Antoniade, COnstantin - Opere

990 gi E!e()J ii!

-(---r--eu-----1gilooBolIounlE1l1nBguoCitrdsIXo?gEardr'r1rBernr'rurE.?Eu.)..rao.Iln,slAuilns'slDlaocraunlroroBepru/deuclp{Iuil.lr:ouSu'rbluFerr1lnBuninr(ilo6asnrllrIulolonicoJz1aIt1erlzorvneluullnJsenasaudrot0lnau!p.nB:loelrnIlr-llorlusrcdt\ralrrrln.oIlun{ulsl,r,d}rr.ia\rr1xpooo!r'-'nlLq13er1tAl-cB1leuupaiiii-lr'1aaaaeauiuu,'{r:rolt,Jp1giuluzuJzuJu"cdtrarqnoorEle:Oo,BgEeo1rTs(r1ulpF,opld1rui:s^n:iitlgJruri-sS4l.ouE"ipegrraro,porlgidiu)t(.[,d€ErDiC,l'iiotSrl/lr;rl:rrBit.ann.Dinlrdo.r6rrit1lliaup:lrrdq-.rrensrI.tu6IJll.,Au1sEeaJlrni9ns'lrruE:rqeinrde:3snlurrIroD"r-unUoner1r.orpreuus,o,e:1)dr'|1s4ooJnj,duerqnul;srppurlr:Cuirprlohrn'uslouc'nlDirl.orinui,nnr:rrll1n--nctcluauiEr1,-liid.g,purrjiE-4lou":-(r.tporjipp(iTrrlrn1lj*Og1p.iuuegiilaunnode'uufrg:11ir!tl-coorl$oo]etfngor,iosr/flCru(r,,"grlr.iseru-orziprco-rslSi;n!ipuiO,'ud:ut6r"rdzlnrrr;1gi'Ja,u),psip[1j,:sii-Inl3,e)lnle'-jDoDes1trrppd"L{ouyplliieor]es,urillouueuln3rnriuruc;reJruniuool"esnoiv1u.urtiro:sisi};rllgeo1luJtfrjze.3sr;rilengirue]iitucrzru;u-ilu34.iirprrrnproeriljsc.rie)'rpn1rnurn.u;-irl1?ar.Dsoj1s:itr3i,a.lsol-,#rpi-rcj:'l.-6rpi;:uiriofu3r:+Bc-!jJ1slr3,;elB.,.(r.,r;,rlt:iii;.jucr3,u.juuAi1rJlir/r.i3llilil;

'euerlila6 lnrrodurr pJ'uJ purruoir uEi_llEusrq lnlirrcig .oF
-'l--Irr--a'--eoli,pnnaJeansufruuaeIJs'6ellJu.nrJidrgu..?eala,o'_Bdnnceeli'xS{ptpqlploutrndu.zusuaeil,lnonertplpprTnrltuTaJsdarolloUutelSlnuloJqulupiuilueOoBgIa^n6eJlp+tdruuirrJouoauSrr6lrornerntxN'biauol1ppp,sslraauoupapuIaorrp'innt6pSrplaut6JEJulluorp-rpoponanr0lepgioJtuslcllser/lptlaJoAJrr1rolporiJoeuunoclrrruorpS\usulnIlsirnlapurraainn.prrl-p:o1TrnroJll|pfpuJdLrads^esaroEorI{Jr;erz-r1erqjpDaBRlizul6rploerrsllWirotplpplAsoarprxpr1JLaoa1oalpp-srol;r+rDJ,acinup,nll+leuf/unJJanreepslr1lBduseouielu;JrsrIreJaJoapnaeaJIo,uBnnidl;pJqYuoulJonIalnu.rpndps[rrolppluarddnlulIur1fipuJaelr,eidr6sluaJoi1olplIoscr1lanqeoxppl1aV€l?liile\eereoefn\iqlJeuJnuplrpnl:Juosuuel,nurnlp,urqJgJilplpnOlnr!v6riofp0lqdJ-l:lnrgnieJLseunos:priuJr-udiJpsaSl,orlor,eSoloeellrgeroll,r-nerpiorR,.prlu4a:}JqAl.psup:.fe.aparin,sraeJlorulsipsrrqBncJupap+ellapzelernllarpunsraerdiuiplclJsnreunoeJjlnrr!nnlLar]onlligsJulppSndifbue1;pnorsziouu'JEeagJJtseaerrli;-p]iill.ob*eea{e.eerru!roiole,iJ61u:ipiquDJlr.sieaanirJnSi,cJ,Jru1tilu1iI,{;iti!l
I-rIrnrnr;nEloreilourunostrtIr]rrBpuI r)rlSaJ6EIrnlrlsnrrgusrnrllsuinoicolulrr-Luurejir_?r,ErpLrupnLJrDi ui?jsrSsoasuupcui re-rpafJl lli:-l
o palioil iE ':'lt.remsig o '+rurr.Lr ol'joLpItsszctoioiN:\oouEoe-irroe-rl]e1uerrSnuo>ioqdr,se1o_lolr:jgu
i-eI-ialIp:dauil's)JJI:'o/1ie+iilnI-eSIrrl"dsu;n.IioOO.srpB}d4S'1iJeetralJioIlIse-rloooOE.lnllrOI?Jnli;lirP-ulrIIZSriiEri1ii{pr?Ie-.Fi'IcaleeIiiourFl-reJ.e-lF':rruip1tEr;fop'lj1p]'-?espIiriLrli)ii1-rl-inoJi:o].iEIiln'ierrt-,irri.rn,ut"-3iileofsiie.oiJ[nJr1O'liJJetr.tptir]InpJ"n-lilu:r1+l.nl1sljiio8t-:lTJ-t-tlri.ini]crCJ1ir":1]lr;,rl--io:lll,u!rlite";i1inJr:i,fiit;.ie:l,.r-1l.i.;:t."-1i}
-I1'r.i*6renle6p-ii"nzi'ltcTioli.o6pl cn'rr.loilnceiJlli'oarail-tsprsreoolrrn?rrcitoloJorJd.sorduse-ol6['ipliuuJnu[,eoeprJi'p.TuesxiutieejEri]nrii.iaruinaIeliflliirc,i:lral-rtirli-flce1icos*tlc;i.ai+ra1utrr-,n-n.rlssln:l;-Eaira.eFoj:sr-na,i1iltf1i,?_,a,,,eirirli+rl---tlir".::cll_t(rj.i_i'l.,r.].t]-,,rr,:..i.r;lrr
's'cr-itrur.i;57 Jad iag o;s;f J:cp a:J ls etli Er-rolsl 'oruni aC
-lp Btrseof,.7'Elspeiu Eautn{ od artr us orn,-i+r; ,!a-rzi1,.,r\
Hlulo,t Eipltrl3ire o
-II€eJ AS pS ernqe"tl'Loiuoisrxo E p_{Ec1.r=1{ins curJoJ,lnli:i.cls pl nriiloci
oo'IlpIpxlnplloppninlrIDgrrrrdJJsogjlDrstpi;E6glusSinJeIa;gelpFu"]irea'epilar'io1:anlnu1dfdiJosrl'EprruaoJiaeiltJEppJlr-niriJler:rul.uiroonidlu1annrlur;:orrdlrEea.Ctc.Ilpr:irslliiLlqBrroiiiiilr-triiell

Al5triri cle acest stragnic om de actiune, orice cdrturar ql ideolog
face o slabir figur[. lTooriulagifo9rircnearileaallindoouiluaiuscpoirnittriibnuGit einrttnr-aoniala.rglnd mii-
surd prin cloctiina ma-
rea lni lslorie n Germaniei, in cursurile lui 1a Unirrersitatea din Ber-
iin, in scrierile lui politice, Treitschhe este un exaltator al spirituhii
gerrnan in ciomeniul culturii, crim este un exaltator al Prusiei in cio-
meniul politic, La lumina istorjei el demonstreazd cuill gelrn.anii surri
intemeietorii unei culturi noi, superloarii celei greco-romane. Grecii
au produs o ocuoltrudridnemeaxi taelreiosaersdte9tiicmi, aiaterriaroldtn;angiei rinrnaimnipi einriuilmloperriinlt-l

trodusescrd
pe care sunt clatori s5-1 cl5deasc5, ei, care au mai incercat o clatd un
imperiu clupd moclelul roman, dar care au fdcut in urmS Reforma Fi
prin ea au clezrobit spiriiul german cie himera romanS, cu puterea lor
cle creatori de state, au s5 introciucd orciinea adevdrat5, atit interioard
cit gi exterioarS, pe care au s-o impund lumii 3.
Chemarea germanilor este s.I modeleze lumea d,rpd spiritul ior.
ciupd cum mdrirea Germaniei se intemeiazd pe faptul cd
,,lntocrnai gurrernatd de Prusia, tot aga mbrirea gi buna stare a lumli

aceasta e
atirnd de predominarea culturii germane, minfii germalle, intr-un cu-
vint de predomnirea caracteruiui german" a.

Pentru ca un filosof sd aib5 o influen|5 astlpra timpultti sdu nri e
ca scrierile lui sd fie citite pSoi pguulsatradteindeatdoeavtddralutmuleian-;
absolut rlecesar
operd filosoficd sd ajungd
e gi greu ca o
teles ai cuvintului. E destul ca din doctrina lui sd reiasd ullul satl
cloud principii generale mai izbitoare ca prin ele filosoful sd cletermine
icnitpr-iai nsudmfeiediinretecrlpierestaptieritiunl public ; Ilu e necesar nici ca aceste prin-

adevdratul spirit al autorului lor. Apa e
caznl cu filosofia lui Nietzsche. Nietzsche nu e popular in Germania,
aiit clin pricina asprei poezii a operei lui, a deconcertantei lui atitu-
clini spirituale, cit Ei din pricina faptului cd el a fost unul dintre cei

tmi(IItr1I'"iu,63e1trGr6gEc-9)3-ii-n->1tRiSi,Itin1"{eUal1jrop:lrrlto)/ir)en.mcMiulncnTn]aohrcerCoepxsimertEnseihovou,isiapcrndoouMlEuptasepUaiardlnsoupet-brzioao6iebaAtreds,,,ledseolintrasiarnvtdlrrnai-vncattiidionrda$Ineluiv-ltvEtaur,l1'nrlilvcrgdn,ereFalLrir-teGaui.eite?hdpEresermrnIuiriccnapaha;nrteaUisEarinfn.l,dniruivi.rpgcmiinmeArhiisltnas7,Dtirn-Moncricvtbureicieninmpardguluiielnnsdtil,lei5ansLpia,uri,eJnuiutnvhenlAeaaaiJlurnva/ctttr(o'Ceelt1rrerai4Htpaial8luvelnt3sinetnss:--,i
apcaeritr.aratrnursefcostriamuaar€t frdpt caeuulttaodirciitniatienrealpigcoriopezid.iitnEafteleia. luEmleelaibaetrlrdaanut snpftoreircmodmaat pdoeemprueolluipgii.io1Aznitaieatmeicaain, ecpixpetaent--
ltrreuntcrau
norr.r,
nt!lruiruioppdtluacDjltucdats:uerrti.ldlliarNcarnnoculudpJrrtipiin,luoraolpsit€soeerdislritueatrauipnv)octtoeihpsrgmbdeaalul.pdileauwnncseuiulirmnaiacim,ddsaecroeulilupnulftipiuoiratnleaunaaif.tulalrljuini.uctisuroptludopiuprcecoeaubrsleecp,hmo"ipana(,KedMaliarnaIrxaM-pFlaautrrrsgxa-e,o/,Clusto,io,tnOuctgpiibictruiline.-,
volunrui I, t>tlilla a II-o, Editura Poiiticd, Bucuregti, 1960, p. 42i).
il fdcea pe sd susfind,
'. ,c,Ai cgeelarsmi afanniiastiusnmt nafional p-o, pocradree rasd purd qi Treisscl-rke sqperioari, in
teorie, singurul
de noblefe clt
ei singuri poarti fdclia civilizaliei, c& ei au, prin urmare, misiunea sd pregdteascii
dtcP,u,i.,t.iPsae4.tiipNtrairieog6gaurllaacclbsr:iciil,;rItn,,ionaiunpirtf,irdnalcudcumcttircienpi,aaetldascotddrneepdaiuglniczeidarnitriioeurlaloiiEardicieainnssAt1uul9tpri1ari4adteeacdaieel,ilmocvrapilrareteulrtietupilrleuepsioluogppeorura-nmr,eeaa"n,.cocs(maOdepontrt.eecaacozcjfndi.,-.
p. 331).

354

990

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-L'apnl.r1r1po111lsIonJd^lIrluo! njiaoJdrlpuurrtlroorsoopqiluzcipspn5Jd'osulrprrrJ.ls)1loetJoru;noprr;dgo1roldelnroo1cLlcrpoarIllna1dptr)u{l l3ra*ls'ozadnqBoulssupuuedrrnrpdJ,ooqa1rlresl1lzpolaq:drr-5eralq1rupn!Jl,cJlqnpclCns,zl,
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e

'rr-Il''u,ldln.rd,lqlnilp.pllerlor;rJJJjsurron'Oraooorrr.r7ppInrBpIu:I[rr11ir'nSlrE;;pr]3'rualnacort6cirtsur:t]l6{oulr;Jiqoor1IJ!Jo6rl.zoJrrurpapprp{llqoctaro6puoncrl;l!lornrrrzroOriqclinrdu(rc0onp-nee0w,:p,)a6gurs1Ipll.p-t!eprue.urdylDopoi!'yEl1lsrsrpgoqli!^r:1dlunr!pf)u!ao1]trep-ontadrt:ltl!Ltd]]rpapro;pozllguuql1)tT-lpapaoD-rulz-p1NtunlLoooutrlxtsqlnualoxo)lutletIrEr.rorrArtnjpIrIoDolznpoD,ac.pArt.rrrro)alrIgbo]?LqosrUtlJonutfJqigrttos.oprtJ.unuulrSnprp)tprurl-)pIruprrotlJn(rualsusaol-nxnt'Ft.rxadruirt)llsooosul-ol.{-rug}lyr1du}zrtn)?tjruoaalq'lSBtouDtrraroJsrdlncDlfpDodplrtiJtcaenopIou."'dsoo)srrnoejsoedoc-jcl^JorctlrilI

eip rS "+srrJiluy p) aza3rlelul as ps 'ole_roru lrolp^ ap alolqp+ elpol nJ
p3 (IJunlE Eelaulq p-ap unqau e-Ia)
elS.rrJS as nu aqJSZlarN rS 'p-{pclsrp jls o.rnqaJ} '1nlea,r }rl3p] p-iS 'rol
-i \?l.ls Etfirlo-I 'liruiSILrrlgia"rJ 'iltT plLrro.\ li;rop oboT p11p alSeoulrJ nLr Ia
I rsaso[uI rs Jsaqpis orp] pa]saJp aTaluorul]uas luns aJ oI]S nu oJp:] inur
-o i r/\plls ait lale-ToIlI oalci-Lro't}lepr^-r1urdronpsr'lpr orlaalpouclilqrJ'iecllnlrr{',r'lpiLJr}rsoncrizlluprrerzfrl'pr"|rec^l
jRLl 1.l\ i)s np oJ 1ol
-Li1

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:--J-)rparasn0LPJall1rdJrJui.rdri'rlp?elppoJJ+rJlidpsE1po;Jso1rporn"lplrplqrasn-r1nprrfoero,prus:l'eprlnl/apZopnql{plqIJlaoJqe+ior-lllEpr[S€o'oorra{rllsn{\EIAneiIIoESpn:all\pIlJSlE,rsoBU\uuoJIlJInrBdenrlIopr+fiJAJ)siJ'crneoRpln-'rprp[zJdrtpp-ssrIaI,lpeplu\elnaJoJItIuosrJS3JaIErrerranrusJIJzlolpp1iBo^J]la,llprl\ie-oulrl.oJulnl-poir1orup,ll€o\pllrsJiJsobOrpR'euxJ-cnrEBp-lnalJ'pJnpr'TrpJntonoolRlrln'eJu-TruoliaJerprnorcr1JsrplJolllranssacsoJ'li-InnlarLirorsJqpurl
-ea-uJillpi.psJs6pIonnl/lupIdlnaarTrllp3ud-rlasJorlJunp{asJau+lpaIorI}l1aaJIpn€lnuIJrJoRpuJJJ'lBpaaraEleilslpuolrnrJup'-uppJr€lqJouuoJTlredJTuoaluS6rlaonJuliuTnJr}orlSlurE'Ie+onpJJdrplr:loIul{uoJudaqarcrlprlnseladpaqrrpJrprosn^'zlprrllareai1s^rr6Pblaool61p]onnEqrJlbisInTIRcpu[;idrusauealluepaIpErlu^uouIar]rl

,,Trebuie sd vI cdutafi duqmanul Ei s5-i facefi rizboiul vostru, un rdzboi

pertru gindurile voastre I

Trebuie sd iubili pacea ca un mijicc de rdzboi 9i pacea scurtd mai mult ca

pilcea lunJir.

hiu vii prcpoviduiesc munca, ci iupta, Nu vd sf6tuiesc pacea, ci vlctoria. Ilun-
ca rrcastrir sd fie o ir:ptd, pacea voastrd si fie o victorie,

\ro1 spunefi ci o cauzd buni sanctifici chiar rdzboiul ? Eu vd zic : rilzboiul

b'.Ln salcti:liczi or!c,: 1r.rcru, si-ii imprimi ririna in veacuri rra iht.r-o cea-

Creatoril sunt aspri. E o fericire
.i-. -t: - -.,.., I i::::ii.iri: sii slrii asu;l:3 vciliei v^a^u-rillr ca pc c.t'ai:rri. l{|inai ce e

.rrai aspru e mai nobil.

