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294

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nJ uolsrd) loqsrcpun p uosfrn[d ad attselt lalulollo]a alttclilutrd ap
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rocile de granit gi temeliiie Universului lui Dumnezeu nll sunt aga c1e
vechi !" Industrialismul mamonic tot face o munc6, munceqte ca sd facd
bani ; dar aristocrafia trindavi ce face ? Eva.ngheliei lui Mamon a iu-
dustrialismuiui gi capitalismului, aristocralia opune
o Evanghelle cie
cliletantisrn, tol; aga de funestd ca gi cealalid, dacd nu gi mai funestii,

cbci pe cinrl ceaiaitii creeazf, ceva, aceasta e cu totui sterild. Cincl
s9r"-ridalreea.gtpinrueocbapit1e,sndctiraftcadpcripioecteelci\n:l4rga,dacrpliresetrpogtcaurmlaueliianietuelnr-;girnlueblzLndoeararaebdiIal ta|.rIleoegbgiillieusiupdfealenctiduruleegraroidtitece,-
igi ilricepe altlel ti:enirca,

..Cur, o.;o .: i.r-iiiari: I inloles al i ',lrit:, d,,ei : u r-1 .f'n --n ,hil i?- i:l u1,'-

rintra viteieasci pentru at{ii, nu in a face irindirreste pe aiiii sd sufere pei-iiru noi,
a stat totdeauna noblelea. Cdpetenia oan-icniior este acela care sti in fruuica ca-
meniior ; iniruntinol primejdia care inspiiimintd pe toli ceilal{i, care dacS lu e
biruitd ii inghitr: pe toti ceilaifi. O;:ir:e cu,"[rnd rrobiii este Si va fi totdeail]ie pe
pdrnint o cununi de spini. Pentru ce a fo:t privit ca un erou Hercules ? Pcnim cd
3 omorit lei Neneani, a curEfii grajdtiri Augcane, a inCurat doudsprezece munci
nu pr.a greie nu:itai pentru- uit zeit, in s )ciet:liile tnoclertre , ca in cele vechi si in
toate sccieiSliie, -\risto.raiia, acei care iau slnjba ulei aristocrafii, fdcind-o sau nu,
au luat locul cr,e cinsic, caie cste locui Ce grcuiale, iocill dveie.prLima ecjedinee, --a
moartc clacd greuii-.tea nu poate fi biruitd. c1e
ll icLut pcver de sa
fcst

dat5. viafa clacd nu ca si c putem .la i;i,rrl;iite;te ?" (Pas!. and Present, III, p. 15:;).

Arisiocrafia, dacri \,'rea sd mai l-t'hiascd astX.zi ca aristocraiie, tre-
l:uie sd-si ia in serics rolui de conducdtoale a oamenilor; dacd nil r'-a
putea, ciJld aristocralie ii Ya lua iocul, tlna care va fi in stare sd coil-
rluc.I pe oameni, nil dupd iegiie econcmiei ciasice, ci dupd legiie r e;-
nrce a1e iui F)'*rrrnezeu.
Dezinteresarea claseior conducdtoale $i iipsa Ce adevdrat gr:-1'er-
n5mint av'Jsese ca rezuitat starea criiicd i:r care s-a gAsit Angliia in
inti-eaila juntiiate dintii a ssedcnouiuliuziilua.lcnXeIaXs-cledai.nNmuosdezpguomteoatccsa: ile-
mulfr-rmirea gi nediept5lile
cle

amicuin;ciirioual raecfeuiasenseeinldirsearuthptindevoaigaitainiitii,rndpeiXiurpii,tel,adceiinsceroerliinadij-oticeuii,luCilaosrab
fma5lirl,di,ciercagoiJrnielocrdiueecceooieanncemieconicnie,o"ctnleiici idraa, Lafirirumdnuulsnppcliaiiljcoinrai,lrrccroaerpiaimli.aalAigi tfoiolorlgorasmnitiozarcmitr,oeneiarcadi'ellA"'riiXiritaseatdali
si dreaptd a rrrulicii n'.1 existS. CinC inceire Carlyle sd scrie Past {tnd
Preseni, constat; cd Anglia e piind c1e bogSlie, de produse de tot feitti,
dsc.deeriifraccbieeri!cair,Ei$sptierto,oddtuuastri-,omcoenavuraesadeneopirnomatanaliftiiienn.EEsetr.aaAreotaitbaAognbdgolliiegedifte;iermA9encigatloti5at,undquei
care

aiiia

este
pe calea cea bun5, s-a depdrtat de legile naturii $i ale ader'5rului. $i
Cariyle aminte;ie fabula regelui Midas, care dorea aur, dar care in-
ipnceeraezuaesrici-bol;imdNap{riideaansic. idnApsductlatbatpsgdeiiaputeraeAucrhpi-o-dlloetnomtgdcigeparea.tziMnegiide:aazsesjeiuicpia-raseueflciremdau-
sultase

inclati

rnuzica
plinit dorinfa, dar i-au dlruit gi o pereche de urechi lungi, un apendice
potrivit cu dorinfa pi inleiepciunea lui. Cit adevdr in vechiie
era problema grav[ care fsaeburliediIc-a,
Starea rea a claseior muncitoare

206

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'ruolpluBd '13purgt arnpo.td B op plrrTrc ep rfe,rour,'l lfoluns : 11nru ea:d tfa:npo:d g:r
ur€znrB pA 'pllspo^ e,l'r:lodruJ o-1821-lJB o r?J ?uJlip luoieluud ap a1eo5 'tq:a;ocl 13
rSprugr op euBol{rTAl '.rnferdurS grsee,rl:d ps 'Pllspo.^. asdeapad ep Pcl€alluI e -Ipf, IG.)
i-alt--nuasJillnt€rtl{nuupz,olraoiout:iqcsaolpleplarlaeffl,eercrciilrleio,i1soltcnun,6e1pnpslopaos.3Jir-ld.ronprdsgu.reu2rllv3uIdaIn1sJ'1Baopn:qaInl€.s6urdul'ru:eniloauelorDdospp:rirds]l1Iospn.rdungliar1:^g1agipurdI?eionoac1lpupl3oIuusii,auol1rpliqJiuqJir3elDi6cn'p[J:^JeSpPoeua:aJ!Dt1urp1orsJIluoEoPpl.JoAp-nrI\olo-nlopFnr:I.dBrarenellrglslolcae',:dnrnad"-uir]rrnnriIu:nIl;olir?uoluopJtrll]1IlpnI1s-Iil{tirs-iil:pEet9'iClaP.9llrpdorr;p'u1eir-Iut6rlo1cnp1Pu6zr
-nle pA I 11nut eatcl snpo:d I1B 'lnlo; 1ol ap llclif,unur 11So:d ts rltroloueri O"

'er-nrEri'-,ara1leaolro.oitqniar6tJo-_onsilIp'rouprrlrrricitt;'*Isupnlola.t-1uar"e-nsPsr'1inJslegSonsBern:ttralnprroeIolp1uiprurIornlJsoilprderrpsrepiPIc'd1unApa'ar["slJnpsa-nn^PeuJf1gnJse16ips+nulJps-IsonlllsrSntop3uapS1alruaarunlng1feldd-1ururp1sl6lppqSnIouPrJaJJpprn'sn{siJ'ulSiseru1J;SIirriBuoln'rof1PJuAP1:d1iuaolaSN1aenscePpSseaelggpPpelpnJop1IiZJr6n.Broi-lfrrlru,JrpuellounlJunlalap.cfrrurrnJaSeJlorJsiIipseJJuzld€Jga9nBaarulepaspuq1s-JlligclIurlJllelsJiJdlarcrrueI3orPelPc1'pqps-l:elJol]IotpiiteeIJrseersJrq}fl\'qo'aouuapilusRundTr]rpnebJpp'l?ipu,plrlqoocuoqIIJpLzPpLoJJqlsaloITIouBu3tle'slJBipurlapnn:uiuJesPIJl'e:Iusa.nSlIbE]npsnl'inupPJpr-'aroaPfJnIatp]slhJlJIplpJdEJaEtlntanaBoSzur'spJqInJlJipnepnrBlnpuoIliersr'3pu-sour3osp:Pe'oanull^elIPopasuTerEplr'ISoaJapollulpJocIPlulIulofisfnpla:r9aIoe.nIroa'E1rpSl6arucalu3sul|op-ozcJqrsltPpnrcelcJsPpJn0JcPI{fa1-(qu1FoPIlu1nal}tDnJlsssnJ9olonEPlucEoll1iddToololluoJi1alllPlsnnJnrln3-noantpI3PusgtN1EJiuuJsJpsl:]ll
eer'"eorn1€foltlnIrllrruiJnBsnrer:tl1lro:eeurpaz.trJaptptignjtuJqpursjpi"3aln]aprncfuBlocecslailJ3ulteoesrnJagapfpBprtbsulBse.pilpneoooJnadluloB'luaeusIpo1rllopu.ruiapeesIiauuoJcnE'pas.'BurduuJeponraBe1Bprp3AllOrJr'rl'psanelon'lJzllrulllloazepJinzluplsdJue.nnJnl''e(rolopsra1rllaoPiapupsriJsoeanEIJproboJurJJrruaop1aulsniszr1leloluurlappoppllnJ4u'pnboIp{poJ-l)rtououlJoPoJnlJlJ9lo3J1aeo}u,u]BurPsnrnJEJJiurfaPEoJiurAA]danaTonoElpap'I6iaailo€s:r-\':relpaI|oeIoJp1UlclrJraCe-iulsInr3oJneeoel;:orPtpJpJ]I

,,Nu moartca, trici chiar moartca dc foame, facc pc otn ncllorocit; nulfi ott-
i'cni au toii oameuii au sa mcald m- izeurltaimbilafbierqdirscdaqnliiodaeslcliea; tutulor este
in carul murii ; al durerii. Dar sd tr5ietti sii munce$ti

cic foc
rr sf, tc trudeqti 5i si uu ciqtigi nimic; si fii zdrobit, obosit ;i izolat, fdrd lcgi-
turi, prirrs iltr-un recc qi unlversal iaissez-laire; c sd mori incet cit linc viafa,
inciris intr-o Ne<lreptatr: surdd, moarti, infinitd, ca in blestematul pintcc dc ficr al
'I'aIlrului lui irhalaris. Aceasta estc gi rdmine veqnic dc nesuferit tuturor oameirilor
pe carc i-a ficut Dunnezeu. Sd ne n-rai mirdm de Revolufia francezi, de Chartistuc,

tLt: revoltelc dc trci z11o 1l fl)osl otrd Prcscnl, III, p. lBl).

Ceea ce trebuie este o orqanizare a muncii, pentru a se rel1le-
l1enta, in mocl normai, activitatea economicf, $i a se evita Supraploduc-
fpia€n; tanpzoiiusaaciaieriimmunaciSdrderpetaepSt[i"o: mai justd repartitie' ,,O platd dreaptd
nimic exorbitant intr-o asemenea ce-
lere. ,,Este dreptul etern al omului, indisputabil ca Errangheliiie, ca
tablele inmul!irii aritmetice". $i totuli cit e de greu !

cc ,,Progresul societilii onlene$ti consistS in aceasta: proporiionarea din ce itt
mai buli a salariului cu munca. Dafi-mi accasta;;i mi-afi dat totu1. Plitegte

fiechrui orn tocmai pentru rriunca lui, pentru ceea ce a produs, a f5cut 9i a meritat
intinsc qi cinstc, celullalt spinzurdtori inalte 9i ocne :
-ce omului acesta pf,minturi ? Impiirdlia Cerului, pentru care ne rugim zilnic, a

a; putea cere mai tnult
venit : voia Donlului e lircutd pe Pimir-rt prccum e qi in ceruri I Aceasta e strSlu'
cirea Dreptdfii cere;ti..." (PcLst artcl Prescnt, I, p. 17).

