Antoniade, COnstantin - Opere

t9

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ucaacinnintcruruurlfiesricemiuiicinla-iiaepclinilroen-niinznciuniss1iitieiropvnnimiuoiletimtarnp--tcrieeienlanetierrfozat.ie,|upntr"saonmrcirbnoietmiiinnceiiicunincicriltfetiaerneirdivnetdvbeas,e.r,lacae-inrlfexebiatspeapirtlelieeoerprzcinconeittleusuinevijamfbu.6tl"iSsolaii6pt,tiiafa7oidtpcleisiauaeiaiarbttnr5iiccetli,5rabau,prrFe-eetdeiintnxxealit1puaccr-ueire'eeernsscriaetiuXteeninouslia!en5ecsitn.roed9uoiLaoaipuulasloccitcraarlruiarutifee,-'il
altiica nici una din cleiermin5riie acesteia. Numai induntrul experien-
fnieeinlierielcts.utleluntillee;g'l-;idul-eiimrsi{p5arreienactreeceboaunicncee{allrteeusalitreifodtlrearnnnesolcouermiriednnetonuntilieeusintneiiunEe'sigecaatptievodgaotseraiiulaofrilirmminia--
mdctaeeetirvcceXuulnenoc.oiaNnq$cilittlnernfsm,eei ngaclcirolt,cnuiciaenel'5tapo,cetenpSucoeispeSioabbainlcitsteea, teipeisuatnetcuimccnelovcoraubneideo:licaifsetptrtedietn;e, lteNocutuaonlotegeqseltetnienecfldrileeccpidioteosfbiecbieneiieoaca-,t
este incunoqtibil absolut. A afirrna cd crinoaqtelea noastrd actuai5 sau
fenomenald istoye$te
poilirlta, cuiroptinfa noastr6 cu desdvir;ire exis-

iesaddcleuiecsoennscetrcte,racre,:i-u,ur,a,crnrnceqlioucliaccppidc1raigtridnrleuIesaixoidcaicin.isre:aneu.tsiiretlt,lttsdneeonidalnieain,caxpnilfsaicilsrei1inntrcr-cenueeiunaeammfrssaienitedrednocdpp'euaaiooucrggcatsiateumpeteaicn-iaepllneotaiaoiiccsfatifdrirucetiameiunlrtrloonlfacni,rcotlneeasicegnacinuaacluacitlletisedt.xSiocegPin1ssnuveoteueuerltan-nn.psneefiitaeofjixrrvi.ar'ip.rs'ucsteotelEtnaoeaifoxdtiaceeliravusaxtetaccitdesdoasrninteuofcfncneabreiallmiiepeldeolici9eice,riti
este numai problematicd gi nu lnsemneazd altceva il.ecit ardtarea unei
limitlri a cuno$tintei noastre. Cunogtinta ltoastrS, nellmitatd in dome-
niui fenomena}, are la marginea acestui domeniu o limitd peste care
nJpnuoipaacceapstleitcastreenncisecin; tuldmninaecnoculloilnecdslete:etaecnreemagisnatdaleraliilemfeiatndcoe:ensstertineiaui,nluncioic9giinctoimascpaibutaill,rueinanicbuisosiipuSate-.
iiul, nici vreuna din categorii, cdci toate acestea sunt forme ale exis-

tt Kritilt cler reinen Vetnuntt Tronsscend. Analyt' $ 351 (n.a.).

54

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PreLul"incieni lucrrLl in sine este conceput ca fiincl in relali'*ne
irecesarir cu fenomenele. iu pasajele citate se poate veciea cum I{ant
concepe nunienul ca suilstrat inteligibil a1 fenornenuiui. Acelagi lLrcru,
iisa clutl este iD sine, este pentru noi incuno;Libil, este noumcilcn t
ciircl ne a]lare noriir, este fenomen. PostrLlatul acestei duble existente
a lr-rcrnrilor, oil:rtii in sine gi pentru sine, ryi apoi in raport cu noi si
l;rreautelllLcauecsi,isetestnefeplreeiau.tleindpei ninitlrm-upnlicsaetn.sLsuucnrtitrcilheiainr sine sunt clete'rmi-
cauze eficientc cle
fiiererninnoai:rrjeeLenl:reienlczine, oncii.i:rlAcilegi aspceleaxr,cicaleurcecrulaa.lcrilinucndseinnaeul,olcrel:epairasuruiteeprrncalecsreainirocsoaibn$itsleitti6tiunfiii, sine, li

noaslie

cru,n ar
cere conceptul limitatil', o exisienfd ctt totul separatd li fird nici o
iegdturd cL1 existentrele pe care le cunoaqtem, are o acliune aslrpra
sensibilitAtii noastre, intervine actil. in formarea reprezentdrilor, este
clar cauz6. Prin faptul cd se concepe lucrul in sine in relatiune cu
finendoemteerinnuini,aitdsaeceaapsliicddrecalatefiguonreiagdi etrereblautiieunsed; cum ntl putem 15sa
o precizdm ca sii o
c-ngetiiil, introducern numaidecit gi celelalte categorii li iatd cX apli-
pe linqii cateqoria de existenfS, reaiitate, gi ca-
cim luciui'-ri in sine,
iegoria cle cauzalitate sau depenclentf, gi substanlialitate. Cdci ce
raport am ptitea concepe intre lucrul. in sine gi fenomen ? Ori un
rapor'L de la cauzd 1a efect, ori un raport cle 1a substantii
la rnod, ori raportui de funclare tras din principiul ra{iunii
suf iciente. Dar Kant lnsugi a ardtat cd toate aceste rapor-
turi n-au nici o semnificare in afard cle lumea experienfei feno-
menale, cA orice lntrebuinlare transcencienid a lor este abuzivri si
zadarnicd ; acesta este un punct asupra ciiruia insistd rnult gi din care
igi face o armd contra dogmatlsrnulr-ri. Este aclevlrat cd autorul Criticii
l?afittnii pure nu comite nicdieri paraloglsrn,"ii cle a demonstra exis-
tenf a lucrului in sine prin principiul cie cauzalitate sau acela mai
r;eneral de raliune srificientS; dar prin faptul cd pune lucrul iir sin:
iu relaliune cu fenorlenttl, trebuie sI concepern intr*un fel sau allul
aceastd relafiune, ca sd criqethm ceva; gi noi nu putem concepe un
altfel de raport clecit ceie fenomenale. Orice am face, lucrui in sirie
tot ne allare ca ra{iune explicatir,ri ori cauzd a fenomenr-r1ui.
Dacd acest raocl cle a pune un lttcrLr in sine ca rafir-rne explicalivir
a fenomenului este nejustificat ;i in conlrazicere cu principiile critice,
tianobtsCnoerluicttio,cnacfoafrimloodbsioectcuietriallcl;ecinsnietisepinnreein., clcnipletiri-caeadsieete-v1dgiralcdruriinzvdirfea1aptetnuKnlarcnndetncSnucinnhioopcqeatinnohlabaiuereecrt-
zt-tltd din aplicarea formelor srr-biectului asupra nnei materii care este
semnu] unei realitSfi distincte gi independente de sr-rbiectul cunosc6-
tor, lucrul in sine apare ca r1n obiect absolut. In clr-ralitatea numen-fe-
nomen, numenul corespunde realitdtii aga cllm esle in sine, unui ol]iect
care nu este pentru un sitbiect, unui ol.liect in sine, iar fenomennl
este realitatea aqa currr apare pentru subiect. $i aci gdsirn o conlra-
dicfie cu teoria criticistd a cunogtinfei, ln actul de congtiinj6, in repre-
zentare, ne este datd impreunarea indisolubilir a subieciului cn obieclril.
Acesta, in actul reprezentdrii este cu totul relativ la subiect, precum
gi sttbiectul este cu totul relativ ia obiect. Nu avern clecit o cunoat-

56

L9

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Jnpp rrrnrJerapisrroJ aJSaJv

ae'iuoonriuourrJuraarp]spJuio'eeuJrrofr:lurrprbseelul'oiln.luIrlonlfalr,arlsrorsaqreoJrlrsnllIrarlnJe]neeel.zotTinsJnLpqrr3fpodl leJoc:lr)ouzo,aorl-{prilooe'lllarJ:ii,oTnreroqrpSoorrj]'iD:tooeadlercrualnnuitfsrrreiosiRnp:lilpaorJrri-nrLllrlraicor-;rardq1roopofj
pnl--eirzuliupone'r)poJJlIannpoorlJs'opprnulJJolln1rruJullrfoir,lrarurpirSqlJornopra{ccaqulel'narB,u,rZ'roacrnr1dspoorLJ;Jr'pJuoolo:lnIuafJe,oorlIprdsnqJqlorJnr'orltserilnolopu:.|eJpruppJ:rIru"JirloJgeLrtIprslr'l'ai{rrapilane1l1luplrorollo1Jpl ouoeelarqlul;oonotdilupunsnrlsJpuUpIullJErl rI>larreI?'uar'oorJrrllnsperollsll
-ttazarda.r orpJarJ u1 e.reclear itl:atrqecr;-l'Jera,rr1q;ntosrcioInrl:i'ilsiirnlul nuprri'uetulltleotu; lpqa"Tsl:sEeo-rLcrl
p3urnl utp e{nri6olrnJ
o uiole
ooi--irsJurJpotLirairlrrprooSrpls.Ilo,{J1uOppr-trrrr1cerrI(lnrl-;nnrro{llsnrsfu,rpfonJr'olrlo'l-aLrorruPpqT.Sa,iu3irstiurailteiaztleenalp1arJraflld,lsaPeatparrdqllnno1eostellpSlntltronIJlIfrl:i'l}iaertnBSuiJruooeplluarxlToilosn'reloJiunitJo$i{osl J1iII?in1tp1',al;iipnuplIfj"r,uuoprlrl;TIrlJaPsbtalllaulosrprlluenrJrrrd}rillllrfplaa,:nunzmrpn'auqrldlr{Tnoutrucjprl;aoirir.ndrraaaqoptdqlo:iltrxiq?qraitlll
:if,ar..lo prpJ :lJalqns IrIu o nu ilInJa-tcl 'ltotcltrs PieJ :]Jalqo e nN 'q]Iu
op plrn uluapuadapul rol e{rialstxa utattnct es altru.rad oLI nLI aJp}tlir?,
-oJclo-r op In]Jp isr(1'lInr'lJrJoarrqqnosarrdJIsLaIpInlJl3lpaI/qPoAIIpIlTlrol.I orTls u1 utolSeouno nu
pJlpe'gluttouroua] arol
: lJarqns arclsap

dl;ielen,i,elrnatrn-eocelusranrecanuhmrmeenaaldfe.nAonlaencadli sd aibd un fundament transcen-

existenta lucrului ln sine, in
mai mult uti postulat al ratiunii practice decit o nece-
l<aniianism, este fonddrii unei
teoretice. Dar pini la ce punct nevoia
sitaie a raliunii
altu.riie morale poate sd se impund unei teorii a cunogtinlei ? Este mai
filosoflc sd afirmi cd morala, pentru a se fonda, are nevoie de o teorie
a cunogtintei cit mai ferit5 de contraziceri gi presllpuneri necontrola'
irile, decit cd ieoria cunogiinlei are nevoie de postulate morale.
ar fi fost dominat
Dacd antorul Criticii Iialiunii pute n1r gi datoriei, ar fi de preo-
onddrii libertSfii gdsit in
ar:rllpaie f unei moiale a
insr-i5i sisternul sXu de ideairsrn transcenclental un puternic sprijin gi un

pcsoroofrifeeu.cnicAividceeinsfiiocsavpcaer{iijecinoanEtCiracriotiirlcueiizcti:uivnlii-niarresraf"iriibsgietdecstiaivtittiianttedcaeeafionmrrdmadi edfeciocinuranitndet5uiinNgiiufminloiai,-i
spafiul gi timpul. Estetica lranscendentalf, este piatra ang;ular5" a re-
lornel liantiene; pri.,'irea spafiului ca o formd prird apriori a sensi-
1;iiitii'rii, ca cer,,a cu totul s'iibiectir,'pe care spiritui i1 aduce cu sine
in citloaqierea lumii, este direct opusd credinfei universale, a simfult-ti
corril.rn, a ltiintei qi arurpnerlotociratsbispleemnetrufiltoostdoefiacueniancoubireecatiiivsimtautel anaabirs'o;-i
hi'rti a spalrului. Ea
acltrce un arqument puternic contra oricSrui realism. Kant exclude
clin rlonenir-rl sensibilitdlii realitatea transcendental[ a spaliului {spa-
liul are o idealiiate trat:scenden+"aid 9i in acelagi timp o realitate empi-
rica.), insd nu izbuteqte sd aiunge clin intregul
domeniu al cugetdrii
Fgei lpurledaenaeovbeiSdneuaiti,ngtrionduuspudteeaesftietinictarotdraunsscdeen-a-
orice realism spalial.
dentaiS era prea nou
clrep:r-tl gi in toate consecinlele lui, fdrd a nu revolutiona cu desdvir-
gire toate o]:iceiurile de spirit ale cugetbtoruiui. Ceea ce a contribuit
rlai aies ca sd nu tragd toate consecinlele din marea lui inovaiie era
diviziunea inteligenlei admisl de Kant in facultdti deosebite, inde-
penclente unele de altele. Sensibiiitatea, intelectul, rafiunea, clegi ltt-
creazi inpreund, mai ales primele doud, sunt impenetrabiie rina ce-
lorlalte gi apar in Critjcct Raliunii pute ca nigte priteri autonome. lnsd
acestc diriiziuni ale inteligenlei nu corespund unei realit5li profunde
9i trebpliesc admise cel muli ca clelimitdri metodologice, pentru studiul
fcelinncirn,eecnleerloera;ciieavcdtriuvlitidnidil-oicratcec1seeKgarnutpegai zadccseunbtuealet ,dfudprd5 sd se piardii

e1 : unitatea
organicd qi func{ionald a spiritului, cu toate aga-zisele qluii facultdli. zt

Iiant, recunoscind spafiul ca o formd a sensil:ilit5lii privind pe
aceasta ca disiinctd de intelect, nu a vdzut cd intuifiunea de spaliu
interline in toate facultdtiie noastre mintale, cu alte cuvinte cd orice
am cugeta, cugetdm in spafiu. Kant declard formal c5 intuiliunea spa-
liald este inaplicabilS lucrului in sine, dar prin insuqi faptul cd cugetd
un h",cru in sine, o eristenld inteligibild ca obiect posibil al unui inte-
iect pur {intelect cu iotul diferil de al nostru), coniinud a cugeta in
spafiu. lnsdEi deosebirea intre o formd gi o materie a cunoqtinfei pre-

sLrpLine un raport spafiai anterior, cbci forma {spiritul), care se aplicS

asupra materiei (lucml in sine), este cugetatd ca externd materiei gi

?' Yezi cap. despre Schopenhauer, (n.a.)

5B

69

gIp'r-aeuafquu.aurJrelpSrSoolos^euuiqJo,soInou]IsnJpgpcnfpfJ,unJJPtalnusnilI]ro'tulrpulnSiunnJlarcr€sllastaItoulel'xLdloslal.loqJll3alnueoapsoiullusqpaaEaoJi;raonAPloJdreJpiax:Iualepq1lrroaJlara-l'-:anlldpJo1dsaJr1aarnnqq1p1nuqn1oEs-sie1QpjdgopJsJpoululhJ1'IatJo$oalo13dpln'ped'lo3aounuurultarl1lneasIJlltrxq'u*alolnltlunlson]riElfIglEe-rsrocnLeui?-sl{ln]lponrtJLS1llli
uoluouoJ rB lraiqo pJ PJIpP '1n1n1ra1cinr i* rrrrni{rn}iil Iolautlo} Pe.ieJ
r--o-ra-sp1eiosilesdsadlnloarfrexd,occant,lliu'asilrgrJrrlt1uu-oau+rpudreup:dpndaylsslpp{f1un,lnP1pacer1rrlnnprlnploruolsbJaJpardOr,Ia{ulduxIorallrJasrr."Iu'Larl,unrpprp.:rlrlPlornn'ntPJlulclaJunanlralalaaeolts:illqn;x>oeroao.13Jarn0rPio'pueil'ln1acS{srulIzPlrornqaeti1unuaua1anln-alrrlu3Luncci:oqipit.epZ'raJi;iari.iupTnuleluatlltf{niaop*rrlliio;3StlnilgunaSeor3lnoeiorrJulIrrun'at1encnsapIJirp'Spln:pen11auLo'I}t3s?lI1uppPt}er1Ulii[l1i]uicenio>ETr^afr]a3a,ir:Jauel-i$sopnIrindpll:'{lalu'-1rporsac:J'li1,iacu;lt}-piitiJliaeliioTl.lEcsqiirlll
apete-ooeale-1a-a--,Iu--nl31aorr.n$nJouplulilf,s1{siiprtr1rsu.pue".ooprrltia'iitsplq'lroc^raifrcq'Jgr"prqorJ'uoittstapl3-nlrp'fpeS.uptnnbaauapp'riotplpLDan.pa{1ob.a-sanuru.aurlrrerpo+rtJstp'nurlln'n,lIo*i,epqrtprspJe,prutrlrcpB^clrdr1:lnJbou.J-irnlrnaJIrreJrol,rIleruraenipoJBniJ"1Jplin?u'nEJneirlJoozqn.irnrsJJane:grptcoEirorioo1alrlltSrlurqir;BsP.'lip1rpIslculaplrlnsl.nsasin'eoosdo{lrolrraelssaI-n1ppJuJqfueie.oouuuuJlute,dno_raprrr1aaE9a'elirlaprret-ullocLe;1t:IqiaeqnTBtllllalpclSnuubnsgsat1osunliniaa'ieaoeoioiapl{i1irpulxscPuu>'3lIuds.alIP1uepolPtoa'IISa1nonolaraIan'sull]nPI'Jllrll5pr€gr1JslldpnIeIla'iJiliaa1psiionlu"tnsrutlIalsxluWuro-rruoaIl,'ldpl1.qtr1aauppa1ornzilrrJl1ts-agrilele1ucs]rsIluJs3nrrpaDIasps-rlleTSlsoilixoeeaollncsnnla3-ePupPpoqustpIpP-elrarJe!uruoionel1lu1nr1ctsts-Efoprrl-salpr-sIdlrr!sdpruJcna:J'rJl(nui3a'1e'l'iaierr)ei]!ulitoloIneJuruas.'IlrleEsa-eqprpllselnnon'Eul'asveniruJ}loinol1plErp:uolnulopsl.Yd'PfA1se!'IubJupJl9lus-l1npnPlslld,FOtpaa1loiolrTpi)oilonef'acSt3e,;apii,oafIuoullllunqnissiicilu:l'nltzdupn;lqlr"llilioli1couunaItr1+rosc-nnnPplru..ull1rulounrlllrusup-sspxlA1uaofppaoroupila3sriuotclf1o:dz1ulnsol'nlrrtao,Ildtuolaa'ii,e]raqa;AreiurepdTtaI'gE;llltdua1rli1nlro'docsjIfs.gstull+o1Jua'lroEaruopusoIoponirl1o6oppi.JclIreurqtolIslpeullplseunpl6Rplist^rpul€lSrpldluelBrpauualutlPpnSon:u.or1!ritpner-x1tapoIiucs'lnoirEtiPlr?lalsrai1ziljp3ll}i$5u?e'.usill]+lalilojeu.]nurJuootnrnonr9siseuupr;,Jairoz-ll,;-ll{ptJJllsoolctriEi;assiiaia-qll'uru?!oairlli';rcll-l]i;ir']rpcuui:rllnqaTau.eaIsiarelI"-Lll-sSiiolipos{nislllolno.rsLs1s3nnrIl'p;I:-ctcl'IcofSJa:dl)fst6l*il,l)lllill

'glerieils ai-Intz

naI--n1'rlgnnogrnrtjlr1rulpbpi.pBnr|in;rrrAirluezelr*l,as.anpilperiol-rrll'poercato'iiaoaoliurpsnleulft1t,eJpacrpiiJsjFl:e{lgsVolenext.urrrrrrate1ef".n:urtir1'zoeotOpd1plsniJ+s1cu:nIirfeaTtatlTluos1+ufJuriJerJunl11no1ernre'rrunlpecl.nsiuIernaooop-Jrclurlp$linllsleiRuuJpr1uolrlnnloeugrolrutasslllrpiuoplellrlaJB3rulrirrtai!uurnri'nscu:'ecgdaeallrlrunluisuoi'qsarialTP$sauolpsu,pl.rrLn'ilLt1nt;sPIsits-[arSta9eEuus.el;irotclajniiiilsIlirla1l]lul}lll.anpIauJinions1eflltipqedtl{i;up{ruosnoangEu;ul{diilnrrlureeo'esirpl6lnoouiitlqnulrn;Jld'$Jrl+]opouEnloaaulolelosac1;i>pfaJdlsaip1idqn1tl)an'rltpsJgl,I'o't:1r"l'}et'enlEilElJ;criaialoiffuanieeueIlllrCoxIlucc,dsLl.lilaPaoslsIuoI

rle cea iulernii. PrecLul obiecleie sr,int Jelolneue g;etrlrit noi, iot aSa
;i noi sut:{ern lencnreire pentr-ii noi in;ine. Aceast.i concliliouare a cri-
ciirei cr.rnogtinfe inchicle calea cunoa;terii
lrnni in sjne, atit lu ciome-
niul exirerienfei externe, cit qi in ai ceiei inteme. Precunl nll ctlttoils-
tenL lucr,.rl in sine, nu pr-rtem cLlnoagte nici spirit',rl in sine. Astfel sit-
biet^livismui lianiian aj-Lrnge tol la rin agnos'iicistn acel ai spirilnlui in
sirLe, precnm ajunsese;i la aqnosticismul litcriilrLi iLr sine. Ittsti sur--
cesorii 1r-ri hani care ririrreazii ciirecfia suJriecti-r,isti'r corrcelr a]tfei le a-
iitatea srrbieciriir-ri;i.auld s\irloer-inimr-icuteie,alrirniln.i'.ttiicaiiei cat'.ircaizbiculteita, lislii, ccl,-
lrarlic{iunilc aqnosLicisnultti.

