;i,'x"tii'taz"L;i"niiiorpgmiil'eeooia.ima'ltniidiciiair.ici"tui-atueaii"uo*nSnlltl'iemat"ini,dpc""u"aicaonuninleoie"manipsiucdvncbttillreeiduueaesanocrn'mtfpcdttrieadseuuoaeraeateeinslicasunea'zteftdiicdeoenoruaie$inenleinudiisctatccciaiasitolo,ucledoIlietnetoanntsdadidn'cropnometeteciaqoeotlatiie1patoaa'locsidetptnitrcdunueexeetl1tcadepui.vuaoalrsilecanAnamiiepu$dQnebssteneptasetdrligtualeieoclcancep.xlsedsutlpeaueteeuptd1sutdlnlniepltuaets.idetuiraircta$qdpinuosptiniteieaiunlcilieiunsmrsrupnozecmeoainrfembeoasom,"oenilpidelqeatenuvdaulcatinealciutudptbn-datecndendlusaeleooitrr.ipiiastumcienaieefna-glocucrntseoiclotn,duruletaeeenroImr*pevdaeddnbstabcialeieeiiiilrsueitinciosacpldeaiceieduinteotmztmenusaetpucaloiletuomder:nqd,ecrbpurtei[ppcphliiutupnoeaereirnaeIlalcirtiuaranest,i't''.t'i
iiiiii"iili"iii"iitlaoq'b,iistinoiturtmiit"ead,re,'pordianitetirr-i"utodn,i-"sIeei'poI tcede'e,aisialfuramddinueapoldiepe,arliatnetli.ucenai.rlpeeriocnoctgre-nsoofsaccbuitisnvoo.elqut.fiansllerei
monitestd de la sine gi de-a dteptul minlii.
siosIdiiomctirauiuiepuupinhuulclqu<utfculreiimsunsliinsuIn'.eieiecsfeo"cijop$c.toiniptoa'uemlciueEiiberrjsuuir.i'peitsiaenilrtnadlctDeaSeees?ridattttediadeidmlloeicoaC$,srntlaeesteimarraas'tjvaenonuobpledullsdutdnisilt.tistoioersge--tp"an;lccgamSdmiuotroi.tienisceuaoctncasdedlcdtaiudeldeatetis.cimpdi,dlbcmednrerd.secoteaeullouacodundcaz.cmrllleicuilietusidinlnsasnaicottctsemsddeeddiladattnladdou..cmfso]trljanDaa;icesalrnundbpeiastesocdilereIlotcceoeiroomistrnriuaxizemedueneclcler,reddntllnslenlilnueLueuiea?itcQdmosnpnalt.liitsettuunsvAreaecuc-am,lcnodldpsortddateu.leuzivodrunrevilaneondnnodcnludltaituctdmotrliieuranuaeeonesdtitdlenalte-pdieiuenonidtoemIndzanurocdtceulieupeacsnoIetiaedriasiutltaotsecratlceddeelupntetae"idelrnugtuteeotadteetielzediutlrdneaeneendeicenenndztc-daeriautueitafiailnallnitstletlsitd'ldtdsls-loeiei-eoee"'-e'-
IcpnmAjsaoecemcaenretauetesesJaitttlaaatcurtcoleaeeamsnintspedudfdirnegaipenudearenaoavdimptndeoatnrirnazlotdtidllduuicuuerliecnoeSircIaaopbi.nenirnSnRecetateieoilnairdasl,ldetimesc,temdu.carclmuaticilrisonemmdra|idctanmereie,ioloeeioclxedIsuriscasediltpeeinImlnieuuelezdcnenpantaioranteradrlemftcepileoinpstsndrrceel.iidzndbleaepeunaciterelaeisct|asdelled.-.'
o?iacrntyteittirrprlmai-cluinnadnst.pidnfuaetnclrilearemmsiacnaeiucrneeoaaagtlentciurodem,lse.eecaPnixlbiisrisietdlddlsd..euncpicnduuu.nncssionuicgndgateiepnctdlPdadirde;rceeaecahenleoiieassvrmcfoeeduiaaliecudasdd.ltieeeramcccadeduta"ntoiouerusxnIcelistpfpltture,aecnrzaraleucdlneeritaellaiossstlrlmdne,'
cdci ea se 1ecunoogte pe sine gi ceea ce esfe disfinct de sine, ec iqi
recunoegte propli7 ei realitate $i realitatea absolutd. De altd parte, idea'
a se plonuntra asupr1 existenfei
lismu| nu poate scdpc d.e necesitatea de sine este
sj docd existenla in
lj a-j dq o clefinifie, ardtind ce esle;
dincolo d.e cunoqti.nla Ienomenald., cLtm tac unele sisteme
ofuncatd.
idealiste, tendinla realistd nu se tnairpoate tdgddui'
din punctul de vedere oI cunogtinfei, singurul de Ia care
Privite se pornecscd lntr-o cercetute tilosoticd", atlt realismul cit
trebuie sd
il ;:frnppr--a'-ursno\unrolU[a1saubndet.Inor)rlronnDap6aDnltsauLsgaouUtui-urdpSananndrrlbuuDl_ora,agut'oayoaxr!bntdrt'app|aacluonn1rtargu[nyssn'DDyaydaIpt.uDlxaDla!pstaataall,ual$rIupu^.'aa.yonal'opaa)rrsuDlaaylsnutur.aarycafr[s\J,lnccqsIaurpaIoaooprt4mwu,csdD,n;oodp,JcnaEst$urnnalDDt"ya1dapI\arsrlnarsa)apIoDDdpu-ira'suln1apirrc;lnuluq!clsI':crrnlrna-;n.asus'4qa')4o,a.atl!m.r#utltjmcInIrD;rd:yprlrNfinDDa:al.wrrcul'nutna:ts)t-,llcrIs'pruuu:pIDrb)paa"]wlaacr:t':uytairriaaalDyn4)rtcur?raa;7Iun]pir"'aDgnr;s?a!ariiary:Lu'Dllraoatqor!\lriuDJ"onlto'rrtuiidaTi)srJ,'ll
Taldutoc Jqolst un wacol pasFuonarulonllnfucaa|dastdnDu!aottoa-tDnJuaidti)osaouurplnnllqnDrpnptusrnD
a|tod p|soa)D uI'aJlpso\I
ug '.ptt4\carqo DarclqDat atdsap llrn:nu ntdnso pctyfurrls n'.n7'6nc^ an\
noau'-l--araup'Sunytutod9dnn.dnDJ.dua-lau[tlianatln'o'upupcusDc.pnJalrawat1[r.7pa'zrpc4lndalldlp|oslul7)uoatadtaoapo.l[uduacn'1wTnaarTpnlaDu'pglyonpayolctoqzulaaso.aoaprlqtsloplpprooaqdyucndoptarpsnlaycc4lf'aulplbsnarnryalacna)puyr.al\c|uuronsotur1ooauomarrftoncduaypwdcapopapdac\aDsapasaApS|ytancdDuauppuaapauotaarTI1nl!co{rtnqdyaacuauunroIcynTpInu'tlodt.pauuaurpssslrroturtlo!dalcyS[arpDcsyu|rtuosaap'p!plnorpiaoll,uouaDrp-.asnuir4tI)fyJiJla.supls'arnapntDDm1uI'ulnncogDr\a'ulunparDlasynrDJutaTrrsirdllllusDIrr:nn;rnu_|laruosul[oi'parguauaa!ItazprluJaayDalallulqrrrua#urcqooryraalnDnaat1cz^Js)til'!
un lp-1noppuo[lnJyruypSyTunrzTantyduaazsetJduatn. upup!t^utrl1Jsaoluqnoc ul pur_J ad '1n1osqn natqo
DJ un
InwsllDar '1n1osqo ]ralqns un
aD-a1lpJIuDlnIu-pnapprwbpunlar'.drnpcsy1apyySasuaaTlyJpnarunagayptndndayJupDuauIEztnaafutirdpcaqIrntyrwuplsa;up![eD1o^'ocptprlasa.yrrlqfu[Dyolgzaea[rntldunuu]ps!ri{sslInrDyruDaSpaloIprll!palulgiuln)aod)zua'aordttcnd-cgaauot1msnaaazrt7nDilaDli1r)
alaurnJtt oc tada au 'ag6o7o7uo o pu!^ap ps apuq arDJ ;nrusrpapr pS
L
aI aJEJ acl Inp]s;Lirri1'}-nsp'3,ea;nopu1eurrrio',desurarr;rnrllp,JFlllepJlJaliluJnorrfrE:1A0l+uB:lrpluripJsalaxuonre{ea1lcllrnul
o ornlrlsqns
a-rdsop oairr pl{e o pz'aruroJ rS3 errzrg.einoloj"ll-rA grrzr; op nizrll IErLr
HI'Jl]rlf,3r alsJ rrnilroJ lnlnfrurs e ulsrlpal g.Lrliur'd erapan pls'asv
pp-aun'Plaau'au'l''-o1P'AaeuFra-nprroeu1-IJloendlsurnnpJJouInrsl_u*pnrrfalopSBIaleII{lrnf,ar;alrJ-IuraaIJuuerar'a'upJ'lsoIl{Jpnfrr6l.xaolurtor1'ez,liipun'urupllnSrronOo;AlTxls3snu'z3sep.JeeqeAla:apu)alqepalequsaJruas{l/ioaapJnrlpunulur:uop1asnasni:nn'dop-sruraa1r'unlonalsrrnprdul'sltlsJplaounJpsuaaur{n*xrruclaruee.suJuprdurJ;Ts.nuaar.tlaralaalp''pJ0ors1Jursr1noaprc',pru'd1orrrppiJRlrdgrrourrldzpnn*putli1lxrrexalazSroliJxseunJzqlpaose{aaax.isalnsJouuiee'nlpralsrc'parlrsArieonpraarl^p1rlru1npir'urfliuo'rrerue1IulrirpJ;eopeJsuddnu*inBTeIur}palrararz1anpll6p1eipirr11nrprunrupuu'oroorrrue-oenrn};oI^en1fresrrJorlI6rJp}ol1g+e1.qour,l{seoIodonu.JuproatBods^,odpearloolonz;ielol1nJurrneu1sunupnapplrr-prlunarrJIa1urruprrerJre}1uu-ererozTporJss1rseep,loaloasriu,l.l'nscerupalalprrl,rflo:cudiore\1bplJu;ripparIullnrrestAl{}ansEaslizapRpzrnJrJeaqxnsouzerrlrerorra\jlueBsrozoafJillursrur:ul+lINeuerrurllrr-nnleno3}ucrerJqueJqsaJzaiuocunl6a-prlo,lrona€iSaEorulpJruerJlapenrse-+oo1lllqJtorarsrr'A-pxrurrpruIurBr{realuplusuairsop:'leoonTuln3rrgpuraBrprs'a.orlabrosriourrulpruiJ1reOieaipnuulfua:rpdsfer'sluer.rt,cIUlirprreraa(cllui1szaa"iao'eureln,r,6porgaaslulJ;arlfrigpdsrlle.0el1se_efa-c'Jsealu"raaurpuu1s'jJaeoIol*uEarrpe;Ecnnsf.130iopoei1nuo-u'a*rlrnlol;ornorurqsqrJcnntidoIpsrffuios:onru1ausI,oaoeiole:rpsBl'nornilroosalp'ioolliauf.reu'nl}leuicrJ?surr:rl.sunrpsorur{pzdrpaiarerpzr'paplordneronr1lzJu'cczuapluJrS}oalzrlaula'a:saasloBu,rrpneiedoplln.ac.rriaur?5pur1ru:oxrprraocges^sn1suJyrlnio'aeena"1ls:reu,ss,ruscnBorcprpua-ul'-afcers.pznallrsB1frr,i3s..pfJll,ltne,ru.penraaniure1t3'rie,apuri1.funozri1"saoarcllurJru^le,upaoanus)"us1ierr1,srctoIrru;sarn,*lol.ra.'raralaJeslni}lnra:}cnaunilaiep:lu.sr1susoa*lla):rluJapsBae,uucra,narxt'peeprIpeppunrnlpo:nlraoJ,SJ1llsquannuipurinJglp"rJ3lrrna1no*esredorpfanB+ulo3uoli1rxJnr1lcnrrallaedipEJls1n'aoornaotla'sfrl0}prrs;alBeqT6ard:rnruipssrupJ"r"rdulJ.aaperp?o}zIlzi,ouTusJcrpeolr*oxuprcur31apnnrulufloEoasipiJ;eraJA,aflpi3l-*,vlrrfpr-r!sesI,jrilri
NNIAIOJ INTNiI^IIS TNTAISITVSU
I
' alznlJL'a'arclysozlLJgr'y1o)11aanLiuu1.1.ll1a!*).l!6Izl:-a!IluulaIsnrDluDurast rglalJ.rcIoI)let'ul' n.I,AL1uIo..lJnDqlrnluulnrDsiu)rra4.wrnsrptlSrnororuu:strizDlDragraDy.o1l1t.)1I A
g.STZI.c IE&NII.f, S TNnISITVSS
JIlrr] B3tffd
punem in corpuri sunt nurnai niqte migcdri neinchipuit de repezi, care
seseusstpe, rioncposuamggpiducsilnodpsionpttuar-lf,ioupiednufcipnadirteaa-tlnevuemcdleeepmleagrctiu.icCcuualelosaidnrevreaizluilbudimilegeii'nixeacmuozpnimltuinlsududenemmtuigal,-i
care i vibrafiunile acestor particule fac s5 vibreze particulele unui
subtil numit eterul gi atunci noi vedem lumina, ori particulele
mediu
aerului inconjurdtor gi atunci noi arizim sunetul. Lunina 9i suneiul pe
care le credeam in clopot au dispdrut ca sd facS ioc migcdrilor care
se executd dupd anume figurd gi anume ritm. Fiziologia, la rindul ei,
ne aratd cd ceea ce t1e apare calitate in obiectele externe este condi-
Vfittovinriorvaaigbenlnsearasapnnatmfuittiruuildinitltncuegfepililzeneoraiitxroncrgdtaelroaelesn,gntmefeceiicgrriiltveeudgiairetts6iiI-lrieinumf9afl,enppiluuerrtprenoirtirdllmbvoooeiabrlrobasddnreibileofisepltaecorrstoinootttdrnztecusiqtnacuitgviirbgineinitiaflqed5coiteoermonmnfrnuiseggaotmnacirtoudunmimtnrieeeaieolo-lsnarsreetvond1cnifzeobaaearrlcs'faleifuuuiufnlminslnuofuicu.snilniciriAouiton-ctbeqeeaiciesrhe-cstleiae-.-
serii de miqcdri ar fi condifiunile necesare gi suficiente ale senzafiu-
nilor noastre.
easjlueioreruspl idnas,teclodrciaecsetseiorrecgutininofsec,upt ucnactinugl edledtvoer'dIenreparilmsuiml trriunidui,
Cu
comun
obiectul extern pe care-l percep ca o lntindere luminoasd $i coloratii
nu este in sine a$a cum imi apare. ln locul petei galbene pe care o
clopot, fizica imi dd un agregat de
vdd in particuie in mi$care, un
centru rle vibraliuni diverse. in aI doilea rind, senzatiunile cle culoare
qi cle sunet pe care le credeam obiective Sunt nevoit sd le recunosc
ca subiective, ca fiind numai in subiectul percepdtor ca atare, iar nu
proprietbfi absoiute aie obiectului extern ; sd le recunosc ca fiind strins
legate de constituirea gi funcfionarea organelor de simfuri 9i a cen-
trilor nervogi senzitivi. Fizioiogia ne face sd afirmdm cd lumea externd
calitativd, aEa cum este afirrnatd rie simluri, nu existi independent de
t-in subiect sensibil. O mare parte din ceea ce simful comun lua drept
realitate externd obiectivd este astfel interiorizat 9i recunoscut ca f5-
cind parte din realitatea congtiintei.
II
REALISIIUL $TIilITEi FiZICE
Deaisr,rirra concepliunii sim{ului comun se ridicd mai tirziu ;;i dttl;ii
mari sfo; t&i aie puterii de abstraclinne a minfii omeue;ti concepiiuuear
stiintiflcii a lirmil externe. De la inceput trebnie sd notdm nn punci
corrLrif iltre r:ealismui naiv al simlului comun gi concepliunea qtiinil-
ficii despr:e rutnea ojriectir;5: credin{a, lSrd o prealabilii critic6, in rea-
litatca al,sc'iutE a obiectulu-i. Precum simfui coi't:iun creeazd lumea ex-
ternd c',r clatele senza!iunii qi apoi crede in reaiitatea a]:soh-rtd a acestor
date, tot astfel gtiinla asitpra naturli, cu niSte clate triai abstracte aie
6
-da:ruor alrecl o BI :trpspl p pulJ lJunlp 'e;aprsuol el a]p:) ecl roleualri
o erlPJ AIlIuIJap secl un ln'rPJ P pJIzIC
-ouoJ p pcrgrfurrl* arecrldxa
T/SIXIVSE;'T IS \i3IZi,{
E{{
'aurnl aJdsop aJIJTluulS llunrlclaruor e
oJBoI€A plprelape alSeounler aleod as IaJlsB IPtunN 'a1€ern-rlsno; os po
urnJ roleJpolltur e rS 1afu1r1$ rolttdtoutrd B alp]Plap€ IIrnlBu Ip uaulpxo
rrn rpsaJeu a runlznJuoJ Bouatuasp EIIAa as p njluad 'ollJosollJ orualsls
pnli-SpaJorlpquJloJr'aqnslrBelnlpslpoornzusuoaoq-4Jrear l'nIrg'ouapfuru-Ib1sIrospaIluoIulJsal1uialzorsolflvpInrlPor'lPlulleptoataltdsuzrurtrSocolaepuoluieruoundIrsPIpolnaraJnnaBpluIlePT^lTulaluTBpIoJePonaopup1rJ$elPolaSe'IpIlruoeBd1a,Srt6IreIJoaZlI1tIszrJoIqr1Jaou9lo1puprSulaI^aSnlen-prrIbuloI3-peeIlIzlalJolIepnJl
'aaro''rlenoollarelBlfnlrulJoraJiredalutprorrnpScqlJeduscoluBluurpnicloeJollpzfApuAaBllIaJ;roldPaJplrseozJlaloarIxiuqIJlaqJIJoloJenpJJ1ruapae1Jupf3cppe3i1sarl'rugoll1snuI-eSIrlollaJrlne1prlal1'rII'6lparBauaraladu1ralelIsorJaEleulpuIludlnarrIaxrpIouoa'6nIaenJllIplq'rlnPeuetaSlsnufJuPoJlarroripuoISalnorlro:ul'lnpPsunotonrsrtlpfIJtPdztalnIJtzrgJrl1Pesrlfnsol,J'prIelcuo1nuiltp.oltfpsotuup'ala?1o'Puulcl-tarlrJeto6nzIraZuoaledIIellJJ:ooaJaadPlupsdPrs!
-ou6 uaruBxa un e1 psndns a'RlJluPlISlSorBnJqaIJal npuorlPnllrlnlslrulsouJoJBIPalpcplbooleo{quttts1dS
gJ pzpauuasul nu plseaJe
alrrferaprsuol apnIJXa eoIzIJ greq 'tefutl*ounr IIsilIrJ e oleJralul ap
eegRoo-Anr-'ullnnr;aJlcrSluIrnpclfeaIeeuer,JtuoJupccparr'eaplorBr-dascfrulgrulnIuSpaIeB1sneeBlnJp1euq1rp'urur1unpjr;lrS:aa.n'3trggrrsul'lplaeca1l9nlrrancr11'ruJocrlSftlsIernBulpurndncle1sdunJaedsslrdurJorldrlopJfrrnou1rdloauuns'd3-nlnparndqbtuar-lsc1agxu1ooIrJpuaalrafe1JJlrcl1eouldsp-seu;I3lolIau-napuprnncp1JoullllJalreonulIuP)nrlldlulquazonaasulrsPreoualtaupdBfsgarlloJrrIalcpJolplpe'rarJaIJarpSolrarpr^rupIeduaoInx(IuglrJatuPllIaclolIaIparl1JJa'lataup6uyellpalsrq1olA1oJpaup1aoeloPJlogl'rIreB1lPlaSsdanqelttusar.pn1t3l1gfonollssanagl1allludeBaruo1lPul6adtnr6zoJlel6roerrdleudeaapdJ'aarrgp{urllnrPurrura1lrruepeJrl3dll'epru4tudpnefannruSJttaofpsrluaarouIll;aneBsp3unpasltacllrIqlSSp+dltpupaaaotoneJedlctaaJraafusnltdcruJdJPl1renl1ueoro3eJl1anIrtpeuaJrllullsc'lcnarnltlpErlofqaa{roslldJzBettpdusa'aqlle'eaa-lnlcolloa1tpc1rradSul1oarlutJnpzouPlaalPurntusrscneSsJSllI.
rnlrlsuoc rS-e nrluad. aorzlJ 1afu111S lrqesuadstpul alsa arereld ap lcund
arl-s$slaelpalJdlqvpanrl'leprJfluaenllizqsulounacsnslsopuJuolIrrnopaJldrapBopJpdlBupuJedpapnruulszaEladJrIaBneplJinuutlptrtJIolnSaJlloq1nto3rrenB$fp,eBJl-l]llnnoul1poausp'aqlllretl'slgdBpl"toa1'Iuleae1elarlll1r1pueuongcr6tf'rcP1ItIssaqaucp,nrlllaunxd-aJr
puralxa arunl o-Jlul apaJl unrrroJ lnfuts urnoaJd 'olpp rolsaf,B B PlnI
-osqp palelrlpal uI apar) 13
p.r.tirarqo Ealelllpar alSalnrlsuor 'rafu111Suor
:altfooirullinsaetEoalvtieuflislinc-hSaa4,leoigsdpitiuiucsaepafrniezasoicctcuoaurlapimisdgteriiciciedae,ixrqipdctileiiisncrtifafvi,ffaiicauteenc,iicaesinltlltptnrit-tr6iinfnfiiszi,aicco,aipclaieatldreraeficmaoauacliturdsiliftotieiiirp.;siFnpaiizcitrieictsiean-
stiinfifice ale Renagterii. Descartes aratd erplicit cd nofiunea cle cali-
tate trebr-iie sd fie izgonitd din intregul domeniu al gtiinfei, care trebuie
sii fie domeniul cantitdfii prire, adicd o matematicd universalh. Dacd
notinnea c1e calitate arrea sX fie izgonitir din fizici, aceasta avea sd
se reducd la matematici, qtiinta cantitS|ii pure. ,,Je ne reqois point de
principes en Physiquc qui ne soient aussi requs en lv{aihematiques"
rni[iinenlueescmcixfeiiinaapzntriileedcicr,idaeaDasbeelienisxlacitcrpihzanliriirrdnecteedaitsrrrcc-e.iuoaaNbmrarra-pncrzeutaadesrttidrteseerce-inuenstutndeammnmpocaau]daiiiurrcpaneigefeiierreermopeusraulngearerineftatifucrariacnsec,niallsetduaitteerai6contlaiisenrar'utdeicnfctiaecde-nineetrcrnieetgliadfanaiutfel'e1acfii;eazmdlicmece€ipiaeifcaetdacenrarcoecirlaea,--
ni r':r elor.