Organizarea trrul]cii este intrebarea de Sfinx a timpului, spunea
Cariyle. De riispunsul pg care-l va da Anglia atirn5 viitorul ei.

ilI

Este ceva nessndtos in sociel{tile moclerne i ceea ce tlebuie, ina-
inte de orice, este olganizarea pe temeliile drepi5fii 9i apoi o conciu-
cere realA, un qllvelnamint adevAlat, Pentlu a se ajunge la acest SCop,
creclinla aproalie geitelald in urma Revoiuiiei franceze este cd singurul
rni;1oc ar fi democralia ; gttv€rilolea pritl ele itrsele ar fi
ieacul tuturor reielor, Avintul mare ai llopoalelor in secoirr-l a] Xlli-lea
clenocraliei
este un fapt cate nu lloate fi t.1g1tich-rit de nici o minte siririitoasii.,,Pre-
tu'iincleni neliiisurata Deiuocra!ie se ricllcir moustruoasti, zgoniotoasd,
lnllgitoare, nearticuiatX ca vocea haosului." Ce inseamnd aceastd uriaqii
ciemocrafie gi iucolro melge ? Poate ea duce la o sdndtoas:l organizale
?na-lurtar,lfli,gcaamreia$ccdlerimi colceiaptriec:fiacrneoreclienrclleflpellstAte,deduRpeitfoCrmaral1g'lge,rncaonldlti-;
socialX
nuarea
l)recutll plotestantismul a fost o rdzvrdtire impotriva falsei supremalii
slrlicpo,itrrriitituv[iaaiilefa,alrsdeee\rliooriirlruaaitierilies;'.pcinrcosrdaduiisic.eiuCdcmlecuselpieirlsiuttueal{uci lidet trnaeodpcotlracateitcoirerrninaauiri iusLnc;uulnltii',oactelessiiumiiule1a--i
robili, rfir. SuGt ei cei. mai b"Ltni ;;i cei tlai nobili, cind couclucdtorii con-
sacr-ali sunl jlseudo-conducltori, ItLt mai pot fi suporta{i rnnltli lirelre i
cici minciuna, ln oricltd pomltd s-ar irnbrbca, oricite pergamellte Si
cerenoniale ar desf5$ula, in cele clin urm5. se cld pe fafd ca minciund.

208

602 !I Bleoc 6$SE Ep-C

'p^lrlodlulc 'XX lnlnlo3os e olplpuln[ pnop a u! Icru alilpJqpnf

-aJd lrSpdop np-rS nu ('r1a auauyrozDu 'a7sq^oqal'oilaqbuo^g finp auJlfar-,t'a1otr*ot
'oa-'llI1cnuld7po-puroduarnnsdlorerLnp'larqral1sglstapL'ryruouuA1Buep'alIenq^IaJlrrnplDp'ssselooqoJl'padrpSuspluBuoorloeaJr.drpursBulaoonlup)lausep!jedlusu,,,eldrpnu1rerop1eaedsp,parelauIspqndauploroudlqlJrornruJuu.(reolrlI1dr$rsdnoera1rol,lu1ulau1reoaqldu)psIrsaopI,ulLrs,dnrli,fultoauapollBdselrlIluuI.rIurraaaol!oJflq,u,u/B,o,rJllafepfe,erJsueBaerloJoJfA,.re6uean.^lr!rod1razMn,1rad,auunSal3r-r1iruup13lrlrolg.gnr_cdgu,i!nn€ar?qi6(drl

au'-Epsjlrunpposlorrlnnlrolpr/nuolriullisrnrpracll'lrdexJlBueeo.lalrraurnllpddqarnspulprlop'o3ocAale'pBslluoonJauilIusunsplrolD'3ruApl'srsaaanprlI1s,sIulIIlnl-,dpl"Igqf,I1,c,s,a'siaAldulloig!uullooB"lJcptIoa3pdsJlyl.srjuiepulpp:.Jnr$plp"'l.falnr,fnrujll&nqlJnalXu.aslns)o?llnaul'1,upp1rllsosn3tuau3,ut*el,s3iBduaiazJ"'BuJ"gr'#qurDet1lu5soioar;1eJ',js.nin"relcnjaipuo;u1tNrpel
olsrLraTrur rolou.rrl3op Iop"al=lEJa]Ji.llluwruaIns losopuIlnlpellren1ueaptr)E,erulnnlpiuJl-Eail(f,r,ra"iuarpol,n,=ua1sD1.1.ll.arql
lnrsa3
-o:0 u1 ep nus',airu r]

'lniJnl lenl Jpolsr aiapo^ ap In]f,und ul6 'allJoruru ullnd re,aturlrpnpeJsl llnru
raiu aapoJoJd ulrd 'osoaln eoJ BrlerJo+srrp
aIJ ps ore pnou Lrud
nr-BeE,niesruornlosdJruJ'relluaonsqsIuIrBloEusrrJaoIorlsuJrnJuuBlpJdaull3BqaJaralpfe^u:-CpraOu^lrn3uoaapldoalpJJpIJuaoulslsuaanasduJnl!sqanaJusdo,op,pnllqNElsrnzoFdrufnroSdaperJiEardrpl
rS 'rsRsuj ai-ns ui-rct rrr{nrleu B arpu-raltlb eauaurase o plrqrsocl E

-IpIuI1rSun3sslalldapEpr6nauJuaaoprJrapr+rs:\rpnolusollJpolraJiJq]trAnda-r'nrrrpproJuebredpneaaloudJsnrJnisrn'supaluus'rlidrsuapoaieJrluuarnueu1Jrnrlqeoeruaerlbaulrrcs?eabloeidl"rpEroioluauJnur6rrJnrorlnuaE1ejpurruaa\.1droe,Jab\nnlplbou[lpertn1alrrp^rr]lr1rptloleappJ]rspqa6plprSli]prseJ'rn"rlJ^lleusioaZtJalruppennJurpsrpazoa{tppseulrasulrnnl]prolrnproulrupuuueoonraalpbniuAJpuIJpnnnJrEdgre]JtAof-o,'o1nA'anlrllsaa€lul'ruE]'lteIpolaoluARupc}lldupljlqnonanE1dJppdei
BJ tPaqIplnalusoaJlrprnu3llanl lre'ruuronrurlsptsqe-rJouel r'1nrBfeJlrao1lrsb1are] 1 p]nJpJau paulillp-r Bqrer]
rS
raun allrnllr] rpurnu uaAp
prleJtoJsup I riclarp r€Lu ral 'I[a]l^ reur ral 'runq reur ral 'rJotrpf,npuoJ
r--rfruurrarnuru,rupanopeaplnullppurrialp^aInlsulplrlror:Slrguafoulruernrlprpooodururr.rraoallpetpoJulnJpuJuoorSol J:aerlarrulaanr6rfnJeolrrtiouorlpuIopetqrluuaEjua'larrlrElullJpal1lupls,^,l'onJoAJI
rS alrrerrJs aleol ul alsa aznJrioJ JS alrruul ra lrJoA InJeuns 'e11r1u1d
eldrun aleorlrd anpuraaJloElaf uJpoo{arJlruatir1lrnl1rrolourdor6u2,"l
-sur alpol 13 altzgrls o1eo1
'gppA o ps rol
'arJ nu ps aJpJ 1od o nu
alBol 'rolrbar altrfrleoc alEoJ',,elplripau elrqelndsrpur rS pluaururr 'plueur
-rplE'eatpru" also erferloureq pJ pburAuol as ps 6unlp lSrSril grbag

'(S d 'f 's1a1qduro.1 Loq-ta7p:.1) ,,'PJlsPou ua:o1nd ug g1s
-n:s1uaep61i -plrl1qlsrroor1JlllJoap) aprur:nenroN1E3lZllurIorrrJIa'eJ:urnanp1lBrdngq1eso1rdglu:rgr1qA1up3-rb'l€eIlosleurjpra6^aparpuIer1roa'll.pu'o(nBurtrls8niIlqeISl1laoirqppl-ea-I;lllsanlrulonaqrueari lluoanrrsda
nu '1uo1:1siq 'rfgnodr rlrraqrul 'r{ere14 : rqrorn ug e6i:1s e1 gfiuerlug porunl uin)
npllnrsp 'prulpds ap 1|luoruarcul 'npauluop orp3 IoJ rlol I* 'ruapurlnle:d 'll6au"

-PIu aunup o-rlul 'a1a11e Is 'efualsrxa ro1 rarrclord punr3urur ap 'pJns
lnrpdslp
IIun Is IlualisuoJ 'aunulur rrljd pJ
nu trferrolslrB aiasle; rS rbar trSle; 'reuorfnlo,ter Inlnltrln EarplJns s'I

CnJAdeue5ciiaicm,eirtniisuiyo'gtoneliieuidganreainteisucupemenduxmra.ebrfjedeomlDicnclrlpeieaictalsrlueieeptnrerarriaeeneturgtlerprgmiee.coiputaipnudtiudbenmletalmiiimfccudioeiiipletceiomuraeararonilrilinscaaearttfoaiiccmuacloienneormae.tdn-ifecpiDucirduan:asperf9ri,e,onipdarsceeictdneepetfautsiffimibi:|-dsiilvl3ipueiconvubariesl,bzlSisesivaltdtneoaa,uilctttceeaeirdlnne,oncpfrdoiisuiaeUtnbasenuplrtrireaicieialeuae-.
aniihcCsacfenrLiruciiragriia6ciie.rndneifilssnmiticcipcteuicecle'.lre,cluavidznocrIgensinilcnolii[lnenddupot$reeterdoocprirliselaaooaiefCcsatczexedeieuoipnftmllerieinctiatais.e,cnvdacott,ect5onoiroiv5nv-dn"nraa,,atiidtaintoaieippdu-taoirusceftnrearaeuseaaccsacntefunstepiatausmcdoairrtuleneedesezutmneeedihmmmu.:ri.alnitaPpoNuteiSdopirtasiui-etrtcdrtadieilejduaouecoimiundrrLiudeo5ceueoiirdaa,einnpemraustgscpaxudtXeuaaeerldetntmltrevraiemiuPe,naddpleiipariilmteaarcertCeiltiaizradrgqdruoepmoeoueolimaipnvcoeurptegiodniwensaarztienteranaa9ilvdilcanin]nrizaurem{ancsmitCipre-diuinemareone:etnortsspeama"vdocuaseueciamuclllnmiafardaiatiibirloilrraiSaeilleii--':tii
nspleaaiegqtl'tarp.phrlpiaeo{esoisincudirbpiiunpiu}led,rnidecqtlearoeiepaffagrretauhdrrcyielldoaee,tmrrioinonneadaSnmml.emtueiauoln.t:riaiCaolsiriatueadmndteetienm,enfagioiinacnilrnip,auufceisidtlfiuoincvnraloatceteiustdagtleetauelvnaai,ounvtiinuaoufldt,fuappcclotuieuttiimfc.siiea,t,nSiaIieuculafinroczaideevgarlienuntrJidd--.
universal" de care se vorbea atita in acel timp de agitalii chartiste,
ca o gregeald impotriva
il supirra pe carlyle, naturii. Pentrl el a
r-Jllr/erlta, a Se g.tr.tetna pe Sine mai ales, nU eSte lucrul cel mai leSne

pe lume ; a gdsi o aderrdrat[ organizare fondatd pe dreptate 9i dra'

gos,Le este a rezolva cea mai mare probiemd care S-a pus omenirii, a
riescoperi legiie ascunse ale naturii, a impiini voia Domnultii aici pe
pirilint' Cum sx ciescifrxm, in chipul cel mai adevdrat, aceastd enigmd
a universuiui, cum s& interpretdm mesajul
divin care ne e adils iu
fiece intlinplare a oamenilor ? Cdci rdspunsui este aici o chestiune de
via!11 sau de moarte. Rdspunzi clrept, descoperi adevdrata rinduiali a
lucruriLor ; nu ai de ce sii te temi ; te-ai conformat naturii li legilor
lui llunnezeu
gi nimic ltu poate sii te contrazicd : rdspunzi prost, loi

unirzersul !i-e impotrivd, ruina gi moartea te agteaptd. Ce rlspuns dd De-
mocraJ,ia la marea iutrebare cle Sfinx a organizf,rii societdfii ? s-ecr,e,Nt u9-i
sufragiul universal cu scrutinul
mdrali capeteie : consultatri
reti pti adevdrul."

