cele mai luiuttuei-
greu : nll e asta lneseria rnea, Atn llric-
l" opu." ; dar cu scrisul e rnai
teli care scriu aqa de frumos, fie i1 latineqte, fie in italieneqte : dacii

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mai dea osteneala si-I citeascd mai cleparte :

,,Mi-ai spus ci aceast& sinrpid povestire a vietrii mele ili place mai mu]t ilr
li indreptatd
aceastd formd natnrali clecit dacd ar $i Siefuith de ailii, peiltru ci atutrr:i
adevirul a ceca ce arn scris n-ar rnai apirea cu
atita tdrie... Cred cd n-ai putut ter-

492

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ce inidreqte sufletul ;i dd excelenfa 1n ceva 9i reuqita' Virluoso e

494

96h

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-pJ olul-rJ o ad rnlnurnl uaurrfleui ulp pultoqoo ,aJpollurrn arrel o nJ
p1nf,axa o rS paunrze,ra a1*a1g6a-id r35 plruaurodrBurau arppqpr o nJ
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'r,rprdsr rnl lolaseora6uis e plsll e6un1 rcre

ap : elrqr.rol a eeunr{Jpal 'lnurnJp pop r$-es aleod puiJ ''toru ps utp
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pJlur

urtpuln au pS ,RJalpqips pJerJ o nJ
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Inlnuo olrr{rea6
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;r alsorTr]ap I-DJ EaeJ ! nlt!,t relsaJp olalal urp Eun .TpJp..u a-ip a-rp3 In-"iro

