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pr11+pu plsEaJB JpurJrJp ig ps rurlS II Inun ad rprunu nral$eounr r-a.rpl ;lri
ttttpgacdarincearitmiienecgnspetaecetirrenie,indiantronreiciu-ano-oialspeaapmti-tlrruudaSianlmpr,ccviuiateoeiniatcpepgta,drausiacroeteeapnxaoajnpssulotuielnhoialrnrgitmicdedfieeidenoriimnlacedppituciderreniiir;nonnadieidnterl$anuiomucetinridaocnecrcedusaicasadmanritstredaSsae5ttfienuaiiplnxce-bruapaitirmtlplpeieifmcramradpdopcuotopttoetoieurcroaidaieiirntod,ddatienieoancgarlmmeunui,ecoendsp,rnoiudnuei;ditrtxniaeiibnplnecoaifetnaxreroesirneerpqii-oneduianilrnLsiim1ii_ne-"-n
Aceastd necesitate spirituaid de a concepe corpurile, care nu sunt
ciecii senzafiunite noastre, ca o existenfi cte sine stdt6toare, cu un cu-
vniiiginrl'neLia)c-aneunrpiqeetsertieeinndcfeeoirn.ivdoaiftidodnodavitnaedeodxrcpi decranieunnifgedts,etcesiu,dbedsrimtivaapntfodetr(idrteridnrm, eeexanpieierssieutennfetcoisneincsoltie--
cd indatd ce ne ridicdm deasupra congtiinlei spontanee a'simfului co-
mgedxutsenirrnn,Ssni.i_r1eq1if_2leoscets5iluzmbaslaituasnnuitplder,anndiicasiteeinloprreeexzip,ineitrrdiuenlgal6asiniimncteenpriunmtdiccnaiinccciooirnnpdneifrixoip'gneairitre,tanncluaii.
ne menfinem la stadiul cunogtinfei imediate, percepfionale, experien{a
dezminte niciodatd
nu legea de cugetare pe care am formujat-o ; o
iume de substanfe, corpurile, opusd unei alte substante, spiritul nos*
tru, nu prezintd nimic contradictoriu pentru simful comrln. lnsir cind
incepe reflexiunea asupra datelor cunoqtintei, acea lege este in con-
tradiclie cu toatd experienla, Ea ne constringe sd cuge/dm toate obiec-
Ieie ca substanfe, dar cind vrem sd cunoo$tem vreo subsian!5, sd o
aprofuncl5m, in locul incondifionatului apar condiliondrile de tot feiul,
a;a c{ nicdieri nu putem prinde o substanfd adevdratd. Cu drept cu-
vint, putem spune cd toatd experienfa noastri este organizarea unei
rleceptiuni.
Examinind datele experienf.ei noastre externe gi interne, adic6 cr:-
no5iinfa unei lumi obiectir.e gi cunogtinia vietii noastre psihice, rror:r
vedea cd nu cunoagtem nimic incondilionat, cd nu putem prinde nicdieri
\rreo substanf S. lnainte de toate, legea fundamentalS a cunogtin[ei,
acea a cliviziunii unui subiect de obiect, sau, in terminologia noastrS.
a nnui confinut de un act, ne aratd, de la inceput, cd orice cunoqtinld
are sX fie condilionatd de ace;ti doi termeni, cu un cuvint c5. nu putem
aveia nici o cunogtinfd incondifionatd. Legea subiectulni qi obicctui'.ri
este ins5. descoperitS prin reflexiune ; degi ccnstituincl pi neccsitild
orice congtiin{5, ea nu apare ca e..ricienl-ri pentr-u conEtiinla spontanee.
Cei doi ternieni nu apar corelaiir,"i a$a crlnr sunt, ci obiectul ca realitate.
rle sine si-iii5ioare. Prima condifionare, cea mai rrast5, a tuturor obiec-
telor e,:>rpelienlei atii erterne cit gi interne este clar izvorith din iorrra
c.iicarei congtiinie. Filosofii englezi, incepind cLr Wiliiam Hamilton qi
coirtinuincl cu Bain gi Spencer, au pils in er,'ident5, studiind-o in tct
f cirrl, dclilina relcLtittitiiii cu.no$tiniei, care a devenit astlel un loc
c:it. u'1n: -j.-r\itnnllr,pliuteea-r.spiernieunniiimintmerani i pqrciceisx,iecruril,As,/uunnitlt,ceaxmpeirrnicpnifoapriniit,ecrnddc,i experie:rta
rrrrrriiii:iii sj .rea externS, cxperienfa sait mijlocit6. Ceea experienta
iniclegern piin it-'rmenii intrebuin{ati mediatf, o parte. cunoltinta ce am vrut si
este, de lurnii obiective"
dc a1la, i:uiroqiin!a lurnii psihologice, Intre a.mindoui insi nu tra,gcm vreo granttj
air:;olutd. (n.a.)
n4
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au-ralur rfplrsacau rseralate
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e{uagradxa BI urn)p uraJarl 9JEC
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a:}B}rlpor InJp3
,rBol1uIe]1fuS11'p*:oourncrt
ulp earBuorfrpuor e6u31 eci 'au:a1xa rafuarradxa olaloarqo nrluad
'lrgrrlde olprlpA rS
asporournu lrsgb e apun 'a16o1oqtsd uI solo] arprlr un ap alsa illplll!
-iiplar lnidnrirrd 'pruro; plspa3u qns ',,euolfrpuor B alsa alSeounc e"
eoun:flzodorcl u3 alsa auulJop ralseJp roluelordralur Jorn]tU punuroJ
eisardxg ',rr1rzod BJ edalrrot I-p ap ealulrsa3au paund raruadg priir
n'aoedrIaJ'6,orusi1noeIieIbJa'uIpizulnJrIorJlaruopopJedTaaSpcpuaInaoIJcaBJap1leoI1oadep6aepsru1nru1r-orrdolndales'1uaao6surafe1r1pe4fu1uo11lu3orsuropulJnlrJuBi1reznpn1leio;'1uuaor;p)1s1ryS:l
',,ralur13oun: lrfplrnrlulor" unsalaful alrlnlay ep +od aS 'JrJosolr; unruoJ
nluritoare. Iiant dorredegte cd ralionamentele psihologiei ralionale sunt
ni;ie ;rorologisnte ale raliunii pure. Este o tendinfd naturald in noi,
spllne Kant, sd ddm ideilor raliunii, sufiet, lume, Durnnezeu o altd rea-
litate decit cea rafionalS, transcendentalb; aga cd este o iluziune na-
tura1d crearea psihologiei, cosmologiei gi teologiei raiionale. ,,Realita-
tea transcenclentald (subiectivd) a conceptelor ralionale pure std in
aceea cd suntem condu;i ia aceste iclei printr-un rafionament necesar.
Sunt deci ralionamente care n-au premise ernpirice gi cu ajutorul ci-
rora conchidem de la cerza pe care-1 cunoaqtem la cer.a despre care
rr-dveln nici un concept, dar cdruia ii acorcldm totuli o realitate obiec-
tivri prin efectul unei aparente inevitabile. Aceste rafionamente trebuie
sI fie numite, fatd de rezultatele 1or, mai bine paraiogisme decit rafio-
narnente. Le putem da acest nume dacd le privim fafd de prilejul 1or,
cdci nu sunt fictive sau fortriite, ci rezultd din natura rafiunii. Sunt so-
fisticdri nu ale oamenilor, ci ale raliunii pttre, de care nici cei mai
infelepfi nu se pot libera : poate cd in cele din urmd ar evita eroarea
dupd multe silin{e, dar nu se vor putea clezbirra niciodatd de aparen}a
care-i joacd neincetat." 113 Psihologia rafional5 conchide cle la con-
ceptul transcendental de subiect, concept care nlt cuprinde diversita-
tea, la unitatea absolutd a acestui subiect insuqi, unitate despre care
nu avem astfel nici un concept. Toate rafionamentele ei, ,,paralogis-
mele" sunt deduse din unitatea lui,,cuget", care insofegte toaie repre-
zentdrile gi concepteie noastre, Acest vel-ricul al tuturor conceptelor
in genere, care nu face decit s6 ni le prezinte pe toate ca aparfinind
conptiinfei ii care nu este nici intuifie, nici concept, ci numai purd
conqtiinfS, un lucru, o substaulir. De la sinteza apercepfiunii
devine substanfd cugetdtoare ; o unitate formald deviue
ioluruenistaetecosnucbhsidtaenfiaialod. Kant considerd paralogismele ca ni$te erori de
riieciaie,xiiluunzeiu,nneiginteevraittaiobnila6m, deanrtecagrreegpiotea,teprfiicirneuciutenodsecuitiui.zEiusnteeaacdiairarlirercat-
c6 ralionamentele psihologiei rafionale sunt ralionamente gregi'.e, pa-
reiogisme, insd originea lor nu este uurnai o urtllare a iiuziei dial.ec-
tice, ci este muit mai profundff, este i1 insdgi condiliunea cunogtinfei,
in iegea qenerald de cugetare,
iprlieeeancsfIuaaluprezrnaiouaan-jupsenutargndecsmmtuubalsusiAitaluconlmefriiaepnclairutitbnvdfoiirianesqeutaefamlleiuctutgoXlinuslgiaiteiisoantcfeeienaiovssintipalcuo,lzelitinmaunn,neecoeiu.indaclnetntsrtecdraeqrltiitidin,eidcxindpsnmedu-
gisira nici o snbstanf d care sii fie reazimtil sarr substratul stdrilor
noastre interne ; in noi nu gdsirn nimic fix, nimic stal:il, nimic per-
rna.nent, ci o continud. devenire, tltt f1ur, un proces. Noi nu suntem,
ci trd.im; stdrile noastre interne nu se pot asetl.lna cu obiecteie, nu
sunt atomi psihici, ci momente ale unei clerrenirj , erreniurente tr6ite,
ErJebn-isse, dupd expresiunea atit de plinii de inleles a limbii ger-rnalle.
In congtiinta noastrS, observdm o multiplicilate Ei o ittritate ; muitipli'
cilatea este acea a stdrilor de congt"iin!5, clar unitatea nu este o uni-
tate sgbsianfial6, ci o unitate f ormaiS, unitatea unei legi, uuitatea
aceiui ,,cuqet" care insofegte toate stdrile noastre. Nu este o unitate
1tz gviliro raliuttii pttre. DicLlecticc lrorrscrnrlerttcrld., cartea Il' $ 4'16' (n.a.)
106
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l',I"IllslfpnnaJr,snr"nlnralorroBlu-"rllrI,"noloslan"uc,nJi,frllor,lwo.e'arIlaptpres,lasla'llaeupsns'solagqrnu-)uf^nnlrlanippsraPdrut'lLI!rujaJ+oSiuTPndduILuJoDaoIIoapJarlaAclCe-lolrauIlBppsrpaSgrIlzl'uanlRaernoounelllrpanln-uo,Jleiollalacupll1touIlloenpoona,lJ"ieJsoso'lIqslxIlrualIlrIsnPJnfJugdlnlJlll1erlrIPulelreIlunulnr'rIlIfnepuluarprefeJee:uarralELLlespJIIrP(lIlps'ootI'pIInAq+rP[laosDpnIcarnsn1ae'lrnlalJ"rlPE1.,uJlD1adualee6JroIllioIdoplsqlso1]ielIPoclStgou'irllocqci.n3ellltltpxIsrppqrelod^1uololsrsaslPclofatg1nl[dfl'nilolanlpnIi:rlIpi]EcLiuJ]ir[i
o face SA Conceapd suportul acestor reiafiuni, substratul tuturor fenc*
nreifelol, materie, forlii, energie care erprimd obiectivitatea absolutd"
Fizica face astfel cu totul abstracfie de subiectttl cunoscdtor, cl,e acti-
vi'ratea psihicd ca atale ;i ia obiectivitatea lumii fenomenelor externe
ca un clatum funclamental, care nu presupune nimic altceva clecit pe'
sine insuqi. Simlul comun insi, alSturi de conceptia obiectivitdtii ca
o lume cle lucruri !n sine, i$i face o idee ;aicedaesstp:lrevsiaulbiiieicntiviintatrteeg,imdeesa-
pre viafa Iuincl
sr"rbiectului cunoscAtol ; cle cugetare, o cr.rgeti ca Lln jucrn-
ei, potrivit aceleiaqi legi generale
ipnensitnrue,coonsgutbiisntafanfSn,eruerfrieincctaotnSd,ilciounnat.deDealatfceilnmofuitlttudeavrdeelnseuqfiei !p'ecnatrreu,-
cugetarea refiectatS, este o substanld cle sine stdtdtoare, substratul fix'.
urric gi pelmanent al stdrilor inierne, plecul11 rnateria Stiiniei fizice e
srsrIseineuucSxaclpbiicsoluIsiCititinntaeerruddetaneg*intfiunuaeieou-etlsianmocesirabneeuitatisabeudsissicldtfiittfniesatielvioesitniSostfdmeoi,graeifiiaualincnpaiaSsiecpclu,curubteu;vgutsgsoretitulneauitlnastcnrasrdoofeciennrilaisnee.df5ceoi?gC{onbipotnaRoiirendirimSlnceaiff[stdetiu,oupednlnluuceanrniaeleotsaliusaeruotltl'riuteitinuaalrelu'maslmcteaaouaiiaillucrlrteipeoiaipfnxrnoieitunfedsioillntoicn;tvtisuenreoeopu.idnngmfdeicaierreroitnieiulnoepeldaduqoiise,aif,eicetoseieia-t"":-'
nmeacinauxicuttiusesilttlierengSeeniss,linpuannabufiuitsnnnutmsaicrtranoeu;tnniellcecouu;ilrifaieaeoduslenxttetaideestirtcufimdenuiurcvioinioit,nag:ttslendnS5ol::iusngebcsitsirutibaimtbsaiilst.endtalaPaldnotrcefesaseta,uivsnuitauligcnbsuomdsurntebaladnsnsitiiufafmeiubno.sfunneiPaiaitesnututdutdepbelross;unttpre,narfxiaetciiusf,aerctnfi-tru,Ld?lcmndrodiua$sse-il-i
tnctiriorerimctaitcceddltiacemlleecue,ealetebaaxcivscelteeaesmrgitf6aeasdipimneinsisdnuinbscesdotaonsnpqefutdissi.nfilS|n6eet,axaoisjnutleeunvsnmeoeesifaienpdutelemaneitarncuasulenr5ioncoide.prAuclasedttcaroceinebngluetmiiiitnfoesladd-
cd n1 percepem substanfa,dar din faptul c;i o concepern se alirrna i6rir
nici o incloial5 cd trebuie s6-i corespr-indd o existente' Descartes ex-
1n;ulicpiiecrcoenpceeinlttusul bssutabns+tayanfceui rpnrpinetllc-eopleemgecaaiiitnatefilleecisuelunis-;ib.ieler,adcaornoviilrlesccef-,
s1rcis1canlj..1taci-tieantrael.eiicucaistae1t5il'z-ael.toenf5aiciircs.u[niilscInineaduluuita.aJrci*gleeeecsiecsisatgs+ter-adtui,detelddrleliiieeepdirsircuien,iuses5slreerlnisSr-uei.itobiirect1iin,sloiscaianaatapcrcsn1dieeoitntfiiizrdeccrviie1enzdcialcqsila-aeimailet:enio1eu,ua5ancclndtoiuddiiuorperneeepiiitpisucdocsspreniteuitelnrruaz]r}nc:ga,etsceeiunnsilare:aitdneaandanutsloci11sivniueoc.Spb9ulL:or'soctieeEbeotClsaini',ne.ubantcrc.clrllle:ieutlssrz,aplnpeoierrenidrenimlmieoarq9adzlciicieostaled-acauiselEitbirease9pmqtsaieaiieireics:itnsneecidnemusntiireiabst!cepa---ii;
iu-crtei,,re"'-glxrclrprlntialY-iernlicteirrslfcz.ueidceiIzor|,ni-easatlss1SionupcrfbceiuidislnstteisdairacnuiencgblclilannsieetidcazcmciunilneanfcdoiroatecueElei-ricrisettaieaiae:a'i:rrlelleeieriiate,a:azipsp.tSeeueeB,dbneceCsic,ra,tialia.irlceuluneblenzefrioeuiauyealii,airinte'dactundjdeiteuuneascmcssuoeltsalen;picsscdtuipeiareirpntcticutntojudiiltsttluruutuc-riilouini9nqdIapciceplloSauc:smjrsenuurm.pcablntlsserugst,txeilaperiineiidicriliialreaea-i
108
stI
piuelsr),a EJriamesp o ilJ li{oLrirris'saleiiii:isJl,E rai'pi.l+saJp lE ip.l+Siins
a-u-sosrJn,ri1xD.pnaoolJili'0'ElliiaaslIrsfouu.oricnlronil6dlsrlAqrueniornisduzarellprieusllp'tnrpxfJEnoIenSozlar'aeeprl-rESriils:.llrfsati-u1iirorlgr,is.zefo,m"ioos':l]lit'nrxJareliif]n.,s,npl5EolL,ilpi'iptieni+.rl3,rsqE:e:oSE:e:i{A:Ji[,npo-.up:-rltii":ii|tIut,s3l:ur,Eicjaeir5lu{uii3pneAIudlisr"ousi;;rx']rTrLJs{e-ariiis\rl,JP.ea:o}-jr;\aEr,l-,ipiJJ,}
alsacl aoe.r:! IJ9J'e1se alep op piirnls rrIC]\ o nli lGluelqo.tci e e:tboiol
---sro.prJooiJLsorea1e+;seercpai lElarseJLJdiIal'JiaJJ'alinjpolsnuoltsioraJrilliluli:dlirsr-,l1rposilr{isltorlrilclliirloio-uI.ciltiirr;riefl-nr-foaieluo;ecuisroLiuiIgDiiiurnngpJasepp!:,pnrarill.rrrPps-ioctr;Ln.iill}eo.ur:+I
'lafriolsrxa touraiqord Eolrrreril o1$art5o1 auncl as tafurlSount uillalqo;cl
lo-rogaalp;'ur'oenJidursaJeolsrsoroxJelljr-pinrrpruouepirlrnorJrulp1EJOlea-l-rJoiecJclral[ilboan.lrslruara'ptus]aietlraplS-+iror1suea0nJara-iladr poelpsE:alllutTa'Riis,u;11rpsiSeooa''L].p1n]lrJeleluporr.Jrl
-Sounc op JpurrrJp lnlnleuorirprrolrri polplrlEa-r g,rr:cl e a? Iai lscJV
-aralr raun lB-npuafp,Brnarprsf,a'rarnrlep,rarll'nlrlilplsau6o'lpfludoarcraucotxrarinu1aiils:il"l',a:;lelJ1ro:16"nXc1a',pi
rcru u1sp6 anpuuprrrdls€uotarilnedfunrrulSnporrrraa:pillrlppuerlllJpu!Ini)lpr[ur
pluapueclapur pfualsrxa o
-olfgpuocul 'leuotfrpuoJrrr .Ipp arp
JJruru
-.'oirpprriu.lranoldJxsaaurloep-iluIarS-rnraarid-ixlpsarpoolusulaJrrrfu,:lpllrlllaRpbjJrnsrlanJzpoplunnlppmusuprlE,,'ra]rll{aeJrloerrrorrapOupnr}plrtJuolru^azpllolugJaleirar-pra"aidolr:uournl;udl1t
olullsaJau o alsa rollrnJlni e pleuoifrprroJur prnlpu o p'"rrJrJE B ap ualEl
-Isaf,au pl lnzp.i rue'rafrrrlSounr prrlnse ln)pj u.tp oJ edlplafral rrl
rpr-SSo{uuneesalaui]slleqp'lnalnnsleeualrraplIplBdllouolarc]preniollroJteleogdrloueaqrpJruulr'ro6lpipat ailealJlteornltreoplurolee'aaltacplroillsd''a]lqppctnnrEsronacpauplplrlsouuuununt3ilalsalppltIllrnnsIrpuaErurr-a/slcIuJalarrJJoJgolp]u1sJrroaorl{lprnrJ'lr}ioopasliriaoalsJueieau_arifrteuupspri;..