cE ,,sufragiu universal, urne de vot, numdrare de capete ? Zdtt j-umbdatdgfiddeesevaeiancE,
decursul ultimei
an ajuns in ciudate latitudini spirituale ln
sau universul, sau capetele oamenilor trebuie sd se fi schimbat foarte mult. Acurn
I jumlilate de veac qi de la Atlam pind atunci, Universul, pe cit ;tiam, avea obiceiul
:a {ic de o naturd ceva c.rm abstruzS: in nici intr-un chip nu-Si purta secretul scris
p,.: {aiai, ca sd poatii fi citit de orice trec6tor; dimpotrivd iqi ascundea cu incdp5-
lirare secrelui rie or!ce fiinfd proastd, josnicd, uSuraticd, nesincerd, gi nu-l dez-
vdhria decit tn parte pi :rumai spiritelor nobile $i inlelepte, al cSror numdi ru
i-'r.) ir n;-rjoritaie pe r.rernea mea l" {Pcmp}rlets, I, p. 15).

21CI

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{l--P-rFga---u';nuuua*rISaflnPJllrulrnrAnliisaJlnIrllJsGuu'rpJiaolluooareu'llolnspoJnuuulnIsranoJlrrpeaJsJu+luI1uooiaea1rl1pnlIpIl6lrarronsnIae1rr+Jnrz1aUJoJugua1ru'll'lrn+nraz3o'un.ceisuopnrn*lorluooorlsdlnrnldrnn1npiaruasrlJoezolloelosRu1e,aon3eolpIa.cf.pr{tuJrp.pdpoIo1p.CBnltsIprirun'ee;oeloaul,nJsJJJupu}rnure;OIanoRApInarpnJIelpulsriBooSulruJlo.'fpooeppo,ursoJp1ila.fpeerolsluo1iiralptlnnauJlesnulru;uBlnpasorroei*rdioLlruqiq^rBenqar,r-lr}ppiooseip;riprl'J_efeeuauJeeseelrpioplluuioiiuraioneud'JdarRlsroan.din1enslrsisrlirorl:llbppdJonNsLl.fnirlae'ppnplocurluauuZiauu.rt,uoorosqairgr1Jrsr"uJb.rlpnnr1;jla1apoginESudre,dlarsurllA"e,ranrlipI.lueuual,lqroeubosSfruu,iRra]pJelouaqrap1EsJralorrri-srraprsnprarrc"JsSzondruou')iclinlpno-slalol$rr,,1rolnaoIeaeu,alnan'slglri.rri]lzi€,qiuo,rIosia-BeJultrrr,sBou.efs3"frt,

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--repaa6'rnuendpidllEur1Ie(l.n[anlrolotrl'epBrrIJo3dnad]1eI,BeJAwq&oJoo6rpna!UIJupspes!Fsls.BeJ&nzllnuBnuupseD!I)low'naalnlaelsrlluBalnlusoqae]-dlI|Ioalu;plppprIalrndcordIaBfardplaIccIaps.pn'Ipapa1Eal6]lr'IaE)srpJ1nrunrlaseu6uRdJa+oualpn^n1sl;tnaJrsuluupdnpIolpIsSrfreri'oelaTrnlsaeJr1orollJlprodenJeuoloIlcpdd:nIdlBB'aalpunuolrprJJIplrdpadonznElaepldperlreelcc-rpuplueraa'euuonddpcrlr]coeualu'pIolloll$;rl3r1Jlorepnrnnutlorrz'rsauaoslueupuupJnlJrarrIraacoIladlI]Ilrlpn.lnRllrlotpnzeporpulpElulrrls:pBlora\lF6iua?llansBlro.sllnernlla]papi-rVxn4sprrll

rs;aevciggJrmrreiniiiiefcsudpl-audilreoeeet;nor.reaer;csdan"s"tiuincreudt"ateteano:reel"e;CleaaJe.fpf;sca.iiig"aej"inadts.outaan,ca"ilerdut,d"psralniDdl-msiaclerfntsoojnrleiaiicaeaalstoaiao-o,piuiutuiseiatacirIetrnmintucudemrs.uutcdrathcilt.ii"ntsdrn-Di[uepuiuppnesila,decsfnuocar"S"cci,ls-hrttouiolrlaieuieevud[udiioopnlasa"nnticim"itmuiii;"tetilinqair;seoi*iliimua.sirndatnrd-iCieri-deiriecb""dieiea$ilrmiinoa^lineoitdeietitciogcgrro"eaipeireuei.ieiebr"lunemane,azaratdj:Ciscd.cle*eiirecmtimr,nlu6raslDi"dueler"tuturoca*seoaaertuceraaler.,ucuai'l'pce.i1nicaSsdIlsmeu,tomoluCcruiotmsitsncenihabepuuarlepptg-uiourmlimlrri,aeeetuurun,amtcdeaa"uailbtr.re-esiar.jepsamfu9uagicaaccisenlnisrsihipuetc,tiaoctasioievaosrimoXcijcidpslvueuarinaerprLalba,aadnspanaidlap'apmc"dlcrasguinrobue-eaohetcgepofllSitpoaemiipr1"elamtdizuaig'anptiaaeouizerbitispe,,eaneenle-teorEesxonasltiediceu5aatl.tndcoieecesliieloirildseoarmtneufcartuSaaecrno.ieticeiafipctccctaleiccnetl"ot5oooeepllo;oe,ioean-nrLoslnaldatdCcdoauorves-ac*1auuidaicrotnirsuer:lrccectu]meeeatiaooqled,-le--,-i
il solufiilor practice mai curind realizabile'
muiiic.qloo;;;i;ic;aol"""iol;ijilpa.au"^id;if;lpi;airln;a*tit."ti;ginv;i-ti""ilXpt.ie;pc;ati"ere;bzf"i;;drioneairnf,;e"ii"larpi"eeu,l;iritfnufrczuaioi"iiJ-;l;ic&eta,adetjtAr"J"et,n'.tctpccm'e"io'ia"neutl;rie-^riJDaianrcnioainuexfp;lioriri"dlodstaddii"rnmtnu"mraisswuep;piareitagnl3.'pi;iv*e-re,rmnnftiulFi-iritee*rpioiniztsinr.nnn-cUa"it.zntea6.idenoahgtuJic1ipgrcieir.oMterieot,iclo--iietSreuiGieis-*;ddliiniaaAectvultzfmiiusiuariciiluiislin"iett,fetcivraaad-nbcdinoigibdnaecnc$"rieerrf"repiurlduirlaiiaqter;eoinSntreiiv.ptp"aeniiiarcudanetoiutzoRirerrpneuisplnctletescrr,eareaelusuoaidgio"edlconpnaa"ielacpniieeeqslbeni*scdresudrdeqllrfea,ieeeeoeaesaeuerirDamapfptcaccz;cvenaaldssmcoeeaeodrraaocettaipuorn,rsw,adnedueciiutdedfpn,aivcn5aearniiltunititraiii..ecniriisptueacncmt1daarhlIreoidilAoetdgrniepenpuelpuncitdcieznpllornlbrrntosneaSuige,cierngrmdduzucumrep,uautcr_louirfimliiiouasealneere9eeauenctnicl.t.sSrecada.ilnii6aataeuei,uurle9rhur4ntaupitpiilild.nininan6tnsoiecpseriAtmu,dtasgudnneaeudr,tgipfumridin-.mCnaiieigrumugncutPncsgglleiaivyicnuntihnlaaaeridptoe.sriileeivemaiulfnleririsrnrgy^aaeipiil,nntjmftnftlucce'serearrlupadppdevndeaidds.afnoimraeteredirleeeeneilaitaiulrrimicsllrnieltnonlngfeinetipeieiancscec.nizadr{ittecone:eneiieemtmmsnaerrepnosralt'fxauaiu.,ualrearoasiizi.tllnienvltcdeelt;rllnutdiiuad-i$ededaaati-,e,--1i'ii

,d;op";c-K;;-ihoei,-"'n;rri;"'p;itt-.roa;r-;";4eai"nedis;.rtv;sfeTii,"JdtIl$e;-dromaeeu"zein*n"aci,onr-t'ut1l"li,a;usi.e.rnt"irla"pgngnaerottareeaecSsttmr.o"-ifisprnvePeieJrtlitmrieiruta"iulclninddituieicierfcai-eiddctcoorideareaerbo!isiisii6aqcitctdrtlelmrdeaeaeiiendrsimsmandalputsairaecdudmetinopuein,ti-rsr,iaracaipeiLra9rrljiioEiu,esriglntisycioso,dtllec,teeiarcntriaigsauiecmesfiluiilttia,euumanaclridpbcsaielealoooerrtclcobeieszomineeliieenlltoetiaeotiarirtztl9ai"foitsili,deid,ge.gitcbicrc.ucegtetae/oevdibz,dreslmauieeeedrtine$aeimauttsioepipalanleersi,(tpi,nonneomilctsz.riepiejoueuaa"rm.ltusetd)deotttiindrer[iqt.iilti.ee6siSopm,issmtieuuuina---ll

216

Ltz

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nJluad
I alalJns rS ne 'gcunru ap aferq Iptunu luns nu IIToJIJUnIAI 'elprlsuotuap
pa-aranurqreoaoJllaaIrlBaferlouclnJapnraesJEnBrBlruuaaoo+df,porS'l1u1pnr,uls.nenut ru]n1rJ1rprrqnJzl1gaufpep6,atruoulJeIanrulPaarslpqIpooulrodIdJoB'ppplulr'eInnlrlIPodaiylrlruR'tJrrioatrllnuli
eiBol n) lninursrradned lnlorrracl ern1g1u1 ealnd re-s gldeaJp oJpzILI
-Bbro o-rlulJd 'resaoau uJnI lnrnfiuts alsa nu llsuntu eareztuebrg
.E?Jaf,np