cn rinile cle la picior invenittate. Numai o fire ca a lui putea trece
biruitoare prin asemenea incercdri.
Cind corpul e sSnfitos gi exuberant de viafd, iar spiritul continuu
isnetliinassstaptloernaiccldiu.nAes, ttfoentaillitaatfel{amgepneeCrael[llia1isilnflettoealot6r e bucuria Pi ve-
tinerefea 9i ma-
turitatea lui. Ginclurile negre nu pot zdbovi muit intr-insui. Trece prin
lartcur-l-nteriidtrceareialatidtiems.adPipvnrorediirrldnntdtdeiuuu"jrccrgiet,liiiriuens;nadtseiicgclaediinppottaeerater.rioddbAcei1lusetptpir,ocrirae9lratiilteFe5n,r,tautrionni-stf;toatiedr,pcriipiunenrcrnidlnEuue-lirsvebpeeauifncinlaafaaiutnlFruqeelmocaLroeeycanoeprtenaar.i,nmnSculapnueiipfrantin"tcuuiae-o-l
giaro.aNznuicmA aeipigd6esneigetedevieciudmedc,itaoftf,scodr6t.aDtf,u-spddu 9i toatf, familia pieris€-
ce impreun5 de,
pling
morlilor, se agaz[ la
'r-.ucuria reved;t'ii gi ciau uu cyind vesele ca la nunt6, rnas5 9ini "vneusemliaei
vorbirirm c1e morfi,
ci de iucruri 9i a9a
iEecvragdlitienuiuicsnnpldecccicveshilinuifrirdcsoidpetliaeatafcdrizgecr5idnumzpoemnieriuszutpcaderteinerrcocitaeluuirainlnr.rofdiiifsOzimuticiicncnlidsdsipsi.eundp'lnalgiSv:,rfuaenicire"nifa.fgg,efJriIednelaneaiciintltlceafCuetetaeailiaielsncatfhmmdeadipletaiuainugrlicsuteitXluriaeaiflzSreldebisabetirnsuinel9petunl'iieAgcirraiinnaeodglcrsaeteeeesroaelrmeocm,..ndaiD,Canrtiudra'eencirclfaeiceuignaiiriingiictmcilarneldeuracuee-lil
cel ccuunpoestcreuct.e$riliei1gitodaets6fdvtidarfiale,iuciu, scenele violente, dramele alternea-
z5 glumele 9i tnascaradele'
se mA6rrtgisiuteigntneSisnctur-tu, nCes1inli1giu, lcdaommnenlfiina. lAfipi tditiundRineinleagltueiresaunittalniaunmSe,ronau-
seeineraagarshirttvirtedeirliecinat.,pteFslad.csruNdtlirpc-srteodrr,pef,iinepibiscuuetnoninrg,mcedpunoizuveircleLa;mlnnuetiv.naeDulssieapLier,encoBiinacealuidrzcve5lesornieluondtreao.aUzvedinnp;clii\i4ni imcnchoilmeedletaicalneleganeznufltio-e,i
lcvrflsN*amBnaiuiicdrezcetuegtulrreeell,il-ifenspp$liliicaroc,ettiu$eptiurrceiaeaillncludprdzba:jgmctaideoatiefuonratmscaiicaetngbc:luetuarciuecrilnclrpi,ilefu,cmpieaecmdmmdltlbonuaneiierrinttneiaertdc]atuudI,.aoSagrretecaiiitoeunmitatgitaFatlvelvopiilarueacMutrpneaorifdurilmgidrareacgtlcier|ehrSeeseaggarelrntirtei,niaeieu;etoarritgivacn-udniiu;$aeeiiggreccvaidienllpferraeettlletoooronlrfaobpriatritarceurerre.loptengansilsAncacoXcetrdziexmlfnnnit,t.ns5fSctib1iiotinlaatdllaio-clsflfvcuizldPrra1a:feireiiurotianivSltrlgpiirstluin.ee,sneicaitraMealarfareaaizcftzzotlirbqbeui:neigcnneraifildilplieapnne.caurnlritud.ecoLi.-aeascbiuEcEsireezecrlriedeofandra,iliueengnaaeaafedzndrorrpeguvrgagaXnrialiirnrallnouaasulttsareiAri--,,-;-'li
ciLj.eacuma,-is,gaeudnaiasuuel rRpl:roaintinrfepilioarrfa.cucBleapmdcrhidnisauirnt S:efilnii,vaenrneftidsupocupinsuelpbeeell,cetorcndagereitnacllulljlucfludcdeaealcBhzogeouilmurbzooutn-l
b9Fncaielaorrcidrslemiier:lifruterzdppiizceepbaeoCpninrtan,itsnirciecueeiLpgcielSiulppeaceroni,cetc'lAtce'oa:nprgaivi;deneilgurolse-a.su. eIrPnvi vaoc1ermoainsmtlevpopaeelrlzdtnnibeeftiractutoaoisrtfaepilftg,rdeSelluurvlerlicilaerdFeteracaaezmn9Xfifeaan1ic;,iuaenNimicnupataa5eqibrniorrneiemculaee--
ca ale majorit5lii contenporanilor siii.