IIE

IDFlii,.l Sr"{iU L .^'RSCLT-.|'| : FICHT C

Direcfia subieclirristii a. liloscfiei criiice este urmatd de Fichte sl
Hec{el, care clLrc pind la cca ma.i corrpletii ciezvoltare princioiul iilea-
llsmului. Sistemele 1or sunt incerciiri consiclerabile cle a realiza cleulitra
unificare a existentei;i a c',rnogtinfei, clou5 domenii care apar ca ciis-
tincte 1a o treaptd inferioard a refieriunii, clar care se iclentificl itr
iuminile dialecticii idealiste. Ficl-rte e ste izirit cie contradictiunile 1a car:,:
da na$tere lniinntrul cloctrinei 1ui Iiant achnlterea unlri lltcru i:r sine,
a1 cdrui ro1 ciil neqativ curn trebuia sd fie, confortl-t unui ctitit,istn
slssliisctitnrrcmiaecrttl,irigrncrsin:tesrisorcrsicoenclnclhlctsriumleeclllnbadetiftarioulfiil-uLnna,rterilg-cucadnacrciecuilfsleertvuetptdilooaarrmtzfLiiu\lterinveyne,nuiuaelcaogadmiilinnaprtprercoierformoiinreriimfcrliaelnezdciti,ci-ltarierasnrntpeefteuiccelteelnplsaeritl,ioanfaitLtertud-cucucAangrenusrtcaiettllla]r!;)ht---l
clecii in termeni cie cauzalitate, iar cauzalitatea trebuie s5-s;i pdstreze
caracterul ei cle lormd airriori,<i subiecLivt"r. Fichte suprimii c1e la !n-
lica:eaprbtuaetz. alPuCcrirrnuiiiiacicniiealslsaintltielusngr,ii'i.cpllrriiuamrlecacreitnicitanreliitc,m.leraraX.tliesrdtiieirsf;liainccfectriaransipitleedlecuacnln:eilrloaagsmtinm{qXad.isiFct-leoo--
nomenul nu mai este rezuitetul aplicirrii forn-lelor apriori a1e snbiec-
tului asnpr-a ltnui oi.riect absoiut, care cleviile astfel uraterie de cuqe-
tare, este 1l intreqime prodllsul subiec'tului. Ciocnirea i)e care o'
suferea spiritui clin partea lucrului in sine exterior lui devine actril
propriu al spirituirii. Nu mai avem clar indoita activitate, a subieciul',ri
cle o parter care impune formele sale la ceva strdin cle sine, Ei a
obieciuiui uunenal de alta, care le imirracir : non-eul este in intregime:
un procius al eului. I\lumai eu1 existd 5i ceea ce ne apare ca o limitare
a eului cle ciitre obiectele externe nlr este ciecit o limitare a eului (le
cdtre sine insupi. Trebuie insd sd precizdm ce inlelege Fichte pri*
acest cu (tch, Ichheil) din care el face principiul itleaiisrnului. Prin eu
se infelege indeobgte conqtiinla inclividualS, totalitatea f enomene ior
interne, strinse sub unitatea cienumirii corr.nne de spirit. lnsir Fichte

60

T9

g0I 'd 'lusllp?pli red nlosqe oursr^rlrsod GI slaA '(uBrlv '}uo) 't!qd ap 'lql8]'i1

'loqojlA slllof sp lp1l3 zr

--uaap3usl urlpnrllosr*clpirlJEJIaorJqorartrnsuaJnppprlrJdrnpBspJoluitoJi lJaiqo-lJaiqns Bllpiar ep truailuocl
ptrrrldlls ?irEalr{J1J otldn..t3frnor,_,

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Iatrsef,e rr:e1o6no e rl ro{ua:}srxo Eele}iun Jep aiso uEatrqf,rJ InE
13 durrl i3elare ul olse a-rBr nrdar/lu,,rsrldliloJ sraqleue:ols1rxrreunBr{f,rLSrr}rsalfpulrnl$rcolrucnnrircei
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un rJ .rp zl.t:)
rusrlpa-r
1nrutrd u! '!nirL-Ilni porpluozaldar tt1 nps nJ3ni Lri irrLi run:)orcl I r?snrict
alsa r-aJpJ e{urrlSuot lrr rJrlr 'e{uolsrxa uj r:)irr psnd rg a1eoc.[ n.ir 'ro{ul
-3oun: e r$ rafualsrxa p EI osnpar Jolazalrlup .rolnllll
puiardns Ezalrlilp
ir1:Sie,-rrmailt{ocu:urc1lnn3;scuonnJldJt"rrcpoulIlJq.iIIcaSl aetJros:ulae-JilpJar'lp.Igp}nieuioopsllspqrpoxlapuoo-I}rer?}-1riornrfn,'li;aoTiuJraniCi]l
l"1-J'$eeoipu'lue{eno^rltaislrre.reraeolutAcnelripr6locra,irro-prr.;Jiscu}nirn!os; also qfualsrxa aJrlo 'co.rclrlar pun;1qd es rrn-rJr1t
1rp---SnnnlfncuJJoipaploa;pelpsrofir,l;rsiiri?Jnaao-.r-rJplI3e3eJpdoulnsec'grslEgillpra{a;rJlaJilotoBriac6prplcgJuaaradri1.rrrrLpp$3oloue'Io-'Jeoiuaef.-niup6Ippraog2i.'us.I1vLolo1IexneoeloJnos1dofoar:;fglatisi;et.oJrr'aPnl1loirec.0Inolin]ilaqcsEJlrisvrIRiXlzTfo"o,e'-ieJpsarupe[lplniaJp,lJIa}E?fpla,lnpl-eEJr1ucpi^itelsoflauunJiri:ofg'lTRglEttC}1.rntltiutl]]t-coiILSllAsupcEoatrattiiSt.rl
or.rTs ui pfualsixa e+epalp q]-reocl qr t! trrotclo 1de.r1t plualst>la o a.Ie q;l
rprqt Eaa:)e rurd'rLflsott tnlnltrtds e ountf:t; o ap'c1eob o"tttiitazo-icio,t
o a;dsap rpurnrr nu iS rliear cfurrlS o orclsap EClloA alsa 'pfurltount
o a;dsap uiiqrol pu-r;r u*u 1o1 'oiuelslxe lalsaJe u giuttlA o ;ep arttill
as efualsrxe nr i a'ltpuaarlserxlae frae1ps3'3rE:fueaflustrxriosuoorapolspraqleoJAp1r ;'lonloerorrdalna51+"rp
oundnsard E LIli
plpJ

: JjrllosclE na lsaJp e6ualafur as r:s
arnqarl rullJ plerp 'elilf,Tg'i{'f 'lnln}osolr; 1n-r;'(asna;ntqualq o!A Dt
re-Suryea"lluttaatDllsqilxrtCnaoirc3nl laIpanolJlqprrllorplisr.VrlpE'JoIiIlglplfereJrgrra'op;duer;1op--ncr-lrte)r1s,,'uIuniarodc-LnuaJo7r]ruLaitnSbsrl1aan:r;aetrul3nu'ezra6'r:uetrnnlosiorfasinq.uer.
1n1lrtds e1 gulcl'e-torieij uI aLIpLLrn tt.iglabnc e-rdnseap t3 elunpr.trl-.rir
ra{urrlSuor e;cinseap pJlptr as psui elqJid '1elaua0 ul }?upurl1 e}irrrltuor
ardsep IJIrr 'a.rpJorEo plenpl,r.rpur g{urr1$uor
ardsop IJ T'lnrrluosprqlprolnllrorrlcslas
o a;dsap nu 'Tclnoqnqn uro,slssn.\\ag o arCsep a1i;ec1
-rol lupy (07 $) nuauoboyot4 u.r pLr.IJ 'plrllsofp rorradns lnlosqp lurd-s:
IaDInorrcpirptnJtnlraop)pllplulpp1nrupeurJ-rp'etJodsufeau-IttrlttoulSSunruato1opeot1$ntpt1ltnfeg'alutlrrtelteadilatslil.erroorpl1aeIpntsEruLruorrrslrrrrrrcJdllrnpleJr opoarrllqlsronreo:snJap'riJpnoruJnr rsarrrrs1{r-p'i'rao}:1su;nerdx1dpaualarlreuluauenuprri-lunrnnolgrll
''uanol.rllrreuslruIlnpJlariJtrrrpedllsas6arcn'rcouuearspnnrre.rro1auuaropdC.Jn'rlSsn1apouasrlqpselrulrrInn1a1r,rrruJ'1dr,.1rtrrradnsllosesa.qJrpepln1aJnr1onr-pprrsadslor'JnrpJalnalJtsear:nfltvlltl'

clent ei pune o lealitate absolutei, aceea a spiritului, care nu este
s'"rbiectul absolut, dar care conflne reialia subiect-obiect ca o detertni-
isucnduraiecibtradisecltiaisiiimnn,mifdpieu'e,orliuintuorisniavftroaafduermrldaeucoallseczaatdtlru.idnocFeenreutidolueiilnonil-sgiirlns-iuarislin.SfeaaI,nbcctcseurao-mparlueoctFsi,peiirbacviicnhitredt,edeFoeaiisncofchtdbr5tgeie,eubccrufaaloiiruncennfeaeteladaluzfilondipacErprriinereuiacnl pzicspiuiripiitiuleciou1lo-irl'
$stiinineteeir"rifc]'lVeinstsesndscdlleodf utcsdiehtoleaJtdcacuutdiloc;a-
\rersitatea feuomenaid. ,,Doctrina cu existenla, devenirea cunog-

clintr-un principiu unic Ai de La in acelaqi timp 9i desfdgurarea
tinla ; clar cum' cunogtinfa se identificil
exprime prill procesul dialectic ai euluj"
tiniei, desfSgurarea ei are sii
exi'stenfei. Aceastd ciesfdEurare se face
EaoPubr1csin,ooptnlrurt-riiuna. nzEaictacteltlrupeclulsnoadeibluesnapoorlauinmtc-feolturapci.lrilcanimelsrldieptiiuvarncleieenaupiislritooi9ppdirueioanaeldudiesiotuetrruxlanigsipeteraoncblpu6so"c_tzloEuiftiutuuIunl'penAucnnnoetoiutlelfe-iuzne-aeLu'
lrtoionrrcaisu:e-seceourrl-eICgciiliipanrzooArci-,ienautrql-auSncuXnat lrpeturaeslieiilaeataemapirnuindncouiupiaiiudd,eicsaterruuegieensileenlspiinnastreluez;ai,reacamaliitnlaimdieuai--
celuilalt. Opin, in eu, eului clivizibil, un nan-eu divizibil. Acestea snnt
cele trei momente ale dialecticii fichteene. Teza exprimd categoria Ieali-
i.dfii, antiieza categoria negali1nii, 9i sinteza
categoria limitdrii, care
care se deduc toate celelalte. Subiectirriiate
si-riit sstsg6riile sufreme din absoiut6, limi+.are 9i determinare recipr$cd
absoiutd,'realitate obiectirrd
utnsuioti"aen.Lig-feei"e.irgigcuiuiiunndonoegnts-ciene6u{ltallrsu,ei.ocelnAa1tcroepslosirtgicnpiucrmp.ocrCoepupsumrrcicalietarsdleeaebcncteilci:ee<iniisriuatn.ietsaanirrfiaae,tsd?adgnCaiundmtcec5aileipagcrrueielmnncoi sucredreniaaaeLlrcceei9ra--i
vlsosri,uirearcicezlcedl.oesSisapreirevsn,eeihzx,oaiicscfolriiSuoipncsrnineilreuier,pmlipoi(eaAeairtneecesueulcoiplulselaiisndb.iun)snciosleeirmu-,lfatief.gercphniatroidoirroenrdrra-ei.een7luue3ellieusDdeciainuaerlxcutaplcnecltieizcccsvdudtot,prllitiarnmirigntr,baitlraea-croidl.ufeicisinioottseprcuetn:icaniircrgiceeiaei*,l
pliri cie originea lui concreti gi poate sd conproniLd principiui ideaiist
irsea:urotlsilhu1Dtnlt5idc,aicicagtlpraiioneccaeduiriilecueu$ili,rinnipeitsnrrscaiftnreeitedio.grereICdcea-iiurat-mlllpidneeeluslfnitueetrnexrosgpminlniic-gnceauoutsrni?rcsieleiieaipOmiluietd..naaaLtttceidlmeailaailudasonmrdperti-siartiSirnl-eelouurnesi-uaeaeiluuitpdai;reztienbaaacirjseueaisnnbtesaa-
pi:eonzirifriru, naeelxopgiicicai realitatea non-eului. Eui Lr.n llon-eu, dar aceastd
;u:unneei existenfe distincte de
nu e clecit constatarea
sine ; ea nu |oate crea tlon-eul, care cieci trebuie sd preexiste' Din ce
rrea'rir cLtl noll-eul ? clin sine insuq;i ? ciar el este in intregime eu. $i de
ce aceasl5 ireblir:{ii a euiui de a-9i c[ea uil non-eu ? Odatd ce esie ab-
sclut, Ce uncie nei,oia Ce cei,'a distinct de sine ? nu-gi ajunge sieqi ?
ilr,: rl s;:'1-9i inl-relr;;.i activilaiea lui pLrri;i identicir prin opriri gi cioc-
.l iichte Eiie cd ia aceste intrebdri ru se poate rdspunde teoretic.
jitlir;-ri practice'
ar-cea jr'.sd so1..r!innca ciificuitSfilor pe seama filosofiei

rr Ci. Dccliiril $fjinlci, Dechicllltncc reprez::nlctii, PcrJec Il, cap, II.

02

s9

I'ul-1nnano1rbddnrrei-rruuruJse1r.l-'rno1lapJ6loraqlrrpe'rErrloaddI:{Bluu€I1nJeli6ilaEaoIsapnu-onar'1oA:roupoeaeJ.iyollrep13lTcn1ruprlqaanTrp{lsdruopaadIunllrs?rleprJ€xd;ppaaiJ]ApppposSIpEapapurJoerppJJslJArpJonndrJludurpnui3rna.eurl3ulRJoarcsJuldle.rpeJuospcnplBseeRo1cisie,ol'tl\rnjl1i!eoTuap1s5tlraeerTire1n-sl
'tn1 olafuenbasuocur o:Ipotr nJ rtleu6op Intusrlunp aJnppoJ '11ti;rfurrls
a,IelaJJaJ o nf, o:llllrlodau plrluptuor a-izaod ap asartp nt 13 :rrquprlllp
Irls un-JluI psndxe 'rnl BrJOScilC 'lnurslzourds 'plsrieopr retu plnl€ioloJ
o nJ 'pzpa]lpooJ 6uoueipl1s1srasBqucJgi np'.rrrninullnoeldunloiinlrsrlrqiJrerndeIslnsrauluruonn6dpu'loJrE-lrn*llsreorrrtBdpsruenirdJd
1a Inrlisrl
-alerecl pulrincl rS
ozozilpa-T
as ps r$ p6ur;lu1
plruril ap
'IoJelsqo ep EIoJB 'nrle6au IoJ un lloap EoAp nu Brnlpu 'lnlno B :IIJop
alBrIIBar g'1J1nelnplnullofrsuqrpveaoul-n'paulqiucoldpJ'oeqJonrsnrpSulinrulierrdefguan;arJglplduel aISrl eelplr:|uapr
atrsa aipJ 1*eaace ad
buup-'re.rrlilniiuldlq1rrleueepr;o'po.Jot1rloseu'1paprouuo6nlsluanuuur1sn1lerIdnr'cr1fSiglnn'l1lnnlerBonlulnsaqrqrlprcueprlusgsuirSuI-leaet!srarinl'TlppluripoqnilappilpenprJrarrouedrlpnrlrpnpirsuoCuB]ruirolrJu3rdJrraa'luJasgiJuaBl*orle;ucdi1oalraogleustreaonduluern6ualiuroJElraulB1Jlo1sJ'pppaofpqsl,slJ'nisIBlsJdurapinIeJ13nrpaclile'p1u'epreii1r1JpeppioJozssrr,p1rJozleJJ{poraoadpl;Iil
-uos Balelrtrn auallue{ -Iolrl-iofio}e3 pa}E}jsJa^rp qns pul+npJ rs arlrs rij
IninrJnl er{:rperluor puSrui;dns 'o}qJIC 1itl IB Ar}Jalqns Inrusrlpapl

Tr33i{ : ,ii}-icsg\r rI}tfsi'IvfrfiI

AI

ul naleru ural3eounr o aJBf, od alpor ralprnp e orfce;1st1e 2 alrrclur':
rS nnprzo:
l'--npLqlr;eoonsldrnqErppfaelredIansrrlnrnnup-dano-rinor-lJcrulllBuul nIa'1gornue.1rJoposopJqra3eoar.Ilrton1ddlarnJcaaal asrpspanarnuarueu'rlnnp'da1ulri'aelqo:lrirpz.lrolrrparrdru1poetrrnnpi3oue-euolaortu.Sur:eSgl1rrn$uuyrrnrol1asa$qpul2n'rt1unnn1nl1nnooors:
alrrgcSrur oleoJ 'alrnu3rqo rrrglaFnr a1e durrl rrI are1lorord t3 a.rezrierl
pe-erardrursdrf-ol.pupuaalBlEeoIar'uprn:aei:out$rrdpg1sgsulupll6.'eraorrnducslrraraplunJncl'tlrdo'e.urlon1roaopd1dslesacuuprolspl ilpurraJBprAluraaocllesaruppereil*aeaurteunorlilruofa-l-uillcuier1r
a.rdsep glutrlSuor urale ps urallunfp aJEJ urrcl rr0olotliscl
erfelrrur o ]Irap alsa nri auaa:iq3r; IlJjltolprp lnfequrrl 1o1 lnlnsaco-id e
'puo1 n1

'JIlaJoal Inruaurop od lol plp,\lozal alJ ps linqorl ig re 'a1tqe1e,i
prede au gs rafrirrl$ rauulcog e eunrirnpap ebeartrul et nln:1iguaddel'pscrlloaruonadl
polpjlnJrJrg 'errlcurd lrunrfer
1n1eur1.rd nps Ininualsrs
La'eru1li€unrtorrtrvr5llSreeaa1upreolsr3oa1p'an(unlusara1n1e1na;oouJgds)ra'uIrJnl'r1BnnnJ1ee-p:auIulroae.irrrXgJuorrSrlSptrrprenlaclonlo'aapr:lrq'ra'nc1l1prrungo1r1lreSdanup1Jr1lauJ'1;1r5nnsd1yJne'11en1nc11dretneraca;reuerednogllpl,gep-.iuIrerbrlrTau,dtgeor1prperl

principir,l f ecuncl , nu sterii ca absolr-rtul lui Schelling. Absolutul iui
Hegel nlr este incliferen!5 purri, nu este un terfiu neutru in care se
pierd realul pi iclealul neginclu-se reciproc, ci este identitatea ior vie,
evolufia 1or, care 1e conline ca tnomente inlSuntrul ei. Absolului
acesta nu este o exisfenlc, crlm ar Ii snbstanfa spinozistir sau absolutul
schellingian, ci este o evolulie, o clesfirgr:rare (Enlwiclielung), pozi-
fiune de deosebiri gi opozifiuni in sinul siiu. hcest absolut, acest Fiir-
sichsejn, care confine in sine toate cletermindrile eristeniei gi cuuo;-
iinlei, naturii gi spiritului, ca r:igte mctnente a1e evoluliei sale, esle

'tdees.

O exllrlnere com.pleld gi o apreciere inotivati a acestui sisiem
r-rriag ar inirece caclrul acestei lucliiri ; cle aceea ne \iom rndrgini nurtai
1a ceea ce lre iutereseaz;-t irnecliat, aciicii la ieltll cum Hegel pune
probiema realului qi ce sohiliune ii ri.i.

Eseniial in sislemr'r1 hec;elian esie rne totia in Lrebuin{atii. FIegei
e clopti rnetocla ciialecticii a 1ui Fichie : concilierea tezei 9i auiitezet
intr-o aiirnare superioard care si'l ie intreeicir p'e aninclou6, dinclu-i
insd o inai mare clezvoltare. D'.liti"t el cliaiectica este o proprietate 9i a
concep'Lelci ;i a lucrr-u-ilor : a concepielor, ciici fiecare concept duc.:
cu necesitaie ia aitele ; a lucrniilor, cr)ci fiecarc. h-icrr-r inciivicl"uai esie
in iegilurd c,.t i. lteie. A;a cii procesul prin cai:e rr-iint-ec ajuncle iu 3c[srrcir
exprimii in aceiapi +-iiap;ii via'pa iniirna a e-lisLetrlei. l.titucii- troi cuge-
lirin e>.istenfa, eristenia crLqel.ii in noi. Fiecete coticept este unilateral,
confine regareil lui in sine rusrisi; prin negarea Lui insii cluce ia ali
concept care-i este conLraciicloriu;i care in sine este tot atit cle uni-
iateral; ambcle concepte srint insd nornentele tLt'rui al ireiiea, cat"{r
confine o unitaie superioarir airincinrora. Si eicesl concept, 1a rinclui
lui, este rirr rromeli'r i-rliiaieral;i prin tjegafea ir-ii ciLrce ia alti uniia'ir:
pi rnai iiialtir. ;;i aga rnai ciel.reu-lo. Aceastii rleqare a coucepLelor esle
originea lui.nror cleosebirilo:r: 1i cpoziflunilor, cdre nrl suni fixe ;i nii
+,:.<isiir ;;entru. sine, ci s lur I nLirrrai inoinenteie trecii Loare ale rnigcdrii
iilanente a r:onceptelai. A;;a ir,linc1, cle exernplu, concel;lul cel rnai
abstraci, acel de exislentir, irrin rregaiea lui ajunglerir Ja conceptui cle
non-existenlir; insti opoziliunea ciinlre aceste dor-rir nit este absolut5,
cici se conciliazii in conceptui sr-iperior cle clerrenire, care este, in
acelagi tiinp, gi e:xistenfl :pi non-existenfii, este trecerea ciinti:*o stare
inlr-alta. Aceastd cliaiecticd nu exprimir nrrrnai mersul giridirii, cla':
exprinS si elol.uiia realitir{ii : in cugetaLea noastrd bate pr'.lsul exis-

tenlei. Nzletocla nu esi.e clec.i numai o pozifiune subiect:r.'5. cie tez5, auti-
tezd, sinlezS, ca in ciialcctica fichteani, ci este o dialecticd a existentej,
care urircazir, copiaz.l cllrsLll ciriar al. iucr..irilor. Dialectica ntt prociucr,
eristeiita, clar reprocluce i:eutrer con+tiiirla cugetbtoare ceea ce este rjet
tuai inainie cl at irr sine. Rca1u1 nu este creat prin aceie poziiiuni succe-

sive ale lcleii, ci este urn;rii in toate contui'ririie iui, cste filcut in-
ieiigibil. Nimic ininteligibil, nimic incnnoqtibil nu existri in iLrrne :
toatir existenfa este ra{ionald. Dialectica tirmeaz5. qi dd o socoteal:r
clespre cursul existenfei, ii bate pulsafiunile. De aceea se poate zice cii
Logica este, in acelagi iimp, gi o ontologie. Aceastii dialecticS, prcces
al cugetdrii qi proces al existentei, exprim5 conrringerea lui Hegei