-uoJ pI gs alnqoJl arBJ llJatu IS lualpl ep utfercolslrp ap 'Ia. rrJ IS
-rerIesSlaelldnl1pauqpulnrSunaro:eldp1u'aeulp1roa1qlenl1lnJgsIadpIou*uJudnargndrsappInoprEnauspsouP1al€nnssp1qnJpaelBarapariplnlsr1€lrnelocIldaZl1uSlpnaueJrfnluuo,ptuergrpI;Slra.oaurdardJeBssIr1uzuntgodrptuIc9ru'pto31Ep6ledIIlrrtIpgrrSr1lSs1as'uoaJnl1EotplfrJuueu:1srneaca11orus1eLPlris*l1ud1uJrP1aepoeJ3rl1opPrIu'duneIepepluoJo1orP.ls71{^p1lualI}cprJppoallPqupr4l
eloJeurB a-Ir3s pulc BaIIrorA uI 'nIzJIl rc141 't1Se1e1trns afutnqall nJ tS Iup
pfei,L ep lperreordullrnBJuuu:el nlnprdu3upsuceaoI{1u:\Pot!nrupdqB1a1^1r-SlpRasncseaJpdPl'oatJaJcpUunolIcpr.eIager,rtJP1SlJ1'Jepoorpcilpilor'faoaiorpllfqfe,pu;slfnoiu'iuip1so1rt-r;rIecEol
a'edorplerur'lruoel
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ap gurieru
pnou o BurloJ ealnd
ai-p-bl'esae3epun-trrrprleonyuuiu-i'uopolouJn1na1€uz3urluunadlaupepa,rtJarsuranraaRlfp6peplueaorgclurIr^loadBraalSJprB1lraln'rraarpee6fJ1p1usal6iplrSl1nron$1radqoerczS3uaeneulp3rn'o1lp1uurIcafszear,zaueadsaStlalroueltrps1Sdplslnoperpln]uSe{upuDPpnratsnll1oIs'rIe1plDrreaqpad1poIsrlBulrpaBe4I1lppJrPeJoJuaaJsIlnBleBlrplpocauJuu1alI-norfIl,ena1dr lnpldannJ1guid'prPcs;pu-oqlssltr'p-atdIlRilotl3tla1AnsJs6rannlae1uppuseu1unnrd1trz1ri
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reb---e1Snrrirlceruzpr1aceoSau-l1larndudplxqd11zerpeeesirytafnd1ualJlrdrrlJrerpeBs;rs1plr?onIopengqz-aIaIglIlsrBInnn.oIuunlIrlsIJuSunnuBugqniPoldosuPf1n,erilprappnSefr,seerealaolre'Ie'pa1Ealaz1llueroIIeBu'ce1J;B1IreuUe6bBto3ra'Apo1eC1'rtaenI1tp11s3e'uat;r1notrIaoulsqsa1dnaePlo1lcoIrucIInulrres:artlporlaEnn]aPpa:palIoJlrurff:e,aea|aulIapnIuniIIrcllulaequaPuaaldupascesptltlasdSaPilaopsnt'llrEdnpProooellrplallealrp1Pl-ltEtPIos1Ji
rnlclgguS ealnd rp-s runf, olprp Ps ec al3erdo os nN 'gbreaur as Ps elnq
pn6a-t-a.,areo".llelu:rarJnlrlBnrrr1iap1lilJ'uoyprtr6ap.u'Jl5ir.uJrar.aoa1qpyrnupIlJ1JeInuneaOprqrarIoipeolpedxI:^ecnj1Jaipr1lilongnltJijul'p.zlrJlnrrnunuerarloinJgunralLl.prpr1{tupB'bsnuilnnlBlsruepu1eeIannra0ulPesJlrnupgrearrliJ:eer$sfeuIeullBldnPJrd1.aonurz3loaPaaeltcoPltsJeude'Bnrrlueursppr'apJJaaasrlapE:ulllJeellnrnpiIlnpl1laerunuzrporuna'nnpptalrunslsudlgsaaux1raaJallsu4sascir1xnIlalarlgfa,uoau{bal1rl'sdltoptrtatranJuzJuIJpp3ernsoS-rdlIlrrn''ePn.oaIolpIuuPs,rJc,ptatsr'LJhuals1tfoI{nnlutneti6tuu:caI-IaoaoluIdaP1aurnnuaeropnerlepJuoclIr4anurdtApr'ntqled"Iuz'1l'P;'oaoltIoIlB1IullelPoseUPelrIsIJJrIoborSlpolxlvl;lou1IoSedaT"fll
-ut.ri"a,o.|O e glerauab efutparc pr nrluad '-ralerour a116a1 ap a:ji?lJRclap

as arEJ urrDai lngn 'ar1n;-zasslDl BIIIIXBIII ad lrurftrds '1se1au 3II[ouc)Je

comorile adunate aie spiritului omenesc, cu atit se vor mdri posibili-
tdfile tCdreeubnauoiqseetinimpfarpo6dirruetc6vegeirtcedrnetfuaiottauosrroidi rdaneunbteol gpo6ofaiictuennofoii.gtOdine|5sapd;dervpfdiotrdaattd5eeifnirvefdl,ifegdzitovuzordil--
care
tate.
tarea unei facultdfi logice sau altei abilitdli interne sau exterioar€;
dar nu e o cultur5 pentru sufletul omului. Carlyle gi aici fScea rezerve

in privinfa reiigiozitdtii pe care o pot inspira bisericile domnitoare
in Anglia, cu vechitttrile lor mucegdite, cu certurile lor teoiogice,
cu inactualitatea 1or. Aqtepta mai rnult de la religiozitatea desprinsd
de dogme qi de controverse, de la simtul misterului existentei qi acio-
rarea inndscut6 in om pentru minunea universului.
O altd cerinfd a momentului in Anglia, pe lingd organizare qi
eclucafie, era solufia problemei suprapopulatiei. In acel timp, ca gi pe
iilnausmsueflei.rlloCitruelbsrimidtapfnaeiccrieduluecienrioeprinrraednae,smtlduulrdilltfeoi,rtuesnuitdocenuispcderinesdreaducSltpticrsieida?hplrnliinneeoa.psPocdzbimfieaintiicutaul
:soiutia ridicold a malthusianismului, Carlyle recomanciti soiufia emi-
grlrii. Pe pdmint smuunnt caittoitreiaaiinAtinndgelireii,cainre1nouc aqteaptd decit sd fie
sd mdreascd rralurile
iluncite, Oamenii
rnugitoare ale pauperismului, cind oferta e rnai mare decit celerea,
:sd treac5 oceanele gi sd fondeze pretutindeni patrii noi, sb facd pretu-
tindeni sd rodeascf, munca 1or, N{area extindere colonialS a Angliei
ln secolul a1 XIX-lea, dacd nu a fost o urmare directi a exhortaliu-
nilor lui eCl aarlvy6lez,utc5jtclsi td$eisiagugrhaicitabvitnltecialcuzoettomatriep}uroiafunsciles,eairnactlSrepcteel

pufin cd
o parte a activitdfii poporuiui englez.47

Nu numai de data aceasta a avrit clreptate Carlyle. Dacd privirn
..cclietzcr.loeltmaraeareAang-floiesit in a doua jumdtate a secolului al XIX-lea, vedem
infiuenta lui. Pufini Coaumvienntui laluuiimeprraesaiosncautlta9ti
migcat timpul ior ca acest singuratic. au
de
tofi oamenii politici, chiar de du9manii lui. O intreagd migcare eco-
nomicd gi social5, afard cle migcarea rnorald produsd de predicele lui,
il recunogtea pe el ca promotor. ln legislafiiie uvriere care s-au suc-
ced.at de la 1860 incoace, parcd g[sim caldele cugetdri ale lui Carlyle
puse in articole de iegi, lmbundtdfirea progresivd a soartei lucrdto-
riior, grija mai mare de viafa lor morald, strdduinfa de a nu sSpa o
pr6pastie intre activitatea economicd gi legile motale, nevoia de a
d6ipniiotnemlirtcrui;ceenrcnisndiufiensnlutenmaitsuoctdidaziamiucfpnatripvdetqceptoieailnmltetarpuplliemnreiditgcerlieingmipmieeoanactuasoreceloldaoprinrdleutalsaitctianiriiviseodtrfrfiel6ecimluicninuutrteecc.oacMrnaafpucinitltetuaertl

ar Expansiunca imperiului britanic in afara teritoriului insular (Anglia si Sco-
tsciineai c)oapcif.uuraillsrmuaoiisnMauelt6adzXr6elIi,XBdf-olareirrtatad,nnuddiiaessre-mianinurrcihuehcraedirliieezd,aaiptn,iedpiemlraiilnpojuerfmroliuurdliltdabTt$crhiaoitampsnareiicscno5Cljuaia-lufar,liryialngelhXpasIriXivd,-,iolpteoudaaar.nrejiIuurlmtela5cEait,,acactoeuploni"a-
.rcadraiczdrae,or,eucb"aarlieotjausunmtieio"dfnitsleaiaagteuliujaadrbmeislade,dcsdoo5ilmunfliuipneiuioancaciunttXetdiXv"ea-elvtenie-gadl9,eeiizrmees,pdpecrsariiecudtlirecec-ppo,r,oloopldinatiuitcarc.ildi Esnp-loarniin"picraioiblnreiuucqeimvitomirsgbiujrelaobaalillcmooevdri.,ctualinn-r

'rile mi:;cirllor de eliberare na{ionald a1e popoarelor diu colonii.

2t8

6lz

JrIua=nnssru!1aporspar(pt:uerrl6spSorll.spertLrs)rlu,onlrpruouar)rdpllartrDeBlulrolrerq1rlrors,qaaou)lrsrluuueaoa1ap'1oplBlt1e'Uuz1olaDpEerardp"{dS6upoe1Jnl'nsllaeIlsSqDagulxJrFdlarrp"1neol1Juaeuwaoprnpap-ueuoprrqro"odsol15peo1d'J11pEu{lJuelroeraaaJotl|ttopgrlgpPuI1zraluDaaTap1qilcJlppJb1ulreBsatoniDrtsqp3t;lu(oat,pleol,douarlqldarrBaorJprl1fIpo,nInno6nucgr1uaolI"fanllusa=ppt;lrlsadaaeuosuinrl,eore!iidlsol3:I7l4ntoiIrnt3olA'\loeIv'l,sIln,oBD.1eIllrtrr.fLnat',.(su3ra:cRa:oie,IaU:l:-it'rIri

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a11ra1nd alsod rJnr3nl ral os nu '1o:a ap tiglatcos laun Inwntp 'iaJise
p'-poqf,lsrspolalplpBoar'aaPlJJlpcopJlslugoaaslIlJr;rrB$'aluppuaus'npPloJuJrllPlaznruJlaarparllddal srelulJscpouIdpn! uI'B1nrnscu1llJlplo1rJdlaroPBuP1raJraeblIJnSPJPPfS,p6aapulIAeJralpl'uPtIrnIJPJiJlaBsIrpJleIlltondu.dIe]auodpaepdrt,r'tiaialr"-*l
: DIDT)WDI 'rDp 'aJnpat as a[^IrD) lnI Dcllttod'Inlnpl^Ipul Elrro]ai a]sa
aaollperal?adoloasJorrsaronoJrloaIJJleaIolIIdIn'alaotrsAaIzndluu'Ita:uuJInocIItzIurIqrAoutcpauIoIrI Bolelliprollll ad PlepuoJ Plproru
u1p gsndutor RII)lraJ alBlarsos
olpf, IIzIAIpul ap lf,tl-Itrslp E-'laf,
ao-rllspaaor.rpnIluaaleodnlB'ppllloe^IIufp,loruusroOrurfaa'ralrprIIlBlllpelPalIaBrancoBp'lto^llllppsaurolRP'laeollIpIBIaoItpauIraIPpJaaalppltlflalpellsatlageaP'rrI*pnfI,sJsuoa1sIn1p:iaaEinlpisll
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--pn^rauprovrre- p'uJrsnBJIntIPrr3IOspaauuouPrso ruaund I-Ps IS urPnl lIr-aPdsoBf,fs, a'tp1oalas acl a1l'ecu
alBoIBA PlPrRAapB "e abrinle

pA as ppolalu ar ulrd 'a1sa 6und os alp3trrRJrSoPlaaJlIJetP{earrcpoqlasltllue! 'eJnptlof,
ps reru rolat gre6
arnqor1 'lgqou '1fda1aful