496

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p€-IE-onouqarlenuoou:IolRPnIldennJdduJElJnsoroJoC]raadIu-uo'ppIrIInSu'IBrllarnnpiilnrllil3daaepeullsoda'raIloInlontrecuouIldnraanDpBJ^ualudauIarotnaaerbgypudrurnlrJl!a6o'^nopnlu'Ju'-laBr1arlloa'rpeIan^lnru$sooaIneetuudoIurna:epaaoalgue6zrIurapa^IolErudBsueunrcoriIcnesesoa6rorraudldrn:oanadl,JrsBlolr'eaplnoruaJlleeJparIcJntJloropoIJlurdplaouarsalurppJa^urocopIpJs'rBadldBcsaspuJ,6rpqrRladlsuo3plrruAdppaI
'pulur u.pIfIenclerauliluendrSnlrcnclirua3lazarpurprsugr6ld il 'lnl
e{a}Jp uJ rle,,\rJ ep pqJol a pulJ re1
PalseAod : IuoUnJ e 1n1
'uBla-rf,as 'ruroploluul 'loluollrrurop jlulollpqns nJ el
1--prr--scruao3inippuerdlaadrrlilaalreJartlrlasdzonfes6soroz'ur'llrne6pn-n{pcceecJepslrrurSRJugneepardlrpJd,lputqreu"ruerJ{uri6niralurse'{ruBr-;_o1lBalel1u1uJrrao$reur'1ldrau3lnaesru1eS'tto1r1pepqn1euSolpdluglteioIdrrIaIddJI}arulpnu're'nI1SzrnIrnuJeuIeeulo1edr}ln11pisltannru:orlqduIIlr1na-rl}repBiraSugsnro1--JJonnrrpaSpruuordJu-zulpprrnrJnsrlrorrooreJaoleela66dar3}nuprp'aJancJarslIppoen'pe1op;lpI'-resScr*-pi1soq,pearprcc11r:ulplueldd5suoceerorlrS;rur;epgii]r-ra_ir'aenper:ic,d6puJtl
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-aceoilrru a1eo1 ulrd Frunrp gou; rS-gs nplls oreJ IIip^Ir rS rrrolrsnburl
el€--'lrarqlrIruJfeeuspdenosnefuri:lrrp1luerulalanuardprend3plNrlaro''orlrl'aoBfrlaaeonatlcrulrpBnl laatpleuurpauoldrrolaaoppxrpruoad'rRlceoplaluuusaSlpoasBobJ.o6on:orAuJeepnVJzrlreueeI'aaJrlorraqulcslpcenlpuaudIdsdSSoranrSfpSrplJau:rp{arpeeespr6IepnuJo;qar,quegdrfSeu,u'rep-u1Jefuolpur.1ulall.3grpaprurIruoornpnd1qJlr1qa.a{alarrp6nnps1foc1r,Jral3uner3purrlr
ppp o o;y 'pleo*arb grrur reru EpaaJl rJru p-iolle oJarl nu ,soru3ur I pJrluJ
'a;aburle pJrrrr rpru rJnr glrodns nu ,lupJalolur
rro gueiop ,i1qr1dar

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r{o1 urnc eunds au rJo a}pJeurnuou ap i3 aJpol{urn'allqerrrupe pJplJep
p'apu1nlolruSpazoaeplrrrcrgJlJ'JppnAlTpppaoJolepolnJlnurlE:RIpNf,Jpp'erosruJplpourelrranaJsIJap1SJpruporolJrarrl\capolatepJrnnplpnlgndbsp'aJolp'raonpli ua'aJlaclraenpz1oaeupir
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€rerlur ap e nu 'el:aou3 aJ ]o+ u3 pur3na.r I3 1ipllllqp 1.Bs

niicpsiiintuaiuneuurdig"i'ri'znpncaopi"iot"Alct,rereiiea"ii"mt,npp1mnsa*1aeiata"eeeucnenuylinuat-tn.iipt'rincioiqiiNrttcroeiiRic.rlicisute.faceuluaa-eaiNn}lsslBdauetuifcecanagsmlmlendeptseevtbaeeutomrererirariudnieclioootuuceqarrcuitlalcioeeibelitlcp,aauiliimaeibtdtjiudilircrrtop,fivnceeegarucitrialpceceoulirusttcainalribnpailr.iaaatranqdvAldiaIlciIoi-vama.leaammitl.lroCruluoieoiurCiarvecagiasperellgClleltiad.ois.i1endlpermirR,ic)ie5as,rnuad,o,tnoclzatimicsdubicrla.uitruapisetssnCiiooatdutifmtCnruueecnerdallle-ue.tveuirmlalem9l-dltoeisurniuauctergnaiaSobi,aacrvnCnplaesteeucidar.eamlerordoae:enstcec'ptAeutrfeiceetaelsaalLhmcmpertslaiecetgaetaiSiaalaeliiri,ii
e*pi.iLpcleantnrleeieliaeipct.ngrddn,lmutcetae!ri"lacetunpig*r:n"coaeiui"entdrrr-aliotniluer,eiCcimuaimsiiancsar,ieiidimeisilslseauertearue|fidsia.lnninlmuueizcttUilredbio,eneicSunrraa-cianatdagelrrteduene,-daugrtcC'riaonAmciilnte.cealineimcaDnmcicgetinhljredesneiemtiielnpenicoaaalieds,rpcdfer;eleoiedeeieptaerltmcananarscrutrte,ieieueeesnrddmlactgeirspseiceenaecauimpiscreeufuemtpliaanlnirceiitringoepveisrien.eriecos-icgc-orccsl:fclutrnlaaueeaerqucpconerpelnieivsaunit.oiuocuntfnduLd.lh-fn,1oedqliriuapctsraaiirriites;laritiliscpfaptltmbeeaieeiccultrlccaontailnieleameiettProaclncnuoempperimigmoosteal\oivahprt;riirnletecsn'ttoir-o-one,ce-so:t.r,,'.-i
tegte cu mult brio gi vrea s.1 le eternizeze in po€me. Dar de Dtttnnezr:n
iqi acluce aminte mai ales la rdsund clin strlfundu.l su-
nevoie : atturci
fcieretuqtiirn,ltiluaileaqnaeadme uieluglact iidpecvairaefaiepgSis.em.inCteraesdcidnfaeclouui,l secolilor de rriati't
cu toate
accesele