-unJuol 'pauurirslrbuaI laInuJJanrIernllccleefrpiealusaqunrsas+pppgirnl'urnolJnicEleIJorrrogt
ap aJpJ Ia]luppaflrurrSlrbioaJlalleu.
grgrrlcle re-lunu luns pnop ajiplolal 'rnburs Inun leunu ir ,ra{uelsqns
alp rrnsalaiul rarl lrins nrr 'alplrlpal n1 'anis rr-r nrJni un lclatp eluels,
garE-a----EnrqenusJJrI[nlgdlIppeIip's-elJrxseInp{lor,aubuBS'lllGra'enre'iIr(papenrraar:eLr>alreIlrinnsedlinJpsd1alxrJ'Jlni*eauu3raarIpuoeurpI,ruotIJqnllnsen1nIreqsanrfsa*frenIzeJeSlasrprIplgpurrs:aIliauaoniI'rlleJlaoprauppurlrIrfpJrraauuIuooFIuasuelIIbrrr1lJalbxaollso:adsooqlrlenxuuiln'enrfolrl,srrIrr5lfrJeauouurpoacIclrranUsllrui)odelgllaprurgs.suiguaalrlaioanrorRilpueroesuu'Ju-ilJansarsnonoqlEuilandtuaarprieelrnuss,llor1aasoleoJirlJuaDcarlaeaoiil+pSa]lSrSunc+rISraropearearalrsplo-Jar?Ctnr1auolleralpaa;srJ{nglarrJArrrlrarusra-seprueutrobiLpoptouli1nrpun:-nllirrid'ostlr)rpelplIA}fnn,reaIJr;lpair;JrcpnlfelaatJbaarlplflislnnJauqiuccjilillplanoreataorerl11s>JzS.ou.i,,
-uof, ulp inun elsa ,,eiuu1sqn5" 'Insulp op a+€inuiroJ ialurlsoun3 raltoal.
l-nolrrdrrdpsraur rluopu>nir'flnulaouspourrpapd t-i3 atnd yryrutnt D)tltr) ug refrielsclns pruolq
rS xr1 ie.rlsqns un lqnsapap uraund r! prlsuour
l1r1 exislii; aijrtrriirile care s-au proclus astlpra ei sttllt rezulidi,Lll ilttzi -'.1
tnerdaxiciliisLirteeeinarnislfidSstlctie[neee,p-xaeaencanlau.rpirmtelauetan1mi-unalumacil,le'agClicuirzosarnitett-raioanl.ictlaCfiictleoefiruascnoeciftuiaainrreeolauzsociSuluKitS.ball,eilnefmet,endiloounrctleoce.apnCrolelez.1il{Clilnalorrnarcalioaccrerelile-i-
principiilor strict criticiste, Kau'u punea IlLllIenril numai ca Lln ConCClr:
iinritaiir', ca o eriste'{tl c1e granili, fiird nici o reiafie posibilit cu fetrc-
:rneltul. Insi acest fe1 cle a prirri lucrul in sine, c1e;i siugur lecJitim, era
SipmC!i.nsc.inllrip"cfancn;i,];,ntaatnl.,u.e,urinr;'ii't"lioilaurrrniaiiu-drjue,rulnoais"etlrc"l.lot*l;eic-Ltirrezie15ruiiuotirilitlri.ifinre-tpiarhtgiriLilsiseiaii"oei;r'itl*clilr."si't1ict,i;iL1.rtrmroorreo;iri"ainlL,iidiitpteeter.";airDi1rcnc.erN'"it,rs.']"ctcuirus*ai$:uircelointric"flai,-nurgiriei-lauootc"l.lsnlt,lmlmteir;a"erertnijcu,oiupi"rrltt:lieipaaicbnnmetrianpsioi*ni,piaeees-neolecciniojlucnuarittsailni*rincrl;imrsoaerazcetcesismv-domiiti.liic,terbunaocnitteicasilioroarlfaseiireaoemilsnnivEroccerrnteisolntisollitredcetntroneesruaunurfanvtxarsiacnutno.iall,trfLttpnariro.uiietcrtitlrsraed"tsidbtrlerrroeclln'meeaDnafsliefe*_trs,etlerolllaruleixrcdemlzsalie;ie6adrlnnneiiiarxipelt1ln-tinesi,rnl.zacpeucsnietii-licdo,fi{iridcilSclleJeaetnaaneititNalrparacztseenLeaenim.,.rrlgiallvulllrnuSi.prd,]rev\eefrr'ntlreo,ins1ienrolnfociecoi'nmeemei,,tzaave'ufu"ralsfimeoldllidlsnoxecoiineSfrinemuoncttscaargretcceii.pnicelecnioailmxsn,n.6tesrtunelatiinxuuutelLieintgnsn"miin'tinecaninicif.absieepnenntrcnauuseidciclilacablllaneioebegeannoLeieatalelmnlfocLltiiteieeaeJcxneatstllsiimruontidnalueii,tnactreceiaatlrocinavenscarcl,dedzndtefeincrallcolecitltarccilidflicuvieeitenateetosc;enusuafLere6japtdioaiCitgnpponifunissontntlcftcex.Cuacteeacetsataticrrsftlcnoeptienrllierelrciiplstfnile,rmdnteisreaetamannorii'eoea\iotntutuicecniennmivzlecitorerslriefgnpnirlnded'nnescitarsdenne:nqaeuicccoraercaeiiullueiiedcm-aerdoeecatnmfcetnodqudtaaai[emidEnnoeinpirriil-rfienivnpeeivlira.atseonniatdrfitfac,ie.nnatccnesdinou,enecedalrcnSrglluuieruaiauiitctre.s6afglrre,lrrlciireert.inaluml.tacimcca,geirta.sndcptia,iitaopimLlocli:'iunlteeotebnleeiesOceiasomiiiieLaelniceac'vlseliresis-acaec1unrlcxltmricfapaautetelsrlfaeieeoieltaexel.eleitaaluagoetlle6sfv'dls1xat;neialgusgateeilfur,sedmtceea'tatiApcremipcreisxrareirctnllnpiri-p'm;'inermeeliaNtt!sltin.3iierrareeesgaiunleeurucla'lnsnoorinnluxetvrtcasuuelceoeaornspmneeqe!inrieitezeiiellscamnlntbtil-lilprrte,inaan\teclialtLlrslleni-eirepiaiatuecilltcrueeeioeelnnLertelacacnrouprioenlietenr,tric'nSlvaLielecl'erraecuuectrorcaaoaL1tptz.ftr1iiaaxaerclrelea-a;ofnlruraieu,u-1oieieliceaLiluicrlrpss,lrnris$sttainaltlarelpinrclecam'uetdzec-uaotl]elcbteDfntoelopsolla:eciitsttrii]tae-mgiiaiairesenni-iomtetecslaitllr'na:rrt'eutlorlirtcttiEeti'q6iiinij'1ie'ir"1'i1eire-e*sl-irea--iiiei--l-t,el-ai--lr--ll,-l:lr
o""t[t';:crrl acesLa scdphm cre contracricfiile si misterele Incuno$ti-
este cu ceea ce aparer
bilului. Icienti.licincl ceea ce cll ceea ce cunoaq-
tetr, Incuno;tibilul clispare ca o umbrd misticd ce era' *tt *"ist:'r
rr5 V. suprtt, i:ap. clespre Spcnc;cr. (n.a.)
110
onlqar+ 'prurpds o pc rS talsru'ioupn[apppJueoSrrfSglRuliuarnsprpr0r peJ o lou u]uad orJ ps
ap a1-redap '1n1eag
pt''raasnl{uienlalfdul'srnaurrsxJralasopurutaru:rcl;pnoiJrJarnJlalsoaparrdrpurrr1fuauelua6urlasoIii}xsaaLulsrroBaprutpeIrnfCpuuJrnl'uaSIJoaariusrnalIJnaelnpJfJrJrSurOplilpSzr{nunopoJlJnraNpguorr'eppr pl1ros1'lgasu1Ja1fJuqEn1rl1sl*s$opoanua]nsnlpcat
'rallralsrxa polplTlplol poui urelseounJ nrr pf,ep i pllqllsounJ alsa palplrl
-uerpa-Ualr'rgnlrnelr{qurelSrno6ursnnRrSr r'roI uLruselnpJ/ErnIpl}nor1Jenflu'eralslruxealsaqdnasculnoltlrraudpsuronpJrrlpgJoqrl
'rr{p1r1ea; p arJosolrJ o ppundsg.r ps
pl IJpqaJ:IuI pal"r1p glpl arp alpJ
nu 1iqi1Sounf, ap elpJp uZ Irnllenflurqnrul3aoruunrJpInar-:rIpuJnRe1ulgplulrrsfupeblesrclenas 11 eleod
e.in1r:6o1
a-o'earalJItnrlspaua.Jarllppsurqrao9prt6uruaur1]Sr1radgarcrvirleuru'$ninrn2pluraTl1llr1rprJerllo1lpap1a.'raelnJple1lnrdrlJeednaaaerrsfse'ala1laeulrfnagpur]uf]]ruornI.uplpauprJrrnj prparalrslrrpa6ruxpTpaaoaru,uTa-nanlerlpJlruruslreealJpnllttprrrrrrpa,ct3rlilsprlopouLplrrl
-ltpIoqrLLurLarapdsiZSrnuplrnr:Idrrrnail:rlruoo]uulpnaltsrrlppeaeraur ntoprfl rtrlJap ap oupsrrpa'JoJv,tpDJZlulcratlnlzraszl:cqalafiarS;rlppnulielionltprrraoaurllsaa')luTa'lnlulqurloeor1Ju
ealplrrrn
pitrrza.rd
-eelclriorasurrlerdrro'ugisJlao]altudnrspuerfuaallpsurxrrauJraSlaep{uptr]lSlpnop:rre1l.r'gar2eqii{ruu1r1rl1f,Ssuoo; oit BlpJp 11J
pJ Tlo arpJ
a-spruer -oIeJeEJu'lJnuprssur,ltr'l1rzrqord13roSugnclrzeitrr eftirrl3 tn1Je'lrelrorJcal pInulrraarllnrodrr1e1l2'pgffuurrrrllS3uuoor:
lr,trrd
n1 lJuelsrxa rS pfurilSuor ap prpJe ul rafualsrxa 'rnTn1plrraur rS rnlnc
-rzIJ Ea1plrlenp gunci as ps ale elrqrlSoun: rS olntsonnt rafuelsrxa Inrl
-unplr,r JJpf, 'rr-rsrlpnp aJrlo 'rnlnuourotroJ rs rnlnuaLlr
-nrr 'inlnlrqrlSounoul psuJ urprur,rdns nlr
rS rnlnlrqrlSounc palplrlpnp riprnrrclns 1?JpC 'rnlnllr
-siL{aruoua} luIlnlJs}unnpuu-IrareJsonsdosliuJeer}1e}ualsleulJorl',l,pee1Js+rtraaularouuraal3q"oe,radnnaL1feroz1or'1i ar1rr1r1cel
olurirrdns
og 'plertoiflpLioJLrl plrrolsTxa a1se oJ 'eorec1er1n1 arTosollJ paqJer\ ur eorr
e-p-enir|Jsc,,.uoli.poopaoliqssioorAxsruceprlrntllpelLronpLJ-r'r]3e-cpiLlLJlJ';ppo'a-soRIrncrss.n+,1cpIIJnrlr1rEelsIsooal?dpespnrJia1ltpeo]'ronpparruolrsao.trJppJersprqppoJaJeJ'rclniprelroJl prpernor1acr?rlnlpJlrllSiS2rrrgellle-f.aurpoigJarln'srpprcrllixre!lia.roolJcignl,li-isrrptJlelilieeepaucrJdoellrlncpuotsiosoloSur,loa\raiJu1os
arp: p;nirnls else uiplrourouoJ Jsournu o rTJosofr1 o-rpl acl e]rialsrrE
'pllirsounJ par'arun1 qrn0urs o i-:'u1n:soriltJ e oll nlr Jpp ulsTxo e11e r*
'plslxo nLI Jpit plnJSoLlr.lJ a ari pun o-IpJ orlLirll'pio+lE pLrn alrrs"rls rtrri]l
unrulola) JJlLsrpoosunNal'loJulsluaazoaJrceLaa3.r,l'p}Lrrlls-iesoeuIae'f.n-.r;ulSii1oeuon.t3o'rio)r]T,unrJlSioprroilrJpJoloilitarilrssrrs-irJrrs.ronds
alrI.roal llp:4lpor ro+prp/\opp p;dnsp ezellr;rorc1 o alpr acL pJilr"rpppz
p.rclrun o tS elro6erusuJLrpJ o
also piraJp 'pfrrrlSounr olt lJolrio plpporJrlr
orlop qs aleocl nu olpJ elpuaiunu Ealunl 'anrs ril eautnl 'e11n1ea3 'rou
nriuac[ elpa] oruru prn6urs 'g1ua"r ori-i11l o o]sa Tr 'r:1r-r3l5tratoJLrr r?-{ri1rr11
oeei'r]el:)dItIorpppppozleplflulpoarerclpelpool'lraq'"rrlnSdouonrJpLlrrpiIJnoinsoiplTrr;our]rrppnpot,elnnzron-lptrsnrln'eln1rrsaou[-nlun
'u1pr1 ar€l uI 'rua1*eounl o oJpJ ed eeunl 'prarurq o oulti!?-r :lnios(it?
IltTrqrlso[n3ul 'alrqrsod efurlSounJ rolrn In+Jarqo orle]) gs aleoct o]so oJ
1]33l +o:l pSuJ 'ln3solrnJer.r Slrorur nn greo[noJLrJ orr ',rn6rsop I ircltlsoirrrili-t
A-IA-IUV3 SVPUOHJ"
.IN MEMORIAM CARTSS/MAE
ET AMANT/SSIMAE MATRIS
9II
allrDur pcsaarnLupl IS-ps 'saID liJlcls aJlro DJ '1o1np:t a a7,\1ta3 '{ry lltll
DaIDIIJDJ?A 1$ OalnlJraru.rs nA 'a',1nn]Jr1ds ytn|pcnclo DauauasD nJ
'alu.rl1fuoc a1os ga.udotd u paato l{)ap araqoxlo p1p lnlal D nu : atod
-tilg l-pg tDwp} o nu 'sur.Id D-s nN [Dur !a" u{p [uapttd lDulpJls
-uA nD-! DS oalDllcoran gS nolvryralu{"stunlr{o! allnw ap ! luaturu ad Talnt;t
n-u 'truauttru ac{ tISnDu![ D-u 'aIDS alaqron nDs ayaldoy ap !fiID p]?tz ps
nls-{nD.Dn.DtcrIrcw9;apt,oArsIlSAtaaDoD['.tDttadaSzn)uJ'anpuraspalluuIMp.Dfr!oSarpppupylpalot1{1spp'nolotutc7zrl'uapJrJyy1llldpou'oasnlrulplolpaopznluld'Jttoudrpnu"a?a.clr,ateupoDupayanJotrrcccns'rly!J6asunDDDonpz-ayyWsaytIcD.pDlnnoaJruuzulunItltaD)! pruaornatu-rrcrtqrnrntnpnnorpttlDapaonscg-ld:aagd'o!rfr;!urnzu'lnl1rrngnt!dyut}pap!datqdlnsrtlpdpnapn{rpusTapuorrs".pLttlttlu1Srd1r.onstnl1a1balu'pnncunnlylalusscfuti.DanotnDuttlJsta1d(1l'l
1o-ua$arUnyp1npnd'uD)o.arncsSlnru-apnoDdpntaraolJtcuouagpo,crfotrlnn1pucp@!lp.aa4rrpu4ygaD'nISunptrasnpIlD^;noa?1pnpal1byiolraltru^qclncsoyuatrgodJtsn$cel-lpJaauandnftpitldu|aauacaladudLoL'1cnrnya1olupngDy)auno'artlra\cual{uuar!ntsnnd-ccDsl
a1rgzttcodt gS aglpcapn[atd ap Drpqzap as D ntluad epltddnry[ 'atoolr*nqpug
ap nt1uacl tdtu[
unnnc gaun ntuonlp! qns odpcs o : n]dry pnult
a-'pyurl1oDDuJ)oruotafc:tlDosaorcpyl1DlnuyarpcStpy'n'nyp1cacylg1ttiluoldplns,ts:,alyIlna;ooyulroa1ys'lI!aJrcat'gtdryaog'ly|zpaaaqou!dpnnul7!oo$oasuy.rtoc*ac)c'a.rlada.llrDptanslorsosla1'c!oruIpbprs;nprJu4.rJtSulsbafonnd1acaplasl)isaqrolxnoataclJcnsluc'uatI
a''JaUguu1nnnous1sulocar1y!trD1laJl.tnr$Sll!It2uar1o.rJrlDSso;!gs!JscnrroJ'ppJua|soxl!lDlntlad!lrfsSgautuaicnrTsluoosnsqnsopllaroarlrDp'louJyltDzaDartcaopIdrl:lu{Dgrunr8andtartrys[Jo.Drnrgcr)pslslat.nrrt-lro!ausatl!auur:gralJotppDctslruuao7olilfltttlppupl
aappw-DyrlarDo-trJoo1tuJcunrollIdtaonnruyJsgclnsapuona{ln[a'pu{DalourauostrntnbplouuuI'!.tnIpr"ISplpD)nutrssncnalurunIrcrtDarlsnspy'OplyJoosulTdrlanuIDyrdystaDtDolrl'ua[ocrcJ'nltadrpllanr[otln[uuaoalcSnt0rrcutsnuql'trVlJuoDp'tlcuaaou!lq{naultls1tLdpDtau'nun3TrutruraD{nsiltDat,:EasrsD1'ol'tuuarnlp1sd,it,ope\uol1pJu1ttpoqtrpalDlqnrll).ndulrqasD)nDrrtradqrtp)uJr!oosLutquuosJ.'[ltaT'npD1utunpcpp'o1f!csais]s)lqorntgann[ot-otdnnsrI
'lnrpdo nD DIarpJ Inrlunpu! apuofiau Urntr[nJ a1rurfrtaut a1sacl purtarl
'atDc oayacn atyurtd 'aaI-XIX [o [nlncaat a1a alrtrds aFrDLu o]lu[rd
f suscnaouJNr l
dpcn.,rr"aioli,uab"rnalleirgr,loiemicuLssaetpdcui-ar.linl;tteiielfctlloueullrrttmist'itindiesiefizteeisalxdaocflatiecilicoboevsdn,ioecotfellaitipcI.:ljtiluDeoensosuuoulnle[ciiiaetcas.Io'rucIJuniietna61ac"1isd1Qecpiiltsetiaetlyeit7tes"cn:rceolctoipcLJiraea'ratdjcnedptscuecpiirtpcrrjecrrQ-ovcIcJae.eucpmAoloeereaulIt6eI,e-)l
qtiintei, celdlalt cle poezie. Spiritele sjslelltalice purcecl ilfis cu llcls, cle
]u f.cltteie concrete Ia genetaliztiri, de ]a tenotncne la legi, Si nu aiung
.ia r':cierjJe generale clccit dultit Ce QLI cercets.t ct-L anldnLtnfine dome'
trtn\uitcitic;let.iitir'prrcta/cccir"gt'sirgc,irouicaldasntlrrL'te:ttcL,;liiiapsrftiancrutefeinaztte]temlleccllataucrrcgiSacinllnccceuotrntnsl ac,citfeat.cctcSivrccaanljsen,ttst,atti-ttcllotu.ttiArtcdilna.;tacal,seizcpusiirpc;iLitiruIitasluninluerlavenotzepianailzic;sciict,i
r.itiln'rtr,r1"ic>i tJcfLi"errcclecipfddpruitrrtaeeasi1l:f;teittlai irSncfirrlueolpcriuninlcslt.eiucr"losiiclsoiorurisiieirciclu;icitceclsutctctiiljiinJectsrr/-,euonO^C:o,jtjicsa:lirtearlrlelhzciucol,teQticctenttlltc,i
oscc{rirnlerlnaeelis,:;lceerr.;cor\.Stgrcteiticnniilacilrtiicaodliz1;;ua3rcncstvloeaastactcidfi,tnntljistntdd.c-e{Strrjesccletnnlourerslec-oiarcsanllllueiinl uscnocnplisnrtitnrtuc-oiilpcid?cautqd1:l'c,icitcc,.ii
tlnctilcnuiuc:lntc:!pl,iahttro,i'i:lttoo.gL7rg-urltaecicnnccuas)eriieritco,aa,Sl;ll,isetiunccalfcneaorl],ecacoeidnofrclsicstpuilnqctflelojegeI]OrlfaeeeIQla;eltee;FgciLtit,ormtegtsuibepgl.tluieLdOilnloi6irl1adassciindositen/telQ,s;;mtiel-ncLra2lildoljrjccanien,sleu.ctiidnr-cetlioii,erAlcnclioecltnlecel-auncnsolo1;nea;:cixt,rrgtjirasllteci---
cit tnai repecie totctiitdlitc Je face sd purceadd cle-a dreptul ctt sintczelc
prect 1;Lt-
fcicute gctta. Sintezele l7lgi 6i sislemaljce sunf onel-ojoosc ;i
rliirlliiiisru.oitr ascdc;ae icbeiren,tacilucpuafimnculttdunrnrudnscpdusnpsirli.tul alllciai,reaciuningtrsedbs.lereincceheegsctL;'
Sclf1IltdLrt.rtcutulrttrereic'cn\iilsereu-ioroiriaczeu.cjp;nfio7irjLeceivpi,c-Ilelrveeer,iacgceo;rilecedpnirsq'seiva,tu)diultencscns&igtmstna,et)leeeosuclofnnflcrtrgitg;earemcuniiairncrnatanelicsepant'ldideldrdnttc-aaiestaoicfalrllfecee.xuclerniindPnldsicuatodsfeqtuelcueaioa,cnlrnurireoufeetlnciodoiqreaIlsemei,lavtoustQjidignencJernrc'frocpefacluolppuedeidbncecricjnetplluardeilcistiuilfc,slaauidlonroct,nilrneluu-oueceturiersmsse|,enlpjpciarivotnirgmrerilddniesiif,pneetduibcognccelluioccpliittniloccse.ictn,srrt,pl_cseclAausurselLpedcis.linramtitnaopnaftl-crailctllesco-aojothtoaipeducrllulni.i.unrznplouliA.fllicinietdsnldStulpdrleeeeto]upanumssrinerruclicueietdpdltnie'nuave;opele.ejllreeintuioeea-ci---li
syririle nu Wintcaajruenigsed njciodatd Ja sisleme icnoldlenlsudilea,ibndonri-gcooanrteraad-iccelileo.r
nij.intjfice, gds;m acea ordine,
t;rreerbsuoinnalelescuafJrcetem$utiltmrulonjesgcensepliorliitzual tcecploet Ptoi scehrldia;l
Iiunt n-roi muJl vederi
cinrl corespuncl unot
Smprittii$ite cle cit mai mulfi, ptecum Qu fost concepliile despre lume
IrurnuleerJnltcenoaoirrtililtourrJielricei:ljcsigi:voidin., tri{naediiconf:itciuloeieliptiloientdpfutodneittrifucoelaslitniesltpebrmeinsiezic.dltPidluoetrermfnoongmddeasntietosepi seafeiocsideeo-
unjlole ,o{lrecaIe, dar nu moj esle unitatea legii unice, generalizdrii
1'nsfe, sintezei superioare Ia care s-a oiuns clupd atitea anallze par-
l.iale, ci este unifafca unei tendinle, unui senfjtnent puternjc core s-G
rmpus lofului.