In consiituirea fizicii ca o qtiinid a relaliunilor cantitative diutre
,Nanunnmaiitegrfaenfioemdeenzevoglttiiiinriifaamceescteainaicsi-iai-pautfuotstcodnestciten1i mai mare ajutor.
o fizicd mai.ma-
tica, Aga cd dintru inceput fizica modernd qi-a legat soarta ei cle soarta
ilq.ani elirncrtaiinmucicpipilia,iirlroeidr,iccpiinriadmufe-o$saitleejudasicfLiecifsiiuctelaiteir;igtipiinrnloeep,creAisucitea1atteesltfdcu1reaicpnlareomvpoeiieanrteuinlntceuornnsci-reaapfthencloouirti
discipline cle a se pozitirza, cie a se supune metoclei cle
in I ij ici. cuqJetare $ti-
ariuiijeistitrioia$rpltuiitoialnstfueaibnaio,sl eracdleneilacecgSimtteetroendcttieoncnestscrtecorabaudsuineeindcsfalurienbsaipinlnitsiratuiuitgueililaiuasipascciirlmleiutusfauld.rfiapciocrlreee,cirAnuetcrpelerlceiagaziiibearnieldpntaruerfezeeelsocnteu--
,iat'ea insd$i sd fie posibilS, mintea trebuie sd aplice formele ei materia-
1i:iiri adus de senzafiune, tot astfel ca cunoaqterea gtiinlific6 sx fie posi-
biji1, irebuie ca mintea s5 qplice materialului adus cle reprezentare'cou-
.tnscelcenepueaeriiur:pzaiotsteriunitlcceiilsinueenLifptioaauae;rfimtaddmddreiaernaiivtcnteecicltulnneidnmciaeteet-etrelii.eicaadrd_gditnievic,nmsaelaiosgec.etriisblegidpiaitglininifiirsineuiuotfsenuigatrlieelirlecemoniucrnueIguuinaarmpi-in,teuriiti$czcnaeotseianieipanezfenuipiaisuz,edpmdipciefreeeeaictceruiiftrfalneieio"cfcrpceneiterdleeee;aeazse1$ezcstoiniteireil-nXgrcestairursaicesigt,eeeiacespafspapirlipcoonicruiizaerietliinrutcteia---l:
ci{iili,t:irr:i,p!:iun,tllltdur6ln-ialu;{sccatri-stlc1carcosilatcrtphrmccuimaoblrnbuteecaiseznititeasiaindirrdnioecuecnoussriptipeceeuipcinuoucnaaaptparedonamurbdfmiiealudesc:rieca1caicoeoecndmlacicne$igtii..rcilne-aDutriemnan.cdin6dIecaoranertr"ilercacan{teicotfrdiaoacrcieicuir.splguCt5eiin,aadntmeruuiui.mlgr;cciacadiorueirlnlaopticnanusul-lti
ir1.ii arc ttici un in{eles. Se meri poate spune cir o parte a intinder.ii ocupd succesiv
il,,;1i 1^s,r.' clifcrite ? Pentru a concepe nitcarea, tre'bnie neapdrat sir concepem, ln
lr'.ii:tdere, ce.ra distinct de dinsa, care si riimiril acelaqi pc cind locLr1 se schinbS,
S-.iinCcei-.cE, i;.cDaunlurci ni!,013.,,'Ep.vo6l5utsioqnq. de Ia Mdcanlgue, aiticole in fie'.'irc glnbtnle
des
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aunrferrdse BaJB 'lJB aC 'Jrlprualpur Inlnlnrler gsndns IJ
'lunlfenca ulrd allqeurrrdxa
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arpJ eslcard lunrfela-r pJspalrqpls gs aleod
elouauroual or1ul lrr nr pzpa.\
ceva care nu pare de la inceput supus calculului gi mdsurdiorii, ceva
eterogen determindrii cantitative gi numdrului. Aceastd lume de cali-
tate gi de reprezentare concretd cum are sd fie supusd conceptului
abstract pi determindrii cantitative ? Lumea perceplionald cum are s5.
lume conceptuald ? Pentru
devie o aceasta trebuie gisit un termen
rnediu, care sd serveascd drept punte de trecere de la lucruri la spirit,
de la fapte la concepte, de la fenomene la cugetarea qtiinfificii, cel,a
care sd aparfind gi lumii obiective qi constructiunilor pure aie spiritu-
lui, 9i cEruia sd-i fie apiicabile categoriiie cuqetdrii gtiinfifice, ca
lucrurile sd devind inteligibile sensibilit5lii astfei
qi lumea confuzti a s5 fie
supusd construcfiunilor pure ale minfii. Acest termen mediu gi punte
de trecere existd pentru fizicd : este tnigcarea, pe de o parte comunii
intregii fenomenalitdfi concrete, care ne apare ca o schimbare gi o tre-
cere continud, pe de alta, fenomen de mecanicd, supus determindni
cantitatirre, m5surdtorii gi calculului.2 Conceptul de migcare a mijlocit
dar punerea in legdturd a fenomenelor fizicii cu gtiinfele matematice
$i a fdcut posibild o cugetare gtiinfificd a obiectului ei.
Aceste considerafiuni justificd apropierea fizicii de giiinta mate-
rnaticelor qi strinsa ei legdturd de dependenfd cu mecanica. Conceptul
cle migcare, Cum vom vedea, a avut necesitatea sd fie justificat gi ex-
ptricat lrrin alte concepte mecanice, printre care cel mai important este
cel cle mesd, care pentru fizicd a devenit suportul conceptului familiar
qcui gseimtaftudlugiticinofmifiucn,qdi esdmsaeteinrcieo.rp$oiraeczeeacsotimmplaestf,usnauui materie, ca sd fie
sistem $tiintrific, a
trebuit sd fie supusd aplicdrii conceptuiui de numdr. Dar cum este posi-
bild redarea continuitdtii masei prin discontinuitatea numdrdrii ? Ce
unitate se poate introduce intr-insa ? Conceptul qtiintific care a rdspuns
acestei necesitdti este acela de alom ; atomul este unitatea de masX
care face sd fie supusd calculului continuitatea materiei. Mipcare Ei
gi atomism, iatd caracteristicile fizicii moderne. Vom
atom, rnecanicism
cerceta acum mai de aproape cum se nasc conceptele cardinaie ale fi-
zicii, snpunindu-le unui examen din punctul de vedere psihologic qi
teoretic-cogncscitiv, pentru a vedea ce valoare au explicdrile fizicii pen-
tru cunogtinfd in general gi care este rostui realului pe care aceste
erplicdri il postuleazd cu necesitate.
Cieat5, infiin{area pe care o capdtd in timpurile moclerne, cu aju-
tomi rnecanicii si prin conceptele ei fundamentale, gtiinf a fizicii a
cirpltat un adinc caractei' mecanicist. Astfet fundatd gtiinfa, era natLr-'
ra15 iendinta fizicienilor de a privi toate fenomenele naturii prin punctu.i
de vedere al mecanicii. Mai ales dupd ce mecanica s-a constituit dcfi-
npairitueivnsctciigaciuoinl EdetiiainaiiSnctprroeocszlciutuisvtdincogniriasniddpeuurlsansbotidl.tpiuUinnniirleoprpaees iomfumanrudeiatiaimnefedntdcaeuletfemnneoocmtiauennnieceaa,
rle forfi datoritd iui Ga1ilei, care poate fi privit ca aclev6ratul creator
a1 fizicii stiinlifice.,,tn fenomenele variabile ale cdderii, libere sau
nu, Galilei a desccirerit un invariant de cea mai mare in:.portantir : gra-
2 Cl. A. Hannequtn Essai sur 1'-FJ1'politdse rlos Afomcs, Paris, Alcan, p. 9 (n.a i"
t2
st
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u1 glelderpul 'Bounrslnder nps eaunrfrerle rS Furdsar as nps 6erie o-s
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erdnsB pzeafuenlpr oJpJ efrog ernburs a eunrfcerle glsea-u rS iotJlu'B+slp
1n1er1gd nJ sralul lrodpr u1 6er1e as alrund olsaf,B i alBlrolBur alrund
Bnaoa'alllJJJrSrBpEgl'uuopJcrJllSpElsu'alJaul+rIsru.opr/eoaEJudloorreBsecuae:arpJpruupfladlplBder1dprrJauupu;sloorlgJ'Jaouqcsnasrulln,pspa,p'aasotuoaeJDlJldJularlnorprrJuJo)olplulr'IlfoJup,rarlaus1lalBrrpalXurluruIuunlIrpsroolJ'seJulala1p,Ior6lrolupruap1u1eppu1cuzln.Be,r'uealaSonl]e.anrnrgrEueradzadceJr,apl;aaa1suJlSrr1odrrenear.dralpsSarrrJoea,arrac.ollreep1enrdurue.rljrl
-ndroc alr.rgc3rur gclldxa alesralrun rarfelrner6 ea6a1 po prBtlsuoruap
1-'loinlJn13nuudraJlcp'uJr1uoleIlalluJrllInz]asuJaruJElpnrJJns'JlaurrJBoufB,oll;d1axsuaealJauBpol-,ps^paaeaJruarzlrdraJloraoplaauuliaJpua'rBlopaulrla-pXluInaXJlpeIeoJ ]rrnr'arlnoplrouaJlJoaaLspr
1l'as-apooorslrf1lp,-lu3sngrnelepfsuuRJErllsozrlal€laSaudaJuoarnvatprnrual'1uraoaaarugNfeudaflerloo'+lacslynIuurrlpaedlrrSJupeuntproaJpaauxJuaapanll'earepfa1rdpultrnsJroanpJa;lal're'eogrrefJacepplra'dcRElcnllJepudplloxasapcaeblzpauIpaeJr,lllpsputpanlounJlrJuBlJ-ullpesae]JpuedsaorplllaceaSulllarspuaprualasrulloconpJIlJasnJa1sn,lernlJs;oaJnpllelclpurelJurlnoron^s+pl
aie sA flc nu o construclie alrstracial a realitAtii, ci are sd trd.iascd realitatea insdgi,
i:r ceca ce are ea reai qi spontaneu" 64.
Filosofia, indeosebi meiafizica, ar fi, in spiritul acestei metode, teoria lipsitd
rie sinboiuri. hseanna ca ea n,.r are ncvoie de concepte, pentru cd ele nu pot, in
viziunea lui F/eirrj Berllso;t, si simbolizeze decit aspecte generale, comune pi oare-
cilin imperscnalc ale lucrurilcr,
Astfel, iniuiiia dcvine facuilalea specificd de cunoaStere a realitdlii. Dar filo-
sofia, spr.: cieoseirire de ari;i, ioloscste $i unealta gindirii in procesele de cunoaqtere
ir realitdiii. ;\':a ci iniuiiia este de doud frluri : intui{ia Jjjosojjrd (: metaiizicd)
;i inturfia crctttottre (: artisticti), Prima prindc realitatca in concepte fluide, a doua
o ;trini I :titmai iri ii'r,igirri.
ilcjimj.tintiu-se, impljcii, d.e Hcnri Beigson, C. AnJonjucJe, de$i recunoagte rolul
irliui'riei filosofice, inversr:azii rolurile celor doud moduri de cunoaEtere, addugincl
cuitului legitim al raliunil, ca facultate prirnd qi fundamentaii de cunoaStere, cultul
cui:rltiitai a1 iniuiliei, ca unealtir compleInentari de pdtrundere a ornuiul in miezul
lui:rr,iri1or. llub a,;cst unghi de vedere, cl aratd, in consens cu Henri Berqscn, cii
oricine poate sd aibd intui{ia fiindcE ea nu este o facultate mistic6, nici nu are
ririir nist.:rics in ca.
Astfcl, cunoagterea intu;ti',.a completeazii, in logica lui C, Antoniade, cunoag-
icrep,ii..,rttiv,l. ;;i.rneiilici, Car nu i se opunc, gi acest fapt Ce insen-rndtate capitali
1l diieicnliazd pe C. AntcniacLe cle intui{ionism $i de alie filosofii inrudiie,
I;-r lucrarea Evolulia cre(ilaarc (190V), ilenri Berason pune $i solulicneazil., in
rlrilr intuifioli:'t, i:trc:l:)enta vfclli. Cu acest prilej, ei elabcreazi colrcepiul de,,elan
rriiirl" (,,ai.intui vital", tra.irice C. Antoniade).
Lumea aparc, in sistemul lui Henri Bergsott, ca o devenire neintrerupti S:
rrcafectatd de p,.rsibilitdli prestabilite, pe ctare el o numeSte evolulie creatoarc, $i
cn c:sle cirmuiti de un principiu numit elan vital, Acest principiu susline ,,durata
purii", dar eI insuqi estc, curn s'a subiiniat, doctrina cea mai originala s lui lfenri
lSergson 3n domeniul bioicgiei.
Prin doctrina elanului vital - transpunerea intuiliei duratei creatoare in do-
;i finaliste din biclogie pi sii demonstreze cd ,,exjsld schimbare, dar nu \ucruri care
:;e schimbd.".
tiol'.Il;i{tjido-lcll1-1-,s,nAfuivziiacnroteu-cnliriininiiccviltiiatianliiiilfnicpdueinltucr-iai;nreesusvlieo;rboneuqinteeiuuiBfiieerrgcfosilorclncseo-pfitcdcpa. rrSeecesizpdeaaprzeodaiCltsi.iin,4t.rcnai-i
este ier-a tl-iari nult cieail o st::ip1i e itcit:ii pus.i pesie ic:::r:i:tr :: t-:trd, este
inluifia uner rc"l::ili 1-.:-.,:::C:; u:i t,e .-xij-,- r ::ale iuc;u, iaf p-iie .c_ts;clc o rea-
iitale" s;.
Si>tcmul lui iier:r: !:,'gsr.:, pri.t pirliie saie puclicate pind in 1g07, qi-a gdsit
in c. -\rrtonjcde uii bun cu:i:scl:rr, care i-a clescris esenfa gi i-a pus in evidenfd
tezele sale iuncianentcle, clar gi un critic tlmid. El socotepte cd datoritd. caracterului
dcscJ.iis al si:;temuiui ;i drtoriiS rneiodei f oiosite unele probleme ,,de amdnunt,,
sint cam vag tratatc Ai unele intuiiii sint cam inprecise. O mare dozi cle impre-
cizie :;i de lipsi de claiitate plutegte in jurul conceptelor cle ,,con;tiinld', ;i de
,,avirt vitaI". cel din urmd concept i se pare lui c. Anfonjcrc/e inrudit cu unele
con.c'pte pur metafizice (in sensul pejorativ ai expresiei). ,,Dar - adaugd ei _
63 c, Anlonjacte, Filosolia jui Henri Bergson, Noua Tipografie profesionald
DIMIT.'RlIrEiclCem. /,OpIJ..i1lS36C. U, Bucuresti, 1910, pp. 9-10.
XXVI
''*w.'.-:*-qrep?qr{mf f ffi ryqtU.re
fenomerre fizice la tjpul fenotncnelor de tlecanicS. Prctr-rtittdcrri [iz'''
vScl decit jocul migcdrilor $i fortelor. Astronomia este o
cienii n1
mecanicd cereasc[. Acustica este mecanica migcdrilor r,ibratorii e;e
aerului sau corpurilol sonore. Opiica fizicd este nrecanica ouditia-
i|eiudnuislodrtoettelrauiuuin, clup.I ce fusese mecanica emisiunii. Ciiiclura este
mocl
al rrrigcdrii. Se incheagd o teorie cinetlcii a
gciilaiiefziceulaolctrS,esl3ilteocldacr.eoGrpecrenozenersantilttiauzuafi,erefeaensoe-mxapelinicneatltieAnsepl9ericni trrpnicaaeritiqccliuemlpeaaSrgtoenlei5dteiic, e;ci alliiu':tioSfaccsiiie-i
prir.,ite tot ca moduri aie migcdrii, deci ca fenomene metanict'' Astiel
acrastd unificare
int,reaqa iume fizici este omoeJenizatd in esenfa ei qi
a lortJlor este realizatd Tinotmuel ceanmicdigcEai rperi:ndminecaacneicsdt ; intrec{ul univers
este pracia ri-recanicii. punct cle r''eclerr'e
ciuogelteitate, eterogeneitatea pe care o constatti sin!'.lrile soersil€
cipiriroudi.1;"1ucu."iAr'aliitnr$tcnii.ao,linnaccfccliiiieilcnnficepocircntrlSua,cpl,euo.uripzirinniatgd6eilmemleneeoamccasdoliaegarceclmiaosatSlnporteeocfbienllieoiidpen,retloecdnfrllttioi,ifefnereiduarrfdaiuflteereneiinidm,aalsaeleXmefcigzaelmininncttiitrclPraiauilicie.geicriAcaiiiatt.mloenNpriro4fi'lmiXctiz;zcecilucionliitriftfii,eilmoertnria:eearibsit5'-nsoicui.eerds-
edseireeau,n-eLtsl tdeipinctoiinocebpieteclteulcaurndeini ainletlailliei mecanicii. N{i;carea, ca 9i iniin-
sens cdpitdm cuno;,:
; in acest
acKsptpie'el1naraepain'c6cxtltiie5,nu'pd,sclieetumclosnSiribptn$crorfuoetigilriidumtmcfilrileraieepnlSc.plsaitsiucaenndlItipuncisndtrisci,cinhni;lmdeeinestrmiiaertmiieanineapzdegsauextoSfelria,auienctsfnadgotiim,urgsamroptdiralisdfannlp,uvssuarceiamaelmnitua1eafuled-,uaalgiuainrd,mcitpilueiiiilucrExt55tedpce,rAedaiinnnrriitdo,eituianreiclnvlisudina1itn.aeieciNlcdmiiopulumamu9nnibrialielcnmcipoaoreercrirrl5arerlier--,.
vmcoaimrgiacbaibnrialedre,sacimllenbtsoicmlhizidamtcbfiuapreer,lindfddrpbnuannsicmtetelieccicanarserteitsusefdiumsneiigiscccdohmimqpibleecx,aeirnedtetdrieplticelrzrnimfiiuiinncdei,e
schimbinclu-gi locul, sistemui geometric sau figura pozilii]or lor suc-
cesive. Nligcarea este astfei o funcliune a intinderii Si a dlratei, .care
nu mai pot fi separate una de caalrttati.taAl.mivien,ddoucdasufintscuat)nllstietdcfai lscuLrslcr-ellltl:-i
ti ltiJe ci a prirni cletenniniri
dilect satL in..tirect. RaporLul intirn, iegdtLtra ittrl isoiubil,i dirtlre s1;aii:
9i tirnp in lntuilia de migcare fac posibil concepttil de iuteald (tritezi!\.
Mecanica viteza este raportul dintre spafiul str5l:dtut 5i
sp'.ure cd
timpui inlrebuin{at spre a-l strbbate ; insemnind spafiu} cu e, l.imirui
cu I $i iu[eala cu v, atunci v: f tu" 9i mai precis, derivata spaiit-
lLri r. iii raporl tu timpul coresponclent t, ff: u, formuld care prirtrle
gi cletermind miEcarea in fiece moment al ei 9i pune in eviclen{d indi'
sol,.rbila legf,turii a celor doud variabile, spaliul gi timpul.
Dupd conceptul de iufeal6, peutru a da socoteald de migcdrile
cornl-rlere rlate rlc expelicrrfd, mecanica coUstruiesLe ull llou collcept,
5 Ci. -l tlj.ur Ilt,;tncquin, op. cit. ?. 74 (n.a.\.
l4
9t
.:
-agjorrq1eoe6r1ua'a1e1rdJ{toea.orudyltoaolxpeolisnepuuoancuByroa'pp} llnod3]eaaprcpl1u1oe.rrJguecrTrsu1uuurJ1rlruRsn}rlruufurinorur;-er,u;1lnnu1pnaa1u1rnpqico{surprrrueuogfb,lne,ufeul3iau€soa-:a
orouep'Rsal-toplus'zfpp.e.odrPaajespl.lrelre-ul^spnrioosnlza$ecJplaipllirax{rureeloeauraraluurrunraer'lepn{rlnefslzersefrar'erpllupeearJ3aoJauprrplueeraB'slpeasrugr1cJrsIoueaeIra1Jllue!l;n+'prc1ea6llntcunlals1p"S1ranunaIlf1rueu,r1pr,rsluqu'roaeonuuopaprcncutrdIlrcnarRs}E.6rrrzop'lernpJuuJuzBEJiaoerdJlJasrixToalosalcarp]a1tiJgIreIo)Jp3p1prr,nrurpl]panr6rql3laparurIn;eI,JsoeIrTllpSul)psrro{rli1pr3rrs,poru,s\riqola1irJrl"-coiall.ller,Trpr1irqlp1rnJrpJeir,nSJl,.1uIrilrngsnn}Euir,o1zei"u1l1lr,rrrr"q11oa:p1pci1s1r:r,,)r
-tuIrl3s ap rnnrfrpuoc '.pepuroenuqdursarur-qlrtor-sJJluoa1lrs-Rprrzz{ aparlrrn^pr,re\ pappzrlraonilrrrotfuloprJlueplJ^pfp,pJrsrlrnplrsorrlrlfrlurraDripqsi
ps ornqar] 'aJe3ateo
'pzllpJ o rJrlr alsa nu
,rpa''ou;lrasoeprJns'€paosirn-r4'ujeiuuua1gr+rtosgJaplslzrprrasnulrrIe^Jrs.dn1peIInlasdlleq,lpneoldrumpreulaspllrrJur:orIrrolu]uapJpruuJlerriurrlJuBpearlspprrunrsrirnlsnolrl-qgdJololrurureIplesarltleursoaea3f,nrIernalJrr,psqt5nloseu.oproJ-i{i.r)rrlrrnirilJilJ,j
otrs3 Inirqoru : a:plsrur -ap Eatpls alsa uInrrlnlqrordurIlpz+ptraznrrralulillp.rpeuJroo]Jrrrpnaejsl
'1oJr1eruaurf, Ip arapa^ ap InlJund urp
alurlr:lJal e-rpc3rur o-rlrrI llqoui rrn iueJaprsuol pS 'urnJ p1BJ .o!to1 ti
D.sDLrr : pnop pJuI ',etrnrieralatfp op p6ui1 acl 'ezpaars EJlurerilp
'tulauroa6 lruncl nldurrs Lrn lpnJld,ancr{ueoccls
IaJlsV uI aunlllzoci op oleuuiastil
ra'-p'''-uprpooruspluorrdulopiniilirr!-nasf-pulr'irpguoadorplse;ls;crlerPndueldoelSspnaf'orlaJBnpplupuselJulpnIuJcnpJolg$lprpuprpql:rulJ1rEaroaropufJsp,u1pllpRsuer3rluJaJsrIapgeJBurgfrIirnnruonrlidellrll3lperenJllqoplausppanzoBuJiprpanelJruoesu,oJagpzlrellpJcrps'sJuflrlpiapJueqp]tuJperdrzpeeo'nlueeruurracraJpfrIppirJnlrJJnapJsroBuln1rlldpJprr31Ssrortatuprar,:ea.re^orlro+Tspr1pl:surrallldS.rialrrrlBterrrJruluuoprcrJr;nee0Jr'pJruru;rBurodln'rerrrr1JpngruJa'rrsioerenrgseoll*1lscnuugra1puirre1rrel3pqerE,r,aal{n.oiJiturrrl?purrrRonil!rlrsrl}lclJ:lipIr{,JprIapn1ole.luuerrn1JLrlraooulr1?ulo,"nroor,oi\Ja,r{ir'u,1anp3t1lI-i:iglrrrrrzul-orlrloinultnClJ,;1Ijr,l
'prr-r1auroa6 Ia Burro,I 'rorlolJorerl pJnlpii olso pzp.rsoJ,]+Lri o aJ go03,,
11rn:s1rrr olrirnrfrprroJ nps ,pazuenurfaelrladleJ:.rr:le)isriSloJglefsa{n!.tl nj,raLLLorrJl iirr Ir
'Flpp BJ pa.rprSrur pzplpnls
'Lrol €l ep pulrald 'eg 'errnelottr e6ea-r1n1 a+so nir ap axeirol'aialclo:
p[lroLro,{oJ irD(I
,ailapq'-egrlnJil?lllstospe1qprnpolifrrnonadnisi:u?inurolreprrIdeopop,uaa^cfnrIrnnIpEsoIlnuelalloursrrypp{uuppeopernarl1dJu.lJrr1oleefnfVoJr',aspurpull,rceulqpouupieo1erannplednisu-no1o]uJrlnpngroole61ur]oJSaraeiEr,rel1ro'poiarrn1epaJlrJsfe1ailaaaoa{fIq,ua;cr{n,jaIneu'eJ,pur;1elBoorsIiB.JgIasVa,"i1g4lip+eopp'rralrr1rrelrrtE-1rtrn^apJrr1rproiutai.riEutpn1lncin,c:nAllgHodt{nJoouni'rsgIursTlpeq,ora.?gJ;uJ.pcrrluiruaS-,ln,arH1aryoaeru1'su1lslurrie'rqio"nRq}c.:jelsp1'lasatraui:IlrJapTurp}urcrrn.Arrrotc.cpu1"rDlJae#i1irrr.'l1J1ures;apr_lTo-tip1ruru*,osnnjl!JqlrpIitup"LuroaaoJBl"JplpuaSi!
lului. Mecanica e silit5 s6 recunoascd cd oricdrei variatiuni definite
dnreiniautl6e,aclXare- seangusmglesplatetiutonerld-,e trebuie s5-i corespundd o cauzd deter-
Mecanica nu are altd intuifie decit aceea a migcbrilor dSirievcat r:iailiiue-
este necunoscutd
nilor de mipcare ; prin urmare forfa ii
cunoscutf, prin semnul ei, accelerafiunea, care, ca Ei viteza, are o
claritate geometricd deplind. Forfele deci au sd fie determinate prin
acceleratiuni. Este evident c6 f orla {concii}iile accelerafiunii) este
direct bpirnoepionrfefiolensa,lSinccuonadccifeiulenriaifdiuennetaicein, svdogri;fiaignatrcededleoucda forfe, lu-
crincl, accelera-
tiuniie respective t +:+ san ,' :# etc. de undel: ,i:V - k
{adicd o cantitate constantd). Astfel pentru a imprima unui mobil inert,
presupus cd rdmine identic cu sine insugi, acceleratiune g, e nevoie
o
de o forld f; pentru a-i da o acceleraliune 29 trebuie o forl6 2J Si
aqa mai departe. Dar dacd mobilul insuqi este qi el o cantitate deter-
rninatti, atunci are sd intre pi aceastd cantitate ca o conditiune in
raportul dintre f Ei g, dintre 2t Si m29o.bi,l,Saimr fbiolzuerirloe matematice ne fac
sd cugetiim cd dac5 inerfia unui satt ar tinde cdtre
dz|Rieuedrnmone-,inr,aoeraedJr;eofcriialir,irmpiianentnfeeitnmrruliaitatcdicaueenfqrutn$eiiicmegdg,oaatb'lri95l,dicaagud'm,izceoedtrbcro.ieluszddliusatficeieoinetcaasact1nceaetinlteoderrtdaiiceffiteuiennraimetceicn,ienacltefadirn.aqi-tei
inerfia sd fie la rindul ei o cantitate ; r6mlne ca in seria raporturilor
ismqttapn_rAtefdu-scl cnt*faiei,rlevtc"sa'streued:gridulu/sltesvgieanterepiairontftiiaudfineesicfliioianrrniemuddeisgicnecitdesurlcineihuii9mml ipbpleerlii,ncdsdeadtlettrufrimeieiiincahtaec. ncrmetilteeartnaeilaiulencegoQanf,-i
torla Si cantitatea cle inerlie a mobiluiui sau mosd. Dintre cei trei
direct
termeni numai cel dintii e geometrice$te clar gi prins ; celelalte
ooud sunt prin e1e obscure gi abstrase din raportul care le unegte, nu
mai au nici o insemndtate precis6. Astfel in ecualiunile dinamicii, cei
trei termeni au sd fie totdeauna definili in funcliune unul de ceilalti :
acceleratiunea e raportul forlei cu masar g: *, forfa e masa muiti-
plicatd prin accelerafiune, mg i masa e raportul fortei cu accele-
f -
rafiunea, m : -;I .
concIenptrteegduinl a"amiitci.ei.uFaizlicfiazimciei cmaneiccaisnti6cisnteu se razimd pe aceste citeva
considerd univers decit
in
rercaraigemrcneaai trspee-urai;qapi,inri5sneidtiojnomsccigaScuintaziirfneit,otaicf,taicccriaeei psesdiefcofiainretrtaeipm, osFps-oali5brlicaiifnrie,9zupiurnmetivsafueeteprrsirutiua5nlesdfiuuzennicto.srcliOercpeiofdirilpoto,ositcoetaefzirrede-
metafizicX, fdrd sf, vad6 cd acegti doi terrneni corelativi nu pot avea
altd valoare decit aceea a unol concepte de mecanicd, i-a luat drept
expresia unicd pi ultimd a Iealitdtii, ca nigte lucruri in sine. Dar ipde'
E Hannegu.in, op. cit., p. 83 {n.a.).