64

99 g 81€cr 6699 Ep-il

'/6I'd'II''c^,anldosolrlId uojancu rcp a!.r.rqcsaD,6urplloH .l.I .!J tL

alsa ia6aH InI prlBJlldxa 'prnlpN pI pJr60T pl ap paraf,a-r] alsa nel6 lp..i
ueopnpn-Ip'-BoosarsrruliJ{ulJsrrsiodpesoria.aIFJlJlpnlupnn'L]n1ueJlpnq3lnppJurJrl1ouuourllp}JaoClurfnulpuslaolqrad^qaeIlrJpzap^npfssppIJsleBlarpElIenasrn6II-sJpsrrnreJiaroaeuonlaIrHpcrlJourirnrn_trJpsnlIrrIpldrn.pronnJlx'ael1esplnaioIalnqa/osIia11]IoeplggnesIl0ansrauu1asI2lqJnrnqlJpiofnpavaepgurallrpllso^as6tuu'rdr.coiasfJslnapsauporPalrlrlnn.leIsrSllpiBsonla!cnrooadlarI-liJ'lpuJJ-upJdrralarrppaloraxnrJ-iJJJcurrlaa-urprlart_cprnsfgrJopur,trs]slaras[peIr,JrSarIo1errllsuporE1ctueparasrJlonnJerlplprsrrrsllJ6.qeenerelrrpconJln1nSuIslrJrrprirppqacqiddrnlNJpNlriirricJbtlIrccEunlroupxuu1I-uAinrpoaiblrfr-rpriu1rcs,d-apdaJuxrlpsruzrrarJtpJlrnne,slr-rrJptrpc3api,lldrneJr;cas-JxrebcrecspraioEqtnrSJszlpo"el"srasiailelrrlstinlpduulesuuesspa5ooarJnrrar6cpEur.rrilil;l
Ja,, aoc]1lJE1'p6TieoErcJf"uuerfn]sqapnslseilnpaldo]pgslcqrlpeuorinrnu;oesr'r1gdlre3lgrar1pdpgresrrrrefl,e1olibplgroTullllcno,tcqaglrsezsrerncuaiclrlrirsesreleIcci1eo6ICrlor1o'snrnpau:r)pcteeercJdJrsril,ierti_crgllre-1lrIsrnarallrijo1pip,Ef'
lnap''iae1alllfqppeiuaJfua1,IgorluCloorrfr'le1rdIufe.n.rr1seualerJnpa'1epraaJalaea6dlolcaleulrglnrrnol'lor"'ep$seup'lrqoleSanrelfulraenirfo._unorruorlsrspelrlrJupIllnuepuaurpan,lsra.x;rpi6lJoeoea,fJe,quaopaJe1rEl1es:l6praRoxzolJlaeut,1,as,oopu'p11rarleennqpgrilrloperrJosJ,,rgt,q,lruee,pneprlsanEnlgsruodequtorqrnrporasoJt]rrlnB:,lunrLra1flrcLp:e]iruerpa,no1ur,,tc-airet.lcsrjaolilure-lrr;l
'e:lnlos(lI]
poapl ul Eqrposqp os lpe1slaappieirrlIedEdspiopalsprolprtltperalirll}rLo6roonrupopsru,oarlupr.znlJrllpdool_nsrarlonraloclls,6eaurrl1,l!ri:ar1rrciir:laggi
cl1pJ ra er{n1o,La
ul
nrluacl pJ 'lnJrrrds nc
-Bdp o olso rpur nu ErnlpN 'inlnlrtrclg DrlosoFl alsa elporredns azelurs
rolso3p e errftolorualsicia prsardxa rer '1urc15 else 16 'greoirolxa es eftio1
-r-Ssurycx.tou)r1gu1rrepuo1grsJggereslxotarSl pBIJassaeepfrucelonslsspglxSaapuzTue.Ia{azllllarIooprdJl paelxfIuartrrrlaSnsJr9,eeNrurD,sprrelnodtsrooagus-lanalpslusaelfireS(uuriarrsifrreoacdtlrps)
--piuI-r-a1r'etr1-ae1Se€aneJlIna;1eer-bErlJugrJurt]paruqd'!Tuorlrsarbca1S1lrIrrpSprnI1eu[eruospirs;ISerrr1aouenjsraaloocusIrSurlJlrau-dolaoqiaorlornigE'cplsp-e-slaaLlru;ee--er.sprpfrsrro1ererJeJaozpaprrrqpnpsoJe+nrcprlutfplnue.rrr,prur'nrnn0repratllplp;rg{sosJla'lsueulppplraerpioau:tpcJpl!-r{uuourllsreJrsurnolurSpooaa(rIa;BlX7rlprprlxuolpp'stpSssaaoaauruuc,urrdlrbnpnsa'rnIauptaearard6uolf'prp1ilenfeIupou1nalainrlrnnrlaJaara6d/rorulWelufBdierlo1luerrsprlxrsro:as)aJrtpg1udl-axgseq6JoluIzrssaaIflupprne1loiar'pdrJraxc.1debopilAp,ratSo'aIxrfaarIapn0oerp_re]lrage{lprplrrlaI3spBucpl,nr']ctaopr1lusIrpanqlI.arrlnnrrelapJrsJur'o'eltalrJa]nepcnrl1rculJllJerlnp'aprcpraprpopssfoopslJ.l,r^iirs1irdrB1l'TpalorpJpsdnEa1Jn]lproletapu1rap|pptsaapue'uprrpgrooonraeasruuurnllrrpuJlropcJiopllurjrrcua'la-uraAl6?e-rura1ru]rrrrSeula-zx1tn1nefrlrprer1tarcuaclelrqLeaa.le1lsrplrlrnounpurJnul,rp:lpoulorulo1lorrnEaosJJsrra:r1rparllrai.f]6plrudlprnesoauaerau1tsJurdlJlpiraritrd$)inrlra1uaiEalsaleJrl}nproarses]rae.arornrurporrpluTn.rpl1lslrrriilr

partea cea tnai obscurfl d,in Logica lui (ultima pagind din vo1, UI, Wis-
senscircfi rier Logik). In aceastd trecere se zdre;te dualisrnul latent in
tisndadlteleafasaliecs; m[np' aurinogi ttipeee,rslieguirtliiunbdsllsidaealebpccsrrotieinclau,ztn.dluoDaipinatrialinentcuftriainacpf,aeiunlneluuscusialrdlieuIedixpeproeelnaitcetoelnoloigciagliecicdas,bresncaeureefneaie.zceaeNgradedteuacrplaiie-t
sine ; abstraclir-rnea nu poate da na;tere realit5fii, abstractul uu creazd

concretul, Aceste afirmafiuni vin des in opera lui Hegel ; sisterirul iui
Laorgeiclr6r,enteunfeiasteabosurrecalSlitsadtefiueliiumndpacanlloegsisdme.xIpdleiceea pur5, consideratd
nu realitatea Naiurii,

de
faJstaioo;vcagibueic,ctiSirmti1leiie:uSssalciienlnaillruarseeuitaec-uDeanioieepNrci.etailOvetauitpamarSotleiiz-ntaIaiddiiloeupiuenusSeurldoap9,ge-liiNorcIioerdaataurerierrxdaifisccitaodddrbaeiiinnrellcnedstuuifveimnmirttaaarbuitrSeSloplsipgoiirsuepitterauodmzzlu;airfi,iI,rupdluuneeine.eadladlmeeealicansb.e-r--
doud. Dar aceastir impdcare gi reducere este numai verbald. Odatd ce
rcsierearreaeacahlnvoiirioelneulnnl tsidiera-rpauoli-sanmtuei,afoaddcianetdtcelcermecietsnepir.ainDdtmrin-uitandcoessuutdbptreuenrfacu'luigtdidu{eisvcaeaud-deparreitne,,jFlilieclcih-lute-
era rnai creciincics principiului idealismului absolut cind punea.ullivel-
saiitatea cugetdrii gi a reflexiunii ca existenfd unicd Si nega orice iea-
iitaie in afard de dinsa.

v

,.l,ucF.ul- IN Sil{E" CA VOI}iT'.ji

Dintre urma$ii lui l(ant, Schopenhauer este cel care ulmeazA ten-
diri!a agnosLicistti a criticismului, clindu-i insd o intorsdturd originald'
prin aiiei:ea ei cu o doctrind moraiS sugestivd. Doctrina schopenhaue-
rianii, in inireg',rl ei, este o admirabilS construclie, in care vedenl des-
fundamentale, idee exprirnatd chiar in tiliul
flgurarca nnei unice idei
operei cle cSpetenie a filosofului: Iumea caVoinliL Si Reprezenfcre'. In
teoria cunogtinlei urmeazd de aproape pe Kant, simplificind insd cloc-
sd admitd
trina criticistd ;i dindu-i o mai mare unitate. Astfel in loc
cseiisntsinibcitleitagtei adeFisiinnetelsetScttudtlo(aSrein, ncliachinkeCitrjufincdaVReatslituonniid)puc.are,dopuu6nefa|cnuelt-d..li-i
denld unitatea organicd gi funcfionald a minlii, care are ca singurd fa-
cultate actirrd intelectul. De asemenea, suprimd tot aparatr-rl greoi gi
simetria factice a deducliunii transcendentale a categoriilor ; intelectul
are ca forme apriori, spaliul, timpul gi cauzalitatea. Nu mai sunt de
o parte formele apriori ale sensibilitdlii gi de cealaitd conceptele pure
ale intelectnlui, a cdror impreund lucrare era a;a de complicat expli-
intreaga cunogtintd
cati prin acel obscur schematism transcendental :
este supusd unui principiu unic, acela al rafiunii, cu impdtrita lui rddd-
cind : ralio essendi, tiendi, cognoscendi Ei agendi. Principiul raliunii
suficiente este forma generald a oricdrei cugetdri de obiect, este co-

66

,,9

r$"('B'u)r$ ''II 'd ''II 'to^ 'burytalsro1\ pun '('o'u) 'g 5lIa'IM'yaar6y ate u
'd '[oA '6unna1'froL pun aIIr^A sID '!3
'('e'u) aIIrAl sID llaM alQ ',I) sL

st

iiiiX-*'fi;:'.:iX:tifiprr'r'ar r; aleod ar or're ps opurl ,",.'nu'n"oT;#

npeiluasflxJagollp2uJllsepofuuBonluosntx1anle1ruru:errndusu16aoaprl1sualu1 apapl1pu3uaeondo{eu1spo1uualelZaraeeflleuulaauzlasezrrxdagaldraZrrJplp6rrcr'rgurpiirupar}fnsiluriexpalual[lrpnouTpr
arrJeJrl Brrrrlln nJ p+ppo oe-.{rpuJdsprpalgp* gdeaorecl Bs arels ur alsa atpJ alurtu
parunl 'a.reluazolclo-r BJ
purrrd nJ p1€po erBde '1otr nrluacl
Bournl 'plpuonroual paurnl Jpp Rlurzo.id eu 'icalqo InJuJrlo eiurl*ount
pz:auorfrprioJ orpJ 'arinrfer op Inrdr3utrcl r€ ]Jaiqo-]Jorqns pruroC
'rrJp:Iua?

J--IapuJ:dnnoIrunIpnTolJtnuella'alr3lqsanorqsBo1lsI3na1JfppnJ1:r:prao;prqCEgoqsr1Jrag,l;,e'e1o1lcprtlareopsu'r.nropuu,r3eoJprBern-JJi'inui_rtulrnn'a1r1{rsr.naiebnduuuislniulrdnItErlsrJi.-rTrroac,pi\

+soJp : lerouab u1 annrfer op rnTnrdlruucl t6 aJpurJn urrd greor.ralue 'e1se
prr:t:d erftpuoc lo.rpJ e 'iafullSouno R.Isoue+ile atrsa lnln+Jalqns r$ 1n1r-Li;a
-rqo eeunilJrrllsrp eSe 1roa1-I'paJurpn11'e{euaaprruel0dxreunrS: 'esu1-rlrirp gspoJS rJ a:leo.l
eoiinrfrnlul gpara;d
nu tS 'a1so eunrflpuoc lilRlll
-pznEJ eabal 'rRlape-rlui 'runla-rC 'rnlnursrrrldats eal.led ap 'Arlrurlep uj

lI-'IealJaaoJuIprUrgpqpu1loprungIl1esl-uJrnlxrpd€ppazTuBn'rn1e-ops.Jurllp13nodlur3ieollapcrrprJt(1ulaleo1rIppnpuiolrS3p':reoJel1ccrrlqeraerrgolrelq'oau'anlunlrusqnbun3roarfdlespJg.rilrnlulrIrranlleduprlrasupIl:lnlnsnderrlaucIor6sisrplr:slu'gpilaurre"lslrr'pprcuinllieslrona'liilnrlpdp3pluraJlrpaiEp6qprJuonqunspnnpasJueIrEAlseJU-lnlosEJ'pudoa.rurBsJl3srloJi1uilca€oiuuJenunnaJll
rJapolerrisrnnlrlJlnr-lJplaur:arl p1uSurea'u1pneled1pa'a;pruarIdnalllnxeIarrpElalJruluurnoIlJnllleJlpoplrl1lqero6aorrr6*ep;{droan.rnsaeeunqadupnarsdnaosJqqderg'a;olt)nlar1urqneorrlnliaocrsiollupul

-Irurel pcinp'nrlsou lnd.ior) lelpo-Lrri InlJalrlo o.rlrTI llJep plsrxa rrtr l.ioder
lsaf,V 'lJaJa EI pzneJ ap lroder un l3arqns r* lrarqo oJlul aliiupp e op
urlreJ arr ps oinqaJl 'a1e111eaner op eo5a1 ar{rpuor ldorp e.re eoirnrfrnlul
pJpC" : eorlc{e aieocl as r nrr ounrter ep lnrdrcnrrcl r3 lafuauaCxo t:le]uap
-uoJSu€J1 also trJolqo-lfaTqns eaunrfela6 'rlrlraruop JSoJE ul ierunu alpl,ll
-rqecrlde o arp 13 llqlsod l3alqns intpli,ro e elerario0 iEriofi.rpoJauierubnerlrluol1usaj
arer 'eunlfeJ ep inlnrdrrur.rd JErr{J prpor.radns a}so
gzeauorfrpuo: o 13 lefualre.dxa c"reorrelu-rl alsJ :l3aTqo un 1s 1:orqns lrn
lra1a-Jpo1-JeA1I:lrrruocprcripllsooBreanuoaulunulnnn1soloaferIp1Jn{nI1uN:p1uepIlspTlls1s6Ji6'axaelerJal1eJernIuoa,-prprp'eaJIaprnaplrlsUupblrtnoiulaatrpaozflrrczalAuilalrapAnCjxduoaraporecrr:lqurp;arorn(el+'sC1sqan'o1a1oepornl6seaseucaul1a1rEnb?'1sTrnul:iElacTA'orirnqr}nrlsJner'lsla,uuurlnnasar6r-zed.nrarslp;ugadfIflLpe€sr'trI:lxroIpI.oelrlgaplasd'd'tlgasexlioarls'rrliJaaxqnacperuili
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-npJ InIoJ pfuapraa rrl pirrnncl 'pluarrecixo erls€orr eSea:1u1 nJ Alsualxa

Schcpcnhaucr este crec{incios lucri-i|.ri iu sine al lui Kattt, pe
care-1 afinid nLi numai-.ca o ipcl-ezt"r necesari, ca L1n concept limitatir',
r'lal ca nn acler,.ir necesar, ca o explicare a eristenfei felotnenale. in
p,,eCtre.intiiccaaFleiio1suoi fiiieainliiaeusttiecnaec"elraecculenoaalgi tesecpiatruatttoticilactliirnprennetrruitetoletcdleeaucu5a-
iucr-nl in sine rie fencnren, ir:.sir nu se irlpacii cu mocltrl lui de a pune
acesl loLrrcirrc-ar iturnsoinLetie, cclaarbes-olutp, rceec€llal]1ceamesrle.ilozuctoinntraccalpic.fiepreincetedremnetn-i,
allare
rieoarer:e obiectul iru poate fi clecit petrtru uit subiect, ori ca o cauzii a
fencmen,.ilrii, ceea ce constituie o exlinclere nelectitimir dincolo cle
lurnea felomctnalii a ltiirrci;tir-rlni cie rafiune. Acest tnocl cle a lllllte
.existenfa lucrului in sil:e esle clefectuos gi nu poate cluce decit la cot-t-
tradic{ii. Oriqrnalitatea sisiernuiri si'ru coirsjstii, cltLph Schopenhauer, in
lelul cum prezintA trecerea cle la fenornen ia hrcrul in sine. I(ant cleciara
cu neputhiii aceastd trecere, pentrlr ci pornea cle ia cuuostinta o};iecli-
''r[. Intr-aclevAr, pornind cle ia reprezentare, uL1 putem sirri peste rela-
fini'iea sultiect-obiect, care este consLitutivir a experien{ei obiec|ir,er, 5i
xresie ltrii.tcipiul cl.e rafiuner care este forma experientei;
general5 a
cuno;;tin{a obiectivd nu ne poate da allceva decit lutnea ca fenolnen,
r-riciclecirli lrimea numenaif,, ciici intre lttcruL iu sine ;i noi se interlltttt
continuu formele intelectuale apriori ilerente oriciirei cugeLEri cle obi-
,ect, care sinc{ure fac posibilii cugei.area uuni obiecl. Ceea ce vorn cIp:Ita
lpe aceasiir cale este nurnai cr cunoptin{il a e:<isten}ei aqa culn apare
penLrr-i nci, sub intieita form."i a spa{iuiui, tinpului 9i cauzal it5fii, nici-
rlecli:u a e>listentei aqa crllrL este in sine. I)acI sinqurLil nostrlt le1 cle
cuiicgtinii"r ar fi cei prin r-eprezentare, nitr atr.i tnai ltulea ie;i clinir-insa
gi cum it-am pritea nirnic cureoagte clcspre iucrul in sine, acesr.a ar
fi peutru troi ca Fi cum n-ar li deioc 5i hril-Lea [e-ar apare ca rLtl r is
zadarrric. Ts 1-r611',it..i de la repreze.Lrtare, nti o pt-iierl a;aclar depir;i, Clalea
a ajr-uge la lueiui in siiie tlebuie sii flc a1ia, ncclul cle ctinoa$-
ltentiu liri tre]:uie sir fie aiiui clecit cei i;ril
tere a reirrezerrlaie. ,,iirlr-acleviir,
er fi cu nepulinfd sd se gdseascA sernnir'icarea cirutatirr a acestei lurli,
care-ini allare absolut ca reprezenlarea rnea, sall trecerea cle la aceastii
lume ca sir:iplir reprezentare a suliiectuiui cunosctitor, la ceea ce er
putea fi in afard cle rep:::ezentare, ciacir filcsoltil insu;i n-ar fi clecit un
rljlnerc.i)rlrrier,sziceullbr,l-ifeaarcceieaculltunanortisieciirlnloirtltr.re-Diqnais;ra,dcialercaufacnepoats,stileniiriaectiloruoigriiIscirlitui{iciciiinuiin"rrIsifiua;icelaurlleltroecs:lirbecpilati
conclifle uecesari elislenfa unui cr:rir, aie ciirui moclificirri sunt prurctul
cie- plecare a1 inteleciului peutru irituifiurea acestei luili." 7e Ntt sunietl
clar numai. subiect cunosciitor, ci apariinem gi noi catec{oriei lttcrurilor
rle cunoscut, suntem $i noi lucrul ?n sjne. $i clac5 nu putetrl
pirlruncle prin afard pinii in inpine a htcrr-rrilor, ne
esen{a proprie q,i in'rilirir

rirmine loiuE,i descirisd i-l cale pe cliniiuntru, o caie subteranii, o comLl-
nj.care secreL6, care ca ltrintr-i',n fcl cle trt"tciare 1te 1.ra introcluce cieociai5
i1 cell{.,rie... Luct'ti] in sine lie va aiuuge astfel la cnno$tjrfti intr-un
cirip cn lotul imecliat, rtl acest sells c.i va chpilia congiiinlir ciespre sine

7E Dic \\.Ir'lf , i, $ i7 in finc (n.a.).
i) Ibicltitt, S 1:i. (n.4.).

69

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ul
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ours uJ InrJnI IsJlSp rs'rtlln1 rr6ar1u1 e allls rrl palplrlpa-r nJ R3ilrral)r olss
orpJ
'pJJspou B auls u! Baleir{€ar ap Eslrr-rlnrrcl urarctorctp eg ,o1rur-rgo_rcl
-ur3srora.u1unr'r;r1loeu1rarasDrte1lsaJpnooppuurlrlooqilrrnJsdpotrdasw,reerlueIonrzflroanr]lduanrrJou'r,orredunre*eulqrr1trrolsrcoolrourqna:rgrcglpsDacrpilini g!olcr,tar{p.rj.i'rptpn-ir?,c1puistruj1i
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'p^rlrlo^ r* uI ,pu-ra:la pznpf, o uinlrtriJlr? ol nil
g,nrlrlade'en11ce;e pa-rels

e-IoJp:)'a-ipouaiur aJlseou elrrRls aldscl.r Lrra.lp o arpt ocl p{iltlLir Ea.Tol
o-.o*l-€?uI6pcIl+.psBalJaEr]'opop-aprntrarJlJnlp'pprrpu'gno1opuiorru1efe1rSparflr*r'lryaoe'oci^rrJlousre'pgplnleBuflaruuuaJuipapozFzj'ansruJaerBrrdiuprlredJarpdoJaat'1ra'pruup7rda:E'IeolrnieAJtrnioorl'aJ3€a.nrflqsl,nrel3riopr.pi:sJiprpalaplL1l:tlplis{onu.rorcruoierl;"nlu-'rLroalornrL,s}rrrr:-oul,nirrJrlnlurureno1aaiilldzrlseneraeicreaocaTl;:rlerrar1ue:nr1l,rlsgsnra,lJlenfJurtre.rriprirlrneelruoaprLopraupuiTnrrl,icorsrpo1llulJorJieLdriliitpt*p,rebnlpata.tsrauLlJcrlLlpliripil1lJ;p]rl

citfneiontncrfc-Sieoepnnatinitcliriimiiucduit1lndnu,efosdpeleouEspr'io-sacutreibtsicaauifCsinrtmet5anas-e,tdlnefiaotgndriitmcmi:l{ine,fiu,npdcrsefeliccupuicoidnrauetaelsmpinnreevgsdaoiznu;eatn,snutlufmluemal niad€itedcpccaeoxraieLstrean-
ar exprima-o. Schopenhauer, degi recunoa$te incogloscibilitatea abso-

lutal a lucrului iu sine, se sileste -s5-i clea o determinare. La ce bun ?
Inl.ru cit e justificatS, dupd piincipiile criticisnului, o asemenea ploce-
-dvc_aaorieevreo,?aipnlSieliiacnrh.ttero$uapiefKiunpnhoccatlel'uazereaetx'aonaihpudeaonsr,ceetcrclainnleterrleeiaaaiuibuitifnalntcceolaaerpasaplleabre,saoadlcletuuetiaipi.saotRatlee,ozcdpaueenorltoeatcairre$lruc.teeiiucfaiiliovinesluoamsfiniceneeae-
.le rellrezentare nU este ntlmai un fanioin inconSistent, c5 are O reali-
tate, insii faf{ de realitatea voinfei, luniea ca reprezentare are nllmai
rl realitate relatir'6, \Ioinla teosttecsellelrsriislaidtltei satpearoenmlea1ucirfefseinaoremeanaeil.e, ea
circirlS in
toate $i iu tol;
itniudl1*iiutc)unuticirii1tnl;s1;1ttoareciniob"tnu.ci]eeaiuDpmter"aicauaecictepetrasunitiattieei aq?{cuSeAaattisciltri.iq[S,etcgmsieatea(n'iiusiiftcetinorsgcttaairsnepu,rbsicminaueerle]jad-eiodsafiireesrn.iloefoamgramsetpnuee'rlcacCuS,lcda1ce-ei
relaiiui:i l"notonnule, sttir r,,'ti din fornrele nrincipiului de rafiurrc' Scho-
penhauer insS ne strigd cd e nelegitirnd aplicarea acestui principiu clin-

colo de fenoinen. AtirnCi qe ne iace sd credem cd lumea fenomenalti
Iaahffeaeoaisjslcucircetremrnecnmi,Clg"aeieorsedenrlndeee[esminaasoiolasafusniaenrape,mfrtiscieofnreneenridlinosemetomJatggaaaereairmnfecOee5eiptaal?ea'alaioLCcl,tsge,a,mrieienil"ciecaeaL'ilj,.ice,o.n,nsytVtCrsiqd,lrtnam,iii'nmrii?'tteeetda:{am.n$'sltliorneieia..ilidgtniconle,aespodcscicnnerateieiec$lin"rrptsitiedi;ierrilaSe,istnpenuldtteoaite5tiSzrifi,vdte,siiilanrer[iciitltlnae.fodirlldcieeiirietf-.ipmrnceasitodrhuneiiiriatls.nge.1ffadsaeoefaennrti,rmro?imecermdaeps5hmtett4ieepun9atinaiiiinincqelaedeet{rups,n-t1oloEee-oaii
etice ? Producerea lumii de, ceitre voin|5 prin obieciivirriie ei, fenome-
nalizarea ei ptin imprdcaqea formelor apriori ale timp.ultii,. spafiului
;i cauzalitdlii ci aireelirseHad, ecvuiealstuepocrltvr.irpl the,irmaiieciadrienpsreinzeellitnasre{g, it'octreaacleesat