cDttc-ulnleuniaem-mrvrenoiesaelltsiizigccegiidousiamcqtslt,ieeirnr.SitiunofidminetadtsaarltineiFalicaeceiccetlrie(locaavlacd;riserXacoa,tasmfpt9aadiccpoercerclorduiunfepuqaduvddlcideniesuoenspntipruteir$lmirri,ln'eoepencsetjlldieirriniere,iln,iipgtacloijooerfrs;aer'clrspIatntnuivrsteelodecacedmlll,ounpeiillne--,
creclea ci el insuqi e obiectul miracolelor divine. Ca mul1i clin vre-
mea lui, Celiini era mai mrilt superstifios decit religios'
lui Celiini uu trebuie sd ne facd a-l crecle proflnctr
Amoralismul ori fiara sSlbatecd descrisf, de Baretti' E un
riiu, un tloustru om rijn

\:remea itt.i, cu calitirfile qi ctlsururile omuitli Renaqterii. Dar iarigi'
ntr treblie sii creclem cd toatd RenaEterea era plind uutnai cie aseme-
nea oameni. El r;i alli cifirra, destui dealtfel, ne infdfigeazd
tipul spre

r:are <lucea ceea ce s-a llumit ,,cultura Renaqterii" adich indirriclualis-
mriJ neinfrinat, care ueagi orice lege
impusd din afard individultti,
care ruile leg.lturile sociale, care suprimind idealul religios ori moral
i{tole)riiiimic,6ilfeornnclrr.iriir-,riitoes:xssijllselirt1iffiiiiennoiacccimiuopceuiienaslitoiiiilRantteirpianzcaapegruestreat.rci$iianiszcullnidbvesiadaiscusteluduspitt,roaCftieebflielncinleuuilluridrid.ooemClaactgroidqznsatirira|enndauicmtofaieirt.--i
r<;ase contratiiclii gi un ciriclat amestec de rdu gi c1e bine, $i ca sd ne
ri1erC1l;,o.:;ritcr.et tui,lititniit,recal9a.,l omului, Cel mai ]:un luCrU este SA-i
cltir"ri seiinra
r-'utl a fdCr.tt-o cl l:-iSU;i, in Sincr:li-
irliii(irtill i:l
1a lcr li' i; ln l.

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IIi

I)ar ucenicul acesta n-are astimp5r. Mult nu stx locului. Dupx un
an incep aventurile. De la paisprezece ani pin6 spre bdtrinete, Cellini
e vegnic 1vtreeculnruemi uisrip. rNdvui poate zdbovi
nicdieri. Uneori e silit sd-fugd
in uima violente ori
fiind izgonit i alteori, pleacd
minat de dorul lui de schimbare, de aventurfi, de trebuinta de ,,eva-
ziune", cum i se zice astdzi. De abia agezat intr-un loc, nu se gindeqte
decit cum sd plece aiurea. Nicdieri nu e mulfumit Si cind n-are moti-

ve de nemultlrnire gi le inventeazd. Cautd vegnic pretexte sa-Si ia
lumea in cap. De mic fdcuse diferite escapade. De la Marcone pleacd
siiit. ln urma unei incdierdri la poarta San Gallo, fusese izgonit din
Florenta, pe timp de gase luni, de cdtre cei Opt, impreunS cu frate-sdu
Francesco. amindoi tinerii trdgeau repede
spada gi in ziua aceea du-
seser6 luptd in regul6. E de notat cd Benvenuto avea atunci gaispre-
zece ani gi frate-sdu patrusprezece.