Hannequin, op. cit., p. f)5 (n.a.1.
g
16
LI q r:;ior 6699 Ep-3
'('e'u) '"\rc .do ,plDnllsc ,JJ
ol
aunrlou o pldopB as IspJ 'gleuorfrpuoJul olplrlpar op rq-ro^ aleocl as nu
er---EpounopJgJrJ{prrauoro1aalrupeuarsnlpBala+lppelre}{l1Ju1o$pead.zl'}npanstfrnq.udp'e1pre1nleul11sra*qfaudp6.oaulalrcJo1uaadouppaJlprIupoonluJJllInrI-aBppelapllsSaplirlaloBaeulpu.arlnrslprfuoiJonoulprJeupgdoda,Bnesp1cpnuser1urBi13satpooJtr'pgra,\zls's1rlSJaaigsJp1r'B,r1rJrreerrar.Cgiu1lrceeulue1naarrprrf
ayapnnuaroI-{:nBSrgrsryru]qs.EarunlutqnfuuarcralJaItrunrroJp:plu1qrc'Eauel)aloJ'Jslsr.ArfIu"asBs+u,zr1,.onpJIraDa'aBDJRnJlaJpflIBarllrsspaletrnlallsrurp'apxp|al$aoputnnoBorrpIprreruaucaraluflurlSrolrrorI4rauQpBerfula]puprr?JorfBpqrnnlp;^DrncouruppaJJroLea'ss;pnorlut{rAeBsJlJl"plrJqprorD!r)Jusle]qool3ue'ppIlauls1tlllspJoJzuruea,urooaganlsnJarrnJ[r{gfpproIp1ru3'fDeerdJpcJlsld1e^lpse]oB'erlaSoradaeuraaanJaara3glruplolIore'dlcurJeepJO+laurlnsrpsJJJo-roe,aopl+nru,l}n':ussElpror,.uraeaaerullcgurnerJlSlJrJs.oqsplragRnedJ-assaurcru'rrlrpnnraJ$ua+lpi1rdnlrarqorlianpauasqrIpscsazflorrsnqouJrselupoupaosBBBdu^nq5roll;zCor"u,4PjunlaBepurl4B,r^re.;loi5lr)su(o1riuaJ)TauflgpJrpoziru,"a1,eaq.ba,l,lero$nsep.flalnrpquiprlar-fou.p'1xuiorqrscJr5orcnlrgen$lrrtzoutqalu;rp,aJrun,aal.rps"g!sara;1njnJ1grceueluulrbeiluolr,iuplerrpro1Eeras.nlel1rtraho,esaansxrsfaJtrlil1lroi'sss/aqaF"upucyeoa,orrrsr:/]l
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pJIzlJ
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alaznpJ e1 efuelsrza.r nes
peratrndns alSeurgep IS plpp arefrotrs o e1 dror ut1 eI o arBc acl 1r-rprSlu
oBr-'!BolnpefSu,oIBllrIosIPnpNllJlosesou'lrorulilJcpoa'lplu1aarlSpfea+uJ1luseuaaanlrselusniIpxanupeJeeaapearplsdp:PpeollfputJcrouBoucongolpp;ecoaJrriorJlddlJolnssatIuoreaspJnaIppuJaeeIBlBSlssJIaaanroczrldlnrserJxauolsollrupaIIalrupJldJlrIcuZxaloaaIzpJrrludlaopspalaasapJpapalJrornoaJr'ullap3pulleelu'1lIulqaaolrorolu1rppfnnarJpplplaJuuaau1osuarp:nlulIaefuir1,ll
-Blur] olpol rpru u1 rS guarcrzly 1f1nu e1 'gcr6o1o1uo pfurpual o plpnlual
-oB pJIzrJ rrI urapaA 'a1s11u1ra1eur IoIJosoIItr airunrfelnrecls ap luopued
pp5pv(nacfcoiie€uncesri.is(rtieeitrnlar"hrccrnfea:ei-ltoiurrruisi1ea-crtlrtiotm,rtlcirei.ingi"arccti;icpeiinc"lcodla\repe"led.inerelavsifgigsotstinpai{ne"tpnt:riiora!i,!lrniftc5altevdocalfcl,,aiira,ltSniaefr'hunfsel.rdSioen:frie.corp:lnnliliuilrpariazlib.znemfraa$lndirtaepscriibeei-taiuacaealiaa.innclc!sn$nia1votclfaacoeiueoibaqnl,iiizra:ersiup'soea5arrrseriricrcerli,m.ta"itltlrercsiei.itovr;iai,]risesiirilrillilIiis-fic.xlugeloeetcaciiiCrrcnolstefpileaiteuaatl)edrlerccurepolinin{esnldrirtool'clco.arellileDnnled5tieiaournejluf--setnrrieniecciitceciliuelalloildioiurspripc.ieipelins';suloaosic,-rnlimiihcisiuicoienc-o:itortaenrlloeeoert:Yriuiflr!-aEeiiicu5ltncller-en1lsi'nirniilioSuccpl.celeenLen:riaieC-oldzitcalteirdei:'loilrlrl)ensu-uneiel,t.loat,mts.FezaftscoteNotle'micrell:.,ricaernciaia''.''nal5,-P-r-'i
Si corp. este altceva clecit aceea$'L lrer-oie ci:'rc
z::6 si lutnc, c1e sufletl oemeni hJ-,',
a initins oclinloaiir pe t;oi,-Ltieze ctl crealurile iircl,iilttirii rcr
si
prlmueirGccJiirnigtlircoiLlccelidl,ueizd?srareiot\,iaairirJleloiLorrenilnl,iisfcratiainlLnc-outinluaea.s,dialtrerea[rlaiuitl.llniintiealirrs-iiacii;nrn€trliui-atiir'{Cctirileietaecaiasetcsiigoteidurntmtteaesii cpf]eaottnurrorzidmenleceeiucrgSiuidrleausc'eil.tc5i'i.lit-"aA}earireo,
saLtsiacfie in imaginea rurei tliiiri care se desemncaza involuniar inE'-
riinlnrai,etlc,acrrtioaiichicniiuelrlroutiiria,nsomasoutil'euicnuinleilmeleari"gociiul,eeurarnauet.einrroiteriijlns.,Griacfseetririinencvilmi,zcpibcilililciellieiicsiile-crleosloeiiinepaiiir,ilaiiqce;i:li
'LrieuliralcilviieNie.a,piaiaeeitceafriiaiztaelitclugediig;cfiooiinrnn'fcaceseipSnlteeusndustinnlent lutcinltmnsn;ee-i';pnrla'esieeralaeablci-llcinesott"rrutiatinsceinl,li.iiulucrn-lieuii.vnacCl{-acaa1,iie-eiieninec"iJo'r1rin1zecinceti,ipe, tJrcrlrloeuncliisile:Li;-ri:
aUjainill1t.1vlRti-reiulratipitccaiatielesauffniizt siicnutsil;,eofpridianorCanbapitlircilevnliuidicLlaicrlaiti,nmnipcicnliiniescrriiitilnl;re<intireiiaiti-ceiienclenfrloaelsomaser9iciiacieleil'.ri:c!;i,ili-.
sturliai{ ciupd metoda cinelici, este tiecesarS tnerrlinerca elutt-
li liinct S-a incercat ins[, ini.untrul chiar aL concepi;ei
raaterie-foriX. mol.ijsru clinarnist cat'<: si'r reducel
iismului
mecaniciste a lizicii, stabilirea unlri clc foilt"t, ciirr-iia n.rateria sir-i fic
toatii realitatea fizicX la coirceptul
cLr rlesdvirgire suborcionatil: atomii, elenierrtele i-r1tii:le r1e lnasi"-l ;.r,e
l:ttr'le:iei, sunt re<lugi la existenta geonleiricai cle lltlri eetriri cle {ol!i'.
gcaCueiirrpno:rmlrliiii1licodora,mcdrezeioaltmsfrotaarrnfsiienenIulcluiieoliltreiltceaaeaztcazdodrctnlaopc{eecirpeisnilieieanialeecri<iilnnlieesaa{lnle-qlri}iase.siiLiiei,insclliloeatlceiol.illanm:ttiico-\,'il5-sleilsnrclmeletalireficitiz,idildceiopacfcotetfrrozti-is;'a,.t
inc"rcat in alard cle mecauicisn, ln doci,rina energeticii, care afirn';ir
rinica pirriisinr[ insd metocla ci.netici si
cnergia ca realitate obiectivii,
iagarjiecrce"cll;inscdoaiei5sri'riil'teceiieliiuurclmitn-oeisianitnertc1tueeralrlaeii:afcifoiuoeprinnnn!sicnrepefueovpdLasrlirin!!eceerti-c;odLlerteitelntliicvsnn1aeieacncpoljieeorcr.rcriiesictuiitrrilseltlrisi-ico1riripccietnlre.c-crtl1illito2trocm,r'cptnaaraeltrle.t'ae:crEaifeasonitrriecfiIoeiisarimcfce1'irrue-alrlevustiiiiin.9rraaic$tidceicL.aieliicieilelelpsirisprrao.sr:tr.-,'il
i1 l,'l,dUtterrle.irasljuscmluun/ugie, ntriirbde. riratnhcie. rti'srtcl.hIeI, Eh:ctri<:itcit", llrcfirfit Ur;1. 1, r'ilat di' /er-''r
\iczi itttrct cap. VL (n.a.). p. ll1ti (n.ir').
Isto.idir
i8
-T:W5K.",..-i
6I
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'd '11 .1o,t sap alrlrrqrsaD'2$tirs'1 r,
OtZ 'JUEr] 'pDJJ 'snrusilDrlajDI,v
(-P-]Ii-url?sloptulrttlPaopJwf aBpozilnalsrrlaoar lcpspiorlsuJp_-prosJp€ppoldrrlrnIrsrsaE-elsurulzlrprofJTnlpsRdolJrsuspsganlElsos-ruIsrspuoIurnrpua1Srpsea3rsJpuuroluAlJJp1nl3sJusuINooS]Jp.lr.aip.Jr:oBisi,lrelIurJrooul:rt1lursdpirruuarlS-ill1f7,up€1llsereJ,1l
S J,S I3I I\VJAI,,V II3IZi.{ TNi^jSiJ,\Io jV
,{ I
iiritr-rirprrl nrupurLurancrlNrraa}'plnprJlurlslr'aoq-rrppTlft,plirrardnp{al.unrsorlulJl;rararlllalfaJgllsuidrpisiracJtlluo€eolraefl,puduraalrods-lLJiajrplrIenpzuioueriq-alr,uporiJ):olIsIp,iIoslslrnrnrer]tpil,JoorooqDu{*ueroespIl9IsJq6lllnziprslsl
5.raur rlrp
s{roDa}pJ
€-r'-ai-a'.i1taa),)pr]"I:'rl-Lr:er:-j)r,nnrir\eJ;clarD:i:p\ldi'a)iiisc1rarr'1pnpLar'p1r.{l1,jrrei(1i:,olrrnotornrpc6prori-ulI:jreprsueA1auul-ain1plnl,aafrJrJfil]fJ,1pru'prpillo]Jrlzu/ppLrla'oou-Llar!rTradttd'pdc1-nro6oor{p1yarrlo-1rp)ol]rdsppcruruTiluol.u,nrrlopi,unnlJn}eeo1f]eT,ap6uopIlpiilipuufrr)lturrup{l.elal\rl)onrI,l,1l(rirrlJ,lstoonjoooo,o?zc:.sip')t[uJlr,urlrra,prrriJp{'uoldon1lrlJupqJreprlu[+piljruurilIlrsrt-t:p!orarliosncJqplcrniaq'rr.ruilplnrllleJoarnlorl1rp;i-n}s1nqnulnEEluancll-orrtll!r]altuJrtJpjnenJjppoulrostlu_piIoJpdpaii^nupllJA/ulF,l1Ioo,oaorenpt_zrJlairqsulrorl]l^ioap1elopllrtp:ssl}pllIaEpturpa3sujopoouobpzd}lJrpaljaptR.tj;]rr.srpLrr}JIiJcn?S,Vr.lliaparpojo..as!ul}Jilrti,r;,-urouliIaoEna-p11,_"rrplp!nlqsTaqtino.utlan;nrlol1csjeij.Jsus't{j)r[
cp-rrlIl,iIrrrao-iLrr.rC.irl1SranllOlupnidi-itLlroartl;1:cfuoulseloseJtafrpplsualeoraoptlludulorlErr.rncodipa.iocparpu!.siircola{siltutorslpJ-'ta<!afaroErIa1r_Lp{{toarolJp}oprlJrrrur',pppr-^+Jaior1riJzippEer"iiroielpl!ouirlp,jrrzpclipirora.-oaqrcuArieil.crut.lrla-.roripil.in1il1iil?i3tirs)1
-s+a+Jiifop{-'j{-ioriiS'prolrt.uqioO+inEnLoLi1lrrlzpeorn-.rlrppL3/]TpL.r}{r0rJi1f^ionJollosuonE-aill-Li}IrseJpJoa.aruilporro6-zeu{ulJErnrallplo;priicpiapIlrrrtoirruSs-uoao.rIppleJ_pic,l}rlucl3rioelonlurornlnprri:pts,r
rEt rprlrnii i]Ltl-l']p e:l so erre]pui'ort:u-r1sil€ u! elreclop ap sse Dioru nn
'B-oit:iJi!plrUJoiiuCl1dl'ipo?iir-orieailne1lpls1roau;lu"lIunIjeldolBp+r,rrrun'a:lrrue,urnolrdildIErpuu[+roitlsrp1so1larlpreIrn'nrqunsirlo:to]1lpl-niiJ-elinlpltollolbra"urncll':irousni-rii-eoiocrd1l1e3recluo:inlEcrrinn,Jio:rru,foL;riiorrngrlnrrLnluret-o,ria+l1pro:arieoupq!l
uJ 'lrrr.ioJ e1 gf-ro; trndo g:ep ro eio+ilorr_rolo uJ orJ;,rlplu oiseafp unduior
"sep ES ]od 'orrolpur lo] o atTjur?i ilti-oJ paol
: rn1 ;olrfrgci u ounrzeoJ
p-enr*-rorr'.Eo'rcsj"C{rJrir-rr"crlror:l:ulJle-TpLlpl^jpruurnoieorsa-llurllrorour:qrdrpppnJrsspg'elpourrdurrrlrtlt-urse{le{oocplir,o]rrornlr'1tJcpgrl'1oir.ro|,cur-rdlir-re:pleu;,lsrnri{dlpc11lougao.rqr4rlrsrd'Eeeoleoe.rorrcnepelbJtrefuslre1rtj1r_lirnruuauurrpplnrlpeie3rerruuiar.Jeelsr1rouolrs"lilulpqJnn1lelaJe1TrtnIuurIdoorllllooJopJr}lf
tufiunii corpusculare a materiei, 15 Doctrina atomisticd este unul din
lipcimlqf$mifcsrpcaprrinisfAroueinuneeiteiualtlriteaoangainotiuaeilnnoiiimrt5a-lenpemlicnriortssagolcuenrlinteili.i{piimiamo,cuueerr,uzmaeifs:aiofOitpunpfrnnacaeicedeidcctanctaiiraecealeXnlnnrarcl1o1eieeiriuaeuavtmczeeinoletcoiSelveasilalcleuasnctncooesmiuae,tromipisacnaalrlisarnetnaicnaesptoenoiniurtediiefnejhmaesifeerptmslooiiztietinzitaiisavftnctierocLfuiesfai,ziiteuterfpislectolueezieeesldldeoooqzdmrcoerruruiaiosaegiiptaareicorioect,lepciiuiduiiuitgr,rindbctxiioariccSiefeuSinps,iEuaseitdslpninmlzeiiscnttetidenigliierlsfiueeiaiacii,ociSrusneucndasaflvxagtarreintiassuadoua!msucbiptiaftfrcdamitbbmilnililnddeimnricceeDlaui9sniotcmceigl,lla,tmoie6fteaiasemtefmstaiiocaeiil,imppn-turepxccnricaiefaoentauvritnepice,aoaoczetnefdilgatclcrgmedcrinir,aiciecf,buceefpentiriaisiludpisciiacozelieiaoifnttaindqtnnmli,oecinrs.iradaettdcteeaieuoodeltertdiddecddCeifvunpmzccuaridi,eztpzevzicnbedtfednrntuniiioeiiioeedianscrsusaeivnipacspenacuttactenxltioiasqdduettsnosedirahcengirtprsearbtupalafpiriaxamiitimuintnauencaipitiritrtcrtnelirsiferupeticriclrdienaYieqheuc.-aailtulltiiacnniuaupe;ibeezifl1ptlmrtdet,siaaigroadlguloca6cenppuropuef,aattdtetmmiltddiaeiieeoreeiqurstnrcitsplSelrcencez,eaiieneoifitps,seaosdraeretmflinirvomiealeitteunetcsaucveledaoflearfoelrqnaiiiiutiiinuiniialmvzzicncb5rstdrotcvon|ggli6eiaireehmdiacooiiunePnnutdaasasci,.Dnca'utucria-ttmctllISne1ooccceuieeeStelhlari8uxceaam.unlrlxSmlacmiaoeitpupdplrlEpltI^aiomiti,arrgnoilltsteoAcluxifeuceircacamcicioicamvoppltcdntlctartrrseibadio.eluarfi.nuiere.aiiitrutnltsrereleenrtrtfe.dulcueoIlsdnu-maiurxepzrnna9oeoe-1nl-ea--lt-i-i7-ti
rcvfedieiacncualuePtmli,tereieacrgctidooueraom;ri.rm,ducael rotlrarianiactclj.utegCspectllooiiiafnnmiccmapeetuepranielccicaaeiitn,acisdtclitoedndtaavamafeigrjdclmauedamrsreaeei.idmppinoeoaacataretane.iiccdaiesvc^mfiientaui.,Sl.udiipodriuneinatceufpleelnugfenesc,-tapurndiqanei
mliidnu;fiinn;tuein;natn$lrnieaitdili"eiei"mAal,cr-omlmrini-ee;nci,iiued'SbDsdni,peicperenatsrblsaaeiuicsrn{l-ifeapipnrcurc-artlrirlnaeefu,niniiirslftc;ni-ei,cntinli,noiaLultimliotlarruneuietulteeicneiu'pncrsitnduaatiraceenillahtneease1diifsmtcgeiercitgai1eibliaeucfnafositirirefuoozraeeoi,cirdcarclrlpiTl.uudiecucitnoli,.elelue1icTs-fiC1oip.ieanntiooprasicfzrcinjeiotrloifadcftielinitcrouenelocnrdpcdce_seelipericepa?rLaecle,elriiaqadaetgamtedfeuoqd,aodiomnciinmonimedcneuaelianlueiesndttrmr:tceraericichictciceldaici9inmlaia,d,gi9bccpcgeiisnioaroiiiedendrtmsdezhceeeai5aeesni.ctcpnitsdrpr5lttieiuecceaoseec6fstltreidaade---'
ti"oiri"u"lii11"su6 r\C'mretidi.ziorlLes..S<'oituicftDiaerbafio,iiiaplnel.Ctae1iue9,nd'(Hoenc.,iaus.p)mi.orieinrnetafiLlcolesinoIt'frAieataoqgm,a'irsemadcee5z.,vOmoletvadoriecluvamaliianto5oaimsmiisoriun<uc1rhcar-nlriei.dpicninlacdasirnepr:aict'ui:'--
de astdzi in.a.).
!nf'a Istorta'lloicriailsmului, vol' I1, al tracl. franc' p 1it2 {r.a.}
11
rB Cf. lcnge. Ioc. cit. si Mabilleau, op. cr'i. (n.a'). j'Idea/rslte. Alcan. Pari;
1e Vezi L, Wober, Vers 1a Posilivjsme cbsolu pttt
:903, p. 1{i lr..r.).