116
L'T
Itrlrisuo) D-u lia1 'll|al^ /s' rn{rnl Dal?lllaar nJ -rJ3UrS ts' opodLLtr 'lcldrp
l-lcDxiuoin.JsrJa-lponuiu{!naaIl-0n[lucntatullcuoonp3Lu}u#r{ap9JaoTirlozsjtalsdrpbtlrtua\yt6Duug_t!\puniosuD) aapplpsa:rnu^tcrDrp:Jyrls'$n-a!nntso[ ;Dse'tsDuouraynanr/tyxalnvtrss'-npcsl
DDun-Tn'tD---curosanao.rutrnJtbDollgplollDjc'wnl1:\itllDl1Dz'n.tao'c'otdyunJ.3otzsutrpdUfiua|L.i'D!luoa\ptprt!n.AagtoarplIcDa[crtylDmoJlU{ls'dulcn.n!Dunonrrourrllaltarn'tonuonptolnftSrucctocuprlaceogta1lcilaarfunlocrtdrpclrortgasl)trltspptrpfrtououl!trJs?aD6t{nblyr.JlotJlxaturlltr1!tLnraltoupUSyJDaD|uuJ'n.S\l!a-pr-!ron,nUD)-alus_rlpl4t{llaLJ3r}norIunr(lIatIJatuln{tnlaaantrrol?talc.ruLuJtlpryr'Ulariur1prruluarsrappcaaco;[tpuDclslr.'ddlsgil,sas1s?Taatu-'s^Jtnstoaln')n[Dnptcpn;tJta'sisstplt'tDf]{l{crsaus,snidcsarpIcur,.DtalrniDrpusoalllornDxcrsxrtooorjasllyDDlalDszur',"ppp,TonJrraat,oo));_t7cllyrpqnnnlalosrl1coltDacop["\u1oLnularuptD.'uu1lcia,onpnror{rlnuiyrlc3Du.agnuihrn'lm1icfar',"rol3n1,oD1^rp.-l'aDg'p.c3u,aoUo\srnlo14o.grnpultnDuauaarccsuro)raWnrJltlDssora"ortoy'lDrIo,]tuDaDoaD,utnJ,uel,'Ji1,ltcuia.supt,ntptL,:st{rrolir\DngeDtI'ur!Zo'\,,l,?rJclpmtJtao'DopioJJ!:iltlDuDrrfrLrpJtsT,lluiLr1pdr.snroioIoor:1OoiroutiillwrroonroLrruJUoo1LtcatvinUcndtLdlns],1ls}r
DIl-DDoI-!s}aa3oppslrD[lnaranJlDlDDl'rtorp'atlcu1unsn.tarls\l'\rlt.rr!rat!tfItdonros1aoqaatcu{1a{a0d{'agoloszaaloyoaurplt0durrLg_[ercllr'uutrusoclD7rluraND{1s4tDr,[tDcociJ-rpxc'e!sIroao!Sul,no:!xoUDnllyua.ttnrp-u1unrptctu.sIayD[;cntlr'1Lp15lc.glttotrutdl'noj1ljr"1'ro.y,u1
'.rafualsrxc 'JID trlut alttnlsor csatrq6
lto{ rtrconltotcl i; p,sun3,s'D rafag pR^'Jofunr)n[ DLUrur ttg r;uyct .tDAapD-]l
--uoytdp'.uttnn4tupcyl foiatrogScla'pcylo'n!^\t!t!t!cnlslun!loat;aSruur-Syufnicsa1tr7pnnc11lrtiyl)cLlsLrlrnoDtop 'rJotltrcpo'1tle1
arDJ l,;t ,ffurn1
a---sogl3nytin|r'plSpq1cIsIlJnt!Dn[rIrl^atrlIlrjoss'a.u]1Ji1JcnrDlors/JJatcsr.pdruananu3rltutl'ruuaanldtrslrpyatsDuuutznglJqupooLtlorurfntn3osln'l.asDoynJtsJp,'DosoatlcgJADlDt|l|a'trDuS)itutqt-{Do!ytsraa!ai(prtlosttJ.nrlubn1ntunns7na'raor3prt/1rat;zsd'nD1oonoin)tI
la'tcrylyatatrr;oyr dorcblyqryat'ttltnoclyrlnso1ltnulaDqtunaorpsoso!yrrtarclco[y:o1a.yrlcql.qn'DsDoa{solnttzalunpooaJu,taooul(rar.oSrJnTpuusn'ldso7caltln1nrttlntnJ'{yut,nr,pstoDal^et,1nat[.atr]Dass}
a[tr.'0Luttlv'rttrndtqcug ya snporcl un ag4ryDct Tclatp nr ps ri toqrnlJn!
nu ns !rc al[nLLr ep pJsIJ Dtlrnlu! ,Da]
D prnlD? DIDrD^apa u! ppunJlpc{
-saJo ap prolv 'alDl![Dsro^lun DI pu.rlatd aJr?l]Lrra?srs aurldatuot aura/.l
p---,aaysulyrulltlJlpaJatcJ-plrUad'epn,aJtanAsoy1oDnptauuulDpgIStuunaanpsplanlunsoouacs[tDlr1aDnocq^dlrdg.\r*dtntsi3"uarrptt2rpstuzupqyJuoulyuotlbrbntttsJtopD!oLn1LoIt'dljauo.r"nrt.Dtr.lrraJn['D].Drrto.tar{ocJt[;ycnnJrl]iDJlDcnllta{((cJDuecrlpasplJrlDdu.rltornoutyetl
JIarl)DJ u! arlu! ps aJDl o n axls Dalryt[Dd.t r-to al{nw cp Jsornlt.s. r)J JJSJ
Jgpc,,SllslsnoaJolaaedl.slaruDtsJro.J,Dr1l]lssDpnrarsf'u{p"s!psrisysna.2olrltslltnpppauf{riadlyai/utuSuraoryj1.6i{rsd*dasopuc,ra.lcrpJpnaDsDlputursurg[aDntaaasu3:IDisnanotnlrrndnuair6on[JDSlrrs4'c).l.psr'ppDruIu,uDtJrc:tcl\uDIorDluaLpr3LparpyJrCs*ltloortarsz.ln.rpuapinll;rnrrgtsslztrDac.JstiribrlpJnJinlr]^oi{touxJopul)onncoprprcs]l
-gscanc{3'a0qtaolst ay1.ra3 l'naolndtoncuayal r.ar.julDoppactsD"rcfilJnslnpJa[uaulpn D{cl[D nD.r r]Ioull D,:rcoain
oalaytoltctlns crclsap I ia
ayrrp{atultcl IS olasooiol arc dlanirrrc{s .rurpn?{lD alsrJD urp arT)Jd!::I
un sjsfem, in intindarea variald a.Aperei lui Cttrlyle circuld. un Qnume
curent cle in.vetiata ropsodie
cugetare si simlite i a proletului sunf
idaafeunltaqaitcoirinpsutlteflaefIirieasc. hSifiastl.eImncuel'rcdien,d5i
citeva teme |undantentale.,eare-i
n-a fost niciodatd lnch,egat, es1e
,schilare, votm Ttutea vorbi clespre metafizicct, morQIQ, tilosotil
aceosid 'degi el n-a ct:iut niciodatd intenljj sjsfe-
politica lui Carlyler
istoriei,
matice. Fiicind" oceosld incelcare, votn vedey mai de aproape cum Iu-
creazd un spirit intuitiv si la ce tel de tilosofie poate sd" aiungd'
6II
-uoT 'oJT ueIIIurrpIAI .'uoljoN 'E 'J Iq palpa 'd '1 '1o^ ('e'u) 'lggy 'nop
'sacttatsyunnag ,
'91
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e-rrlassRposurbBrrlPalr 'aI^IJBJ uErnaa1a)iJluBlvrrrg1nlarbdrruso6arrpeltnrlqcsoo'sJreleBudraoBrql-lusrIneioIllneBclrulzroIpprJut{ars'IonalIaprln'lrana1rr:rgaErllaqisus
-a.rdurr arlu] rrfarl B
'sputoql
ap 'PlnJP] pJuntu ap plspacp pJaJsourlu uJ 'psdll e ac efa:aurl ur gros
-pInITitu1^ISRrRptudfoi'Jsll,,IoepurnarrJrruJSnpeulprra'SBplaoerprupn,rtlSeppaleelolsa+olrrrJdoolJnBorsluupeo3uduagl3frIuJrrolnBpBogIobpqusnlBBooJlrolIrJlnTptUrupallaul^llti'proen3pua1^nrpS1
a+Ia'IIarnrn€rrzcorIzlrlolrpqupusB^3luargagllrirlrruouerplBsplasB-l'IarBornorllrrpJepnapopspJ'ruaosatproIlsqBJr'laPuurllIpnlprAplveulsErorIl'3roEe6usllrsorreprrgJpqrd'aucunerzuoIleo-lpp1ceIl-lnl1seprgJcsoPTlaalsldtop-uusplza1rsJpnpzparcnsppopiquSl1Bnrul.rrupa*unuo;re''alper1ppalcruoyanpsnneulplrpndar7lriacnnnl'updlluuans13puplloS-J1prppnninissllpopeeeJ++1ll;rz6negeuJattdeap1sp;eJ$rreuJprldn6e'su;uleaolaiR1ri5qgl1au1ddcupl"
Iunrrquo',,ps3un'[speraupoqplra1nIIi gIndlunrsnrcas^IpusnBrrprppJu'gracrrotroo]soBlro; qB3raurlxIpgrulereospausgorospg]i1enr,ut
-IqJ Bra nN" 'lnlno.Ilslrorun 1e furts un nJ Buneaplol I roIIJnJrnI BiurrTr
u1 puld 6reru e;pc p'rssaun; p'prFlnnJzplarrSpcpsorlqocqurloanJIeJaosgJbso: aslJrBcloalrpurlnolaalqsraordr
-xo op a-ia1nd o nJ
,1aI-a-errupereuJ$llrurrrnaIrdpouoealugrpnRctgfefglrna{frlr,rsd'eIancIJBlIuppI'nlIrrB6IuJ)n,nBslIJIrAuallsru1agarpb;r1iceurqoroudaneupuanrp*IrnlappplrapnIclsrpBpo-^lcoeaeuspeap'rnllpeernstpblprIuonstulplpadrllppIuSl}pl€psoallllapiBplulnorlpuruurrrl
g'-nrudnlzrnlnlpiaql IplIueuu1r3rupIrunBfu,oaaacplSslzrapr',Jul,nsarcIpaaluJslnrBreq7JJuolIparsuupBvrua.urIpooglfzq,'eluu1lrrn,n{p.Jc1sarIepnr3duu'nareal-rl/SsfiprapapuJrrrzpnIJnleJJrsrslrasaJpI'rpasrr1p-I.BpJ{"S1nIraeleJaJJl:arrslrlsa,asriSfaeipylur"flr
'nps I9IBI 'pJulpp 'graruls gseo1611er efurparr rS alrurldurl lrrunrLr e{ur
-rlSuor era erarl6ultu roJpf, e rS rr{ar,t alrurrrdse nuelSounc arpJ
'rsprrasaru rS rre6nld 'ap arll{rrpJ o-J}urp erg 'zi.ea,r1og rnlnglob luarupo
efey u1
'a9p6al,dI eao.rrrdqerno'(JaorplqsysaBuIg]unncqs)pupuBee-ssnad1ul"1errefo3egspuiilioprllJaSp.ro
'rer16uy efruerfi
'uB{4caJaIJtrA eI
qsla^\ auDf 'lltalaqns a1dn7 'ac11ot6o!q ape
VJYIA
I
femeie care inviilase sf, scrie la bdtrinele nurnai ca .sd poatd fi in
corespondenfd cu fiul ei dus prinlre strdini, ii insuflase credinfa ro-
bustl :;i naivi, cam nelini;titd insd cle scrupulele de congtiinti, in care
si ea fusese crescntd. ,,Lunea este o minciunii, Dumnezeu este ade-
vi"rrul" scria ea rlai tirziu fiului siu. Sinqura hranir intelectual6 a o,celor
oameni era vechea Riblie a familiei, din care tat5l ciLea in fiecare s'earif .
Duminica, la biata biscricd presbiteriand non-conformistti, ,,sirman tenr-
irtlleulraalllec,odpeildlarieziemcee-lcein, criussptriecz,egceol,maislep,rul:"i,itrr'eindiei adivseicnleiundfi,, unii de foar{;e
pe a'runci ne-
linigtifi de stipinire gi cle conformipti, ca sir se roage in chipul simplu
a1 creclintei 1or. Cu gaizeci de ani mai tirziu, cincl scria amintirile co-
pildriei, Carlyle vedea incd ,,vie ca inaintea ochilor" sdrmana ltirk
pierdutd in vdile scofiene, ,,pentru mine mai sfintd decit catedrala cea
mirnibaciiulSfmatolenr,iicf;edn"c,eepiiarmedcauuism5mqpueiifnfietrcfuelilnetotratedceeealiuonvradl"dtduIt\rcriiun, ishibanoigntleculiaeetrielcori,sr,cs,od,irpmaicpiieopvgl6eircacatuit,-i
rate, stind acolo ca nigte apostoii, pdtrun;i de scrupulele de con;tiintd,
cle gindul neliniqtitor-al mintuirii, al strSgniciei judecSfii Domnullri,
plini de simful dernnitdfii gi seriosului vielii. Asemenea privelilti au
o importanfi hotdritoare in viafa sulleteascd a cuiva.
La virsta de noud ani a fost dus spre invifdiurd la gimnaziu] clin
cAbelneanmadanitn,ictoiircacoglpiunilldocrpieaelregmlieatiisnaaeplrereotcaeapape,itsaduleeb,ECvccadlreilulf.ellgcbh$iaoin-ga, rlapnfoiev,,ie,Ssdet-irttrouirnluRciehsTicperluuefsen"rl,--
sdrijckh, eroul acestui romanumoristico-filosofic. Enteptuhl{batrta
rsacfhelalogriGdyinmnSaasrituomr .es,,teAcEocclolefaecuhainnc;eppcuotazlaildeelelamAenlenarnelees.te" Hinter-
Copiiul
cuminte pi tdcut se simfea strdin printre ceilalfi copii veseli, zgomotoqi,
grosolani, cu apucdturi tiranice. ,,Dascdlii rnei erau nigte pedanfi aspri,
fdrd nici o cunoqtintd a naturii omului sau a copilului." InvdfXtura nu
era ciecit o mernorizare de moarte", o ,,moard de gerunciive".3
,,vocabule
DupX anii de la Annan, de patrusprezece ani, Thomas fu
ia virsta
trimis Ia Universitatea din Edinbrirgh, ca sd invefe teologia gi sZr se pre-
qdteascd astfel pentru cariera preofeascd, spre care-l impingea dorin{a
qi mindria p[rinfilor stii. Studiul teologiei era pe atunci imp5r]it in
cioud pdrfi : un curs pregStitor de patru ani, in care se invdfau filosofia,
limbile vechi gi malematica, 5i rln curs cle trei ani exclusiv cu materii
teologice. Carlyle n-a terminat decit primul ciclu. Anii cle la Eclinburqh
sunt pi mai triqti declt cei de Ia Annan, Pe lingd singuriitatea ;i clep.ir-
tarea de ai sdi, pe lingd greutdfiie vielii unui stttclent sdrac, se aclauc;ii
Si tristetele unor trebuinfe sufletegti nelndestulate. Spiritul ar;id al tin;i-
rului student soarbe tot ce-i putea da eclucafia universitard a timpului,
ins6 in loc sf, rdmind cu mulfumirea pe care {'i-o dd o culturd care se
asimileazd sufletului, srenaailesgdendctous,umn adiezingvttisotrdpteonr,truSinceguleraincrlriisrlcaipteiinS.li
de allcerra
cu o sete
mai soiidd era matematica : Carlyle, cdr€ d\,'e& aptituclini fmnroasr.:
accst23sSRtueodmftioiunrissRcuecnnstcoefrdlsu,csvu,otccl.ad1ttu1e,papd.lPI1,5e.oc(plnple.,a's.)illEd: ilPioendaaqoogpl.e, rpcalossrinc-or.m- pleTteoaailre ciiatcii: l1:n
(Cl.rapman and l{all, London). (n.a.) lui (li:r'1.,J:.
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zr11ui se impotrivea la o sintezd mai vastd 9i r5minea |drnurit in cer-
cetSri mai mdrunte pi bine
in specialitdti ingrddite. Fiiosofia aceasta
li utilitarX nu-l poate satisface pe
materialistii, empiristir U_Cnaivrlye1res.i;-
de o altd hrand. ln Sarlor Resarfus
spiritul lui avea'nevoie
tatea cle la Edinburgh e Universitatea-ftird-nume (The I'Iameless Univer-
Ssipiiriel"yisio):i.rlrah,pn,E,lianao,dmUcalnlnatiudrtronoerciriesiv.i"tloau,rtr,eSecartAdodnaseoscdaarissip,ntlefzinigcetaerrunatfo.mctceineaTeemeussfaedtilessrdpemruacnajcdik_ihcrnde,,ucca,iitfnaendrodsioedirnedbgeuAsiincndoeguplcneiaee-
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r'.rlX etc.).
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lizarea folosului coleciiv-sociai.
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pllnul nJ npalduln os
ITBuI IEur IaJ uJ prrprrrsnp 'Blsll€uollpr gJlsEou eal€lTsro^rrin nJ urealgJ
nlrlui, uril pe carc o \-on1 recJiisi in toaie scrieriie hti. Tot in liiripi"t,.
acesiei eclucalii la Erlinburgh, ca o reacfie lmpotriva spiritultti donrnitor
in universitate gi imyrotriva apnciiturilor ceior cu care era ill contact, se
ascute sirnllrl urnoristic inniiscut intr-insitl ; puterea cie sarcasrn, tie
caricaluri"r, cle irurnour, a viitorului autor aL h-ri Srrrlor Rcscrius il face
de temnt coleclilor sni. Acegtia il aseminau cu Sl,'ifl ;i-i ziceau irrlre
riin;ii r':umai,,Jonathan",,,I)ecanul",,,Doctornl".
Dupd primul cicln cle sttrrlii, penlrn cir trebuia acurn sii-5i cigtiqer
sinrlur eristenia, ntijloacele celor cle acasi fiind clin ce in ce mai siabe.
i(irl<calrly, lingii Ectinburqh, profeseazi nratematir:a, iiui sir pirtiseaslil
pcoala c'lin Annan uncle invd]ase gi el. Doi ani la Annau qi alti tloi ia
Kircalcly, lingd Eclinburgh, profeseazii matematica, fdrd s.1 plrdseascir,
cu deshvirgire stttdiile teologice gi gindul preofiei. Trece qi citeva clin
examenele celui de al doilea ciclu, insii in cele din urmir se convlurle
pe deplin cf, nu mai putea lua cariera preoleascit i o datorie cle ciriste
sufieteasc.l si cle sinceritate cu sine insugi gi cu lttmea il oprea : pier*
cluse credinla in litera presbiterianismuiui, depi spiritul religiel ii era.
tot atit de viu ca inainie. Avu tdria sd anunte hotiirirea aceasta ptirin-
filor siri, care ii pricepurd, gi cu toate cii fiul le lngela speranfele, nn-l
iuarir uici ciragoslea nici sprijinul, N{amei sale Margaret ii scria cir
pdstreazir lot credinla ei, numai cd vorbele ciiferd. In anii aceqtia eie
neliniqte gi lupte interioare, Carlyie face cunoqtinld mai de aproape
cu poefii, istoricii ;i fitosofii eng;iezi; citegte pe Byrou, Wordsrvorth,
Hume li Gibbon ; insd nici aceqtia nu-i pot aduce o pace ;i o liniste:
sufleteasc5. Renuntind la pastorat, curind vede cd;i
profesoratul ii esir,'
de nesuferit. In 1818, cu sufletul bolnav, cu sdndtatea zdruncinaiii,
pirr5se;te Scoala cle la l{irkcaldy qi se agazd la Edinburgh, uncle cautii
altceva de fdcut. Aici incearc.l cireptul, dd leclii particulare, face ira-
cluceri, scrie articole pentru Enciclopeciia lui Ilrewster. De un tnare:
ajutor sufletesc in acest timp i-a fost prielenia pe care o iegase incit
cle la Annan cu Eciw'arcl lrrring, un tinir extraordinar de bine inzeslrat,
care avea sii se ilustreze ca preclicator. ln anii cle ia Ed.inburgh, degi
cl'iinr.ril cle clispepsie, boal5. cle care ar,ea sii sufere toatd viafa, Carl-vie
giseqte hrana care-i trebuia spiritului sdu ; inviilind sincyur nemfegte,
face cunoqlinfii cu literatura gi Iilosofia g,Jermand: o lurne noud i se
deschide inainte i Schiller si Goethe, Kant gi Fichte ii aratd comori
nepre{trite ; o noud concep}ie cleslrre lunie ;i r.-iati, cu iolul diferitii elcr
materialism;i ritiliiarism, i se infiitiqeazti. Aci i;i gdsea aclevdrata,rri
pntrie inieleclualir; spiritul lui ar,ea s."r ia o pozifie hotdritir; cariera
lui era schilatt"r ' €'l 3i-ea s.i fie introclnciitorul ideilor germane in Anglla.
Intli sLudiazii mai de aproape pe poefi gi rourancieri: Schiller gi Coelhe
il cluc lnsii pe nesimtite la Kant 5i Fichte. Dupir ce scrie o bioqrafie e
lui Scl-riiier, car-e a fost foarte apreciatii cle Goethe, Cariyle incepe sii
traclLicrii pe \!'illtcln .Aieisler. N{ai mu1}i ani se ocupd nuniai cn tra-
duceri, ca sii facii cnnoscutii pnblicnhli enqlez literatura gernrani. Pe
linqd Goethe, rnai face tradrLceri din Tiecii, N{usri.us, Floffman, I.a \.foite-
Fouque, Jean Paul Rich|er. Acesta clin urrnii, prin stilLrl;i urroml si:rt,
a avut o rleosebiti inrinrire asuilra forrnirrii spiritua.l.e a 1ui Caril-le'.