O Iralilor, pun deasupra vcasird aceast:i ncu{ tabli a iegii : Dcvr:ttili Q:il}ti l"

k"ltuifia supraomuiui, moratra si5,oinilor fa|6 de mori'lla sclavilot:,

aiiiudinea deasupra binelui gi rduli-ri la care au dreptul fiinfele pri-
vilegiate, aLr venit repede in ajutorul germanismului ca sd-i alii:ren-
Ntpeiieznetiz, sqdciehseod,a-gimeuermmnfiaiepnuisatmeperunlleic.aivAceldbartoguraraitadtoeotussluuplperraaeonamtpiuuelnrecmh:iesmo, aont a9nliiraianlinueundneefactsaiddree-
lai.; cle ceieiaiicr stb deasupra bjneiui ;i rt=luiui: natiult€a gerrra,tii.
Din felul cum e condus actualul rdzboi de armatele Kaiserului se ve-
'cnlleenc5ia.niPetezsccihnedissmcurliaeGmeanieardlosgpiiandMit odraelceiti,
s-ar fi putut crede in Ger-

Nietzsche exalta ,,mindra
bestie de pradd blond5, fie cd e romand, arabe, germanic5 ori japo-
nez5, homericd ori scand-inavd". Poate sd fie multumit zbuciumatul
lui sufiet in odihna
lui ,,dincolo de bine gi de rdu" : ,,mindra bestie
de pradd blond6" a reapdrut. Zarathustra a avut muit de lucru in Be1-

"gia, ?n Polonia, in Franla,
inidrDireacadgaecrmegatni istrmellil.Lotai,muenni aalupcaotrnutlreiba,uipt,rilnnttrr--co inegald misurd, la
carte ajunsA popu'
1ar5 nu nnrnai in Germania dar gi in lumea angio-saxon6' a vulgari-
zat germanismul qi l-a prezentat intr-o hain5, n.u metafizicd, ca la
liHtXnnaIocd-teenXipmsn"u'tiontJGunaarehiStroremhtreuihacwnniuida'ii;ae.rtcrAfgCisci.ihenaaPsjmutrhonaobpsimenuranmlasinaai-ndagiurggle-nSeiatirbldmmiselSbapnclsaaatdturttestdeicdiiaenitzftlieeugeieisur9eDmnicioaaeelnuncGilgiu.rlXelutEzIunX,rditv'liraaoepgnrluesbinspnadltadrdeenlaes--
prinde o lungd cercetare a acestui secoi' Dupd cStlerea Im-
periului romirn, gdsegte ,,bazelor"
in Europa, in secoiii urmAiori, pldrnddirea
unei lumi noud, care ia con;tiin!6 de sine pe la 120C qi care d,I nas-
tere unei culturi nou6, care e cultura noastrd europeand. N4ogieiii'
toare a culturii greco:t'omane $i a rnarii miEciri de spiritrraljz.rre a

-[]Ltnanirt ri.t 1i virtoritasi miine, Nietz:cire va avea, ciesigur, prima marc :iiat'.lie
r::r ' :.rllr.
.sipaLorelofrubi.c'lr.uti,ae.'iiibolln-i:ilu,,lin.iplis;icrrri1i.inve,noiibiljfrceioigaii.sr,arirrsl-aans.c1eauc.uo-oirrnrelnlecinitthliiiitnnliconlurdlduitsmhouc.arpoirilaneacsoalimaanrcenedeliilavj'enesaspitiRritfaidfsdtrtilracueiutlnpeutsrseieepc,zudree-eaMnmBptoaoattrfpluacioncare-nuelit"aogd.(teuFeCl;mrgii..icalniblvriu.ns-trra:N.'tvosiueamditazasirufcvni6eiletomaet--,,
i'',,'lo:i,riu";ijtr su, i:rl:iura I-inrdriei:5i Tipograi'iei If. Steinberg, Ilucurc;ii, 1915,

p jx).

35S

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Acestea sunt, |n linii generale, elementele doctrinei germanismu-
isrsuildtliuirdciltee,grceccertaimltrtdeuamnlsaecagfadaereclemve6asarnuat6inttu,at ljvucsisaprtttiiufrilicintidleetuipmraroeptpituteelnadrnf6eiu,znFebiixloecaiuepilmluoeiinpcateelacrictacudla.aisrlf.treeuRcfpdateemcleicncaelairnecaecslseupt-muia-i

afirmat 8"

II

SPIRiTUL GERT\,{AN
Doctrina germanismtllui, adicS amestecul de metafizic6, istorie,
{rmacdsmcniereilinespliairnepcredisdonlaredutpiirpeiofpaieoinu,nertleinonricttpia,geli"oavraticrierdeliicatia,o,arcinaenttloeeblsatanaaafldauipazcegnssadigeediuhlis:rsaafomltdureenelopoaititnu1qneigcisldniurtneeuiiilioui6nppnragJmueisetidtrdfdapiriecqiomfoniiSiirtpaasir.et-ponpaoDsdsatif_troaiierchiemrtadi,iuclcgnuopielneertrrare,5areom9r,itamopiinna;caotacdnuuesloiuie&rlstganslmutsilecuuecr5uortaeama-lns'i,piagutdecrecLeaiuseprlradua.tameeemisclgoaeelfeauienimuq,drmldrtnmeeesneemsnpba,,sutotiner$dunaniliirtelttsouaauttoerrfnlliacucxrc1Eo"---eiii
clltura germand sunt atit de excelente. Prin urmare nu numai orgo-
liu al .ititalltor psihice qi a1 produselor culturaie, dar 9i orgoliu al
singelui. Toii germanigtii, de la Fichte, cu urvolk a1s[u, pin6 ia cham'

berlain, care face clin ideea de rasd temelia cdrfii lui, proclamd exce-
lrsirpoteeti,rtuarrltic,slci-p'iitti:oSceicpoZogoprZletaaou1trllcie,licautleaorsles"roloicicaarioolrleielatloolscnurgoeainallsgooolietsrirl,imcsusscmtuaoirlnutidliettirn,ouecesraxuispipfrfrmoeduapSursneulecSunieeiet.-zntrei,nsSfcopSensrl)cecd,caapsotoclaicrnrtlierdsaureel-vXp$dotVecAluolii-m-lJiXiioenVsaraeonIlIpbter,hiorielpnuAoaclrvorstdrhgaeriutcmitieree.ExGaiItseoreerbmusxinopicnecalsaainou-u---
brt[Kstftsp{ArgrrrteiS,ieiedi4inaeli,-ublreaarqaceseusilmlutpnriotidr"tooolDgrrnul8raoqu"cagriioeerulutnuiPicliirirmt-"i}n.lqGai,arlgue,.srlidiel.ee.eTp,iAPrpXr,iraonprrGhrRitomrfi,cenpitI,UerireerecXanfoi,aioorpc^piirtmd,ingiLbeJpranicea(eieenialraerrmoFtngi-zlienCitdrlvptru'oeoc,is,iajEeai,llaeplnnerr'5lFaen,eciirrdsticiliiezttaaelscierimpedgahnznacur,AieeruaihalllcSeipeReia(ieinron'h1,uoalvrumqpil8)itpser6cMBselIig7,aaiGeaqiirr2Jupfernaauasniiecea-tuirgt1zrrigAr"ncieeamvflenm,ieiai5eltiz9riiruat5ri,omNiieaireimidnl1,sniFdfueansrEevi)tiApiie,eicgenrldat,uoeirohj,ir.dztrgsr,lerszimnorceailtuicepai,naaiupzicrnrrBual"t.bamiriemritn,s1nlfldii,(ipeinnscmzc,auopitplEulyiaaeeicmannuprtu,tr,atpoanduare.dlaErMuturvC,rul"Ariei2iisitiasrlleinhue,,7pn,unqtl,suciilc7ardcislioiaenian"sir-iluvp1;l1de,e3eerailio9ppa-{li4cSig-ct4azpoiaasd5eestcs6adnralmexc)erdlus,irgvomtpnpoeleeiseeicuaaStnaatnaoir,etrr,ienmnfsujsc"-inuEsnetoIdoa_lvitUtiIEt-ett-raulerot..uenEiiiiun"pnnoi.-Jdqissi"rruipinsuotietoitptedtoen,a,meeaplravpeil,acAeetnuaaoOoiicpipigicrlrsa.lnanclnmeercecurd1ociiiepireereHmlmiAlsmlebs-rnane:f5aTiplmaaciaitdicaulauir$unezluoceiseul,alinruiansfri,cinAsComiittrd,ciearsmqluIiprcelia4pcieibdtirtiiliillattroofocsuesouuaie9rEtec-r--]-iI,li'ii
t"ngrlmadiil in ,,1arcuri", in teritorii riguros mdrginlte fri trataii ca Pieiie Rc;Eii din

.Arneri.e dt' cEtre ,,albiio colonizatori.

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oulLLmt runf, rJtrnle 'lLrlnruearr alp oluouruo elriplrler aleo+ pzprorual
-LrI as errDolorm; rS errfiolodo-rlup aluaurola alsaJe ad pcep rs atBotrIr
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fei" gei"inanisnului. Germanul ar fi mai ales om cie caracter,: inde-
stbruinla
penci6nla, Iealitatea, sunt rririulile lui cardinaie. Germanul,
ni se mai spttne, e slngrr.rgl otn capabil de o adevdratd viaid interioa-'
mrtofe,rargineaafniidipzeeaoxlirthtreaalltoiepnlacoiitzgnoiiateiirvtiXle-a.ecdlrjotrearmtimeeeauluinisiCiglueieinr;smt uvsanipnrtteiurcieftaiuslletlietddeiiesni epdnsuifismiarcliiegupeilailndniedaantsoEeuriife;lpeiuCt9uieeillutri-enni aagpned'u.rtel--
lceaaiirrrere, ascetuoirRnotcihllenrfeussataccthela,goFilaicla1t5gaOFrsinciwahiateldceic,plclaor$tnec.ihiniTlioefiare,tceTarraeecietossctpehahceiatercautcletCehlaizacl:meirvbi,delirn'i
Ci l:-: Crlttlilr, iCl aclei',riili, ISlc rilei.lt cX e.Jititi dr.'il;.iilS
Lir:ii:r:1,ii l--.r r,.SlC unui popor
aclerrdraiS a intr-o singurd lormuid i este
viafa adincii gi
fgmcaereaacuisatmagdiueeplfteimenriiancoundrliioeisnsd.i5reeAsalapegbugasninteerdamsceofnoiufs6nvienao.grusOhurddflegcctaoiuoUalvutlaiaiidtuSecangdrueieipplzrleoudzpdeoednrrx,tnpinIiclidiscia-cdoflemnpceiemds-aetieccei'caeiAnsle---
treprinderi gdsim tocmai in varietatea definitiilor date. $i cu toate
acestea, nu e absolut cu neputintd de definit un popor ; numai cX de-
finilia nu trebuie sd pretindd la o exactitate geometricd, ci sii se mi;1-
fduemseparescedi,apflui soadtetesccriieteresgeromsasoi mado' Germanii sunt tot ce s-a splls
rdu este cii nu
pot spune ; dar ce e
numai germanii sunt toate cite s-au spus' E drept cd poporul ger-
un popor r:runcitor l9ibi emrieattoed, icd,eclaibreertaatereaalliuziatmlauicarulersi ilari
man e o mare dragoste de ;
; cd
cd are e
in stare sd-li fixeie r:n ideai, sd lupte 9i sd se sacrifice pentru el ;
cd are o st5ruinl5 care nu dd lnapoi in fala nici unui obstacoi {per-
v!caiacta)loc;ircctcbdheiaarrceainruenrvesoupr,birpeiteadcTeaarcoeirtg,eaidnaoizraneruelnardedsudcsugfpai.idn:edilintiaarteec"ep-lreavmiapas-ii
,,stdruin-

tidem va'
mici amd-
nunfimi ; c5 a dat dovadd de o continuS strSduinld spre lucruriie spi-
rituale fii cA simtul datoriei este adinc inrdddcinat lntr-insul. Dar nici
una din aceste caiitdfi nu este exciusiv germand Si nici ii-a atins la
germani un summum ileste Care il-r Se poate treCe. Toaie dor,'edesc
sunt un popor mare, dar nu singurui popor mare pe iu-
id germanii
me. CaracterizXrile de mai sus sunt valabile pentru toate pcpcareie
mari, pentru toate popoarele care au insemnat $i insemneaz:l ce\ra
pe lume. Nu germanul e singurul om cle caracter pe lume, slav6 Dlm-
nului I ,,Caracterul" intrd ln definifia fiecdrui crn acleviirat, oricirriti
popor aderrdrat. $i i:e urnrd uici clragostea cie liberLate, firleiitriea,
sirnlti datoriei, sctidtrlcrirnelda,gseprmiriaiunlii.de'iomt eirLeoiedndispr'il'.c',l1e organizare uu sunt
sir'li-
aga de rare pe e iil;ertate ;i
cluinfir spre lumea spiritualS. Unde se pcate gdsi rnai mriit5 liberta-
te gi fideiitote gi stdruintd gi organizal'e ca 1a romeni ? Aceia eratr,
intr-aderr6;:, stdpinii inndscuti ai lunii, Dar francezii n-au ficui ni-
rnic iu doneniui spiritului 9i a1 liberiirlii ? $1 englezii nu pct da ni-
minui iecfie de stdruinfS, de sim| politic, de sim! al datoriei, de spi-
rit de or"ganizare ? Cit despre ,,puterea creatoare de state" a germa*
piloi, rinde trebuie sA ne adresf,m intii, la englezi, cu McEna C.haria
a 1or incd din 12i5, ori la germani, cu amorful lor imperiu roman ,,de
natiune germanic5", $i cu actualui lor imperiu de la 1870 ?