IF3iooioreLgnanafaSs.ieXCnsaaerldupicnerraefelauczlf5idolneaeMzaeletidnmicempi tu(evzri.icitdioe,rrltuaaltuCdnleemmsatedenpstitnrVuireIvI,e)sseitiitintdrtoeimaariccteoelollaa;
dar el lucreazd mai ales in meseria lui, Ia meqterul Ercole del Piffero
si la altii, incepincl s5 cigtige qi bani. intors dupd qase luni la Florenla,
afld
cd frate-sbu, plecat sX se inroleze in bandele negre ale lui Gio-
vanni de Medici, ii luase hainele cele mai bune' Furios, p1eacd drept
sicoefmnrehnlia,ogitidoinncucusut5arectircgre.iaielpiV.elnnia,rAttueoa-Pcitfaoiaduslnaslsose,tasXiscudnrecemunuod-espif$elaaidilgrilapgtuiciddicesaudrrdlerceadeaeeczmRlildenavoartmureesFmmnatludoo.eadrriaNndeinainm:zfiftnrl5aaieutn..rrumeeLItcngog)aattseIr(maPdasinpicnsmduuosaille5npsssctalanteeaentolelituuLmmolu-abi,cgUniocallfasinbievae.doigrDrevlitfceeeeriniisgtmatdaecozueorilllacdutliaoeSeei

Marcone,
dtdroiaeea.lnVEAetuivnrpteiucienirdniomtSerrueizanMitlrtaeuitcib,lghlcotaeiulutromatrirnis.glstsPipectuoiroenarifecBleeurCtiionmdenfelepaliiruneproliuu,ltsuiiaci:ienerBasatesmeaniinlvncateadreCrnotcuoioeatfnodrreslcemaiulisusedeelruirgrnXivetidarsiemeuelefLisianepcsorSaeneeacmnMradiooroi--''
chelangelo, pe care-l nume9te plrrurea divin, pe care-l studia cu sir-
gLeuoinn{a[r,cilnc,spciarlnredure-speredziennstatilbudl tldulii.aRdeecuinaogAtenagihnisadri,cder9ai cartonul lui
bellisimo e
rairahile. Tot pe atunci se intorsese la Florenfa, din Anglia, unde lu'
crase prai rnulfi ani pentru regele Henry VIII, un sculptor fiorentin
Pietro Torrigiano, Venind des in alelierul lui Marcone 9i vdzind de-
senele lui Celiini, pi mai ales copia de pe cartonul 1ui Michelangelo,
ghici cd ucenicul era mai mult sculptor decit cizelator ori giuvaergiu.
ii ptopr.su atunci sd-I ia cu el in Anglia ca sd sculpteze impreun5
lucrdri importante pentru regele englez. Cellini, dornic de aventuri,
€arparigisadta9sida-lveunrmtuerozea.sdA.ceVsatsTaorirrnigeiapnooveesrtaesstceulmptuoirt de merit, dar fire

din ispr6yile 1ui'

Iatd cum ni-l descrie Cellini :

Iui u,imEritaoaarcee,sct uomglafosaurlterdsfruunm6toosr-,laculnflinticSraurnetd9riileexlutrei mdindesplnridnrcdeznneef i cu gesturile

care ar fi in-

500

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aici". Neamul Guasconti face plingere inaintea celor Opt cd au fost
atacafi in prdvdlia lor. Benvenuto e citat inaintea tribunalului. E con-
damnat la o upoard patru banife de fdind cle clat unei rn6-
arnendh -
n&stir-i.