unui intelect
rolnan al lucruiui in sine este pur6 outologie, ln care icleea cle prodri-
cere, cle ca'.',zalitate eficietti.ii, c1e9i ascurtsJi suit soetpeormatlenotldogq5ieduoib. s'{cguur6lg,

ajutaiS de prestigtiul unui stil scinteietor, nu
aleastH procedare nu se poate justifica din punctu.l de vedere al criticii'
d;iindepsriegoucrucped1rmileaifimloasroeficperoafii al Criticii liantiane a fost inde-
Tenclinfa ontologiei. Schopenhauer, ca gi

piriarea
picnte gi Hegel, degi se proclamS fiecare singurii continuatori credin-
ciogi ai cioctrinei pur kantiene, revin pe aite crii la ontoiogia declaratb

imposibilii de CriiicS.
Ideea Criticii cea mai profllnd5 ;i cea rnai bor;atd in urmdri impo-
triva pretenliuniior ontologice este ideea de apriori' infelegind prin
aprioii ln cunogtiniS nu numai ceea ce nu plovine cliu experientd, dar
gi ceea ce face experien{a posibilb, gi nu numai experienta in infelesul
restrins cle cr-rno;tinfd de primul grad, perceptiune a lumii externe ori
a stdriior interne, ci cunoptinla in toialiiatea ei, teoria cunogtinf ei

rv

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asu-un1p1dlJoo+r;fIre1ulnuua1aJlospdIlrpxBeu'pIrsBpuIa1uoJl.llrpaa1lrnlnlluoppqelreu1ola6pldullloeilBrqacoogprpegpp1leauuor'glnJiiluat1rtu3slSaueol{{auJtirnreIoJnlr4zieapnpzJaJg}rodlaue}ug-lusral'ururnn.fIecellllsiuleeJs/u-naniuuoroolspou-}unTaliss};
.'a-J'a1eufuna1cs1ax.aunadlpaslroalr.IcpleJ Brn6uts 'sa1afr4au1q eleuarrloua; tafuelstxa elu
tS cluttl rSelece u1 luns rninitrrd-s ole
olorrrJoJ i-Io

pnn-1uurodpJ'e1lBsEo1oulcleoB1ur1JurrIrrolJoduxlleJa';grrfuulusfcauleIsanlrslsxpluxeuaooasrppuuJo1tnu+'eipInc;lloedtpueoafpluurluaeonJlJseulx1nBanua1elnpourrldrrB{lnpuJsaoePcralelupurIurnIltloJ6aort-fiueiurnt1n1lueEnru1ocrran\alESuiae1e1:url3eo1o1/Iscia$rl
pJar--r8uplsus6Jonag;raorlnflrnrfpunngldJlrluadul'rrraIenrnrrsropllrflul,uaadanlltxaluaeualplorluuJsIJnlororJJ:JueelapnJI-nlrtJeurEurlcraIrrrnnuolrdrlurronxnr:ceauluelleapap'+iulreuuIenprrnrlr{1arleudoSJlenBlxns1casonauIuedIn'asluaela3rloraaBspdlarofse,uinsprrneulJiuap^IlJeesa'eal'nslf'dlucrJlrrpullpleSlalllsrrrocurpfulr,aaenIlEqnJl:slouvI-gioJBr'ldprreqEJ-airisspu€cczniaaucrcruJriil

tleascil, ca apoi, cu ajutortll formei ceiei iriai sulterioare a obieciir iuii
se nege pe sine insi;i, ce sunt toate aceste procese
ei, sii ajuirc{d si
clecit o cier,enire petrecutd intr-o cluratd, transcendentir nu e vorbii,
rlar totuqi tluratti ? Forma dtiumraptudlupi,uritiru,tiifnicactadreasicei cle orice confinut
reprezentativ, apare ca o petrece dialectica
acelcr concepte Sarl a aitora asem.enea, tot atit de goale in confinut.
Ie)eu;iisetireirnelealediianiecstiinceii nqui este decit o realizare a formei timpului, precllm

obiectui absolut nu sunt decii o realizare i.r
forinei spaliului, ;i inanifestarea nurnenului in fenomen, o realizare a
iorrnei de cauzalitate.

Sripunind spiritul, cunogtinfa, unui principiu superior, insd incon-
;tient, acorclind acestuia realitatea absolut5 6i viefii conqtiente nuilai

joctitpsreituapiluigtai tcveaiurreelgatriteivpbdruo,ifesuunsbddo-ralclaloiCnbadrtidtci,coSinic,cheionppttreu-nalhddaeeuvendrorn,uumaceeensatoesntacg,reipdirniinvdceinipoceslnlrcrorleilnun-li
cle unele govdieli ale lui Kant, pune toatd realitatea despre partea subi-

ectulni cunoscirtor, actului de congtiinld lSsind cugetdrii unui obiect
distinci de actul de congtiinfS, rraioarea numai a unei afirmdri logice.
Este drept cX Schopenhauer dd o teorie a cunoptinlei mai unitarir qi

rnai coerentd, dar in acelagi timp, prin rolul secundar dat conqtiinlei,
taie avintul criticii cunogtinfei gi nu mai lasX cimpul deschis dialecticii

idealiste, precum iSsa Crjtjca Raliunii pure, tocmai prin impreciziunea

;i rrastitatea ei uneori inform5. Partea gnoseologicd a sistemului lui
Schopenhauer se prezintd astfel cu un caracter definitiv gi in aceiaqi
timp ne apare ca sterild ; aga cd tot interesul trece de partea cealalt.l
a sistemului, de partea esteticd gi moralS, care este gi mai izbitoare prin
originaliiatea gi strdlucirea modului cle prezentare pi expunere al fiio-
sofului.

VI
AGNCSTICISMUL LUI SPBNCER

In sisLemul filosofic a1 lui tierberl Spencer, rrasti sintezb clominatir

rle icleea fecrind;-i a evoluiinnii, reqirsim superstifia lucrului in sine

incunogtibii apiirind cu toate contradicfiile inerente realismului gi ag-
nosticismulLri. Nietafizica speirceriand este afirmarea unei existente in-
condilionate, care se ascunde sub lumea fenomenald cunoscutd noud
:;i care, clin cauza naturii cunogtinfei noastre, ne este qi ne rdmine
incurrcqtiltiiir. Cr"r toate acestea avem o congtiinfd a acestei existenle

nccuonmnngoegtniitaniblledil,Seasinctederaescieemnelaaanaeifeiu.snItnaercieupneuotlegurtmiib,eiaiaulunanoreaesi tfdrodarrlfeeoneotemexreiosngtaeelnndle,dEniinoaducedep,aesinnt-i-i

cientii cle sul:ieciul cunoscdtor, este un obiect absolut. Spencer avea
nevoie de conceptul acesta pentru a intemeia pe el ceea ce numegte
,,inpdcarea giiinfei gi religiei." Conflictul dintre aceste cloud produse
ale ct-tgetdrii omeneqti, zice el, provine numai din cauza confuziunii

72

ebu,

qns alps t't(f'aet'au)1.np1ruSer(1.reglu.sup)irui'rl?BcrJJ.doos.l,oeslatrrJ1lq1ltnaozdlolp3o.lrouplpoaruirgou.purEpnrraJsno,u,ro,$rr1u,!u"n,".l:iJlLr:0ug,o?-f,3n,p''pl,r'uoID"ru!o,s,dJiSrJn*:or:ioi'n"ll"Il

JrI;'la-lr---€-p--uee'aa-nIpole1nJnIosnrleudrIoneaJnuslepr-ulltdulsaAauilsplgedoauritnEl6upnlrrapinJeazJDlroaafpcrllruqlJl;Jjnppainlr::puoer1lrr'rouldlnr'Jolpg'ruHtrdrrr'EuJonldooienspsuo'tdlrg,Srurrr.uoIrftl:onrqdarttaprousIapdrarruaar!urTAlaapp"i1If[,rnprfrruJppndnprrur'irxl1smtprpnarur1s,pnnelppriJcSr{aa,c1aa[nplu1laJI)aerucnssl33JNnSsoqofn-rrqr1npluSorpc,ruo'asunp{uruerlelainp'sota3ansu'asop1ponuda'6odnrr'Tpnsa:rluunlo3utfairn1lRounlsaneelpzrTer1l,rreulorpnsan,upl'ro:llr-n{nrn'cprarsrerul!of.nrnri1dran:sleTsr,ioaupuaenE:Juu,prrsdparlunre1paa,dpopporsroospro,taoporilperfaros5rsuo,rcLrnH1ri,{rlpnurrrf"oJdIr,qraus1I{p.crlrrnrr\noaonrJorrrxpslrrlpollJpn-'r1rrruerrarlllprppllraelupp)Slpruerprorlplrarrlul'arluysanuroqlraperor1,oInnfpcrsnr,lplroluro0uruprulerrdirrpuriaJrrr1uni{frrunDalfuosrrrnusonl.grurN)jllnalsslocrr,roilalprrrecr,qnrszrsacu^rl.slaJnarrllprp*1iuroolirleplevpr\slr,-orpJrSxSrgnau,cuponnan1rprllporar0cntrlalepoouaDpp'3rpuulujnualissp.urJrurruosLlpunenrluuJ1rlpluoIArarr-rruopnppr_orporJsrp,u,Jlpnrrlr].riolar,1rel]U,eo'aorpt}lonurso;aerrsntr;rrAragropruIlf-saeypsirgtzldunprJenrJrurcoauaer-1oarurnroJzolrnurlaa}lpr6rnl:snnreadJranrJsrsppspn1irjan6fdi'l6pnVprpurJ:eouf,qr3ra1ao}u0ztnerrulrnqaluJro,l1rruaa,alerorpLps*iJaJr,aplp1',rLr';uu.1acrigr6uerrJrRll.r1odardpudJnrllolnlaeRnsozJSrrennssteln5adluarJlllaolEapplrfprrnqsd'srSoi3itodprslafraa1rnosiJlralrnnrurrucByepolrgnaropu1xpri}rrxrrrrrblaoJalfrJscoruereueearl,dpr,pod,,;JrrrldeJapului'rqEioaSnlu,!eaJJJ,anrprra"r1Barrnrlaeaaoeraoqrrp,opssslulgucqilrnafrufnrpdpsu3oa}roeauu"raezcirnuopuSilargLepprJr;ole1lferzsuqnpslrinuur1jpd,,nsoal0'erJ"T1Lnproqrrazl1rolnrgr6ltzpjui5l:lagralraJ*algur-Jjrrcruri1nlnlJpulrror",rlbs"la$[eaJeearRepaol"ealnulap.uut1oupurn"rrpal6arprrHoreanrqn_eipnsotenoaoau{r[gj.zd1r.orraensccitl1uierialieaJruljiu,in:ogldfcllus'ipja_uil1nnolrdpupcreers,sirlllrpopiei6ir:u1erulrauxaocr,qltaa,el"slxbru,pp]tuontrr'uasplrind"l,Iotrprpesuao.suaoallurrrtn1uur_i,lpsJs1lJaqon?rlJrnuocnnonorulaee.ppgra6cp]]rupItr1'nc1nuiripls)orJ,i]i!fr,llrllll
'ru-a-i--l'oo?lInonaJuJi}rrs0lJpnpptbulr-opplJ'oreppeop3lpalsoodpopirr'rlrrrsrqiqdpeon_llrcrl''trrlporoosrnuurJtJl14pualsnatUnrpqraddclluIr[lilpgprpflsopsturEa]arnlo1'floripe.npuanruloilrernioc1orsn:r1rclA3^pllrusi3hat!doqblugr'tyl-rTur!rdllr1rrercsolSdaro1olorrld,{tJp-rlauu,ore1r'otcarlousela.lJlsraos_sIdpreillrpnrirxraourJoq-aa[rIrre]ItnpplbsrnrllLprrlzJurprtdrrlLueplarlrsJ{Jp!sJrrouet$rrdo'up1i1rIpprllooaoaurlnal1epz{loleJourcnaTugprhJa'lJupTorLduepar'qnTaosncrrrIorcrJuaslp[llruurcb6so:r6,ra.roealircola,1rlr1pza.luoIcar1onlesqrure11'Jir1Ji1a1retr61nsaicpds3euic?trtaInu5orlSrlprseobBr1ealrn6rpfpns6u1irruiyellr[r.arJosur]rIrr11rueulJer3sjop1od'nararn6utsrsr]l0jJarJluoa'1aopepllourrrlrsi'.pJulJgra,cssuisnJorlaorouag:Jripossl-D{airl-lerccelaLniJrocl.rru:ipioJ;l;l);ill
a-1r1oc,lrxdarroalr;3.Jrooxlorllollslei?iuslnpp o.rpl od oir;nuaJo1 olplrruilop p1ujlo : JpJ
lS o,rrlroclse.r JCi oirruaulop IE-rlJ
uI o)?J os
o-rE:)

absolutul, inainte cle a}'re argumente logice, Spencer_aduce fapiui cd
.Hlafnc;ai;eibooa-ar6rsairenmatocseelliupirjinmticbnorot-utzirrnnrdelietuecbingcvnbuiueSaasiMnteSesacfradfosreinntinraueriescriaeeiec.ilalnupoc,Asenirdcpgiccnecdiaerdepefp,griv,Hu,eaaaiotanitfimiccdvcrrlmleeereaielaa,cttddofsisltiiuncnutindpclenSccraltaihoani.nncrnvieaeeocerveglmemaoapixntpiftiitsiivcruibetopuenishlnalineduteqsafaianataties9ijjcnuuaiaiobflndfnicigilaennecdbd.vie"tseacIupoaAatlliiuirunncboeicteci,ulaoaiiaitnopundsftaiidrifrrfciemeiii9il'btivdaoi5usetennefilniaceaarfa----t,
ceielxoviuseatelaailslfiaelnrfreieuanmledinaauclumcae.i-ttd,e,alnninecporaandcdutiiclcieo5nicanet,ecacoocnnegcnteieipngttiaduncceeraaeldaailbntfsf,,aocluidrtecuizludisiatncibduiladecsetinea
o truguii,rrle. Mansel ajunge la aceea;i inconsecvenf5, cdci atunci cind
4iierceia,-l<irisctednl,a,suu-nntee-iinfisin;ilieli p'albinsoclountestqiililliiunnfienaitesir9iriitauclueai sntodsctrruedsdincfdrepdaerme
aiinniet"ficiiemcplaursddircnaplcicoimt pclbemceonntcuelpcfiounnceeapaliucneisi tenoi aesxtirsetednefespereproezlaittiivvS..'ESji
Contradicfiunea intr-ader'br este icnaevoitaebxiisldte9niffe, sptreobinleemreantiiScdpoozrii]iaufniri-i
luate. Odatd pus incondifionatul
mrfinlaoatsi oceafsietienacnciinnncicceopndicicbliifisi,opusua'sat.utilneucrim,laciiuduamct ecfuaincosedlicHeeastmsepielvtcoounrlba,atnriuusnIesseaespcuolpdaldateelaussid,c..dnnuuo
ctsasuoea'1rncuastlired,faiaridniiznuiscvenSfoiiriinnnainic{sceuicili'ineiaposlioemqpz,teioiblSidzuiliipi'natreaiet.,nrtaeccaaedlcureciiansi ftlcduilrotoimlncineddtrciifemnoioxnaanidsiraitefeftiaoulnavnhftaoaiiivr,tp.aitiodbaCzitrlaiiditnisvc9aAduitnuscaocroaaEnipnitaiercnacotddeeneisidc-t.ifiautiiuicoianefnasilacdteee-e
existenfd pozitivd, despre care se poate avea o reprezentare indetinitd,
ccirleideltfafeailircinmuecninlesao6areeaaSxpaiasartcceSLenrs-cftdfuaeinpcionoumcznoietoninv;dtudiiblli,toirlSneiaibntautrciie-neocasusdmntdcoaogrnneteicbcmeiepl5sessimetuaritm6ien.,ptPruc-tneutemnd5efvei oapl mlrstidnauvpaeaacderletteueaat,,
introCrice contradicliuni irezolttbile.
SS veclem argumentele lui Spencer. lntii, zice el, ra{ionarnentele
care detllonstreazE relativitatea cunogtinfei presupun implicit exislenta
p.ozitivii a ceva dincolo cle reiativ, A zice cd nu pqteq cunoaqte abso-
idfntuaeeitlpznuitaiilcsce,ciunsucgtnfeieuocnraaaoqdmtaoecfeviereenmvsduaeael nqpeiftroasentzepacitibdicivcsu.aiogtbAleucspttdoauolileuuipxtiun,riseluittimadutaeiufnodnndsmuetiaintpnbeirsumeo$mzliuteinattn.ecptcCirtseeipsnetauixdrrtiisitnncuteeadlugneoidfnamnirue9inpaiuclaitataicannetutetsain-.t
concepem cA cunogtinta noastr{ n-are ca obiect
,,E riguros iiirposibit sd a1e cdrei
concelle in acelaFi timp o reaiitate
decit aparenNe, fdrd a
reprezent6ri s[ fie aceste aparenfe, lntr-adevdr, aparenfa este ininte-
plciglaicirbdeileaflxpifasdtreerdn. {Aarecnaeulistmateteein"au8rlu4giC.uDmuaeacdnitetedxcfiiustvadiniautepi ,aSrepifexiuniscnteeer,niftarseefbepunoioeamtesedtndfsuiepluuticrecimirera,-

B4 up. cit. Sg 26. (n.a.) qi urm. (n.a.)
Op. cit., 26, p. 77

74

9f'

. '(upriv '[rid ap 'lqlg) 90 'd 'auqurouaqd np a?FL'i 'rerTog 'E 'jJ se

ap dnJO rnun InlJprlsqp alsa nu ounlidaJuo3 plsBoJV 'leuorllpuof,irr
elrunr{ciJ}sar /pzuaruro}
pAoJ B ounrlda3uoJ o uroJnpoJd 'allunrllprio) 13
as aJ RrnspIII ad 'oJBJOIJ uI pulirrrJdns 'plulllsuoJ oll lJpls op erras o
punardurl puldoluoJ" 'giurrlSuoJ ep oipsrreadtesJ1'reeluarrfu€eJorelJ;rup1ure'se-lnrupluglaupourrf
-lpuoJ 'gzelfuara;rp os rd a1Saur;ap
aiualslxa reun elurrlSuoc ure.LB oJeorJolur arlspou tolrrpls Ie nnurlrrol
i-naxlonpu ul 'Inlnlpuor{lpuorur e oltlrzod afurrlsuoc ulalpuneseeioulas}sollxFeoiPoJqsrEsecpl
BJ n.rluad rrrgla0nc llunlferado pzrletlp
ps
aluaurn6re rS grc,tur .racuad5 'ecr6o1 aluoutnD;e olsaJe q6uJ1 a6

BaaJB 'aunifelor o olse re{urr1$uor t*gsu1 p 'lnl3orqo

nJ InlnlJarqns B rtTourrol pauautesp a;1uJ runr{plol nnur}uo:l plB1ua'ril
-ppunJ elflpuoc J
alurze;d
ou gs llcop af,pJ nu pJlsBou efuar:adxa tS i,tr;olar TuaLural Jpp plsTxg
'trnlosqe JIurIu pundnsard ps prpJ l^Ilpiar Inile ap piel lnun luns oip;
'-'plAruiAeralIqBulBrrIJooIaa^rJ+uee.nfrufouonparfela,sduprex-nrenda1npppsbbalaBe;1daiouuseIuooIlsnleelpnll.JlltololpsecuqzlaaeecarirugSgtu'cJraeosnllnuar6llqunual'upsdln€B'JglSIslsOJxniuox^naJJJlDBn1euana.ruuAotnIIu:nIlnBlunciloilorpsTIcutXtl.nlp;:r|
g1'p.io3lnsdpbruxgn1ou'sRlurupuonlersoJrlrruxdrrooua+r]ioIIltooedpopencrIlioa1IBJl1crgue'acpnlnngu1lrol1uslqleqe1d6elprl'a+,l,alunolrl{ouos'o1qrlnEsuurJxnaIoJlnI'oruesurp-aonusqpnsuolrpetuSletaroadJdrneesionrilurtelJBAIeunonAoor€lrpIodJlrIuo\Lp!lr
?uoeB_uurlrrsrJnd{Borupfa1oe1lpclea:rIrneuuruorzr'e-odir1rl}sdu1l1n9iaxual.uJltB-uIrnEBn';uIlnepIr6JAJlupeIlItputBsrprI'l1roupBnJl1s-teSlnlnxl1sIroaoanssqtJqllerEeBrllInaIu+nlroanAsrulIouqlnEsoprqilfaueeRJrleous6P}unJjI'oEJa'IpTonCSllen"oaBlr'nAJ}leroJIiIllEspuqaICnaeurun,,p'lBlIfnauslsiiooipposplo.suiJa.1puoS]
-lupril elsa Innrlplor nps Inln^llelar luolpJnpord alsa inlnlosqp : aunll
-EIoJ o-rlui ruedacuoJ eI ps oJpJ ou atlspou lfitilur Bareztup6lo 'in1nin1
oa-'lonsJsloq1pse3eqlaree:lfqeBaryl+esus,eraol .JltInEnnldAouIstalrEtqdrIsyaotl1'p;oatsBsru-un'ieJp1ndun6gl1uuulInsnaduipilnlBsa0llul.xurnayorJl'lpoplroo{IeurnllpaAqesllalrpJlluloropolooJJPpoJalEnJapor}ppslronogalulodlfo,Iap1Blnelal1loeod:as}
-qB pAeJ e efuelstxo grrldiur '.raluedg arinds '1n1nn11e1ar efrielstxg
'JaIAnouaU inlnlslJillrJoau rS IIII i raulnH InI oTP alsrueuroua; ;nd
epa-EzlleaoauorlulcrllollsJuooonsp-arIllJunulnurIrsaldrpPuouloJurEliolnaJJj€oarFsqIJnJlslIJpuepaJeelpIr^pcloldiIpponocl6ors+aonpnnnfn',:ourup1dAp.otzaorIJIcdElepu;plPustnruBBoapJuo^aoplPusaraaPllJoluuuI1lsls6'ogiJp1detanJll1:Pu1e1o:lr{l::ll)
Dnq'-alonVllNAua1imtla-e1'rp'rr1udnfralIrspr'anruesn0JerodluB1onJe1uusesroaneIun/edr6ulnpiennslaup'ueaparor|drelnrpuzpa{aronudaJal}nposlsuJrop!{oOI,u\auJJneeetJJc/'JBrlp'elReZruaprlnpoIe6decJpoee€ola+'orlP;stSpuetslretur1qulsoei{rauaJlub}lplEniapnaJ:pqlualaplen}ptsp.^r*aifo}atlu:pgelil.nuldreq1ppuezllazpoellnii3ro3ueupAoade!lueueleua'Jnponlitipafnduptlrleououefilus-d}uitJtsqBnenaedrq'feBPtaB-ap;rl11aIsuizi1uiidln:BaogiedIprlI
-slxa o gucrpupruJ-rrJferruppspil'polrdlsaeJoplur l rrarlpegode-finarrr pnual'epllissraxfa,auregaldleulrrlssaJoauerea'urio1'uL1ll
-asp o

clitrciiri, iriei, concelt{ir-tiri, esie al-.stractul tuturor cligetillilol , itlciici
sall corlcepfiunilor. Ceea ce Ie este comtln tuturora, ceea ce ntl llutein
cla la o parie, este ceea cre clen'.rmiin cu termenul collLrn cle eristettt,t,
jlrceasta rditiine ca o concepfiune inclefinittl a ce\.a care riirnine coll-
d".;el-aanpt asruebnlteolaeteei.mDocislutirnilcef,iuolecaonpceepcafiureneo indefinitd a eristentei izciaic
sirntim intre
existen';a specialii