Goethe s;i filoscfia g;ernallri a\-eau si"i puni capiil crizei in care se zl.rir-
tuse atita \rerre spiritul ac:estuia ti ar-eau sii-i irlesneascii o concep-tre
124
94tr
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lptrsjxo
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'punoaplol nrluod pJlusoI palarlrol lII]IAzp nrB l* | inlollns lol llppdpu B-lin 3oI ip
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rignB3lnosa^uf,pg.rJr1o0ne1oepr1qogl;or, l]lolorl5gdldInIuqnnlInselalurJnouoqrlopoolipnlnslu'IJusrnl-JNlq6r1*ren1osuru:n,tI1drl1SloeadpuurJ'l!lllegooidlleJeIqSollmf,IspaalolI.,Ard/os,pfu,lrnugpnJZoBInroulrtr$pocIhl1tl;,
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puJrnluorl '1n6ul1 ai r$ 11*ailrr:r..; noraru lasiul un u) aJ nllucd I roioutrn putJn Bl ij.,ri)i,
al al o6i> : ln6urs Ipqollnl pur rs orrrur u5 g{1gu; as prrl$ un tplepoop puIl...,,
: tutopd alrJtllpJls rpIII alaJ trrp pLrn ,aleo1
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-urds roiofurnqerl pr-raznrr 'aurnl a-rdsap ar\rr,rzod rr]ciarnor raun psairl
rS eSnepe es eroJpJ potrniJJ?lllr.Lre pl rar.rprroql"ra,\\ 11$e1e1;ns Irlizodsri]
uJ a[rni rrrrci osrJp]u-r ', ourrirnlg nJ qip+rrarur]rres prnJuo^e o--rlul euTurr
aIo*1np''{aIpsrSIl{1ral-ru{nrqasaJeqaoaspsp'rdr-,ue6tr'oalop-uoordzrsprJorpra(s1pprJlrsoiru;lenn-r}aara.an;-csrlrode,ei^nr\nq'IpV1rqaJsecBepeaal"-ni,cJrluaarpsllrpn-rar'}ras'{zrpleErrrnlr'e.xario.ljuorora}lnDnls.arr,uJeutsupol-lrllgapqs}p-e-Lyrr'Jrpnl3-rprIaor[qrr1aoou[rurr-jrppll1gcptd$}Du[ol3pue'nrIl^srrErntl-l"nusrr]uulrrreasnsatrnrzpaSolaaanlls(t1la[crpprllialrJoriplSrarnlllepprJacpqpJnrgiTi]1f]e-n,peqppsJrIsnaqs,olpsaosrp,Ir-lrn,ppIiIUaanJ-IsuTIo{rPepenopr]areJ}66lic'qr:PeauIinn>npupra1lrp,grJtrrlaupoorpar.l.plldJlrStor-'Puup)rnrrSuJrsselrIEndaooluodonJrb,1lrqanrcul"corr{n'ioT.tepru!n.ie:}rr;1;
'plel^ ebeail
-ul azarouralul Is-Ps arpc acl allosolrJ o pap I-PS llEaAp 'rnirnl e p,rrlrzoci
firea mizeriei mele s-a scirimbat : nu mai era Temerea sau Durerea tinguitoare, ci
Indignarea gi Sfidarea groaznicd cu ochii de foc'
AstfelVE$NICANEGARE|claserr'lgeNeirr]pdtlunsesepindinpdr{ilecele
mumnDR-ridaiddccuirasuelcaunfdsiip)aece-ugulr;anfuuosrrelieceaca;zaleaild!seoceefedfsDiapaiensitt:nutufae*rnPadicicnrmiie,atvrsepeetlloseugcta,uieetal,eaDl,seemuagmieEnmtiunucfelidiuEizlntrieUc6umesfprpe,9&-auumisrtp;siinust9dn{lbiiisag,eatfeeiitzu:uzgdn.orui.cennNniniutiar,nOdEtqssrtmepeui glunu"e'uttn3e(liarSvmim]eoeperrtalstduoouutrsEel',psUepistlsiau'tsturnee1eat1aalr6dldilb,l)suemcbiur'eoldtuViei,ez{6iautnc-ll
Eveuimentul acesta spiritlal, acest botez de foc aI lena$telii, este
uDsiceeliii,anrnu,onps-re.ntCtitniiisireim.fietci-caWudtinuanpeuppirtrnnuurelt"lttuoaaeserbtSrt,saErt,hidadcogeuI(lereeaa,girdtl,ronccr)nseiaPEle.rtnaeer,fpacduni,iincu,lnrfiaiiViifnnucosisleariliebm,noeree1rmugn'e.rar;lurinuinlln-SgpeiAeipilccho,ddstluc,C6sie"cefallpetlaeimen.tnzer.rtouebTcleulyialnLuhno'l"fAeeloocee*dsSl,maiaruliu"tetletc,dthanm.mmars-ctPdriwaouiieeaciardgmuiioaauenamcselTslekau,dInuile"',enrnpEtbnuaeceaEitnd_fnueipfieufaicnrerpadlntaoivsodrerign,tndaussedeirrdcpimrslii,auubjeeitcaa'timncl;ktDapcdiGuahtininoannou-auUuCi_msdtaenelullaluuaetanilhnirupisit,selityutci,,c1Tei,llinn8cuecveatal2ciulauerntt1tpuseftericei,ndl,rceayidmiiglinesclnpdoeccotatrpiollrrnedivi-irpeLcscdeocirarlocksin;ieorrnt-lhleziaeeaaa"--i'i
cc;rJtu;rleui6ll"brpie_g.lfsriir;iec-itfi"ai;cpliotl;oisntzaiogtmrifi-tgiiparavanip5rsclahuiltaraaieutosoinruserlnimepilndeiuitsuirsn.ei-ecaulthnlndaadseiceidsniolaiucsve$mrirvinesooi$deiusatellaia;z.siadn,el,uruaZemrmigind:onitiiem,eecaznAoineetouirdrcglciehi"ivaaiiLlriesieoeurllsepi,ium,grIafaeclienau,rtu,Seilmnnugzdamtlii;itigoiinsdniaueodei|aroipsvzir.odgoineoc9a--ii'
nlJimam,airu,"i;tialeietp-ip-ian,iilrai""arc..rlt'aii,i,i"ff,nereV".saul,uaaltilselp-uubpoils-reiiidien;"cletemar;"placlemer"ooiunmumuflo.gun.unac.iei"tlilio,euib(sarccSucenrurueacereemubrattaurropqteilnrirel,ib:';dri,niutnppi;cimmuneiv.ofpuoneti1natuclle3eatlildllu,0ie)lsiceu.auanerAviafureenansaricalgteilnafvtbsecetedeoalianlmseaunemujigug6sapfnidiltiqieceg-ptie5citudsur.iunncdtllr-agaiim'gctihie-rdnibiajuliltedouedc,apdclencur,lcreroe.iiciacla.Biai-lelarvictaemiercaaf:iiauiqu.ar-oau-.-i-t
sd-l inalfe pind in azurul Vegniciei"'
;c,olurcceiufn;ilmhleieiiiiicl"nain;llsoicutDn"iciiramaii"rJ"relrev-i;g"seipul;reieuep:oaiaaaurotdcmsid,rlrnusueitpunvce5damzrclaucse-oieiitcueeicgamsohgeocar,sgpeileienivpsrutfSisldellurteneyitgepiscuiod.ititiieiri,rrepsaIi,nicml,tmrauuesdadillpiuerlptgvbegrermieatdieeiniaosm"rdejrittitulmuaiauniusparltmi5rsrulueoeccCdiiill.arnanruueeilrpiPp,silsueac6tnnmraieisaliisOi,el,ehrtoeruuete;pidepi.neisnvisnaeauSiirmgmvausnmmoaleecltatir,rdeeaae,cIsusrraiindcvstldscvataucdidoauednitraquunaodfsgevomnseueensesciaaaadpsdsheipunletueeluSindainnzmnclaaaeaegcsaq-ua.ldeasgtlromAeudeaueolOpcucpbaaptpirbum5riransudegOemudeiriona,n;iijrflap-orieeelcebi"nenalrad,-tacreusseqaaenapdidict.lpnaticeideelCl1sdsdtuuaei.Seii"--i-i,:
126
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{a)oleus,Lianndie, rnnioiloersa)s,llsrien,gnurrbi tvaetedaeaeuiaunatcithcipleomtraerneesinccsittriiruinni; intregi, nai
tdcerea
era
a;a cie rnare, sllunea Jane, incit se arlzea la o nare depbrtare cum
Epddigntbeuarughoilneui.aprrbicae.peTa'ocautini lgfreirjnaeicaastieniiirod dlrcea Jane i lurnea bunl din
care ar fi trebuit
gi frumoasir,
sd straluceasci in saloane, se ltutuse hot.iri la o asemenea izolare, uncle
a\rea s."r se oclrpe cu mr-lncile cele mai i.t'it.iale ale gospodbriei : tofi
'acrzau pe Carlyle de eg;oism gi asprime; itu pricepeau sacrificiul libel
fircui in r,-ederea unei mindrii mai noltiie, Sing-Lrrele er"'enimente ale
riefii ior 1a Craigenputtoch erau vizii.ele rare a1e ccilteorj\araEpcrUientbeunrighdeR1ca-
Edirii;rirgh, prirrire care l,orclul Jeffre_v, clirectcrLri
ricti-, pi sclisorile lui Goelhe, cll caie Cartyle intrase in coresltonclenliL
tr-r ciliva ani in urm5, clupii publicarea Vielii lui,Schillcr. Goethe pre-
iirise rl'llt scrierea piinri cie rer.rerentd a lui Carl1'le, se interesase des-
lrie alrtor, dase cartea sii fie ttaclusii in neralepte gi o pubiicase cu o
prefajti plini'L tie lancle. Ciitre sfirgitrii ;;eclerii lLri Craigenputtocli, in
i833, Callt,ie se porneni cri o rrizitir neapteptaLd: un tindr alaerican,
care trecuse oceenui gi vizitase Europa, 1.'enea sI iacd cuno;;tinlti, in
rlrlulrsitnir-rr1e\;aiscteel,a,ucirueororuttu, lgiinpecacracreg-h1icailsees,esceiincopnrciflinnceillrctorsuclrise,riui publicate
spilituai,
Acesia era Ral1;i'r \4raldo Erlerson, priirul cliscipol ai lui Carlvle, acel
care a\-ea sir-1 facii ct-lnoscllt in lttnea ncurj. ,,At1 g|sit, printre coli-
irSreilehrlirinuesatii,sucaflseatuui nluclie singuraticni om cle studiu (the lonely cltolcLr)
puternic (nouris|led his nrighlr. hearll".to
$ase ani, intrerupli cle o vizitii la Lonclra, au stat solii Carl1.1e iu
izolarea cle la Crcigenputtocli ; acolo a prls Thorlas temeiia durabilii ei
operelor sale ; acolo gi-a inchegat o
lVellanschattting, cun zic ger-
rnanii. Din ace'ti ani slurt iucerctirile critice cele mai insemnale a1e lui
Carlf ie, slucliile prin care a filcui cunoscul6 iurrii engleze literatura
germanii. Printre aceste c^sscrvs ale lui Carl-vle, care ari fost publicate
lrrin Eclinl;urgh Rcr.'icrv, QuarlerJv I?cr.'ierv, FrtLze/s lr4agazine, giisim
nLlneroase studii asrlpra iui Goeihe gi Schiner, apoi studii asupra iui
Richter, Novalis, Werner, etc. ; studii de liieraturii enqlezl asupra lui
Scott, Ilurns, Johnson i un stucliu asupra lui Voltaire, altul asupra lui
Diclerot, citeva asul)ra secoluiui al XVIiI-lea francez, care sunt ca
ni;te preludii la lrench /?er-oirilion; apoi alte incerciri mai i:ersonale,
in care se c;hice;;te filosofia lui I Signs of lhe Tirnes, Characterlstics.
{ncercdrile criLice aaieseiufiaccaerlcvrlielicsaunlittepreanr6tr.uFpaurabilliicaurilzaetngcleuzteooriniiole-
vafie in felul cle
esteticii qermane, cu Kant, Schiller, coethe, Flerder, Richter, cunoscinr{
critica nouf, inauguratd de fratii Schlegel, Cariyle incearcd sX introducii
mideaiilenugletrmfoarnmea$lhi in iiteratura englezii, in care domnea incr judecata
;i exterioarf, a operelor de artd. lntr-un esso_l.-pro-
r{ram intitulat sfate oI Germa.n Literature,ll arat6 direclia noui'r
tjcii ti rolul inalt gi greu al criticului. Acesta trebuie s& priceapr a cri-
ideea
pjprl..ri2l2o32si1t-or0-(p7WESh3mJia.ra:re,fdf)cr,Ssc<oLtusnaolt,sctGcg-kimJacn&rrermtyn,leCa.1iscan0/",0rr.',I2fc.r,Lifatopc.jn.rtPads6atoBuun{riFl)ne.il(a{rneis.,n)nal. .sV)v.eiols,/i,tTIhtoodmiEnansCglCarinalldcrl)oy,lleino(nFCdrooMmmimpsc/aeenleilsanPKcrlcoossuscsjlchEe"sorsrodly{css,r,
t28
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-BtBi ulp Iarlnlo^or €orrsnclpuJ pdnq 'erpuoT ul lerbnlor D-5- tode '(pgg1) rri,.rls
loisIE-oIpiJluBuolIiln-Inlolni\IJolopr crlll,porldlRr ielosrrtqJclslelquBnoadlrlaeruzSma;eer$EurJooorqufIn{ualdoolaop.lrur-rl.:rept(trSZrgrfuSur gtl-elaOlTagrfot:oJ)p;l:LlsnttrpziczulDouI;Nl-rrgroJdi(lcuoiiliu)cso-lullllDrrr;i$.}!,:!crrs,;.ir-n;
e-ripr 3]sorJnlpellrrrl.PrpicJlaulsopJraulisTe.rcdl 'u]roiJrJonJflopAsin$sialcJuJonrslI'l;1p-lrl;sclo{ni,o}oc}ienJl pJsso3s !.lEll
ur..op p o.Tpf,L:
/tBI ul "rrolrnqrlsv rnlnprof js Ie3cT I,iaqou ris Iill +Tf,op psLil c-:?il
-lo3p a nu /Jenl.l{.ElJiEJpJc}iunirlsEI pliroleltcl lr.rop iiE-r Ili+rioci rriatupo rg riEilc-r
'suE Illnlrl ur\r}lurJap potp-rJpsuoJ pdnc .slioriJrc sotlp-.i)
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psul
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pFparlui Rf,sEJlolJns efer,l gdua)r-rd RS plnef, JulAltJ un nJ , ro olrlp:);]tril.I lr
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a.rp !
q3spa.rnlupl r-ps rnlnuo paralseoilnr unra.rd 'ruo ad pJspounf, ps I
a1n[e 1-gs o;e rolarado pora]Spoun3 'ES pJad,o ul azozrlpa-r o ps 111nqzr
E Inlsrirp lrr nl1ul a:lpre ps iS'rnlnlsrlJe rriglrlenpl^Iprrl inrlunptrl rai)r I
ralsa)E Inlor arrlurJalap ps arnqaJl'proclo apacrnd oJpJ rrrp pJ!lstlle
ti i
i
I
I
I
I
I
lyle, pesimist in urna lipsei de succes a lui Sarfo-r. ,,Nu gtiu ce vor face
cu cartea aceasta, spunea sale; dar de doufl sute de ani
ei sotiei
incoace nu s-a mai scris o carte care sb polneascd mai din adlncul
idInseitmosriiticrtucmal t9oaaicrefeialosistnaocf;eupalece,usmdtaecoddpenoautccuidnmlccAacobinnes1apgciucragiotuail,redcuecpludpmululleinngviian9dpeilsdgtcureelaair"ea.an1"3i
Evenimente externe in viata lui Cariyle la Londra, ca in toatd viafa iui,
ader'f,rata lui biografie este istoricul operelor
nu gdsirn ; lui. Cocentrat
asupra s6 insugi, retras, muncind intruna, nu insd fdrd dureri, adevitra-
fsls erreninlente erau cdrfile pe care le da la lumind unele dupd altele.
El insusi voia ca fiecare carte s5 fie ca un strigdt de rdzboi. Tnsf,
lcinoeaurcrneacra;eacgoidndeceeasppienrresiiuiaEfleirlSlyi cmlerioesrrlieiii,ip-aaosatftdoezsitscppauunqreui liencadvrdseucmrreiaeraocaluusdis,OinudgnieseelOeur,ilutcrihe.ibi,ru,u1inie--
sd fie pldtitd cu singe viu, numai cd astdzi vrdjitorui lnsugi este 1ic-
tima jertfitd care trebuie s5-gi dea singeie pentru
ca umbrcle s:i
vorbeascS," 14
Dupd studiile literare, dupd fantaziile filosofice, dupd istorie, Car-
lvcTy-imealelpsarei,ge'idj'ludoirnmmudluerlernuiasiuipelttfpoinrtsaupdciitroieictmuraiel ncsfdibeuctlriuentetfdmocliraaFeratisliecdca'pairIanoedbcmloeevnmudcliereuapmtaut1eilieaioisuprcridedc,zeiesmnnpipmtruedliucleui.nm1Duueuppts59de.i
poirivba cu concepfiile lui cele mai scurnpe. in viala morald a timpului,
in evenimentele politice, ln luptele parlamentare, minu_itc:onuctieiiptafiriliesmcuull
rente, el nu vedea decit tocmai ceea ce urise mai
scspfp;CRaiootoalruepnculiiemividtptarilouuc"eli5lselsru,ciedsEEt;ui,u-morrliriioonnmitapts,iisiiloupsooddairuar.riafnnmal|iqcadtanrrali5ceec1ieEauudapsccrvirtedleoaeeiesneidasctgctvebuuuoidd,tslliec.risdnahicvtDendtleaeuzesgi9rlnttcmusaoiituovcetahdnoneereteeierfrsdenasdiioenradielivngrm,nee1iuvislndaeiri}ntaedesatcalpl,m,edlls,aftJliuiscoppsmspebiasusurlluasbnaonoeltrpitdddzcleic.eceai'treopuatemenarrilroaedd,ceobueu-tsal]lucrueu5pr'ddrtmbrieiitruniodaatesliaugttdrlrpgeguasedcrdtlooopndrFc:zaneaeiragoacEeleortincern.'sos6eciateilhlpieenra'i...i
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130
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ed urepe,l
.,htr-l dimfuici:l,i clin fcbruarii) 1BBi, c\prcsul clc la Londra lisa in inica stafie
de ie Eli-iif,.'iiL.rn un co6riug insoiit dr: ci{iva oeiincni ccm.i{i. Nimic nu era prcgitil,
in accsL lcr:1;ier11tl., r'il s:r ilnl)ract tu solcnnilcrtc, scru rLricar cu cleninitate, accattE
\r)\ilr fullci)rii. Pr,rscl.i sirriul pe p.inrirri, snb urr $.)pron,6i zdpada, carc biciuia acrrui,
r. urirrd itnDc.tri{i r:u dlb l)o51dl'ul n.-.ijru car| cr({lpcrea rcsturilc lui Tiromas Clarl\.lrr.
,\i iilrr, l.ir.i ri;i;icir-iri. f jr,i < tiviriiilri, irt rliji';r'ul tirccrii carc fuscse t r.prcsi.i supi,'in,i
l rt'rr irirrt i lui, c'obtiiiii itr piiinirtui din c.rrc si: nitscusc trulrui cclui dintii r:uge-
.u,lniicJtiuirla'tItobtl.it(r.i.r;i,;rirai r(r.'esr'iriijcui,t';ltsrs,i
Iiit,rr-ri'liclir,s trl litrpurilor acc;l(r.r, ir: r'rcllr: r'c
lrL tii,rsui irr ropilirric, mur;nrrrl t:litiiri;ril cli.n t.r1r;
rr lo.i- s11 itL'iLtcyiuit l-.
Dul:ii moarlea luj Carl1ii3, o<latii c11 llul)licaica coresllon(lenlei 5i
*riografiei lui cle cSire James Atrthonv Froucie, executortll testatrentar,
$ilrtoiclrtie\rnaullTrpeiudloirsiceiiltotnl{a,rrlelhulii,rr.tso-al't.inilcio:ectlriuatfioa caulpanie cle detractare itr-
hli fjroticle cta irtai ntull ul-1
rechizitoriu; piir!ile tnai slai)c ciirr cariicierLll lLti Cariyle erall ce.Le 1l1ai
in
ltusr. ei cyid€nli"r. Jar:e \"relsir Cetrl.,.ie era ar;ltatii ca o Inartirii, ieir
sotul ca tin tiran eqoist. care a tririt linqii ciinsa firrd o cltloascii,
sii
'{rifcuiaitroumrlasl,seaiFcsnrrcldteoil-tlnrlitacteicbleiilieiunaeIiaernCamiirnaFdndriri'lecqiynmilncceoiiitn;i.rnieaiincreisstr,eiuslppcnFdlr-aiarcnotialutarncitlelllr<erfen:oieurrcLmxJartaraieneqfsreaeocrtaarilclisrmLlloeeaucrtrieilitttara,iciie:cdferaeraaavefgjiarcnonedcscetnperrtu.aeentresateaxiraspcdti,eleiidmcrvieaoaaa--ii
i-ir'-e, a tiiial- pasaje ciiil urele scrisori, a schiinbat chiai'cnr-inte. 'foaie
.rce5iea ai-t fost clate pe fafii cinii famiiia l,.ri Carlyie, riescenclenfii fra-
iilor acesilria, maLultipi5urbiligcialadcaloocsunr-rr:ri.enDlierieu.irecfnorreiin-otraLrledlLarstvniaantalu1iuCi ianrlvinle-
ileciiiilc, fitrir lir nl'r.na noiloi pll;iicatii,
iscat cle grr-rfin crerlincios',rl Fioucle, or:r a incenuL sir
ri-.arehri ca o ie,
*ciic a s1;irituiui cie r.lreptate, via{a fie
t,ai.. 1te ler;:.i:iji rnai ec1er,.5rate, jlc1e-
:\st-11-.ra casniciei solilol-Ccriv.le s-..i scris trtrli, l,)ie.t lr-rtl!,.iiii
iirorli-\iicc';1ir1r i1c;iciiiiilrigtiidapireiiesao.tiuel.iiE:i;'rl.otrnaeirlleriiliiiiiia;;lccs.ioii,nas1rliilii
ijeuaiirnJaon, esir,.llaei-idr-el1si:,::Col;ielzi-iil.ii,ji:,rr1ilei .ir-ii iit carr ea :;,,:-,zir-rrlii-i, rrrai
;11.liir3ir-.1ti aict-
C.irlyie. ciriinii
dup-ii iricat if i lr-:lc zi r-LL zi
siir,..: l() ::e llnrt;-LirL ri.:
:nLj:r'e
,i1;sii c.lc a'ielfir::.i cic i.ri.,-:liie;-' i-i.ir,.i: .t rr{)iLr iiLi ei Cali{j,6lrsorlti; irre;,r
r,ii'.t 1l clc ltuttCtlc lii.; i,tt,.,,*ot.;-i al:.,, ii ,;-tr -.tt.L ri ,lClr ;titillr. iii.rt:. Pi:
iitti1., ati:,:le:: c r-.iriitrl igij il:rii u ril:ri,:lr:. l-Lli.il jirs'riiilai,t il;'aiiie.; da
,.t.t:.:.t::laSl I rcl ; Ai,i:l;au:-ir;ii, ij lr.l'r., ,,-l r ;l-i..ic;l',: i: li,; i-.i;ii.it' : i se
:riiree cii i.-:iil'ri;'i.!i.r arci':tili rt:;r:i:i :. rii:'ii -,:.i, :i l-cciiitosliirta j,.ri ljci:l-;ir..
r.-.ri:r1.1-t-l C,,:Sa et.l-. iil, iti f I ril r-r-:iii j'::-: ir g:-'; i1irir. ili ei. Ji-ir.r' il-<.i , Cii a
lriili, ittt i-a ali1.,rl- {r !L ititil.i iliirsri.e ;,,i i-r iirr-rriiri js ot : si;.,ri,,i{t ci
'r1sri*
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:;ii tlhice iiscii ..:lili ;riir-tic s;ilfi:iilriel: il :ii,-ti'i..je aie sotiel s:rr . : ai.:
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ica,l'i viitii lr,ii, Este a,.iei'iii.; i r--,ii li r-ta iiij ir-tciris.i, ir:r'ar;al--il rLr-,o\i-rcltr-
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Glr-{os1-{fs:euiJrjp oluoci as nrr eisco:r:'oi,{1
H
SFIRITUL
1. Iniluenla lui Gaethe. Ramantisnul gernlt-i, 1I. Vizionerul' 1I1. S|i1ul.
I]/. ,,Humour".
I
in desf5;urarea spiritului lui Carlyie momentul cel rnai important
a fost cunoa$terea fitosofiei qi literaturii germane din nrarea epocii de
1o sfir$itui secolului al XVIII-Iea gi inceputul ceitti c1e al XIX-lea. Ma-
teriaiismui culturii engleze qi franceze, legat de empirisli gi utilitarism,
nu-i putuse inclestula trebuinlele sufleiegli si nici nu era in stare sir--i
dea terneliile pe care s"I-qi ageze o viaf5 cle cuctetare ;i de acfiune,
Neniuli.umirea proirenit5 din acest contrast clintre trebuintele cele mai
adinci Ei hrana spiritnald obi;nuiti a l:impului ii o.meninfase serios s5-
nbiaiea sufleteascS: cle aici elloca aceeG trilbure cle incioiald gi negalie,
de i'einic nu, din care avea insS s5 iasl biruitor. La aceast5. biruintd
l-a ajr-ttat, pe lingd sbnitatea gi vigoarea. inndscutd a spiritului sbu, cul-
tura germanl la care s-a adSpat ani ln ;ir, pe care gi-a asimilat-o si
care a dat cugetdrii iui fizionomia defirriiir.'E, lir literatura germanS, de
la poezia lt-ti Schiiler gi Goethe pind indultrul gcolii romantice, in fi-
losofia gerinand care incepe cu Fiant qi se continud cu urmapii mai nult
saLr nai pulin direcfi ai acesiuia, Carlyle s-a gisit in adevdrata lui
pairie sufleteascd, Materialismuilli, cri ieudinta lui c1e a nega valoarea
Ei ot'iginalitatea vielii spiritului, de a lnfdfiqa r,iala mcraiS ca o soco-
teal.1 abil6 a pi6cerilor qi dureriior, ceva adinc, incongtient clin sufletu"l
lui Carlyie, li opunea un rreto : o resplngere insi fondatii pe argumente
valabile nu gdsise incd. Fiiosofia transcendentalS, deinonstrind aprio-
ritatea timpului pi spaliuiui, aiStindu-le ca forrne ale spiritr"rlui, nu ce
realitSfi absoiute, termina oclatd pentru totdeauna cu realitatea in sine
a materiei. ,,Spaiiul gi timpul au uuirai o realitate empiricb $i o idea-
litate transcendenialS", ii spunea- I{ani. S-a sfir;ii dar cu rnaterialismul
gi crr filosofia din Systeme cie lo N*afu.re ; in schimb i se inf[tiga o lume
noud de cugetare, care putea s,1-i dea acea 1'Ve,l/cLnschauung de care
sufletul lui era insetat pi pe care va putea ln sfir$it sil-gi ageze in chip
trainic '.riala iui inteieciuald gi moral5. 1ll vasta gi variata cugetare
germand Carlyie gdsea lncd o confirmare a presimfirilor iui : viala
spirituald pusd pe primui plan, inf6ti;atii de unii fiiosofi ca realitatea
fundamentald, 9i iniuntrul acestei vieli primatul,,ratiunii practice",
intiietatea vielii morale.
Cel dintii german care i-a deschis lumea nouh de cugetare Ei sirn-
!ire, care i-a iniesnit trecerea de la,,vegnicul nuj" la ,,vetnicul da", a
134
9EI
'uopuof oJ ry u'IliurrEhi p('uB''u)a'rglriZco'Dd 'u1a.1ao^t\rr.allqarasrluwapuuIo'dasqe?artoo5Jl (n u)
'alLItDJ u,
Br
oIrluocnisdlIaeuloiolnplrprquiauaIlnaJeBrIouduoUDr-iirr5nsolIunlDnuo.dIrlonsusdItsBrlurpplledrr-bolsessulerPsnsnpJut-unuaanppl['R1oel'nnaJsa1l1duIorneuel1JoarIRlsdllnusJeplrpac.rB>jrlar.1pu-lleIe^ql qqaIlpoaglpaspIuo'aq1rDlennsuJcourspaJnIo-;cldeeulnnl1'uofaI3,iJr,lr+p'iIs.'€'n1l1onrrrnr]qpeupI13nlojnoPrfdo-pl,duISu-rrrlBIo1p'IB1-lnEas{a;lpploraEo'reJ}rulaupdrEoui:sa6d)orralnoniuiiyesJ^!l
'pldnl uud e11pu5qop olrrigboq oleol ep 'e1etrgu1uos IS atSlull u1 'orn:nq
es ps 'pturn ulp oIeJ uI 'ec nrluad atunl o e1*arernc rS-e;pr lptds 1nun.