,.Cind m-am vbzut singur condamnat, m-am crezut asasinal..' Aqteptai ca cei
opt sd plecc la prilz; vSzind c6 nimeli nu m5 pdzea, cuprins de milie iesii din
l).1}at. itlergai .la atclicrul meu, unde -cldsii un putnuai, uri ropezi.i la casa adver-
sariior. Ii gdsii la mas6, Tindrul Gherardo, care era capul pricinei, sc aruncd asu-
pra rnea : ii dddui o lovitur6 de pumnal in piept care-i strdbdtu haina 4ii cdmasa,
f.dri si-l atingi mdcar la piele ori sd-i facd cel mai mic riu. De spaimd cdzuse
ios iar eu credeam ch-l ucisesem. Trdddtoriior, lc'strigai, a sosit ziua si r.'d ucid
p€ toli ! Tatil, mana, surorile crezind cd le-a sosit ziua judccdfii c1e pe urmi,
imi cdzurd in gcnunchi strigind mil6. Vdzindu-i ci nu se apdrau, iar pe celdlalt intins
ca mort, rni se piru lucru miqelesc s6-i ating ; tot infuriat coborii scara, dar in
stradd gdsii restul familiei, vreo doisprezece in5i, care cu sapd de fier, care cu
cilr-:dnr:, druql, nir:oval..1, carc cu beie. Ca rlr iaut furicrs, mti;rruncai irr mijlrrcul lor,
trintii jos patru-cinci, cizui :;i eu cu ei la pdnint, diud cu pumnalul in dreapta pi
in stinga. Ceri rEmapi in picioare imi trdgeau cu ciocarrcle, cu nit'ocala, cu bitele ;
Dumnezeu avu mi15 de noi cdci nici eu 1or, nici ei mie, nu ne fdcurhm vreuar r6u.
Numai cd in bdtilie imi pierclui bereta. Cind vroirir si-;i numerc morlii ;i rdnilii
vi:zurii cii crau toli icferi..."

Pricina era ins6 gravd. Cei Opt se intrunesc indatd 9i dau polun-
cd sd le fie adlrs \rinovatul, cu amenintare de pedepse grele pentru
cine i-ar cia addpost ori nu l-ar denunla. Benrreuuto se ascuncle 1a un
cirlugiir de 1a Santa h4aria Novella. Tatii-s6u, ajutat cie milosul {rate
si alfi llrieteni, il imbracd c6lugbre;le, ii scot, sirecurinclu-1 tiptil pe
afarf, din oraS. Un prieten il agtepta cu doi cai :
ling6 ziduri, pind in-
cCsa-ealellacindleilso;irp.paAoprc[lutCersnlecminsecpnertepVeSIieIepnfolaoc.raeDnreotimlnaacnSa:ile$aniaelu1lai9RiR1eoruemrrrae:rn;eumptoeu. rdi rpurmoteacft1o6r
cd
al

IV

Anii cei mai frumogi ai tinerefii, Cellini la Roma ii petrec'e. Ctt
epsctieutrarntleednianluptrlluoeiar,upapegea;raic,pdpteessneptrpreuozaectcdeeldsatponurin.iieAvcjoudinteascolteinrvidbrsra,iltiaptelel,uaricddfmoirinmneatdfiirnuianCeveiatrarstttiesea-i
ticri e cea romand. in prima lui qeclere la Roma ztirise, cam de depar-
te, curtea strdlucitd a lui Leon X ; &cl1m inlrii oclatil cu noul pontifice,
Clemeut VII. Desigur, Roma nu lnai a{e atullcl', in viala LeeioanrtXist:icp?rie9ai
iiterard, slllendoarea de sub pontificatele 1ui Iuliu TI si continua s;i
multe neltorociri se asupra ltaiiei. Ronta, totugi,
fie cenlrul cel mai abdtuserd din Italia: acolo se gdseau lrai tofi ar-
de seamd
tiqtii mari gi ciestui scl'iitori cle seamd, iar oragttl cu toate calamit{fi-
le priu cal'e alrea sA treac5 sub domnia nouitli paph Medici, rhminea
cctltut nundi.
Aici ili desdr.irSe$te Benvenuto uceuicia, tr6ind in nrediul ar-
tistic viu al Romei, in caclrul acela unic, 9i stttcliild, cu aprinderea Pi

5{r2