;ini existeirfa gcneraiS este clistincliunea intre ceea ce se poate schitlli,ti:
poate. Contrastul intre absohtt 9i releiiir, itl
noi :ii c.eea ce nll se
spiritele noastr<,. nu este in foncl clecit contrastul intre elerneutui mr:n-
l:tl care eristii absolut gi elementele care existd relatir'. Prin acler-iirtrlcl
sa natllrd acest element mental ttltim este in acelagi tittrp cLt uecesi-
tfcpaiiorrterneezaieaitnn,ditifeicicnfllieicninliertcxinonisin'Ltgiernetndicineferfsiraterrueindcaci'tfloidebnri1ifcto.elirlCimfooonernmaactzeeddp, sfuituaretnunneeseaaulzibnailsotcaalislntstfuriairntqpcsirl,eeralrsl.tipinarileteltclelrli-nltiqcclleloieettritrrLr<rireiiLji,-il
noastre. Pentru cir putern in acte intelectuaie succesive sii ne cleslai-
cem de toa'Le conclifiile particulare gi sI le inlocuilt ctl aitele, clar perl-
tril cii nu pulem sd ne dezbdrdm cle aceastii substanfii inclifcrenti.ri,,
a cc.rir;liinfei., care primegte condiliuni noi in fiecare clrcJetare, riinrirlcr
tolcleauna in noi un sentiment a ceea ce exist5 intr-un chip persisletlt
qi independent de condiliuni. ln acelaqi timp, legile cugetdrii ne inier-
zic sir formdm o concepfie a existenfei absolute, dar nu ne permit sii
evitdm concepfia unei asemenea existenle, pentru ci1 aceastl coll-
ceplis nu este decit reversul congtiinfei de sine. ln sfirgit, fiindcii sin-
gura mbsurd a validitdfii reiative a credinfelor noastre este rezistettta.
pe care o optll sforl[ritor ce facem de a le schimba, rezulld cd acett
credini{, care persistd in toate timpurile, printre toate inr.prejnriiriie,
si care nu poate inceia clecit odatd cu congtiinfa, are cea tttai ltraLt'
psihologic.l a
valoare." Bs Sh achnitem cd analiza lui Spencerr esL()

exaclA;;i cir o asenenea congtiinfd aI exista. Sinrlura conqliintii a rtne'i
substanle incondilionate a cugetdrii noastre nu poate fi o plobii sufi-
cientii a existenfei unei substanle incondilionate in afarir de noi. f'oate
alirmdrile conStiinfei noastre empirice, ins69i iegea fuutlameniaiii G
accstei congliiufe, admifincl cd am clescoperi-o, nu ne inclreptitesc sii
trecem clincolo de domenilrl acestei con$tiinle, cale e clomeniul inlreglti
noastre experienle interne gi externe, gi sd afirmiim o existen{d trans-
cendentii, absolutS, Speucer face bine ctiutind explicarea ne\ioii cle a
cugeta un incondifioirat in natura actului cle cugetare, insii realismuj
lui il duce la o afirmare care nn era irnplicitd in rezultatul aualizei
pe care o inireprincle.

odatS astfel alirmatd existen{a pozii"iv5 a Incondi}ionaluluj, Speil-
ceI, conform cloctrinei relativitSfii cunogtinlei, alirmd incunoStibili ltt-
tea iui. Demonstrarea acestei afirmdri ii este din cele tnai lesnicioase.
ldofiunile noastre nn sunt gi nici nu pot fi vreodatir absoluie i aceasta
se invedereazd fie cd analizdm produsele cugetdrii, fie cii privim ope'
rafiunea insSgi a cugetdrii. Aceste douir analize constituiesc la Spencer
ceea ce nurtette e1 ,,doctrina relativitSfii cuno;tiutei." Analizinrl pro-
ciusele cr-r-qetirii, consiatdn cd interpretiirile din ce in ce mai profuntie

t3 Op. cit., g 20, p. 84.

76

LL

( L: rr) ( e u) 6'1-ri S'r['."u;,:'r)1_.drrA1i
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nLI 'tnlnlettor]tplroJrrr eJ€LrlLri-to!
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luns nrr ',ro1a{rn113 lnsa.i6orc[ puureasuJ t* rsarnlrlsrroJ arpJ 'ri-rr-r1en ara

cauza Sau laliuit3a Suficientd a iuinii fenomeuale, cir stfl cu aceasta
intr-un rapcrt c1e ia substanld ia accidente ori cle ]a substrat ia tlani-
fesidrile iui, suut a'riiea afirnlri gratuite 9i neiegitime, care nri i3c
altceria decit sd colltrazicd pozifirinea i'.tatd cle 1a inceput afirmind
ceva incunosiibil. Spericer insd uii se tni,irgine;te la cleterninarea in-
conciiliorraiului incuno;ti}il ca foriS 9i mai face incti o afirmare despre
nalura acesiei forle, in;elat c1e iiuzinnca suitstanfialis'rd 9i condus; cle
nevcia perilanenfei sultstautei, arStin.J-o ca persistentd 9i funciincl apoi
pe postulatui persisteniei foriei leoria sa evojuil-"'ii'
inconditiona*iul incuncptiilii nu este n'.1nlai o forifl
este cauzo iurilii fenctleriale. Asupra reiafiunii clintre pelsistentil, ei

lucrul in slue
gcPniiueefmin:ett.cnrunAcrnmlll(eaenrn,s,5ttS,ezpri:ncetanprucrr,ereziraclaanluuuAlmiua.ntin:iecilfelesitnciicroruiimiipteKurtalaernaniesltec,,aeinanusdrtioe'tfrniudtalilunoleisc,CtaarutiiztnaiacfipirvimaicRraaiualoeliiuug;<inispiimiilriec1ii:e'ulericn'eid-.t
atrieo,iiacmbruvidazEuniocsuticmismnu;mi eclninuicai.u-ezaapEleregailoirrnnpelciceistacrea ale cugeldrii ncas-
raliune suficielitd
q;i capzd a feitornenuftii. Spencer insir nu se sfie;te sir afirme ciar rie-
penclen{a car-izald clintre incunogtii:ii gi lumea fenomenal5 : ,,O cauzil
ltecunoSCutd a ulOr efecte cllnoSCLlte pe Lai-e 1e nuniirn fenoinene,
asemdnS,ri gi ciiferenie iltre aceste efecte cunosctl'[e Ei o separare a
ennrfi-efiecpstueiitlreoimrailnceuIqsne'.ctla-l;r.ir"ensco?tltqi,i,;Tiiiuoolabtltiie,e"9cl,t0,,tcaAlculeirrsirlte:.aearpeesauganaclreepaolseslatuccluaonlueoflaeitgretfedmitrrdcsild:ile-oit care

ila-

col-L-

tnr"oascltiicll;iieiuilneis:rtier.-icira!auzinacucunnoogitiiibibiiiliutAiuliii qi iricondi{iondrii realului. lncu-
: deci este cunottibil dacd nu
aitfei, cel pulin ca o cauz5. Incunoqtiitiiul este incondifionat ; dar pen-
tru cii este car'.zA este condifionat rle reialiunea care-l leagd de efectul
sau ef.,clele saie. Dar sii trecein gi peSte acesLe fiagrante contraziceri
gi sir ne intrebiili : oaie confolur principiului
unei pricepeii juste a
cauzali'riijii, poale fi afirrnaLt in mod valaltil incondifionatul ca o caIEd
a ccn.,iiiionatr',iui ? Sii nu ne sert:irn pertru aceasta cie conceptia Ana-
iiticii trartsccncie;rlaie, cdci ciupd accasta ltu poate fi vorba nici liil
rrolnent cie o cauzaliiate nur::enald, ci cle conceplia curentd a Siiinlei
si er fiioscfir.li empirlce pe caie o acloirtri gi Sperrcer in resiul operii il:i.
Ce afirnir principiul ca.;za1it5{ii ? Cii orice schirnl:are ti.ebuie sX albd
o cauzi, Orice schitni;arc pr:odusii in starea unui lricIu are ca allle-
cec1ent starea altui lucru; rapcitul car-'.zai nll face alice-.'a deci; sd
exprimo in.'arieil-riiitatea succesir,inii clini-re fenomene, Linirajui sili!u-
iui con:r-rn zice cE clrtare lucrn este caiiza ailui lucnt, clar acesl fel
de erprimare este impropriu: lucrul nu este niciodatd cauzb, ci sia-
rea lui ; pt:incipiui cauzaliidlii afirmd numai dependenfa dintre stirrile
succesil,re ale lucruriior. Popular se spune c5 soarele e cauza luminii

zilei Ei glon"iui cauza rnorfii unui animal ; ciar soarele pcate sd se stingd
pi glontul sd sd treacir pe al5turi 9i atunci
stea nemi$cat, ori nu se

mai poate spune cd soarele e cauza luminii zilei 9i glonlui cauza moriii.

Deci nu lucrurile slnt cauze, ci stdriie lor. Aceast6 conceptie limi-

B' Op. cit., g 51, p. 149. (n.a.)
90 Op. cil., g 43, p. i25. (n.a.)

7B

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nrluad uSurPr Is aln3sounsau Juns au rolariouroual ale aultrIn slaznpJ
rS plplluasa pJnlpN 'oll1loi luIAnJ un nJ 'eluelsuoo lrnlroder 'ro1 e1e
ounlsaJJns ep i$ aruugurase ap alrrnlroder Ierunu 1c 'roielde; Ip aJaJnp
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-plar
'olauauroual l-IJap alSeounr utelnd n1q
'ro1 e1ifia1 pJlpp'ole orluip aluElsrroJ airunr{eiar elalrourouotr cnpotd
areJ rolaznpl Inf,oI u1 rS lnnrlplar InlnlniosqB InJoI ul plneJ 1n1r.irds
'p,tr11zocl BaJpls uJ 'efurlSounl Jo:isaJB eoJeJrlrrrn rS eareuopJooJ EI
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"eor;r1sni el ps ainqorl a;iet ad a,rilei
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rS-nu q,rrlizoci eigosolr] psul 'pJrzT;ptau-i pzeiocii o I'JrLr eJpJ 'a.rlspou rolei.
-urlsonnr .Iornlnl p pAilJorens pz3Jurs EoJB olsa arBJ
'ro inlaf e1 g6unle
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-a) iqialT A TTT-;r\ _f
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uncl tuntfeJaplsuo3 alsaJv

'.roT rolrrPls E ounrsasJns ep

Bol€]{IrqBrrplur eJ }rlSJouprallo6}plicpllnIJJnoJJnallppJnoapclBeapTluBlzrlneBaJl e-ln1ebe1 odarrrd
ug
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rrpls
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-ul io u1 'rrfplllezneo eabel 'rollrPqiulr{Js B a}uuo1}lpuocut
InlprpAapp B gzelodt a3go
'aurlrd ozneJ loun apnlf,xa 1* '1:91s ep o{IJPqurIqJS plp+s

-rioc locl as apun llrruaruop u1 rrfg]11ezneo lnlnrdlcugrd eareolide 9zua1

roi nelliltrrlrrsa, Comte disfin-qJe clar o rea]itate cognoscibiiS, aceea .1
faplelcr ;i a leqilor, realitate reiatirrii, c1e o realitate absolut5, aceea
cL1 care se ocltpa in zadar filosofia rletafizicd gi teologiile, pi care
este incognoscibilii, Comte nu neag:i existenfa absolr"Liului, ci numal
posibiiitatea llentru noi de a-l cunoagte, dc a cleveni obiect cle gtiinfii,
Filosofia pozitivir ]tu esle Lrn fenornenism absolnt, Cointe o recuuoagte
einxcporgensoisncimbilasi emuasiteeamrinirdnrd"rrini -tr-ogioaprreincapreun:enriesaurul ncuui
incondifionat

filosofia lu i
Kant. lnsd pe citi vreme KanL qi in urr.nd Socncer funcleazii agnosti-
cistntil lor pe cercetiri critice gi-l pun in lecJdturii crL o teorie a cnltos-
iinfei, afirrliirile lui Cornte nu sunt suficient justificatc din punctul
de veclere criiic. Diu aceastl cauzii contraclicflunile inerente oricdrui
agnosticism au sd fie gi mai patente. ce relaliune poate sd existe intre
vlurmeoeareclaulniuongeti?bllSi u;;ni tcoeaareneccluonuoiigetirbisildte;nloericun-rtaoitiunltidi ifpeoraittee sd existe
qi strdine
una cle alta ; ori nna este concliliunea, cauza ori sul;stratul celeilaite ?
Iatir intreb6ri pe care nll $i le pnne Corrte gi la care filosofia pozitirrii
crecle cti nu trebuie sI rdspunclir. Prin aclrliterea iiicuLroltibih-rlui, pozi-
Astitcvieisfaimestiursltaaffoibrrrimnlitauirrleecaanzuiui rroel iefaasfpeilircrpiaianrrenticimcuielatoarf,gizniiiiuncfiierspptcearitacicrauSrlgeairinnr,uicniiocvirneiuuusntpifoifcaaitpie.l
c1eneral, vreo lege care sd rezulte clin r-reun grup de fapte.
Pozitirrisn:lu1 rirea si inlocuiascd speculafiunea rnetafizicX qi pre-
iii:cie sir clea Iilcsofiei o formd qtiinfificd, funclincl-o pe totalitatea 9t1-
inielor 5i clindu-i ce scoll sd ccnceap.l pe aceasti ternelie totaliiatea
irici'urilcr, ,,Tlebuic, sillinea comte, sii facem din studiul generalitii,
-ctlieiosr a;tviiannliffii,caec,eoa ainafirieossopfeilcoirali,t.asetevmaaoi crnlrulla1t"n,lifmiloasio, fpiari.voincillacsliifierniloeuieir
pIccttiiiiipirtnieniilietaicr,o,pisntooduzaniii"eleier.":cpelereiilsnnDccoisiplnlteiairlaieeeseal1emoigoreinrprteruaoarcpiitljrerl,ioriasgilnoiii,tfirin-esil-iiiirenncsflnetuertieirmcerrradrir,iitnosceiti-tulsrmlxepazalclioltmrsrs-ccrpir,ciisrcciit1lie,e,nrpelrerfiitclearL---i
Lizica, Trebuie sd observhm insii ci1 in ceea ce prive5te aceasti pro-
ssIncdrieleexrgeceluaecxcliiselpl5orriinntrresniiesttsaetf;mi5zruiic,ldslutnaiurceacesnrtnleeed'.re1ancfizimticoaireaigneiucmahreievomloce.ctrCoilcelieinadtreceecctinieglaeelteateqroloe-.
logiccl qi cea pozitivd, ca o punte cle trecere cle la r-rna la al'ra, qi con.
>rsta, clupir ctefiniiiunea comtistii, in erplicarea feiromenelor pril enti.
tiili, inlocuincl voinfele ascnnse a1e stdrii teologice prin abstracfiuni
realizate. Dar afii marea ci"r esenf a metafizicii este constitr-ritd din acest
mocl de cugetare este prea exclusiv6 gi in tot caznl ar fi meriiat sii
Jie doveditd. Dacir merafizica este nunrai o incercare cle a da asernenea
explicdri naive, clacii toat5 filosofia care a prececlat aparilia filosofiei
pozitive s-a indeletnicit nurnai cu acest lucru, nu a fost intr-ader,'ir
tlecit un joc zaclarnic gi nefolositor, care merit6 s.1 clispard cu desiivir-
gire, ciici nu se poate cornpara in importanfl qi seriozitate cu cea n-Lai
neinsemnatii explicare pozitivir a r-rnui fapt, insd metafizica nu a fost
.nr-rmai atit pi este greu s[ aclmitem cd Auguste Comte a reclus toat&

A. Comtc, Cours de Philosoplie posllve, l'o1. I, leclia I. (n.a.)

BO

I8 6 6tcoc 66€6 ep-3

('e ri) 11 eif:a1 '7 '1oa'afiqrsod atqdosoltq4 Jp s;noJ 'JJruoJ
rnlnunlc^ ole rrlJal ('e u) 'arrr;rsod c6
sJllo, ap
arqdosolnT4
urp A alaturlln u! luns 6re1 cd retu frlsnisop p^oJ ;6

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Ilpilrrosa r.rorutol rop ra) urp pJ pse I roialullso.rn, p -r.e
-ns ?:rolLirs o olso BlsBasp Inun
p,\rlJ?r{j

rsap 'aArlrzod rarJosoirJ alrunrlproprsuol Lrrp
pe.---o.--i'--.e{ouTrorootJBJCrrlrLlt_slroca-S,uedLissr'11r.-ecIcjrlruir?ilnr.pl'pJoe1relosd;uusiopu\l1znqpeounurr-elisJJJse1lnsrnl-.3loxErdLdlllpqzoea}lnlpuIpIooooIoBJelln}EII;otdJucadnaIolJullOopecnsolpdpoJlsEnropaaaJepd;lJrpollrrsBroe-nr^uooIrr-zlrornpprrlJsJBrsllesll-arnnpondJirqolJ6arrrBlJurfJzepe^iu,lirosolrrrJollInJEuisspanuoalcoaajurpplTpelfprpueoprleJJarpso1al-n.2duruurrr6rz,rnJleuoproolr'iJrrRlreJolplptouopfoS{rerrlldluqroBdprrala'sonr.uopuncrs,lopJeU.oitsspcai,sprpnso,J.[1orrqqEu;,aepq:pudr'oooOrnulornrrSa_e1ocrorelsprrei1feJep6,rpe}f6IspJnlauono,oe|rdJJgurrlplrloorSrlplorarallrpSaJqpesprrrr,rrrqooq'riErsua,e'S,s}encognilsrppJrtLnlsorqgpalz}.r,ose\uptrllairuiurepeeoolesar*aTJroclsaezreulpolqdiupoinglripurraio9Jcajlralrrulp5ulrqllsqroed.isnrpuu:aarrsap<Orolsnrccl.;-pra,qioolril:orri*ui3u.rdstrcprTiogrpul$.uJrlen'Olnoprg3lullLi!p+Jeroe,iloqrs,oalaIlr.iiurnrofir,irl.ia{'),nn\:iJ;ijrioi.rirjircrEcr:rJsd.l1ltirilili
eL/-',;Jr?rJc]arJp1r]'qpsaEpot1atort6ru]oaeleJ1ers-ofIrau'iuJiol,pSa,-\.lrreoor:tlaunLrzr{noaoroilrcsr[oeouoerlrpluora;niolSaJsruleoroLuu1LiIrtrrur;nrlLJnaialrnrunJ.:rrJIoJn,pplos3lsrlcuqo'nnrtulrLssrnrloItJn}plrel:lnooulldrrpuoraaor]pfpuupaerorrucdlrSlonnarJsseopp'oororpEsJupaeAnqJsaIappsglulgsuourJrr:Jnpq]luonuqrlnriE,-]L,snr.rJ\i
r-ensf1urlae'LloslJrrxgpE:anu]'pqrp{Jrnal1l1lr]llpaJoiSrarJocxlauEprIrls}r:rrSideenJlspo:eueu!uppI1sarrl.osrr-oorcAlEaoLl}srSl:aoelJpapArilp}rslouolrpnc:lusooaluornipafur, a,lusJuraorlqusralpJsi
ap]uopil\a,-rn6tsrun}PplIl1p3PuJa1>.ee|uatladxaEIInixsIAi}Izod

'rnlnursrArlrz

zendlo]-'ur,ouotrllrlsrarnnodeiarcpppsiJrolrasosauploulr^crraaIEuJra[nfupssed'u1slrrrlnsalallalorlrrprsfa;ptuJdaplriclrruznxr1arlrnBoe3.rJaliuesoeorppuuoudrallz;nnrcri]pJplurirslaal?launaLlrlrunpao-u-lsirJJrouu^nal:rnotJlzJrrl.aarrEuererroptlpsroprJrlaucrploanlooioeJorllzlropJ;^rneraosJderl'olplreJrrslnllidslrlrJapJ)laiuuCunJrfrgrplIouSdrnrpr'olprrllunpslasprrl]uuop]JluurauIlpsonirrlinrlrrlilrl,qsiJJJoLrpEo'rqrrosJl'rnielurrzsloeepo]JnoosipofJrcrul'orgllrrfe6raallor1e*rualldsnoucurruasuriululirrl'cnaeqrt3iocuracuolinulrlrl-rpsarcprrunliagerrdorJasd'rololregponaranIrrd1l1snlroiruesaTudlroaJrcsr1rlgolplfussllsos^oplrorl1-srupar1uuco1iornp1inreiiu0uelqrJ1]rri

lff"jlt:;jiii,ti::pp'-aeassr1opuuprnJruoi'I3.op,I\x3pluaa'alanprapu.Jlrrrslpluoarcrlnpcapdldord]aLrolrirn1nJizrrpJ]rrsr;nizeprerl1zoJ)alpfl;,pbrlsaui1rueaar1pu]ololpJsdlnlouoaJlrrlssrJqqop"uru.spr,nonzp:d,aa,1,rur!rurtqbn"nrtr1irrt,$f?rcaon,lsu15lnnr1olurntu::ojt;opi pieqeua1ei1lr'+-neE+1aIJsrpaafJriurqliznrords]pls'uireaor-urlrpcirit

cd fenomenele nu 1e sunt cunoscute decit ca fapte mentale, ca leple-

zISnei ntrrtoSlsrcti.uiiPl cerielneimucrelomni altuerleurmiindeneoibsdiueebcpiteiinvcdittiavutietnaauteliodcreaeraesltteuinlnt?eeraSvpeinderpaotianstdemscoeodnccenerepcceeetse1az'lae'.-'

labil o obiectivitate altsolutd ? Spiritul este un termen de care trebuie
sii se lind seamri in fortna.rea $liinlei, dacS ne ridicirm cleasupra punc-
tuiui cle vedere aI acesteia Ei r,rrern sd facem filosofie.
Ppcifneaoonlezzouliilemttnniivgvseiieicsnri,gltmea1intnucnpulmaorrfnieienuousnb'sLfeaiedeeancicnnotldiuatmrerrre,eieffpniefxcdriensairn,otdi.&smens.iecicdnNnrfit,ticiriecdce-droeariciefecnnartoouepi nzftni;enudiuineiidninasicldceiaddresescsealfffeeu,asncopppoeouemdtnaneeetrlnirfrtuia,acnlpeiaofceibautczirncleoaefcnbiroigoeuantsicieiioe}rloliptisiI.eti.:ili'
cgifa"ar.ilrt,rertsfnesilmu:icolirumeiilrec-nroiimuncLpgoiSiIiicnitnietillndnnl.€icmiP,ueiccinantrmtrerueenngsutiuamlei.tlsruFuteeli ncdcooeommcnielutinnnouulfiaapbcpoastrztl-iritrtaaiivcteiiivs.iuxrntn;euer;lnttaitiienfeesfansleotemfaineccsltereuLssilo--i
aoirsrliip.t.ri*iiiu'iiiar;"piie"sncui"ruloileprter.'i"n;iiiii'npge'ins*sutiuprctanr!linh"opiltditn"ietirrrnl.i"macttceciotlodltu,5intrmcs.ecsfcduciriae;eeeclcrccp"llailrlea-eneereretzteetcramzibirl",-aeelrrnpiaealnatildcoistitpiaaaeerlsoi-cttuidiiefiovbiappncdnilSupear,;sictitsamuiieitio1f;inolavoc|nerdf6crsr5idaea.iectcilrhicaiDectallilaolemdiearietaemerbo;ltevearnucmaiiirnociroefeiefeettilmraueencn-cntimtpenieordfidlrarelseneadienelp_qcltstltqdefteefue,ieerijlnnemipn.iurzmnfeoodiiasn'tdimtfrugaiuqPdobctsceiSnoaiaieenanf,rzufleculec,ieptrtrllinid1evv9fo1cuaieisesebcp,snm95liseetcitrteAlcheutalitii.lrirmrh.fbeeaiiSae?i--i'ii'
concepilte in afara cle orice congliinf5.
feii.tfar,sinle,r,aurercaieninuniilubiieoaertecozCiorlctean"ari,qieei,iiie,etci.iealetindLees-alIiaelaaeniirie;clecistiiciidfli.ieedpeoinueaarmlAinste-ltlseoieoipppezitcgnleuteniiouduusrpsanttiirtnlirtdiatnm-taenpdrablariutreatinailtoscelctitartabc,rlplieeelrrnufleeccoiaarzcgrlllmCzciiietnliccrloiioee;cat,aiiericmlnlrep,iiricu;nlrtioSicaeccarsrlioclpalcttipcupciaunoclcaeiol.ugfrrle,ozlitSzfldluiiuisosiaittmncnrieenurrliaticrbtaafuidpalc,lsierrraootmctcdieetncuaadMniuaSdntdr.lteutueopeaiSsicl-t,neclsulueetonucenlialcnnceoonctpaucienltnotirmiesersnuez.tala{torlnaiauetetssilitdiincyud6leueefdms,ciceuu,er1lrlneailcluefnoariagldrpcremad1izieurIeipiepcai,tclnsntonbrepfadacoiXerlotuilloutllpiiSllprz;seeaiistnusdsotenrlutl,'ifi'ou,rti-rinSirlifear'-elriiili
pozitiv:i.
sirirerceCacaicuaajircelioiruu,ijntoaiuftiercsiftu,dncca|liareenre;sntcallaabirdilenatutescpreairrcpietoutelltuauzildielesmtedaipinrdirieveitaffe,pnrdooeamppeeonzeaitc:ievaitsasutuArt
.,t:ilritate sinieticd a spiritului, care efsitefdpcuustdpien CaoEma tleumsfi,triiadienCcroitnicsai-
tr:(!t::tii pllic. O analizir exact.l l-ar
cl,:r'iire loctlai ceea ce sislemul sdu excludea, psillologia 9i teoria cu-
ilo,criiltci. O singurd chestiune de teoria cuno9tinlei e mai pe lalg dez-
cle Cjomte, chestiunea relativitElii cuno9tinfei, care este una
r'r*'.,-li;"..:|r.t ri,,iilr' 1-.ozi',.ivismrilui, circi caracteristica spirituiui pozitirr este