I sed nc sed gbr131r o-1S areo 'erpru leur aJ uJ aJ urp olpuaqrl o nrinad
p1dn1 es erec 1rr1ds Inun Baoslpg 'gureporu easlpo plprPlapB
'LIi3uIoJ
sorunrJ reru IoJ 'oU€J pInsIpoouilrlnrroJuIBror[l EoJ a1.[pe3 nrlued nr.rc trrcqtLIDM
pun bungtlJ.rg oqleo3 'al-IJniraJl aleo] nrlueci grnlgfgaui
a3npp arpJ rrro un '1e;ord un 'noia
un I lpstalrun 13 apacluil Iuo un
'B1,ueaDulenWndlrlIruIrdslsrraonllllouJJnnadpuInurlDl+pr]Jpoo^aoJfnpclent/lI"nIes'uuIoIJ-]B4ilIlu4rrItrIpB'oou.rpruoeIad6sJa'e>uq1lulpaqogIDn'euu1nulpreeq+puan'prsnIl'nlancl]liPqruIlEgtl
ulp olal pdnp 'a1u1ur uI UIA l-arpJ elar '1e11c unaJl oJBJ puIJ I aqleo3
urp olznlp o alIJ 'ar11u1ure o alIJ urrsg6 nu ps arpJ uI ztnssa e nu 'e1L1re3
p aUBJ a nu ! pospalullJ o ps 1n1nd €-u JIITIU
inl tS pliutb.rgrrrau lso1
B JpurlalA eI nrltiad a1I"1re3 1n1 teetfleurptuTrplluyrt6risn'pufuta1p3uoacrLtlst"atrt
-oJ pnulluoJ ap inqrplrled Iuo InlaJpru 1t!a1t
o-Jlul lsoJ np
-adalurrrruprnlnullisntSuulrpralslosorllaJn1r,pur7-IIuetrrsrIranqapIUdaIJl^TtreJpndrsleJsasnAupo1eJ3relp-pzr oeJrqadlqoaolap3o'Dtenlu1ren'rliu11bogBiadJlpelcCoaolipBtrPpaTasplpinpols:l
u rS 111rc B alrz ap IUr7 el'"Ruirunl tS acBd ards pienlrrrds etfcnrlsqo
runJ 1e1n[e e-1 'lefenul
urp pspr ps e-I" oqlooD p] lnJsounra-r e a1,tt
eI---IlunraeuenlJcVu3rIJellgqop'rsd1JSu1ngnrdoJnsu-upuJlodlrlluoeerIlapsJlsqoeniTr'JarDprdJagJonBnJsppptre6aqoprJrlsIreooo1aoploppu-u1pJaapelrlqussaelolep1lftnoirerpr3uSrdapsltrpnTctertlorpnsJl[Jupa'nendIpuNfu-rJleIautnrraftapulrpn;lpternLlcpoprIutplaUqrudeIzeBIagllnsnp6aua[rJen1lpn1a3rouqelariJarIt'rnnp;renolrIqp$lpJeTIrnfalrres;1c]rrta)rq-lurlprao1auu1lpprrr
IJpJ J rafualsrxo Brdnse rS r$nsu1 es Brdnse gfuln:rq o 'e6rrde a1Cn1 1oi_rn
BrrrJn uI 611Sic un IJ 'lelpclgr roSn rup un lsoJ np nu guerdurrio €a+Elpu
-iuas rS 6re1 rn1 Inusiueuin I re Belasnrunr; rS elTunrJT-rn nJ 'ro ,?lirlnJnq
r'-eSSJoaasnLlaT"dJeua1r1.rasauJnnnr,s[recn[ eJbn''arral1sf,r,up{.a1larsesr3xa-aqp4ueJnggropuslroliodrJeanpaplurnlId1nIe'1aeprade}eludllepuJu1Jrpg'ueRqlds1uealol-31ilp,,1puepr,rr1cIsnrel:irrrnug
1r nps .a1-npu16eu nu 'p6urnul ol ps '-ro1 erdnseap o;ipr"i
os 'a1-npulpao np-r nu rS lrSaldor ne-r nu ee,rornp rf
J Inloijns lrrlsnd
ps lnl1S B
efulperreu 'eorpnau rS eleropuJ psur J rcqlraA u1 ecru3an rt qseorpol
c--a-SousJarBoaulAraJrTr"pElJorBnuuazsr1eolJ1rJaoruuuolronnrbldleepe"p1Fano3BJcplepl-orat1luJrIonpBuaur+nraoqqJpaJplaap3JloselD'opsnJuogIoJsSpJB1'+11n-Ba1nr pnIrrdSerpurpr-r'gIrTnll'naa1au6uIenBr1nacall,oa,rord$rS1.aerougrnI{ra1{alJerrErur,rJntd1AslnIa,,lr'rrdeTdlerqlsuoblooeraopoxupaDru1rlfuledsor:eroilduerl
Dupil ce Goethe ii ajutd la insdndtogirea spiritualS, Carlyle aul
de-a rindul aprolundeazd ideile culturii germane, pe care le asimileazei
conform ci-r orc.Janizafia qi nevoiie lui spirituale. Taine il nurnegte ,,in-
terpretul cel mai acreclitat gi rnai original care a introdus spiritui ger-
rnan in Ang1ia" 20. Cultura germand cdtre care s-a indreptat Carl_vle
este cultura numitd a Romantismrilui. In aceastd culturd spiritul lui
nu a ovlit ne-"-oie sd se supund la o prealabiid disciplind severd, ca s.i
sc aciimatizeze, ci s-a simlit cie la inceput la iargul sbu, cdci inire spt-
rifiLl lui Cariyie ,si spiritul Romantismuiui existi o mare analogie"
De obicei se intelege prin romanticd o gcoald literar6, cu lrn
anilrre siririt gi alrume tendinfe ; in Germania avenr o gcoalS romanticd
ig-.ceoiai:,iirsafiri;ici-iiitrlesi etecooirtetlltiici iaelniXaVuIiIf-oiesat f$rai ifniiceSpcuhtleugl ecle9iui iaciiecadlreiiii,rrie-:i':lraer,-
ze,iri"anfi de ciipetenie au fost poefii gi ronancieiii Tiecl<, Novalis, lii-;l-
rLeriin, Eiciteniiorf, lVaclienroder. Cu aceiagi ternen de romaniism pcri'ie
fi cicn'.imit insii un curent cultural mult rirai vasL, in care gcoalei pnr
literarir sd inir-e nurnai ca o manifestare aparte, curent care confine in
sine i{ireciii foarte variate, privite fiind fiecare separat, dar in care
:r:qiisirn aceleagi i.dsilturi comune. Propriu vorbind, Romantica nu este
o gcceiii sau un curent culturai bine tpbormzifuieritf,acfii este mai mult o ati^
t*ciine spiriiualii, un fei de a iua o de mariie probiem(,l
aic viefii gi ale universului, fel care corespunde unei anume organizdri
s *fieie;':i.
i.r,.1i;carea culturalS a Romantismului a fost o reacfie impotriva
siriritr.rir--Ll raiionalist gi mecanicist2l al secolului al XVIii-I,ea, care tii-
q5il itilti orii.;inaiitatea viefii spirituale o subordona jocului mecanic aI
lorlelor pur nateriale. impoLriva acestei concepfii mecanice, Romaniica
r,roia sd inalle o concepfie dinamicd a existenfei, in care activitatea
originaid a spiritului si fie pusd in adevdrata ei lumind gi importanfb"
iiant a fosl filosoful care a zdruncinat definitiv gi rafionalismul perioa-
clei nunrite AulL;lctrung gi materialismui filosofiei anglo-franceze. Mate-
rialisnul, fascinat de progresele q;tiintei mecanicii gi generaiizind prea
pripit, crezLise in putinfa unei mecanici universaie, care sd explice cu
aceeagi ugurinfd gi fenomenele iumii fizice ca pi fenomenele lurnii su-
fletegii. Kant nu se riclicd impotrirra gtiinfei naturii, ci-i clti o adevEratii
fondare rafionald, aratd curn este posibild gi care-i sunt clomeniul qi
putiniele ei. Fichte, clucincl rLai cleparie concluziile lianiiene gi clutinrl
Iugbt-ssecolr(lsaPcln'ciairenicrhngioounmvtpiiceaercmeliade"2hrom2nr,0i(b1ls,pe1jmpezc,lauaC_i7I.otiiii.:cc2tiefrc.lioaD',yaii1siid'eArIti'lteic-edacrnan1tenimc,u'aiabt8odnuitlrrtn0io.uploenl,.g'iean,rii1Stol,r{ooci)iucdaucs,eiiI(rinnISrbim6vasin)p:ctot3iec;uttuefrfrLaero2ileorlneeao.utir-csepim1cr.iipors,aesu6ncrtnRa9treesr7urdsuiiseuc7sanltifct"sdpcaiaiebctejitertug,uiv(eegeurIiurerc,mazeQtcniGrtedletnaetrimLleonaeonrarpairtrr{laettlteiaaoaieftttonaaitlinlg,urrrndnu-laitliluse,ciidLareildepolldarlllotsuieaai9-tsrrrrKiirfiiinmmwitielnouctoqamiueunladtrn,iedlllalrenehstmiaiarlcnjzgitgesluirasanivJnaiotumnetmtpocseioncicaiisuttrislalfe,cmiuucleoeLlaiiuirhcrasr,n9meoillil,mtea,rdviiobRcsruoc,uerd(uaineeacnDxllaeu.niinparziserisuoeVre6nctsdotfnr(l,rc,tsecniiD1ii6iaipcdlqlliupl6ene,rtauaite4fs(.atenidLreecln6s2soot.ecxe)-E6mrrri,1pSsba,ol8ise7aralnl-.reinciisan1umitei(aeizuintnes6(smi)d.s1fec,aieiuvi,dm5ca.6apa,b)f9e,6iIiiurllmslre6cioeutinotlco-aeumaac1isiramlsire6matiettuuzspo5on,nvrlirr0ldunociriioul):iiinalte-nn,c-,.iiI
binein"eles, indreptafite.
136
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-aod BalEllnseJ n3 I$Eaaf,B alsa plurlsouns jprpolraJunrO3nJBl JJoeronltprnllnl 3pppJl]IIfr,lRucl
'o:rqasoap o IJIu o nu JosoIrJ IS traod aJlul
aereur1ofleeuA3lalglrusfrdga{nfge,arueorllpsIuaEaJrnlroe,galp)zeluaI{saeo1oJr1drp,ept;'ArIporplsl+NnluppJ,nnJrlJr-onrrltpTtlrr-currnalurerd$aorslo.gsRreIJrnpzTurrp}u;aurIlrn1s'lIuasaaoefu€,rrtuJuJenlollflrlUuudlnr'rJn,'uaaqeo1rarparru*il,rnnoggllpeeI,lloppngoct1rIrspIrqB1a,ioraoagrpraanyriIq"sap,aarr"3Jrn,,pp1Jnrnon1rlrfgpnr"!
looe-aoI--o:'--{-a-p-[-BP9lnEiilrtSpnlnoJ1lrsadl'ljuja:rJJuu**eulpSTorJcrrailrtsaLil1lrlierzl?tsrJotlaris'leJE1Jia1lilLtrelIrlsjrsuB;*r{pnreT1-oull[}rtJaJrso-li3rTnrecap-papoJll'asn_e?uerJ"ioslllppdurauIanslaluuicJ,nprap'upeufJ.rouoi,rur,pTrqplrpIunrifrpopu,a'riu"lap'ilannuo1r:TrRn'.oaa.rprturooElurJJpnrdlp*l3lElj'1eniarzralsooprrpuuqr3stJrrpor;:ps6opellnroJr1aa1uou]'pn^6.rualaop-nol;s?lardrrro3us'le'r1Jrlnilrjsrpal]nSlsronourJ]1lpuNlslp[relrIx'lrraerprluJpdraont1ulooee-oprpprc1roc''llr^1r;<argrpJ'elrlssi'rnppEaolzpreuuezrt'nui{pudSuio3a6{uquriooppr.n;rnTloc-frpearrprarosiolllie.glenipnenlao;r,rlnlo;zJudlg-rpeslapralrqrarrponcsr1pop)ru;looJlrrlrrr-ercisiarul-olqrqrcFpdoxnrofrqJ'a,1r$IrrpliisnqJauon1rflsrsealrn,a-u1ieooeoua1qpEoolz'irn.irdasa1ncolo.icosrJ{plaoers]alorjSlrrlJ.quonJ'6edpnsuaaleorn-orr^ppl1sacllr1oporro;dsuceoDiubrrcpnrJ..usor-riarJaarsiarnerileaqorpelpuia-r;prJrepireupue_eppns.uaJSJeealrrorugqe-rsacpfrglrSoc:tnner-a1rps{rral.drc'lirrriapr;parp'uuuropoc:eronap{rna:;uJJ:ru}oJn'lil1dls[nlasr?l;nalaapplsIr3ue'l"1roecalurzlllris:a3,iauns,rna1rF-nilplp.n-iprqlqLldrt0]iruqrdrrforrqeraupiitixrdt,iroiIqjgrJsr*1-JpsrzJlinlllroirrJrrxlurlrpirnruaoutcii:poJEl.il.iaoglo'l'aripltuJoa"lTnl.seipJuori:lUfa,1c"uSrrsp1Se,rlrsJerrprnrf-nr*a.n'i,rrcsJiepIrouoopiap"lsn"erau*pIiigrriElpJroljsiin"pt^psrisritrinirpsifi,itrrosp,ease6ruropuiippr-el}ruIrn1!rJ:unirpOnrtpoJa:o]uar1a:.lr}BrnieigirJr"ourii^nlor0i"leslrpaai1n1nlr,Euansn'?1un"^3isgurie}ia"rclospc,iux,eJeieu,err3r,pnllIuuoo,aoorrpg'rn.r.r:iunpJlJroli'ruic1prteT.o{trieo"l"1Rre]rulieou'sf."'lnrnoul.p'g.lzncijqer1iqnnrrsia.+1ll*iao,o!r;1ps'epreriorrjs1J-r.3nu1prii,i3.,raJDfr'flrri1io$r,1Jprsxrlai""on3o5ron,ii.ie'ooElrrr1lrai.,JTupurup;pJ1,is\i'l'l3.
-'-ruropurr,ioi?U-n:i.*rlrripoc;ilaJ.riLrtj.ia'plnsd
lrilriirq ij ps qrpJ ro1 ruolo'.":JiililliJ-.il;;.;
ilioqiiil
fir.-! lsoJ e r:e.reiafinr psu3 ,1rr1,,ruuiri.l
€E-r-or1ail-nnrofotlsn:rar:lr3u\uuiopJplIu:llsilrs-r1sl3racrrl.onri.c-rsilTrtlnJ-:lcr]s^rn.rdr{Jllppr",Jnupl,dn^uafaoIir,lr]rIsuordnuuaJIIru3"J,i3nrruia_Igu1c!cino"13u1isl?siroepria*nnluicip6rdasseral-aloTealnl]ua1slosflu1lopruul:prleu_*,nseoJlelcprFiallprrlrlnLeTs]sdirarnrr'lrqira'Rr1rraalaaJprnnlLJrflfup.Ns:ueir{rlucrr"esn}oi1s*roniuoul1leinnsonlaaurte1ur-urIrDijnxi)]JrssoLiuroc'i'sroorrau{l1silarr1ofplupzuorsf,aqorr,leoraTo,lpr1praardculnaeouisruclJo-lc'rrurRpiolcxnsueDRdriiap1.ler'upur}eooediu1a,npIlrjuanar:JeoI€prtlrlreon{uosnrsrrCuElfol,:rdoR,l,arr'e3rlnanApu1a]ry1AqlI/r6ii,ln]rp;rl,TIr3'rslaniotidprrA,malxr"JJp1pxnuilroaoprfeqasnelnlrrisrJorj{clgrJliLorirrtneoAaue{rrnsloIopu,ianr1rat:nn-,relerruro.pyiana.1*lep.nlJrliIR,na.;iprlpe,3,}eo,u1i^rzpl4iriiJeanocSnsuar1i,iup.qgiiJson:iarF".iu"1L1Niutei.rlzL"n1p{ri:,.L,rA1sb,p1oeic;r.r"anLrui;,ri,urrrnpa1rr;rioa,,cpro.irii]=i1,.JrsJisisrl]rrl
tic[; toatd crealia nu este decit poezie ; realitatea e o crea{ie a spiri-
poetic. Filosofia poezia e totul 9i
tului nu e decit teoria poeziei, cdci
pretuiincieni. Pentru Schelling, filosoful tipic al Romantismului, intuifia
artisticS este adevdrata facultate fiilnotseorifoicadr,dcadcsipeirsitteulusiin9giunrual tolrrigia' na
prin care putem concepe unitatea
dituiinsbfpiaeecratrab',nsiuotiinlu+otiumoluiibiie,ieecetaxuiisnuteie. nApfeociea,aiuesntdrdideiiircstaeuililmiaeppaaurctndisctttiocudal tdeneeinvpeoindadeteirfeedredanincfuancoaagrbe--
soir,rlului. qi cugetarea romanticd gdsim o predileclie pentru
In toatd poezia
elenientul irafional al existen{ei, pentrl ceea ce nu este conqtiinfd
ciarii, concept, ci inconqtient, ascuns, misterios i pentru ceea ce nu se
Apvoocaierttseiteeit,ara,rc-ailaidicliaecdsinemninitsimtteeeliriniJoteasnludfls,,ainpSceuon{ntlerputtuiealundi,tiunclc,oimntesinlteidtuisnieefan, tiinomaecrnubtgdueiautai ldeEoai rvrinoomilneatie,nia-.
h1lhpli,-crrriiuaiiidi.sci,K,'n,ilri1ecatses"snizenpiaoner;sellv'auil<lapaFeaclraxnieecitaashicastetetpnedlnel.oefiepAbritarlemee;omfmieenrearedlietinloiocfmirdaeuuaoi9lu-tnpiatur1oain5dolfoisarrpagimttu,oiac,asftedeittnur,cpliaicheriiesilonedlaeruilstiodatruoaitpnnaetritraueeuf,vn,rtlmapiniEdrddpix6ma,i,rsmapattceeoettunntiSctltfaeoairlc,laoleoucsft'iaceouIarmfnusilaaii-'ii
jaioLusiesiremt;iafieicllifneteaaotirnme-ppeieme1rsrpluapliitenivlcintutSidvlu,acncaitnitreiuosgltoederlaiiucotosluaruiiieluasiddbeSssoiaailnluvcfte,iozin(enSqtioiiseblilnseettnruet)alm.utKieualap;fnriictnidhdepteenusantcinethar'idetneeauaaa, eecdtre1ae--
lilprun-rriicnciruuoecnixrntuceemiSlnepinnlsaefSirnen,baug;mifcSacelriaiddccdedareaceuosnnfoucirae;vlpietotclalaismraeaiuctaaenptsuiitviet,pui odvrtedinsdaiAtimipnt{rilsiic,t,einccaaaeplrfdemseereonsps"toteurtelEcaaiulcitftuoeantstuedtuqaaii
nEe.xurislutapeubnrsfnaoloueictuiaolu.ltia1teXum.i pFTiiorcitchctega,pi aaabcitnluodlnea-caeeupllauriimp, usi alinucteaerrxpeirseptetudnnrteiamlonisbdtiuiecncettirevusdlt.esdL$uai
Sisuocclhr',trert,luililnfucgiasrp'eirneeimcpapruaotcbidilleeimncariitnticidcie9feir9leiminfciatearltiuinvil,e9lEei uNrIaaaltiubosrnaoalul9itsi,tSesepdirsiistcuphlaimr; -buc5nuifi-inctoaAtruebla:-
aici e deplind (degi e silitd) ; sunt satisfdcute ;i trebuinfa de unitate 9i
a realitdfii. Tot predi-
revoia imUataiii de absolut qi intuilia artisticd
lecfia rornantlcd pentru viala incongtien'rd o gdsim gi la Schopenhauer,
pentru care lucrul in sine se identificd cu \''ointa ; aceasta exprim5
esenia intimd a existentrei ; icnadruenteruilnvfeieritoiiars6u,flesetec;ujtni dvaoribnlgai are ,,pri-
derivatd
matul" asrlpra inteligentei,
din cealaitd.
Aceastd strdduinlS de a cduta absolutul, de a pdtrunde natura
adlncd gi ascunsd a realitdfii, duce Ia conceptia simbolicd a existenlei.
Simbolismul este o altd trdsdturd a Romantismului. Realitatea aceasta
vdzutS, iunea a;a cum ne-o prezintd percepfia, nu este o realitate in
sine, ci numai un simbol, o manifestare a altei existenfe. Pentru cine se
culundd in intuilia poeticd a absolutului, sau cine crede cd e posibild
o asemenea intuilie, toatd lumea vie care se intinde inaintea ochilor
dispare ca o haind. trecdtoare pentru a iSsa locui realitdfii adevdrate.