20
tz
p r,"u€rrv 'arlbrJrluarrs 'rq.rg 'aurapoLu anbrcLqd DI arQltow ,ouorr'tr?|!)r'rTr'o"t
arerecias pauaurose o pJ oJopo,t ulp gprerd as us ornqorl nu gsul ,a1en1
I---IqaJqor6rtuulrapn'liulrsp.lrrugprnorpl*ieorrulupun+aorpuf1erprrrarlrredqudonlxlofe',psfurl.epirnnuplqroleaipl;i1ouaplnpRrlIllnulupaunpdnueaB1lsuaarnr{prraurfBcunudnanslsuuugoplicsfeJrorlsBaal duloeBlJpoaedpiuaaeslsesuual,oiruupfptrraaols+J;
uro-a]--'ppnuocaslJjzsaoouialpapucqiuniqirn1llrrfpspoielu.Erariplt'yrasrpurpgeouulalary'JrnoaelparecJll{'a'lcenguleprJilrrfpolae.esplu+plorr1npa1nepugad3lladefI0r,aRJreeolopdslJlpsa)asPuooqedJr'rlBrruEJoluJp,roruelaorrsrl^nuruuo-lprlcrrlauopJrnsaa3uploepl;u}rc,seRarzlrruspIall.aIplpnapJpJelulrJe}arJfrelnJalrrrrdoezoBrrlEoreSoerlJ-plJtJunsuIplIBgqlpJosrolerszIpsl:nuuterearruenaopepuullslJu$pBnnrIpsrr-rllppprflfeiaprJu1eol?pe-ileJ3rIJrarJr*lrroJfarp{Ieplaugcnpnas1lilReuucpefit,1rauJairsuuaeJrutuzarlursl,_irrnroejIlrl_eus{Jrinrllarorualluaseodnuupu-fa3rn.aazrrrroplllesuuaudlagnanolJoaozsrlrcurprl.lruluupJleaoaapnuo^orulrpsaanlJurri
'erfraur_'Bspru 'g3ruelour ep rrusolrnuzrRalAurgrr'pnersun'eJror-or+6e.reu rf.risaruirtron-lplsuaepiBaurer rrds
lningerburuci 1n1rs-r1gs arlgo
eefaroral_6u: npf?slrzplJuoI.lppllrslepaJroornpplunlludiopcEueorcpotrJnodrIuaoltcoJe.raep5
aluauro{a pnop rolaJ
xalcluroJ un eJ pllpi
ap---rI'iu'reaap-a'-lgrclBnuuunuEuespu?alunsfulsnoorluuillossolnlnutpanisrcJararrorrnrr3r-luuasdttox:ErlrrulppulnJluluzliBsaoslo'rpzaJ1ponuaraIron{lleJa'zolJpolellnesrlrdnutpaaa1sdpn'1l-n-Jea[puBruaa{I.lerrlausnlrt1JaullIlaleroplruannTrrrr6trcaliun?uslrLldeepJaaepedr:pprqnIlrduullBlpJsRaaurdouaplooosalpre'leoiolr'rodAlnoulpeJulu]rsg'couunraaarrllpnoIiseudrrsn-uuJnurJIrapalreuneaJpebrfoueBl1lldlsozpuzErrarurlreBr'raJBfnosauuRrulrJaiuofae"olroaclll}rr1llldrunasfuRplulullpdlsp,pelnaualo;Junooueula,eluJrsnugepurJclrunJracErluoarnlss)poelpnorJprrpseuneprJnJapirdnizaapr6sadJpaeplllreoanlrepJrrerpouaranapu1opscdlsrrlpul[,esenorsrrlJnBrgrIlJuuao1nur]oJ(licpaJr:argrlupr6ouppIorrsuue,urcucrerJufpaJaenrlrpu,epraearuslrtalJldBrl;oepaduolpplroganprlugaaelreSus$suolsrrI.liIfsaaunaneaeronnaruugqraqzoapulofd6uu1rlulcrerpcarepardruursocsclIr3rs6ersza1nruoclz;rn1Isrolrrrlun-ouur11u.aialsrlrl/n;redlusanosprrlpuoliroonqenn1uneJlffolgoeeleuplnrueJip:eapccnenauuIarslplJr6uruespuu,uodnouer::rug1alllsni1ud3rlagr'olppieilulri1nllrpsr'upurecdaa1euo,pu:llnarlnpsrraJrisflruloppsgurr{us6ooraicaraol,uasl1lrdisngpranurei6rErrpliupcp,l;iddirlsiuae,snetJoislraiaxsareraularepJrzleqaraprlEau1lina"iouusJarrnu3aJaizracp,onarpnariilln;zrlnrrlsl,rcalal,-'npiuorrdepasar^rlftp^prrlldgudourrTd"rlurooprrieunurnrsoaar1araoulre1irrrpppn1nsersciSpi;lili;i
Bga-P'-ABozpolrealuelos^pn6aJoeJ-aill^lrJrplufeueiaeagnglurrl1cfo'edlraJJuoenrosapcol1dudfprup1oruprcurnrourysprolr1pleluausenaa'palatprlpueapnullrlrssruisnupfrJoznnanatoprfrr,{lauyso'rrIourIJ'roa;BIp1lunpualnpaulreBlnpe{oolrarouleudfeJerea}dglupl:esfsrp_laoaafrs,IoJrprnpro;dleguanuoap-nra{adulplurranaeaesrlllnrlgl-sunrio'nqfa.pllcaclluorlrtlanrlapnt:orlpullsr3ucl1lpnsso3vodu,l1,gaoin:p.req1lrIrodceInr1InnifaIisenoauB3pJrr;
{rsl.i.: iil.1Irai icie.ilri.'IoL aceasia disjungere a raasei iuerte rie fori6, aiu-
tarii ;i de etinologlia cuvintului inerlie, a clirs la presupttnerea cii
ti este ce\ra striiin, addlt-
rirnteria eslc esenlial pasirrl, moart6, cb forta
r1al, ,,Dacti priiiin lln corp in e1 insuspi, <lespiirfindu-J prin cugetare de
reialiunile cdru clarr nagtere atributeior sale, corptil este ititr-adevf,r
iner:t Si oricr: ac!irine ii rriuo c.lin afari. Dar aceastii existenfi izoiatii
e uirui corll eslo o purti ficfiune a iirir:iecliilui . Corp.urile nu eristd
Ci.ri'r iir virlutea reiaiiunilor lor ; rcali+;atea ic;r sid in acfiutiea ior
niLr!ualit . N{i:leria ineitd in senslri teoriei mecanice, este nectlnoscutit
ex;;e|ienfei, prt'rcum rrici cugetal'ea r-ili O i:oa'ie coilcepe." 21
iJiii p'rrfineie indicafiuni date asupia concepfiiior traciilicr-ia1e aie
alcr;rrrlui s-a putut vedea cii noliunea cle alon esle o construcfiune
r.r eir',aii gi nu poate fi priv"it ca expresiLrnea unei realittiXi obiective
ai-rsohi'Le. Acesi caracter are sai se invcdeieze yci mai muit dupd ce
.".,:rn trece intr-o repecle cercetare proprietilile pe caro fizica le atri-
buie atomului ;i dupd ce vorrr cAuta sd vedem care suni elementele
i:sihoiogice, clate.le cle con;tilnfd eienenlare cu care se construie$te
al€s'. concept iizic.
A1-omu1 esie uuitatea cie masd ireductibiib, introclusd in fizicli
lletltru a sllpunc cliscontinuitiilii numdrului continuitatea masei, ca
a:iiei cieveniti multiplicitate numericd sir poatd fi supusd calculului, gi
ieiioirrenele sd fie descrise in limbaj matematic" Atorrul acesta ne
es:e ilrezentat c[e fizicd ca absolut simplu, inal'Lerabil, indestructitril,
il.irleci elastic qi fizicegie, clacS nu matematiceqte, indivizibit. Trebuie
s.i oiJservdrrr incd de pe acum ci fiecare din aceste proprietdfi este
iecunoscutir atomului pentru a se llutea da seama in urmd de unele
proprietS{i aie materiei. Aceasta f ace ca explicdrile de proprietdii
aie corpuriior, in cloctrina atolnic.'i, sd nu fie decit erpliciiri idein
per idem.
Cea clirLii proplietate care dd na6tere 1a o dificuitaie serioasir
este inrlivizibilitatea atomului. Proprietatea este contradictorie. Dacd
a,.onur este o poriiune de spafiu piin, ocupd un spafiu gi oprirea divi-
ziiriiitdL{ii nLr se poate concepe, cdci ocupind un spafiu ocupd gi jumS-
ia',ea acelui spaliu gi toate pbrfile, la infinit, ale acelui spaliu. Expe-
rienia ne aratd pind ia o limitd continua divizibilitate a materiei,
raiiotiarnetttul insd ne obligd sd admitem divizibilitatea ia infinit. Dar
nrericlia esle ceva mai mult dccit spaliu, este spaliul plin, cxci spaliul
si.ig'-rr aiiennlsftctiineiloiiptgleeodanle"tprruAeengcatarrliutfhaicilrnid,tdrgienlnbfiirunn1iiftimsunrliatduaieldpmnrm-urittimecermneprlaeiicndxmiaasctrietteuanavfdael iaera.scioztteuibmacillao5itsnadtartaencuau{nilcduIa-,i
inlinit,
lltiilL.lr
iciir-l r
si cr-r eiernente nrile nu s-ar mai putea reconstrui
a se pdstra realitatea materiei, o masa. De aceea se
liiiirune, penLru
limitd ta divizibili-
tatea ei. z2 Astfel privind materia ca spafiul pe care-l ocupd, clin cauza
na.r.irii inl.uitiunii spafiale, suntem nevoi{i sd admitem infinita clivizi-
bjri:aie; prir-ind-o ca masa care urnple spaliul, suntem nevoiti sd
ilineln o limitii divizibilitSfii gi sd considerdm elementele ultirne,
Vczi SIallo. 1bft1enr (n.a..).
'riezt Weber, op. cit., p. 27 qi urm. (n.a.)
22
tz
'('e'u) r,Zr'd 'soruo11. sap aspqlod.dqI tns rnssl 'urnbouLlDfl 27
reBrr-'-r'Ple1eISIl3i1IaruJAnonrleaIlln1rIfnulsaJl,asfarsurBrspparB;rguouo3Iosa3dapouolrluSlIulSpJAarpoIapeoneuponoJpJ^rpdIarospturPauJrplaongirsolp'lrlrcriullaslaqdaouSuluIdss]prnnItuncItrppzdultolluSrrll^epufc-uIrcnepcnrerIuBJuudlaaonu1orrpdlr1falpl.aplrltnts]gsIJlpn'sSppBBpdlpuasJaullPnrnnJllJllrlonBedurlJl1lru]lpursnpuBob'gusrap]lloocarlltlrJpuJluJadllou^pI1pnuuaar3o1lrplprlIorsrlas(IJuoJlairlaualPara;noqlrIppI$lUrqeJlrpdl{trrudlJaIoPlnpauPlJS]uSsdsburoazrlorapJlanup[reolrppllll'opnurIcIPpJnnIunJlgrsIclIpIlarlalnsAnarohalqrlzlauoodprapr]pEuIslcslsslJ3JIollaEsuBsuludJuiBInIlalnPIulBrrrIzsrPrUdIueoaeueuPuIopIa:I'piptJalrlItpssaoatoonlouoll}ll'lAdsIlalndula:pPPuopoeluiu^Ib;1rElJlnulL"oPalS'ILilafJate:dl.xi1pI.lunIxoiaelu.ofIsapa:{1s,\l;l
'p JIuBJaur ap tungferaplsl-Iof,
p^a],rJ u] +uaruoru un ulpJlui PS alnqaJl 'c11se1a lra;racl pJ InuolP a.IajiIS
rlo-i--'E-sirnrrsuuilozrooret1oipg,ul^JllEr'gJopinrouduU$nlorutlaPnarspJJgusSIlsroleeurasauPlorplJorsoeaIJrlIIiaantrlIIiptIOJsu.tSosalidulrneuapsJtoaEtrirlnJpdrurloJspqlSJttuu1arcsllrnelcleeuleBp)lrPaoRerlJuslurlarsElIpdualplauluJupb'duBIeaPlIZprJlrI;IsIslla\nJpfaqIa,asluluutoppulsTosnIrarulIpllSPldlrpPlsloPsraoxolJeJuupaoalIIJllnuZnaPuolpnIoIzrpJ1lPnqraoJroJalIalp:rurPf|llPrp,rulaIJunIPl1olrltrJ1apSalo]uos1lllnleoIslriteselalPlppJcrIdIlrAaleneeaae'rlIofpsrpl1lurupbJpraacturroParoraspuoJilsJrrpulnpuruljaueaorr]lprdEnlu-rnaarluranlcuJoJullrnou1tlpcPllrlJolea-Pap^rapufnrprdlusanre:pNntatsIlA{tlenapc"lluuSJot'uloJopunEtrOsnaBlclu.lIllJIial6aglalgP?ra:nllus.-SzLaatI:GodailauEoe-Jq9tlluaJP:secsJs)r
u'oaalnlelalqsllBruJfrTuieraola;icrslrnJdeiSIJlSrIperpo;lennrpuJuarlroprcalea'lrrpira1pnrdcS1ldiroieogp1llrltiuaorp-n3rcp'ctto1SlBcJrulurParlalSsPsJtIlrnlSPoqJItaPualAp+oanprlJppPXJ.IalIolItciupIluuJorstIolB€lpap3a:BlIReerl'lausinrillo{lqs!Jrl.uz1alllgE^p
a--1r1up9une1uq1fe,sEs;CrIlIIdl'pu€lroltislIpql+I]zJnIIlAolssIppqIueaIl'urponlseluaaraolJJlapelpPetIurPfag6lpnaernrpdpeosrac]?slsBao1uJIl€eoJIpaeutefnreelprluiadaluuInrtoaqlrlaJ6lBor ltuigIpl
ua--nuSlnB-IorXlluilJOIeaBtpcOaulaJnnIlnuf-,Izlol1apJrBlplasJJaa1pSplsIOanae+ZulnBUrloltIln'rt+llpleVoJaaJrnl'BidpRuAraltraIogplll)rilP]S/'olJirplrPparlJosdILrsn/piPJIrolIpauOpl'illulonpPalIrIlrnpruqurJarcIzplaaseIuuAu;opnltItdfppllsL-lJuanIopnesi-tpJliterSlIaslel'uruPlBoroIAcqrIJlsItalaJzodusalllI'lnie.'plllldlculela'.nrpIErll-luuclllrrsool.iarir:a1e)oci
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EI BolBllIIqizl^lp : IlJolJIpprluoJ ilPlolJclorc[ Pnop InsrI-.I1IiI PZt?oz{lp.].r
'oI,n,reBu1rf1o, rlFnezdal;ao:IJroldsa1vuon'd+r'stu1l3otqlJllsepalJapaprueroIdanullintqlueslldlluuprololjlpuonnas:ilraufelaplndnaloJrbprpaldluleIuuaIrtItpIlpJo-uloEifl,1lInEzJIPJIJrrIalpcliaiii;Jp-olr0J:t
o-aJrBpJouaIuInJdIIITasIBrltruqpoJ{eoprrrooTdaIlrnrcutolrlepda"13I-on,lpr"urcIltIaIJJapill'IlIglPclllTznlAll}lplpuPt IpLJ\p'IlIsiri3-.:riiBrr
cigditufolrr"la*"vGiecr-prilearrcf,luctdalodreicbpasrateuaelteracntrsiclaf,liaunmiiasseelorregddesfoerqmteatien.teIngrcaalztunl
perlect elastice, gralie imprejurdrii care fa.ce ca corpttl si-s;r
"irtooipnipA;enin;de;ma;nar"it;sr1riiruu;eatepneimeiur"nr";ctc"'o;ri;fiivctaeu"stoi"riiiiiaecabcf,rreocmsiatatnitriaatoci,seatearglriefabeaeaoctcirapcuUeruo'pmtrmmirieuneeiecmesriaasrraeencpsfstr"ileiaeeudteetasicunacvaltitospoillidctifutereomrsiceocieialbcf,auurrq[tleueilurprrneeie,nsidpiseupiaaeucadddrvonndiepdcdrifniliizlodieilcdiaaseiba,,dselsileiftanpntarreeorivedceeurraaidenifrezltcafiaepseinedisltnfpoeoaecoetvesialtrsrnraaiigdn.mtniegesemitpAtestleraimeIeeieecztlasocarsxieguttftamttpia,ericoelmaltltcco,ciiruencptieiurapcdlansail,cnieef.fccolddotpnuPiiiortdnutrimat.iderrfesrtpipatrrtlne9afed-dieoul,ccuieaetg,rr'ipamdriipiddelemrcdeaieaieeuaomer;SerllneeeaiiadoslrncmcaniletpontoiscpiedtnEcndrutemaniisescicnrtnrtvieeii?aEeteenairerrzlccv,t!iveeuc6aoj&adcb5ir.rmntldsre6eiic5inelae--i.,-'i
-"rf i"-ai"izibile sd conserve forla vie fdr5 pierdere' 2a
atomului o notd contradictorie fafd de indi-
Elasticitatea adaugd
elastic trebuie sd fie un corp compus din
vizibilitatea lui. Atoriut
epdtinilamaursteditcnicgustiilueaoncmsieleeoap,gsaettarnrea6ibtn.eusPidpeernnsintuXrugisueaofelpsuroereai,ctceocondpntcrrtaiircactetrcapefeibuuuncniiuec9oosi rddps-i,tl;lauictlcsidstcruthai,rnidmoladibnaedttei6nfrontcrr5eemcpaeoasnrt$.e--i
ticulele lui t-rebuie sd scad5, pentru a se dilata, distanla trebu-ie sE
cgtrrienuadlsiamctdo.cmIdautaldutoicmiEnudelilveaisszttieibciiotla. tcDeoaifnicsreutriluntactrtloieudanueceesmteenneitnvaeoi6xia,truidcniavbcizioli6nb,cileditpadtctEiai juinntdSutuonnre,-
ile cdrui note caracieristice sunt puse pentru nevoia de a se expiica
ir.,-" proprietdfi fizice ale materiei concordanli
Si a se pune_ in
ipoteza bonltituliunii moleculare cu principiile generale ale mecanicii.
o teorie, care are o mare insemndtate in istoricul mecanicismului,
uinclsf"ouipeiniii"..iilneuurnii*r,t"u"c"-pnreeingtniv"pi"'AsuirrCi-tiirii"gT"rtmi"uiest.tfi"sdauaeuu""cdzipuupiiit"uerau.iaona"esaatlt"AstttcntfddeecJiegtecectsidueunrafaeexlcuepceiorozacap,hoiramrnelmtsmicilmuctmrildtapceoteriddiipipaggbaar,cnccsota.caclueratl6ilitrentaa1Otd.ileaiieoecicronnnrzlte"rdttiuiriuopalrdis..iorliaefapaeopeEirIeszctnacliseieeliear1ndiuascrtnisecstoeeiulasdistoetmtcre,dtiidt,atiurrlnicucc6nneas.udaluceiaestccritnazddEmr5arulll,ineeristlprutsavIieeitieiamnleusntariecroevaeilrdedpilaifreoetennisilioeemfeidusnaoimncanp,eacatiragartteocrliiscireestslencrsouuuotaesdagaeirrppbreezetx'cpsrn-iiaiodlearndeepuedertmetrtulnieeiiainis;clcnpppgalniftet,uaise-lledatnrupieruScrlrvutiezrenvcaneer-ogrdoer,eaousatctri.leltdrnilmateptaSc9beeieesnediliap,surtaoaxiiiptrcvlidanserlutpmdeaeaiiecttanaileigeerlicczocrscitsrsdoiaeeiptaroaptcaaimirzernirnrrud5utedaeeepesfomltisrleiaeuaaieentudmnersiatip;'iiusau"coercpptum'euddan5rctrdenScicrfeiaoraarnileifeie,----i-irii
catd generalS asupra mecanicismului fizic'
2a Hannequin, op. eit., p. 123 9i urm. (n.a.).
24
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lpnJIo'cSrqpEl +;aurnesrsrloulr alrrgrslur
picalrda
_uoj 3inrttred'alsjcu (z I
"ittpiarfriftotss"els5ttiinec'cvlnrrlaB'guO1nuculan1lpsieesdrdnxadrie'aorpcl oaPd.szgnBrpubeauzoenal](l1Ras:sorpoloularn'zoaplrR6AlueerngroPlrulIeRnusJtJ1lrE6auIeJnrodeanrIlstqarred
atonulLli rlu este rlit iaJlt, ci reaiizarea lrnei abstracfiuui: un corp ab-
soittl: solicl este irecunoscLrt experienfei. ipoteza soliditdfii absolute a
tlateriei lezuLtii din perceperea superficiald gi imperfectd a datelor
sim{uriior, car:e se regiisegte ia toate nofiunile primitive a1e spiritului
Llnan, acldugincl la aceasta E;i piercierea din veclere a caracteruiui esen-
tiai rle relatir;itate a tuturor propriel"dfilor iucrurilor.
Reveninci la teoria cineticii a gazelor, nu mai este nevoie sd iusis-
tiin-r asupra celei de a cloua presupuneri, acoea a elasticitdfii pXriilor
coirstitt-tlive. Aceastd proprietate atribuitii atornilor este mcniii"t sb ex-
plice fenomenul u;or de observat al expansiunii gazelor. Lord Kelvin
(Sir Wiliianr Thomson) oitservd cn multd dreptate cd teoria a.tomic6
nr.r expiicd proprietS{ile corpurilor clecit atribuindu-1e tnai clinainte
aiomilor. Elasticitatea aLomilor in leoria cinetici a gazelor nu este
ctecit insd5i expansiunea, eiasticii.atea acestora ; faptui pe care-l pre-
suilune ieoria este insu;i faplul care trebuie explicat. Avem dar nurnai
o imrseicudcoe-eeaxpcleicarrreed,emciicreiailnizinfodnuc-sl enulnsernearxep.liAcidrvneirmsiacri;i se prestlpune
in
mecanicismu-
1ui coniestd orice merit acestei teorii pi in deprecierea ei sunt foarte
energici. Iaid ce scrie unul din ei: ,,.,.este o explicare iclet"n par idem,
explicare zadarnicir deoarece coin-
o r-ersaijo in loco. N'Iai muit, e o
plicii fenornenele pe care pr:etinde sd le explice." 27 Ceea ce trebuie
erplicat este fenomenul de expansiune al gazelor' ; acesta este faptul
real pi evident. Ce face ipoteza cineticd ? Presupune jocul unor atomi
elastici care se ciocnesc Ai sar in toate clirecfiile ; presupune intr-o
infiniiate de acfiuni parfiale ceea ce vedem cd se intimplS in unitatea
fenornenului real ; interpreteazb fenomenul cunoscut printr-o infinitate
cie altele necunoscute ; explicd fenomenul evident prin acfiuni inte-
rioare gi ipoteiice i reduce un fapt real la un fantom obscur gi himeric.
Cea de a treia presupunere este tot atit de arbitrard gi mdregte gi
mai mult complexitatea presupunerilor inifiaie. MiEcarea rectilinie
admis.l este o abstracliune care neglijeazd intenfionat relativitatea gi
dependenla dintre migcdri. In domeniul experienfei sensibile nu se
curlosc corpuri care sd se migte independent, fdrd atractiune sau re-
pulsiune, fird acliune mutual6.
Am rr5zut cd presupunerea elasticitdfii atomiior punea intr-o dilemd
teoria mecanicd : pe de o parte, definifiunea gi caracterele conforme cu
cinetismul ale atomului erciud elasticitatea, pe cle a1ta, principiul con-
serr-irii energiei qi teoria cineticd a gazelor cer eLasticitatea. Au in-
cercat mai multi fizicleni sd rezolve dilema qi o incercare notabild este
aceea a Lordului Kelvin, pe atunci (1BOB) Sir Wiliam Thomson, sub
forn'ra unei conjecluri sugerate de cercetdrile lui Helmhoitz asupra pro-
prietdtiior unei migcdri rotatorii intr-un fiuid perfect, absolut omogen 9i
ionmconmipprerezseinbtial.2aeceElsutiefliupiodtegziapraetsoumpuilnoer-vcidrteajtuormi.'ifihnoumasronfi imagineaz6
decit nigte
virtejuri formate de migcdri rotatorii in5untrul lui. Aceste virtejuri ar
fi permanente, cu un r.olum invariabil din cauza cantitd|ii lor inva-
riabiie de miqcare, degi susceptibile de o mare varietate cle forme i unele
21 Stallo, op. cil. p. []0 (n.a.).
a3 Cf. Sto/io, op, cit. cap. IV $i Duhem, I'Evolution de Ia M|canique, in Revue
ge i). des Scr'ences, an. 1903, p. 251 9i urm. (n.a.).