82

rai: otttr*rrsa''bLrtp*eH 'A '|,s Brtrar ,^ 'r"ln,j.lrrl9:.t".;itrl:;),:r?t;t:?o"rt::::tuarana$

'arrJosoIII rlrpla6nc ElrolsI u.I Ilqprnp 6'rlolSuI:alflunrralSzaltalullrnasIunlloPlsalIanrruu
'e16o1oiros
-slalllzocl eJ f,BJ ealsace alpol
e--dJplLaTpluIraai dilsIoaiu€alplulruuproau3oas'peullaulolszaaalrelcsiaaeptuSBrIrnopUlJaIpfsuIlAitr:Ioi:*iIlzeoIadglloi'e]sBuololptitrfrel e;Baa-.artfeiefialqtlrltpssJenlaJrrddaapr:l;ttaufrinopt1Jl
eg-sIsJeooqssroaIaIrJlnSqBeanareilrJdnBuaaclrpnus!Iduaqlslula^lolIsl13azf,IoendIpaslauplilol'Bspo1rnaltl1;9deluufolu)eauilllsoRadzu'asllnurdlusqloJlln3rp1Ps-ssa RplssE€JaJapu

nu }IBI
I-ae-A--nsqo*rlrc1l|uJrrn:fuuaengrlrrlnurrlJlpzIrn'saraouaqsppcnreplJluruRl'oparja.laJsrocre'orIrerrnlaiJlsJn;llrlRanel'tIluBlJ1upnlIrnplI'an1oqatr1usfulrpzoeeqraru1lBugneprroteaodJldEnfaBruoauCrrap1lrSuaalp'€IlIrl1zn$er1znaIaluC3r:1rs"ruadnrcrpnI,lldarqldalJtJ1opuIeIiI''nalalaRillle3cJrpestraplJpu6.apoJqol1ls'^SllI'uPooneaeqlr1llpranoarr;p'slpLlsdtlqdrq-arpsznututltllprot3neoflucoppJlulqruui3utonnIltlnefp;urauduualIarJrttrsto*IrpilustulSi1-o:rasI;Sl'rrrIiuaznJtnl1fror^pqnoatdItlnl1ltlpslteIcenul]1aaasurt1paprrl
'pze16ua eiliol
-or;1sci oll plelnuiioJ o uInJ eSu .teiqt t! otmtl rrunrin.t D)tlLl1 ap Plet:ls
-uourep a rLr11J e*e rafutl3oun: EotrpllnIlploJ ap elrudap uroluns pa1sof,!
€ipol nJ 'aluro3 plslsul €InrgJ Brdrisu 'oJlseou rofutl3ounc Ip Jlrolsr
"re-{Szaaal}arp3l:gppaf,sirapparf:creJinuaignJrtipprpuSpInfls,lsnrp1lpdJaappjCrspaTo'aJpl-I€-Iz+aIp'JaInEioailnauJlrr'f{1u,can1rlolqSt.natctslder6soeoca1sllo.uetaens1dlpraiorr.ppIalJpplp?,otttlo^lntszeoRopcJJlIeTipn3I flourunlrSlln*paocoulluenunjtrll.catdoll
reut alrrto3'1nin1:a1qo e t'Srfetrl-illlenlacrelqranlssaErpnlppLIoo.TpprtrarJiuotjlaSporoTnaJ lsaaleptrrlqspuoourf
pJ IIiul : :riliqpls o:l*ar
-T1lr.{or alsaJp ap prelv a"rerrlxo.rde o rprunu rJ
etrurlSounr gc iode n'pr1osn1lxa+spolJnploJspcCip'lsilopl€ll1l€TaIproJu
-rlrrJ arJ ps olnqarl
Jp pJls€ou efutl*ounc a-reo pd"np '1s1c11sou6e aJopaA ap lnlrunci pllrupe
p-aa-Jsisl6ulpnar:earni$oripundro-ur1cpoaarJ.JTllluuataIlraIeropruluJroaapi'piclp.rurnrnacaplllruuooatrodBd,Ie{lsuorBarlaplepSJuspo5atr;reroalnp31prl1lurse6uauaauoleir:lagrlru'nle{qriaoo'palllrroruorurropasqJqTIxlVageaTnzJ'pepollaaanp:r;}ururrnepnrllllaslu3rprSrduaonJleorV"lpsupolrnnleusirl'po".rniorrrd-daJL.ep}rsul
locl es nu aJpJ e;de; aidurls luns alrrnlrode.r I autllul Jol ernlpu rlru
"'-arlualnafulDorsloScroripruonJacoplro.aIoilrrlraJfrznpnlrreoiocdcen:uu1a'3rele1naarpradpr1lu€utJrperoalollaeduoeodituSaourrraonf]uriattglleSarerlrouzlnaorcdseaeo;cflu[n1rsurlrS13e're3a1r1eue11r
-aplsrTo3 urp '1rn1ag pnop u1 pluprroJ alsa iafurl$oun) palBlTArlEIoU 'rnl
-nl11losqp InJoI uI ATlEiaJ arapaA ap Inlnlf,und e luapulln1ard pelatrnd

Partea a treia

NUZN.]NEA REALISTA

I. Nalura laptelor de con$tiinld. IL Teorio percepliutrii.
TIL Incortdilionalul. lV. Iluziwtea realistd

T

NATURA trAPTELOR Drl CON$TIIi\ITA

ln cercetarea asupra felului cum se pune proirlema realului pentru
simful comun, pentru cugetarea gtiiniificd 9i pentru speculatiunea filo-
fiecare din aceste puncte de
sofic6, arn gdsit cI privire a realitdfii
acluce cu sine afirmarea unei existenle in sine, independente de cu-
noqtinfS, unei existenfe incondifionate. Clnd ins5 activitatea spiritualti
caut6 sd prindd mai de aproape aceastd existeufd inconditrionatS, cade

ln contraclicliuni irezoiubile 5i incondilionatul ii apare ca un fantom

inconsistent. Pozifiunea simluiui comttn, care afirmd ca inconditionate
iucrurile experien{ei sensibile, lumea calitatir'5 a simturilor, este lipsitd
de contraziceri gi foarte consecventd cu sine
insdgi, dar este o pozi-

fpiiiueranoedpainataerilinoct,reteodxtepceoerrieiecneclearielitfsaieetnxeisuiebnsieltee.,lrmpeocezudinitaioutsncceueatinctrtaeebrevuleiinenelepnr5etrfdl1eslsxitii16ut,nicec, aaiacarisipnlee-
cie aita, rnultipllcitatea substanlelor calitative e recllnosctitd ca iiilpc-
siltilri oclaiil ce reiafiunile ciintre lucrttrile ce llSreau irrconciifionate
se ciescoperir clil ce ln ce tnai nuneroase. $tiinla asupra naturii postu'
$i ea la rirLciul sdtt un inconclifionat, forffi, materie, energie ;i-i
ir:azii cleterr;iiiiare oarecare, inSit aceaSta ntt o {ace decit ca punct de

dai o
plecare, ca o ipotezii metodoloclici, cleoarece aderriiratul ei tel este nu
,qi cl:ierinilte cc cste existenfa inconclitionati, ci si1 prindd relatiile
rlrr:l.rc fenoln:rne, sii {orrnuieze legile 1or, peniru ca astfel si facd pre-
lcrlcrea posiltiiii, pi sd ie ia in cleplina ei sldpinire. Daci'r c15 oarecare
rle:eit'niitiii rnai amiurr.rniiie asupra constituliei intime a realitdlii pe
.,ere o prezintei ca fundameniali, este insir nevoitb sd ie reculloascA
caracierul ipotetic cle pure construcliuni mentale ajutdtoare pentru
prinderea singurei realitEtri care-i este accesibild, aceea a fenomenelor
qi a leg1iior. Aqa c5 realitatea intreagd se strdmutS, pentru gtiin{d' de
la substan{a postuiatd la fenomene 9i legi, Incepind cu postularea in-
condifionatuiui, qtiinta formatd este
nevoitS sb renunfe la dinsul,
conr,insd fiincl cb orice determinare e neadecvatf, cu natura lui' Spe-

culaliunea filosoficd, pornind de ia con$tiinta c5 adev5rata realitate a
lucrurilor este deosebitd de cea cunoscutd nou[, c5 intre existenfa reaid
6i profundfl gi lumea aparentelor fenomenale este o prdpastie, lncearcd

84

9B

('e'u) 'rir91oFn.
u'psinruxsaolsplrJfx,Jalaupulzrenptlrrl3un0zo1or3rpemsprullrnirzareo6lrearFn1nu'r1an13rnd11pi:esuarurldrp"a,auIreprqolu1aoqru1aanJ6rdrnlcrpsplaplpurpp'AslsaaqpunpEsfa,lsutransgos,'pl,rlrsnpeJ1ao1J6evn6.ar.1
r3 -rp

e1ua1

n3 lUOruOIrI Un-Jlrri errauras ps EJ pJpJ pa3f,ns as rS _IEde aJpJ,durrl u1
ollrouIrua^a 'osaJord IJ '|aurolxa rrlunl aIAlsAIqO p3 ,alCarqo lrrns nu
aaapa-o3lrJldFeorpr;o/{uaJrrlJsol'adr'qealsl{idlsaurpnrclraa1Jla]}363ocpoElrpuapaJ:npoi;Ia13fp',puau.JnrpJorlfJqourprl]rr3spouradt,Jpnrired3asa{aBplu'srIJrn'eenrlte{rSra:d1'igptsarfeJuu1rror:r6aSlrJtolrrsielllEosllraeqropllarrrosnpls6larglpra}l.aipIin.tJpfraJupelpEprdrJraaiA*lpplurra'noao,Ju1JsJl{cruoiu,neprpnluolr,r,garr{,lJfrlpfudraSelreArl1gliuepro1arrauuo}rplanlzs}Rr;TocrJar^rSeT.rerppn}1
up-prlpnur:pIrprJoupuarpcirlsppoBprd3top'ugonfpuIrnrlpllssuuoloJurarpaplporsa*r1eedJelu1ReasrlpSaui'nlorqpr olrsrrlfaa'igp,,dlonlnurounerissrrcoulsplosnuasruaolpa,nspnrIerarulru_o{aToslJr
xnlJ un ea:lsaelulnrzuorrfculooJs+rsuaJpVfu'rerlsSueofur ealsprxeallsaelSoaulrrJidfaranr peac ur -li,Lfirs
lplparilr
lnlnurfiro3
-aJ-ra3 o urapur.rclailul ps Inqail pA 'JolrrnrJ'nral fpuralSlEouunocrfipInuTourauurJoopfurorllserxrpol
nnur--ea--rpep,arJlauJaoa11rpasa:yiriluuner{'-;lrrplrulnircrnl-'cnllErnBrrpptplllrpJtnolunlap.saIpfnsuorloJr,J6nnpldulJorsiJoAlf:rrplJloaRirrdnrsIrasatluJaltarRuureareatppppJolruproJsfqguJrotJBrasdrpeirIrcorrnTJnnp3paod7ppala''punrlcrr1freasr,6rIllaunurr6lprr;rJlJeouoJ+pron3eloanaosrlprp-la-clrpasslrfnos.Ilai1ulproslonl'spe6uprerp,ogIuIpJllaarrlInl$rrnircrJoCl1eSnnudluroros6dJsnxp6onlenreaerxp.a6rrrrasJsanpaod1pusaslsJJpa3ursfosu+,JeeorosarrrvppaerorlrrrcailppprorrJrrsardp.JrJpra'naa'nJ'Teaenopaaa1rlpJrqIs}:peisrlerupnreplpauolsapu1srJaeultarlrruJr]ppanparratsJrlaI'preps66oapssprsnnraparu1nnuRldoJJou1ra:rsrqrolnsuuplpa0p1d'puaoll}aaa]apJedopralellrzuflssralalrBu3efpr,uaorplo:urnrr-'roxealaJri1anadpp'Jruaailo1rr$llclpnnusllnlpoarapaur^p6,or'ld1ulJpulJnaiJon1Juuano{pdRals,cu6naJloauraps,lsrrnp3dsJalsJlIalllsJESuclEp1aeaqang'aripo1Jrr,peoru1r'aenlnfpsupacr1esp{apqrl^[nurlafuonurasFuaoai1erllron'lrErurrerupJ^rriaxlnlprbelp]SspnalraaraqrqloorItncruaseneupseao-uraotnlulue{pixirnlpcneoile'aId1arpss1auS3pbI'rpldeigeSre''ulanr'rEn:,0prrE,eu-rupelpInrp.r0uoJIponrlraru+lrufrranJrin]u6ldrocuzppaonrIn[}nperrurerlpcleiisp.srrarlll;lil
1-oerl'r,proulorrrnulrlnpflnpelsarlxpauoprf1rsppuaJo€ruartrsaa{uaaJlsBrxuairrrlaaulanp p ap ppurqzrau ,ealrop

po-rpurrr;e rursp6 ,o11os
-o111 'pfu111S 'unruoJ {urrs : orela5nt ap a1a1da.r1 elarlrSalrc e1 pe ,r11u1
'atrsa ea.raundxa plpol urp rpp ruplplsuo; aJ pae3
rrn3c guld ep

+rP---ennbuspolnoursuarI'elnpIq'fouau:nulaBslerrlsusrr'rugrolrxelrli1laq1ulpegrIbD1unrseooat6oJpJ:nunnpJ16eleoaI'a1reclqefrlepuuicrlfpaBuaallAsnsdlSqulxrnreao;,sorrBeulna:lunerlursJ-ouIaaadrploaJrntrplorazouppps,Joe,pl1'lupi,raiuttoqlrrurrflrnel,a'rrrusulezztorauoprouuludqspboeza-orarlJnaatrpuuluBpurrrruranlartpruuplluJrl.lJrrnor;ejpartulScrelnualpaegpuJ'ss1onuorucIIni1gl1urrrlp:rnlarsalnuoruplbn!r]l

ceea ce erau in momentul anterior, deci cU o laloare de aCtualitate.
ln aceastd devenire continu6, cele trei caracteristici nu sunt izolate,
ci intr-o strinsfi legEturf. Ele nu derir'I unele dintr-aitele, cuul au
crezut pi cred incd unii psihologi ; sunt ireductibile. Sentimentul 9i
ycinfa nu clerir'f, Si nu se pot explica, dupfi cum \/rea direclia intelec-
tstuer1arnpl|ispvtrrioiecpolliinpertpeiipsliiohinroecloldegureicent,ifbinlilueunnalealeiiapadrciinenlucciuaen;lieofsattrpinel.tiADfea9clie.1elaaelrrenfeivnsiteeXlleiriecepusi,nihocicdaec;-,i
riesigur cil ar trebui s5 o ddm nu cunogtinfei, ci rrointei. Intelectualis-
nilll care considerd toate procesete psihice ca derivate
din elemente
cctoriiIccireakaeiloett::cqriijrnielratc:euaersiccureiirittdm,luiezeoczerellrapaelrapuenritriielei.tn'ercieifcursutianxafintiniisirrpe,rrtaedteeree,daceanrtimgti"gienniteanaeileiinf,dscnetvviiotecatmciiaicamaetlespelpbl5.ldi.alsliene-IDppDi,lhavsiseorritoinieeeihehllcafotinoclofiligicpcder9it,ulai,irtcianni,clpa6ilfettauesenae,acpctlducteetcdivaeriaroerddernc1itexveriotoniu9ausronna,iltn6cs6ttpapaaoetcecirllmiti'lheesiuirlnrpitpzlrindrvenrpion,oeg,cdscizlofend[ielehptpsircniciiudnecrhats5,aille'6nirpcpneI6osdeuliunicsehctogrietoaecrrvcllcreaeiosooneucqugnniostnmiissuoteaditaafd'dcd-,Eloeciltdsntonracledge-ua--r
lie insoiitl de afecte 9i tendinte de o intensitate oarecare' precum nu
erist6 afecte gi rrolifiuni care sA nu aib5 r'reun continut replezen-tativ.
Iirs5, dinclu-ne seamd de spontaneitatea vieiii noastre psihice, de faptul
coulancativcitraetzeutuoniffiicloastooafiree,poeriamcatitvfii,ta1tie de sintez6, nu
c5. congtiinfa este se invedereazd

o purd pasivitate
nulnaidecit ce caracteristic e elementul activ, riolitiv pentru aceastd
llrtria1u-uinnaan'ittteinicn,olpeucmslecinehounsincfmtophitran.ifiiatnAerifnEfegarirsasnbdtnthetcnrrliaeelne1laaeoicprie$aicacri fodsai,rtrtanueep,ni lenetpisexulteovne,oceuieadesnaadrdrfeea;eipuuctinnnocngeccgrareattr.ild-aiecncdotmt{.ear;aaretirpecrsaenoimrtnleiiuttpirnvduleee.aaccaDacetaeesucnntXne--
insd voinla ex1;rimb caractertll fundamental aI vietii psihice, nu trebuie
iglnttssiniSheiasch, ;epi lieecrnhceietnomtteciceslianiumnvpealdeue,rnseuecnlbetmetoeletndmteedaneutunclalcllooag;tniinonscfcheitpirpu,'u,tun_lesoeinrnizcamdfiuriugncei aap,rreoimcleans--
ir-eaga r,jatii sr-illeLeascii. %
bupi aceste generalitdti, sd exarninbm mai de aproape faptul de
con;tiiulii. A11 r,iiul cb t,iafa psihicir e un flux, o devenire continud,
in care fiece moment are o valoare cle actualitate prin ceea ce-I pre-
ceclri ;i ceea ce-i succedfl ; fapte psihice izolate, ca corpurile experien-
nu eristfi. De
!e; externe, aceea, cild \rorbilrr despre faptul psihic, il
ce constituie \riata 1ui
jr,i"Ln ltrin altstracfie, clesprinzinclu-i clin ceea luat prlntr-o abstraclie
cal-acterislicii. Analizind faptul de congtiinfd,
ca izolal, putem descOperi lesne intr-insul doud elemente, elemente
rntt'-o strinsf, leght1r5, constituind o realitale unic5, in aEa chip incit
ar i)t1tea rnai corect s5 fie prirrite ca cloub aspecte ale aceleia$i realitdfi :

e5 cf. \vLrn{/1, Grunrlriss cier Psychologie, p. 17 si 214 sq.; v.i/,Ic, La Psicologia
c.(r:ii,t:nlporctlcc (Tori:ro. 1899), cap. V qi VI, p. 441 sq Ei 519 sq i Hblldittg, Esguisse
:l'r':: ?sl'chologic ioncl6e srtr i'experience, p.62, sq. Ei 406. (n'a')