360

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nu ps '1n1osqe Inurslrulldo rS arJ

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aooo-lra-aSpSl:lplpl|ooE'ESp.aufacafa,Aj,rptrolrIrorp+ldJselIp6iropor[crI3pllBlr3l'uuu'BlupJsrPeppoIrIITlprsuuJnslBI'uaJrelIuplnJoaraBIaSllacEnbcIuUEInfls,ralDB'iup'paqnpJrnptdEulSnd'r+1ueesarno:rpeuulraE1u1rprEoP6re7oe:sS,uIJe16uqJllRr€ueprpa'puoouruIbnrrp-JllJdrr'iqAcppuooIantuuas6nn"urleooj{pr}uIIJIuqrIenrJRzI'JPu'laBpnapuIs;iunJ6iDnIrera.rqp}eleIlli]oodJip^eIlI}?rriso^srJelspPllaprrpJaTeoudruEudenxII-prJllsua'o'oqplpFPr:J6iallauptnsEu6npplTrnee"lurlp*rre'a:pru."6arteIcairalpApnfaIof^EJ'frir;a,olp-eririlrrn:)on.reEr/'iutdpr-"?larlrlairi1I"lrupoJeaurlcap1tllcEiueu.9{ialrErIirildl-uj:lpa'o..Kepni,rrlnlriuraa[olTIl'nplralroapefdurpi]}{i
'I--r-niuaJlnilot:lqe}tlIrt1sJsarp:oqdaacqspllla1uaJlIulpUrRluuIlnpeBpIBlJDlnJuarqspJ-rosruurraprplrp'unJaunonuluplJroJaoInsluJlluJzPfu,!unJenIlIluJsIlionirra'prosd6ulosnpfepJJrulBsppIeJfI,asapJJncePusl lA_dRea-p3ep'pbpr'aElr-Tlerrpll.Juruiaprln.TNPspIurt'n'rla:loPpapc-Slsrl€oPnaoc6r:uilule€liolslulpnroJJ-aea.toJ1]

Dupd veacuri de mizerie;i de existenf5 incertd gi separat5, sta-
tele germane se readrini intr-un imperiu, care-;i cigtigd un loc ono-
de-abia reaiizat acest cigtig, germanilor nu
rabil li meritat in lume :
le mai ajunge nimic, vor sd acapareze totul qi sir ltorunceascir lurnii
intregi. De veacuri se strdduiesc popoareie de culturd ale Europei ca
fiecare dupd puterile lui sE lucreze ia marele edificiu spiritual care
are sd aclSposteascd gi sd incdlzeascd toatd lurnea ; Germanii, multd
v!:erre ucenici ai altora, cle-abja se simt pe picior cie egalitate cr1 tne$-

terii ceilalfi, gralie citorva exemplare foarte alese iegite din neamul
1or, nu rnai vor sd lase pe nimeni sd hicreze 1a edificiu, r'or s5-1 aca-
pareze tot pentru ei, sd impund tuturor planul lor.

Nici cincl e vorba de ei ingigi, gi mai ales atunci, germanii nu pot
pdstra mbsura. Ei sunt cei mai rdi cunoscXtori ai propriei 1or firi gi ai
propriei lor valori : ori s-au hulit pi s-au dispreluit peste mdsur5, ori
s-au ridicat pe ei ingigi pind la slava ceruiui. Un Schopenhauer, un
Nietzsche privesc cu dispref la tot ce e gernan gi insistd cu cruzime

asullra tuturor lipsuriior gi gregelilor firii germane ; un Fleine grimS-
de6te sarcasmele cele mai atroce impotriva felului german de viafd gi
giuclire, pe cind un Fichte, un Wagner, Treischke exaltb spiritul ger-
nlan ca floarea cea mai aieasd a spiritului omenesc.

tcearselenintertexreptploicraiSntedpearcionersiectexec.ceoNsniuvtritaeadteiccalilsiiftainrnuitiaegienorfmjpnaridntdpea,isnpttireriendsfeuenrnietaimtremeciriustattliiicstmiocauu-l
clomestic al germannlui qi brutalitatea clr care face riizboiul de astdzi.
manifestdrile lui, filosofie gi l-rea sd prindd ab-
ln toate fie cir face
sgoihiintuuln, dfide cd face sentirnent gi legind de-a l:inelea, fie cd face comerf
vrea s& acapareze
tirgul mondial, fie cd face politicir qi
intreaga 1ume, fie cd face rdzboi pi vrea sir distrugd tot ce-i iese in
ca1e, gdsim acela;i mistic incorijibil, aceeagi fire excesivii,
acelasi
tttror teutonicus cale-l n-rind la toate,

xx{

CUI-TLI.RA GtrtrivIAi'{A

Unui clin rneritele filosofiei gerrnane mai nouir siii in aprofuncla-
in deosebirea
xe.1 concel:tului de culturii, in definitia lui eractl ;i

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ia natcriei 6i pun semn de egalitate intrc leqije naturii 6i leaile sccletilii.

e4i,)

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1fo1 arec ap pJnlInJ Rlseaf,€ !rrnl[n]

ivdtsoneeeidangacspcnhtcol6uidicap'-atineiponairrdpgdnmdcieiercrLvterrdd,ncc.ertauae; trlaensaecseicltnauuipelaiiu.eisinrfCtpiCozugi-eirloliei,titrnuutdsoorluauitmnfuileeiaiecstrnes.'eiLaee,Cesnnnacivieedrciisp,uiiciiznseu. eairniCiftciiodsraunaaimprtscdeiteeid,mcmcpauddoinncpvatileitaaaeipidlvacfienoliucEcosritrteningge;uaiaiannpciLsc-ireeue;bas5rflnhe'erreet-il,;
tsrptreleoiinr.rnt"arCuaar-fintividorsiinelmiczaapialtSreulie,atiepn,arteprliepcrcaii5n:igonadsldeuAstscen-cumoerie.ateueAleirzecaeiecsap.iu;rsoacftiauelaor-ietlrnafia,luisdevce,eefigcxoaancpliuic;dmndtSpopee,qocricrleeotaaptreenoPadldieicsnuotldnrllfieilirlnm,ll'eJreoidrbl.qt-iisleiqdlaoxaltrarroeanmopoineroq----'
neasce, cum s-a intimplat cu valcrile create de helenisni, latiuism $i
creEtinism, care
apoi !5 s" integreze in rriala tuturor popoareior de

cultrird,

de cIonntzeisletalefien, ogaesrtrmea, npioi,pforaarnecedzeii,ceun.ltgulerdziico; rdnuplpedtdascreinqtti,af,iiirtaalipeuntiiinl;iil
lpsvNttjbsda:ructeiouSercoardprhntidriarsnciodta,esracltuagu"clltgaii{prndunieulttuaaimeacnvdvudeosisieiacigider-'fifseatovpSaiseifisrildedug"citczsodxciiauinaenpc,urjdlurndulctiuiaudamniiairsijungueJiglisivdgesutiiedostiiretr;lrcrraipcsucne,catrellaeiuooilcutlntble;ecuitncciuui,lsageSimirrmnimrS.n:uenamuu9.erc-islliiauatAiliiemdoniuia,,cxrgscurercapuoouicisevjtpomrurietnlngarpenpaadtlnopsiulcgne,laoccuaaintseilpdrletiptlpueoc;eucririaciero.oc1r.dupenrep-ucioaiqnru.ulmeunidtaenil$ui-.tatnieuiiriinvan{tonriadcegieufpinelror,,eiecdtsrlrcnoaedefauacie.mxclrtsua,F_cliXoeilsnlisimue9rgu'ueuicsciepNernaaia9nrrsvaitrtenildcreaajisiuinciusdinsmcutudcr-t-iSgliii5aen---'-i

rdmine cea germanS.

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lfpuaopip,ioiirnnictlcohngtieepnsn+n,eaanibu,ilrFacladsiIeexinpisustdni edoeitrintprearbeltatderenc.frui.ai:tuuCrndairrgereeSris'muanaiitsnitb'iriiaaaiocrlgiilneecriut'arirdiir.i;iie;E,r:Slucal-el
ojleij--gii create de germani ?
La aceastd ir.:'uel;are le e greu;;i gerliianigtiiol s5 dea utl r5sputis

tsiaslnisrfiiir,cSfilloors.oEfiaciraebpstociudtugleuri m9ai lp:iei sairunipsrmoudli,iscXp;:iontesctl"oa:nnteisnmir'u.il,cI;o.in'ilrizaall--
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cmeurcle, tSilumsturenlellopmreednect ecSeoaarue,adinusdluommeiinhiueliecnuislmtuural, l,Raomleacquiilc"urergiitigneisl--

mane,

3S4

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.Lil0 -,.il;il

-ap r:lirrnle IJI;;.,.+!]'p;Eor.Ialui *ri-irt eD I-J'.qi9sr.I;1,{;-} oltilis.}lle,:-i o oll riii
S-,-tltirui plri;e';ar,'rl crzae..iu ES aC,,:r:ie iTtiii.l trtr_J';l;it;3l,iixo Alr ii;iicl
q'.ll]UU.-rUllIOOiiZJAeAq1aiJJl]z'ip:Cijii1liJ1.'t.LteiLL'r.T;:i''j3i'i..{ijr.:irair'-rr;l.r]' .-i.t1j.!.ii:;,f):,-r,:tti:itE i:: 'il1 t t. ", I I .-. T
liilltJ":ll-J:li!:,i.i;i:ntii'iS
i0lrL e1S ilu AiBJ tLi,,r;rld,A_IitCrJgai:; q'i.ti-,1 liLl e;€:.-L1T €:lj iiier.trilt.itr Jjiiii-i;l]
i-]t-lrJp3.lrnrlouo1n'{ualI1J;adJoD lnuolc]-l 'arTls alj quricla;; i:fuuifucr q;r:o el1tru1 g;gr;
Ie }TJI,io,I lniugrr.rpci ad 'ini,usrriaiGq nf, uradoritl

concepte clare, cu up viguros relief, s5 introducd o orcline in acesle
relaliuni, gi pe temelia acesiei orclini sd clddeasci uu aclevdrat stai
rriabil. Getriril ior constructor gi configurator se arati aici inruclit c'.1
geniul helen. cu plasticitatea lui minunatii, cu aclai;-
Drepiul rolnanr
tabilitatea lui la condiliile cle viafd ale oricdrei societ5li, este lot a5a
rie incomparabil gi dceoninsitmluiitta, iarisl icgauli9nidacrtlraepgtruelauci5o, Iar statui rol1.rlrr
bine ordonat, solicl garanfie eficace,
rln stat clerln cle oaureni liberi, a rdmas modelul oric5rui stat. De ia
romani iltcoace, degi ei au pierit ca popor, cleqi statr-r1 lor s-a 1lr,i-
busit cle muit, organismul vi1 aI clreptului roillall si icleea \rie a s1a-
tului ron-ran, ci;tiguri nepieritoare, aLl rbma.s temeiiile rrie'lii socielie

eLrropene. cultura estetico-fiiosoficd a grecilor, nici cnltura jnrirl,-

Dar nici
cA a l:omanilor nu desdr.irgiserd ornul. O altf, aparifie, itttr-acler'.,r
clivind, inrlrepteazd riiala spre adincimile insondabile ale sufletnlni ti,
riclicind-o spre indltimi neatinse pind atunci, o desIvirSePte. $i asi.fe'
se creeazb o viafti intr-adevirr noud,,,Vestea bun5", pe care o adnce
Iisus Cristos lttmii, este aceasta : ,,Iatd, lmpdrdfia Domnului esi€'
iniiuntrul vostrll" 13. Invdldtura lui nu deplrteazd pe om cle vialii, ci-.
cluce spre viata aderriiraLd; el ttu lirea anihilarea i.oittlei, ca llucldha
ci conversiunea ei, orientarea ei intr-o clirecfie ttottti, ceea ce echi-
rraleazd cu o noud naqtere. ,,Daci] nu se na;te ciin noLt, ttitreni rl..r
poate prirri impdrbfia Domnului". Convertirea creclinfei propoveiciuiii-i
de Cristos transformS complet omul interior, biruieEte suferinfa, bi-
trreueriaenqilcuteiEmdi eofeabrriutceciatu.rgIieiisduinisntitninre-zoreesfgitirtneefadlzudrsnlleauabmdiempabi cdztbt-rtuioncjitucdmulqatutid-ridfdaemcseochruaiclllldeo;pm\orerlsfliltllie--
unei impdrdtii noi 14. Viata lui, pilda iui, invdldtur:a lui rdmin pllrurea
ca un stilp de foc in negura veacurilor ce au fost qi au si fie : cLt
drept cuvint a fost numit ,,lumina lumii", ,,piinea viefii". Pe temeLia
soiid5 a invdldturii iui, pe pilda vie a viefii iui s-a indltat o itrtreagrir
Bisericd, la clddirea cdreia, pe iingd intuifiile divine ale Fjului Onrn-
Iui, au contribuit elemente de tot felul, judaice, helenice, rornane, si-
riene, egiptene, africane. lnsd toate crezurile, rittrrile, dogmele sunt
nrintai hainele exterioare care de multe ori ascnncl 'sI'iomabtertr,e,bleise\t:-lrl-l
de foc i ca toate hainele sunt trecdtoare qi pot pieri.

sgqdei nnneiurcia3ilvd(lill,lruterme5pzatiocnteiirsirntimar lniArini u5a-ltiltefmesiluno,srimda!ilnedi.e,s,cI,trLroiiaccndrst,c(llr)iiiuaicnnt]eltaeatEicrnlrlugegmuqtltisiirniil-dee;atcialepvsaipicntriaeorrtvstuiamlout pitcuurod,riaslveprodulqi;Lrdrtecoalaelri€,:!isnaturlslilcaizApiu'cett-i\arii(le'-r:l
nea intcrioard, a ia gi a r-oastri I $i unde s-ar fi putut gisi ull oln cdrc sci nLr!,'-'
acest lucru? r\1ec culpa! Nici un om nu putea sd nu sc recunoascf, intr-o oal.--
care misuri vinovat de nenorocirea generald $i aceasti recunoattere a de'vcnit
prerlisn mintuirii spirituale pe cerc o proclama in acela;i timp cref tinismul. ,{-
ccasti rrintuirc spiritutrld cra corlceputd in aga fel itrcit putea fi ulor in{eieasir
de adeplii oricirrei rrechi comutritdfi rcligioase" (Bruno Bcucr,si cre$lil1i,smu1 p/r-
milirr, in i'kLrx, Engels, Lenin, ,,despre rcligic", Editura Politicd, Rucurc;ti, 1!)7+,
ppdpnpurroii.tpni'i3idr-1ltf1m9:o'e' -rCipxc3feprairleltrIre)esta)l.isilocriiriaarlisnrcenluutcuIir-alra,:uFqucrflficnbpoLidussomrstitcduiichn/euesiEmcnWnhislgQi;iscmeeralei,rst,ei,ivmtr,p5i$rliiuricm:lQm'-aoateepua,rresceaclivictog.eo,sialepuisnpltiuao' n"r4n,ei3avcl6ireeid-raf,si,n6oa0c,i,)rl.eulpoqomstsifneibia(siIlmetdi,aucltcalaatplredoiep"mvoc(rt{tt'^tCilitte:..;

366

{90

o{rrl{zoct acl ql;se1sunenlppI[Su'eu1'uapt6rplr.c11Ir1'S-nuroaNrsllil,ql''(urpOoeagiulieenrolfi'rdbot'r'lewnnrera1oipdoplo1uqdeJl)rrBn,I,t:laarlnlr.rla'iotoadslqt.?IIlqInriP7eid]ifuPtdrn)lnllJ:aorBp'ct'aop9llluuucl*rl^t'1rt(d]a)r6e'arluJognrJl{l'delrpflD/:/€KoPol-'alr]-ulu-'r-?nrr

p-nrpu'r.rn1dus lrgds
,.," er.lnri
j1--li.s1",']'rIl'rl,ipilit,i'qinlinnuic'dlq6o"grrruuc'J:iredriaal''srluo,u,ailldtlpietuutpod"nyiotur;PtnBsurlnItariiiolntpiJaarat'upU'toa.",rl'6s,(o9olrl8psu0t-r.'beidir'g.agtg!.frruOliol,csLt'aoi"llsslJiu,oll"ol#anr p1lnoiS"1,tla',sBb:oraIH1ulaPletirt."1lr,o''f(1Usfa1i6aoaal61sj"1u1!gtl1*eo''ylttstp{r.a)u1t1lr!1r*
c_111o1.dti,rrQtn,slrs''/g1^.aariiu".1,1De1lnJo'arNlIBIuzlr!Jre'ailunu6nuuirltustoe7rrou.1i,anFa1y-i'1npp5i1'1-na1cep4uoo.ristcr3a)dnpurrrnl(rlIdl€n6r'iIJ-a0pr.1er1.8elu?I)16'Pi1lo,.rrqto-trp1rJo{6td]uUero1DlqJr'!,A'otrleostoi?atllLuldt!