28
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'olrrlerrl IBlrr luouroru
un nJ ro1 rSelace tIi Ela a-IpJ poJ \3p RItclELiioJSlirut
lniosqp'gfuulsqns ap a+Bll+upc i3eeelp luauroiu aloiJ EI eluozercl rE rup
nrfeds un 'ellE-rluird I gleept -Inti
aspiu loun porpspldep g1eo1 nr a lllnll
pauouresp un-Jlul orerfua;otrtp aJTrO 'pllqlsues a-ipc3rur o a nLI 'tlriuIr",o.r
lrp'Bp:ralrslorpoaou+'slnrqc+ayolrsaualerpo.rlrdlcrurlLJirrunroJrclourpJrpa'odusana0eppoup'.errJeodpngJ1errcspooel;olr-ue;1prcoluolpl€pi'nnpala]ifi,louppnzqll-Jnlrpl:lllslnoe1aillaellsJaori:SaeIlluSaoliiIuuolrlIl"psEDo'uJ.'oeJttcsto-lsrlLslup?tJoi!s-qtsLi,-i-).1rli:!i
lncilqr nJ'orrtrspla iroSrod rrndror a13iu uc e.Ips es oJreJ Jp-ai ellpillniir
ro1 altratd.orcip tS pfuacsaleoc nES
arerlauactrolur ap altqeCelul td .i:l
a-'irtiSllcern1lr1;slJs.uerp1Ierl5iaialIl1ul nnrEzpas'aparulnaltpsldsuular;lotp1paoepurczrlaonp.IseoPloilJplneppoporoJrulurur ulrta;nler]oaPtlcnSlde/-lIrtopqTe-uoclleaJp;ropIJll'pI-.Ii-nuI[l.l:,l,"i.i:TIi]ll1titll
drumul este direct de la finit Ia finit, aga cd spiritul vede clar a;ezarea
intimd a maselor integrante,30
Chimia introduce insd ln unitatea de masd a corpusculului fizic
doud serii de elemente ultime : unitatea moleculei gi unitatea atomuiui,
clistincfiune care nlr era necesari pentru atomul fizic, care presupune
unitatea materiei. Cu toate cd unitatea materiei este unul din postulatele
scunpe ale mecanicismului, chimia este adusd de necesitdtile ei sX
admitd mai multe feluri de materie simpl5, aga-numitele corpuri simple
astfel astdzi se numdr5 79 corpuri
ai cdror numiir cregte continuu ;
simple.31 Vom vedea imediat cd s-au fdcut tentative pentru reducerea
numiirului acestora, tentative conduse de nevoia teoreticd de a reduce
la unitate formele diverse aie materiei, qi care s-au folosit de tecria
greutd{ii atomice.
lntr-adevdr, unul din caracterele atomului chimic este cI posedii o
greutate, unii chimigti vorbesc chiar de o greutate atomicd absolutii. Mai
intii, trebuie sd respingem calificativul de absoiut. ln ltiinla
rii, din punctul de vedere al corectitudinii de exprimare gi asupra natu-
dat fiincl ca-
racterul general ai acestei qtiinfe, nlr se poate vorbi despre absoluturi ;
cu atit mai putin despre o greutate absolutd. lntilnim deseori in fizic&
asen'renea absoluturi, dar atunci fizica se fondeazd pe ipoteze metafizice,
face ea insilqi metafizicS. Aga gdsim in unele tratate afirmarea cd uni-
versul material e un agregat de unitSfi fizice absolut constante ; cEr in
ele insele aceste unitXfi sunt inir-un repaos absolut ; cf, miqcalea lor
imprinatd de forfe e mdsurabild in termenii unui spafiu gi timp absolnt"
Cercetarea noastrd de plnd aculrr ne aratd cd atomii nu pot fi exisienle
absolute, cd nici conceptele fundamentale ale fizicii mecanice, forla si
materia, nu sunt nigte absolute, odat5. ce sunt corelative gi insepara-
biie. Tot aga nu poate fi vorba de timp, spaliu,
masd absolut5, nu poate fi nici migcare absolute. DacX
nu poate fi greutate absolutd, c5ci
greutatea unui corp depinde nu numai de masa lui, ci gi de masa cor-
puriior care-l atrag qi de distanfa dintre acest corp qi celelalte. Un corp
care atirnd 1 kg pe suprafafa pdmintului, ar atirna mai putin pe pla-
netele mai rnici ca pdmintul pi mai mult pe cele mai mari sau in soare.
A spune cd materia, ca obiect de studiu ai chimiei, este compusd din
particule cu o greutate primordiald absolutd, care persistd in
prejurdrile qi toate irn-
pozitiile, este a face o afirmare nereflectatd. Este rlar
cert cd nu putem rrorbi de greutate absalutd" a atomilor. Dar atunci ce
cinasreenrnneeavzodrbgeregutetactehaim-ia ?ff,Crdumnictrieubuniealitnfcealeliaficsadtiavfir-maareaatocmd ialotormdiei
au o greutate specificd; este un fapt de experienld sau o inductiune a
experienfei, sau o ipotezX ajut6toare Ia explicarea altor fenomene ?
Teoria greut6lii atomice este datoritd lui Dalton, introducdtorul
atomiste ln chimie, pe la inceputul secolului al XIX-lea. Marele
ipotezei leg6turE cu teoria
chimist englez prezintd ipoteza atomistd in strinsd
grer-ridlii atomice ; amindoud decurg din doud mari legi ale fenon:e-
nelor chimice, dintre care cea dintii era formulatd de mai inainte, iar
3c Cl. Hanneguin, op. cit., pp. 148 qti 149 (n.a.).
Cf. Dr. H. Erclmann, Lehrbuclt cler anorganisclten Chemie. Braunschweig, 1906.
::
autorui numdri incd 7 a cdtor exist(j ni.1 €
Pe lingd 78 corpuri simPle admise,
indoiclnicd (n.a.).
28
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'dBt 'anhruoJv JrrorLlJ
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eooJp pJ rro pJelnJalout pzalod"r RluEUodLuI o aundord oplebo^V pro.rqf,.
eerelerdralur nJluod 'ressnl-,{e3 op .plrtadoJsap Jolozeb eie aJt,r}alu,
-n1on rolrrfpulqruoJ e BoJp oBl'sJn'rl01ael utoallIenJpIpaJtrJ,uaod1o1:esqeped1 nlag
op o1e1r_rozarci:
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IoJa--nnuoJs.uroIlaotIap[lllolJ-liIorrplilnelslrls€cnaoJtluripoopgolJllnpfsuaBaaaarrapIpbeBJrJJlV,dptAeepJp'eyduuu1OnrIdopndua]ul1eAupnslnlqruudprntnaanlarJptd{.eorr.olperdrod]lledploro]xlurJoaedorpluzlgnnraao.luurrlllduprrrizauIoiaderr1|.rrrgddeuellaxnoro;aetouioeernllfu'lptrdorn1reJlun:urre[orpselrc€.or:lgoroflerlzJilrurapcrrrlllonorn1'rccgbdrhhuiagroe1rc.rln]lJrigaudl.1:rce1c6ltaet;r...,.
Ie nolqpl un pzBasarp'I nJ pzpauurasur o areJ ad rnlnnebolplq e EJr{tr
-ole ealelnarfi ernspu ap alelrun pJ pulnT rS f.iaundnso.rcl lafsere ruroy
-aau1lsoeo1cnp'ouuro6r1qo1ueonqJld'aarslualsospJBdtuJrouJlonldaaursBrpocrcuerea; rnap;11Jeu1oanrdua"r;+n6lelot poJJolaplafJulua'raruaturtroarlplpopapzp+nlpnr:3q1ur'JeeplcpurtorlardrsJaelds.sie..
-oc arBdnJF o-r1u1rd rep erlldxa rp-s aJpurquroJ op rolrfplner6 palplrlpl
-n6ag 'a)Iurn{J rlrpurqruoJ 1n1deg urrd pzeednr6.os rS erdordp os arel
alnrrlred 'elrtnckor asndruoc luns arpJ urp elnlryed roleurrlin aIB o/\rlel
-e; olrfplner6 plurzerdar BalsaJp alrunrfrodo-rcl gc ezelodr rS elrrua 'alrur
-lql ollunrflzocluroc urp olprapuod ;o1a1rpodp.r eolelrxrJ o;dsep pureasi
ep e nrluad'arrulqc uI pf,llsruole ezelodl pulJnporlul 'uollpq 'a1er11duror
JpBlsupr aeJlavJ'ErSIIBerOJaplsdrurOrrsnpresu'rprenllaerra'adlurrrgaul roqpur'aouJnarsleaord+
nJlrrad 1e-te,repe also
ap grrzrl a.le;nfardu1
poa: nalrIoJJfpeIptllrraalaurIppeeoJrlpalaJsrJroflelrJupuloIlpqJuurlrerpoarecIJapJopuesoJedrueJraorlnlonIJlSdroepBdlAnserr;nxluou'sana1d3prfaoleulruaedllqsopuur-rolsou;c:lpeJJpasolsualBpJuuoJrrlJpepaJas1pugan,ctlrdfdaucluuurrnaasrrilri1etunilr1adpe.
-roJ pnoq 'olrroJrp IBir ala) olrrpurquoJ nrluod olo oJlul a1euofl.rodo;d.
luns irnpoder aalsxaIJ;reluRnusrlJ/pdixrorqoruroeJJ alorarunu pJ 'palrop Ip i arpurqruol.
oJpJarJ nrlrracl as alrrnclroJ a-rer gdnp 'eleropuod
ellrnlroder pJ 'lllu! : aldey pnop gurrrdxa rdbraulrlallSsoeJlevrpzeu'oJlaauorrulrrrartrJaspelrans,l
as IrndJoJ
oIaJB orpJ gclnp altun{rodord
igs eJ nrluod 'ola orlup Inun nJ Jsoun os osJolrp IBr[ aleJ alalualliala
aaurenrifrgzdondpruaolJruanplfrooudnol{red1earurouuRellsalpxaa'salBuas rsuuanlolepanpopelpsoeallllpullrnaIardJ uplS3EulupI,
€e-a'aqlo'BleerbuirrragrruJJToelrorJp'lpsS'lrorqurgsuln1fnrurrSdf{a;Joupud}lro1r.ontlargqdaurolrnr}uludninorduaJJrrloanIooSlBlseolBepnlrpuasJeJopeaql olraaaBuJarrnlBfueudlelenpugltsurcoqrrzorueuoJuorrnpJzrcIprelesl'ossuel'uder olrad1}1leuJn1uiuprersdt6l'rlerueIoS1lrll1rrounluspn1dnreraioo.rpcto+ddsJeoan'rrriJeradVp:l-,
gclnp 'rollunrfrodord lllpllxltr eobal relc drqr un-rlul asefunue rarsror\E-J
'a1di11nur rolrunrfrodord ee6a1 rS exrtr rolrunrfrodord eabel : rn1
RlnzR^arluT also pnop B alnpchpuarll
uI pJuI plBInurJOJ rS uo11eq r6nsul op
ca.inli h-icriilii noastre, rlu o fac sd piardir caracterul ei de produs ai
cuqetdrii;tiinfifice p€ntrl1 a se da seama cle un fapt general. Teoria
aceasLa specialii r.aloreazi,r ceea ce rraloreazit iu genere intreaga teor;e
atomistei.
Re-',-eninr ia chestiunea nnitirfii fuirclaurentale a rnateriei gi la teri-
teri-ir,ele ce s-au ficrLt de a se in-rpeica cerinla generald a atomismui'.li
cinetic cn cerinteie chimiei. Chiinislr-ri francez Proust, izbit cle rnarele
nr.rmiir a1 corpurilor sirlple;i condus cle ne.,roia teoreticir de a redncc'
ier uni'rate acesle forrne cliverse ale materiei, a emis ipoteza cd'tilr
ccrp simpiu clr- o greutate aiornicd foarte micti, hiclrogenui, ar fi suj-'-
stanla din care au clerirrat ioate celelalte prin combinalii variate aje
atonrjlor 1ui. Ipcleza era se.ltlc6toare, pc lingii cii satisfbcea o trebuini6
teoreticir a lizicii mecanicisie era favor-izatd de unele leqi chirnice. s3
ilrs.r ca sir fic-...erificati, era lecesitate ca greutd{ile atomice aie tnturor,
ccrpurilor sin-iir1e sd fie multipie exacte ale greutirtii atomice a hiciro-
qentlirii (H:-_- ii, aclicd numere intregi. Dar calculele fdciite cu mniiii
pieciz[rne clati ca greutd]i atomice numere frac]ionare de cele inai
multe ori. S-crr mai putea, spre a veni in ajutorul acestei ipoteze, gi clai
fiinclcii clreutabea atornica:1 a hiclroqenuiui este lt,atd arbitrar ca tltf,
liutliil lntreg, sii se aleagd un atom cie hidrogen a cdrui g;reutate sir
iie un clir-izor e>ract a1 tutnior celorlalte qleutiifi atomice ale corpu-
rilor sirnplc. Aceasta ar insemna sii introclucem in aiomui de hidrogen
r:igle sui,.atomi cu greuiate mai micd, pe lingi subatomii cle hiclrogen
lle care ii introclucerr in atorrrnl cie corp simpiu. Aga claci"r greutatea
atomicii 3 clorului, care este cle 35,5 {exacl 35,37) nu esle un numijr
iltrecl cie n ori ilai mare decli aceea a hiciroqerruiuj, s-ar pirtea sustirrr
r-ii alornul aclevi"rrai de hidrogen este in realitalb de cloud ori mai nric
,'tecii alomul convenit si cir atonul cle clor ar fi cleci nu cle 35,5 ori mai
rrare (lecit atornul cle hidi:cgen, ci c'le Vl ori rrial mare. Aga transformatii
ipoteza ltii Proust ar tincle s.i se confunde cu ipoteza mai generali"r tl
unei materii primorcliale dln care insupi hidrogenul ar fi iegit. Aceasia
onecionnvesctilteLrie!iaeztrie5aiiimi aai mltit caracternl atomismului de a ne prezenta lru
materiei, ci o construclirine factice
a ei penllri
nevoile sliinlei.
Drn c'ele sllLlse asupra atomuhii 5i pr-oprierd{ilor saie, rezultii c,i
nu poate sd corespundd unei realitdti in sine, deoareco
couceptul lni
conflne contraclictiuni care-i sunt inerente qi care nu se pot suprima fdrd
a suprima conceptul insngi. Atoinii nu sunt realitdti obiective, sunt
nutuai concepte gi singura ior realitate este acea conceptuald, realitate
care nu se 1:oate despdrli cle spiritul care o concepe. Atomul este dar
o purii construc{iune nrentalS care ajutd la prinderea rela}iunilor clintre
fcnomeneie fizice. Aceasta esle concluzia la care cluce cercetarea feiriirri
cum fizica prezinld teori.a atornistS. Dacd am lua sd cercetXm datele
cle congtiin!i elementare pe care se intemeiazd conceptul fizic cle
alom, psihomorfismril lui are sd se pund ;i mai in evidenfd.
33 Ci. iJnnrrrquin, op. crl., p. 163 5i urm. [n.a.)
30
it
{en) slrr:.1 'uer1y 11qd ap 'lqlB 'L0i 'd '{ u'u) ti 'd "ii^t'clo'r.rlarll r
np aQpl,i ')D.t!otl
'au?ac)LIiqd n€
€lplllPal pJ 13 'Pc1r1auroas Pl3BllsqE aIlBIar Rlnd B3 nu R1p111 'plroC
"lunllezuas pouourasB Rlul4guos o-rluI aJnpold P ap RlueuEulJacl elplrl
-BdBf o BJ liJap lndaJuoJ ty aluod nu EtrsoJp I'inluunrlo1i3vpls]BE'lIlunznElsJlnudIa'l]?lJuBzT
ap roltunrfpzuas Inloln[]r nJ
-EJ rrl 'pfualsrzar.
-n3snu aunlsual IS aunrsard 'aref.lols ap rolrunrfeztlss 1nro1n[e 113 ]lJap
odaruol rtrglnd ol nu palsaJv 'anlslnclar rS a,rtlle:1e alroJ ap nrluof,
un alsa 'r{JIAoJsog Inl B Rllselr uaunrfluilap gdllp 'Jlutetitll InrJoiV
'gfurllSuor ap allrpls 'uralAeounl aI arpf, ad IIRlII€or :o1a:nliuls lnl.tp
a-'-roluluErnuulrii]alegps1daanorrpoIga1{uE5rorn3a1pBEaalarpuodnJrartrsupuanJoJStcdfeoxaauaAlep'laJoJd}del\}RaIlsrssdoJJnpaaupuleaoancJrLnfp,cfl,'tpaopuzJaorJ:lIo}p'salRnIf,IIu€duarJgeJJs{P'.aIJplJpsE'guoo1llliPeioxl:Ppl:lul:tqi}osJo:oaral}iirtlrsf:PetcrplItluJ;)
-a-EloJsJlvlIleSluu'plrpnBlenuClll!lfpUuel-PrreJol AlpauIoJrrJr'e'aSppnfrruSSoll;lulpa!atspuPerlrItulspureeLlpi'afelosurunlns{t€:uf1cl1oulunuInIJPSiluouuuriPoniJftJ,efap'llulpdtlnue'll9ainefrrlioap'r1rrIIdlalIneEpsuupnnIp]le?trlliuusnaneruu3idsoxlplu(aJll
-l_uursnIrlnuptouaollaplelllIn€Bprl;uorpns aJ paJpll.{luro}ap uI uralspounJal i-aleJ ad 'gfuri1suo3 op
'irlolp ap Beunilou
'aiSoriDcloqrsd ';ep ui ',PsuI aJnl)oJiLII 'lltTIIuo]P Ilraptttl
Rrul.tdns nLi JIuieuIp ltlursltuolv
1lIea-BarrnIgi-stunnfJcpluJE,1pIai{1rr]lrrnpeauaoulsiqu;sJrurplJlfanlpl'faapi€ap1J)r]ounJpzJaofsprlce.upJpruJB1uIR{r'adJ-paIerol-ufizJspsIntJu,ua'oJlIrnR^gr1nc1}auuaoofbBi[t:sree.pdrI1efupllrurf}ard1onzreAlo!u'alrlu|soa9dnlpurl'lqlIo,dJ]rrpltunrouJalal1rEI.snssIn\ual.apuprIuooJpldBp/u0llsta1u1d{.orra'opIu1oiuaraupuuBnJoInJ11arBaiuPleplllaIqrlg1rrpfISoul0fIelJ,n3lprepp1nPn-n}il'pIrsgnJialluld1[canllepI{aaaulJsirIpusaulaSrolqpp'ocoJrlRll;oeJf-rnfpl1rr,lluSJpapSioIdS'noo]poloIllluegu1rPo-osl.rerfp-lroeIne1IJpJeun-uoo;'JIedeze}:;.llloi]ieepu1ilnr.1porol1'ltapoPrlr8Jfoa'a:uIu.tsupSruiaauut{naotRiurlln:liors.1icpleosorril:od'larrlBallu:eoeopoIp'u;,JutJebJrtd'frptlRptnfluo'Es'lua'naiIaPlaaaJll}ls:tuEreetf\lertpI)atloJl':inur-ugro]lpJ3tsuatIJlrloaul1uaublouosE1uaodllezi'lrJsrl]IioJoarb'JrJtu1Iru'tLrrn}alaelddieeaetlIn1lllonalrnuPp1dSlinaupalr6]lscJoPlunr'pfaapRpu7PuipuSru!lru{nr}funrfldotuautpe}l'dezc'lrapsailsel,utoprn,lpuAa'zl}1ltt1dudlp-'perbIrtoli1l1lau,uu3tc}riE5our1udaur'Ioorloo1lru:suaoiasiprat1fbql}sipuriJolarulllanaiPototlierepts$lp1iolS01tlilili
-eaulnrrnsleardupppzuan€elldieauapu!r'narruInlrnfoluelsuaidu^apsulu!a1uraa3r1ulparn'upprpn{ldrIrropfiirglJrzpspoadJJpppJ'rCnperplu}l'stlrnlJrSuaeplnlluara1ernp3rucpctigplJulIceptnnntuluSzlpprrJe'iurr1rtpopadJlueuTontln5rplirueus2z]unsupodra{llsrrsopo1-Jr:orlSv'et'tpsl-pnrsAliernlii'lLrluipurrr+roor.aio}ieop|pJt
luapuadapul plndaclrd jJ elpoc{ nu oJ€J 'rafnrrlSuor p aun-r1;nr:}suol o 'o1r1
-re1 rS alpnziA aieuorfezuas rolirnnprZoJ E o"r€AI1Jarqo o alsa oraprirluJ
nJ inruotrV 'aldurrs alplJozuas aluou{ala op ezalurs o aJSe 'iralqo er
ag 'arsarclxa ES eturlln pl
'1nd:or pJ psul orlS snpal 'ulolxa 1n-dror 11:op
elsa nu nsuullue1a-rIanpruurolullvJZpCalr'alJrfprlrprSeraluleonJzro,t eaJralsp€olsup;ao;llr/un'prl{reqziztria^rspIu€r
un alse potu
olse
- ]1lzpA rup urn; pdnp - areJ 'otapurlul o EJ sndnsarci alsa intuoly
obiectivd, este clar o existenfS psihomorficd ; originea ei o gdsim in
rezicluul senzalional de sforfare, obiectivat prin procedeul instinctiv Si
inndscut al minfii de a proiecta ln afard stdrile de conqtiintd Ei a le privi
apoi ca realit6!i obiectirre de sine st5tdtoare. Confinutul concret aI
nofiunii de forfd este dar sentimentul de sforfare sau tensiune muscu-
Iar6, care insofeqte mi;cdrile voluntare : nu ne putem reprezenta forla
obiectivi decit ca o voliliune insotitd de sforfare 9i tensiune. $i dacd
ne gildim cd ucnaiispesnizhaofliougnei,acaeleSmpeennctaerrd, ,dvaeudseemnzcaittiudneeapdroefusnfodrtaersete,
cle iezistenfd,
lesatd de congtiinfd noliunea de fortd.
'v
VALOAREA MtrCANICISMULUI
$tiinia fizicd modern6, fonclatd pe conceptele mecanicii, ne-a pre-
zentat o imagine mecanicd a universului : toate fenomenele fizice snnt
modalitiifi ale miqcdrii. Explicare fizicd lnsemneazd reducerea fenome-
nelor la cele doud eiemente de masd gi migcare gi prezentarea diver-
sitSfii qi schimbdrilor lor ca simple diferente Ei variafiuni in distribuirea
5;i agregarea ln spafiu a unor corpuscule, particule ultime 9i invariabile.