B6

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urabulislp uiar\p o oreJ ad un IS
lnultruo3 l;x'l

fi rrorba nicidecurn de un eu !;i un non-eur c5ci toate aceste stdri sunt
airibuite cului, ceea ce exclucle orice cor-isicierare a unui non-eu in
in{elesul riretafizic. Este clar o ri.stincfiune logicri, cdreia ii corespunde
bipnuesinicifaeorzer-ue1naiinittleaSntpenteupiirseighctooeul.oseqA-icccrtiaie,tjec-list,'L;ctilulecrfooiurnmecaaotneufrinineeu,ituufnorirulmoi reacn-todasectarceosEnplsiininhuticrieue-l,
re1:rezentati-;u1, ori forrna, coincid iir via{a noastril psihic6 cu ceea ce
se nume.ste in genere congtiinfit, care este coextensivd cu toatd aceastl
viatd gi fiird de care nu se poale concepe irimic eristiiicl psiholcgliceqir-, ;
iar confinuturile cu tot ce apare ca cuprilts su]: forrla constiiniei, crt
maleria vie care formeazd fhi-,ui viefii iroastre psihice.
Am notat cd in rinitatea laptului cie con;tiinfd amltele iui ei:-
mpreinvli.ecsaunetnstittiSinfiscrirenisteine;i cc,i.elalir-e gi cd in nici nn caz tlu le puiem
stdlatoare. Acest caracter apare pentru cu-
getarea reflectind asupra cttrro;tinfei , insd pentru viata spontanee a
faptuiui de congtiint5, acesta apare sieqi cu un caracter distinctiv foarie
izmdpriot,rlqani td,alcled nu tofi cei ce au cercetat natLlra viefii psihice l-au
care zXrit uirii, explicafii, pe cind
i-au dat tot felul c1e
l-au
in realitate nu era nevoie decit sd se constate adevdrata lui natur6.
Acest caracter este cX in unitatea faptului psihic confinutul se pre-
zintd ca distinct de actul de congtiinf6, ca fiind semnr.rl unei realitdti
distincte de aceasta, realitate care cliferd ciupd dif eritele grupe de
fapie psihice. Aceastd enunfate abstractd este lnsd cam obscurd; de
.lceea o vom ldmuri cu citeva exemple concrete' Am o senzatiunc
oelecare, o cuioare, albaslru de exempiu. Tn acest foarte simplu fapf
rle congtiintd, atil de simpiu incil nu se prezinLd mai rriciodatd in asc-
rlrellea puritate, constat un conlinut prezeni, culoarea de albastru, care
apare in congtiinfd; insd acest confinut apare pentru actul care-l in-
fdptuieqte ca distinct de dinsr-il, cdci aduce o afirmare pe care nu o
atribuie congiiinfei qi pe care congtiinla, aclicS actul, o recunoaste
distinctd de sine. Continutr-rl senzafiunii de albastru nu apare ca ull
rnoment integrant ai procesului psihic, ci ca ceva cl islinct cte dipsul,
61 c€vd adus, care nu era cu necesitate cuprins in actul de con6tiinft"t'
Acelagi lucru pentru toate senzaf iunile. Pentru cir insl senzafiunea
este un elemeut psihic atit cle simplu incit nu poate fi luat seilarat
decit prin abstrac{iunea celorlalte elemente cu care e rnai totrlea-rrlra
asociat, lucru1 uu este incd ciestul cle clar. Sd ludm dar lin fapt de
congtiinfd inai cornplex, o percepfiune, care este nn tot cle senzafiuni
incercate mai iuaiute. Percep o foaie de hirtie al'uii ; conlinutul stdrii
cle congtiinli e cornpus din citeva senzafiuni prezente 9i c'iteva ima-
gini care sunt senzaliuni posibile, iirsii acest faiii
confinut se prezintd
de actul cle congtiintd care-i percepe ca ciistinct de e1, (Treiruie sti
lSrnurim c5 aci nr-r este inc[ r'orba ciluqi de pulin de foaia cle hirtic
cii existen!X obiectivd, ca un corp in afard de noi; clistinc{iunea asllllra
cireia insistdm este cu lotut ideald, fdcutd lnduntrui stdrii psihice pe
cere o avem.) Afirmarea adusd cle confinut nu este rclativS la ?nsiqi
starea de con;iiintd, ci Ia ce'','a distinct de ea, Foaia de hirtie este
a1b5, este intins6, are o figur5, dd anume impresiuni tactile, dar col-
gtiinfa noastrd clespre foaia cle hirtie nu are nici unul din aceste ca-
ractere ; toate acestea sunt afirmate despre ceva distinct de congti-
infd, de reprezentare ca act, Reprezentarea nu esle clar nimic din ceea

8B

68

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:i'{i1{i':i"ri"J3*,t*1f.1'i,"'"1ili:il:i'd,'n'

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cu calacterul pe care l-am gisit specific in percepfiunile numite externe,
isf1ap1parfteirupilru;eizaepcnstiaihsreiucantteloumtmemiisetoenbitseinpcuatifvritedi,nginiinccteaorrneiofinrcioutantutfeiln,audtnueolgaai spdtare6re,dicrneaspdctoufronpriumtariitneicnal
un singur lucru cu actul sdu, apare totugi ca distinct de acesta, ca o
afirmaie strdind iui. O confuzie poate proveni clin aceea cX atribuim
aceie stXri eului nostru, stibiectivit5tii, cu cal'e se confundit' Le atri'
buim, este adevdrat, dar ceea ce noi numim aclul nu coincicie cu eul
ori subiectivitatea, care sunt concepte tirzii, formafiuni psihice com-
plexe in urma unei lungi elaboratiuni de materiale. lnsiYt p€ntru oct,
a$a cum l-am considerat noi, continutul este distinct; deSi de drept
formeazd irnpreund o unitate, totu$i nu apor ca ceva unic. Dacii aceastd
ulitate ar fi cunoscutd imediat ca atare in sthrile uoastre cle afectirii-
tale gi activitate, confinuturile ior ar apdrea ca ceea ce sunt ;i atunci
rll sa-naurmmeaiofragcaenelo,cqailizndircilieascelinutnimileennteoiaosr trneoatfsttlrenecl-eaprldmceariea5piddreuarercea
in
externe. In aceste cazuri proiectarea continutuiui nu este atit de in-
tinsa ca in cazul percepfiunilor externe, insi congtiinfa tot cunoagte
continutul ca altfel clecit ceea ce el este in unitatea faptultti psihic.
Ceie mai caracteristice proiectdri de acest fel sunt acelea clin cunoscu-
teje iluziuni ale amputatilor, in care durerea este cunoscutd qi loca-
lizati intr-un membru care nu mai eristii.
Dupd aceste lSmuriri sd ret'enim la unitatea faptulni de coll-
stiintd gi sd rredem ce insemnare are elementul pe care l-arn nrimit
cci. Acest act reprezintf, ceea ce se numegte conStiinla, pe care psi-
hoiogis o recrlnoa$te ca coextensivul intregii I'ieli psihice. Departe de
a fi o facriltate aparte, cum pretindea rrechea psihologie, conqtiinfa
nu este decit forma oricfirei vieti psihice, Peutru ch orice confinut
tcurednlcrrai-rcnietugmsidaufinielmaipncrtseofudfnirtdddc1eonunsnctoiatnucfiietns(uccteosleurncetloaaulibdtasetterlea)mculeinunptcei ofsnirufdinntunitnicspeispuihanircasbefii1lie1rsd,,
;ii cum in act recunoa;tern conqtiinfa, toat6 \riala noastri psihicd e
Acest fel cle a privi realitatea psihich taie qi problema mult
constientfi.
clezbdtutd in filosofie qi psihologie a iucongtientuiui. Vialir psihicb in-
colStientd nu poate sb existe; psihic 9i incorrgtietlt slnt termeni con-
traciictorii : a zice viald psihicd incougtientd este a zice congtiintX in-
couStientS. Ldsind la o parte cioctrinele metafizice acafolestlluinnepasuihionlcoognie-
erpresia realilSlii celei mai profuntle,
qtientul ca
o concepfie a r-iefii psihice destul cle rrispinciitit care, din anr"rme motive
filosofice, ori dintr-o reqretabild confuziuue a punctuiui de vedere fi-
zioloqic cr,r cel psihologic, aclmitea o viatir incon;tientd sau subcongti-
sufietului, f drd sd-9i dea searna de contraclicf
entir a ia in termenii
intrebuinfafi. A$a Se vorbea cle rafionatnent incon;tienl, sentitnent
incongtient, voin!fl incongtient5. In psihologia rnai nou[, aceast;i con-
ce1;fiune a iuceput sh dispard din ce i1 ce mai mult. Aclmiteiea acehti
altucnl:critted,earc,eedeeareddttupcdeacalareoccoonngctieinpffiae a congtiiutei pe care n1 o puiem

este un fenomen supra-acl[ugit,
un epifenomenr cum se exprimd unii psihologi englezi. Aceastd con-
ceiliie mai era in strinsb legdturd cu \rederea naterialistii dupd care
esenfialul in faptele psihice ii constituiesc procesele flziologice, vedere
in care ela o confuziune a punctului de privire a1 fiziologiei, care

90

I6
'Prualqord PlspaJp op ple] auF,lt

-'upr:."Jr--ri;PB-nrre"tgr.rapspziiiirrzlipt*tppultrluo-eo1xraa*act;Jndagroja"l;cnplnrisglSpiO.a3ol.t"uoa:oBtlrrrulr,.'".'l"nnb"'-'i,gra1^1IOn,.rrr,ocnltrluintusu1pipAr!1rgjalPr!l.ot1il'pJlslqtll.pile"nlli1rt1ularelu,'leaulabI1ipnlsnpan,rctPsSrlel1irauruttdse*PS-r,seBsta-rtlurSerpreao1c.u1eIttlun'aJdr1,-ira]lirprnrtpJniu,.sr6i.arrJ'1nlAtnaraa1llsi1ilure41eqlicIpJJ.lt'or"en'oant1l"looa-xdozruor,u-rro-seaaprcor+rr.nlorJrltarerrPur'reprIoaacrrPePIouliBrdnIpilJapaI'rJrtrPrJoua-taelul;aPotJne6luu,gItlq6oJgzscss+rrcaaIsnoraPupe'Zlu5glonarslralunboasI-6enIpp'lpaPpeIlEpaoIrJldP-nsllaell'arE'1aoranglPJucapleoacuqfuo-eJa{61plJereguurlrilataJosandrsroLIsBooernlladlrrlspsq-IalrlIItpeoSsoinJPt,ouIluubuuIrenPIrJr'relaoJa'onrnudpilaau'u]arrtartranI.ruf-lanondr'lPupdlla"a1€nlJuptpllpaJaulufplBltlSnJop1ertCnnJorarolirotncolpauu"eefprou'lrdstuldPeolcp-l-nuatP1-ai:truroaIaierlJ3diacpIl9urzssercPcrplnpaaplonnJd'llpI1caarclS]pldd:tquRlerlpplloloPqu1eeoclaa^ecaz'tlIrluarlarlat-slsraluadbdlPrll,uddtI;reoltdshJduSrru1l'lllaesJae-oeel3rvaeIaulpaurlpqalqapet9tPsrltntucaoE-s1o'raltIiin:p1ocitqtldloirc's.+i116i:rl:rri!lil

IINnIidgSugd vluosr
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'arpci';

aai-n_p,-r,uE"-,eSgurrui1rr.s-nrul,"I1crit,fdan'JsorBrIui"u"poul1cs'r1ai1aqs1prtlJaanJl''re,r5a'rB"lasrirdroiiul.Osp1'c1-r,lsotgtiulnuurrleBB3idluue;"np.ga!lareqaun"ptrrJ^olxBllll'r,.iluoirrr1Olstauqr.c1a,ualapac'ulluOO*lai*lqrouprzdpo"alnopu;rrfs1agrruoinreat-#pilorosi1rnipenu,nroqpccgciui1oucJL1ilrqlrloi,'isooaalcelqasle,oIirJ'BslI1rJqu-pqp1nSIJrci.tpr1nruoneldar'Olsels3"1aPsIolelurap'nFdrurriBexd1luoipc1]9'uinI.reaic1"rra1lsslrrl1arnuunBaupug1rtie3iaelliulern1qura'do1nnrpci'prroqop1pinoboeairrpigaoaens1tlq'rlu1"J+lleIslu.ucca''urslccaauctan3elultli't-r1lnlr5run1,'arcuqbppbeuut14aipurarel'rin1rofdoqsupqar1plcppaui'1fl',udotlno;u3rltdlroeo'laru1nro-uJP1pu,loqa1loelaelUItuiJ6rlc.1nlleoldJre.eplapanauetor'SsIuceae''irrnippzJlfaI.uulfedp1a;lia]caduI€iI'ncugnl1;E1op'lrulaaaenqr11coOaelilro16rcanrpsr$puitufa5s,uaaaurrB,oauleqf,1ece1lfPuBrnont1nin!louL1lo'coaae1Ps1JuuJddderiPPlrlSUilezairl^qasc'aoap,acr1RulranqonlItac?Jnpr-rxleopd'-tsurnlt6cels0as'oa:pusqeraroBlol:u11lc1qualnu;B\1P1'llsJnnBlurl's''Jorapruulo\laoroduttraPuItsq1un11Pn;nlpruqapaoocer'lvJauaJlp1secelou€l3lcpen'n1nrodeI'ILlne3lrep,g'^dlpny1tnaPlapruno1-userlt.ln1lrleuie1rnofltrrfrqaleluqlu5rtblu,rnSeuau.atrlara''anrusxPece1adsl'd9ltltltanJ'r1celourangq3dof6'p1plle1ulfor1rcrl1puln,ier1elp1opots'soeqe1po:u1etlplEtu-reet61Ppf'xln:xl'3tudaoaeoasl1no*u'e]Sap\r:-pldul'l31)t-prur1uoup'rBqoelolooeoalrnslsalceearnlr;uliqnnl\neicrolrcaeiueelo'.ltcePrrroln*alrtal-1onalpssa;aisliE:lliE'.-:'oS()lr-ltts;ailc:ai:-ll.itl

l.Ju cunoagtem decit senzatiuniie iioastre ; tot ceea ce cunoagtem
ca corpuri constii.uind lurnea exterioard, inclusiv corpul ttostru, nu e
decii propriiie noastre senzafinni. {,lii corp nll este altceva decit un
clrup c1e senzafiuri actttaie la care se asociaztt inagiui cle senzafiuni.
trecute. Acest aCcvdr cd nunai selzaliunile noastre constiluiesc ceea
t,e nurnim corpurile externe este un arler-iir filosofic eiementar, pe care
Schopenhauer il punea sub fortrluia incisir'd ,,luurea e reprezenta,rea
itrea" la inceputul oricdrei speculafiuni fiiosofice. Lucrul acesta este apa

cie e-,riclcnt pentrr-r congliiir!a iiioscficii, iucit orice demonstrare este
aproaile cle prisos. 1l afara de cirrlons|rafiile filosofice ce i se pot
da, i se pcate da gi o deilonsilare e,'ilrerimentald foarie ciari prin
piezentarea a doud ordini cle iapte siiinf ific doveclite. intii, toati
fiziologia sistemului nervos, nrmririncl procesul prin care cirpdt.lm re-
urezeirtarea iumii extetne, girsegle intre aceasta gi actul final care se
prodttce ln creier o serie de iermeni intermeciiari, care fac ca rezuitat.ul
iniregului proces sd fie cu tolul diferit gi incomensurabit cu ceea ce
se acimite drept cauzd a lui. N'Iai ales lpeogaeateclseds,p,iencteifricpirteatleezae
dupei care fiece grup de nervi nu trerr-iior,

clecit in
anume feL orice excitalie, un ercitant unic, electricitatea d.ex., pro-
ducind prin nervii vizuali impresiuni rrizuale, prin cei auclitir,i impre-
siur-ri auditive etc., este decisi\,5 pentni a invedera cd nu cunoagtem
clecit senzafiunile noastre gi cI ceea ce nurlirn corpuri externe nu ne
sunt ciecit pe aceastd cale crinosc'.rte. !'3 Al doilea grup de fapte sunt
iluziunile siiniurilor, halucinatiile, r.:i5g1.. in aceste st.1ri percepem cor-
puri e,'<terner care in momentlii perce'pfinnii ne apar cu aceeagi clari-
icarteedcinali$i idine stitrile normale ;i de r:eghe $i cdrora le acordiim aceeagi
exjstentd inclepenclentir. Aceste f apte dovedesc cir ceea
ce ludm drept corpuri sunt senzafiunile ;i perceptele noastre. Acest
adev6r psiholoclic atit de simplu a fost de multe ori gregit interpre-
tat gi cle aici au rezultat cele mai mari rirtlciri filosofice.

Cu toate cd nu cunoagtem ciecit seiizatiunile noastrer acestea lte.
apar ca obiecte, ca corpuri ?ntr-o lume exterioard, cu totni cieosebitd
cle inmea iniernd a congtiinlei noasire. Aceste corpuri tfe apar nut
r,urnai ca clistincie de noi, dar avind o eristen!5 cle sine stirtirtoare,
neconditior:ald de nici o cunoqtinf ,i. Pentru congtiinf a spoirtanee a
pirnfului comliil fieca;e ol,-iert este inr-lepenc.lent de snbiect;i c.le
Laatc celeiaite obiecte; ,,cori;urije in ceea ce prive5ie cor-rccptril lor
sunt iitcotLrclif ionaie ". 9e Concli!ionaiea reciprocii a corpurilcr iittre ele
5i apoi cu. con;tiin{a noastiil r}u er.ie un dat,lrr-L iinr:diat a} con;;tiintei"
ci rezultat-r-il unei reflexi'Liiii mai lirzii. Pe noi insd ne preocupir ceea
ce gdsim in congtiinfd ca date iinediate, spontanee gi acestora trebnie
sii ie cl5n expiicarea. Inciepenrien{a corpririlor de subiectui (r,litosc;ilor

e8 Doctrina energiei speciiice nu mai estc aclnisii de fiziologia de astdzi sub
bancuecirtaavsitindeafrorvrmifl.i5ir.,,inccdaiirfeoerrdqeaantnfeiealpzoder npdtceruriileetirraJicnoeshmosniisncicuosnlceir:a..{itiieul,lxnecril,oitEranicieielrongrtiar.aCisepf.eincBiafci,colciirllune'iuxriu.mlDcaieci treiecbnaraatrllYi;-
ol Plrllosoplrl,' und Psychology,, arL Specilic se.neFrsg.ry,c|orcJtonge'rev,evso, /v. oI,l. II, Wuncit, Grund-
rlss cler Psycltctlogie, Si Grundziige cler ph1 pp. 235 Ei 323-32
(ed. IV). (n.a.)
)e Cf. ,\, Spr'r. Pensee et Rbeiite (Denkeit utrcl \,VirklichkeitJ. lrad. frdnc. Pen-
ion. p.ti\. (n.a.)

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-Sounc euralqo:d alp1rsaJau nf, JEp aund as ilunlldaJJacl inrpntrs ri1

'ro11.rnd

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pJlspou Brsardurr ap llurlslp dlor un
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'gfutrl*uoc ap arrJpJII BruJlIn afiut1s E:\ oS ar ecinp'aJsixo PS Pnttlluol P^
ep-n-cag'JsrJrdlruJBrpeoon3isord:plareallrn'uaEJ3lrlplupserlpnut€frnarioplrJu]lpe'peegaludslerer.rloxae-uautgJronpaonofrlals'sa'uoariax1laplrauJSroppallplrpssJtJrelasupolooJLa-uriildnLipf;nJ,nol-PrrtorJlStluniuPaialiS1ru1llesa'l1poJp.ralfaueJ,1pl:]os-n\pl'Jauaiaarli)ialpnrtluaaluslsucnllueqodItlalJalduuf:a,oonlapduJldt1i..pd\\'1oeng1l1l.ofarl1ue]ln1sdiPurtaeurs

nigte fapte psihice sd ne aparf c1 acest caracter ? O ieorie compietb a
percepliunii trebuie sd rXspundS. cum se face cd confinutril reprezen-
t.Irilor noastre este proiectat in afard, cum senzafiunile noastre din
fap+,e interne ce sunt ni se inf.lfigeazd ca corpuri externe. Propriu'zis
aceasta nu mai este o chestiune de psihologie, ci de un ordin superior.
fenomenul perceptiunii in realitatea lui psihologicd,
Psihologia studiazd uneori gi ca fapt fiziologic
confoln unei tenclinte
ca act mental, gi
1ancaltoridicaumtiLL, priscriliilerairncxcelpeicailvutcli,te$dpnli!eiim1icrrcneieeendsdptiarpilaeilui.tcrniPt;t,uiiepannielniiecrnuitesliuclruenopmpenesde;rtiiinhiaoitnotae.llrlodeAeg,cicppeaasearirsehectxidecpipneegltireutsiimnriinmreertiadnpntlaeeailsnndctaealanirzuecuen-e1asefztacsilopptemrftaosplcpuiuetmsulsll,ti''
ins6 nu este in stale cseAeaueceldmsuunret,asccidcadecocreptuorai tien acele operafiuni
nentale ne apar nu spaliu. I-Ierberi
Spencer in Prjrrcjpiile clc Psi/iologie consacrd uoud lungi capitole din
,,;\naliza specialil" sludir-rlr-Li arniiurinlit ai percepfiunii, pe care o aratE
ca o in'rerirretaie, o inferenf5, o conslrllctiune, un proces de ciasifica'
llldcittnaeeenrrreccceeeesolpe;ertalgiiiupracnnrneoiiiiicc,aSlnuc\,urcaeirnmiaensvddaencemnolpuuiicnine;cii1dc5cictnc1aoonirconeciagooFstnituienepnrlxtedtipiancleilocduslanttsecreelteiietscuxlpuatirsirmveateeccintoeadfmarleuepiluucaleioccxrrefpeuuslunretiudrloioai. rmpflaneiepnrnatf,taalaiipufnlatnsruaaii.iii
cle noi. Acest datum fuudamental trebuie explicat. Din punctul de r-e-

ciere al teoriei cunogtintei, aceastd explicare nu se va putea cla pe
f'tiemaceeinslteoab, speernvatrluiilocrdfiozJiorsloegrvicaefi,ileorfiicziiot ldoegiceexapcrteesguipduen aminunfite ar
rrlii corlrr-iriior qi aogbasfeiirnl'dafini upoptotfisdeerviceplenmtraui cuno$tinfa lu-
tin!5. Asemenea
a explica aceasld cunoF-

mare folos in fiziologie,
pentru a expiica pe cale fizioloqicd procesele concomitente faptelor
psihice, insi pentrir teoria cunogtintei nu pot aduce nici cea ilai micii
ldm'-rrire. Deci explicarea trebuie cdutatir tot pe tdrimul viefii psihice"
Spencer simte acest lucrn, dar afard de demonstrarea filosoficd din
PstruindeiuleluiPprienrccieppiifiaunniei cneusitrdltaiiiurneeviinreeagliitdnliuinadteinpgeenddeenctelt, cu ocaziunea

in treacdt, ia
percepliunile de rezistenf5, chestiunea exterioritdtii corpurilor. $i ex-
plica{iunea la care se opregte este din cele mai slabe. Intr-adev5.r, a,,t
crezrit unii psihologi, cu Spencer impreund, cd originea cunoagterii unei
lumi externe ar fi in percepfiunile tactile gi m'"rsculare care ne da,l
ideea de rezisten{d. Rezistenta pe care o intimpind migcdrile noastre
ne-ar ideea nnui element st,rdin cle noi, ar fi inceputui unei afir-
cia
rniri a unui reai distinct cle noi. Aceste senzafiuni de oprire a miqcdri-
lor noastre ar fi nucleul solid imprejurul cdruia se dezvoltd credinfa
noastrir in exislenfa unei realitdfi obiective. 101 InsA aceastd explicere
nu poate sta in picioare. Dacd senzaliunile noastre sunt Ei ne apar cic
ia inceput ca fapte interue, cum afirmd psihoiogia experimeniaie $i
multi filosofi, este nejusiificatd distincliunea care se face intre senza-
liuniie care ne clau rezislenla 9i celelalte senzaliuni. Toate senzafiunile

sunt ca fapte interne pe uri picior de egalitate ; nici una nu ne spun€

tat LIo!jtling, I,sqilisse cl'ure Ps1'c,'rologic, p. 273. {n.a.)
g4

96

'('B'u) 'ltll,V 'lS 'f ap uolIItuDH Inl Drlos

-orrd urp v'doc'A 'uorlrlrrDH ap pln3pr ",[,liffir,u,:r]?:ryffit?::

qLpt-eJo-tJpilalrapJgorllJlo'!nirEt.paBldtqsBnroauriJo1tr5roiIiu-plo;rqns-IniEsroa1oucelas.tl'IrarygJoo1u3oa-eltcrJqpu(n.oeIoln1lsiute'[oum1i.ier1I'gtrgulol1lsu.o{11sqrPug'sosoanuei]l1sdosstrl-ostaJalu6xr[qusrr6aeaoenln-1rsanoreSllgtflul1orriudosrntlnRr'rpeaeeipaJleprr]glPpreserlloeaJpIsoleurouilBJnrlounnIoBJa]lEpu'lrarusalasRaoalu{anEqJrtt!itJBrucIrelrarJasel]ossPlorlsauleelul]rl.losoraIirascIldrIno.ouorolaolJaaapllillorpnasIupsl-iliolssfeIIp,eJprpn1uBnerB3lnreanaaalt'aup:aula!IcaJoaJlaeeeudeupaIa'aeaeoa9puJlpsr^uPslleuneeaJ'ra1eloIdndJSl'ua'IaeuaSlprrrereueeoueuInqucTltl