-ollnlprlaplaeos,nolleuoI lEAoOr JP'bczian'a'uplpr?'oIiIls]I-JAiarXircglsoI'uneIcuntnIdoJtl'sa1nslnPrIrnIalplSsluerleaJurSJrrJgolDJJnlRl'Isnli Julietoropo.1pa0r6pPoilpdnrol1ndrl
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o 'etz.:ocl o 'alJosollJ o 'P]fp o a ep atfro;rp o'pueut,tall lpJS ap lluIlo1
P) rn61se6 Z 11runl Io ]i11JPp ne Pnou
pilr l.\ ol 'aJpolljeiclou lpls ep eur-IoJ eJ 'u1te a3 Z IILlErulaF 1e1Ua.t
-ur np ,lplIrLns nes ;oiraclns n-IJnl oJ 'PJSpatlorLIo ]eslor\Iun a]P]gtltuas
-11! o op olurn+lnJ rrolel JRlape-rlul luns 'alitfururos o1eo1 utp rSaie
irqar*rsi.)orlrlDlrlrLlEIerTopppaeueuplpsr9not1et.t\n:n11'-ln1nr1r1uf1igrcrsliluctrlilupesrtliltn*Siees.6gnIJiprlpnoPrsu;Jdnipcplps'otqt'-pr,trldiSt'tno'IPor-ZnrIToIILanatlt+al1tiPi.){t+rEiLs-i.iJ-rl]roiousloio1Inl-llrJ1lntdl[tlojl*u.rlpSIeplelte]-,ntloeq1Lpur3uzi'lr1q1IuSire1u$1l-rlIoel

'a-lpo11.{ordoLr o r11l
-rlLi,sl tlrlgsJ;l e{ue sg 'lolttlarllPo elalelJr}s rnp lllpporJrrL r.r.rLci,io.'\ rlu inJ
alolrrr.\nl tS rnlnleri;IJnl3 eaull3etul Pstll 'rSnclqrd lod as autlSalr ,.a11r

Ca sii invederim tardivitatea germanilor in toate, e clestrrl s5 ne
gii:.riim ln ce stare de barbarie se aflai: ei pe cind in lta.Lia il secclttl
XII lnfloreau orageie libere, rlerrrire urrfla$e a1e mnnicil-.iiior r:,\lnanc,
eni;rnciperte de sub jugul ferrda,J., iar in secolttl XIII aceea;i ltelre prin
ci:icileLxriiap, iipnrcinipaarll-aal, prin politica, pril :enelterea ei relir;ioas{ e:a
cuiturii eriropene 17. Pe cind Francesco d'Assisi fo-
re-
tlvia cregtinisrnul le izvcnii r,'ielii evanghellce, pe cind zele -,'eelr:ri
rD;r:,i:rl;c.rir:i,i..;rit-,rei,:ai,iitcidpcler-cinbr<c:a-.irjrrilc'liriisn[ gt.iG.ierl9iiloor5irtisat,cf:rrereuiins.sciuic.e.lo,t:l.n.b:soCiIait'sras:i-tnt:eupi.neirit'ii,nc-ifeulj:,ei:a91c,ilacr1r.l}e:inrlrlpsFol:;l1'ri,;L,',::J.l5re-Le.r.Ii'acan:re,iepii1ciicir.:.5vr:li1litrrce-r:rcr;rt-,qead.a.i;lnrlip'rircie-i
lijlijcr, ciragi de irinlina;i bcgtdlin llliie:, spr..l a pr5c1a fericij-rje ei
c::,,',';c 1r a i'e1ua veSnica 1or 1upiir i'ntlr:ttj",-ii Ronel"

Ltt lxin'tavera in f.ior nlena tecl.eschi
Pur come d'uso. Fanno pasqua i lurchi
Ne/le lor tane, e poi calctno a valle...

(Cat-r1r.icci, i.a Crlzcre rii l-ern.:tr,t).

Toatd actir.itatea germaniiol se consum6 in pozi{ia lor fa{d de
Rq,:noi nirniralr.itvBoirits, etiirit:ricrlupatuic;itreEtgvetuinnlcudiiinclfavelteolcdlriciu.di'ramf;ior;1mg1tae;rsnrejijs..ei'd'.:ied.eeiaier:a'urndievleiI,;mr;-srpa+el5rriu:gamitaurnosit:tna: ersdnl
scu,lunde sub potopui barbariei, biserica catolicX rrenf ine unitatea
cle c'lltur5. gi apdr5 iirtreg patrlmoniul sufletesc clobindit pind atunci.
impotriva papalitS|ii impbratii germani iqi afirmd qi ei pretenfiunile
ior de imperiu pdmintesc universal. Pentru cd oclatd un gef german a
ciirtcaepraitrfRinoem, ad, eimdprberpattudi igveinrm, astndpeinsiure-cacelsuomruiii.irnDpedraatc,.irlluuiprotamadningi lui
tot
Evul Mecliu. Himera imperialistd romand 1a germani nu s-a sfir;ii
odaiii cu lupta ndiicniotrdeaptdapnd-a$pi uimtupt dfriaet;xtiidrpeaetad aceasta roinanb e aga
incit
de tenace din cugetarea politic.l
germani. Cu toate afirmdrile contrarii, ea trdiegte gi pind
cind astdzi, sr-rb
aiie forme, in actualul imperialism germanic. ln 19C0, punea
pri-
ma piatrd a nllzeullli de antichit6li romane din Salzburc, aga grbia
imparatul trtVilhelm II :

,.Cu prima Lovituri de ciocan colrsacru accastd pialri impdratuiui Fredrich;
cLi a Clua o consacru tinerimli germane, generaliilor care vor.veni qi care ar pu-
tea sd invefe in ncul muzeu ce inscmiicazi un imperiu universal ; cu a treia, r.r

jfb;iiilirpirrrclierrlzittvro-oroiigacre.oernansaesncpvi,eirni,Ji,uEalIurtiaredniialcelaiaoldn,la1rljdegz"ebrsor-niaualunoipi!unds.r,mdpnaerrisngctirng-iuelentmatadtrnele,vncdtelueplaoulice, embiiancecrleluerzinaaqvria.cnafribaui-l-
rn,;s:r1ui, pe cind Renottereo;i-a creat,,iitenii" cle care avea nevoie (.,ai erudifiei,
ai rirl"iiuiui qi ai carar:terului").
liiir:oc.sre1;rc7joiCuluital acl lleLl)lri-nilIeaI-eriee(a1e,1r9asteJ,-,1ido2oc1va6et)du,elcgpaterrienpccrilpiencullaCraraul cccjodu.liDetu,urmIininceehuz.riezouiplieeanSe:i"iapbarpiilnritinbcsluciulnaX
Pneit.criini:dulnuana- prsimupegetreiooiurdm-ina ltalia
sa . rle 1a priterea pontificald
paper'

riem-
ps(eiauntdirruelrclsiatuDfsieoutamcr,en,aczplteuaute-ar-eefinirtfeaemttioppaoredra-ic5-epi rcpimlecenigtrrtunea.prtruiut'e5pr,u:eirraii.,
qn:rl , are lrLnrincazi ziua, altql c-y^ l'1p1i6c1z.i nnapl^a).

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Aso

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',,ueu:ab ueafglar luns

:BJIZ as ps'runs snuptlroJ s€lJAPIJleuPlplp]poou]elxaoJ.I,zpellusnurSnucIelltSd'epuplfe, 3Een'1IZo1Bu,giAliuq.rselnllJd
-u! ,Ipsla^.Iun ueruor lnlradluI

ap€sBlolrolll^u196un!uqs'larolluelPlorISlolaIII-Ip1n:o1n!enc'rolareododtf
:o11d1ru1rd palelad.oor u1.rd 'ore1s uI Pa oIC 'aupurra6 1a.t:1ed Inlnrollll n'I;lpsuoJ

care a romantismliiui, izrroritir dintr-o inclinare sufleteascS prolund
qi caracteristic germand :inftirreeaaggaercmualtnudrSnhuesleenoa-cloamtinodd,e;azidncluocpurilmraa--
tu1 rafiunii postulat de
pe care ei o dau la o parte ca o facultate accesorie Ei subordo-
fiunii pun prinatul sentimentului, adincimile incongtientului, por-
natd, ei
nirile oarbe ale vointei, Predilectia romantismului pentru elementele
irationale ale existentei, pentru tot ce nu e conqtiinfd clar5, concept,
ci incongtient, ascuns, misterios, val al sentimentuiui gi pornire a do-
rinfei, exprimatd intr-o intreagd literaturd 9i deslugitd intr-o vastd
fiiosofie, reprezintd fafa cea mai originald a culturii germane. Tot in
profitul romantismului a lucrat pi criticismul lui Kant, cel mai mare
filosof al germaniior. Intreprinzind critica cunogtintei urnaner el trage
granitele plnd la care e valabil instrumentul raliunii, Dincolo de a-
ceste qranife, adicd tocmai unde se pun problemele cele mai vitale
pentru on, probiema realit5|ii in sine, a sufletului, a libertdtii, a iui
Dumnezeu raliunea purd nu mai are nici o valoare qi marile proble-
me au sd rdmind pe sraeatimunaerast-iauunini dppruascttiitceu.rm$ai gtoiiclmuai iKaasnutp, rcaarreeaaliu-
tdtilor nepdtrunse de
inventat o ratiune transcendentb pentru a pdtrunde rnisterele infini-
tnlui, absolutului, divinului. Dar dacd protestantismul gi romantismul
sunt vaiori negative numai fa|5 de valorile greco-latine, pesimismul
Iui Schopenhau.er e o valoare negativd a oricdrei culturi : e vaiul
negru al Asiei care nipiidegte Europa Ei vrea sd o scufunde pentru
totdeauna sub apele-i letifere. Tot ca valoare de opozilie se dezr,'ol-
td gi docrina politicd germand a fortei creind dreptul, faid de doctri-
na latind a independentei dreptuiui de for|5 gi superioritdtii unuia a-
supra ceieilalte le.

doglnatic, protestantii au respins, deopotrivd, rlogma prirnatului papal in Biseric.d,
dscaoagctermdloapr"Pr.lnwPcgrlpianituoi!ntiltjlrulousdituil$iccieadrertieai poRlLue"ltlou(lrluemi espitraisnbeilciprrceucnaleittiltcdr,aclpiualigtrecsneol/ealblrotaarluionlumivueclduleei rrauelaufoi,s,qietirltds&seraiitcXopnila--
cheremul lui Dumnezcu (Prin tezele precleslind.rii, cuprinse, in 1647, in Mdrluris/-
re a de Ja Wcrslmcisfer, sc sustrine cd : a) Dumnezeu o creot lumea psn|vu propria
sa glorie, b) Omu/, preclcstinat sctlvdrii sou domncljunii, trebuie sri-pi ppoearplei.mclienst-,
tiftu] intru. gloria lui Dumnez,cu qr sti creeze inperiul lui Dumnezeu icr solvarec
c) Omul, irt ititregimca sa, aupneralicntetootretllingiriaptudict,atdu)luNi r$rilicortc1liunipiomatoerlIiii,
nu poale li pentru el decit rlobindit de-
cit prin miloslerrr'c lrti Dunnezeu), Relorma, pe care G. W. F. Hegel o asemina cu
scarele care transfigureazd totul reprezenta, in viziunea lui Karl Marx, trecutul
teort:Iic revolttlionctr ainlcGepeermaacnuimei.in,,Actareiceurmul rer.olutia a inceput atunci in creie-
liiosolului" (Contribulii Ia critica li-
ru] unui cd.lugdr, ea
lOopseorteie, ivohe,lcule;nliuel nIe, o drcptultti. Introducere, in Karl Morx ,9i Friedriclt Engels,
Editura Politicd, BucureEti, 1960, p.
editia ct II-a, aibd in 421).
in caracier izarea genc.rald a ReJor,rrei trebuie sd se cd
vedere mi6-
oAdscapdoprcirobritilirdte,iunRafdealccleeJioirarrccomlfelroeonrb,anauniuanrotlgoe-hcfroieatrraeztmotilecilagiaiciio9edaiqiosaiggiileome$nreteicolrobldarriuolsdxpqe,duriirrcibpideliorsiaecrestaiscrnioicdmcideliooaainnrlueulsmodpeeriecs.noctIclinuparsilalieenlaaiodmldnrXenaigdlViausIcmr-olddeuaealspuvdriea,onu$leiinisfbtosoutusiirrmpgttiuhsapnemremzcuereee.l
nu este un produs tipic german Ei cd scopurile sale nu s-au indreptat - exciu-
siv Ia separarca p,:rliticd de Roma. lui C. Antonlode cu pri-
- le Nri-i nevoie' sd se demonstreze
falsitatea rostirilor
pvoiraete,1atrmvainlotiat rccai ri ','alabilitatea unor mari idei ale cuiturii germane. Ar trebui,
(Bach, Leibniz, Kant, Ficlte, Schelling, He-
numelc unor creatori
gel, Feuerbaclt, Marx, Engels, Goethe, Beethoven, H6Ideilin, George, RiJfte, de

3?0

tLt,

pulrd urp orsrpl.rrBlol alTrnurrtiar uI orrrnJrr^ rs purluI-orarfi"trTtllt";i;"";J"::H#

-a'ul-JalJAorloJ?AoaarosJosI-l"JqnrBJEousl,llopd.3r,pnnr!Ja1soaoppnIlrIl,nerBd,orrfaJarIrorplp6r'lAaoareqt.to{rprlBroo1gronuun}t'"e1eI.red-nurrSa-luplraTp^,6linia,on,dgalrrrlVclour',ngJspoiIlnIn1rdlrnJalsJJ1rreedaeuocl1lrneopoaq,rod,parlaeltl'lilritrcl-u'nopdrrrufape€InuSuuprrsortllolaparrlullfnullistrJlnlraerstl.rJrlr1unfopeotlarfaoD,En-lIZsp-oDo-roraaaa,\rlrrJIl:Jr--drJnaEpudtll_Au,r,,e1J,p(rudnnj.a1lllprdnn-srrr1uxpeucjrragiar,erro-uaip1pp1l

u-p-'---pZ-arraupaplBnpatadprroJld3}a,rxnrs\slruallpaolnulsuarJulpa)qnoIlnsLlnpesJuaJrrrBopr-IsprsunuquopalrJrradJa-rr.l,ezuns,nlaRe.aealsnsul)luJoosu5Ibnu^rplIurlcsBanqaseIraa{irlJplr+oafuurJpu,aIJqlronlrapatleIrr6II.OllaerareIrnlIaplJ{"rJol{uru.Rn3acs{napl:0oJ^lrrLtapqIfuurJipBuprzore.u.nouuulpiduIagrdbllJJpJraIusalIa'rappraoUu6ere6r"zadEzdJeipSpunClnpIsR3'npt1n6u|o}eeinl+ereprr1loaJntapsIlsr3sJs3lqd'pqsaaburslnnrIrp^raanr'aslriIarprlrlItgEplJstIargBayuXroald.pu-)Ja{CpRua3ua.i,BrnuJz,plidrap.JaloroasorIzruJ3JnaumrJarplndJpepspf{Jrr,enlsuJBu)oop-rrBlJprdrtr]uuorsotrrJrEeu6prra,pAoeuo_dlpJprulasnpJnulpf}llsrpal,IplulRlnuuu}rrlnnuSulElelaEol.fatrarz,o^uaulurErual-uoruueo}anJsUreIrpIJdedquJrs}li
pe'Bu--un'-n'-'1pglueoa:nruppurIJr".rrEpultrsrrro-{drdr$pnsreepoqI1aru-1ads1JI1e-'lInJSIrrr8eunp.'1lJs'pa-zRorrr5lesrro;rral11r'parrpuerrRrlar6eualsa1uJloizUorqearrzialur1J,Tqpp,nIirofreonpToeadlaluBOsJdsi1uaJriu1Jap-avaprEa3paspnl:orrUapdeupJ;'uupu\IlprrorErIsaUpdrllu^'r;pleJJDrroIeerl,irulrruopirlutrdaqrudrorJaluaapsuIlorzE'nua6oFaSIna!.lari;lIlrrulasunrJplclJpauedapldollxptx]arurrpapaupuuJoalr,eluIu-]on,qJruirlnlreeepunIneorzJrnuodrlelJcroplrnueprujkerJrnpettzruauuraclsarpaudardrglluraRsaoiplpNnuBTu6Ja1alpiscps6lpellpptaul.ruInla'roa,o,urlarrer\Enrpricrlrralnuner3aleJlp,JSrlr,ro'rptrnaalp3nrraeoloperllulebiplorlduurusunlrcp:uJrJarreIleEr:ullnols-dzuprpaIoJpJiuarnrarrStlldecsrsarlnrotpdrsdnrxopEulpfpraeasupnJpruIurpruarcnneaaEpuEtenpplugirpupusrJar;fur,1rrnl;lru.rJnrupuuoJpalarnnrJSelso*d3eldbn-rrpJeur'lurlBlulpltt:arseIu1arraa1,rnur,opaSs1rz\;3r.oare*pa;r]roaararpacerupon1udcelldrr]rrosSaupilalrluaouBaaJra:r-_rcu,p,pdpruS^uprrit
pJUu-I'nicpElnltueCplISI'aJrpnn:'{uapJJu6rdlrrau'raspnpIna}nlonoelplurdlittsr'soparaglpssJcgpe1'JarJil21urr-ol1urar-eBorlrrucrzadpulrrlrunaJJerpaidadfBfruis]rrrrppolBp.lu^r3uuaaruarrfrptnuo3rIudpacRirusJuRoorrrazJEaapsoa3fpaJ,pdzlperlnpsnnqooZrgoprd:recurunp1{slrlpuo1reureorpepaecp{urdrsalrprgrlz,Jnar'upnncFa]l1ielduInJr_rpnlqJ,arzJlonJererluurrpalru_;puazearnred1f}gqrunnJulrdeaparrstpsnnper,raJrorarJegrrtaocnsr+illuoonloelrdddJ]rl
lnursllulradur ad pzpapunJ as IBJnIInJ lnurslluuaduri pf, nrluad
'ESp a pJpp ruop,aA pS 'ro1rrn n.rlnad err;r1snI rp-s ,]nJ
-er1 n:1uad o1u:r;r1sn[au 'auEuua6 rrrnJln3 olp alsiipr]achur alri{uolatci
-lauJ1rutEnpncJtraeeirJrenn'Rol6IdlnunoJIlldsnosaaglBlJaieIppaIsgaaleJ.aleutpepdprouurpSnq1pao.Jrlruradradlepoluerann3pgsapr€ISairzJarR{orppllusrzrplrrlualapDupsnrrsoepulranrulpudJraptrrSlslleneunpt_lr)riurpflrerau_raltineuudponaptgrrparnnlupsl
u! RJ aleod '1ouelJururra6lnJnarJlu:IaudJosunnpqo;rcrloElpn^urBpruupnuurrraJO,Retlsnpllanucauporel6psra^