ctahim3uima dotargteaaniscedccoululaujiuttroercuuit,temoariieaileastoimn iucerr,nianduersmcoapreervireilloarfiufdnciuloter
Pe
in
speclroscopiei gi stabilirii principiului conservdlii energiei, se intdrise
convingerea cd scopui $i obiectul adevdrat a] oricdrei gtiinte fizice
naturii 1a un Sistem mecallic coerent. In spe-
era reclircerea fenomenelor
cial principitil conservdrii energiei fdcea sd se nascd cele mai mari spe-
craplnfaiacirIeerenadcnnclreSei;iis.faladiczEolaucdirclrotteiuenirnercoapioveruddiaeperetcellieaeoactiniefuncitmonerdicirtebtiioajcciuumdtaimsetnptaaepiiclfecriifgcsiaotnadtnredfzileecIeuaeidslcodcifraruir5z.dicsrcieIeciSascripietlca,ddeaouCropscrcieoiuei5srnmrislchradeehluseaMifmeroidaierbeemrcaiwxahmrupeeilrvaoaliiamirnedml:edi\n,incrg,uCaotcculninoanelufuarciegllirineundmmruilcaenoaecflfeieaufamcinnznuoai9iic----ii
migcarea unui sistem material, se zice cd explicarea dinamicd a acestui
fenomen este completfl. Nu putem concepe ca o explicare ulterioarX sd
safcenlmoiaogxeagu"antcpuinlluptridredgivamticeuiin.evaraetsaiPtach5lalereii:reermEfs9e,,tieudrs$mecniiaalniaetauaaat1frdpcie8mzod57iSiso2anpiilebttuocIJixo1tignbtper5a-iellasn,diprctu,tuceadedl.xvrripeecetegroiadaeCltiegalnlmmemfedinaneadzeuncctediadmxnnEnpeciimloddciercepoeSiasleagiltDrsteeNeeiemsuolpeptfedeBurcimirsoesnecciuiasrniukna-lrtgtRelesrotcuieneurelmrneynraf'em'iinaznre.gieoi"snca',tn.p,3iizeid15cdtn9inamifzpniicl1feiupi91tccavutaiddeitlnfgfliedstzeserbcdis1.o-lruudt1eae-e"tt
36 Ori liti; rlyrtctmical evidencc ol the molecular canstituiiotr oJ borlies, citat de
Stallo, op. cil., ;-r. 4. 1t'r.u.;
32
8e s EIeo? 66gs BP-3
elotB'('iBt3'u:)6SirdfSla*TOZ-;gsu'adudue'ArlXtaIr.ni'oaptDrsaaIpTularlzqutaor^Duoa)Ip'nrcasaqr7ote'plnuol rpua.{raagf-,sn1pop&ll gdnp luns
nQ Le
I-SIlsFunoucrJepuIaruTl IIaOlIeZoIJdonsuuolBulluoIIslSBoIInoJsurnlpFlEsaIpPSsnupn[pBpreIpnII'gIsfulltat1uSrJP'l]nloo-]lInulI
rlrqrlJa1uoJ luarlltal luns nu POIlIluu+S aIBJIIdxa 13 pctuuceur areclldxa
'Rlulll* IS urslJlupJat\i 'Ilqlsod lnrnburs
nu JPp 'uralsls un alsa InuIsIJ
-IueJat{ 'JsaAo}sI l-nu o;BJ ad rep 'InIBor ppurrd Ps R}neJ a-iuc 'a1dac
-uo3 olsru Ieunu luns rep 'IlPlIIBer Joun pundsoroJ nu ro1 a1t-tgc$tur 1s
pI-eBS-roopJeuiapulEJrrdproaAaopalleJlucaoBnlsuaur1dueIepl'lnrrglsSen'l1afJolsrenlueenllodecIa[pxSrr'JelIoelnupuuerpcaartubpBuPOSrIJIpe'IIIIPJZollInaIJIIuZJIdurqlIuIJeIuJBolfJpunJnlPrnappPSlairoS3UuouJaIroplp]ocpoezlJAelePsaaJqaarnlesrSoJaanQ1supl1nPoIreJuaJBpruprea'aPIsoclpJBJJtbuIraluInrIlIdBleJBPeJalrau-aJoIsrrEulrlrtRrII1lnJud3eleIentaaIconIpuloulllaonnJlPuruoutdfars3resalrrlr'atlflJ.l,aIcIlooreusinlxouvelrauuJlduaeuaPuutaserJr
'pJJupJaur are:t1dxa
pB-euB-,aal1Bl-ar:-aosos"z;eIr;a1uecnadJialiAlpuE1puodtiil1ptanJul1l'reounnrdngfrlnnBcrns.uipd'"uloxO11tn*rl-lrnlods1nafuEljuru€rapgr(nlpapa'S"ptJiralCrrP-if'slh.p'iaeuBeluftn1I'upuAnutnUy"ogbeounrf'nIpNIJa1Iuu{IagJlnur'Braoli"JrrarB.a1,snl'ltIJniloa'olu1ouIlb,:ISBJrIrpaTcsaraJeeziIunanulfBrrsIereJul.toJJrpaupofaIalrBreuloplJglsEur!tpppBJrrId1ur"sUnrouoInlatJnS-luinrrrrasrlfnPoPnncafIirrAuIouirelapJl+poln1nuouuazxIIrSregsJIJrrnanlullalurc6sspauuul'adeaarltouaonrnppneulsrrp'onlEupsBpafIal1gPurpuIn_rcllg.3lAlcleal6Szrrtsocuss-rul^reellae--eillpeorpuIeS:au,g(ardp!d,oaallarBop'snBu1ulpspursuu+olralrrola{elplSrr$funurrJlpee1ucdgtlool1pprSsarcdzrpculralllaeSuauoue1plperrIsollId1llSa1alnaaptSBBrupagtsplu1fulanelarnrur1rorJnenuoond1nppeeJucrngrrpc1suroloue1lpralrllleop11Prs1edolo,raJaIn,penleurI1JlBaaPaJceuIa[p.en+PeBerJialrllJaaJJoe1s3puoJdI'f91rronroaI,er'lruoprueasr*J'1rranoPard1ld1ourc.Ieueluat1pJpSsIsatll1rplraalnln"3n.ue1fedo|P)IIlupupJprSonlonlxalglataaulauoBcusuularIlfsruleprurzluEuonopntlreenruaonnrrPdccouSPetl}lIlllsulo1IeBeSJsrrs]lJeuIuurplaunlI1pIaeap'aurup'oRJrIloIrnllalfpuupJolnJixJ,iJIrplarr1aoSJJe-aeuIa'auuuuudbon:'caeJSullBer1rolapaapPsolc,ilap1efcu{rlololrllJ,haJ'rotinlneiaalrrrcerlrxPouidliulcseluddyllaapu"u1fI,sl,il
iafu-'--a1-pQigutana.rln'urlursaaueJterrlul,r.olpruIidllnjloJn1l-JoInnB"l'un."J1pr1S,psclonuxrrrurnirislal1iuonnuu1ndE1,rdleIlcaeoB'lagPuuoB6ruraaaeIzsuarEgcpadgnnJ-I,rlpp[zonlrreia€a)llrpp-gulp'larSu"s1uaelriJ3rIeIueSllJnIopoaguogatalluupplulrnslrIunsruguuJnrIJouaaa;cee'd1tpr't'iro-naSac:aaaBa11allbprtspnluaaunuuo1BllarrdecnSSaltJaJ1leleeelaIel1riueruoorcllefpaPo1uuuetJaroiclannaleollrolusrJlprnla+lunaoal"JpndulIdJlS-tEnaruaatotsSe]PrlltIspuqocoAPa'rrIlllulnlosI,ErrI.Innu1naInl'aIltapaunllllOrulpB1qur]nppaouR*eunl'Laloerl:lJnpaIdsellsluBcdogfupeu1ptlto5agraouJrouulrclul-PopalctaItSao;uJulfurLr$,reudfLosrleufl3ali,onuoooat1RdpursurIuslIp.zzno$Iana[apneal1iJEsaaItglellauIlnfJPa-P3fullusltrroufJJsu;a,lrllaozrIuPllaJuISp,lfllraAaople*gu-laIntlunooopaaIltCputpl3Jzs*{tl
rdminea aci ca la formula definitiv5. l)e aceea s-a viiznt ridicinclu-se
aldturi de mecanicismul-atomist o noud doctrind care pretinde sb-i ia
Iocul, cu rnult rnai ir:cdp.ltoare gi mai feritd de ipoteze : este cloctrina
energiei. Fizicierii gi matematicieni eminenfi ca Mach, Ostrn'aid, Duhem,
Poincare, Le Chdtelier eic. an adns nurneroase crilici qi obiecfiuni fizicii
mecaniciste gi, secundati de savanli din toate rarnurile ;tiinte}or na-
1a ridicarea ecrLiflciului Energeticiir care pretinde s5
turii, lucreazri o Weltanschouung completE, care s5
idnegvloinbdez-e cum zic ngenrmnuamniiai- lumea fizicd, anorganicS, clar gi luinea
intr-insa
bsse-ioaaluzoldngtdaiccminaddteogduidiccteoadnaelceeemlpxeufpitriuatininfmiezeicpi$antiiinsiniraclciutfluiercrptdaddlirosatatcsdttur-pi-nraangeouinbmleuieramcgilee"patuiechpdniis,,tirhecuoasluorteecnJnniiciee6cv.ainortieeernesu-5
insistdm un moment asupra valorii, din punctui cie veclere c{enerar al
cunogtinfei, a mecanicismului ca metodX fizicd, gi sh enumerlm uneie
din criticile care i s-au adus.
Dezvoltdrile anterioare au pus in evidentd caracterul expiiciiri:or
atomo-mecaniste : s-a rrdzut cd noliunile fundamentale ale fizicii sunt
nipte pure consi.ruc{iuni conceptuale, cdrora nu le pot corespunde rea-
litdfi in lumea obiectivd ; nnul din aceste concepte, atonrui, s-a r'5zut
chiar cd conline contradicliuni irezolubile in sine. Dacd lunrea de
atomi qi miEcdri cle atomi intr-un eter ipotetic nu are alti existen{5
clecit aceea a unei constructiuni mentale cu care cduidm sd prindem
realitatea fizicd qi un rost asemdnat cu cei al liniilor ajut5toare cXin
geometrie, explicafiunile mecanice nu au sd aibd decit valoarea Ltnor
simboluri ale realitdfii, a unor scheme care sd ne facb si pricepem
fenornenele fizice. Cei ce au prirnit o eclucafiune stiin{ificd in tirripul
prestigiului neconiesiat al mecanicismului, mul{i savanli chiar, nu-;i
clau seama cit de ipoteticir ;i de metafizicir este concepfia clupd care
toatd r ealitatea fizicd se reduce clcaohniasaetrocmiinnildgyiirmemeuidqnicaactdraez.ap,, aAacrretiscirtueeilbature,io3rsie5i
arnintin cu insistenfd cei nici o
tr-a piltut fi vreodatd r..erificatd,
erempln, aceastd consecin|5 ci fenomenele cdlciurii, radierii, eleciri-
citdfii, magnetismuiui, chimiei, sunt in realitate de natur.l necanicX,
cu toate aparenfele contrarii. Dar o asemenea rrerificare nu s-a fiicut
nicioclatd. Ori de cite ori s-a cbutat o reprezentare mecanicd a acestor
fenomene, totdeauna, f5rd excepfie, s-a izbit de o contradicfie iner-i-
tabiid intre faptele constatate de experien|6 qi faptele
teorie. Aceastd contradiclie poate rdmine ascrlns5 mai rllrureirt,dszauuiemralei
nu{in timp, dar tot apare odatd Ei odatd qi atunci din teorie nu mai
;dnin decit bucafi i se poate prezice soartx
cu siguranfd aceeagi tuturor
simboluriior sau analogiilor numite astdzi teorii mecanice. Istoria
opticii ne dd un exemplu lnsemnat in sprijinul celor sustinute. Atit
timp cit optica se mdrginea ia fenomenele qi cle reflexiune gi de re-
plfaruattcieufianunisie,i,artilevtioarlicizaoenezcemeicpsufiiuendmiiinesaacal,unniicuNdseidwmtoaogniinnelaorctaduisadusefcicSli{e.unDytgda.hreTcnelesosrc5ioapi eoErniurce:iuea-r
interferentelor pi polarizf,rii pttse deasupra teoriei ondulafiunilor, ale
cdrei principii ingdduiau a calcula, cel pulin gro,ssa modo, noile fe;:o-
mene. Totugi, zilele teoriei ondulatiunilor erau numbrate ; in epc'ca
noastrd'aceastd teorie a fost inmormintatd fdrS zgomot, pentru a face
34
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'i'u u) pu'urp) :Bq7g-'flqr1ODr\rlisrlo''14-,,r
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3r-ntq{pr1oJriCrruLpTsal3uslIpn,1sralrrro\Slsuurr.oernpllJarlloJrddperru.urorlporlUelpuordperidsrnrus6neJeppluJllspTpulqorpln€lsqiazpl}Jlnplue3reopsllapapurp:loJoup]rllnr'SgcplslaelararJusE
er aleoci oS'parpolpA pxrJ -r-B IE'efuelsrxa plr]rlsn[ I-p nl]uad Inlsap
alsa pJSBaJp 'orapaAord o EInuuoJ alpocl Is lsn[ trrodpr un apul.rd qtep
'g:r1;rftrirlS arroel O 'popolarci pleocl al ps pJlpp 'rol alp aslcarci e1iba1
azaTnLuroJ ps Iejlse pJ nrluad 'auauronal a.rlurp
eJuetrsuoJ alrrnlrocier
glpur:C ps rup plner e{urrtS 'qlutpS n.t1ned a:}e}riear ep }lpu! luur per5 un
eB1 JaaipjE{:pIInTlau[ploeaL.JrlroanuJJopJJrnleJillpoe1nratJna'1rl.rino] dojreloo.rda-piip:rirruTa3rlpsoa}eJlluprrnnusllrpogcioulelrln;rirspuJSnrEp;irrolrlrarcJdlestoursuanrguJsoolrrlssJ:'I-irrJon1unannJ
---ralui3rerlJiJooarrruaulpsesrlara:sLrnU:qiIs+aetirJ+I ppJurpn1Clpg'rcaiJ'orazurrerJt;rSJdolxrlueeuuparrsrlrcoolrlorsoJoJ€JupariosJrIoenilnrilorcrlllxSraiJinorlff,pogprqtnroulropilnJeu-reLsierllJpt
aEpariisslePra,flrru5ulra:eIelrJJrroolr+zuoErrr;nrprslpDuBonulpioeolupprpa:;popItelIeeIrpJflnaaulbsr,leispxEuopoa.oinoplulspsaJpInppauiplerrsl^zoiJapTalsrl'eloaeo.Jrrcpanlorl[1epesR,Jrnfr,oiur+lrIpgJrglcpul^'arplonpJl6eeoJrnsoaoa]uls6srHooun'aruo;
a--psL:r{)npl.pidp.riro-plarpd}rrpnp.tJr1ureo{ucJlloeupdasIe}RnnplJn,rirgIAanl llddlrarpeJJ+C;'sreSp'elsRJtarpulJcu:prlrxlecaoplrrlareonleJnrolrrecrrllerpqodJrrsln.r-ipruroJdlaa'otu-arrr Juns nlr6ta,le,'rt{rozrruJouInarJi:
rolirfen;a lolr]eiorrd
,E1n{u,i1oJalpl qZ
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r pAtsi alal
'ntrniJ r Eiujrups i3 re1se1 rualapot eleod aloloci.ip : prlseolr peruni rri p3
s'-E-naau;rruaidriuls/lIranarrTislSrauceurl!lospeulcr'rrapeonrrucn\uelsIJ1nal-I'r'-rrJuRpuoroSoolJrlsaurnAr'poaesJrl JroiLrfrlnlsiueplan'J1cuap{nur!JuloarlB1p:l+rquIrrsnfreI1rslnJl.tut€:n,orJsro:oealelsrele1uaoo.rglndnurrr31ra1d,os,ade.l'eglanau:rrdlpo;eur6r1ur{alseo+nnrrIpfneInruJrr3trln{IuroIJEJalTlJzrpuaeoEL]rrpuduJl
ri; a.IEritxne ozolodr rarrn po-reolp,\ rpJpLLr rJlrr rrurlLLrslJrupJanr a+spori
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-Ei{r Ip rS rnlnursrtrupJaur 1e fir.rde rprlr laf, lnueusnp elsa ple,t,ls6
8g ,,.'.oJrupJaur rr.Ioa} ap tolr"rp3t33
-ut.{on4nl p.rJLroJ Jrlr.ra}ncl elSaq.ro,r arznTfLro] p+seoJv'olerfria.ro;rp
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zraf-J
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-aa'lRillJl]llEpa!?{Js-slrpoprlnlurpquoloinlnsrrz:rfioreoJ"rrqBp]rEnqulCmpplR'rpSJrll'ltanolJ-sllpralrsurr,rten;rnzo1to,JrrneJ'ulpoid?cll'siooasIlenpoJtracanllloepnupuJaJrrruSrsorrA1uzrIaqo1deXa13'sr1Il1nIrJenln.r'refpprlperonsu-.uorIecJa^faslno1urlaapil;]lJ6a}
lrurldfui ap BoAu'erqr,r Eraorpr{.BrouurJrJBpsznaEsJBp'ararslartrSEerunrroprJ}'Jcor1lae1laodrrroIanJi o3+olJi
'ollLrelaur air|.rgd ul pls
5i-a atins scopul ; atunci poate sd se dea 1a o parte, precum se ddriml
sci-.eiele clupd ce s-a construit eciificiul. ir'lijloacele cu care se incor-
poleazh faptele domeniului giiinlei sunt chestiuni oarecultl de teh-
nicii, cle procedeu ; esenfial este rezultatul la care s€ ajunge. ,,Nici
o teorle nu pdrea mai solidf, ca a lui Fresnel, care atribuia lumina
rnigcdrilor eterului. Toiuli i se preferd astdzi aceea a lui Maxwell.
r\sta insemneazd cd op€ra iui Fresnel a fost zadarnicb ? Nu, c6ci
scopul 1ui Fresnel nu era sd qtie c.lacX existil ln realitate un eter, dacd
esie forrlat satl nu din atomi, dacd acegti atorni se migcd ii.t cutare sau
culare sens ; era sd prevadd fenomenele optice. Acest lucru teoria lui
Fresuei ii perrnite pi astdzi ca qi inainte cle Maxweil. Ecuafiunile di-
fereufiale sunt totdeauna adevdrate ; }e puien integra mereri dupd
eLocearieeaa;;iiorp.r"o4cedCeue qi rezultatele acestei integriiri conservd mereu va-
metodele lntrebuinfate, oricare se ajunge
ar fi ele,
La foinularea de ecuatiuni care exprimS. raporturi ; raporturile aflate
au sJi itermitd prevederea fenomenelor ; putin importd dacd numim, ln
e>:ernplu1 citat de Poincare, necllnoscutnl in care se detennind rapor-
turile cle rn.igcare, ca in teoria 1ul Fresnel, ori curent electric, ca in tecria
lrueial'i\iliarixiilvlleel].caArecegsttieinfdaern1uumairrei sunt numai niqte imagini substituite
pi nici nu poate s-o pdtrundd.
Dacd e aga gi dacd mecanicismul nu are pretenfia sb exprime
iraiura reald a existenfei fizice, r'aloarea lui ca metodd gtiintificd nu
lnai poate fi contestatd. Teoriile mecanice ne prezintd dar nipte
sciienle, nigte modele sau analogii care exprimii comod fenomenele
fizice, insd nu ne clau o explicare a 1or. Teoriile mecanice prezentate
asnpra fenoinenelor de cdiciuri, de electricitate, asupra constitufiunii
gazelcr nu ne inainteazX citu;i de pufin in cunogtinla naturii cf,lCurii,
eieci"ricitdtii, gazelor, cdci sunt numai nigie ilustrafiuni prin modele
t:recanrcc ale acelor fenomene. Unul din fizicienii care au fdcut mult
1:entr"i teoria cineticd a gazelor, Boltzmann, scrie in prefala unei cdrli
asupra acestei teorii: ,,Frezentind teoria gazelor ca un tot de analogii
i'necctnicc, irdic6m prin aiegerea acestei expresiuni cit suntem de
cleparte cle a adnite cd corpuriie sunt, in toate pdrlile lor, compuse
clin foarte mici particule." 4l Tot asemenea afirmiiri este silit sd facf,
5i \{arrvell qi s.I prezinte frumoasele lui teorii mecanice ca niqte ilus-
irilti plin ilodele mecanice aie fenomenelor.
lrieclilecfia pentru modelele mecanice este foarte inrdddcinatd gi
'coresi:uncle clesigur nnui anlltre fej de organizare rninta1d, Ia care
domne;te nevoia de spaliaiizare, de a proiecta in spa{iu pentru a pri-
celle ce\/a, Sunt unele spirite care trebuie s5-gi formeze mai intii o
iniuiiie sensibild a iucruiui, spirite concrete care trebuie sd vodd un
iucru ca sd-1 priceapd. Altele nu simt atita nevoie de spafializare gi
vdd iucrurile mai rnuit in raporturile lor abstracte; pe acestea le-am
putea numi spirite algebrice, iar pe celelalte geometrice. Lord Kelvin
afirmil : ,,Nu sunt nicioclatd satisfdcut pind ce n-aln putut sd fac un
tnodel mecanic al obiectului. Dacd pot face modelul, pricep ; dacd
II. Pojncaft:, La Science et I'HypothDse, p. 189 (n.a.).
Citat de Dultem, I'Evolution de la Mbcanigue, p. 174 (n.a.).
36
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'{'e'u) tgZ 'd "11t'dg ss
f#*){. e. u ",u o 1 3 o np !,,,.i,f , ? , f,,:, :;r :f",;::i,"T,,t,,3 ;;
-?uoe on^au ,a'r1far1u5 ug 111 .der ."J;;;?#T,':J',:";ir',:t#.;:J;il?1ir'n! "'o'
{'e"u) ur,rlay
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pu13 'gfualradxa ap alaldp; tS plerapn! plseaf,p arluJ luerbpl1 prorpzap
aelnraueundnlaefcraElrpeJelprallurseouuJorrfa,rJp:eppplrelescleeaapJ'nne1f rgoeo1RrrgrsrlIlEsrnJnbleurrulsnabu] unpld]opsllsoar'suBRaralsz]lIuJuntrlalIdJerrua'prlepexaropn'gercl"rur6eaodd1
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rlraqnq i BlsBoJE pzpeuruasul aJ 'plrue3arr areorldxa o InIRJI€ aleod as
assoaJrarzllngl;eAa,gpuragsuql{loulrurllaeullnlaJpalpudenndrebsrear1rl.orsouadaulnuroorocluauaplaaa3IlIrdruo'aroalqcrdld1suuaraqoura91ra,e,n'6abgJguulauerocraarpudruxaau,rol lrl1pen3db
-r1dxa aun alroduroJ auQrrougqd un Juop ISr' 'lla^axpt{ tn1 u g:pau6eur
-orlJala ezelodl 1eA3aISrlauauJJsfl,ladnsrxgalluInnurrIlouepadnIluepnc1t3fepplpnuepp^uoaoqde'lzoeaJlulIozodrzJraa':ud1o1dnaenetra-so5tpRr t1lc-nIlun1-rrn6el
rlunrsltua ezelodr
all rolauaruouoJ
un etlldxe e nrluad allnru ap IIJ EluaAuI 1od as ollupf,elu aiapot{
Jaurr-'I-.arrourIrpoiBelnlnallrrrsJlJrbouslaVniraaol.ls;rialfepna'urrodeOerrlfleurdgsaap1lJn1aul1erru3rrrcnsfrreer.rdr;rnol'l'1aruirutorqcpqfurlueceeJ9ls1qluu1'alusarJrtuop:ncprs1{IrsepSrrpo1erna1;Jl,r6er,IBrltrnaeor'uaeuIn1rlr[atSaleoap;lacrlelllaIr'asprkqIQoJoI'JulJtlceldi'IoatoalIuuaJulllAJnaaTrrolliEronlnzoIuouJutlllrorllarsEIps1l'Ioo;.olla"IuJualaJaaJps:ollpJlJBllnprs]auauLeJapnrusIoaanJrbaluJlualoanpralaFud:pllaenirIpsIullauocpJlTap]plio;nnopupuslSuuou'rIlultJr+ErnlilBaaI,d]uNtessJlo1xraao{ltpuao'fIs}ePJptuyurprInrn1aanrloIler$lrJrdnullllouluqrlaplltnuptdaarlopno:Jddo3iorlpEoloIJauoazTlSsazutrnlreeipenqnerI}IrfTes-epofril,
-ads arusptelaul alelualu.I Jsalnqel] I3pJ 'roiaursruelaur Baleut6prrl ul
area-a-Soullruoeeau1ulzJaar1ala.lrr{atrnnou1dlpUaol31alBuaapupalIcpalIleoloaosrl'J1IlpudErenorr1lrurouSun1eJa3Jrprup1raJrr1tpSlpItdsIiJxdleopaoaulxallon[}aalIeJtalJldsupalaluaolpIrrsBrooeunIaorU1flJ1edl:oaalcueipttsriSlatpadnsoJlucrpJoIrppolasetIIcrxpuuzualIen}JllldzbIsnanlrzuolt,aaeu,oJ'1JdpIJeuaaaBllcIasilpJuaeaJadIurrIuln]reanrOluruuuotnllrIldlo'lsal'x'arpictoa1zI{pIgueaI;cJ1aal1otlJprc1atotrcrrips]i1nlxnrual1lueala-n1lanptqusapuli
t,lrsolute ldsate llaselor invizibile gi migc&rilor ascunse. Agedar,, pro-
r,.cziXiunea ,,toaie fenornenele fizice se explicd rnecanic" nu e nici ade-
i'o.-.a,,ilaetiirfinziiccei .fa]l{sodtdpreirnetaruafsizuipcr5a, Esie o propoz;tiune tr&nscerdentd rne-
adeviirului sau erorii aeestei p,rorpoei-
ituni r.a trebui scoasd din rnotirre str5ine de rnetoda experirnettalJr"
\II
DOC'|RINA ENTtrCIEI
Ociatd ce nodeleie mecanice nu ne ajutd deloc sA pricep'em mai
.rrilnc realital"ea fizicii, ci ue ciau nurnai nigte mijioace mai tnult sau
ilai Dulin comocie cle a ne o reprezenta, ociatd ce s-a vSzut cd meca-
:..icismul estc irurnci rtna diu expliciirile posibile ale fizicii ;;i cd prin-
lriiriiie ultine ale rnecanicii nr-r exprimd realitatea fizic6, najoritatea
iizir,ienilor a rentLn!at 1a speranlele mari ndscttte in urma fizicii newto-
riia;rr:5i mecanicii cereqti in fizica generai5. Se crezuse clupX princi-
oili neurtonian, ci se \,'a putea da, cu moclificiirile iui necesare in
isirizeirceireii,erecsdcplueiuccttiriebeliegl u1cialeujonfecivnueoirmsfoeernlseet,leosrjotrccioelttreaaactillaXactfdniueenpceaiinngiicii icrielgepiuttoiosaitutecneefesenexoepmrecetirnteaectleee
!itLlilra rnaselor intr'-o funcfiune oarecere a clistanfelor lor. Fizica me-
o anicislii iucercase sr"r pStrulclir amdnuntul strllcturii unir,rersului, sd
zo;ezc l'licseio r aslului rnecattism, sd cleLennine lorfeie care-[ pun in
nii5r:are ; clucea astfel analiza foarte departe. Cind s-a viizut insd ina-
nifaiea iizir.:ii Iorle1or ceiltrale, s-au lltat ca conducdtoare citeva prin-
.- :,:ii rlencralc, care scrLtesc rle arraliza mirtuIioasi a tnec'arricismu iui.