138
6eI
-lrrr Bounurrrr rpsul : Burardns : rsnsu! auls ad lnzp^ E-s /Jolrunu
EolBlllpor BopunJse os aJBJ qns Inlp^ 'srs]
ralroz InlR^ alJpd o BI Bap ps olrurJad as r Ilodr3srp otlurp prtrun .orJoal
plsEasp 'c11aod drqc u1 1aulsasnsproDrsdnuzna,faruleqntqpalllrpaulrTrsrrlulprAuoNp
1n1 lnuraod u1 'ecrleod 'pleurFdxa
rrfplrnrloe
a-p-'p3sroJraflIxeulJqaaolrnrslprseoJalorolJlsnlcoial3loslrednsepupqrlDrgoaBrlJl1rsIa{nnJnagnl[duua1'slSapearae}snsurnBzerdanrocJlurags:Jr11cq6r[1nce{gr1gu;uolerrrs,flnreonroollTdcclJeSIrInqapunulrrzsuspnlellnrpJfiuaJaeoprlr{fia'e,pcauipeJIl1iJur6:aiolserlrun{luu,ps,repeuolu1ae[1nsc]1tnxruua1nrne_s1urfrtaurrruo.rar1ddll
'otrso 'pr+spou po+rrr{u u1 nrsed pour ui e6ugt;spr as B ap alrectop ,poutn.[
-:o'rlTolrlJgPllpr'IArnrrulJplsaorllquEnlnsuprle^l1TTrpr*nuntrqrdpoarrdlpsoua-Issnelanurloqlldrslolulsulaopllrltu'41oduumey\paloTppsrloplslloelJJropnl6tepnaJereeuJ3r J,ppalJ,lrpuoruopearaJJoEs
eJaorpaIIpJJaornoInlupJrlsBrlpsiroorlean]lnpBldpaoourJnsd.uupoJrl^rslauorerNtrunorlneglupaellrerJoaolraa+,lpslre1JoJoauspnolJrsJanusuaoolfc,lpBlgerua.rrellorJq,rellaulropzDlru;orgnurlepsE
B--En+JsBIeJI+:eSufunur1uo1ri6ol^JoafpN,BuIorJrsuuenn1J-r'.JaoluglorplelB3pupu1aru-Jradrznoo6larudur1np1JJaoqroclr5rJnn'larnJJ+nrlIueeaE_erI-lBrroelprrJrlErcolxrluel rr,nrlsruJ,nta,l-retEiuru"terq;incol
e--'-Iu--anuuIru{rJyuurllrqni1dI1dlUd1sl$n/Jo1poIousS'plauIoponIonolJgrpdrpB'qpgnzd^Ir'lJu.neaBllruornfJprIauqeSBonelluoplnJIlalpoirSd*ulsur{luuIrngJll'Ip1eJuuorJl3So.nrBlrr^orod'rJlrapndlusplriclJrneAxrrroJfrzeela,uunniJpgolllpERl'aeenosnrefRfruetuBafrpaJurrorparlurnls.narSArqleopSpo.auuou,ooJr,nartrolpnJdJr;JTnurluaizronlnierrtlsloaJ}ilcusou^lurraEqraaernpr{cufnaudpu_irJarssrrrpa1r:l}rooSlurup*rnrsrifunJpIel-,erqi€oJlluasoa1zlJl-qsrrJllro^rlneSlp{lnteserrueJJo3ci}lalrelu)gu-r.r{prnroernnnscurs.l,Sia0i-prlseun1aqlaiouau:uJpl;pedrrupgJra6a,isrenils.EaalEa-lpornp-iJoerceqpor1p!ll
1nlrI6----ilanturiluJnauuxnfJere1upon1ouEer1Bp1rqsrrdfaJloogSelqnlenElunfrclnuEjrugenluelrur,lJs'tlJ6ep1S'oepper{lrno1epaBaJipouru1arll1dJpnlJnJluuuropEot+pr3nnlI1eausaJ'unerapTeQsarl'na1pllgalnudup6du'1rlnnlourrdenql1rupprrorl1T6r_ooourrJ1auzdJursrnar1rrBpqn^luqeepovrcloNeIlsEsapnusadanJoC{IaRJJu+ennpleJor'tluIip1pl'epu,sIru*pJlraznaIdoJrnrrJlfoJruouBui}i-oJuooJnrrriRraqarps}rld1SJJoutlaeuusr6Buirrrplorso}slaloeuJuoaIlRsnalonnso+uaZfrlso,ssdrrlJprJsfoopoa'/ioarJlagzsornpporl,lqJirrrrJ.nrqraagagualnlanpuripJTerilBT[qlearsta^J.ddnrralgbpeoosplIlorJAssl;aJBeaaouTaeqlpolJS-luppJ"uqaor'eo11dprpJi,rrculJ]rlJsrennnr.;o,rrrl^rlsloe1noirnroe,tq,plqoiT"ntlgleeruriJzsolu"p.opproarurlricoe.uuslpsiilrll
le-''-J1IuonnlferEuuuJqu-eoXr{oul.lJs1iSlI'arfproexsprlurransl'nr1lu1onpJn3lsllu1eqteir+oonenq+laq1lusoBneErpsossaarqluaB;Jp}TpI:palJJraI;IanoBep'ppegaJfJeuoIapuIrRpplan$SaJadlop^upullptununR'a1c'nuIaetTuruenqqgrrralarssrlanr[SrSaJuuaoJD3fIqapurrnaqosal,laroesnoprurunlx'opufelour'alffrlupe,lsrrSnarllaslo-lnairgrpupintJneelDrsn3JJaruuiolp'uaBatrra1ufralrpla[oeon1lqJruleeuune3:riu;r-eIo1dral{T,e>,s,rE'eu1rlaJpu1aosol16T'nr"E]af_ipdteq1irojsg,rr1,\
-IaJnaI Bunds ps aJp ,,plealof,os ro1 errdorcl ad olore luns nlr alrltlJ:)
-111" I Io inloquirs 'afualsrxa ollp rsun Inuules }!Jap alsa nu Inuauorraj
lrjncrr gclang es, - cr hob clen Sch]eier der Clciiiitt
Al:cr u'as ,soh cr ? - Wunclcr clevso\n'f/uSnccil,cs-r-s.,
cr gah -
sich seibsl.
Toaili F.or,rantica, cr-r teoriiie ei asupra existenlei, cn cr-tlturrl':i
eiarll:aisiliitnirel:uttriilccic5rii;,,iticei.us's;)ileei. inilit:co{icianri-rfrelenuipet,diaa,ciiilircierl-,upsttpuacrieat:irlceseidoSib1nii-idn'ucidii-Leirilrl'eaiida1-u.lunaenvlciielcdOi',tenciin'injfnVdlttulivtariit}a'atelesa'cirn"ieoltrterii'-ic-cr-iejorin-Saiaeirldieiiiilaaisclrt-F-'i'rri--i:-'---
i. Liarle a ir-r,'i','itlrti Lil.
-11
niiciai.mrc*n";,leenaiuo;rala;a.r;upli.ir{.l,i'*3nC,iitrriti;olqirieil;laiiel.,'s*.;rrr1tiir1rn.ic-',lt1i,aririiro:ii.i.l,-Ilrelra.tie-'l'sriI;u1.i.,iiif;ctl;rlaetl.:ailric.,'oe.i"l,t,\is,icil'l'gi1ier.i;:i,mni,ianiel-l,tqcn,inocri'iti;!lrnfrcaaeiuciaSisi-aeaiiaeiuulitczStttepfqmiicfiaiitaarziilrlsrasnoi.{aiitoiJcinruid'isl.idiinlrmelrSccn.l'oaslale,diueaniliamFnaecauilLtlt.1riseiliconiei1eiiFaer1nc;saisiCe-cllcgpir-oIdcetoaeulicsr-oaormrXioloir-lnltmyfudaf*scifir'iveianraeaeoiuiliali,nubi"ulc;niSucrstliSte:uie.s,r-e:E"ipttucr-a,alpleavoriilgesletoc,raeiaia!ltiitizusiilnrciic.ciieiltiiav:iSfrsi,'eeiiieeiiai;'garrcnrcibaliinilclsztrueeui:litiicrigrqrictisClmonLeieiuriala-Cltirritlae'aciS:li''i'riLeillri-'elnCelrrCri6ai'i-slieiaisii1'ciict'ili:trai-sLiidllecliirepcp-itvJtnalculc-tsitl'rtror'eecLa-ier1'iriilril'llllr"'cti,tni1''il":'rli""^'ir-i'tti{lc"":r:ll';,;!'i'1i:-'-:jii'-'
des'pOrincinicc, lsiii.clrlcltt"plr,roiluinunsitautdiiiitsipcrlee faib"
caracteriza, trtr -,-iiziil, iil.iil-
misticism
rlinea si;irit,.laiii il F-omaulicir. Tr:i.ruinlele acestea mistice CarlVic'ii:
smit]lo1Ioaufm;ft.iGecc,ln.,sp\lteTsroireoucriitioejsotalicaiicui're."ieileisisrctipioousirnatpsrgreisptrlliiio"rtf,iriLlros$eusiilimioglaefl;iutiaiooil.tstrmri'ciiiprals,oltu,erarcr9iilataiarliaivnsl,iiLusndtciesrancrtrraaiSelriuei leipdrsuis:nlrraeieptailnaidrcribc,ca2iil2aora-;batalni1cecrle:llleciiissastillele.islt.nrrioi'p{;ii1rliii;:i'tei',
cgclleicirloorraclnioafllo!;]it,a.cilllniltctrarisioseapmerdcaiaiinlmiteruonllnsasSpn;rtieistnourlbucrio-itrnircalietrlidl{eiCeaserclsryutleept,uiclC^i}eri-aetllluci1erea}cirioo, iln;c'ai"iniciniiic{a.ini:,
irclilepnutilrictrairiela)rcllcelocmairlela,oCflacrel1a-leinitnres5l,atausrcatleittinicdir d9ei caedainecstirentiicleir,fiarciiealsut.i!,
afirma o conceplie norald a viefii, apropiir:du-se astfel clc n-lai-ii atrie-
rrOctrtruen;inlte;prurcc;ui";Bisa.lrauui2lNistuC2iei5launEiur'nroti1ixcee,S1fa_lrsl,'acc:.1ccrel;ocingic:ifi;rtegoqiliitalalllleoiuioscc,y,laicaacscaalni;<dSnelriliviipitXciAvoqcnacVcilnijtdesaIcgan-tslliluiTet1iclf-a,ifsateiita,nocm,plmiSiacuaiutriloniter-irussitt-dieif;aieeisCtc-nupraoica"andilcnrevratpimdhilydleAueili{teue-ndi5XtnictqaVutlibtrniirriianIlasriifeAieuiirrpirleepu,iuaXclluiibledgecsVlsiefitoJcu,ttIreiaaeIla.p,,nsuetr_PeSseunle-sLiara,puodtCut.ppriiagtonoueoocrp.sabuenla.avrnps.iciiiii,htte,ea-,tsl-cacaiitriinotdm5nzppntei0iruuqirdcdp9irncun.;l-iicsrie1i-rteic5ais5a6diidl6irm0reeee'lc1luplivagi)pslei'liirrofed1erjiiarnicizn:ficstri'ihj{to-erscri\ii,---'--i
dcstui dc cottlradi'.:torie.
t40
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l€f,ouniuji1Da1(ill'Ioj'}iI}.j!io+p]nJctIJIIjor1llpT3cllI1uci]1!Oi:jll.In0.ll.]l|lt|!ll.l]:
II1ltntu cLr nrrlrnu ElcJg 'ru;prrilnlaid 1;ar orj rals caJ't rj1)z o:tpo(l n i ti ,:r,i-\ ,,ll-
InlnioJ Cl-iols it1POl lptaunlui rg l|lsnd Insuprl rii I clri;pd oleir] rirl) i lilpr,: ,
icll;ain>^ r! irDlJlqns 1n.-ict1t-'ti 'airitrr;tdr;:cl l.ip:,; -I()li.rir-llSJIlri 'r)lt-i:t?Ix .Ini(iifll 1]-s i :.i l
PUDUTOI ltt.),r.\ r.:ruinl LrJ rFuT)ollil 'p'll.!rnJIr-ls cs ri ;r.i1i pi) ars .)lu:r oriliti o.,
nolqEi oJ iiJ uiul'nps Inlnai-Lirri e lIE-io'!rr piijlpu: lezoaJrtdltsnajLp:irrlor{r.crl.rro-i\i:.'r ,
ll:cOoi'or(t\gp.'glcrC'lrlruirt'ldnl.us.r'ltlrac.;tiosn,i:.rl,):rqtnjtc).]-ir,,li,t.lr_r?lr,irfr:ir3lrlnttIu,r]r:l.liicipirlnlitrtr.lpJlorz,l:npp,jc:lrllsiiiJ(oijli(lnr1iir5dJ-'rlr.um(iir;l.-rl1roiltli.i1r1ii.trr;rrcii)iiirpirn_i;:tlpdroeS-Iu:D1a-,:u9ptriuonrIl)ttlt,tq:lIlir;urtu,lrleirr:zrrirFt"rl,Jsil,,1ll.J]r,il[toiinruDI]0ti.jl.,,.iitc_-:,.rr:,;-...
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-qd;iu rr'; iirr0ol al unzE6llz alpoi aciiil r,plrnruzan-ruclgrurllluuot"lEroLliiu01etuErl:)'-i.oaitjuif-;ii.!il
alpo+ eo J eIILLIIT olspOrrns
]lzPaJoIoJ
T'-EpoEouIldeJrsJorelOfa1r,SolIosp:iJLi:loiirni'1AiiC]jt}faaLpqpL-z1rrpJrttulourrlrrorarlnJ{t1pJralrlurilrtJoIrtnbraptrructsoLlselI-trrfrloprpgTlar]rJ.TrpriospErueZzualpiirriro1upr\lJl,or,Jlpr'np;\oilLnpali}lplrrzLoareoa-oslLLprruLuapneL1oJro,-r{srLu1+lL.r,rri,proe_Jp3rs} !nip'pocdlJiliroulis}pr,aiL,r)llirsJn!eSErLp3u,rIrp]ous,r,Droe?t.urneilrrroE,lJ1rrjQ_ot.,,ris,:i
'oll} ulp aldaJuo:) ap InJo[
B]op]'JleruzrrfJirB.r]oeupla1lpnJ6reJ,pLd]eoJJu'er ]JrJpr,Br]s,oclippoEc[ilp'.trru,rtsr
-ads nr+uad" azal6uo raspr
ea--epalaA0rgapIcUril!as'fIri.sSnin)eIrJfrer:nJ1rlp;elJoRndu'rpaliulloIiorppndsplppBsurJun'RtpJlluapanlpapzl+olIdAnlaJlRasxJuoiorJp6JrpeoJu-priIrooaorrlp-f1cernlllnun1plrlonaedibir.sfraerqnclnl-rgJlulaul'rdearscuslnleDrpr|sfJ;eerollnrr-Erirt.u;(r-itltaltap.--izt-tll
'rncl inlt'rldaJLroJ olrltrrJrr1pp uI plppoiJru ppunJe as nlr 'plrerisqe
poJp]oD113 :,\rlinlrrr rrn '-rErroizr^ un pro o1,{1re3 Rlnpo
-JJIU AlSa nlr rill
'11.lard
rJ rp nBS rninlrrrds Ba:lB:lroupilrocis gleof i2rr;iJuri13 llrris'ucrlprrlalSrs^
l3rrls griridrJsrp o e1 snclns IJ Je-s ia pJpc 'ppolaur p:Itp o ecrlce lrufici
IJ rp-u rJrrr Jpuorzir\ ap rn1 lnlrrrclg 'pJllsrtrre arfrnlur o 'rola:|Jarqns E
ep-teapiu.)nrrlnrllclInoloir; 'glrleuralsrs IS plrlilpue arela6nl o nlr : oiilip,l
pcllaoct
pJosolr; uI RJrldu o aJpJ ac1 epolaur aiss plspaJv
'(p'g 'd '.roi;ng) ,,rre1cl un {:)Iu prp} ii.;l
nu g.r olSolri(rg rll u.i..)f, lul) 'lr.rr:lclpT ls!)A rrn I rr.rnlpN e e1r:nltrtds 1n1 u:nlllti r-ii.:
p:JOsoiiI r.rr iirlSJuruop olrl")'IIrn:lpN t-r i?JJie n.) 1?lpuptli{)su'o1r:lrxoldruoJ gli(lou i-,}.)!l
aur,l.ord ';rtncls r-,o1ncl rou 'oloJl? cp jo;l?uu;il1sts lrrnt6or rS odnr$ r6crlul gzr';tr1'
-llqul oroJ J1sl,\ Irllniu! urrd purza;:nci'orr1;ord rrunrlBU B uoorp pr{l-lpopl(ri r.)
l llellnto) alluedlnd op o5^-npulLrji arpJoi] ':r3 ug o1r:nrp Opl? olScrnprrlJ cJPl 'plpo.),i1.
ap rrrDol ralrnrrSrclo p paoJD pll?poIJIu ols.l lru n-r?scru inlnrosa;orcl t:polrya;"
: Ll)lJorllslaJnal rnl npolJ[r ardsap arrnds af, p]€l sngnscti
J--aloe6lJnllJsaelsuluollo'lrldlsluo,r-lsli\1o,plslpJarpnrrrluTr+lrlucloel ou'Arrol]ulgrnl l'IorPrlrriJJarIllClaporidp*nllnJurirer"rrydrsdes1ilnn1'rrrrpfda,rll'ruerepilunler]orr]lUrpalrIsiprrrscr-irroaus1;!:.)i}l;:
toate stelele ; fldrlri am:rgitoafe, care fuq de cclo pinA colo, cololate in tot fr.'lul,
au luat locul stelelcrr. Pcste puhciul ncbun ai haosului, in aerul plurnburiu, surlt
numai striluciri rcilczi rie fulgtre revolutionarc ; apci numai intuneric cu iosfo-
rtscenlLrle filantropisn'ruirLi, zadarnice lumini meteoricre; ici 6i coio cite o cattd,:1ir
bisericeasca se mai lcagini, spinzuratii dc r.echile ei lcgatuii tremurdtcare, dindu-se
Crept un soare sau o lunii, clc;i se 1'pds c,ir erte runai un felinar chinezesc, ficut
cli:r /iirlie, cL1 u-n inllc de lumiuaie care pilpiie;i moare induntrul lui. O ]umc cum
nu puieli qisi alta tnai nebuni" (Lile ol Johtt Sterlii'tg, p 3-1)'
inchipuirea aceasia nf,rralnicd, uneori chiar extravagantd, puteiea
',:izionard de evocare, ciau o fizioncnie specialS cdrfilor lui Carivle.
AcesLe cralil-(iti 1e recldsim chiar;;i in cirrtile de istorie.'loate, dar
nai ales French 1>,sv:ely7[jrL]1, sunt scrise itr acest chip: de la nn call ia
alsiaii"iru,cal srlrtaiecbculloler,nr.ilriiiriinicluulceiarcnreuicsecau, ribniclialcituautlr:eas;esaimavmliineplslaltrelipclibltoincecutlicr,e,icd,aiiclmdoanlufuri,erinpcealezteieatcicalour-lai-iiceci,-t
transporturi de eniuziasm, izbucniri ddeinurpiiicDtioinriciiignneainretr.ePcuutteireaai aceasia
de \riziune
Toatd viala face din Carlyle un';11 naturii'
ei s-a simlil. in coniunitate strinsd cu natura 9i cit a trdit
n-a pntut si riiie infdfiqdrile tdrii [,.i natale: severitatea tragicd a
nillnlilor, pustirrl molrolon al mlas;iinilor, iristetea mdrilor inrrSluite in
i:lr;rnc, I'Jimerri n-a evocat cu atita forla liric;i nnele peisaje' lari r:n
iabiou pol ar car-e este foarie des citat :
,,O tdcere c1 do moarte; cici tocm.ri in iatitudinile arctice miezul ncplii are
caracterul sdu : nimic clecit stincile cle granit cc'lorate purpuriu, murmurul don:ol
a] Oceanulul Polar palpitincl lncet, peste care, la indepdrtata Miaz6-Noapte, Soaiele
griag atirr-rir jcs;i lene5, ca $i cum ar vrca 9i el si afipeasci. TotuEi culcugttl Iui
de Douri este lcsut ln purpurd qi fir de aur ; lumi.na lui curge peste oqlinda apelor
ra un stiip cic foc 1e iremurd coborindu-se irr prEpastie si dispdrind sub picir,-:relc
me !e. In asemeitea clipe , singurirtatea este fird prc! ; cdci cir-re ar voi sf, vorb':;,tscit
scainudsdinafiicntveizi usirc:incicclsc1haicslepanteelienilrugiinsicleainttiSndcuetdEuqrioppaal;aituAl fCriceaiuai dV?etrc;naicd,oriinnitcearsei
sraleir-: ncstru e nutnai un biet felinar ?" (Sartor, p. 124).
Iirr'ginalia intraripatd, sim+rul mistei'uhri, a-,,lnturile lirice nu trel'liiie
sd ne fecd a cLed-o despre Cariyle ci: pierde \rreodatd contacttli cu
r{ralitatea, ci entuziasmul sAu il duce spre himere ori spre divagJatirilli'
hiu. Spiritr,rl engleze a fost un corectll'
pcziiiv al Iasei puternic al
lendinfeicr romairiice aie lui Car1y1e, inchipuirea de rrizionai Si sirr.lill
putei:nic al reairliui, coutopite lnir-uit tot arnionic, au fdcut dintr-ilsui
urrui clin sgi mai mari istorici gi clesigur cel mai ciudat. Cind vom cer-
ceta felul cum scria el istoria, \rom vedea intensitatea acesttli sir:l.t a]
reaiild{ii gi lnsemndtatea dragos'rei lui de fapt,
IiI
Un astfel de spirit, cu astfel de claruri, a\rea sd se exprime intr-uu
chip deosebit, Este aderrdrat cd unii scriitori foarte mari s-au exprimat
i1 stilul obiqnr-rit qi curent al timpului 1or, imprirnind pecetea perso-
142
t'l
-dri e:nsgur rS trel eard luns elrtsa;dxa lJoallp i e;nlplrtp: ul Pulutral
os olrqou rpru ole3 urp IJnoIqB] Iro allnur ap RJ 13 glenresqo eunpaplol
olso nu aurcdns Dsaurrol rct[nu] utacsld u! lDulsap au puetfe;oq pln0al
pJ iprR^ape g '^rlplar pAoJ Inlo] nJ also 1n1snb 'elfeznre gileleer e:d
-sep +lJ 's1a1qduta6 Lae rctrc7 'ussr1tot43'1uasat4 puD lsld 'uo.r7n1otrag
qJuaIC lpuns nB IaJlsV 'e1e0r13Jr allgipq o BJ orJ Rs InI p appr arprai;
eJ EfoA'pnou grnlgignul o pJnpp gs'leiperur lproru lJaJa un Pqle Ps
'erg;o1s1 oloJ rprrlJ'rni aleredo BJ Ero,r ic'erfelncads prncl ap e;ado
pof,p1 nu lg '+IZne urfnd 1ar lElInJSp nu pJBp alJ ps prnqaJ] InI InsBID
'RlEpoIJiu erasnrlS eT nu nes pJosplrn eollpnJuusr1on1rrnlluEe.Jio'c1lau1ool-urdoJuno.iseJf
aurnue rrunl snds
eci rrnrrnl ap EanB
aep,gaiefru"rreoeliufpItaxueer.J'ioc1r[uAr1S1p,ruIenS3l0nr.anrou1]rger"sLiJsoSer;ncrqolxorafJo]uruIjJo9aprJpar:'aiaplb]JIBoSJuxaae:]aouut ru?n1tursecalaTgr-nsIopuaolutlndiltqpeeJeat]lpEcllxIfnro\l
---qeo.ppi1Je ;oo:clrispoEr.J'r1ees.rrneubcilseaipaprp6pIsBadIrinl 1op.rpo1ta3Sl1lneorupnr-,r:ao1bp{renxauau3no1dpqo]tBr}pluuznansurerJnln1ulpo-piJlsTpoiJlJnpito\jlI'isnroJllilPseJonr€lril
'IIA IBru eIaJ ulp otrsa a1.{"1reJ Inl Bqurll J aJpJUI1sni o
lrsinoqJauunxenrlBuInnlool]sa'lnnluInlJpolIrpEoIuor lgposuinlpoulisraans uInB1loslelasloploeJriupnlioJg3t'rBI qPlotpAJ
;rS
rS
e er a.rdsap alt* nu aurJ nrluad npr lpru 1-rle : aleirgdapul lpru aIoJ
alrrznle ap ourlcl luns eI rroplJer}Bunosdo1dn1roerlnelfnu]tlSIBouurnp3Jn'1aBifJnaq]rlIr}'tprJorJo]spli
alSeounJ I alru-r6Bd
''er{io1o1rur
rur6reur
asnci r.uns aleroclslp Ipur alal aloluotuoia 'irelnclod Ig 1lplJele{p IuouIJoT
';o1aiur113 tS rolalre 'ro11rn6n$olSeur tornln1 alaInqEJoA : glultutgdsul
o-pqIrnann;lrBlloel1ipllpinnJ.rrlgqJrlrlJsefsoeneJ+JrlrodlSuuenx1oleasrd1Sgo',aef{e1pI1pJgru,e{R1a.a31J4ru.f'Irgsnn'epodb3lJnoIIalIrnqnIlrIsIeplIsu}LlsIoIEEI'r.p'urlttole'nuP1p1ut1fAzn,Squao:zrot;qrJ1dlop];soeJaeI'doluaerlJ'elt'eenioblslslnrtJnee}cau1otlpouO}I''enacI'tnpllt{lsoellpsle}npzollpt-lruIaurnJlInlsgnscnoanlTlcJ'oelBospi1'e.l4.n1nAc'SepJ.i1tlo:anrt1eceitt3Jrlrlt;eurltuId;l1nr1esdii
ep elolueprrur e0a1 e op 'pzprJ olrJs E op Inlo; l JlnuSlqoeu '1eido1se
-olr EAoJ oliJ ruILIIllui TuapiillnJaJd 'IJnLIuIl 13 lunrrpbnr ap olP'LuJn luns
prn op rS areufirpur ep elalg6lJtrs 1 oJuTi lunlznJe ep t6a-r1n3 iur5ecl ep
alilrlrrn luns 'ro6lliJ ap puruinl o-r:lul pJ ellrnrJnl uncl e;er 'tzeda.t ilie]orr
l B]aDnJ e ep rS artrs E ap oJlspou olrJnre3lqo olpol Ia e6n1 u1 pul3np
'o+LInLu ap to,rnS un er alSalRlpu rro alIB J Jpn{J pcilcltla 'gseo,r.rou 'plrnrs
ra)Iclo ap anJez'parudn'.rrnzollLuanpLel errSelrnucsipnrrJps'alarJpnurJon;el1Jnldlolruirrs'inp1opInaulispprezpnluIna{
iS lnusrrrl
eainirnlrlde nJ 'rn1nro111rcs a1e 11Sa1e11ns olrrf rzodsrp nr p{uep:o;ucr
uapl-joot-Irso.sr.apigJo'dP+Ipn.lT-elJlIUobnaTeJlrSP\oEJ'lr1lilu1srIq,nltreIl.rErol1rPrruouqedr6JrelIpiJBurlpeua-o6LrllunnslJceadlJluseeoJue3zrlBJcoortru'acugrlrqllppq9uJldpSIreIlrBlucsdaxJnnuBa-BnLusar',rlp,e'6lrnunduo'irprsnoeqrleanre.crrllolses]1aterrnrec1rIneJnons1lrnt nlpnsrJ"llaiunIpirpalacllscrrlopllpuor1puJial
pliJ-nJpaJnfc,rTrip]aJzplntorurI6pJln^aleeacrulpproJatrslpp.5rdieIanx'plprapnuu+unrorISEdiJBrrqnpuolsuolonlau]elcJparSpsparal.noirlapol uolunr'lroasrIcnsulllulxoIa'IronllueLslrlIpllusoluponneuDrlinssrreeoJSclal1ua1'{a.,lui(p11o+aercli;eiLpp3ns,raenaI>npu1aIeei-qpIerngof1,rgldoeJIpllitIrorppitrc'Urr3r-irIileefaa,uuspdr
se;le. Carlyle nli este un clasic gi nu putem sa-i cererr ceea ce rlu ne
poale cia ; ei esLe un romantic $i inc[ nn romantic german, qi mai
i)resus cle toate un uniorist. Ceea ce jignegte pe mul|i clin criticii lui,
erageriirile, contrastele violente, caricaturile, sunt tocmai procedeurile
rle ciipetenie ale humourului.