'!f,unlB gtrlci e,r
r€ur JEC 'RJrJolsI aJPoieA Prnct o pulJnr u! BaAp rP Riodo ebua^riiil
'alezlleor tS e1u11ntse ap llle 1o1 rIBrn'uaulpallprauf!,uatlslp1la3laJopAraSpgEre'ggltr'nJn!.rrolasc;l
p+ppuoJ plBrolll gfetrl ep IJ
'rusloro
op

Sinceritate cu noi ingine pentru ca sd ne cunoa$tem cit mai bine,
sinceritate cu toti ceilalti pi in toate imprejurdrile vietii. Minciuna,
ipocrizia, sunt cel mai mare rdu ; sunt sfidarea cea mai neruginatd a

ordinei lumii acesteia, care e plind de dreptate pi adevdr. La Carlyle
d.ragostea de adevdr gi sinceritaie nu are numai caracterul unei cerinte
de morald practicd, ci este pornitd dintr-o convingere metafizicd : ade-
vdrul pentru el este sinonim cu realitatea. Toate lucrurile cite existf,
au un adevdr gi o valoare in ele, sunt reaiitdfi nu aparenfe. GreEeala
cea mai mare este sd creadd cineria cd un lucru neadevdrat, nedrept,
oricit ar fi cte irimbilat $i de unanim primit, poate sd dureze : un singur
lucru ; un singur lucru este real, cei adevdrat. Nici
e durabil, cel drept
o minciund, nici o nedreptate nu poate dura veEnic, cdci are impo-
lrivd intregul univers.
Se pare anume formd, mai ales mora]6 qi reli-
cd ipocrizia, sub o nu atit
gioasd, este un viciu naiional al englezilor. Religia lor este
clogmaticd cit morald ;puprutrditrai,niisnmaultitauddusinesi ecchuiare. llnmsudit rigorism qi o
uni-e rigiditate in
constringerea
prea excesiv{, degenereazd repede in ipocrizie'
a(-cienadsiafomndoural ldn,uciensdtee adev6rat qi profund moral, dacd vrea sd dea
iluzia moralitAlii, igi ia o mascd de respecf ability gi rigorism : de aici
intoleranfa gi ipocrizia in toate domeniile. Englezii numesc canf
ajunge de muite ori incongtientd.
aceastd prefdcdtorie continud, care
derrine o atitudine spirituald organizatii. Ipocrizia aceasta face pe unii
m1estenedgcanlaenorzubiin,nilldaiicuaiepnsndtdrgavllearoezraeibiia,LnloalucrddgiuludSiruttaoeirnsBiedoyhbrieaoniln., .ITstdaCoitainancuafsnqgdfdaeisdarimsla5psIideacniinoatirmcsepaeielnosctautaenireecplaeijcuriesiontriffdi.cccnaeaircauei
expioatarea muncitorilor de cdtre capitaligti pe baza principiului liber-
tdlii conventiilor gi liberei concurente. Trebuie sd fie foarte rdspindit
acest fel de ipocrizie, care a fost biciuit straEnic de scriitori ca Tha-
c}<eray, George Eliot, Dicl<ens, in romanele lor. Dar dugmanul cel mai
cped]ccaat,reinl-ainaletalecsaut ldtireeoclto,geicsteaCl acrulyvlien.tuElul iv.eIdneauilntimcaunlfduinn
aprig, ade-
cele
1rfiv61
opt Pamflete, intitulat Jesuitism, gdsim o satir6 amarnicd qi rriolent5
a acestei apucdturi care ameninfd sd otrdveascd toate sufletele' ,,Ie-
zuitismnl" este un termen sub care se cuprind toate ipocriziile, toate

prefdc[toriile, minciuna 1uat5 ca metodd in toate manifestdriie rrietii'
Req;ula lui Inigo de Loyoia este numai exemplui cel rnai desdrrirgit,
formula cea mai completd a unei atitudini de spirit foarte generalizatf,
in societd{ile moderne. De vreo cloud secole, zice Car}yle, geniul ome-
nesc este dominat de Evangheiia acestui sfint Ignatiu, cea mai ciudat5,
cLeoayomiaaiefsatlesdomli uml arei pfaretazlSenEtavtaivngahIeiplieoccraizrieeis,-adeprloapoevl dpdournitep;tinedizavcourmul'
o'rr"dvit care a inecat sub val'.rri de amdrdciune intreaga lunte. 4e

,,Au fost mulli mincinoqi pe iume ; vai, niciodati de cind $arpele cel Bdtrin
a ispitit pe Eva nu a lost lumea lipsitd de mincinoSi, nici cd va fi vreodatd ; dar

ae lgnctliu de Loyola (1491-1556) a intemeiat, in 1534, ordinul cdlugdresc
Compania iui lisus, confirmat de papb, in 1540, sub numele de Ordinul lezuililor, in
scopul combaterii Reformei. ignatiu de Loyola a fcst primul conducdtor general al

acestui ordin.

224

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IJpJ i llnJiqau spurpJ B Inrrsllueisalotd JeC 'rnlnuslluelsolord e,tr,r1od
-ru3 a1dn1 ps eacnpp o oJpJ ad gnou uurldrrsrp ugrd 1ro,r. e u1o,{.o1

(esz 'd 'IIIA'starld
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'rlSauouro ra1u.)D ilaiu-r

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-Irouo rerrr paf, o auTru uluod 'iugrugd nrlsou Inupu:ps ed ad:eg 1nu1.r1g[I ad tun]B
puld lernrnq B erpc lecgd ap purroJ plueinrlrr rptu paJ a alpod 'lueurBo n:1ued
lnJpJ B nrfeu6y oJ eaal ardsep rulqrol ps rrilorl pu3::sasdrl au alolulr\n3"

"',,3J1Inz3r InurloJ().rolJ
rllroue B-au BlllB-rlu; guld I alplnou o a lerrr nu BlsBaDD rzplse 1g 'n1ieu6y '35 e
alplnou o Bra ElsBoJE loABrC ad Sg.rBAol BJ purnl oulq rpul ll,rtas iI uolnd nazatr
-Iunc 9l apolf, P IPp -I
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'alfereduroc uI rlrrrlu luns nu InurroJorolJ 13 rlsnrd lnplJp t rfalnd g:ep IlprnsqI
'olulBu! Ipru rolpupulass EAaJ asnzp^ IB/arrlrslalqspnl uoprugnzJoaplSoede,puonJnJrulelruufiol plsasfn,BJru^ !ropl!r.aI
-orro !S
Dluasalr4qJ plgqns ep Iat un

deni, dar corupfia sufleteascd adusd de el ddinuiegte inc5. Spiritul
iezuitismului ar trebui acum definitiv extirpat. ,,Dar vai ! expulzarea
Corporafiei Iezuite ne e de pulin folos, dacd sulletul iezuit qi-a fdcut
cuibul pretutindeni in omenire. De ce ne plingem, este cd totri oamenii
au devenit iezuifi ! Cdci nimeni nu mai spune adevirul, nici altora
stntilndiuXnissctdu5;aite,rtis-eonDoieir.icglslCgXuic,nucimcparotiufionilrfuiaitiieei.to"lecur-aO.ia,rpcAecieencosmreataneaiingnaslttutteieebaiani-rLefuliuosisntyiecaolDauulmauaiomondagcneitnoefevodnzdnersqridruatteziteiandgnnetilJbraia,-llluaedsosdvutabeeanmlvmatdpesairumnftetdimlepmoararpad,refteqoaiisric-daiueaefpirgerippaniarnefrrXrtentedur-aXaua-i
1ui Loyola. f,a,Plsrietdtuttiilnodr,ensiauunidneagudtsoeriEtatiteuan om crezind in natura min-
divind a iucrurilor indoiei-
tuitoare a
nice, ;i inchipuindu-gi cd pentru a siuji cauza cea bund trebuie sd
clpihuee;rpn6aemtiptientitDm, ispatrvccooiltteicnaetl1ra-danijnouatousrrt,mrf,adicciunlianlginantceaetguiutni nouaurrmnveaanqifaniluiNnvceahseffiiriagtdidtius..lp.u"Si r(luPgtcnmrale--
phlets, YIII, p. 268). Ca sd invingd deplin Loyola, cuneagralui ogtire,
ar trebui ca lumea dintr-o stragnicd realitate ce este sd aiungE o
fabulf, iinacsleemloicnualtilcupi lBdsemlzeubituSt,,..oAccoenassttarucnfuievdaefimciuncpiuuntiin,ldianricDioudmantEe.-
zeri sii
Va trebui totusi ca fiecare sd lupte pentru ca otrava iezuitismului sX

fie eliminatd odatd pentru totdeauna ; cu cit mai de timpuriu, cu atit
rnai bine.
Pentru a omori spiritul iezttitic, se cere ca printr-o intoarcere
asrlpra noastrb ingine sd renuntdm la nesinceritate gi minciund. Ipo-
crizia, snb orice formd, trebuie comb6tut6. lndemnul se adreseazd mai
ales eng1lezilor. Vorbirea nesincerd trebuie odatd sd dispar5. Cdci fal-
sitatea cuvintdrii se reazemd pe o falsitate 5i mai adincS. Vorba min-

cinoasj falsificd totul, si qindurile si faptele. Currintui nesincer e si
un gincl nesincer 6i aduce Si fapta nesincerS. Obiqnuit cu minciuna,
gindul ajunge s5 nu mai qtie cE e mincinos. Cel care 1as5 deoparte
ader'drul intenfionat, ca pi cel care nu s-a siiit niciodat6 s5-l afle $i
sd-l spun5, tr5iegte toatd viata ca lntr-o fantasmagorie ; faptele lui nu

se vor spriJini niciodatd pe tdrimul solid al realitdfii ; trdind numai
in neadevdr, chiar cind adev5rul ii va sdri in ochi, nu va putea sd-i
priceapb qi s5-1 cunoascd. Trebuie sfirgit odatd cu minciuna 9i nesin-
ceritatea. Eroul este omul sincer,

Ipocrizia capdtd o tnulfime de forme gi are multe manifestdri. Una
foarte curentd in societdfile noastre este aceea a filantropismului, un
sentirr'.entalism social exagerat gi bolndvicios. Dragostea universald de
iofi oamenii, de cei buni ca gi de cei r5i, de cei rdi mai ales, de care
se face atita caz in vremnrile noastre, este un rest de cregtinism ada;r-
tet la ipocrizia noastr5 general5. Nu e insd sentimentul sdndtos al fra-

ternit;ifii crcptine, ci dupd vorba lui Carlyie ,,e cadavrul putreC al
cregtinistiiului, aceastd fosforescentd urit mirositoare de sentirnentalisn'r

po,st ntorterrr''. Oameni care nu sunt in stare sd iubeascS adevdrat *i
activ pe cei ce rneritd gi le sunt aproaper cred cd-gi dau tributul lar
der dragoste iubind omeitirea in general, crl o dragoste foarte diluaf.H,

222

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ticd scade. Elocvenfa goa16, neulmatfi de infdptuire, e un lucru_ grozav i

tesadioefnireutgasi1nineogmvleruagiunmiiced!ssttunerdinauafacverael ladoteritiidvoiciriubsivdtra,a.ScEiniscceeenl aldiaeUiunfalivpeestrdtse;uasiucdie. aaAsidtaoevtrpdedrbareuturieei

b*plpnpiiuaatuarnrr"rll6aaaou"rmmr-9leuieeer*dnneaiprttatv6reeii,atalraespnfavetiadilemsmf,randptccair,aoeeiclrrablLetecauietcslniraldeufsdm,dmsf.oia.nien,Slioerrcimislete;aeetage9$tritsztiteeXeea-v,tcftedaiacueezhnsfeicaiddaxiermfpavirdcaiiarmaaniofclaaoirtdgetaladoiatnosesiitaifsdecetieuxuel mrptlddyoureiacrisomovicpereuvi.dnx&rirsntDpeteugdrraiireemmircr,edfiud,r6qtuiaov_timceaaaedcro?exe;aaap.dsCsir!aetinauo-r,
pentru a deveni aclundrile de unde pornesc hotdr-irile bun9, faptele
ivCrrdooinsricpbce]iint.soteiUriiiienvpeopeirubltdfeedrgipietteanuuiatlo-utiriitt?aldeFeb$duifpaisepteutoditfoa;farcusleaiunapagetdfi,retiodvdredeitraoaptrte'aunattuoin-lru9i,,iic,cturicimmaunbovaifroeidcraeezredfsdcuplupatneuotrioatiooagrrttiiee-"

tate, este cle natur[ t[cut6. Preferd se stea singul, departe de zgomotul
zadarlic al celor elocvenli, $i astfel treaba rdmine nefdcutd 9i guralivii
gi llecarii conduc ,,destinele popoarelor", glatie votului univetsal, re-
gimuiui parlamentar, drepturilor omului etc.