-ILrn orpoIBA

,,Sim! politic insernneazd -csuimst impe{nptrouligtiecnpcruanli,tdc!iu. Tocmai aci e cusurul ger-
bund qtiinfa chlp
manr,riui. Popoarele inzcstrate sau in

efiltnirirrcastcnutxriancliarlcientrteiirp,m..iucn,ablc1cillariccmro:cmobjttol;iinttmercacilean''np,it<ietctuiiatvalmittfoiae,aptleicuoag'lritiruliaoginblernrqp9micaiia.rdctnAihocucirulaielreralserft,viaolasrurdilcroprrspaucurrscbtiisolciilruuldclnaoopenraicaet.srztnteiEaceuttciuilenaGtsuri,ofrtidoerrne{trihiiaz,ieneigtnrieeantterbemrislccausrinuneluddleicistpoina-rlaun5r---ii

ple.rul lui".

Cine crecleli cd a sclis lindurile acesiea ? lnsuqi Principeie de Btt-
icr,.-, fos'ill .taitctelLtr ai ii.irperiului. Ilinii. mai ici'i, T-.1ir:.gerei+ acea'ci.i re1'.:-
ile.i in toate scrieriie poillice gerllane. Cel rnai aprigi germani$ti diicieet-i
ainAlciirsolmnoeea:en,1prlpaoo,oplefitr1tailrrinleoinii|tmpgi:sacdee'sullncee,e,tpnijzllvccacrtiiliilglilscsalie,eeericier,mrr,iumaoemitactnpsjatgugatpp,eantat-eerio\nitul'iercoouuiriniut,tlsc-sn-InclIoi.iisapeiiitoI-oiiutlmennierrnntneterieiilgupiiia-altanleealaecelcuitztpnluein,eerptnaicdeinzecgalfumteuunleiiepulntmedizdrnndriureagelapzceitgldauebrgirootil-eprosnnnlipilteiibimeieciac9n,nsea,i-ti_clnaroaeagcilie1bii5nvnpiailtceueddaclieecnnzetm.higrdsuu,upiiiteertteme6ait-lzccaserltpiio.eoub,ltoeorpmleeellrrouezr.ir,outlegraaaCnfi.it6LlnoeoeEas1roa,l-5ieanrapodessodnesuiegptojpXataiXoiaalm.ltleqsrlrlfl.eei?i---riii
au sirril in ajttoru] Angliei 20. SA ne inchipuim un moment, ca contrast,
ce ar fi imperiul german mondial, fundat pe plincipiul de autolitate
EpigJgn.ite,eltptremdemereMrlanasecniia{xocg-icioaniuientprsrli,eaio-ubafnlor5lruti-aan,lfciraaupitfierneliuGtprucniuiieincrcnsirpiaic{trqotlilaartgecitniaignuivneeatiotricsfdmiruuclbapdal$atrn.uiagirNdsftao$imeuiantmluirolfitntlaueairtiiineupp?icln,rSodeicv1liaeiggotrrietacesiris5namdl,fleda.ag',nCpefApuirumcrtteirefnaeSuanbresidiuastidaeipenlocputrsuornatnIemeti_nirjnrii,abesleeaituuisl,cleiite5eie-,i
istilzi nu e domeniu in care sA nu sneunfui maeprreofucnudazte_ccileite9icesuvate,lesispueu-
cialigtii, nu se
fi fdiut noi aeplcicloamtiuennii,usiint ncuafrie atins noi rezultate. Numai- cd germanii
in stiinld nu au fdcut decit s5 batd 5i s6 prelungeasca drumurile pe
care altii 1e-au cleschis. Au o sumedenle de observatoli
conqtiinciogi,

parAziiici,i.DSliuoil.i,iiorr"tn,rlc;tuii.itr"iitlr,'ar:tiaioipui":"ontitrzcnrilnidfCc,n.rat.2tmitoi:1iula,ctiaprretaaa.t"doita.li.otii,iduim"tr:lmleiscntfinicsuor,rc"pcd,c,,nir6roubllisnro.ntti\cu,eliearu.a"'cri1I(elilu.bltNllnie'imltcacirlcnnrloiaiva.,n(iCtrh{itlfi1irs:lerfaniaisir,,ciicrts.rtfuialimtia:c"1r4pir.Srn,Apz,irr.lc1cgcacrirbanladii,z.n-riolu.no61fmeuiii-olpcoel:u6irgtl;onlrbstepr,ie6eprma].iacrirJnrioolt0rniriilnsncmro-ute,d|lidcacrmimrienripte-ecuaidnpidi]"eiici-aeafncrai-iosrrcfeaaet,iit;iearszida,eCaladp,lmfil,ecrftoraidet-jsitansluimvupSneetmtautdccrlc-siami,igueo.lcisndeetaaeldlulceaAtiootdnrcrhiplucimumnqbmuruE,euivriilaiiaziiieapilclinbdatns;aasenauesa;reciCJrnpifia,iertzeeael:iijqoh9iitpeuasirm,rmfli3bierletalngt-uie61rauzunnc;meiae,iitnioclfniad"r,ipiompdmglaatiinaiacr,rotlnezniieiiattdzbnjcveipuilpzniuoi,tti,taaetrelrei;aai,uu.mi-dseir'inuzctdrinudcia9pronncegdeudp,iliu'urxiteodeslrodcr,dliNrernm,emrlsdnimiesuseapunlaeo-stneuca,mraae,lruomel,iiaauvtpuuoidmutcri,fbaiee,snrbeiieotntinii.cnlcariSlsnsndtpeeittua.tt(eooieabadrCndrlCdsrmrin.,uefoaovefimo-en,l\mri1tigc'cnsVu&rdCiesnimtaeel:imrusctbrasciapoliamiioctnf;itnmta,ilaniieiauend'lmr,i'rruianntr'insialosett"pl,ssjoitaitpeca;p-er,e.:cpi<ttra{lmCiclr.lJinil-tircaitn)lr,tituciJe)oCrioiitiii'nre-'"--jt-t.-'.'

372

tds
rf,E alpo(r I 'olplio-\u In;pls ap It eluaiorr ozllid ap pallnllsul ozoultu

g-*'n-nloa''e,'-_a-ip-nln,ini-_ppp'l,'ll"oz"r-r,nll,as:cruii*li,itriIioiunznlqorrfanJz_rpJ:eL}"'iireroLi.l:ia]ll'lnseeliE4rrurf,igirtTSp.rrrn,elr.ifji+r'lp:Jioidrloorl?"lr,o,'lfnl)ntbrelpl5i'"e.,ultlctJ0nor"p,prtiinfIlr.-rpant"eurLxs-rloJcnJ'ufLJiLr1giilln'ira{oJo-u'erinrlruiC1rruIn{+ttei]lLip1lusi-iIn'lb+1"o,pauilrlsrL.rislis,i,rrl*ie\-olstIb,l.lirur;e1rri:p,nuSn'qol1c.llitr1i)flnl'lrrl+rorirtnrilililrroI6-.leEq3ictlllln;i.liJL€'oreruaa9{s'traene,ll-lieol-ut.l-n."iIl-}u,arrnlauiir].s,iJopi-LPI.lo.1,rJEluisIIsAl'prp'.oiirlIinl3Lt}l-atuurcirzLoegoe.1I-lacancirDtiElPl-i;iioneq;ga'anitLe.ul,olC!irreL,Zl1x:riit'ui"lr,o:oonua'3e*dnin.ullnIitre,.lto.iiorprn'..l+:i'T.eisr1os-jarrcnaruplii1arp-nLlipr'caTirli'ri,r-'.i5oE-lISrinielitreIrr'rrllnlrsl1irDnEio,iritsln1lrll{relt,Llola'PaIefusr.cePrzlzieelacE'i,olen,i:'1rln0oonficotslonp'Pllnil,l;u.t.Pal,czlllarhttapiiorieJsl'1]pilusJ3l'eqalrope1oaaasnaogaeiornLnEIaual-rllpa1qeulPsEaslsp'lpit,;trtpuetJen-al-frilTlIdnidlveOrlEapIseioIJpurullolPIE''s{rarpiI1*Lalrllnoilliali!zeEssqEJpiupilIeo'*otl{iladnlgu^Ionl'eare'SJpubilLJlPulpInJL.poitneanrouOlnp*lIapIllnrnuTtJlrl}sJIirrapIsLtrlitulIc:eaieqnssupi1l'nJsl,1lfso.li[LltT1silaslirq:inl3uroJr'o}ruiuoe!SllouI1papelolpuJelu1asaiorO:neleo'Ipu'uzlss6irlpliall-ta6r1llEtaJoJro3so1rqfssJttioO'SuulIIoanr'nrollerJ*aIazrrI€Jso.SzLninlTp16lpoIpJrrooiJoon1Eorau:u.{IRilJqurJplr1niraSscerpe-EJiil-EoIrpriIinI1niesid1fuiiunilpf|fieoYuxtrl;lpart'1sIruraiqri1uclrurleae*pen''toi'afLIrERelIl{JJna1unIa^olr6us6PrnrdiL1lnPIBneJrulaIe3{enT,joiciJe"S1'nIIi6A'apqaol^uolJlInlplRIuI;luPe]rle+ue1PIlur'peoaurIisaSeeIn-PJiusslllBloeIdu!3uPlPIapSll'1II€IAlollleJBsaneJX1uSiIlrnuritIlqslactaTI3'opcru'Pt-eurrIppo1re-PPtJ-iutaAao'rPcoaloiouq'oaIlIApuIlrasP!Pl'[PaIpUrpJp}p1sC3lJo^poi'ulIptlurnltl'aaElJoasPI'rceIelrPleirJocpBus'oneJ1l,aIsliSIt}'lIAdsaPPJlio3VIlIazuopt-pluuae6'aPJpsoueollfeopaIelrioal€,/np1p:'uppaoIJICqa]upe'sEulLSJusiIpeepuIuSijll'l1rnl:]lroLoE;pop'nIPP'Etarlrn'5le-q]ounarliinTocluciuqulsErnrIs1IluuaAl'uopl^JldrlIo)EnJrIzls1rprlltaBnprIsIspLrpourlnonenuaununoIPEtou'at'trnIr1-xp:rtPd6Jrns3TnJnis-llAuaIiu1dlatIli
.--aa--+-ronueEoippiIelartirzipi,rnJp.!i\tiitlldlql"nJaJeepsucoIprlElinillstIea--ooslIIio;oeucI\1nrnnno,IPuaJoIri1ptialsueipj'?njI?ItapIaoeaJElsulrlprEegric1uu1,aiLclpIe1,luL[g-iJrJciteIcpIir'u€io1J'IrntPeAql.nioritJuldirrS,pEIialuB'n1peI'qinlSlrniurlrJuauTue1ES-asAuIIzAirpIiAstunlaa-EIlsuUrIbalIuNsspn-pntaIlJsuogulopDIfnlln,uebplul'lrIsrrulpinnoriappc^zluudnillrql]naual'lppPEsrlClsJrlnuorntreolS',uIlauI'nulrinelln^fltnJlIIPtrsBnl"plpIeoR,nIrlI"lltu6'oruruP?-3laePIdrl*'opls.ruAu:uuP:peut"unPrnoE:upollrDolallnslltaureu^uu6'rp,trlluo?lTqoieiotlnprlerpp-lTlnsrru'^Ili\lr'clJiilIiaoo.nn'n,9rcPpss1"llli

ei-a-r'nriertl.or.ir'iDnr.eprEe,rootiri1t"'iatAnlri1.lorani.J1rlmgl;.urarpuiil'een.grurl.pri5rr'rr"psiiqnla-.osit3esu'c;roirrlrJioosuortltaoril1unn.su,juilln:tu't),lrrrir1.irt'Tot-icr1e::oa')plJ-rIel11lua'plrulrlnrr-s'{tlr1ultaIdesso1p3ergaA1urqt16ppr)osa1lTgn'rp1{oI1J1L'aatiI}f-IIr91Lpunlo1cllirl1lIaolIe1lanrJIlueuiupIrrlalunRrrPu6IlpJlnI'rslo-alaAt$ru}pdrSIeP'nnsl-ctuJsfnnuPpiep3Jlepri-lnoIeppuauasonsnSperll'3eaIrJrlIrl1tfprnlu,Ec1elueo''trtcIi{J'Ir-irnso{d'tooep'rcIrrl-d'aLelrftfuTuo1,uptrsulcIqrLntinlqeIlseuloll1tsrtt}Iunu1Jauoa1rnIplInnep]{i

o lume *ln, gestafiune, dar mai va pind sd aparii crealiunea luminoasX
purd
si dac6 va fi sd apar5 vreoclatd.

nctgifsinnioduiifvlisfaicoettti.audreprNnsbroAdadubzeodieriSniepagmieovluddaordtosnrneplrneimnuuaurensrtipna,elcigdcuaip,dIdtcf'epriosdueirridrnae.mlebterutaVucezrflnrevdadncmiorlfcvuodiisauidtaraudrnitifeepteidirdu,erne,ianrndcidiinolslii\aei{crauaarebdrpgrdiqsniesereipearerlLriiiunlorcmrincomor{turiiarnmtaeoaaaneacetirrfidezisinnitlrdAaemdeiaisgpuvczumtplildrareuaiorgrnloitoogadfbtorsupceiliirenrutmngdoodilor.aeitpepmiuliriroeuirpinagauausr6tlceleneni.aecmeeoormiGaen-anpmladadelrsttiteuossaidnmslfrituireeatrjiuni;ugilt-cu-sitdueno--
gi nlci francezii nici englezii nri s-au gindit sd francizeze satl sd an-
lumea. Fiecare popol era muilumit s5-5i trdiascd viafa
glizeze ]ui, in
driitgra pe care a mo$tenit-o de la strdmoqi, cu singura ambilie cle a
o adinci, cle a o amplifica dupd spiritul gi treblinlele lui, cind, deo-
dald, s-a ivit primejcia germanismului. cei mai ameninfafi sunt la-
tinii, obiectul ririi rnilenare a germanilor. O biruinfd a germanilor ar
1or. $i paguba omenirii
insemna desfiin{area cr-rliurii ar fi imens[ ;
nimic n-ar putea-o compensa. Cu zdrobirea Franfei, o lumind s-ar stin-
ge pentru totdeauna ; lumea va sfiavsodardrecaiit.dN$oi rcoucltucr.aI _Weuerlospcehaiindseqi-lianr
pierde toatd strSlncirea, toatd germanS. infringerea Gerrraniei
bine I Europa n1 vlea deloc sir devin5 c{ermane,
nu at: ilsemna Nimeni 11u o voieg-
desfiinlarea cttlturii
te, pimeni nu o clore;te. Latinii, cll perspicacitatea lor, ctt simful 1or
drept, au priceput-o. Germanii, cu avintui lor rnisti'c, c1 ardoarea in
care se aruncd in toate intreprinderile, sunt un element necesar itr
Cu spiritul sunt ull ferment indis-
Europa. lor vegnic de opozifie, ei
pensabil in lurnea aceasta. Fdrd ei, neamurile celelalte, mai paqnice'
s-ar 16sa in prada inerfiei 9i virtufile pdcii ar inndbuqi 5i aclormi
energiile profuncie, De aceea sunt germanii pe lume, ca sd degtepte
aceste energii pi sd le dezlsnNuie din cind in cind. Nu ne putem ciis-
pellsa de gelmani, nici de contribulia lor la criltura lumii, lnfringerea
Cel,t;aniei-r.a inse.nna, desigur, insdn5topirea ei 21.