ii" ["Iea':-'lPaCr-r-1l;u'Jlgd-';alillsi6pa"Jri-lurau1o;la-aaiue-n;it3rSf:nLrape.orii;-ua"lluur1rlulolnuro+ixrsalnar;zeae.T(:scsncspn;."liir;uacLs;olamrtrpllrrar"nrdaSprioiSnpuarI{tSea]durirJlr;uiSeeuruapuJelofJppetde"pdoeoroIu_aptsneuB-rzpln"I"'1uaotalnorrrsrirlaoeuuoriueJIirutao""l'unpucl"raluJgsunt1cafrrlndo.pi"ulnSePpoinngaRrrfirsrruJgdtI{sqoptEe,ido!Jlnorularoi'IrzBlalirr"rsnenaealJlraflrd\lnn"l3ta.nnrgunFeeIsTl'iturr6,nnJpunu"roou,rupptnqp"IIzsrif'orina,nzItnunagaunn[r"in'ooitiuaecouoeonIe'n,Bdu.ulrfs,rBl1ar-rnayulrrula1l"pcilnre"prorlnsuoqa1u!liunecqnanusc.apoIl".s+1Rforposiqtntni.nrd,u'd1li'z?br.'iuctiI"eiaiSrtiutieln1Ipp:"nrnlnrrpoP*tusts'n+,e'pupnBfurnraqagsE,ru6rs5u-ldpeniuplIerod1lsJaplzdpuoi'aO.nilS-oaqnrs[znl^fdreao'xcrquerlenr'uu"au"JeutultcoslerBn'nnrlallllInnulopcaiq3xoenralrnanna5ndulfl'auptlfrz'pnoaauaoSlErlrioiJrsdesalusSirrJPuufrua'calionePac!e'lllornOer1"gnaias'anJI,Brr,ll,patllrioalu1rnnui,uici6c'rl'lu€sllpb'ititIl-ci8aBaP1ouIu}+ruBuenu3t'naprInlaanuupcurrel'lllap1unIlasoaeujcipuslsJofpuuourularnpls1-enllupplaorpVauoa'aIg1ioccslBi"ruaf'apazld€nrelllrueliIdpu1ir6lsu{q1srJuur'epstaR1sirpo-II''nfnalolnalpBnu,oniieolrrlpSlu'pol'ailaSBr'searluJaoe'tfl"coreJsnf5ftteuuu1pdelilr1ouIeuuie1zuirIe'lnsJ'slIatcpxniaalrSdfeedzilaIuz,rp:ra€r1'qa[astp1anrlArttuieouultruuc'alor1Julasoirorlaluar'tgi]g'naaq1topcnIaeBe1luru'ulrloprlllJlugSp1cserordllrsruP'1uors3la'ln1.nrsunqldbpui.eicxrarrrleu2onlealt1ad€atsiotrotea*pnpatafa1tal1{tsaScIuqnuPlltesa'ePcnBulnu'sullupraprrzhaeorneorrnrl3nranaennriu1zzscenueTee1opfru1Jar1as'EnpJencorulrllootiapterursnr1nE1ai,fluaPuecdnpux'guPco:lzPr{cJIspuoIrniYallpnparotrtaaidbr"lJPtueonlr]aaurdulp'lnfllt-eplrEoleapo'1u,€.t1f31]::nrlr"'rsainoeluot]rit(nnllIle'oalo1o]Poeslraira'traliSflnluelcltbdfuupoJsPzc1uoapeco"usprnJeprp.|'/tlupta1olalnt:Ialrpn;lngoa;m1r'IezseduruaoSr1pnriln-rxr1nlsaau'-lur:uusqdad;rlflrllxIolI*9nnll€r6rerurauat'pant'Ionl6'aauraprsr6Alrrraar}r)inaldaoslioa3len:aoipnnui'uee'unu;ePcuarudxp1trel1Zr:.tr1Elslnrleopdnn*nn}Pplp:coloss'arnIuurIoTao1cNrruelgslraieulJuusrglurttil1ziprJoaeIluqlLOartaiopfprnnIqt"rlu6Jlrlnnuenturesruodar'lu'ailIllorrluallauudsonpn1lsIealufpnlaquptrx1ulinieeonlitl1;O.udlipoosnprIollaraa'u1ue]zssanPo'ttcJfIre[rce-lltrJoiiu€e-,latnur1Jo€lra-eisnoIlo1ltlr*i-carlru3JIItaCd'rpooeioilolnrpJoprefldnestLu3gilcpsf1tprclosollscsstrsIlrluzilul1Irill

cle'ciatele cuno;itintei noastre, nimic care sA aibd vreun raport cu noi
ii ciespre care sd putem fine seamd. induntrul fiecdreia clin aceste vaste
grltjre am putea introduce tot fe1ul de subdiviziuni 9i nuanle' insd cum
ire noi nu ne preocupd existenfa salr neexistenfa unei lumi reale, ca
cea clr care se ocupd sistemele filosofice, ci deocamclatd numai cunot-
linlc rinei lumi de corpuri in afarir de noi, nu vom intra in amdnunte
ocorinisntiicnrtirtaicaexaiscteelonrlemi acroirgpruurpileordeinsisatfeam1e6, filosofice, Este cert cii avem
cutn se
9i ne-am intrebat
apiicd o asernenea congtiinfd, dat fiincl faptul incontestabil cd tot confi-
nntril congtiinfei noastre este in conptiintd, deci pur fapt mental' Expli-
cdriie ce se dau acestui fapt se pot grupa iar6;i in doud grupe largi:
dupd care cunoagterea unei lumi
itnul al teoriiior a corpurilor este
irtccliatd, altul al celor care o explicd prezentind-o ca medjafd, aclic.l
clol;inditd clin datele percep{iunii cu ajutorul tlllor operafiuni mentale
sau mai puiin cornplicate. Nici aici ntt
mai mult von intla in amii-
nrlnle, ci votx cerceta in grabd numai citeva clin erpliciirile propuse.
AseeLmenmtmineenetnnaltriouenl cadlteemcreoazniiEsstuteiisnlfdlidniltiraemtaecion5rdtioatueidonrdifauaccpfisupihnaoiritioepgocicrlniiininagdreudxpepulillcadterfaioiprpitielroiienr
cnp'hueearu\ct.eeeoropmprfiiiuioienHpiericihma1nreaehCoodialtettzeeoo.5brDiiiecitleetaroi eirstieeaarccapeedsspuithlneiudoanloviiniogimimacclecedaesiatllcTugeeirt,uaJcpota.ehrAeonPrniSaiuletudsailenurattirmMSedcihan]1ocdpe. -sieNnL-senoad-i
trebuie sd resplngem cie ia inceput pe acelea dupd care noi percepem
jmcciiate corpurile erterne insegi, Aci ne afl5n in fafa uniti realisrn tiair-
;c;Hci.aiorDmeauliaalgtoafsnlodc.so1tSf0itt5aeonNrt,udlu'agaript.ausTdtieoonrptlnuttaaliutnusidndecopaumednrmuciineitfpei(lfcoiocosnrioinisftuint.nooOinimcsaueesndneomsiaaeetJintseeiennaraftirmejuioaenrditFeeiiasWctuncsiolflRilin:apeetrianci-l
umrsl1eigee"rrcLc;leiraepirnuiateCcleaocInlfeeitzrnoaiooiicto,tognindieecciiliila;ioisnneotemrbeaieeznecire1t.eaeC;raeiefeiapramelercicreeeripxCltsieluelnlnlolreeaida$intcneurolniaarsSertzuriunpi tlustadutetnaeatrieafnitcuileiimCleieoncItmpeliLaarl--ii
l'iie, ci senzaliunile itoastre lle cale 1e luiim drepi corpuri. Ceea ce este
teorii esie nlliltai consiatarea faptului cd arrem o
acitrirat in aceste
cor,liiintir imediatii a existen!ei coipnrilor ; greseala cea m are este
iits.i confuziunea- atiL cle cies fiictitd inile ctinoa$tel:ea senzatilttlilor
rroasii'e gi cLtnoa;terea corpurilor,

crrrioDaqiltterreeacluoncetriinleulneiiltaerccoerp-l{tiuurnilioi rnieliclliamteijLlolnceirleeasr-j1usdli1et ccdefiiai jaupnrgioerrni ia
de

cauzaliiate, Asemenea teorii au susJinut Schopenhauer 5i l-{ehlholtz'
E cnnoscutd simplificarea pe care o aduce Schopenhauer teoriei cuno;-
tiniei kantiene, suprimind cleosebirea intre sensibilitate 5i inteligent6
qi recunoscind o singurd facultate, inteligenla cu formele ei apriori
spa{iu, timp, cauzalitate, Cauzalitatea se pune in migcare chiar cu
ocazia datelor sensibile pi grafie ei proiectdm senzafiunile noastre in
afard de noi Si le ludm drept corpuri; corpurile independente de sen-

zaliunile noastre nu existfl ; in aceastd privinfd Schopenhauer se aplo-

tos Cf. Examinotion, cop. VIII. (n.a.)

^{r11,

90

L6

(e.u) .our; ,.ri 7r1 .al;r ,11 ,y e-icir-Ls lzJ:,i s:i
1;!:?tr";L:3;rY ,i#;',".r8
rffi;;;j,,1;;rp'i ?.i,s r.e cr ulrrlr .r
,,,1;;')"3:1,

Dr DaLritlT rs pttrotr!lns aLrnrjnt a1t ,-tltticir:,,rro ,';i',i)r,;n]'lr;lilLru .l'-'ll"io''

rpurBrr--o$oJnuSlJonllPallU1JuuclJ-pan!nrn-riJ'dralllTloaffnuTeeEallJzrzarzilpIuroruuznrnl-roparirlrrrrlsss'ronfJenpdeuoplzJ]prtrliz'fre,tlr,rseranrplal'rnsoprrfe:j,oErrl)poEordrJrldpllioprr-rrupo)ell€eilpJrdaxszJpr.ola\nroerzalJrpcaonlJnalJlzl;lpxllf1nrrrgJaeoelprcl'cpJJueaainioocerpoogrprl;n+rrecpd'aloepilllllpslunre{pssulJz,taoeoojnprlJprreuJ-rervl"Joupece.ldlil.lnu]rtexupBnaloaeonlrsi1i:arrrsItrpaJieroo:zrocoauo6*JrJo1nixnae]1",Eeu1p,3J-,pu'1itprqnrtn,i.lrappr.rd"Jroan.JJsrrpenpllraaoJ1drirr"enlr.lorp-a]rarla"cpr,lu?"n"iarfls,5rcqaleerioo1"lacosliLl!re'qrelJrso_]BoolJe"urrouidosn'1nulnLjas"iou:irz:i,

;lf'Pnaue'---R-ee'u--'eeuToPl';rIa:rplesarr1-snnuu:st_l1oJuppuraarZaanairIsnlfrll0fB]aau1p33nef,tnizrul,np6qnupne1p]rALelJlrosBPp\r[oaRornlrl.rapzpnrp1ao:Bee_pntatp3uuf'.raEJrr'T^1J1r,uupSreioJrllJr:Jrannone.frrpdpap"lE-Rp'"aorrerJle*sRcr'e9{l,roupu,Bird-^nla!tauJBdnpl]aiolsrnea'urlptlJnralu1l.alra'rtrxlrpuJoJaegnrndrS't:uarlrrI_qEurIu_rrpanrunounsoJea'odusarr,go-'anrruolp:J]':oArJptranalsoreosnrlll:ppltallrorsfrrlalaCrq_J.JrJtsr-a6:suplslu.anduerclnnulF\_irriqatBaru^lpu.or{opcualeropollrr-prrIdlaleltpoJonllplppouapa.gorpl_onruppr1rdrul1eratp-plunnqJqrrezrnBr,rpuolplpp'aooIeolreursua.nr-npu'Juizp6gprparlodrprrisdasrpul'ao.onnraor1eorroaprnti-lxops.llopql1apuleirJelorpuJrrq;irrarlru!acut"cdpor-oJuuprogeJruc.+uf'prfeio-lzerour,Jtlpuenl1lulsnrdrorpassas'euoeeJ.ll:aoarl'1arrpuatlallopuzsaaorulnprspoflrIoqiAe{lxpe'eJpdrrunrlurtdrr.pnuelr.qepaidurparafJtulazureesap]lrlSydusu1n1otBriulorncauopJrpsip1fsniera.rTnoutppnplloearrialjlr'ilxuue1rl'll.SoaouofnerratrI'lrzuao,ulsueoul,napncenr1r1eoJldlprreru,1l1pnrialz1ed+carolunuozrdroprlloarrupIsuRpzecurplJJxa!caolruplr'llszucpri-raurrn]noaoanJrsl'lratrldurcproutnnp*snpulopprlsao.ulliuurlrapopureclecoiar'Jnprusrlarup3rIi'BaoailoJur"r{lo1tropnallseln.d.ealnpuxp'lla]naicraroirRr.oyararoezradlarua.gpeplrirl'uuarb1ptacr-pol'nJarlz1'p'uoq,scE,naes'eannrqinEezlgro.zsun1naf"rlJbsa,arszrrrdjrrraroia,n$lsApu1.Jflu'sroua{aorrjcuttp6uauarslrJnt,Joecerepopttru,ilrt.oruJannpvr,iiaaipienlcpau;qlrpqpar.j'spp1'uutperidl1ainra6prppifreffa'.uo1Eorruafe,U'aaruuretruerd1nJoirl1pr4,a11"drlsrzqg."iizr.ScoJrap1oli'ipro"pasq'iboaar5raur{n'pgeiAprtr1p1g^"d1fltteiaqi"iririurn.gr"1J.l1u"r.Oeeorrrori.lsLcr1t:druoiaiiorxl"ula*,9-?zJlipqalreepr,uarssr"Jplosi"a'oJnSryirj1olJuurt'r1rposo"lqr,ijs;-"p,er;pprrbrl'frr,,alqpaaat1nauilrb"pr,on.urqiaja"nar"snpcn,"oiqz1odaunuJirloaaloa.lti-i"piaeTiS."erintonecfur1xofeldrrrpu"irdop,"rrl;a-arse"raji1p^pne',r'prn,se,onu1nnnioe;)rlrpniusippaJil}xn1pn,uno1selto,oniplpsiJuseoloi4anaouutnElrssx"."riOpzSrr-alnaurr,it1pn,rrprrlp?tea1enaJz"lzrnaplruJgo;euprolE.iueetpn1pgru,n,prpoli".anlo';prplf,r'prpreiJu*Ja1z^'Itaaa';i,ear,*ol*arenrBloa;r^eu-Jdnea'eju,-ulrpirlparro*pn,udLJ;"-nlsurfo"1r.p"ippioqlrcu'rJnar,iflspo;rS"edapniudrJpr,arl"lup;orlsunsaT"iiblur;eJenn,ratIrr.irprlrirqr;Eqanariooas"'onaralas"ixr.aap"ipaaufJprocdoru;nbn:uppiruai"e,pDi3D})r)teiir)liri
".rd

tAaCeffoiaaenrrcddnheci((lllseeertaneectxxepcissletaelretiaeen,nilniafndt,eCrexcolllreeepsxrupiperrlienilcotacil,ar9eraiec5neinosfLiatelcpapoteunncteeehsmi-ctaeleIamo\arepncadelerpneloaaict,leiivCleiolaeleao:rrpcciecalareuicezdnCe!ao.'itlrnrl'r.
cltrzinne, ca L1n clatum abstlact in con;tiinlfl, pe cind de fapt noi peIce'
lgr€e1nnerraiolelpi nariieex.isDteancdlei1e1-oarr,nIctlonochicdtre^,nonqlltina!5lniladviveiaclclalelcdit o cunogfin{ei

cum cle fapi

\a e111,
Ajr.rnqem acum la imporianta teorie psihologicf, a lui John Stuari
,"1i11. Ace,st filosoi a incercal sd clea o explicalie a credinlei noastre it-i-
lr-o lr-rme extelioarii, in care sA nu intervind alte elemente decit sidrlle
nrcjloorl.aplssdttrleee1c,inluetnecropnnreog.ctTiliunes!o[nrqiaaitluleurgiililpe9si1ihnoore.lco1e0gesicEadrxtaselerioobrraiitnzaedtaeuzaidriiiupgeciaclreeioguclJilreodpreosnstt.ulerlsiaii.cieer,
probate prin experienid : intii, cd spiritgl omenesc e capabil cle agtell-
rare i ch-lpf ce am avut senzatiuni actuale, putem concepe senzafiuili
care nu le avem in momentui prezent' dar pe care le-atl
posibile, pe
jntea avea clacii S-ar plezenta anrime condifiuni, a cfirol natulfi ne-a
fost ciaiir cle experientd de mai multe ori ; al doilea, c5 ideile noastre se
asociazd clupd legi constante. Miil formuleazf, aceste legi astfel: 1) idei*
tind sf, fie cugetate Cimonpcreeupnudte;in2) ideile feno-
le fenomenelor asemdnate expelimentate sau contiguitate
menelor care au fost sau prin
(i1 timp sau spaliu) tinci sd se prezinte impreuni; 3) asocialiunile ciml
clevin'mai sigure
contigr,ritate gi mai lesnicioase.prin repetare i
cioud-fenomene au flonstefxoiastretenfdde, snriceui ninitec$ugi entuares-,asuepprerozcelunctaet nici-
intre
loclati separat nici
iecrhrieo-rcpoiuticaMesoii1cnila, nliiduoenieecariennddoiinsaofsalturibdnilfdi,u.emsFpuernaecolliuobnmieacerteairaiS'ea.xcteSesdrtnov6re. dlCeegmini dainleziccaeesomccoinacstdiiusntLiuli,il
obiect este exterior nou, inleleqem cd existd, impiicat in percepliunea
noastr:I, ceva care cl5inuiegte chiar cind nu ne gindim Ia el, care existd
inainte cie a ne fi gindit vreodatd Ia el, 9i care ar exista chiar cincl
noi nu rrom mai fi ; mai mult, cd existd unele lucruri pe care nici noi,
nici altcineva ltu le-a perceput vleodatd. Aceastd idee
iclentic, care se distinge de impresiunile noastre repezi a ceya fix pi

qi trecdtoare

ltrin caracterul cie permanen!d, constituie intreaga noastrA credinld
Dar aceastd credinfd nu este pentru
rlespre materie. au imprimat-o Mill decit forma
cunoPtinlei seuzaf iuniior
lie care leglile asocialitlnij. prin experientS. Unele senzafiuni plezen-

iroastre contingente ciipdtate
lcpiilorerslsrrt"bur-iisliselaAtiennaecrroeenappgraetirzliletfrdnietdiinmascoealclioteerststeoetnidmzeapatriuuennjuai.rddVreid, dapneounmctraeurticemappseredmjucarrsedddrie,i metrse1iecn
i1 att.1 oclaie li cle$i nu o mai vdd, sunt totugi convins cd ea este tot
laaecrqloniiloto.arNcae1sloemcsiaaefiniuaznmailii,uscnedin,zcaalcaficrliidcniialed9apfcieddcmian-raengomuini tilonealrdmcaep, rdienajurorcddrraeilidee,,
in rrirtutca
in cale am

1e-a9 avea

iard;;i. Din cauza acestei proprietifi a spiritului nostru' in concepfiunea
pe care o alrem intr-1n noment clat deSpre lume, senzaliunile actuaie

rre J()]r]l Stuari Mill. Examination of. W, Hamilton's Philosophy, cap. XII.

g8

66

'PJpOrralxa Baurnl aurlrl nrlued

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Aceasta este in liniiie ei generale teoria psihologicS a lui Mill.
Senza{iuni posibile, grupe de senzafiuni, ordine in aceste grupe gi ul'r
acord intre credinla noastrd qi a semenilor noptri : iatf, toatd ideea
pe car:e c averl despre o lurne exterioard. Materia este definitf, ca o

posil:iiitate pernanent5 de senzafiuni.

'i-eoria aceasta ar fi foarte justd daci icleea noastrd despre o
lume obieciivd s-ar reduce la ideea unei posibiliteti de senzafiuni.

Dar ideea de posibilitate este vag6. ,,Posibilitdti de senzafiuni" nu
insernneazd aitceva decit arnintirea sau imaginile senzafiunilol noastre,
cr-r a;teptarea cd in anume imprejuriiri vor apdrea din nou in congti'
inta noastrd ca actuale; ,,permanenfa" aceslor posibiiitdfi nu e decit
irerrnanenta relativd a imaginilor gi ideilor noastre. Credinia in reali-
tatea materiei este oare numai credinta in realitatea senzafiuirilor gi
imaginilor noastre ? noastrd
in credinta despre lumea obiectivii intrir
nuraai credinla cd am putea avea anume senzafiuni ? Este adev5rat cd

credinNa in materie cuprinde gi credinfa in posibilititile de senzatiuni,
e adevdrat cd gtim cd corpurile au pttterea de a produce in noi cutare
sau cutare senzatiuni, dar nu numai atit. Pe lingd posibilitatea de a ne
afecta, mai credem ci. lumea materiald inainte de a intra in contact cu
noi are o existenfd in sine, o realitate independentd de congtiinta noas-
trti, degi nu o cunoagtem direct decit prin efectele asupra noastrd. Ele-
mentul esential aI credinfei in realitatea corpurilor nu este credinfa
in posibiliiatea de comunicare intre ele 9i noi, ci nofiunea distincfiunii
de noi, nofiunea de exterioritate, de alteritate, de altceva decit mine.
Nurnai cu fapte subiective nu se poate construi obiectivul, cu posi-
biiitdtiie de senzafiuni Mnuillseesptoeaftoearetxepsliucabtirle5a, lditaartenauEnieprdedzeandfeavdluramtaii
corpuriior. Analiza lui
idee despre lumea corpurilor, ci ideea pe care ar trebui sd o avem
dacd st5rile noastre interioare ne-ar apdrea totde4una pi in totul ca
stdri interioare gi nu ar contine de la inceput nici o afirmare strdind
lo-, 110

Pe lingd acestea, teoria nu expiicd exterioritatea numai prin dateie

senzaliunilor actuale sau celor trecute, adic6 imaginiior, ci introduce
dou5 eiemente noi, nofiuniie de posibilitate gi de permanent5. Sttb aceste
notiuni se ascunde de Ia inceput ceea ce trebuie sd se explice: obiec-
tir-itatea. Acestea nu sunt decit insdqi obiectivitatea redusd la o stare
fantcmatici. S-ar mai putea adbuga cd acea orinduire a senzafiunilor
in grupe, care e de asemenea irostulatS, nu e decit Lot erprimarea as-
teoria, per-iiru a explica ex'rerioriiatea, o
cuns[ a cbiectiviiS{ii. A;a cd
redL;-lce la rrl- faniorn cdruia ii cld o infdti;are cle stare intern6, de con-
pilrl|5. insd teoria posibilitdlilor nu ajunge sd ne expiice realitatea
pi:ezerit5 a lumii externe, in care averyI o nestrdmuiat5 credin|5, Numai
crr snl:irctirr nu puten clddi obiectir,'u1. Mill s-a lirchis in eu prin irsi-
ti+1i,:r{isnir-rl }ui e:iclusiv gi nn mai poaie iegi clintl-insui.

Nici u',ra din incercdrile cle a ne da o exlrlicafie r.'aial:ild a faptuiui
:ili cuiroagtem contir:ulul percepfiunilor noastre ca ni:ji.e corpuri

ijr Cf. i'-1 ac,3ailj pri.;1i1!Jr $i Ltiuret, Plilasophie dt Nlii!, p. 206 sr1. (rr,.r,)

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102