Vorba, oricit de frumoasE, nu poate sd schimbe un fapt din ade-

vdrat ln neadevdrat li rtin minciund nu poate sX scoate un adevHr.

o irna,,gOinbeiinienlci ocruecatdjutaoruulnsuui bfalimpteIlo,irnmaectoedset constitufionale, ldudate de toatd lumea'

caz totul va merge altfel decit bine;
vefi cirpita lauda gazetarilor inlluenfi qi maselor vociferante de creaturi omene$ti
pdcdlite; iar cit despre Faptul Naturii, care continud in tdcerq sd lie ceea ,ce a
fost totdeauna, vetri avea contladiclia lui qi nimic mai mult. Ce altceva ? Se va
schimb.a natura, sau ,acidul sulluric se va preface ln lapte dulce pentru cd o su-
medenie de imbecili rdcnesc ? Desigur cd nu. Natura, vd asigur, n'are nici cea

mai micl intentie s[ facd astlel' (Pcmp]rlels, V, p, 174),

carlyle termind pamfletul stump-oralor, in care sub denumirea de
cte rXspintii" infiereaz[ apucdtula vorbei goale 9i zadarnice,
o"oraratotorireiei cu olice pre!, care duce ia nesinceritate 9i inactiune' cu aceat

apel cdtre tineri :

,Tinere prieten cle treab6, scump,mie, pe care te cunosc, degi nu te-am v6zut
niciodati Si nici nu am nu ca mine, tn lericita lmpre'
sd te vdd -foctiucetevaglanseloqcti,
lurare de a invdfa si Jii ceva.gi si de a vorbi cu elocvenld asup!'a

226

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cea mai inaltd $i mai nobil5 accepfie a cuvintului. Individul este o
realitate, dar nu este singura i nu este un absOlut, totul nU'Se rezumd
}a el, Mai este o lume, care este o reaiitate straqnicff, mai e o ordine
clivind a lumii lege morald care trebuie
acesteia 'qi o s[ se realizeze'

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aducd oldinea

pe p6mint, sd lucreze la infdptuirea'unei socielati cle eroi'

827'

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yugdo'B

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'a1,{.yre3 sBruoqJ lnl rolarado p ,p3l6olouor) aulpro u! 'plalduror plsll o lrlp rug6

gIdVUDOITSIB

t838 - wSadrlitoerrRsecscolttut s(,Lionndvoonluamn,dinwAelsrtgmliain.s-ter Volum de Esscys in America. Sir
Revieq'). varnhagen von Ensc',s

l{erfioirs {Ibidem).
Clprtism, un volum. sinking ot the \tengeur {Fraser',s Magazine}'
x33g - On lleroes, Hero-'vVorship ancl the Hercic in History, in volum, ccnferin-
i341 - tele tinute in 1840. - Baillie the covenanler (London and westminster

Review).

18.13 - Post arul Present, un volum. Dr, Frcncia (Foreign Quarteri-v Revie-w)'
- An Election to the Long Parliament (Fraser's lvlagazine)'
18ll letters anci Speeches ol Oliver'Crom$'eli, 5 vol.
?'he Nigger Quesljon {intii in Fraser',s Magazine i apirui separat in 1853),
-XB.IS
i,8.19 - preludiu la tdtter-Day Pcmpllels'

18:1, - Lltter-Day Pampliets, Cele opt Pamllete apar in opt numere din Fraser's
Magazine, din februarie plna in august. catre sfirgitul anului apar in 'r'olum.

1851 - Lile ol John Slerling, un volum.

IOJJ TI:e Prinzewaub, A glimpse of Saxon history (Westminster Revierv)-
-
Hislory ol Frederick the Grcat, in 6 vol.
{858 -

n865

-18${3 Inaugttral Ac{dress at Eclinbutgh,
Shooting Niogora : and atter ? (Macmilian Magazine).
ttll/
-
Latter Stage ol tlr- French-German Wat, 1870-1871 ; scrisoare cdtre di'
{871 -
Tectorul ziarului Tjrnes.
4,872 - Early Rings oi tYoru'cy (Fraser's Magazine). - Poltroits ol John Knox
{ibidem).

Dupd moartea lui Carlyie, prietenui sEu Charies Eliot Norton a publicat in
doui volume Reminjscences (Macmillan ald C-o, London, 1BB7), amintirile lui Car-
iSy,ltuethaesyu, p.rWaolrudis$J'oarmthe. sTCoatrClyhlea,rlJeasnEeliWoteNlsohrtConaralylep,ubEldicwaatr(dMIarvcimnigll,anL,oLrdonJdeofnfr)ey9'i
Corespondenla lui CarIyIe, in mai multe volume; unul e consacrat corespondentei

cu Goethe (Correspondence belween Goelhe and Catlyle).

opera completa a lui carlyle se gaseSte editata de.chcpman and HalI {Lon-
.don), irr mai multe edifii, de lelurite formate $i felurite preturi, Cea mai rdspinditd
'este Peop/e's Edition (1 shilling volumul) in 37 volume.

b{ulte din opere sunt publicate in nurneroasele biblioteci populare ce apar
.ir.i Anglia qi America. se g6sesc, de pildd, in Tauchnitz Edition (2 fr' vol') 5i in

.Everymon's Library (Dent, London) volume elegallt editate, cu prelul de 1 shilling

volumul, legat in plnzE,

In frantuzegte sunt ,traduse mai multe volume de Essois, apoi Sarlor Resflrtus,
Pampltlets, cromwell etc. publicate toate la Mercure de France, Traducerea Revo-

lutiei Ftdnceze de Elias Regnault 9i Odysse Barot (Hachette) este epuizatd de mult'

Izoulet a publicat Ia , colln /.es H6ros, Mai existS qi o traducere a lui Fosl and

.Jrresenf .

pe romAnegte am tradus Eroii {Edi}ia Casei $coalelor, Tip. Prolesionald Dim'
C. Ionescu, Bucuregti, 1910) fi un volum de pagini alese intitulat Muncd', Sinceri'
tlale, Tdeere (Biblioteca'pentru toti, Alcalay, 1910).

230

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-
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'1991 '(uopuoT 'srot.r.r1A leorg) a1,i1.roC 'pourpD prprlrJ6 --
'io^ Z 'uopuo'I uj aIIT s1q go ,4.ro1s1p1 B 'al.{1tD) sDluoqJ 'pl -
'lo^ z 'aJIT
rlti io srBai! 0P lsllJ aqi Jo .,LrolslFl B I a1l'1to2 sDruovJ 'apnor$ liuoqluy soluef --

tronJS'q



NOSSUEg rHNEI{ Ift"I
VIdOSOTId



9tz

psutrtrs trDut oa) ug Suns lilal^ D ls lalualsixa n 'latuusounc ntualqotd
J.:DJ Ltt )iltaLzrD lol un pzaaSrtpyug eu 'rarTosollI sefD laut tDp 'rcJur11*
putnu nu psut aufinclo ant '$|al't D Dae)o 'pppads pwa1qotd o o[prys
D-Vait'!Jtan{;xnosiJatldauqsngstd.rusglrJaDlrouiSpluerr.ra:s1eargyra3ptIraoJIDlnIoIoAIzga,"pI n17t1 lr,latp atD Dlsnal-
pLurn u{p Da) DI pu1d
a-cnp $ a.uas o6oattu! pzDaununlug atac 'Brcdo D[a4 D ap oal Tntpdo n
'LA6[ ul'7nca4 Inw) DIqD-ae'plorcuab ar1oso11l o DI ptut^D as !n[ Dar
-tpu1b 'la!rcutaur ayo ayoycads ipu ayawayqoil Dt ap ! cI6o[otuo ua]sis
atatptpolal pluDnsunns-o aUDIaIac a:r'ot ad pur.cgdwtr arola$ 'acy7oso1g1 apwayqoil
pluapacatd rtrcdo uy a|anfr
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ytpcylda acDl uosbtag
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o-1 ota.rns prn6u.rs lsoJ
ap
lsa!
no 'oatalalnc pzDapprl nu orvc lul&out ug 7o6oq 1$ c13s.4ro 'spatd 7n1y7s
;anual llua ala) aryurylcu[tslp $ apqns IDur aIaJ aPlunupulv a4ultrl
rDJS.ruJ as a.ID, nc otunbala yS otuytnfn 'atybo1oq.tsd igropun.r1ptl nalatt
-lt'pzllouD ap Daratnd'plouybto pltlqns aqaol 'pnou al1rosailI
o oauyluot'lllyraqll pualqotd D atrDo1 JS
o a] lDuJnu oyuazexl as oru:]
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NOSDUgg IUNgH INT VI,{OSOTI.{

legdturd. Importanla lilosoticd. a acestei cdrli este din cele mai mari.
Bergson tinde sd substituie evolulionismu]ui Iizic gi mecanic aI /ui Spen-
cer Ltn, evoluiionisrn adetrdrat, fundat nLt pe metoda filosolului englez,
ctraureminattienrdiaebarsuuidpl,acviiepfeii procedeele de ineaxpulgicuataletd9aplreinleLueSsisDelodnnp$eens-
metodo noud,
immediates de la ConScience, care conlinea in germen o plicepere mai
Iaryd qi moi odevdratd. a originalitdlii vielii.
Docftinele tui Beryson, atit cele din cdrli cit qi invdldturile de pe

catedra de Ia Colldqe de France, au avut un mare rdsunel asupra con-
qtiintrei Iilosotice tr-anceze. Chiar aceia core
nu Ie admit, sunt nevoili