crcc(etdttpu.i'lidreoxeecr.d1ipnplmdnrn.i3tl.icrsirllli,eia2-o!mimc01r:Cciarnlld,Sieircudert.eeEr-rllztcsa'uoicvc(dti1ecnatoluf9isaeeittlim0totuurllvap2iiurrtrbi1arnaonarce)l,.iiaitscoc,neADiiiutecbsitanatcsclautiiiuiecrtoauc6rz,pdr(rvriaaRicleucececitla,omr,cidCf5teiofd:aeii.fiiaicsuCnialloAllltctpil.iTascrninRstrooA,ol.oos'slemcrtirulilcrppuatiipraoz,oiiiiilpuaranrialioiciCiodbiitfta,nnuiucerle.cgiiatatacaiLutii,tti?lcilerdrel,idu<pti,tSpirCcucladadslroliusulc.t.uiecn5-rleubcAail,casiiunanotclia'ginnuIimulsClsoii-uitzpdntpe.YauaiepoilaJeonltcioRptic/llmtatiderpcilmoine-.aetpormleao,lnilorio-lmrAdt{irainrrcit7nreisria-aanii0cbtratlijasdtca-uc,Cplt8l-,zuneoBoMua0cslnrpuiliduioQlimnocucpdrliulrtdrinuecar.Jtr-urtaetlcDrlaeoazcoseriuiroevsitn.itiniaoa,acilr,iptrllenezdfi1'irmilsuaci9nei'anptimi8idinidcr0tmsioprtot,;esoidirelu1,apricsidi.niti,i.ipetrtncluenorctp1,dalo5luril9ilnupntloi3stlii,--t,---e)-

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aJ a atrlDluazatclat ttnfrg ap 'saID
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-n! Insolpn1s'frnSyac1 lnlsacl olag u1 'pJllsrtra DllDrrr u( lS DJ atnyabnc
ug 'aunyJca u{ : arytuaurop alDol as-npu[LLtr1lD aJrurctnd llpllry)np!^
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'aualtat! rua;Snuag ntdnsa trp

-nls anU pl1a^l DI nop ps pultlaapul put l[[at\D\QcDll[ 1n1 atdnsa aton
-nI Daur DSDouLuInIot lytultd D nr:sou ptllqnd arDc 7:n atuloapung

\'J,V,{gild

tost precedote, in secolele anterioere, de altd renaqtere, cre$tind QceastQ,

ti] ccre slrdlucesc nutnele sfinlilot Dontinic, Francisc d'Assisi, Tama
c|'Aquino, ca qi numele lui Dante, Ciotto, Petrctrca. Trecento este o
epocd tot atit de importantd in istoria europeanii.
InrJittiductlitiili puternice .5i personalitdli complete au exislaf qi ?n

seco/eJe prececlincl Cinquecentul itcilian, cLlnl Q.u. ctpd"rut Si mai tirziu
.9i cunr, trebuie sd sperdm, pot a1tdrea oricind. insd ceea ce o cdrQcte'
rizat liunci lilvibideurtactlitsem:uol tRiluelnsctestserjmii efestaeuctoonr Sqtiiinolraclocenaitnodrivailduplroiapdrieeiprluo-i
pria
ssvcpieorrliiaji;nrzpccJrolievricnilitcolirun-psuesninceeleizninlceslgiuva-ittcildu';eai lisotaertiecceareftdntaeadiinpiltli-ere-assu'Jaseudvaeiturttoocaeritnteat.treuin,l tonluaumrccieai.rueitanit
s,rre cjosjcism ct umanismului nu trebuie sd ne inqele: modelele ciasj-
ce nu servesc cLecit ca miiloc pentru, alirmarea spiritului Rena;lerii 1. ,$i
*eutosmaeacrncnilaeecr.raeeRcaseercesnuctautqirtuaeenrrseretiudvi ins3nocnueilinenbledio;rcaadrreertvairie,vscipssuaicrtueiutunlcualhdilieatanrbodastezptazierltdidtnucitnluuuiriinenaeQtrnpeuttgiutciitnmu-ldreo. roppIreeoicrlleilubemelionerr''
ptraeitaeslapitrduenlitcic,utnrnedon.aCusntue[irunencalcoluctrtncdurjolungiemiinnetllreeinriatocrolmmini,suelinsqfetieotgdvuu?nlrifnldudiauit'iStSisi npinroei cunoaqterea

metode, cit
acela$i timp
se riclicd spre liberu crealiune artisticd. in aceastd splendidd. dezldnlui-
re a tuturor energiilor, asistiint atunci la minunata intlorire de opere
nepieritoo.re in cugetare, in poezie, in attd.

Aceasta e partea strdlucitd o ceee ce ,s-o numit cultura Renasterii,
ciqtigul ei etern. DcLr medalia are Si un revers. l,Ioua conceplie o olnu'
lui conlinee un gern'Ien de distrugere cQre QveQ, mai curind sau mai

1 Termcnul de Renaqfere, in infelesul siu de epocd istoricci, a fost intrebuin{at,
intii, de istoricul Jules Nliclrclet (1798-1,8211, in volumul al VII-lea din Isloria
Franlai, consacrat sccoluiui al XVI-lea s;i intitulat lo Rerloisscnce, el a definit
ccnfinutul tcrrncnului prin ,,clcscoperirea lumii, descoperirea omului". Prin aceasta,
Michllet a marcat un m;inent decjsiv in evolulia concepliei desprc Rena{ltcre
{:,\nclrci O!cIea, Renc.glcrea, Editura $iiintificd, Rucure6ti, 1,964, p. 22).
EoipcelrealinluiiiiaJRaccnoabsBteuriric9khi-aarudtre(c1u8n1o8s-c1u8t9p7r)e. sIn.tigCiuul l$ttitra$i-Raeuno$droebrijni djint
Termenul
consacrarea in
1lcr1in, apiruti in i860, el a preluat definil,ia istoricului francez 9i i-a imbogdtii sem-
iricifrilnartii'itlactcel iucnuclituprcariloca. c,,iJcaccoubliuBruarlcc,khi-aardlitxaatldprrqcittisnoli!miulnieelae,Rie-anaasctccreiintluaatslcearraaatscri:1.iri-,1r-
un,jtar si i-a definli coliiinutul prin doui elenentc princ!pale : unta;risniul 1i arla''
{lbitLt:n't, pp. 26'27).
.{rli/rei Olelea (18J.1 19;7i. i;r tc;ra de dociorat Franqois Cuiclrurclin, sc vje
publique el sc pensirc pctlLlic i,ibrairie Picart, Paris, 1926,;i in Renc,slerea (Edi-
tura Stiintificd, IJucure".ti, 196.i), P. P. Negirlescu (1872--1951) in Filosclia Reirol-
lcrii (3 volume, 1910-1340) ;i C. ,inlcnicrrle in cele doud volume despre
Rlire-rrg-r:ai litretcrleisaricluitaal lijasmndul (193J ti 1939), au descoperit, fiecare in partc, pe
Rcirtr;f eriz, pus in eviclenId, intii, de Jacob Burck-
rhaarrr,dilto,rbdarz:aseeirveitcuolinleomtniceidi5eivisliuop, rtarcsctreurcetauradeeilasornceia;ltic;;ui gplcalitmicadnu(efamctaunrcdip9ariedaefdla-
suprema!ia nobiiimii 1a dominafia burghezie i, emanciparca politicli de sub auto-
ritatea bisericeascii, revolta gleneralizati a tuturor categoriilor sociale proqresiste
contra clictaturii spirituale a Bisericii, aparilia;;i d;iezivaoiiintaer,eacuotianqrieulroirr,i-ie gi a co-
munelor iibere in Italia, receptarea cr,rlturii eline ei
arabe,
ciderea Constantinopolului (1453), descoperirile geografice, constituirea statelor
mrrderne, centralizate gi uirificate, qi triumful monarhiilor nafionale, in opozifie cu

378

6f'I

'lojl[p nu rS ,lurcis lsrru ul (guer1e1r) Darr?SDUaU selol

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mnsuoiccsi,1elv(ti,am[iala-iiizsoeimleliatpezsdpitcudireicalretescclleeunJvtarluulum6liiiu3;nneacicelsilupenildeitinunaluulirtiamnldiu ssculaepnriev/deriro;gaecrdescp'i rCre;mmnuui*i!
Rena1terii e omul sillglzr i .redus lo sine insu,;i, iSi conslald repecle mi-
zeria'. Nu e de indit'idualisn? a acius
rea ,ti apoi de mirard cd acest te| inlii slribi-
distrugelea legdturilor socioJe ,;i a cfrcs nLI nuillaj iillnfl

Italiei clar Si slirqitul splendofiIor Renasterii'
LcmrinaeorrcisAtldoipnuraiocapeelistisantetccntiluunin-nfnt1t-eeooridcmneleevinlodelcreeilntesrdastieuvgilitccrlp.ueeaui licncsahumrilpeudl'uu|irindi aRccleceenplevcorjcr;rtrtneturu-oiii-saai.gg-CdesariezmcudslicnpluiirIifiiiteeCecc)acuurirlcece'
p'qtc.']ccdrpc5irimeujoeseeiidintrncnalz1pciccicstloltjletinuieluetesecllnaililtotuf"ted,ralidomceiri"iv,eIerdeuaumrinc.c,s.rieemi-ee'iduata,blcnpesdliup'nfflesoacsiconieacsi.mdpatciesiifTtdeditiueielnnsne,oeilScatetdaui0\FliiefmJelatalrmaluneousilamit:;nenccasviScLntvlpvteiejeoindilsorrcridsrenfaoei;hlt7cOodidrlieuSto-7cruecosariitieldt,drneicsintail.indetnriertttii.raiecpiilaiisarentusunartmsscttnojcibeoesuecioadlslumi-nieai.t$iicnltontebsilauduuraaztuiillevm-ccienndairisleriaedtpihnttalaeraturleiiiadrrlilinunamiiil"prsaee;tepdmteetuiec.ou"atianacArtbpncleerairrrltereeeaicitdicdsccLil+Sdildietaalicuuinoleiorlsomivcnsesinronsridkjaiaccsslnpiputltageilfaaosootsudtpnisatitrvhlnaetrdduceeicoice1enerQ[ilhnr:fuo9ruaouieduni9(g,ri^.j,]i]chaa.n,sitet"tc,Apit;t$sfuz.edFeaectcrn3etrlcCsLQauagrnirit+J,eu-],-,i?-'r
iCcihlseatapol'oearnisrcnutteoiltcabuOeiillSxaci0alrseectlzeuoasnlluacnleotleii,uS. ncuoDunisietnu,Llpatte-ilmIiamc7niifnnuiectrom,liuiane-tosuafemleuledeseneccIeL,doqtscnrtiiiiounc,ane9g$eiuttc7eeruuoldrlursipeeiuuc,lcunirlteeicljtiunssfzltpieoxinirrredijcetseiou'ligrJCidcvesle)etr:'eJ$jtdDlltre:rrttinirLl-iee|nI""i
grav este cd acel particulare suo, ulilitaristnul sdu, i1 orbe'5fe intr-atittt
incit i1 Iace, d,e,si spirit c\arvdzator, Iire clezinterescilri :;i Ttlind cle sen-
timentul onoelei, ccLracter nu Id"rd nobleld, sir ccclit 3n cele i1roi gl{1r':e
impotrivr:.
contracliclii cu sine insrz,:i ,5i sd lucreze, in t'inin pructicd,

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FIETRO ARETING

{1492-1556)

Ic'ppr.aiuetnuYrcsaliouezpntniniaeirRniL!cieraciunoplIan,iluos;stireucittrn?ieoi.ctraIejI!bie.apil.uV'rdtCIiuIoIulf.dmoseLeaeacvgljouieeblnnunestlcurueltlaiasoeotXcesrsVdeqdfIi-nio'$iraiSleuncpllcui/oeimg.PniPiiduneio'eterrAtoitr/'ieorme'FptpDainium:eotlpoil$oirtaziro:EistnaTdieripeatsaaoze'dcsLjfmpcu1ia--r't
Perugia. La curtea romand. IV lforna lui Leon X' Mecenalismril $j con-
rti|iasctiitoru]uiinRen0$lele.Aretittoptetintlesit]iberezepescriitor"
Canttacurlilor.V.InvenliileluiAreiino:intinerirealuiPasquino;
psAaoscnqletuilleiineleatteJleiuexl.luaGrlvoiuoorsljteizaip,' cVYnIIl,lr.uAFrruleeglsjlaeroltdu]era.ileiaculurRti:ocmCt cituur.liioACr]cRetmoinmeoonltlqoVi;IGIa.'itoeAvnvotaentnnutliuclrulie:i
AMreetdinicoi.IMaoMaratenctotvcao.nPdloetcie(|erua]ulciLqVisepnuelbliae.raVrieIoI.szp{ereloli]rlrIoeltoor]YueiPnieettiaro' .C(t'
sd"pgGoeuerrtoileeluertcrlepor'agsr.ligi'tniiapo,c,(la.uuiMprLltRijtac]luoaori|flmei'i's.]eCeapi'.u':uSenImluueeitspg,eedilPaere"rixtSiitnpiijlcplneiicopludsipiiglrPetauliiucbeint.uit'coirtl1dodlot''rlMiu'AD:iar.ceIrXsmtcicn'elRoiotzapetcpte]llcarirl]iipemtrieid]uaaerlrdlc.uqtstliatneAFzi;reeeleendtlc'icXent,;ro'Ai's,:cFc-o]rai-.