gi nuCrn"retrooaatseecleittldudilerneipileetsiirtiilusliuriesv5eun, Ciriarn1uy-l1e nu este niciodatir absurcl
fac niciodatii banai. Te-
rnele funclanentaie aie cugletiirii Iui, mist.erul nep5truns al existen{ei,
priipastiile uirnitoare ale nendrginirii gi \re$niclei, importanla .;i tr:agicui
fieciirei vieli indivicluale, sublimul leqiri morale, noblefea muncii, cul-
tul eroicului, necesitatea unei aclevirate aristocralii, tdria adevbruiui
i;l tteputinfa de a se cliidi ceva duunreaibsilimpefornriini,ciinusndd,to-tdetoaautnearecvuinofieirxd-
incetare, intocmai ca motivele
presie nou5 gi fericitd, nicioclatf, in chip obositor. Dugmanii lui, englezi
sau cie aiurea, au crezut cd au terminal cu dinsul spunind cii este
obscur, absurci, incomprehensibil. Pentru cine iqi dd oarecare oste-
nealii qi este cle bund credinf[ nu este o singurii frazi in toatd opera
lr-ri care sii fie fiirir infeles.
IV
Tristitura caracteristicii a acestui stil gi a spiritului care se oglin-
degte intr-insul este ceea ce englezii numesc hutnour. Cuvintul este
eng,;lezesc ca gi sentirnentui pe care-l exprimii. Este greu de gdsit o de-
ofrninnicpiicifaiicreitgeapiisrleneaiecltliiistumtasitebo;riir.lnpcCaeotirndmscotpaalsneileutriircilitraeurniractircliinocerosctlcautrarlieruteesnrisormnnreliiirmnisippcrnrraeiprrjearuittrineeir-a;ci racieinnimceclcapvhroiee-r,;tr;aiainpiettauenr,lteieignaii
invers partea mdreatri qi ilsemnatd a lucrurilor care trec nebdgate in
scaniai; cincl deasupra tuiriror acestora se iittincle o pricepeie larqii
Ei blne.,'oitoare, sentimeniul care ccrespuncie acesior ciispozi{ii ar fi,
iii rlcd foai'ie vag, hurnourul. Este un senliment cornple,-< in caie 1te
riciicol'ului :;i tenciin{a cle satirizare gdsirn o
iiugir piinderea maLe dozi=r
cle sim;;atie. Iluniourul nu are veselia zrjomc'rcasii pe care o provoacii
cct:ricul ci-;iq;nu.lt, este un sentirnent mriil irrai inteiectualizal, ri riaciic
ri-ri-,i ilceatii; cu un cnl'iiit, ul ris a1 spiril"ui r-ri, Pc liitgili sir-t:pai:a 1arc1ii,
ilresrillune uit sp;rit oi-rignir:i cu refie-'i.iun.a, ul siririt care in faia erte-
i:ime-lteior rpeias'crr{eioailzeaaza.iiitupcriiinritcra-ollLclri'itrieccie,i:c'Lairreii ;i pasi-;i a t:iajoriiii{ii
oa:ncniior, n:.r. lincie sil restairiieasci
ci
adevdrata vaioare a iucr-urilcr, Arlestecr:1 acesi.a ai seniir'lenteior c.[e
siripaiie cu priceperea riciicoiuiui cii hurnorului o nuanft"r cie tristeie.
ilumorul nii ai-e .,'eseiia curatii pi spontan.i caie inscieSie p€rceperca
j.ilediatd a colricultii; esle tnai tluit o veseiie in laci'inii, o rreseiie la
{eie s-11 *liip-gat pt'ivhea seiiosriiu-i exislenfei;i pdreiea cie riin a
rricirnilor 9i sciderilor ei.
Fentru ci'i humorul presupune o viafd interioarii bogatii, o congtirn{d
-Li;;:uii5 cu observarea cle sine qi a reiaiiilor lucrurilor', il gdsim mai
mu1t la popoarele de rasii gerrlanit, la ceire porni.rea spre viafa inte-
r;ioa,r5 e itnpreunatd cri tendinfa de a prii,i partea trisid a existenfei.
144
9FI 8i l3l8o3 6$99 Ep-3
r-perruluI!3JuIInoldlsuolo'xsnaTornlssoagr,lJJooIsJoDlrS] u,apirl1rorJe3lslonJl vp.-arorluuor-lIaridapp,r psrrnrlpci arur6
ap eraci6
iiitiiIei'p---on-'PoireJ's-peei-o?nn,|ort-rpeounnousonlocin.peu1p.oleIJssul.JLrrLasqu1oqlr.lu+ispernrr.unlqlunp^uiuli]arlsn'ioolpn[iB{n{csnJlplrnlneleor1rpe3r-niie^psruniorI-rrnLqnLrlgnrjrdiznTrlfpr{:nio,rijuI':lrIlllEriBoolr'4urse'i\rluqrarurclIpitrlprrBsJ]c.airul.ponanlrrs3u1)orupclJeoroa-lElpcsxrelqrrrJr'n-rartpoJetl'isyoIusriSiriagziruroo1ErrollpL.pISssln-ulEiaieripl1'purerlpolr'ooelrrlAr-alaLuslarJrIllro.JorepapasrzlJudiecrlnaLilEee1lr1r4auurr,iollrdlriairrrrJnlesrIBxstpop;JoITrsrnlerflEprriieseorsIar.p{rlra!oeoaen:l1erlrginxaolr3Iouuol1oaouoos3rlelrrpnrlrsoIo,suzInAol0lI1urr_qaa;rprluJelrpp.onolrorrcrlrr,nr^oaupparr,p1cSJpso1ln1rlssa{uul1rJla[inrligiuunlentALornpqoe6qslfarual11p1Iaierfu1tupirpp1Jlr,feuu:3l3aenrounr'q{}Ilt{oin:I1.rpp,uespn.le:z3lrrie-rtapriaresrsJBIq5uelgucoue1orcn1r{slyrruse-rOlrlrsS3zcrarJprr0Jstrddpsu1ieotn'punoBpreinloren1udrs6En1arIpnni'1iuln1iupno.n1JaosJs,lrrsl.rretornt6oOoq,lrp:i'snnoefpul1r\ear1o1;gucrqaporprrzIcctarrJerossll.lilrlrzurcurncelp..rriqa^erda:9srerrrJopBiruasllpile6acluior.qspupei6eeoduezJJpr.s1urldaloouaJrlr-alppB3BrleinJdpsenorcdu'Bnru:rp^oaie1nd1c3ppr1acapencre,un1eui3ulizpppoopndseerEronpd}rgperrplrraoAocrppru*elolcJjsrp]i6JeneeirrrrllpIrpu}sgcJaionluplSnoEeodqp+uzplpr,Ie'tsar}^p.Iil^-ntoruIpIsprua.lra:slInailcogisSzrrJll)pprurlJll"nlirspi}l,-{rruseriiJrer3SJrpJorJllnrprsfrn;ntnsneoq,lIeoJilonpaua,n1eIlls1uleIJeeEcnapunn,1.irraurrpa,rrrar"olzcol:Jlper1ginp-plneud.nnr.lsolro.ipurrlpioararqrunsofBr1{srJrIie_rslufr;onp1Jrl;'yIr\laoo3ripSrsrorauaIrrr:ucpa1rnrlEoorArsorrpznopr:rlrlpa1epxBFrirrBelJulnoigSprtlucab_lJ'rinatal'JrpJraurnrdprnprrellrrerruTr1aneeu'resbear'lari6solesl0rp'irJpollrsnor{raeuopjlp:,An0e;nuoi1JuJuAer1srn3ou}o"lrlrtprdjsurnsrsapappspi0ieualuaunl{prosoiqol,plorp1r6iloefpinirug6eIrou3plnrueisisatcro"nnuu+rr:daaurll,U:duocriip^tgilsru^JSlroluao:loapi,rn;usnrs,iroe1at{I.11cseitpprarus_4perapaepr'urnrrrlp0uorJSeoy.o-uirr1nuuaif:lsluIrpg36pe:JeeislnJnai'}upplrrntn;rl*ar:oruss"elsllgAse.1,:rensnerrn:tpqei1l,'ioitri,aeJnniqruatizaIelalrd1as1nzrueiiusr,".arpl:rlFrqrnorlririrpnrpr1prgrrosrLuqresrr1eipoIccragiepJieFnnuaoduoullaru6iiiJs+riBr}assoiJt,i^'i*{p;rIisl:,li]tt
apIoe1nlaS-{psrJIuCieor1arpprrrEAu1r5ei;erna$IrulEspJpun'u3ucoUla'lnler;eeIsdr.narJJ.suallpIperOolrelo'so.Jroor{rlI-oocpsPi{J1jpiouIrJa:'lo.)roPrrprn'IlJri;so!rTlnrJpor.IJ,PnrinnoaPIacrl,llTurr^JrlroOprr}oalusrirpplESne'lrpItuldP'rancprefsr}Ju''pu?rporprEaAaf*lLr,selcJIeprIpl;UpxnaopOos'1uglSpu{ror:rrzpLa-boIraptIaaArlp-l6tziiUrlJrreuiulTriulruS'nsJ}uar.l]rerUseen-iarIr1'oa1ueiri0Nsn.lserr1_iP:lnas1rr,rqg1Ji.Aar1uii1icsJl1rfd,qr'prefiB'spexcaA,roallpeennAropelreJruoua.l;otnUu:urir,riiIrJnedpzdqgIolePJecTdeaplU'..us.o*Nrjrr,rprrUsp+oi
oe-r'-e€o${p1AlapeeJpl1rnarrpea'snerJql1ruln{oiualrBoslsalrallulnaal-unsrst1aJa{lpa^x'z.areanrfs1rorrp^61oe]uursli{rrreaurrcs1rriiarsnnaarldsron;fdnr};russoerrndral+3pionrad;nroru'eu'pnl,ure*lprrfe-tue.r\1,rrrl'gal,Jp.qll!puoen.iarrt.lpp:.Jpr'uautrr3'Jro;psllau;uup,_i'n,rtaop;asp:J)l?suateoiln:lTle1rurppiL,rlr-rzolo"loniat:r.rz.arr:eap-lrpeCsr"1u\Jaoo,rng;l?unpion1l:rdtrnJI'ao1.r.rieo!1lufnl,
firdgfic"eciiid"ri"otriutei"igucscuriaoiliiio",tirf,iieri.i-dnaTaecegeg.gairhuciterieefunepenemf-olvealsiueorodaseczrrebliucnia"s;anfcpie(ugtkoAiielnhamul1rd"ltime,oeaudrranai"tde.uetnsaaiutiUcdsou'9;uWdnrmipu.euepjrsplliaoseudb,ae,.sniivtnnnae$ieesatipc,iflin_aimrhmosTaoEuceitnpetgiu",udrpcifeenTeo&$ldahunsrieitircdlnerireelriigedlocpec-ictii.cinihd.keapu-uhr.glrl,imhlizoeupuafnoaermirersoseurCuoofaalerpuralusi)rislrloauutlcliyriccaou,l,drenhlDuusadarrpinii.esneieioteDvndx,rle,toiilrosuirr9un--,--i
simid"oieitfita,usltttpliia"leroiicAgiguitiieitnuaerffmil,icVi aeietnrn;atssrnc,e-ssiuercdinjeeclanshafdfmdwiengeonocstaeat(ernlpdecuu,-cit$enuiutslidutSsea-ueattncordtdocoeemlru)l-i,alcruiiasaiimmlaien,altcgXrdid-neIurXeuniad-il-eiclsdhaap,ureinmdcaeioduvrsleaaiaslillttieiinircdeSdabicaaueamnsvfateiulrdnoSiea-''
s.Igcitiiancnl"suieaaii"iracneatlris"eeneelztetpude"aai,ardqi,'"nfirieccinriiclehulocielliefaeseim.Ssoiisromprnsrcpocifrildiacrnrereecelilriols6fteeziavltrpediutcoamposredieprlsuaovabntuTbfiiaaafeu9neeslo-nfcicudupidqiiumftuerredirmiooslailsmsi5pppvcadpteriereeereeiciSsnnerarrutuiectocileigiergklaeryteetfohlliiluiteuured:harismiirlu,TimduiiCimemideniaagaueotpeaerifstre5lcrtsypiiurasnlseiinsrdmefiiesadaiircztilpCnr,e;tdt_ideeeacia_b,ac'itscriiki,cpoialudhly9adergctluioueereionmnba-srlqi:pslffe,oiaidrs,ialtdemrpouriaracaas-aerl,lnlreci,ioegsaflseieialgeotlcisa1ereslepttemuultaen-ueisiaad,eaieeimezensxhuf,neetC,idoaest-oadsitartinrnae-ileroami9eslfnslyrdtd5lmppgilolieutenarair"9ei---.-'''i
rfspi,f.eircbn,nclca,"urecat'aereprmatrrieandopuloecgneitarpueiinniotorsuiorfmeicaidniitteagateeroarnmapenrnodef.ua'snHcdaddienaxaisl"utemensititae' imbrficdmintea
ea este ,,feno-
aScunSA gi ine-
fsDaeebpiolofla,pt,ea,irultecesruneleiitnparisenisani,emld'l,ie,,,tIaediretraeraaraeccalietlziatiasnttaea"a,e,a,bAsocbgusanotsldud.tiunslu"m,bi'Nihloaaatinuceria:h" cu2om3n.ofPurirnsedtcieiunemd"
tnerell semnificantul cu semnificatnl, haina ajunge sA capete ea im-
portapf a ctrecisivir. Obiceiurile, institutiiJ.e socia'le, religiile, iirnbajele
sunt costume, r'e;minte; totui e haind.
in relafiile dintre oaineni,
haina nu numai cd-i diferenliaz5, dar ea dd toat& valoarea persoanei
care o poartd. Iatf, ce scrie Teufelsclrtjckh despre regi :
-Tpie-i ctr scaipeiul; r.ei gdsi acoio acelea$i viscere, lesutuli, ficat 9i alte
org:ane vitale ; examineazd mecanismul 1or spiritual ; aceleagi mari trebulnle, aceea;i
mare ]dccmie gi pufine mijloace ; ag purle rdmdqag unu contra zece cd un cdrufa$....
ar !i ce] mai bine inzestrat clin arnincloi. Ce-i deosebegte dar atit de mult ? Hai-
nele", (,9arlor, p. 43)
Hainele sunt rnagice, puterea ior e uimitoare. Autoritatea nu este
decit o cheslie de imbrdcdminte :
,,Iatii doi indivizi, unul lrnbricat 1n ro$u frumos, altul in albastru grosolan ii
jerpeiit : Rssul !i spune Alba.struluri : spinzurat 6i
-Si fii spintecat.- Albastrul il
asculti tt€murhd $i {o, rninunea minunilor) merge plin de durere }a splnzuritoare ;
2r lnsen-,nEiatea acestei ,.haine" o vorn l'edea atunci cind vom ccrrlia mai d*
6prlei'c n:etafizica lui Cariyie, \r-e:;i cap. urnEtor. (n.a')
14S
LVy
-un3 atiJ :x 'q3 ,111 'd ,rolros) .,,IIunI el.r1afulru o,p{l {'ur-tn r{i ggJ .51:11 r i,pog 1oto1p
lp-r*rlaFB arpund o ssalnpprts as ,lIslIJs uI
o-rluJrd ,gfulind nr 1Jr ad Ef,ssala5 as ps rs ,gueorezeu
lnfilsep) prelnl.rUed
RqlB Es ,B| {opu1aeue6!rs1es ncuotl on$u1l oor^
o4qro^ op : aUEdB runlsor
ucEnlp-!rr)lpu!u-'rar€dl3oas^ssealqlsoa€suo-uaIpn'.laranzslnaut pouursfallllpfearglenndlsanusliln1,3sJueBoulurqDauofp'rorTnlJSsoga3nrVBouu.prlpooplunpDulp3soralvEpl'^glnufu3jaipnrIrp.a'slspru1sa$u.rrl3[lJeo.rlr{qnvor
.'g'ulnc$nia1u;ornols-dsirrlaupul1nnp1uuspquqlnerpillrgdopre6spuaeendp[e,pa.lorl''Ino3nfll,grJ'B1.^rmzpaaoqqpurp"1'Bt.nrrunsrnaolls3unu1o{o3JaaulrltrJrursanrlapsB-pnNIpIIun1rrle,lern.srs-ndrr,ual(r^lusrllorro1r1u1dn:;cyirpluduIrnrsJ1eloe1rr.}oprsl1^s.aprpaplrdrerornlsssInoBspruittsr,,pe_orna,lruoruB3uc
'soqlv ololuntr.{ e1 op rolrrqbnlgr erfllsradns nJ aluupulass aJeEr o (pu;: lr] purl urp
.a-€r:oleeldaoBtduoialrsso-rus'gnJrl;J1aestopuul6genaBl1fr,3rp.ar1oBrJga,urru€i1lspesusuIpl o'pnslBuBpar,uruloBlsu3roooralprporuralpf,urEur,ulaprpJprrpItnelu::c)pnnelua'u1OoInu3r'alllsJlpBploooqpsarIruor.r,agarzpls:BonoSBuns
'urs1a1r10d ap 'rollora InlinJ ap 'JolrsrloJ Inlins ap ourl plpc 'Inlsap qzparapa^ul as
ggpaI ap ;e1qt 1* aTJluraJnf, op .re Inralcerer ,g:r16o1oqlsd e!1e^tasqo nf, lrnus_rqo
Jn.rqlc nrluad .rsnlol I gseo-r6i1or PIJOS o nu 13 pt1e1 p:l3as o lI Je urnJ IS el ,alllou
"ro1 alarlleu6rua u{ Jsaqrol 'lnl alTlplsaJ.iuBru nrluad plBlapnf nes soi0ilor rnlnrdrc
-urrd lnfurs Iaclqo ap np-u -ruautpo '1za16ua i-lu1eze6 IIun ,lplplape alsA"
arBJ
p'I--{ao-nIrPecd€lpeSqpdJJs}qIlPIr€lCuepora3lAIaRpeJaosossalJoljru'dPIp'errrsouJBlrNilrnBrJali.Z3dajpIJSJrunI'nlprrproBl'Jluc1uIrr1rnraRsBIoudJorlul3raslunFoorrosBllpsl'.JapIuoaIornIlllpo-1InI.pnu0rlR6lsrl}rEnpdrnJ'rr+ruiiaduslnuIraaspJaJprs.Eu+adIlBln€ll's'lpJlqnJelrJ-udolpsurszarpsunnqllIRlo,lrilrr{spars.opllRoluu{ppdnaeIsllprseuIl-apEr1nx,JnlaounooJnarlJuasaplrloJuaauuloloiIslunlnpdJl-ploJ^az.puprreosdnouepflpa,zorRoquclpsll
-tr{I as lllnur IBui Ia) runJord , aieuleri auT^nf, as urnt alJEod ps olsa
€irlnl od areiiloqc InrRO e 'oureq pupod arpJ rlro un alsa Lpueq ',4.pue6
un 31sa aJ ,,pslJrlurrlf alulr+rexo nf," pzeaullrlpxa q>{JgJpsleJnal ..{.pue6
'alqouo.rqsol 'lup6olo
Inrpull IJ E"t ralaurpq olreod ps alsa arunl ad
€3''1i.nfr,lplHun3a3la{p"ngc'RnIniusrlppeI3n'qurppneacdesl lapo'aJrurppueJaIzJllppaBadpAlpo'c'IIBsne}IprOpoa}sIlnauuIlneoBlulnFlrocreolsqroe.a3aa_p,rplpep3deeualaIpplon'riuuderirdnuulreRaI3p6}uSrrrrAneE33uIBo,EeeinruluEoroerJpJqaI:\ap,pp;9sE1p
(17 'd 'ro;.rog)
'auI'r'"lteiolpor^durriglEaeer1auqpqerp6fornnaepl1ql!dsdurugasrenBlep'llouIlilolp.nsrrucSsdanos!rapluapJoad!Blles,sBauaoo'oa-llpsnlufolr1.urrez0epr;qaooraugdg'ddnlln!ntuloBupuluoI!n-,durpr:js4uu'p1Bear$laqulolFpl.lpI1ooefu5opellnerIe2nellqzeoeua,!:ug.as;rdgga.rrsrlepueyualcalr3uldarBj6Dpxpi3oapE!uB.ua'rrrIlrrfoaEleBlJsqc6l$nInonrncu3srrroaSauru-lEpnJl3'zlldrpeeaoB^al^lleJnuloBurl.^IolrIan+1IalIl:rslntpoa1rosrpfllf,6paea--or1dpl
aund g111sor pqroA : rnegJ Is e-s 'snds E rrn3 'rsn1o;, 'e1a1d 1n1 egrdo.rd ur alredoap
{aPopls{u1aIfreppe$/3papal1qslue,ags13p31p|-lnIoaluI6BO.r'a3al6uruuuIn1Irs1suenanl33-uBn'Oou1lCBr,su:Ir,!nurp3rzo1lesu1d1repqllrlSlnevdonIodI3prs.Irc-ppnrrzsrrl,BJu1laftsurdaatBsulpaalu1llaoloJqlcsuous1lnl'ua-Irnltzs-iraurolfu,luaJ,ulrlaeoul-daauslsauInlrorSpnocgU:1eI1ndgsa1orrdu"t
f-rs p3aslp rI .rrrorJop !s rap uI seo3 un puqoeel es '1g0 gdnp p<lu un a3orr rr orof,e
Secta are crezul ei, in gapte articole:
Articole cte g,redinld
,,X. Fracul nu trebuie sd semene deloc cu un triunghi; ln acelagi
timp cutele la spate trebuie evitate cu fie jos la
ingrijire i : tre-buie s5
2. Gulerul este un punct foarte
important
ceafd gi ugor indoit; a modei nu poate ingddui un*i om de gust sd
3.'Ni;i o iicenlS
adopte luxu1 posterior al Hotentotilor i
4. Mintuirea e intr-o hain5 cu coad[ de rlndunicd ;
5. Gustul lnui gentleman nicdieri nu se arat5 mai fuine decit in
in-_ele-6;. E ingaduit omenirii, cu anume restricfii, sd poarte vesta a1b5 ;
7. Pantalonil trebuie sd fie foarte strimti }a golduri'
Forinind un csoencttr6asutniizcdbitimorpc5urliatxceinastrt-dosmecutl{t,imesetedeogaruitpaet,octucno
caractef religios,
cm"i"iJ"guulciliirem"uai"eidmldoae*ridrrgtinurduamsruieeniir",euicxc,eaisavcdatvirtifa,m,cticeoaan. lpaCi-csiaits,i'cu9g,poiuclsna6eenccriiet,aasc,DueInreagtgnedldtionmyruiiil,ntortzrieddarpeeuenuccfuenarlroeecEodlie.sot!onuub.nisomeprgraavardr--i
ticular, greu de descris.