,.-rli presnllllneln cti avenl inaiutea noastr5 o maiittd carecarc ; ruajul
lr!!i.ri ;;i majul finai sunl singure aparentet, dar t::ansmisiunile, rua-
prin care tnigcarea se comunicd
ielrt internediare de la tlnul la altele
.\;t:ii:lfjnit'.ef,cr.ei..ras\icoSlunerts{lasiip:rt.it.uiprneriiecnrIiaoirulrg,;i ;ipieuSlltcaeajempiiSp\aireiucceClepnieirieunleion,alpiscrtirrce:ii;bnn:ireualeEFinSti5lar.udcaaiitcteitiirccnolpisrrpinuou--
,-! ljct'u iir,r'Lea cc1ieemaojnulta':s?p$etinr-tnrubianenec.fiirnai-t a9si llcp.riaprpinucnicpti'l.iltul icocnesluerivmSraiii
:i:err1iei este
illltortaut; colslatdm usor C;l roata finaih se inloarce cle zec.e ori mai
ilillin rellecie clecit roata iniliald, pentru cd aceste doud rofi sunt vizi-
l;iie ; prLtem conchide cle aci ct"r un cnplu {un co'tpleJ aplicat ceiei
riiliii va echilibra un cuplu de zece ori mai mare aplicat celei de a
:lolra. i\ir-r c-' itevoie pentru aCeaSia sX pdtrunden meCanisInUl acestui
i:ciiiiiJ-.ru Si sil ltim curn fortele se compenseazd induiltrul maginii ; e
i.'iestul sd ne asigurdm cii aceastd compensare trebuie sb s,r: procilrc[." 47
iralir cie lumea fizicit, principiul conserv6rii enercriei ne pciate face
;irciaqi selviciu, qi se pot trage, grafie lui, conciuzii care rdmin ade-
al ]toin<-.rtri, !,u Ya\eur r1c Ja Science. p. 175 1n.a.1
ro)o(t
68
'( u'u) '( e'u) g'fLBt B'd1'1rs.1tltp'ddo'-c'urE-rIaiitrl\n-lgalrrltlnuf-'!
'bs ZL'd
'pa 'ruprJ ;pe:1 'anbls,lqd q ap slua)?r sqtSotd sal rns soilus-IiiliioJ ',t{?j.,ti
rrrn,
o'1i$:Bo0spllnblsa)sawletuDoAlfur'(aa'epuut-)lIIn'uriuDBnIqrr)oialroWuolIJAatuIrqr'ZID'tgaulft,ot'o1d,lga't-aIlnlqnIdrIdonpsuatitlnll.llttoddA.rtSnulDtol Nts'aro)'tparllIo,D'Tlcr.UlTansrlOnipJ',r{Pli\lus.onIraaslDciutu.Il
lnunrod.nr.hurDldoiI€ar:uportSrnIudi pauatuAsE o-llul lnurLllIE{J^}Il]ls:n^pqusosnPr'ptSnuIunJlotal}ulILt;Iitnnlsoo9tlrIJntIllSlppElOsauuIalea3rJBlSneIpp]i
e!TIapptlarosiuf1ou)r '1iJp1.r'r11o1c.t 1tt1d1"turtd I tlunll)Dat lt
nu ltru rS ruo^B
un nrluod olJ'xlJ
o-rerslru o-r1ui 1i:11 lolpllob^qo .oF0o1 o:e; pdnp ! rorDtatia. Tltppatllait p'trdrcuttd'
€s oTnqorl oJlzli lolouoruouo; orl '1:ioruntlo. g.trtJL{lod c,
inruusnil"oi igie1'1jp71in1b16'alnrrydid6rucrurudcl,rnoe.('^e-lrrrJr.,r1nir1a5linr1dnr1ru1nlr!dd1rgrrl1iu.rdgl
np-urlecatrtrOlfuudeulcaolld$lsrBaaglJoopreuuu-IrapIonsfr,prl alanlIlElzarpuLJlIoIplJSlpouJlporJlra1aDouraaar.lrsgIeI'IlnllatstJuIPllsof,LuloIo)lJrllla^alnl$sJIdouatioil'i)p:tesTnas3.lloilluFFrILateldlPl
argl3asa1u3.rl1lrslboer1corrrilo1,jl-ernutS.atra,asd-p,Jrep)cpersufl,aelpEruacrlapol6l3ArpaJlpulualoaaalol$l1dotto'cal,ppeluJfaapp,ladru6olapdErppolzo'uspla.uoeqlllpeu'rreplrSSsBu6uJu{auroRirlnJnJ'ottI-ra}UBllalr$utopuitlcpaurItdlrtrprdnearnlitr?bsulllpplp1nesJPupgaE,ala\ur')tdIuoianuIslIJ3lpAolllo]ofpo,pra6fol)loIplolnsalaiaIuldi9olaIua1}Jllsuplonlpu<llllu}dT3oulllrlauullplol}oa?ap3il
-ae:inaaDlsllIoloIruIuclppilSJirlansaprazurrresrtqlogrJrfJriniplUo)'uloeslIuuu'lJJnlcBIErull.plJIBadlnJfnIiJansroaBtIicluoigs[glnfEu]ouInBolaEulloleIIpuprAcalllttQIttlJolsolJa'rpsauaprplnIaoap}slEtPuol]annuutrlJiraEztzpIlJna)IooirdulPdnr-r.dc3IJ[iIJugnI-lIltnlprluBd-prssI-lJEluPeSEaJJelapluul,po]l4lalliaqc'lpicpl{nlt{np{nsIcp--IppaiSsalEllIPpa'nIodanp3lneTicspe1ii
j alpluaulradxo ozBq acl rarblauo IIrpAJosuoJ lnldlluud PIrrJr]e areJ Ta
gip--BpiroldlaasJInurrDlliBpouaqJl.iiunr6dal1-dpu'razeni'lprl1nbtrplorufnoe,JqlslJs1aruoelIr'uqanloronezlolnHruralfaoulot'sfruJLairSpVriarnnpB^iIli3JnrpIpIuunotplIaolaIIlt'IrupJIBou'InlrzluIualDqIpdlouJr1clalo1'ptP1rlupSrlrtap^ralIrtrpnrrqplrrsSq1JDozIebarrl1tl:auletIor€uanrJaellluJp'PlnuIpuSJqn1u{ezlrpiu1[r1yJJ3oasrL]aoa]rsurrplpuonnprLeaplozIrlrrnleu1c{llaroJqn-pJr^ddn0druoeog-socrrIo1Ila'in{purull3surIoIoenOunmalaIrlIlJfeaaPlJIoLulllL-vfI{lliIil
ioa-jau-priob1fliuu,tia1BJpeuIu^noeBlinfdtrr\aicoPi'dPlcuoluul rlpa;caalrsl'pI9aulJBl1oPIllueoibaSlpnncCbolooTfusBuIzionear1lro6lPulullnlaorlp^Inzd:|uoneEfp,oarrJtlipS}ztreJota'ul;lrarnperiJflleeo'r;sl4tnllqalDInfnNdPi SauaUlapirIlPqPaai3rnr'rnyialTqrsi
J-u'fpitriuaBu3rnnr^stnnuBr€alceIrllrnNtlpuusBsa'ruaoUrHonprluaaucIpdlcqeIrBlcoPNxJtaS6eJUalpppoulsuoplpdrinulltlaTqlirllqslrlnulsoanaf!olguJJdaIlpOvneps1riS"e''aZrBppUelVJeprenilrgleaaprpl'y6uuluur]atIocasl*0JLiuugLg,IIedJSiIJBluaa'PIroPguzrJat'tBlllJIprzuIspIIIplIel+npnPlu}touPIIlu}riJP$euPloraoIJ.lnrlnlllrao-Jllrs'IpunpouJrlr1cropuenlapt.acJJltsguduco'tlfnrlrl,JecourEiIrlrsuBoaI1SInl'Js3uugoe-lllJIu-llunD-VIpIBuaI]lnat;lriluruleo."1unpi
8lrIunor'urlraraslr,lruIbpoeruJaJruaIaIIuJarlJIzlrrlPJJeaArpJprS.aaeosJsurpppoJoJarI.llrInlnoruIrCI'rtcL0lJIIfr,z'uIrraouJZldrIrrIocPllliuUolJrlErnTroullrarcul'i;:oalpusrl)auvtl1zp',aIraIiiuaI:inrltnqI[-ltniI:';plssrlcuISlJarLlsJInIIJJPaiSil-lsBasacIolIlcIuPa[-e:rIlJzElruI^Joau!d:3I\
mai mult decit o lege de mecanicd. A vdzut in nofiunea de energie
ir.variantul cel mai general care se poate descoperi in fenomenele na-
turii. Legile naturale se reduc toate la aceeagi formd : sd gdseascd un
invariant, adicd o mdrime care sd rdmind inrrariabild pe cind toate
celelalte variazd in limitele posibile. 52 Primul inrrariant pe care l-a
gdsit gtiinfa fizic5 a fost mes1, care a devenit prin extensiuue ideea
de nraterie ; invarianta ei e exprimatd prin legea conserr,Srii masei
sau fmcraldte, rpieei.nAtrcuesateei xcpoiinccaepclleii viennsiurefiacielunrtne,ii.GDaalilrefioar'{aacl5tirl"rgaatvenoaliuinnveaa-
de
ria-n!a ; qliinla a descoperit dupil Ner,vton invarianleie par!rale forlci
vie gi travaliu Si ln sfir$it lvlayer ciescoperd invariantul cel tnai gene-
ral, e(Jnenrgoiua,5cdaerescEoupveerrirned toate forleie fizice.
fi
in domeniui cuno;;tinfei, ca s6 poatir pri-
ceputd, trebuie sd fie pusd ln legdturd cu cunogtinfele mai vechi;
ideiie noi atunci sunt primite cind pot cadra cu cele piimite mai ina-
intt-'. Aqa s-a intimplat gi cu principiul conservdrii energiei ; chierr cles-
cporopfeurnitdoiriiigliuai uli primii formulatori nu i-au priceput insemn5tatea lui
doctrina Stiinfificd atuncl
cdutat sd-l incorporeze in
doninanlS. Ideea lui Mayer era cd intre diferitele forfe naturale, aclicd
diferiLeie forme ale energiei, exisfd o echirralen|d ; el gi gdsegte va-
loarea exactd a echivalentuini mecanic al c5lciurii. lnsd cei trei savanfi
care all fdcut mai muit pentru Legea echivalentei, Helmholtz, Clausius
gi Lorcl Kelvin i-au dat aceeagi interpretare : alr crezut c5. toate for-
meie energiei enrua-ugiinfonfodansdeucneurlcEetiirailceellaugii lucru : energia mecanic5.
Robert lvlayer
fi o formd a migcdrii, o pe ipoteza c6 ciildura ar
a Inecanice, ba incii respingea
aceasti. ipotez6. s3 lnsd formd qi energiei
Joule Coiding credealr ln ipoteza cdldurii
migcare molecular6 gi tot concepfia mecanicistd impregneazX scrie-
rea lui Clausius asupra Principiului echivalenlei lntre cdldurd ycj frc-
valiu.5a Noliunea de energie este derivatd din concepfia cinetic5, lnsd
partizanii Energeticii o considerd cu totul independentd de aceastd
conceptie, ca avind un adevdr superior, care nu e legat de soarta tre-
cbtoare a unei ipoteze, ca cea cineticS. Energetica nu este citugi de
pufin legatd de pdrerea cd totul este rni;care qi cd toate formele de
energie sunt modalit5fi ale energiei mecanice. N{etocla cineticd nu
recunoagte in lumea fizicd altd reaiitate decit aceea a rnigcdrii i aceasta
presupune o omogeneitate fundamentald a fenomeneior i eierogeneitatea
aparenfeior fenomenale pror.ine numai din pricina intervenfiei sen-
zorului nostru. Dupd metoda energeticd, fenomenele au in fundamentul
Ior ceva comun ; energia; toate fenomeneie sunt nianifestdrile ei. Me-
toda cinetici da o idee falsd pi unilateralS clespre energie ; din dife-
ritele forme ale energiei se face ceva mai rnult declt varietlti echiva-
Iente intre ele, se face unni Ei acelagi lucru. Penlru cinetism cX.l<lura
este acelagi lucru cu migcarea, Principiul ltti lvlayer nu incireptir{epte
aceasth identificare, cdci afirmd numai cd existd o oarecare echiva-
ienfd intre formele de energie. Confundarea tuturor rnoclaliidfilor de
32 Cf. Osawoicl, Die Uberv,indttng, ioc. cil. (n.a,).
5r C{. Duhem, op. cit,, cap. Thlorie mecdnique de la Clo/eur, p. 175'
sa lbr'dem (n.a.).
40
tv
-)oo D7 :rBIIIsaItn^l!pI'r(u'1nuzaa1rrsrs'lilZq0d6IoDPr'zIqdrlsa)l 'ia'l(ol'LBwl'duo)qslauiplPqad.iaarnlroADpNuDot7'rpdl'Daar'11ls{plDsoTa1a'/6\pt'a\lun'}7rJ,pl y3Epiq1:srLu1ra4b
-rauA Is
eata-rl-j-r---'',qpigBopBIrioaprrJalulIJ!ublsucdBplrurlan-uanud1agrgfrraoua,zalz6I[xI.lcielpulIr;ialntia;rlnalssludBEzrnSBuuliBl]ldxdlslsxadllaageasaIeaoetsEalal:aqltsupIprpenlpaAosnaa'napllalJzul1sasptallIulupea{IspFosluaE{JilaaCouarlorplr^eoIulJrraSuecJ'ouola1rPIr'roaaalolpBnaBllaapsr3eepuJusurIeu3aul{BupuVreo!onlrssIxnaaarue1ou;IJrpa!3S]up.rcd}!aa$ul1slIatulxalalsro!aaa,p!daraRelugr6tuIulutrbrnladlo3oous'aoslalpIrscuJ.rpgIlualarrisBrJeqg1runuo^uE'oo'nnaluuIanlIralagsrrllBJ1BItdlaJnJ^rsrprpcndnaaunIuuaraaiA1]Ren'pnllusurEIpdfu€PnsrnousgeelupatIsBlunluur3IuJaOrlauElRrsuRrdsu'3IllaalorsslPaJJJullxBl€aza1llfldIuBaas,IaaJlJ6rl.JcnsasoruloprIo}a1uaInIu/oocaPaJJu1Ill6JIu€JIrudunrlIsoIuoEnnluJfaIlnulu1ro},l1nB8sBapeoalSUuBo6nolJIJulsooloB1lurallapPBIuaafa'druIalJAresloJoJlIaIuloPor'eI1paI[ailRIlUan1euslaaJorl3sradu1dlJaIrl1rllIErululalacaaJJaisndrtnaEra3lpralI{udullZxErZasc1laluauodupaPda3IePPoBpJJropauaoa3^Ipzal'I.o1cs'uuscaBtupPBrlo1uuEseaenolanuB1A'Iea2aenIlrpl-uprsI1pVllPrlcIpJefduu1sll;otaJuoezeIzlBoaqturNeaalIz1aue1'tJsloJPalbaunalI1aaplaauuqbJrrarbr']rurdauoaIoroJlIrdosuruoozanPaudnciasllelSaIlBaglbunIlasIaaur1adx.3aruauuRlalgsIuasseulIaJp]IrplauflPBPe9uRaaonlul1JIugsfcJrsr$]rll,lll
lltJ1q.-aTluae-igtr,euol1,ptrouosAJifeJrtInreel,arluiagIeu;cprlJtccuJfzlirnuorruju{Jh-1-alolterulrJgfan7pSl;aipJfrinJ+"uiC.poI6uau'1p'niln{rRriPJarpiuaier1aaa"'uoln1sazrIpE,op1;rdraprtpgdor"AiaarrJ"aouoJsJsaurorrIa'uururr'napoalrsnnoBre1^ap1c-nIura-a{'a{lydl^lrrg'arlpanus.lirulJnilerdlp:ul'rueelulpsnrlgap}Joeoalplfpl^asa1peRep€pjeat'^1*udggu1n'alr1ia,clauisllEnlnrglt5Ju'1pJsaoaaloC€oAlel:saJarrpdldi,sclpuatatln'1rsauaeuupns'iSlrpsaidT1plfRroAeErazoruutuJaeepuTa1uselarJ1rIIt.a1ullIauninerrrlulEanllensearonopudtLauaiuppupuEl3{ppaIerllelorlPprsboolauae1naaapJaaruro'lnE*n:tunulJlJanlapaprruaSpaBlrnpl3onPurfllJpasolqfrsoq1uelnbr1lauPzlappnurauaJparar'BsJeanRluiseopulur-pesrdIoolo{lsJlosalopoJuapuuaqonar1PacpslJIulalos1p1I$asotPuaeoliruflJSo{ersea,eullrPoBrduPgsrrSopcr'qB}ppalagEorratxloqIoIaluarazda-aaprauuJpPJPaac'le1lBqJl3n'pu.aJcIJ.plaIlgaPfBuIEciPssuJlriiorrrpldJasu1pBsC}llaarea'uT1lapIa'xeauaululIPIdslIIpa^ue'IEIrpnal1sIIeIa-luoPuJraopJsJ1rJPuaI'Ja1npzJlueeJaaaaIlanl-znuul1snpunnuIulJJp1auJIalo€lpor1lsoI1ParJreaIuqlp'1ound€lt3s'.nr'SPeunere.1pIuae''Iegaslrtsl1d;t}pudpeoa6Pstrlne'enalenoplpoJaa1uoarllp4!rlsrluadn}urlad'oprePp0lIa1'Epstiuuer_Iuld'u:ueturuqr1JAI€e.aePrlsauto"lprunoroua€lg,l}BndId1cp1nsps3sasJ]rt$
a--zuppniyaputrFSpr,atuaurpefneadup1nretutaunlsarlfalopEuieBo'Pa-rlJn1BlueArupIrauEplApnI:lr1oouplaaaudlaeatoulcoolulaooSuJ rr:n196e1 B Ease 'Rieau
'PJIlauIc pzalodt o IJIU
a nu PJ Plpre Ig 'pIB^\
a-n+uusnOdpxzuaelalooqds1rieloAaaapllsslaallpu1ltErsslarpJcJraruJuerlJsBantr[dr naa'as1pJBspalolullnnPauuuprurPPallpJud,IattuupEtSuJlealrleIIsuIpJlsIpl'uPat6lFlp:BraJaIuJuaaIglraBuAeJtaltutIadatlt3$plur{aut:uncaul
e fenOmenelor, itttrocluceta o muLflire cle illoteze, Ca atolllui, materia
iicnrantilrat.iniceneriaaallefiepnfeoinraoir1metneeelenl,oerlqo,irn,tatfutiirriiraz6bsuciatiereeaxnpdlueiccpeioi pasrtdeinpfiraecozebianiesietcatndnigeimtegictirinndofiddne9nleiactmuarreea-
€cbpfiidnrcimeecoareegru-aelrtesitiiie:cnqimateiseldnrniegeurneaiiunmfinnlceliaAenietdaulruacdlleecailnionseetrlcirmmilctleadsuaredecaaeraacveusleitzxasnris-cerptraaviule.iozriauiAenrrc:eeseails';irmtinerrelbaamczauiotijnoduovaesnitlzeecllulusmtadcimelrc-tlfl,laeopnnluieoacrrndeinlmteersunialmeitnailesed---I'
canicii. Dar ciacd se renunfd ]a aiotni ti la mecanicii, se va pune intre-
barea : ce imagine naicrieuanlitsdifmii i1roel,\rrdaspr;urmncinleeao?stw,,Na-lcal1,'eNmuneevotrieeabclae
nici o imagine," de lttmea mai mult sall lnai pulin defolmati't intr-o
sd o privim dilect cit ne ingdduiesc fortele
noasirA s5" r,edem intre realitili; adic6 rnii-
curbd ; trebuie stabiieascii raporturi
ogiiirclir
n5as1re intelectuaie. S.1
rimi tangibile, mhsurabiie, ai;a cir uuele fiind clate, altele sd se tleducf,
dinir-insble, iat.1 sarcina Ftiinlei; qi ;tiinta nu o impline;te cincl se
nnifurnegte cu o imaqine mai mult sau mai pulin ipoieticd." 56
Am rrdztrt ct-i mecanicisrnul nu putea s5 iasd clin dualisrnul forlir-
rlaterie gi cii orice iucercare cle rnonisn inr"runtrul acestui sistem era
zaclarnicd. Energetica se preziutd cu ut] carar:ter unitar ilai cleplin,
ciici nu adilite ca concept ullinr decii energia. Ce se face atunci cu
materia ? Energetica rispuncle : Nofiunea cle energie este supraordi-
riata r-elor de forfd $i materje, le cuprincle pe alllilldoud iutl-o unitate
ce inlelegea fizica nr ai iirainte sub nlatelie se
supet-ioard. f'ot ceea
lerlilsegte in uoliunea de etiergie. Fondatorii Energelicii, Nlayer, Joule,
Helnholtz, r.lmirseseri"r la dualismul tlatcrie-energie, pe care le con-
sicler au ca irecluctibile, cle$i totcleauna strins legate qi mergincl im-
prerini, Sriccesorii acestora, N'{ac1'r ;i Ostlvalclr trerg mai departe gi
afirrnii i onismul enerqiei. Iatir cam curn rationeazii Ostwald. i.Ju cu-
noatlern lurnea externd cleciL pri:l senzaliunile noastre. T'oate senza-
'iirLnile au acest singur caracter colnlrn : corespuncl cu o diferentd cle
enerqie intre organele simturilor gi mediul care le inconjoar5. lntr-un
uttii'ers a ciirui temperetturii ar fi unifolrl egaiii cu terlperatura cor-
irriiui nostru, ne-ar fi iurposibil sX averl rrreo ic{ee clespre cdldurei,
llrecrim nu sim{im presiuuea atmosfericii consiantii sub care trdirn;
iru ar-enr coirSliin{ii clespre cliusa clecit clttpd ce anl incercat efectul
r-tncr lneclii rinde e o presir.rne cliferitii. ,,Toatd inmea e gata sd admitX
aceaslii explicare insir nu vrea si renunfc la materie, pentru cd eirer-
gia ar avea nevoie cie un rrehicul. $i de ce ? Dacd iumea externd nn
ri se reveid clecit prin raporturi cle enerr;ie, pentru ce sd punem ceva
iutr-insa pe care nu l-am putut niciodatd percepe ? Se va obiecta cb
ener:gia nu e decit un concept, o abstrac{ie, pe cind materia e reali-
tatea. E tocmai contraritl. h{ateria e o inventrie a noastrd pe care arn
fdttrii-o pentru a ne reprezenta ceea ce e permanent in'toate vicisi-
tudinile. Realitatea efectivS, aceea care face efect asupra noastrd, e
€iii.iloio..." Tol cerea ce spunem ciespre materie este cuprins in icleea
r: Die' { bt/"\,. i:tCu!:tJ... 1or. c jl, (r...,r.)
42
t?
tr)strab.r)ua rt)c : tgI 'ri ,crr;dosogr tFIn7n51 ,1r/n^\rso .^ IrprrJrlcior" 'LY;lilJuo"""i
,,'rur'tlB ifurrso.rd uelncl o nu pruroJ JoIRJ E runrfela-r ,oie,r
-ano6 ieui ir-lnr{elar ap relnrrlrecl zBf, un irisnap pA J elp]nlEu elau.jiii
-oual ollul us uiatE_I aJES prrtlailsrprl^prApwJpipa,lrrIdUrcpuprJ.rd: iou nrluOd u-rnJE arJ L-S
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Nerenunfinclu-se Ia materie, trebuie sd se menfind li ipotezele ade-
rmiepadeitioeuen"mlirt"leue;ii"is.ieiantfeCit,loiuioccmaiatitoisndcatgetoitisrenepfaisadzputgriircutsifunaitufcaiufaeeirnptrhieicititialotreeuptrepcrleuaoutunifsuraecaSnutruogd,lameedlrutdueimacluitSmio,iiuduepininxflrtiiiceamstSitvmeoiritnniirpvliitanuf9promfiirieaoeianldruttedieglloriinidoeccesuiou.lmirammEappscsdloeietcensapadttdter.dieiitrva.reaiipdAnbateiiplt-icsooele6e,-i
ilmci"ftnratorioeaoo"iacul.dtne*5irliiiisis,.ieam.tuIaiddtcotontauaecenm1iertnibeesiia,,umnel.eseelcuepbtAsa5otdtmcmrzrereiieitcnaeasefictiicntemaeacaetcteaaensacE,rnt.ioreceicefMriaeiiplpeecdalcuaegeetislcnecarctreoddtruiaigameilcdecntieieptf,eaiaSuazsTituptstieteiceooafaotatomedertsprieozmiamtoiamnonsmeaaeluucentaotdemlcium5tnmureaitdtiiesrrrsaaeiieatelrtldomedalloeirrnaccilcadlnuatnrelelclruisceenpseiaXptumovrtL,urinzooant9citrcidtiiaeoioftivicnnaunnosttcn9zseirddpe,itsirduiantumculseueunactiigcetattueieerarlliemdedtnicliciirendninu'--,'
lii,oiiuuarincrntdi.*suEutunliedcrimuotrlilocffnieoingia,oirmtpdeaeeircnntieistcelouamriteondmaeetulecilnucmtrritniaecdtoeerrdiiiiaaelerlsdc9agoisipduedeprerictaeistecdioomennnrdiainudqeciiatgiafbaiuuitlniivutidn99tiiiimepgamoarzzeaeintrliaovo-r,l
s8 Vezi I., Ilor'rrccr6, .lc Physigue mod.erne, son EvoJullon (Bibl. de phil' scientif.)
p. 63 (n.a.i.