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IgI.{OSOTI.{ TNJ.JSISO iS VGCJ!''T
I

inte de a avea un scop speculativ, are o utilitate practicS. Aceastii iiil-
X.itate, acest scop gi mijloacele de care uzeazX cunoptinfa pentru a-l
atinge, trebuiesc sd fie finute fir seamd intr-o doctrind complet5 a cu'
no$tintei 3.
Cam tot acesta este gi punctul de plecare aI lui Bergson. CunoS-
tinfa pentru eI nu are un interes pur speculativ : ea este un instrument
in serviciul faucnldiuanmiie.n,t,aOlErienatavreiea fciionnoEatisinttreei noastre spre acflune pare
a psihoiogice"
fi legea (Matibre ei
Mdmoire, p. 198). Nu cunoagtem pentru a cunoagte, in chip dezinte-
resat, ci cunoagtem pentru a lucra, pentru a trdi. Al5turi de congtiin-
}tsedpnetdciiundilaeel,iugcntaiiiinr,eldaa,nuaslaifzuoasbtteinldceusazatisetitddaeealnsougpprirajairrteleo,rdn, eesbtfddilogvasitoaeflai,i.nsSusnuetabronpSsr,iunqmciipdciaiiereele
se explicd nurnai prin necesitatea in care ne gdsim de a trdi, adicd
de fapt, de a lucra. Tocmai aceste tendinr{e dau de la inceput imp:i1-
sul gi direcfia cunogtinfei noastre. Munca normalE a inteiigenfei noas-
tre este departe de a fi dezinteresatS. ln general nu tindem sd c'..t-
noagtem pentru a cunoagte, ci tindem sd cunoagtem pentru a lua o
hotHrire, pentru a trage un folos, pentru a ne satisface o trebuinfE,
evolutiei viefiii ne aratd in facultatea de a pricepe (in inte-
,,Istoria o anexd a facultflfii de a lucra, o acdoanpgtatirinefediinfiicnelei]norcevimi ajai
ligentd) mai complexd 9i mai mlHdioasd a
precis[,
condifiile de viafd in care sunt puse". Multd vrene filosofii au vf,zut

in percepliune o cunogtinfd purd, o contemplarer ceva analog cu o
copie fotograficd a realitdfii externe. Aci std toatd gregeala gi izvci-
rul multor din iluziile filosofice ; perceptiunea nu are un rol specu-
lttaeutlleivga,ecemfiaucnnoiuinnteeosmatseptlraperreo:appriediue-czziiinnsdteorcecosurapnt5uogl atcinurtedsai-slutelumdiau-cldnpocrsiitnerusctnueenironvqsottrsinulm(dpeeininl---
tru Bergson sistemul nervos cu creierul 9i toate celelalte nu sunt se-
diul cunogtintei, ci numai al acfiunii) exprimd acfiunea noastrd rea-
IE, percepliunea exprimd acfiunea noastrd posibild.,,Perceptiunile
noastre ne dau mai Cmounlttuderuserimlenupleacctiaurneilolrenogadstsriempoluscibriulerialosurplrlae
lnsegi". qciecuinntoearegsteemazdd iancfluiumneeaa posibild a-
iucrurllor
aratX numai ceea noastrd numai ceea
supra externd
lor. Vedem
ce ne intereseazd gi ln rndsura in care ne intereseazd. InsSgi diviziu-
nea pe care o introducem ln materie, imbucdtdtirea ei in corpuri in-
dependente, cu contururi ar-
absolut determinate, este o diviziune
tificial5, relativd cu actiunea noastrd posibild asupra materiei. Cunoq-
tinla purS are sd ne arate cd realitatea este caolnetinvuied fiii,insimdbruncindtte6a-
noastr6, condusd de trebuintele fundamentale
real continPu in lucruri discontinui ti astfel lumea exter-
fegte acest multipl5 9i discoli-
nd, una gi continuS, ne apare impdrfitd in lucruri,
tinud, Ne putem indoi dacd gi celelalte animale din scara biolog,icd
imbucdtdlesc realitatea externd dupd aceleaqi articulatiuni ca $i noi i

3 Pentru cttrentul biologic in teoria eunoStinfei cf. Hiiflding, Philosophes co,'r-

tempordins, trad. franc,, p, 95, Alcan, Paris, 1907. E de mirar€ cd Hdflding nu men-
fione.azd in acest capitol 9i filosofia lui Bergson' fN' a.J

238

68U

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pleru o-ou arBr ed paoJe Jolop also nu RJSBatIatuo efua611e1u1"
'prlspou efurlSounc
a13afosu1 oJpJ pJqurn o pzeolJolord 'a1e1r,t e1e{u1nqa:1 ap pluae1p3ugpllnelualrudr
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ed
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dezesperat sd mai ajunEem la o adevdratd metafizic5. Dar nu cum-
\ra am putea purifica experienta noastrd de exigentele actiunii ? Nu
caamrepuptreaactiocaaresdajnuungseelaamneisgteteced?atelnpuvriea,lala nigte date imediate, in
noastrd sufieteascd nu
existb oare momente in care intr-adevdr s5 avem cunogtin{d desprin-
sd de acfiune, in care sd prindem adevdrate ,,date imediate" ? Bergson
crede cd dfai ,ogiuilntimjudstiinficcearrceaareacdeestfedicautf.irmA6r rfiipsudnemoebrgieecmtusl dfilcodsuotfdiemi
sale. ,,Ar
erperienla 1a izvorul ei, sall, mai bine zis, deasupra acelei cotituri de'
cisive, unde abdtindu-se in sensul utilitSlii noastte, devine intr-a-
devXr experienfa omeneascd. Neputinfa ratiunii specuiative, aga cum
a demonstrat-o Kant, nu este poate, in fond, decit neputinta unei in-
pf5t1iptutoeironpei*ricirnidmrgra-intulte-ral-"oeu"rsndissceftsietuoninriinUau"durttis,eoiirnlueasicbagpIfiiiiuieutnrumelannaitiianutu"rud1ietiimtteanfaiiipu"ieaeaaaentiintr."unemcucanDobumaacaeuriitiesttsietrrnetfeerrdalieeplbicnaluiucpebtniniraivcrdeniitpdeeafndcecsrtcetoieialaotueeadartaae-ssfloirtteuecrraaueied.i cl.epteRsttrCrurueeelivrupmalbabaineueuitffortiiuuvfliinqviitnnicitttdedaiicsacnaltfeeoltegiemauraipnaoen9aocincloeiermtudaasadentllnedeoszrooeoabt9ar_9alidtuanrsiignuadtasretdieneptfxaedieiizess-crc,epirtoutfnzccruerteeiuu,---l
contactul cu realul." (Matibre et MLmoire, ed' cit')
if'ibnmmniriieletoolete-seugiaau-'mtislrs"ret;Alparitoe-redicbleesane"lepeardea.iadiizfrtgiinseel"bnuuniutsednnaiiiptstmneiup"rdliaoteeerieeiddrrdmlmauiooaifnadammiatcilsenpitlmcebio,eatuanertlroeauneeirirecbutttlctoeeei,dilutcedaugtconiacsiamliuierttd'ipn;decaavpodueped,ig,enaile.eaiivracqvxstMesajecdptouedpteree-ntalepoiaroitariitor-eeirdle.td5dudni.necelfadnA59aeeodacsiarpuioeeiocunadmaserreasoitdaegfeAlciu"silnin,odnaetmisassuuaaxeouaaltpleadfgcrecfastiuadirotaSunopie9;entdliipanigsbsecttirtirtnoizaoemnaiseilbtiludde-bfdlpoetiefufioilueaiimlerocmorep9unisaelfeldnieaiioiccneoaplfaeaaigfigruaitttolaitdoilez.iptbjnebs',crlAldzeuouaeoaee-----ri'i
experientei dinainte de act|une, apar intr-o lumind noud. Contradic-
liiie q'eiraimu ppoussiebiilintSmfiloeddgerergeizt,olpvearneiqpterodveanteeafaxlsdifiincaatceedeea cd proble-
prejydeg{-
mele
ldmrI.ie,eliAessencnp,aeiaascoarcicos'Efstafidufdisondsrmrdofiieag;liutrniopeicdiuuieldcsqetueoapsrrdrteeeodi,nzteiunpinnflepbtodnnrtuia$toriceunuctadiuczc.aadadpAtj,iuiiccnBtreaoeerrcrnereuhgu,lisdpnpodileafnaninctaelouttarluloutrl5reaasfcnlii.mouulcMnmeuoodfeeniaaitsaqooittddfbeeieeai,lrgcgcain5noibursnioeli5entrifaanep9dfuriidriocmcbeetaisdlierlteeea-:
cugeta gi chiar de a percepe este destul fd5ecugt r;euq:i9ciiinndcdaamcefadsctuat-nou,
este decit partea negativd a
lucrdrii de
cind ne-am aqezat la ceea ce numeam cotitura experientei, cind am
profitat de strdlucirea ndscindd care, luminind trecerea de Ia ime-
rljat ia utiJ, incep zorile experienlei noastre omenegLi, rdmine sd
reconstituim, cu elementeie irnfinit de mici pe cale ie zdrim astfel in
curba reald, forma curbei insdgi care se intinde in intuneric la spa'
tele lor. In acest sens, sarcina filosofului, aga cum o pricepem' sea-

240

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centralS a filosofiei bergsoniene s'

FilosofiaastfelconceputdCaunprodusalintui|iunii,nualana.

itszrcrli5eatz;irrceaaegocirai,fensiiupn;essnetti5inrem,lcidifr*iaad"eetrripea"uoodto"rr,ise".utpaepafu;"arl;ilr*aii*zdi.;"trl;l.dnlpi",uiier"c;u,d.grr.eaeut',oirriatnenic"io"!iupqs6trt5ite,,irectearf$auaisdeinrlcuaesdanltaeee6u9r.aedcioFpdeamir-lercooaeaoopsidnoibaeasrfiuieetladerpcufsetontcucstuualiuettriniantel5aiorxteb'vaatrspiaqlsatrrsdttaoieaenmcfrtieiepdesnnairtmeaeidenarapxisroraeca-taaiibiio-,---

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6Filosofia,inlogica]uiHenrjBergson,face,deopotrivd,apelatit]airteli.
eglerne|sipciintgEei}taeiznaiuroi|miea,nintictdimapicdeeantlittad.liai pdeinltereazaSrtddo$iafrilloasionftieu'ilie.Dinacestmotir',

242

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-u1 o ps ealnd pA nu ldoruoc un rlru 'aurfipurr o IJIu 'ctur11 ui olpuaru
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care o numim din ce in ce mai intensd. ln ce consistd intensitatea
crescindd a acestei senzaliuni ? Rdmine aceeagi senzafiune care creqte
clin ce in ce, sau in fiece moment avem altd senzafiune F [n liece
norrient avem altd calitate de senzafiune, de o senzafiune unicl ntt
poate fi vorba i intensitatea pe care i-o atribuim nu este decit con-
Eceti.inBfeargmsiogncdinriiosrtupdiiucloanrtnrdanculiunfnitilocre musculare care iradiazf, din ce in
consacrd efortului muscular
adop-
ti pdrerea iui William James, dupd care sentimentul de sfortare e
centripet, nu centrifug. Nu am avea conEtiinfa unei forfe pe care aln
in organism, ci sentimentul mdueqscfhoiritacroentararcftiai f,i,,odseeniazaltirtitgnae-
arunca-o
aferentd complexd, care vine de 1a
mspernintceeleneinletininscer,uantratitceu, lafdfilicleilecosmtrpinrismea".teC, upicelpttuulnfisxeant,timgleontat dinecisrifsodr,-
ni se pare cd cregte intensiv, cu atit cregte numdrul mu;chilor
lare aparentd a unei mari intensi-
care se contractd simpatic. Congiiinla
tdli cte sforfare asupra unui punct dat al organismului se reduce, in
realitate, 1a perceperea unei mari suprafete a corpului interesindu-se
la operalie. Schimbdrile senzafiunii nu sunt de fapt decit calitative,
cantitatea pe care o introducem atribuindu-i o intensitate nu es're de-
cit traducerea faptuluil iradierii musculare a intregului corp. Acelagi
lucru pentru atenfiune gi pentru emotiuni. E cunoscuta teorie Lange-
James'dupd care emofiunile nu sunt decit traducerea pentru congtiin-
fd a migcdrilor gi modificdrilor organice i intensitatea lor nu este alt-