Ietjno$r.C]ementYll.Impertinen|ele,Pctpctiliartd'Aretirtc'qipapa
PaulIII.Aretino;ipapaciulioIII'XI'Aretitlola|dtleCarolQuilltul

$trpoaieFrtjuralialanCIl,ac()jiulsPoccnelerls.tccaS(l.rtclCcrpriiaosrl.otisiTtrniico]luealli;sllpuLurrlibciAntvalceesitpncinid|iaiitl'arXeibiIcLrLeotrtgja'Qleitaillulaluai i]FtleluutagiineAPlleurjeeii',tlAirAnoror.eellat4tiiYnenteooon,d.$epelilireaoI'm'Pimvpoid.tr--'
cntrloee-stsecclhenissltuoi,iv.vicnioaosf-roAir1rc.uteinisBoeo.ltlili.Q\rxneiLI.Iiist'.LcroiPs.o5ra1ierAetca{nicihci deltu/taeinTgAiezrlicocL.tinrXotoIa.VsTu.IpiDurQimsvcveipinIaoeltfiuiielliu'TciizaiAsad''
retino: Lorenzo \ienier ; N. Fratrco ; Ambrogio degli Eusebi; Lodovico
/,_ro]cc. XV. Amcri ancill ari.. haremu!
; .i\tctinele-. stanlele pentrir sc-

lena.RomanulcuPerillttRiccia,Atetjnoconttacdsdtariei:Catelina
lsua!n.dLeullpa,taliiccoenle{raAcpleridaa"tsrtiisAmuusilurri'.4.TXeoVlLiileAracsluinpotcteaarlseciriliittoerL. oIgrcn'oeraxnclea'
/enle. -,lp/ico rea clelectuansci ; l.ipsri cle spirituaiilate, leluri iosnice ; de'
plarabild lcrcililntc ; Iipsd. de c/ust : ,,stilul aretin" ; exemple' Pregdle'5te
seicentisrnul. Dou(t stiluri Ia Atetino: cel complicat, voit $i nesillcel i
ccl spcnlon Si direct, simplu. A scris prea mult' Versurile $i poemele

382

888

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384

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're err$roct n1

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Trilr irl?nrrLiJnqz p_rpJ tre1s,ifo1 nrluad a1e6o 13 aldarp i6a1 ap g:ei
-o--a----oarproolloaeaJ1drwJll+$rsaarIuleaSoli6uirrociearalBalorrrgrlruluIepfpnlordepoulpppuaooliolIrsrBiA.1Jrddoa3JpBRedin,fpadloe1aqp-pS+ulrllIcnnl'rrp-lrrElu]rreuJllernJIoaooIrluJIlslrpcSEiopEeeoosIeRnIpunp,SrrJa'ae1npapgps1,orrBlrle1ernuIJIJn1zfqneBrol1rrerJpJJl1dJDroJlraJau1olnCrspodeJrnlsJJola,Jlp:ourlp]aralounnJr'ppruRJrupqdorerleJpesJpnJpSrpnJtpaupaulnlsne,eJo,Npaalnqaaea1rs.l.lsrleappeoioenrruJlor.Srl1:rsorrrIorpprclo:elrt1nRtlrJL4lddrJuScEr-lsJlrrlrrp/e,ufle:ral,1rsriole,uAnlu1ip1g1riBos{o2tarner6Bu1laupoier3aaoleurqllqr.srEr"ra1l1,'r!iipprsarSoS,r-p;ri.juui;dri!re,ieJrla.onarrianu.rrppyp1.Irtrr

trsrmueracneatrgupiiaLrlf:auoilrsilicnel,ciltolsrereivies,isg6cluncoernlillmcuAgPaipirisFieepoarrtrsraidosmtnoelfoeB.epiae$ie,emirpddbcnaseoaupp,nuailunaonuunsrlr,m.GLgp$aruiraiiiianng"nardciugteiiApti,nnli'alcluo,moimrgm,paaiulncuoi vanulsaricas,dereuiurinsenadaodplarBiilrrroeeeuvrs!ner,.aiieonmddaedeseaiinretttetti,ogocdctttVruiinlqf1poer*ertlcpou,hadal}iee--':
aur, colane artistic cizelate, fructele, vinaturile 9i mincdrurile cele
misRmtlbltdsmouiibtlioeednianibr',"gipfaiiisrMlniee}u6fetpranodlrafeseuiiaEruntrdlonererFo-iuiuenncIarc;om.daoi,optpIundUrotidieti-tatiefa)1eanrilccst,iittIeeac,driopriiiEriirmFnna,tdrIraisreapin-iiaansjmtid.uem;neaPpDm,icslsiieug.nllieaeissnnisOdrccfeeuucoddhrsurIniaceipiac,meua;aolirsuscasjnauvr'paulert,ancelrrvbleeiusuolcg1eaenetianeiaunrrdspvsalinlieeau,adiilalprlisill,zdeuertceaipSudrrlmossu:lrgefa,eleddieiar.nzA-eadipnsgtenituvmrdienRdiditnctztulepcoeauoczidddsdppniopaleePodrtrt,eiuedaser,ciSse,rtttiourd,tlcaeEuelnteducsbiCindc;id9anaadoidia_smbtdetltrdtttsiiiaomnuiaptnreelliinliunirpr,ir:uoQrvdadiuamliprtcuddletoeciGuiaineeairnnilliinieplsotglputci$tiPviipoaeariiaii,fsznocni(naix1iferisatuannunderseI,u-i----i,-.
gratificalii de la impSrat, de Ia regi, duci, principi ;i malchizi, de la
foli ou*"trii bogafi ai timpului, dln Italia ca pi de aiurea. Ajunge sd
primeascd daruri de la sultanul Soliman al turcilor, ca 9i de Ia cor-
sarul Barbalossa care era, in cuibul lui de Ia Alger, s1-'airra cregtlni-
lor plutind pe Mediterana, Unui prieten care indrdznise sd-i imite
scrisoriie ;i s[-i facd concurenfd intr-un gen in care se cledea ne-
intrecut ii scrie :

,,...Dar nu Etii cine sunt ? Nu $tii cite scrisori am publicat qi au fost gisite
toate minunate ? Nu md s5-mi fac elogiul, care la urtrra ulrnei n-ar fi
voi apuca
decit adevdrul. Nu-ti voi spune c6 oamenii de merit ar trebui sd priveasci drept
o zi de sdrb[toare ziua nagterii mele : cdci eu, care fdrd sd urrnez ori sd serl'esc
vreo curte, am silit pe cei mai mari din lume, duci, principi qi monarhi, sd a-luugit
tributarii talentului meu. Faima mea a umplut tot pimintui. in Persia ca 9i iri ll4lq-''
ai sd-mi giseqti portretul ;i numele meu prefuit..."

un sCr-iufieatcdeeearpeigme"o.dTe'sottieeai fsiremcaie:cl,a,sruan,,tonmdslicbuetrinptrri-nungrsapliiatall,';idaDrurcau-

btcAraeulzvnejamssliecdt,an9tuceEiiacFpi,ueriCcnnicoaeravlcrapatleneurfrsaluovmlnictaialljieeel ipMvePinie.lctscaNaLr)teuor,ieaIflapec.rsvlccuidintu;aeicrtae.zdiidenencnipiauto,diptcroleiuinntdeisleempmeusrso-l,aol1iaIaedn.-(creTeoo:lmmig.pmiiaoea,asoCsigdonMropoor-lesalQjn,culaaOr'lmnestrau-rqoll

qi pc Pietro Aretino.

.iEMItIturouiIetiILgi,lt,s:riqireitacnnu.Aldtc]eaoeenrcid,tnfisaaoesEotibcmu,rpiRnepoedbd.eereocenarEclaiaiooRclRs$ameueaataremn,dpbirinbceleiviec,rrleiaateoiecrnin,massaa,Cn,tuzrpturei,ilsoldeipmsn;maMxieuiiAifnitmcoacnftchneitueaeeeei;iaaatdlmea.aceanidruEndmgSlsfetileinouhtnlietnaonlieirkitapoiraBeinzildssneiacrpatlqiieeelnniiMnatctedpurvihae,lietiiec,svuuoaerrc,iotpnsouodceeailrmcuoiilnntirdnp_u,atdsieoprunEao.ziocdidric"erntieiotgr.tuo(.iuri.EprnuiRpriialIai,e.iungoercb-erMic.ieFrs,eel_mdnaa^aairsnuaidd,trnccaerieiaaidopn,,npdldraauoqIeXuisneni,rtctautoGBiioesnnnrcpiuiloddladdecirngueri-snAaiftrorunetVro-riin;it-rrneuteeoeii-,--ii

1970, pp. 224-225).

386

d80

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ar' ar rnrnlTnr pu'rrd u-rp a ,,.,"-JJJ :i1:i#fi:03;,i5*j%"ji::l

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'nu as lplsrrJ op osp^ erunup oupJny{ pilrlJnJrpJ ad 'ro1rzur160 InJpBJ erl ,ruo1
-dord ep eiirlnc ad csosqb 19 cidicg rro .rEsal 'nrpuexa{v ini uI1B,qpularnlpld p.,
-uI norrr IndEr l:o1a]e1ud upeleJ od snd o naur ri] IpurJol
Intrsnq I sosch ,gullJp

u1 'lnr6re u; 'rne ul oleuJnl lsc] ne naur lndrq: nr rrlppoJ^l .eielpurni 1:.iri rili nu
poru purreJ ardsap el sel)a4 rnlnlec oFdr.re ecl rn! lll '..:]rprl ne llJ
np-tlr nu Eaur DiJasour ]n^e np iiir ulp Inun irru pJ rrl3s pugc prrTpJ ur lnrol]u!
a1e1de-rp ly,,

I-a.reJ rolplnpp rnufl .,,rrIIInl: IaJlsp uapundse; rJ a:iserznluo apnol prJJs
InJplaJJas,,,,,rnlnrpAopp InloJeJo,,,,,naz

meltii. Si1 r.ecleni r,ai cie aproa:te cine era oilu.l, clilr) a ajilns 1a tlesco*
pclile 1i ir.rrri a 5iir-ri sl'i o explcaiezc'

i{

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una din cele ntei exiraorCinare d-in timpul siu'

utrtntp;"i&ni;p'rneiiteia"aefniiaia".e,ni;it'scr,ic;,cto,lnA.-cfl.;;io1..PC.lli;l"i,inoe.oDil.ninil.iis,ptI.ScrreDiioco"ioaieircteniiceaaiqslliaunonirr,albir,^r1ut:icni,t'.pfri,tftlq.lccscriiie*lirtglieTlFil-ceLrtitctir-aRcnlontt'iir."nli-iiiaticitiateiuir:c-nLitnocrofcrr".i,io,ior5iee.ect,aiem{FfrPis?cgltnceA"-ic,]pcL,rilere.i.rri"g;Lle3il.guiii"dnocrnri,iliA.iliolttiltijeliirin.ic:,iiiiir.:ctrn-,i!ianll,cleei.L"lracUc!uair"orlc;*,iirScttis,lf-ei';Amcretecei?oaifopur-/Scartari,1sranl;imieAe;qsffn'Dui.mii;zrllnolii,cn.pc<:iniarztegeaai.:al,it:cnouliecuciisilr'i\.irSCi.n'rac-in,ji'iiltcecri.nnial,cu,jclbii,ici.iaricl,.l{eic.sci'il:i.j4in.cniiacre1-1ierrcc|;-icra:iin14-eLal-'riil:rn,idirne9zic;9sicetlciifp.a2ii''c2s:caS.oi-i:ii,uel-t:irg*olmlieoltutirnai:t"lei-ilrin'it'ari'rmlat.vutliisinv16Airtni,csisiapaiee:-(urcr_it.eliiaierceeln,iii{cclecv-r.clsrec:'jleagcP{ii1z1.zPrcli-sieiliJipu1aol-itulaeplie1ilinpt'ur,nle'ainrec'uilotllieaI'&ic1onatrista1r^.:e;Ieact,11lfiuSr1ilaan1onfteelat1a-cori:itufr;c1iteilroodt;oaio1'lc5ir6cotliiirrn{cclrtlcn3stirr"iria?ait';rc-l:iicieo''iLtirdiiii,its',saiaaisitul.pcfcoeoLia,,i.it-ii\di'clangricqrrrlsc-eltceicaiz{ituaiouiliiicsrrurnczoitgrliclcoirrBli;ziirltii.i'-iihjaitee:relodisaesteeraciezi,edcfzatne:irtratlarc;ecnaedeuSuueiiru-sr-i--t-----'-i-'t'

Z;^:tL'..."

'rtY 5 Fir;ttc.';:o r.lc saitcljs, istoria JiJeroJurlj itaiiene.'ir.Iducele, siudiu introduc'
.nr l,,' tlc Ninc Frcott, Etiitura perlru LiteiatulS Urliversald, Bucurelti' 1965'
ili

p. 513.

rtoiilo{}

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'oqaurLpsaut o'ro"'louyaaLordporra$apD\uar qlGJ

'apo a! autal 'odutal un nlsnl to1u1,.d ag

'oo;ypeou[uaacol ]olnnrl liIn1oct!Dnsystuolsls1s1aoa1iuiiol nubojg\.i

un fel de curte. Pe urn5 intrase ia curtea lui Leon X ;i mai tirziu la
cea a lui Ciement \rII. ,,$apte ani am pierdut cu acegti papi Medici'"

se tinguia el mai tilziu, cind nu-i reuqise viafa de curtean.

]V

Cind cardinalul Giovanni de' Medici fusese ales papd, o noud erd
phrea deschisd artigtilor gi scriitorilor italieni. Leon X, crescut la
curtea Magnificului Lcrenzo, in rni,jlocul marilor umaniEti, era un om
luminat gi de mult gust, iubitor pdtirnag al tuturor artelor. Adevdrat
senior al Renagterii, se aratd dornic din capul locului sd dea o deo-
sei;itd strdlucire curfii romane. O sumedenie de florentini gi toli ita-
lienii care se crecieau virtuosi ndvdlesc spre Rom.a. ln jurul pontifi-
celui clilellonte se aclnnd o sumd de scriitori, umaniqti gi artigti. Ca
siaercrpeetaBri ibiabiepneaP, iaeutrtoorBuel mscbaondgai lGoaioseviacnonmi SeaddiioCleatola, nvdersiat,ificaumrea-lniagjtui -;
lase la aiegere, il face cardinal. R.enagterea dd Ia Roma licdririle ei
supreme gi Leon X are norocul
sd dea numele lui unui secol. Dar
trebuie sd recunoagtem cd n-a ajuns sd fie un adevdrat indrumdtor al
culturii timpului. N-a avut totde auna alegeri fericite i l5sind in um-
br:5 spiritele dominante ale epocii, se inconjoard mai aies cle oameni
cle rnina a doua. Nu reugegte sd adune pe oamenrli cei mai de seamX
clin ltalia. Cel mai mare poet al timpului, Lodovico Ariosto, chemat
1a Roma, se alege numai cu vorbe frumoase de ia papd gi e silit sd
plece cu miinile goale, Machiavelli e trinut cu ingrijire la o parte, nu
se poate apropia de LneeopnoXtriv9itienucuegienntrieubl uluinilagti-gIai nimic. Michelan-
pierde vremea la
gelo e pus ia iucrdri
Roma. Singur Rafael, pe care-I gdsise in siujba curfii, poate s5-qi dea
mdsura talentuiui. Cu drept cuvint s-a spus cX infdfigarea acestei
curfi era mai mult ,,histrionic5". Spirit facil gi nepdsdtor, grdbindu-se
mai .ales spre plScerile imediate aEliesbeucguirsiielerioieafstein, en,updaipsap,redfauciad
spiritelor se
compldcea in tovdrSgia pe
cei ce-l desfdtau gi-l inveseleau. Unii contemporani ne spun chiar cd
'pitnrreec1fee.5ra3a2dbceuoflnoatneuliuinigMiexmatnrdefsrmeddcldoaridcaiiiltCouaolmllgaeiltneoilo:grr,e,sDueerdsioiegguis.rpIfnuisfseuacqei p-AiarppeeltdiincLeoeaosmncraiXai
mult, virtutea invdlafilor ori glumele bufonilor ; fapt este cd a dd-
cruaiztuml, umlt ugilfui nmordasqcidarlitcoiraa,uindallvinudt cind pe unii cind pe alfii..." glni tot

favoruri nemaipomenite au
trecut inaintea ,,infelepfiior". Unul, Fra Mariano, cSlugdr lacom gi
comic, a trecut in istorie.
Nu printre mdscdricii de rind va fi pdtruns Aretino la curtea lui
Leon X. Caiitatea lui de spirit era superioard acelor glumeti josnici.
Fire deschisd qi jovial6, spirit ingenios qi subtil, piind de vervd mu;-
cdtoare, gtiind sd se insinueze prin lingugiri abile, tindrul Pietro se
strecoard in intimitatea pe,pei gi a v6rului acestuia, cardinalul Giu1io,
viitorul Clement VII. Cind se ldsase de pictur5 gi venise la Roma,
Aretino infelegea sd trdiasc6 din pana lui. Ca scriitor, voia el sd
joace un rol gi sd ajungb la viala iarg6 pi fastuoasd, plind de toate
bucuriile gi pldcerile, cdtre care il purta instinctul lui, similar cu in-

394

968

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ne;ti. "

PcLrt'tti che in cotte ii vi\i erc e il ttt'orire
la sfes,sct costt sia, ed b tutt'ttna
Il dittenter Poeta e f inPtzzire"'

$i alta pi rnai tare :
Io rassomiglfo gentiluomo in corte
A tJentjlttonna che vive in bordeilo'

Pentru altul, cabriello Simeoni, curtea e ,,lnormiltiill Ei pugciili:
la splenclorile factice aie
omului vil1", pi apoi o comparalie relativii

curtiior :

396

Lf D6

Li<'