rCar ,Numele 1or de sclavi 23 pare a indica o origine slavon5, polonezd sau rusd ;
clc alt5 parte esenta intimd gi
spiritut superstitiei lor prezinti ull caracter mai
Am putea sa-i ludm drept adoratori ai Herthei
mult teutonic sau druidic. 9i muncesc intruna in sinul lui ; sau retraEi in sau Pd-
,mi1tului : clci scormonesc oratorii
parti.Lilafe studiazi :ii manipuleazi substar]{eie pe caie }e-au scos dinir-insu1 ;
:privild rar spre luminile ceresti, qi atunci cu o indiferenli relativd. Ca druizii,
de altd paite, trbiesc in locuintre intunecoase i adesea ci'riar spdrgind geamurile Ce
ia fercsire, cind se gisesc, qi umplindu-le cu zdren{e sau alte substanle opace'
pilii cr: irttunericul voit e ficut. -- Cu pril'irc la ht'anir au observafiite 1or' Tr-rti
sunt rizof.:gi {rnincdtori dr rf,df,cini) ; uDii sunt ichtioiagi 6i mdnincd scrumbii
orice alti hrand anirnald; cu exceplie peniru anlmalele
siratc, se ablin rle la araid poate un rest de sentiment brahminic
in|)arie cc nroarte naturald, ceea ce e ste insd r6dticina numitii cartol, f iarti ltr
fluiciui nrrmit tt,liisJty este neapirat cerut Si
f oarte perverlit. Hrana 1or obi;nuitd
.rpii... ln toete slcjbcie lor reliEioasc
riLrticl;;-iiriai clirr bel5ug". {Sartor, p. 195 )
',ciseitncructalAclscuzeerdfcsy,tteaaenDlcsulaorooncugidieiilfotsiiirieolicsri,teegc,iinapttriinrenidndseesl'addlaminouifdciscfee,dpcrtniaulerceme1i,oinjrlion, sasddceoeeuilnsedtteientapidbrheepearrreienrldsd-iuitinpagtrimrtee{a,a'ngnpeaeu.
{ace prozeiifi 5i este strins unit5.
,,A; putea si asemdn aceste secte cu doud nemdrginite 5i nemaivf,zute masini
electrice {ipvirtite de Mecanica Socia16), incErcate cu baterii de calitdli opuse i
,Cajicr'smu/ negatiia, DondyismuJ pozitiva; una atrdgind spre sine 5i absorbind
{:eas cu ceas toatd electricitatea pozitivi a natiunii (adici banii), cealaltE ocupatA
23 Pe engleze$te poor-slcves. un nume dat cer$etorilor. (n,a.)
148
67I
aPsrEepsISa.'ioau:illopAldnDre.ronlirnJunellolqndlputrurnl uurI J-lullu ap rJ rB ElejnilotlJ .els€arp e1 ptseapul6
lrpqurqrbul rl lp_s oJBl rsolpups
r1o1 ad'elSndurg e n.rluad s'n!e ap IJ rB uB ad arrz ra.ri alelndod ier.u PJli! it3pJus
I oJpolpu3l pououase ,oori€JoJlppuq!^spaoprJ!aulseouiorafrpag1r1ard,oalrrrlasuuporuujealdat-erootla[i-urrruu,iBnc aias allipi ur
-arure eqfua,rur gdnp 1$ lo; ap -rcr
IZqlSI/"
os 'prreas uI Rlpnl ainqarl arBJ ppTrd o,qplllseoltp.tsrilnauJnpoaJrdalnJef,osiln,1I1rulerl1l
prr5J lloq od
-rpds ',,lnFlJrlqncl npalploJplu rs neeuo6zT
o oIJ leur nu ps prproulprsIJoIlor]irpp5luJBniJepsRSrrrrcSloRJrpelJ1a3JgBl'Jrrepdnrnlurlaudadglgs.arpjrorunr.
-saalrslapeuqanuJcr€loo3-erduu"1l6ulpee6lnd'lrlJnluolnlllurUrlusIrlaluoSnlrIpnrarlnuIlaspolqJlooplJJudoriEpecaol ruIenpillrlr0slsznaaqArllprJ.s,l'sIaJniolurlruauusielrrra],rdoonjp)oeegf,u:n.rec1ato,r
In',a,RrJlsulsnrV1nflen.1iuniaId^ol\eSdrradeapeJe:aarrudd-oorrrdede1egaanletsluuaeloId.r{e'+IurnprllJlrsrrr,rreJe,lu,uaarpt>uloo,aur*riinsralsspnraulgn-uio,31*1'innqqnlr"gInrprpouslrClirb"suj"crfl,
t:l-!zr,\,prporlund erJr:edy oa.r^,rsarar,,*uJn:l"l'iiliJ$.;tLf :i Ti'::,:T":i
a-p'pene-eurIlurapqla:oleecuirqadaJo'aJrs1ueododtaBcSAlIur1srnrJl.rg*-rrunn1;upssalarsa*arudsIplurlnlIpsslBoppSar1ole-'uipa0usltanpuoroJeuglrp.nrp'l1aJd1or0Eluep1lsps$J)r3olrpaf1onaqi:ro6spearp3aoal,;paBrlB1,sirrpeJ-aoar1ausrilp-lplusrnerpuallWacpaest^rrlauru;rdpr'oJulurrnrsIqne'plolnBrpeJdqppIqd',Ia1aespl:1lrrarllrnosneppui11anl1ns1pnple1aoadBo3q6uell0lnarl'1IrcelIJrsoaaruotolepriJurenrlcdrsl1us-ina1s,rieV1laoaloeudlrrpurrdrp'urpop1]uBpsrastl^lzprlurpTsoieuIluala-sJ-rrng1rprdrulrrpuluxsiru1asraipls1ralp.n,srlorrEdrpror'rlpuuJrezirnaoluoptrlBlul,rsp5aqerrlpllJ:1saousplparpppeduJi^dsdnnaarsllJ!litI,spre,qsrn.aro,aol-.d1rtlresuo1,uoonl11_rur:erarcolBJ4el.i
-1aa-sel1ae-glsnclspr1lloudlpe^l.pre1nanrpaotrllsreeg_aodnroe.ball.ysuJqprJpasl,ea^tu''sapo'o.zx:npaJ-l9ueaurarplrpSuraaJr€iAolpalyolilnrnsq.aslpu.rarru)6rllpraopduia6proidl.nusrprlIIposa1npaplc'uRuupupgIeluarAnl,uJsq,oIn.1rTapr1pr>{€aprzool.IoeipAran^rc1-JrItup,grr1reoprl.drrro{aaapaseen6n1sclporlu;Zr1)ll1r3ruaqIa1aa'Bsooun;1e^u.nrarr1la1rpfcpa^q-1u6o1.o,1,rsrz-esqraSoerop.uqourreInpJ1larr{le1risrJur.naH,,anrai4orpgllfiplsa.p3n-uJr1;srsiprl-ornu"oerarsL"sSuJaeaat"Tlrapbl^piIsaipnanJpurF,fan:iui'olt'npTurrr'aur1noId1Sqt-"lc6itroerr?drleulnaree,tdo13ar1B'nenecer,erdrdrpIrri1rnnnu"eroasQi1iplileuisel'1stat'r1lIn1pngInu:"li+Jojn6aep.n["'rJJelu"iorGealu}Jtrr'lurilrprgsnni;rnnrtX;.l?;n;'Hre.qo.;l';aiqsa-;u:$praq"pp5riri;no*o;n.i:;"rots:ro:l]r),ll
{sol'd lrol:ns) '.,,Punl op osclllra IJ lprtr ro^ nu aluJeuS ]run}p op Is nllpds uJ rnl oiei
eu'-9aagau-1rel1an116rd4up01,gdi1ra1yprpdu;eanguc'n.e.I'llnel'iI{upolrlzrlgurlldpr|ld-rarppluoedrrreptTtnorrnosrapleIlppuqfIiiS.prprnn-lronepqdrIrSrlrsalT,plepJlBrsTrllJugeo€rAaa^pru/Snp;s!(BeIaBaoulunperuderp.osee; 11prSsaalrr31pdelJuosulrnuqli)o!nguuBasn)1e1pr1eJln6l1anenpua1uaeu0]lanqnpueJ
ug'prunl3e3dlel^uprafunle[ddll.?:rpr{-elrl1lBcdloogi1oa*aeu6lrueSep-rp1tur331pap]6rru1gBrau3lganrd1dIiSpafp,olrlpllq!r1atr8lroeldooralBlot,r(useroaou6-rrzleuo1!;$ipIle?elIupAge]te,sapllelerlrralgerst6uoasulnqzplpgaoartr.ni13Je3
lsIleoe-t{aoarr,nscintedrlaup-s5uetirnldee-sa{nrraimpcuiicineidnfiinBirmpbaiu,rttdoeiaanielaoznii,uluarsir-a9griEpdsuei tceauaiucrhaerla6e,nspi 5ec-uci afeirnele[,oidnCa-cvai{arittrnaEutb?a"lurm(mSeaintrataotsti,'i
p" l58i
InsS unui dintre cele mai amare $i mai virulente este un fragment
ciisf,rrloiia"n"irge"ip:mtiatAauematniig"fiiuis,teu'ipunltinJgnJuleeoistznuedt,jr,,feijfs;icglmouipms,2eofei/rflrio,seiosnconaafcaiaafpii;riloneeerdcisiniuulccontahirtlr"iitpas,aaucarttiiteilsreritcz.i&sda1t,rtilceuceiupaiaupesuiunpt.ctoCirdruritatuuartrloliryie_tlre,feci.cleuipTgrrriaeooamnfsdet.usescoEpe'asrumutleesl
despre hurnorul scriitorului nostru.
Filosoiio Porcilor
atuenciairnlcrue"ii;i"ecti"larr1tsist-.Dta*ute_e;cpat_nnaurocesilniScrtndiz"ubr-heiiu"airrlniialddpirpt'tepaaLrppEncoottuee"reeogiet*aiieaaecgtnSuatusriiioE'iietmitaiap-iiupoerculpetlAaeaetpdptsunetae,aroeratstdeiprsd,eieca"tit"n,diasisstuquU{piddeippidnenedl6ifeianarevehitocerlaeLnieerarriefgstuetrriieaecesnpgremeianidoticzmautsdereeurlcteeberrluisduaaoopoc9c!lgrducbsteiiipcei-vtrnpuaadoeeecbaraafauglltpctieircgoorne€ux.efrtnlauiiolitupiuntjdllrruuenimud,cnied-iea9iogenl,gm,iianesaasdirpc.tun5eIr,creael)eafddi-pvinioerl,ntsdtpueagezmaorimilmenisrlpecsenuceota,nemirrialraiozolafet9eetiier.ri--i
lor ? Propozitiunile lor ar fi cam acestea :
il. Universul, dupa conjunctura cea mai sdndtoasa, este o nemdsu-
ratd aibie porci,'consisiind in solide 9sielipchoitddeo9b!inad.lite9icolHntturarsi tcear9ei
*cle dar r,nai ales in ldturi care
in'a;rise'etdptir,i aoUittai ; acestea din urmd in nerndsurat mai mare cantitate
pentru cei mai mulfi Porci'
2. RHul morai este imposibilitatea cle a dobindi laturile de porci ;
binele moral -_ posibilitatea de a le dobindi. Raiul numit 1nc5 9i
3. ,,Ce este Raiul sau starea de Nevinovdfie ?" era, dup{ p-orcii cu
Stare de Nevinov[tie,
virsta de Aur $i alte nume,
judecata s1ab5, putinfa fdrd margini de a dobindi l5turile, deplina im.-
dorinlelor fiec6ruia, agl cd inchipuirea porcilor nu putea sd
pll*lt* u
tslrRoirelnnitifcre:eirciifihplniiei-.aoeo{21orcnclrro5lrnludTieimnz5olreieOvade6ra1m'enirr1.8sdo:5e91e,Ij-ninn4mci,iu.uannlilfaSltneooJdaut1rlfidemz5ceel:dsr3elaiu4I,r,"ia,ii,dsa6tiJnieasleupocuoisurunibls.uoatt(e-igoapOItnoirirllsautiiriaicecmdmn6apOinp'eaia,ra9uelpderIclixatirnplutadlienIur',aei|flpmeuoilgneuars6iCtte)tlo,eceolmdoSelizmenensouepsufsindiffraruciiiimiliralnlonoeiibian(t,raa1o,ttl,u5teuili,iunr7ciximnft9Stioe,r-d,erml1imisr5ls5riiieng4eanu8idi0,g2aosol,,)utn,ab,idlsii-niamnrdieeeue'u,1zip,nsmlS7Iuqgtc7icoapinnfo3oraitaia'pp9rldliluaietuijgauaIuglitr9iesl,dcpior-c,oedervpuslmtiaionzrucLub-dlfboiBeiianti.yninitnsmcsaeileueealri5e'-ii-iti-i
loacele".
tDaurrenanCleeizeleozurutipfrieei iapruedgmaudildni utp"grai(ntRcsiepuacpluteonerarleeaDvneieeiJiiiim,i mictauintmddsgtli-iraeauStrtsino(uclruantsiittiftaatettedoal,odgesdiir,,dmlociecadtii$iteoivraausllicuipule-i
episcopul R.omei cregtine.
r50
I9I
(.e.u) .pza16uo rlnr6el op er{ra1o3 ,,
p-'p-a-laonlzllratslernsu)opauolquapilIbs!alasVagf1A,s0IapuacirU.JglJCudnr[!aan3u,t,1sr'reJBeFoolousl3l)lodtlps+nIlennaJr)ZrslI,lJlIpB'rqn:Jf-sn,+]aldBnnu4c-tr'.unss,oploJrifanae]uueliqnJnJnlo0_Jo"sapas.uNonIoSar1elt,,lprr,o,Idian-JIanpdog4r1iJoon.,osu1D,32zaneolraonrcqdnduunbolcarrqllalnAsJ6dcareudaprrlrdgcnslcncJuBjlsp-u'3+In-JannlIBan1sroEzusJpuoIanastI,ofJ5J,crlipr-,"eqa,1u,obl,..aeerJet1llIrInaongIlrr1Jl:uaadn6rlcalps'-s,ll
-1^f ap ieloupe arloJ ul nZel.rJunrocl aslrcs esaspb rp.rn, e.uolTal
:U I
'elspalE
paunl ad Ini :o1pn1dgg e1r:nldarp e1 arr,l,1rd nJ nazeutung lnl e gJTu
-$a,r Bluuod rru1rz ]salRuilp+ orr aret 'lnlnuruoq Jolalo)pro re
,,2 rrlolrnl6aT luns aul3', l'fInIcsou
-nloJ lroletraAe;'lnlnurrto{ r1ro1r[n1g
ad riarnpttgr gS q'unqdus !I.Drlruneos p'lle6esauranunzrl1ouelploadduslrnenupdrIeI'r'i-o1Ruq1lsgroo'a1p1rr11rbopnrgd1g-c6*a'e{n1eNdequllurca,rrgXutrn$noplrBppsoIrada1nlrrozRneduEcfl,dal-apsf.,.lJidlplorunrerrnsstauesfr,
tcg3 'arrpc$ncl
lol slsa 'rolqurrn EurJn EI IJIp 'rEA ,,e pour eelred a orpJ .rpCI,, .0I
[ry]or{ ,a1uod nu 'ilarnzqlr{J
ealelnarB p1eo1 ldey op pls
urp Drirrru I plseal3qo BIqIB utp Bl EaUEd ,,2 erfglsn[ 'eau ueped
o]so aJ,,
.6
ouusel--fazso;nicgJppal-oarSdnrpuglrrrudluslplulsl1lluueeaso€n$uN1dlsu$srr oe''aIealaro,ll1rtatlrueusJ1J;zn$tennndeoqlulc1arB.zralra0llBpcur('o1ppann1elltlo1rctncoun1gellIullrn3nuaaeuazau.spE1dsrqe6nJ:auo:pra1rolncoo)oneeiRplsolpeJbauuupseotnnruis+rnradplrtpsBoUsrlnroapoullucerrdoospoul,cdueourFflruapnanunlod]plsnenp'eouIlcplIpelEpJparlru'learlenuperIpb:lsiRunPuRgiarJe,3IrlaulnssgssInreldlxeEa1uaaesc1spllnu$}nu,lqau.Pe:Birrollosr1snpuraadoees-rluelllrqzRoIrrraunJeAl,dJoolurullrrannqnpeci;pqezrJsl]l
-Btr ne lJoleAresqo IIDrod ,,i olrgcrod uE aleldarp 1$ 10a1 Ila^V" 'g
'InJulaJgur eleod ad p aur3,, .1,
I lnJsoun3aN ,e JJod 1nrgl
.lJ BA orilAJA
a3
saF;pagp1uA$lulpo,osruEnrJoaarpprruJBJulepsIrnJotalrlAIctxluHonldpuolllInscoplltssoltsorulneoiqcqro$oprr'lsrDo: 1aB:erolnfnu;rqlrpRoosltralIlu*ranolr6solreI)aoIrrruonEndlJRcrIpSInrlazpf,aflrueooemddlap..:uggrxlrauu1
'JoIIOrod e glerbeiul Br.rolpp
Ia-a-rSuonllsInFllBeuaqJSfg,aJRErea'pllJAsuFsoIprUtalsarJnulfJp,lsilevslosaddu'sxrnlpSEosJlsoIlesUlrBrl^'IeneBatu61rSrggpurul;uutsdeauFlpls4sufB1alIaJsaIcSeleleppnoBuefElulrqdquporSs16opopl,llecuac1rrnJroouoelddundluaaln3EsT1rInIgrn$rOlcouueeloBl.lastyIupperpsueaal33clor1qeAor$ooloapauIuoFrp11dn1oI1slasRd36gIf"la1npEsr,rpuvuaealsll,Br:eqeplr4lsill
nr lr:.:od wnra.rd ,aleln",rJqol,loIJdrrocd; o rs rrep prnqei " ;T:i;riff t$f;lrl,l
i,t,oPa-er5ent2r?u.f"'fDiDeecafii,nnedeeg?st'lei*gAuBpri.sae- rcicrea,,dCl',;eaNe5{saatiesbpvienirae!f'an._uv,ii,t-,oCaer,e,cCr?er"ezziCiceidnruterl,sotaeqvaCiaen}druumlv?iit-".
Jcsuifism, p. 268-791
Verve humorisiicii a lui Carl1r1e se mai mauifestd 9i in aile c}'ti-
puri: prin eiriteteie gi poreclele lle care }e dir personajelor reale ce
apar in opereie lui,9i prip tipurile fictive iegite clin inchipuirea ini'
Cariyle are darui epiietulli c;,re zugrdveqte ornu1, poreclei care-l !rn-
tSHgcuaeieieCUaigInlt-ythgesr,.sepeeePonssoe.;tmremPecceconlla,laeyromsrlliianoeiiuitntilse\H;(/pesuoirttnmzeirLutveulii)rl.d(HvoAlendesraaditsitefdheto.clg-raPdicResmiroiista,bopretrerieeosa.vpq).jiieten;ilreegareeifltnirlceeuerstiaritevleCr-uerrlo_cmstDouuurt'cnvmpleeteola.rluies,urgoniJzinalaeuam,?tju/eecielsa';
in expunerea.cea,lnai Serioasd intervine cite unul, dind o notfi humo-
ristic$. Afard cle Teufelsdrocklt (aI cdrui nume renuntdm
a-l traduce)
qi SguertejEr (aluat acru : autorul l-jlosofjej Porcilor) suJl care se ascunde
insugi Cariyte, mai sTrienttife: lcsodrnoscilkiehru; iaapuoliicDHryeousdscuhstresc5k(eus{lcflactusctad}p, rparIuiel]-
tgnul ,clevofat a lui
iipui i.storiculr,ii de clocuinente care nu izbutegte sd dea viatd istoriei ;
A(faricsetidpeustilR) igdmeparltoaletu{lgcaoiinmseartivaast)ord;epsuirtaJtaublelsibheWrailndSbi aAglc(isdaecs Dolittle
de vint)
ii muiti alfii cr_r nume mai greu de tradus, dar caricaturi reugite.
IN
iVIETAFIZICA
L Mislerul Exlslerrlei. Sjmbo/jsmul. II. Religia
Adevdratul cttlt'
I
Car11:le nu este un filosof sistematic ; niciieri nu ,si-a erpus in
ctrip dogmatic fiiosofia sa; clespre un ,'sistem de filosofie" nici urt poate
fi vorba. Cugetarea lui a fost couc',usd de nerroia intirnS de a-qi fcrma
o conceplie despre Iume, peste care sii-;i dureze Yiala spiritualb in
intregime. Inainte de a r:5spuncle ia marile prolllerne aie -"ielii, trebuia
sb ia o j:ozilie in marea problemd a existenfei ; ca orice cutletdtor
adevilrat, trebuia rnai intli un fundarirent teoretic, si aibd
sir gdseascd
o .metafizic6. Preoctiparea iui de cdpetenie era cea eticd ; insd o elic6,
It Dryasdusl nu e inventat de Carlyle, ci e luat de la Wailer Scoit (v. prefiiia
romanului I;orrftocJ. (n.a.)
152
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