ceva decit mdrimea gi intinderea acestor migcdri gi modificdri. Fentru
senzafiunile mai simple, pentru care e mai ugor sd gdsim o cauzd ex-
cctemeeasreetrieeoaaadocpreedrdec,ndciituinecimtnreoesinnm5scggiattciiainansttueleiatzanaazst1iacveofhdxiurit,menncerbuidaodc)aer.|irsiCdetdeasaeuteazscleteeacixnleisttzveaeaantnefsizu.diavneAfdiiciuci(9nti9iisei,i uxicpinpartlirpeinecmuatiureneirmnmareacdsaoraielmnit'taopartilcel5adtnsnpctuluue--
ncraodbariislrStire.a,,i,enOeceoaxnrpagettdriiineonfefndi u9daiencfdtaoradeetetescermlipcinoeanlettdi,ncuaadrseeinnaztaionfictuenptiiiumrtdpcsupuulpnerziximnisdeteieunnlieei-ii
valori determinate a excitatiei. Asociem atunci cu o anume calitate
a efectului ideea unei anume cantitbti a cauzei ; p9uinienmceidleeedaininursmeni,'

cum se intimpld cu orice percepliune dobinditd^,
cauzei in calitatea efectului. In acest moment chiar,
zafiune, cantitatea decit o anume nuanfd sau calitate a senza*
intenSitatea, care nu era
liunii, devine o mXrime" (Les Donnees immddiales, p, 31)'
Prin urmare, intensitatea nu este o datd purd a conqtiinfei' Ceea
ce percepem noi imediat este numai gi
numai calitatea; in schirni:6-
rile de intensitate ale stdrilor noastre nu pelcepem decit schin:bdri
calitative, cdrora insd, din pricina organizdrii utilitare a miniii noas-
tre fdcute sd se migte materilei, ie ddm
iu lumea cantitativd a o in-
terpretare cantitativd : dupd caiitatea efectului evaiudm mdrin-lea
cauzei gi introchicincl mdrimea in efect, unde nu era, credem cd per-
cepem o intensitate, pe cind de fapt suntem resirinSi intr-o lurle cle
calitate. lnsd cum lucrurile exterioare a1 mai muitd importatllii pen-
tru noi clecit stdrile subiective prin care trecem, noi obiectivlm aces-
ie stdri qi introducem intr-lnsele, pe cit putem, reprezentarea cauzei

248

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cleterminarea lor cauzald, fdcind astfei irezolubilb problema libertdlii'
doJin;iiaclsn6dpcsiDiten"uiiulrejicgi-rjiceii-iiarconci,flen.raei1cceiotid'ilaedftBlux"nieiirirD.drait0txlriteaxma5creitct"ipt,'n.rpeurfcldaria,ansce,opedloisastrteium"ndtrcf"iusn.erimri"sgnp.tnaete-ucst.fro-uicerrcedicegoctaocupefrltras.exnehondcielom"x.edutnqomaireitedrnmpnamcnisiiZ$isinnineaaultKlrnapsaies0ieaiucstmbrmctigaurjie)drriubatiutcoo.tveeascudnrpaaerllitsrpieemilaClae.ltaueaidtitsrtrdilaoec,s,hdsfaiaiecn9toieromliocrailtcaentia_icoiitn:aeisnltoadpalpazieraii-sdcrttlinsnairtaiaeeuaatneedetkpmcauorficeatbn:patpzieiabnaos'encv.ocoinifenodpiflipmseioeloaliradDinettaptuftiaoicimeuiperaistarler:i9lifepdrzsreoecninuiaeunp,ioaeprb,lniSni<hsnlflrupfriatlrucESooeodiepifa.tsiuconaeqiinabsrmnrna,enele,sdriamasilts,,tsicteesIeaiAfiartnif(uatlevmtscrEdvoleeaScenieundplocnlore.erndauee5ctmoaealsaaioui,tnilaDalpalaeonrstaalarztrainriulnterurieigomaau1ibaaaszrpes'nplfoadsineiaoailrtaaaipcueuiorticesnfc"cvrlrshiranisareict'ca-uizeaeaieepediiif$escanlnAaslldornzaueitnfdtfomitdndrciar,iuifotulcedufieu,etetuiiclsarpneeinnenrdltnisooala-eoWenliodtuxsatiodn1_sedlnetai-iucascrnisduoecdio,.slanepStfldziitina.fdmideeiuderrmKstednetd,eieenrLrieintooirnaaendtpirlsu{ots,ner9drts,pcin5eiponirtirimscocuncnzituimaiacgiuslaadneutniiisaiarntene-unclrauitd,eteluieeucnzezainitpel"nitdlezsadpfcneeErpoipta;aated(rcueroeserLnaul1rtd-crustrefifrinbceaeaanronuieatiiitlnsneeodaa-saer-,-------,
;,\scrsr;,.ae;r5u-.ri;ersodgesmep5nnoinaealuesrpiiic"nsaidmefsarxdebectzareiednumnllditsdgc,edineovcdzeedie,txfinioduspaantececrodniatemolcanatbmutliaenou1larildtr,seespceaoeiusrditaaatecudiehdlanueoue;iau,givddcocs.deidageclqKtIicdzeaseeeejnv.uDnuatxza.nntaraPu.fapiemuaucnncenttielraedaua:solcitndasafepcosxiesrritpmisnteutatneAlfatzis-uctbici'lt
priori a sensibilitdlii.
efcci1siupetleiuauDciltadoancneudcmdevgpiiofdiefmisarriemllnucltld:nieeuusrtieaps,maesnlae5iuzldtvaluieufelicisvdleitideecmelccnoiietntmiedcoaicefgeece5reecniou.nsntAileemslirtsupdetlaeitldaramneccaefiietl'niestiEattistseaidriec,pStd,od,isvseptoiciblnliiinngludegnumadrmpssuriapinncalaed--
a realitate fdrd" calitale. Cunoaqtem clouii realitdti de ordine diferiti :
i-rira eterogenS, acea a calitSfilcr s::nsibile, aiia oilrogeni, care esic
spaliul. Aceas'ia clin urmE, care este colceputd foarte l5murit de in-

teiigenla omeneascii, ne face in slare sd oper5m deosebiri hotdrite,
asrliandcregenadausmtadscdpseradianfmituse,ilznusdtiedgazadiubronsetrudriagulugicnieeapmrleidagagiiumipicouoailnnttiecperchaphpiflioiuaarirt,supsc-rdaai rficveuaolfunrabitc.iitmeNat,puivmCoesdd, icrbiuri niilnfpnullinurcnddferisuspUtlee,'
piluliLraasullncceei smiuunietipalicuitnSi{tidldileorpldnrfitimsapu, ci ma! implicd intuifiunea sim-
absolut
unitbti asemdnate unele
cu altele. lnsd aceastd existenfd a ior inlduntrul aceleia;i unitdli nu
sii poate explica decii tot prin si:alir.i, Tirnpitl, succesiunea purd,
nu poate sd dea coexistenla : cind apare un moment al timpului, toate

250

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-Srur as arBJ uI ua6orala InlnTparu palplrnulluoJ pzparlsRd r: 'eulelxe
pJrJarunu ealplrnurtruoJsrp pzeorlsed nu errqrsd olaldeg
roialJarqo p
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apsacotd alSarrircl eJ a]so olsruor{er:osu IrUosoirJ p plp}uoriieprTrU
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rJLrnlE liJap elo+le ap oioun e1f,uli
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nu luoruoru un I ola ulp pAaJ spurRr I] ps prpj a1n-igdslp ]uns ollplalas

c5. De ia aceastd eroare pornegte concepfia greqitti a vieiii interioa*
re gi punerea in inod irezolubil a multor ciin problemele filosofice.
Pentru congtiinla imerliat5, aceea a succesillnii pure a stdrilor noas-
tre cle congtiinfd, ideea de cluratd nu este aceea a rinni meciitt orno*
qen, ci a unei eterogenitiifi caiitative. ,,Suut clonri coucepfiuni nosi*
ltile ale duratei, una purd de orice amestec, cealalti in care inten,ilie
pe furig ideea de spafiu. Durata purd este forma pe care o ia succe:
siunea stdrilor noastre de conqtiintd cind eul nostru se lasd sii lrii-
iasc5, cind se abline de a stabili o separare intre starea prezentii ;i
stdrile anterioare. Nu are nevoie pentru aceasta sd se absoarltir in:
lntregime in senzafia sau ideea care trece, cdci atuttcil, dinpo'irivii,
ar inieta cle a mai dura, Nu are nevoie nici sd uite sibrile anterioare :
este de ajuns ca amintindu-gi aceste stdri sd nu le juxtapund st5rii
actuale ca un punct lingd alt punct, ci sd }e organizeze cu aceasti
stare, cum se intimpid cind ne amintim, topiie oarecum impreilnti,
notele unei melodii. Nu s-ar putea spune cd deqi aceste note se suc-
ced, le apercepem totuEi unele intr-altele, 9i cd intregul lor se poate
ntcoeocammfpabairrddai'dnciusptroiilccilfniiuiannfesdogvlidiieac,raitaSolefipi celodnrree?triaSpreebrmpfio,uatduteeagiScio,cntoicsetsiphoerlcidtdeae,rcistiaesteupc,dceolr.u' ojlllItr-*i''
igualn, inzaureseindtiirsntidngdeegeiienmuesneteiz, oinleaCzadredeficreitcepeenletrmueont,curegperteazreenctaiupcal'Ot9ii".-l
cle a abstrage. Ateasta este, fdrS indoiald, reprezentarea pe care 5i-ar
face-o despre duratd o fiinfd identicd gi in acelagi tinrp schimbitoare
care n-ar arrea nici o idee despre spafiu. Dar familiarizafi cu.iceasiil
iclee, obsedali chiiar cle dinsa, o introducem fdrd sd Stim in reprezen-
tarea noastrd despre succesiunea purd; juxtapunerr stdrile noastre'
cle congtiinfii aqa ca sd le apercepem simultall, nu unele intr-altele"
ci unele aldturi de altele ; cu ur cuvint proiect5m
timpul in spatln'
exprimdm durata in intindere qi succesiunea ia pentru noi forura'
unei linii continui sau unui lanf ale cdrui pdrfi se ating fdrd a se
pltrunde" (Les Donndes..., pp, V5-76). Durata purd, firrd nici un a-'
mestec cle eiernente spaliale, ar fi numai o succesitttle cle schimirirri
calitatitre, care Se contopesc, se pdtrund flrd a avea contururi preci*
se, fdrd nici o tendinfd de a se exteriloriza unele falii de celeia:te"
fdrd r,ici o inrudire cu spafiul, ar fi eterogenitatea pur5.

S-ar pdrea totugi, din fapiul cd nuuriritn mcrnentele succesit'e eie'
timpului gi cd timpul ne apare ca o miirime mtisurabild, cii este a;:a-
log cu spafiul. Intrebatea este, ndsurdn intr-aclevXr timpul ? Nrt, :rri
miisur.lm clurata purX, ci simbolul spatializat a1 ei, mediul onloLleif,
ln care facein sd se sctrrgd momentele distincle ale devenirii. Tin^rpr-l:
pur nll este o cantitate mdsurabild, ci o mdrime intetisirrd, satt, irai
corect, o calitate. ,,Cincl urmiresc cu ochii pe caclranul unui ceascr*
nic migcarea acului care coresprinde cu oscila{ii1e penclu}ttlui, nti :r,oi-
sor durata, cum s-ar crede ln primui moment i nu fac allceva ciecii
sd nurnir simr-iltaneitdli, ceea ce este cu. totul alt ]ucru. itt afara rie
rnine, in spafiu, nu este totcieauna decii o poziliune ur:ici a acirj:rii
qi a penduluiui, circi din pozifiunile trecute nu rdmiire nirriic. lnaitn*

1q,n