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abajuculnenevgdearalaeiauasl utPfteaoisrtqi1lounilnpaoeni?soonEnixnaaij,ciami tnpriuobrustaieiengttioiineatveoiraiiegiaginereuoadmaharniuiS,lu.DiCtPtipandsequuvinanoiif,iacftao' rsfeit
fost un croitor care-$i avea pl5v51ia iingd locul unde fusese puSE sia-
mtisnuesairaeiiampdnrgeoaizbrdrearuobpprilemirjtoiimni;r.taoadattiadrvts,dec.o,da.ml,Alupriaseettdteiacn!nuct9r,eriicncsatupurmeilrimtcuilaaasitleot;irrzazciciriuuen)apu, llltClaea1lrufeaiiit,iPu;uiannsccciolh(lnia;ntiniongE,uitiiauinm,lnotceore-ti
cazrli o mare palte diin renumele luj in llalia, fie cd n-a cunoscut acie-
vdrata oligine a personajului, fie cd a plefelat sti
in prologul ce pune la prima velsillne a conlediei inventeze ei alta,
sale Ia Cortiglanri
(1525\ ii cld pe Pasquino ca nAscut cliir .imcruriie cianclestine aL: :r-i,-i-
zelcr cr,i poeiii vagailonzi, Apolog care, dac6 nu corespunde ade'iil-
rlrlllilnistrto-oricb, uiinridslrzeia, zaicceasrtaPcalesrqullr.i1n;ce,rsconllajup1iuil-ei. iul uncr ealienitnente lrc-
liiice care acl-uc schinbdri in rriata romani, se preface din simpltt;rlc
universrlia,r qi pedant, perioclic (cltipii sdrbdtoarea de ia 25 aprilie Pas-
quino arnutea pind la anul viitor) intr-rin fel de institufie permaner-
td care exprima spiritui glume! qi birfitor AarleRtinomo ectal.rLe-a91acfeXacsttSis- e1:i e-
facere ccntribuie in rnare mdsurii Pietro
.ia
curtea roman5 o specialitaie din poeziiie satirice : sonete, epigrane,
capitoii, epistcle in versuri, tinguiri, toate inspirate de verva iui rdr,r-
tdcioas5, cle apucdtura h-ii de a baticcori orice Ei pe orici11s. [r.'eni-
mentul care inlesne;te aceast.l prefacere este moartea papei Leon X,
gi neagieptata alegere, it-t locul pontificeltti umanisl, clilettante, rrri->i-
tdoriranalVair7te, lcoarrqdiinlaitel rfiealmora,nad tslntrudi'ilpl adpeirIt,a,blaiar1,la5tri",maainesntrodrioncili;uai-Lcihi iAar-

7 Epitetete cu care i1 imbrobcdelie C. rlnloni'crde pc p.rpa Arlrlan al 1-l-irct
(1522,-152-") sint, in bull:t p.lrte, pr,:)cluse ale cle'",ctrri1or din cpoca Rr:ncitlerij, ur,eie
izvoriie clin rf,utate, aitelc clin nccunoa$tere, JQcab Rurckltardt crede cd viciima
care a avut cei mai muit dc suferit de pe urma clevetirii in Roma,,a fost blindul
papi pAedrsripaenctaividVbl-uierlaes;c6p"ar(cC:lutlcttatrtaii iumca se in{clesesc sb'l_ priveascd numai dit't-
ir-o .Rcno.tferii irt ltalia, vol. 1, ed. cit.. p. i99).
AiItlaacnleieasnnt i,i,Jc,pra(.p-,i.E,-bL1acmrubmiraiusrer"i)csais9deic,r",p{irFnintcainccdoeensci1iofaiacinlelcucSipouicntrucalfriis-pr,oicor,-piit.ijfiicgcinat.tiu,slepui.o7sr3giu3o)lciillldeurndcauiafliosin-taaaijitactinsc,au1ceti
cliii abuz,:ri ;i uzurp;rri.Lrle monarhiei. r:-lrnane si idgiciuise o reformd dei;ii:rii a
Imlisoetirvicei,i,'lcahciaarredascei ar fi trebr-rit sd renunfe Ia orice stdltinire temporard. Din acc;tc
aclaugi pornirile polriiice ale a.dversarilor sbi, el a devenii in
sfscliditiuCoimrsreinadradrderc.eiaoni"rbm,ja,uibelriupacrniatsluucollsiueiiiiuiullpr,Aiisaccie,iplrrrieiia"cpnacaaamarrolesflmleViibntaIait-nterIoienio-sa{ciriora,'a-ntrcpcaiiilatircorosfdrir5nac-ieniuptlgeinisinipiidraieriitfintoit-rurlilsulireRlicuuscri,ecmPEpesaliriurni-n(l/tt1sl'oe5m,2nS,ur?ttolic)ui,'flreiepPi,pcr(ril1;mieim5a5p.ci2cl,ai-:irr-ir'et1c.:ctinitD:n)indnea)-"--.
Iicrnnarali1oS6cni1oua9rl,iemoeelacqlaetBetlr;iiCusbgeouutri'eitrcci ii1i6l,iuoi liiipAtnrscidilstredicnnontcpinluaerl(ipIVsaretsIo-cjluteuid.natesCe-c"dcl-ni,,cqoimiliidumeglueiiciransclloleainrnan,Ttn5ireeci inodrtneoesc)fi,oidraoempnraeddbsrruitil,taiicrcnallearevpdrln-er'aoutetrednlruta1i-ii
lume$ti (Francesco cle Sanclis, op. cit. pp. 733-737).

398

66e

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ap lergrqurlau oulrupr ournbse4',gzg1
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ojroJ.Ipt4l nis InrlpurnJ nJ pq;o^ ap pls ou1nbse.1 'apnlo ap ruarlxa
luns lnlsounJ [ueurru ap Inurplls ed sale e a-IBJ niFalor
InlnrJES pz
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-aJV ap IJunlE osIrJS oialeuos ulp o+lnIAJ 'ri-rpuQrpur a1rur6-teur ai3eou
-nr lpur nu ournbspd 'ilupurelJ saip a olInID Inl inJoi uI
psui prriJ 'rolrfua-rncuoJ BSaJpp Ien1leruiplplnrpgJr
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-os ,,BolpJjlqnct" nrluad ]€JIpuI rpru IoJ Inlof 'ursrxored e1 g6un[e gs
1-rnBdupr1JaoeJBprrTonlr'proluippJdrslrsurlopl rornlnl e pJrrrles Bpr.s{np} J'esruon}rlo1Jdoopodaor,rtstaduenlqd
pruo6 pI pJseesos

eiolr,;n,uocl ruferrno3itl'ao;rpr;rr1ouleoodrplnplnlrersnoucnLrppr ef uacrSrunur urp pJasrp,rl oJBJ
rlrzereci rS
aci earp;un-Ie salp teur rS rfrn:
iaoiIoettrronsJar-or1lar'.ruroncpluaeldesllar6q61nu1enn1saetrpeoo1;pa]6Ic;raid1uSrtps uBiuIapsJunl ppalsrBoaJpVs
'aur13e-r:

]roi:\ I]
ip 'rps iJ-rosoJopard clns lauro6 ea;eziurbgcl op ler.iads '1u3;s un acieorci
'--,re,LIrnr';rlrnioeac,JrsprreJloirdASrupulip6e[riJrirpp1vre61rornd-r1cate'raeS:ceie6riadn1s1pnJopa5Il1'a]I'JlpaolulpeollIsrrro3olJleiauullurJolu6nl'uers'joepuusr5nrJbpcsuirprrdorrSurpoe6ss
o-innbclr[uinnelupueiru.uiprnoou16rrSlnE'Tgi l'eupluacrar{lodJursieaq.rl"in6TJn1-nnrousp:aErnnsplnqpBrTurJenouerlutzuoeueir1l:Ilo3I]dIlpleoraltu{arndteJdrne'olde:c}elldeeiclllpeposrunnrll
€i ep pJuI g;asebalzap as allqrurl 'rr,ral*eua6 InlnliJlds 1e ueru*np

1ltAitorrliarevnellauiitao,iinsrGFi"leiicuucdaeileiro$rcei.ilcrianovFare.oGl1uiuoa1lurnuripzrracfei,ngleiaaaa'M,ctulecuensacict,raiiieAcsiid1,6fSr-1ic,ca,eienlmeraigpVnrmeIudrsaudmcre-etuiietcascusoa5rezt-"Sei adcmpreilsraueodriacd,urheechiazauptliln,li,un9uediingdsdrgeceeir.u;iheavi'tIrmaailepneeer-- I
tneser Pietro. Acesta nu se sirnfi in siguranf5 nici lingd cardinal, care I
clopinclea cle lingd marchizul de Mantova i prudeilL,- se
papd, nici I
dcs;iiaudrrsilceienu-gdlpilzeapinviledeinpafgtupicrieihaaiaaratrrucictneru1lcurliuiscipdapauarptpiiecAi orp.unDeldelcoaatatlRcieeoe-rllguongluiiGogmiiEeopgvmetaerimnlipanietie5cdiiasacndlatlertqeriiBnezaigrtnafic,r'cliesnitc,Nrsiaeslafroirerre-,i
rnind cd nu cheltuia mai mi-ilt de un gJalben pe zi, iar curtea $i-o li- i

I

i

I

nea cu o bdtrind servitoare - ,,lQ sqcl4tissjma religiosa lant1ndaia",
cllm
o numegte.
ltaitrpentarataliicAmarreocpaahncu"iiecalRencioanomVnpRec]d,li6,agmari5nrmuaiiils,duRu1irmei9ctneiecacdllseX;eteecnoliruceslliet.rdiselPiectpaahevstiddeeqeearusiasnuctourueifnlsieicnnatist,luitomdlqlelipdunidenitieansbsifueciincaautplecrl9ioeeaipt,uvcesetriindaansldusstetitdatin,ttiuiad,'i1saainiir.-l
acl.ntluleouesttsrpe-ivuplaataed'papdaj rcsbeceiacrar-sercgtcdiuiaieiisananspa,teeul,u,r,lbiedcaGiposgiintouahctlriiiedaoocvtctt-oi;arelsueCuldlb\e$irmaidrusierptdenfricteafaffVniaaciIc"6I.elud-Adii,nrienaPntpaionnasuooql ,uuvpiaernBobropsissaleaergnrrriaticfandiatdirnl.oiilnncR"ue9obtmiomfa{arl-:-,t
cln5cRimd1ul.oombotmmtaeriegidja.rgiiuuiMiitolistrerrcoz.dslilesicuDeelgaaurptrlpePirmiiieiiclaeutiietntfeilinotr,rru-,oaGl.n,,aiacsoimnodrverni"apardinadTornltiulctziiiniueidacrrCuenliel'olcMaetdm1Veletaedealpcincictaeeteilslvdrl-tie.laoi",,D,visellcA'eauargfmgeacrdtalitmasnnaevobaedienasipraaeesejvln5oiotnl-reill,nto,cnglaupucdrmrpuectecmzeeoaelonsn]1a--r1t
otpidcrisiotarsebuzseeluniat nldibiineclleiRs-otamaravil,ecnaluuslm6me-9loeinvlouepirosleet-illdelegttatsttnq.duueilnteaPtaoes,rlqiourvi,nedorivn;ascusabarterirrid1ci;itririfqdricheusai-i
o armd tetnutd gi de folos pentru ceea ce urin6rea'
Aretino nu se mullumeqte si dea o nou5 infiifigare 1ui Pasguinc :
c1 simlul ce ar.iea pentru actualitate, minat c1e oporlunismul lui lite-
rarr ajunge s[ regenereze, acaptindu-l 1a scopurilc lui, un vechi gen
C"'iitttui"rii, qi u.I-gi .t"u"e astfei o nouir armii , alirLuri cle ;;a'squi-
lrsarottttlanu,ceeetle.vieiilfgviiarieiaerietpieirareLacluirnirin,euitegatsenirecpiviei:meliecaplzcagleacsoeeneilviaeutrirzrrtteee,nsoriaiSipnuarociituo,atac',alnr.-lettedicAiatcriiapstoceiljorp,eeieaneennoltcai1reilteliainieuir.pinnoretgluetAmoiactiiinmtsnuoclrcsieeeeciitepsnaisrnalrnsiuctEtioizcj)ig-thcictieiessi,uriu-ircp-ueranr'lriua9euailt,itplalbbciiiMebrsutlinieeinseiaielccai,aoc'ctc-t,aenrpjattiiioaueuiirta',uii!"ccmrsnihrbo.1Adaoeplb9anlLcrCriuScaeiriiecitnliCenearrsimd--ciic't.rnn'ree1i9ueeiauuprirap'ci-(olaetpelmuecetbouomriatarsuabeulaiauaeaniusvis,crciedle:fgavi1eLiuellnseeaeisurrcltfrn,cditziiireeeineriiulialcecrauailJ_grdaliv,ieieipa;rriouci:arLisieslaapdaolisetuntuieninrzctrrnidrer,lo.iufrroeeolirscr?DponlletlaotodreeiilaecriregatntrarnnlbiseaeaisrieaailsllirlttcsricciLtreroeanLceeierlsIrirerolts6snlear'---,-'--i

400

r0p 6A ?Ieoi 669'9 Bp-3

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-aod. earlfulnlnr op tsrIril e s cilell 'ti-IaqI3 Inlrplpp 'plnJsale rnlnrtl1
ro-''-oJSorspnIJplrllulrnorauenbsrrs6eJiueoJsa6fi,1upLB3,'Isin1llor1niItpIilsSraoJJ:ir6rual'JstlaiulorlltprltnltgrooltdduUarlenlea.pdai,pap\oelesprustLa6lI'lglrIlaeJ1zs^rS9tvpiallltJa1'rLXr(llagrri!oSid'tuelrs1p6oceiu'eoann5-;Trprqc1pe1l1idn1'raoe1eu-udrlre1qoielrcof1eptc4pelaped'l1aeer'-pJfrlc,llaiaurolpr1nlseE5rpooeslnutlrPnlao1acqniprg{l1ugcs,rlsilJaeo;glcftrPuisneIl1aa:3suJal.
'L-e.ro1ro€1r1rneiJ1pppeVrralur1urI1nne1lsn.rr:oSlqs1LI3:rIo+E1anri1dIlolSfleor1selrreasuglIr-p]nig'ldpJIupIIurIl\opo6u'llueslilolauuraeYllr-au\aiinlnl lIggndaslelBedasneurqlonngralrnrboloedauc.slpxLoatISIrplenaalsralaSup5et1lrs"llaqail6psue'e1o7g1l.

IA

[' i,t':rio-In-nppRccusi[ranacpoppusrurrlrrIdp:n!lol'intrz[rrvrrnoypdp'torunplruursbrrap1ruapql"rpole"lcpp,lsl;I+:Aaa?Il-elpte*ea,lnepi:Jofu;up:e+tlape"s?u]alls'xItirur;apr1tau1ednlio"l'1'JpS;esllone:e1sJpuucj"1p-atlrrlnl:N:lin:'n:eol%JapuPoIiJ+cz;aiIar.II{pVSJrspliienl;uJc1*l''peeu;ifu1rie1iio{zEe6rraiio-1\E3qEi.
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ddlAiaeendpssrictelrdgaddlmpd,toeoogrl uiclSoloarfpirsoiteodr,eicgnclealtiprn'aeelStaapadoncurslsetoerevspietenurodlgl lrsuDutirpadLurluelccoauinrnmetXaiicnlcedaunelrialfRuiiailmufLaiaaennoltcuoeovxopaenunc,teuettaua-rindauacdltdaef,i

mu1t.

un prim incident indispune pe clement vII contra lui Aretino. E
sMsnnpail(aliledeefo-opaaaagds.acrouetNcRreVepadiarfnoaeapqieenamrlissaaicdtodaoai'aislnconrpsnpu,ieai,ororoopanen.lenasoze$tSRehteiedcdioatcatSoenzneigpi-nlpmleoar"u:usatrroePlnotasivinlnlesnuaieucdtmen,ricresciittiscdeetdnidread.rdlsiiieren?otAluleuaruacnaicotBanesituicotsteuloRtdualtdioaenabsosgarcnuicureemnulitdrcmaseimopzisi-,stenaeoaepidCpndulttreeuopaiippvpvecdalujedddueoneubs.sesittdtlrnageCifrsuecoaigrdceascatstgd,eeevftedrniduealrd9eesuraaviiileccserlue;iairtntdnrrugclAuujieuieolalnessmaritsVeeesGiepeeatttndicoqersnedieuutaaleosievcrllrcriiieeuoiinaiplncu.tinrsdanfiRdedieeDtrocaceriGVrrrlnm-lu'eeom.ijupdruatpiaiaeadel---t-)i

di Marcantonio Bolognese .'

,,Fece dopo Giulio Romano in venti fogli intagliare da Marcantonio in quanti
diversi modi, attituclini e positura giaccionodi disonesti uomini con le
donne, e

che fu peggio, a ciascun modo face messer Pietro Aretino un disonestissimo so-
netto; intanto che io non so qual fusse piu brutto, o 1r1 spettacolo dei discgni
di Giulio allocchio, o ]e parole dell'Aretino agii c.rrecchi: la rlual opcra fu da papa

Clemente molto biasimata..."

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apdsatii
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orag, e atacat Ei capdtd mai multe lovituri de pumnal' E lXsat mai rnult

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seami camerele

Vaticanului.

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