44
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nrrct parp:)
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qns olBdnr6 alrradocsap pulrnJ ap Iput alauaurouay rS rou alrrroo:| alpo+
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ed tro:I lallsv 'alsluef,arrr alafurpual aped areur u1 gzearlspc{
Inlaurol rlroa? ap ra alosar6orcl u1 p1e6a1 olsa rninrala pJizld rs
alslruole olsacu
nJ rrrJoJ'uaoll)ur'IpeelraoleruSrnsIunllnTuaroalrepcpapdrnel3zaallorqd-rrenopbrSeaerllsur!uorolppluIrlzJaoJodl a'llrpollpr
-arul IqJoA riroA oclzltr rrrool InrpJ ale ardsap 'uog a1 aABlsnD 'ro1a1e1eur
IllpllllqllJnpuo: e;dnsB alllroal ug 15 urnc 'auaruouag JoIaJE earetrldxa trl
prls in calorinretrri crea neincetat o considerabild cantitate r-le c5lcl,-tril.
l,.n pas cii lte o explicare a acestol'fenomene a fdcut Le Bon atunci cinti
a p-r-rtt-it sii rioi'ecleascir cI emisiuniie corpurilor radioactir-e nu eratl
,r proirriertate izolatii a unor corpuri extraordinare, ci o prourieie'le
r:onuiira a ilateriei, in anume imprejurdri, Orice corp, purr in .urLtu.to i,t';r-
:litiuni clc cr"rlclurij, cle lnrninX, de electricitate, de cotrbjr-tirri chil'icp.
icrooaml.eunll[roa(llilrcaeleerrirelain; antLinirnrli€rci ocndtitnmuee]:eracdoiropaucrtiirctiatatueraatreitslmle,otltporroiLplrii,et,-'ar:i:e-
liirtrl sr-rnl slrontaneu radioactive, pe citrcl celelalte nnrnai ciirrl suttt i,:.is,:
iri rrlrtirrre r orrrlitir.rrri.
Peutru erlrlicarea aceslor fenotnene, Le Bou a prollus ct
care riine in contra unui principiu crezut nestr5mutat, acela aillloI-o' ]'tl-i
serviirji nrute'riei, ipoic.za ciematerializdrii materiei. Aton-rii de ma'ierie,
in annrne iinprejrirdri sau chiar si:ontaneLt, se disociazd gi procl'.is'-ti
acestei clisocialittni sunt acele fenomene neexplical"e de raclialirini, etri-
sinni catoclice, raze X, emisiuni care se fac cu o vitezii apropiatir cle l':-;
a lurniirii :;i capabile sd sirdbatii corpurile materiale. Aceastii illo,e:zii
llresullr,lrle existen{a atomiior, o anume constitufie a 1or, apoi o ca'Llzii
a clisociafiei lor pi exisienta eterului. Disocierea atomiior cLc rualerie
ar fi efcct.ul t-tnei noi forme de energie, deosebitd de cele cLtttoscuie,,
r:ilet'qia iuteratomic6. Aceastd energie conclensatii $i inrragazinalii ir:
alcni ar fi tlateria insdgi. Atomul rezervor cle enerqie rr fi consii':irii
clintr-un sis'Lem cle elemente imponderabile nteufinute in echiiibrrt ile
rota{iuniie, atracfiunile qi repulsiunile pdrfilor care-l conrplln. Din acest
rte:cah,ilifborrurr.raez;ri-tltaripiatrroepnrtiaetSpefirlemamnaetnefdri.alEecahlielibcrouLrllusreilopro, aptrecctrttamnsgfrocr'-iiliaat-:
cilcl transforrlalea este repeder avem electricitate, cdldurii, ltrtrit,,il;
cincl schimbdrile cie echilibru sunt mai incete, le diim numele r'.e
iraterie. Er-rergia interatomicd este caracterizatd prin colosala ei mitrilrre
si acurnularea sr-r.b l1n \,olum slalt. in timpul disocierii atomice s:e
Liltereazd o cantitat-- enorilf, de energie; dovadd iufeala emisiutli.or
corlllrilor raclioactive, iufeald apropiat6 cu o treime de cea a lll:opa-
gldrii iuminii. Cincl s-a clescoperit imensa iuleald a acestor emisiul-l.i,
ionform cloctrinei domnitoare in fizicd, dupd cate materia e distinciii
c1e energie gi inerl 5, cleci ntt poate restitui decit energia 1le care a ci-:-
pirlat-o, s-a ciutat izvorul extern al acestei colosale energii. Cum rer-
ciioactivitatea apiirea sub influenfa unui agent exteru: lumind, cirlciuri,
lor{e chimice, oriqinea energJiei constatale era cdutatX in aceste ca:':ze
erierne, cle;i nn era nici un Iallort intre tniirimea efectulr-ri produs -si
presullusa iui cauzd, Pentru corpltriie spoutatier-t radioactirte 1uciu. se
complicd gi nai mttlt, deoarece nu se \-edea nici o cauzA externA cat'e
sir iustifice euerqia produsS, Aceste fapte l-au fdcut pe Le Bon ::i
renrin{e 1a ipoteza materiei inerte ;i sI cattte originea euergiei in
insir;i materia, De aici ipoteza energiei inleratomice. Caractereie ei
funrlamentale ar fi acestea: ,,...diferd de toate fortele pe care le cii-
noa$teln prin o concentrare foarte mare, prin o prodigioasd puiere gi
prin stabilitatea echilibrelor pe care le poate forma. Dacd s-ar clisocia,
nu r'riimi de miiigram de materie, cum se face acttm, ci citeva l<ilogran'e,
arn avea un izrror de energie pe lingd care toatd proviziunea de c5ri:rulii
s minelor cle 1re pdmint ar insernna un total neinsemnat. Din pricina
46
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nu
'prrJola alsa
'alrlrolel azeJ 'X azBJ 'irrnrleu€ura ap purloJ qns 'tre-rnlardurr aurnrip LrI
n'pr1qe-liriarq{rJ1oprabplaupaLurJSolJetor.rol;rsJtrappJtrIJrJJap:IpnocrlroE.rplr;ot nlpJrqurTIrrqoliaD,-riaaru6atarurlolnrIupsrlrliqopL]isr
:1n1rgo.rcl u1 orraleur-ar6rano Inursrlpull auri.rclns ps pa-r'r uog o-T
,lppIplrlnuJiLouasilpaolprJnlrJ:clpul-easrdapprlJueoor:dlueurgurrlrpuqJrlplclslla'rtlra!rljas+dIIpJolis-sToopJ-nslu+plJl:plslJero"rrLIsItC?p1'aop{uiluLrL-uri[oles'ocupliazei?rad"laer"(.p)lrrusI:aiDIrlilluip's\i
-opellsrurerrilr6udrooollleJrqppaslps1pono.1UrnapdorrJeos]auTrnilr)sauJg,irrJ.clplu]rolollplrpoJlipJasJruuuJrelpapr3feiuraJeruaaapirJalalpllpdol'pqpLzlltqprJir+oJJJonso-rrpTlsaooJrsptrrierrrqr.Jipaair
"X JolazpJ er{uede 'olpuolprlr rolrrncl.ro:r ea.{apun.r}pcl 'uluoinr psuour-{ o
{tJ aipr}sozul ainJrJrpd ap eeunlsluro aJnpo-td eg 'aAr}Jeolpe,r olauaur
-oira; olplrsnelur plIJe nJ plsaJruEr.Lr os olrurolp-r..rirr r rorDrauo rirulJnur
prniourigloltueiieeicvcSfiibuui rnaaei,rclihuvciniloriibtn,ers-dieuisalretria.mrAienacaielepssurtopendratoupdacouuessrfeieobasilitenus9ntfulioudariditarneateoc;fididueeencuih,lanirlieiibrpefriueazl'ilscitiAiauetcnneeii,asprtoaertcianaefsaiautrnonalafi-'i
s&lecsaeoetleni;ccerisoo;uindniltucecuoeihmt,pi'ipvadlaiergeatae'ac$psr6iieuac.irflaiii,mnzi*itp5,anoortrticesicrirei,mbiaopi]lauirncttiamenoutrnteeirete-aaisnoi.tuapeAsicotedeantolrtedoeimecerairt:udgaleotibeiciyltsnSlrtetanazsne9raiesnngifiuroipcelraergmneraitnetiietcdidrmruuiiu,i-lpasliiuo-neraidn,.redLedtefeleeoerrramBuemboleciandlnhf,tiiaPenlinJfbioeuucdrnou_lgnuuaeat-Ii
dlbdeininueeirieteninem;cs,ritlaa-rea4airtceet)opibartraimroaaoctrlzeivipdczeaedrudlu,enrriiciaialitocd.,rmarlAdaftraiuodcatrdeideocasiirfrcoitfiseee'gadbic;i,linpantti5errvooSsaeltd,traun9;aebsizit2qiceleat)i.relaeei$ocatliereXndallionciscqlur6epelisrauomitrlneztadaeatierdttueiafivoaurlriirfnacif9fubeiliiriznreut:ndioliereiaftniogi ntdraasriieeuntegianvtlaeellituon;:mgpmue3r!meoo).)a-dleEeguecpn-emsIuoeecelanrcahgtndrariiUeoaeale--,-'
rabilS a materiei gi lumea imponclerabilf, a eterului.65
Le BPorencuemstesetoptomateecuagnoicrisvteSd, eDao,vnaadtdllraextiestoerniitlaoraftiozmiceiloar1eetleuriulGuui,stmavi;e-
cdrile iir vlrtejuri ale eiementului atomului. Schemele vizuale predo-
min5. ca in tot mecanicismul ; ni se prezintd un modei mecanic al unor
fenornene cu o genelaliiate marer ca acelea a1e radialiunilor. Faptul cd
ajunge sd grupeze fenomenele gi s5 le dea o explicare plauzibild nu
psrueslr"i-demcohcldeleelomcecaadneicrredrpuel niptrouterezperie,zcednctaire-a precum s-a afirmat mai
vizuald a fenomenelor se
pot crea cit de multe, gi toate s5 pard explicdti adevdrate ale lor ;
aceasta pentru cd pen'iru fizicd metoda mecanicistd nu e nici adevdratd
nlci fals5, ii e transcendentd.
wx
CONCLTJZIE
Dezvoi'tdrile de 1;ini acrirlr au tins si ltund in evidenlir ideea pe
care ;i-o formeaz6 gtiinfa fizic.l
ciuzia acestei pdrli a studiului clespre lurnea obiectivS, aqa incit con-
sd se clesprindd oarecum de la
de fafd
Iusninneeci.orn$estaiicilniletfdraatirfeoizabicieadccteairsrmteeivindrdezeaupltietcdnddfiepdnotinestucplleeuanczcodtnugilntidianeifn5tv,eeuddneeerieoreraiaclleilttdieNinxiitsfeitzeiincnteau.
esie necesitate sd se |ind socoteald despre realitatea psihologic6 : in for-
65 Nu putem intta in dcscrierca experimentel.rr pe care Le Bon iEi bazeaz6
raLife'Eirnmt,toii.rluitRteiodnmFiiclielpeolatacczueMnlea.ctiabPrafeirztegicaiiepenexinpi tersurdimfcieeoncnattarroelilefazoferirmmeeaxaprzeedreioelnpaleadluretce9elincisnaetemjurnpsartietfditcdaarirleevoopluemexcupalerue-i
eI lc di. (n.a.).
48
L l1t€oJ 6.69{ "p-ar
IJ Jo,\ '('u u) pfal op rrlplrnl u 111 uc1:eci ug 6rc1 ad rpui osndxa rS olrrnulpI
'.r/Jrnpo.rlirl uJ rS lgreo;1 ui lplou np-s oJotr iunrllJrput atrsalB olpoJ ee
oelA urnsoprsrLr purudxa nu rouoruoual 'pAi]sorcio lp_rnJ alplrlpsJ
a,rtruril of,luJolpls alrrnttodel
ELirrrclxa B rS apuud B nJtruad ]sel;as ia ole olEurp.rpJ alaldoJuoJ'drq;)
$ailSnnl-ieupllaJllllrpuiuueoisrpnr{of:o,lfnaa, luposrJussnqirEpndJr+EoRuJlpsa'o]dEpd.uaraoll-ninIlrlJlpulVsuu'ooaotrulprfaT,JtouaplocJlupp]aanllealoJlaslgJq}urperurlpprurlncip,-lrloJqpuLspnrlIerallpnrpiouaIcBrl'enrIlpouuouJurnrapor-lrrs.ueaal)airsdrNaa
i--'JruoJor;nlcddpiIspJaOsioel-ulripsaalauuleJraanaroliraoirdfOnrxptau'gop'f?JJussruirprliSmit'ullJseolusoouolorai{r3rpnproupJolnppJlJusearplptBlrroJllllsoppl^roJaA13iIsrucaetaup'IprJJ.lirrllrao€lcpn1Ralo,Sn,i\dua']Jo?EastrJJ1epJolJestnpd,aoplr:lperpnnuslil
orpirrLlrrolap o Eap r-ps 'odeorde ap rpru pfiullls o ps BaJ\ ptrrJ psur
'gleuor{rpnoJu'pl iuprlirllJ*ariroqrooqJr{ruoalaspixaaluoeppzueaadlanplsuoldeRcJ'rgzciJ16eofrloirrr{l3rsd'reeplee}srsyof,o.r
o-r1ui.tcl 'aleluazarcl rS alerrrl:arqo plurllAr{oJ ap alEp op arunl o prioJ -rr!
'-rolrnnrdda:rad rS .rolrunriezuas ole eJe]rioiuaia olalpp al3ecrinra-r
lorL as
p-Iorp;) eoiir0r;o ef ir{uiru e arinrfre:1sqp op rtrolncl alp osnporcl 'a1cla:
-Liot ap pJnlf,o1Ir{rp o 'plpluaru aunr{rnilsuoJ o atrso pra}solp p plrlf,arqo
p.)LLrnT 'olrziJ tajurtl3 u olderiror ep poutnl pJIplJ es un'.LroJ rnlnfurs
u oleuor{clel;acl ir',rrri1 erdnspap urnJ rf atrni}rnrisuoJ plseoJe aJpJ as
;LprJirlpru aJ urp alrraparalcl airurDed ul ll-rzpr\ ury'lrrrds op olnJsorrn:)
l-r:l1irJi1flrepJpGlpre-i{eua"raJiers1rpfergraa1nlrrpr1i}nuesairrfrr:onoo3-JriIatBrP;snspubaopuAlJrBsaRllsnrserrrnldl'lsra'plolfJuturEnprrpolilcrSrllaaprIrppsref,pcneTirlpnaenql'roolaslJpf]uopJrpraulSrJiepuJoaotrIrpptcTriuaaonlS'eprnrJrerozee^rlrrJo}J;appaiaSr1i(eeclop1l
-orrop aI a:lpp rn]pJ aloniplJsa'r1rJnnp1udrpouaJnrreonpTin]nfpJu:srIuspa+pdnpp'oaJ:flaueiauJlpseJr1xnalurpri6apr+JgsraLuJin€eaEElnal dpalaartssurnqprsrl
efurtl$ 'Irpulurralap
ollrpurrlrra1op
np oJ
alnlosqp eATlJoIqo efualsrxa Iarrn E prnd ea-reurr;e 'gfurrl* nr+uod
os runrord't'nplfn,IJlrorrsdosllJppealrprlSrliglJc1elrfuotp11ISoJelas:aer1eo6rSnrri,ri(-;rd'rrunrnorrr|
l-ldLarIrJrorlcnluarplol lpp,pt n3 ournl plspeJp psu-I liurnJlstror '+Jerqns op pllli{lsrl}
,epl-ur,oa'ulerrlarc]plrlripsloodrrprropaqolrlnorsdeuuaooarp{rialurlrsrinnonp-rnlcllgpupouuuaua1zpncoSalurr'rrfapcpruJll1urorptupluJ^1dnpepulunoaJJBlJnpnJauluapprrnrlNfneuu:slorug'uo{oafee)lzpfg'alrnnier1rpfdr1pullote3ro1Jltuepsuorauairzoc-pSairrafIoacinpsptaunpr.rrcoasolJun+JppsJraaop}rls}urlpunEneln{scLcJ)prrtn'rflnrolirpauprel1psaltrue3ppIanleruzu'l1rJaeroerpztl1ddaauxaa::oycarpzl
PparnulrpfiurroPue1llrudrxaaunodrpoS Ba6aI arunup 'p1sr1ear rururnrr o arBJ ed rtunrznll
lou arpr ad. atrh
arpJ ed rS pieluar[EpunJ urr,trrd o
-oloqrsci rbal raun azarrrJn ps +lJap pAaf,lIB aJpJ nu ptlzlJ efurrl$ 'lrarqns
r{rre.rl ap aleuorfrplroJarr alrlJarqo rfelrlear raun paralrnd urr6 'AIIJB pJ
1n+rrrds pJspaAIJd ps aro^ou orp-u rJIrr r$ alSa,trrd nu efurrl$ 'ps paipru
Partea a doua
REAI,ISII{UL MET^A.FYZIC
III.Ii.rrpIrrselejrInrincljs"timncaualrivci.'tob1its'1tol.dluI.dtV;eFai.ilcisAhmgtenu.ollsVtcjc.riisltcmilceuclEJjsliumRiueSl apalerb'nssmcceulru.l t;Y,,IlITuIecgPrueoll.zuiYtiivi,nis,m,Lsuuincl.eru".l
I
trFELIh{1i.{ARII
Deasr,rltra concepfignii sinimailut tguriacdomduena9bistcroancfsiutrnuec,liusneilodresgft5iignulredi
asupra naturii, la un mai
concepfinnea filosoficd despre existenid. De la inceput atitudinea filo-
soficir este o ltegare a poziliunii luate de simful comtln' care identificd
reaiitaica cu clatble percepfiunii: lumea pe care ne-o prezintd simfurile
ltoastre tlrl es're ader'5rala realitate ; aceasta este mult mai profundd
gi de a1t5 natur'[ ca aceea pe care o cunoa$tem direct. ConEtiin{a cE
experienfa noastrS nL1 ne prezintd fuicrurile aga curn stlnt, cd cunogiinfa
noaslrii ne prezintd numai o laturd a existentei, este conqiiinfa pro-
priu-zis filosolicd gi este foarte veche, tot Aatriitsdtoetveel cohepcuan9Ii arelilnecxeiupnuetuai
Platon s;i
in onienire. N{irarea pe cale
oiicdrei filosofii, este mirarea cale cuplinde pe omul ce lefiecteau5
scatsciiqinnnaaceelsC'ecereionrsmpnsteiesbenliapltitruiC[usu;iixnsdoictenS'eleoCcl.iaUtuaSntiSnpouecatauecgtutuptueiruardtoloiucrann,aaeldutao'ermb;rfidiaeiilocllitnstnaocacofolianccr6ldleeri.frnnitco1reedneatiagedati;SrXitiCeidLfaei;llnoildSauseAco,iiofnCricciapreeirapl'eorrittrenet;xroseiusialnletuliciimt,ua,iienn--
ifivLii5ririlnr.s-crril"ldtr"Mr*a:.aeoTyrroieieasiit,-tSretca-nolffdnie.lociilsn;i'lociciilfiehaianiacdqurrnqeco6lceqseitaaminsccfidedgie6psssleeiinmnrseaioabcpzicloeiemz,niintlliueapaeatiincaootrptpeietourfz-de,iIi{nniruoeenmaacleiaftinalotdePsiaoni fltuirpcecriroruo-:
realitate i1 siue a hrcrurilor 5i lumea sim{urilor, din'ire o 11me eternS,
i:eschitnbal;ii, inieligiitilir 5i luinea inSelEtoare, ireciitoare si fantastna-
qoricd a apaienleloi- fenornenaie ; una este lumea adeydruiui, obiect cle
istiiblnil,i[z, icaeltaP]ira-uto-nneaineroRreipi ugbi lniceas,ignullraensfteei, obiect cle pdrere. ,,Nimic sen-
obiect de gtiin|5t", identificind,
r$clutiimlcteafnaotcrlu;eieA,tcortaisli,di,oieiaetanlf'rinziciuchiiietaxsteiasalet,Sec;toxiii;nsiclieSerp:ftaaulcinecieesaigncteeii,neefsdxtisecl-uternec{caexltcodare, adtfaieloresa'coefieea'
lipecu,latii,rnea filosoficd incepe cu o deplini increclere ?n puteliie
minlii onelegti. Cunogiinfa sensillijii nu ne poete da aclerrirul 9i nu ne
c',ar r-eflexiunea se poate ridica deasu-
ltreziniirr realiiaiea reai6 a ).umii,
prcL pasi sim!'.rri qi prin activitatea ei prol:rie
i,i'liilii c-r.inogtin!ei prli:
poare sir ajung[ 1a ctlncagterea 11atr.Lrii incondilionate a iucrurilor' $ti-
;rti,a ;i illoscfii sunt posiirile; 1:iltea onieneascii poa're tc:uolva probie-
att
I9
-oa6 oJapaA ap inlJuncl asequrqrs Eiso;€ titti;a.icl lliiuacloJ lLll ! ElliIIolI
--'rnonrllllnsulpaeluoBJorrdrrlJlpoojr1dr€Joo3n]u3al lIpenosluiPl:lpIlusniaIllpaSrgi oleru:prll6cueuo[zi'duas-llarPLl lisaioiiesliolEnTz:aja.EpI ia:iin.llsolleljl.uJirsvIcl;€'il:olcriila{ru-r1oiio;r..:pr1oLualoiulJuy
E paooe olsa plrqrsod etrsa areJ pluli3* p.ln5nts IS PluIIlS ait lJa{qo
olso Ia eaur16er1u1 ui efuarredxg 'ItasrzuiluoJ I.IpIlI lpu{ ala) uI oppJ
'gluapuacsuerl arlap ps'ia!uarrad-va aiJiriilrl op r'sPcr] ps Pl.ipoJul
efnrisounr aJ pippul 'aurs r.TI olr.rnJJnI nJ urnJaprllrr 'elauoruoual ni
oJpJ B ap aJB Rrlseou efu11$oun: J IOII nrluad luns {ul1J Bgp 13 'auls ui
luns urnJ eSe algrnrcni plulzercl au nu Ilo1JeJ er{i1u puna:dur1 pzua.r:n1
arBJ uI gluerradxe plseacv 'pfuar.radxa op lnbue; ei pllqlsiias ufurl*ounr
EparrJarIlpldSITeeutoluspnpIrfpdaIaarJaJorRa:lJedteeulJenaJlgerrl4ullpaallulull1rqsArasBpuaoila€s+IlnruopnlraiuluJl.rrdpoIJaa.p"rroeeJt3e'r'.arnfl,lrnnq1lciusauolo3atsrr'arirl1u.norelradtrun9irl1ou1Jre
op rninlJalalur alrrro5alpJ nps arnd alald,aliioc I lllp1lilqisuas ole aulroJ
ec alred o op lndruil 13 lnileds : irorrcie aies alaulol ouncluti TI i1e1
-plaf, EInrRI rafurl*ouno BIJalp'LrI alnpp ElseaJB I Btllalxo Barunl rS rolgc
-souno InlJalqns 'irolce; Iop E snpo.rcl un a:!sa Ptlseou efutlloun3 '€aipl
pp--uazJa6ellsnaarlluurunBrsnaorrrafdprlrenur:lltuolrulSlenaogIREdunlasoplpdseauofre,.rvrsfeuf'rI,pBlSzBIuaoI luua'anllaslrl3po'1uaelolalIalsp3laarpuictpetoaIip:ea1apri€oo'.trrlrulpAtaourp1:nIu3pi1feeI1an:I1reirerJdreudis1rlPlSrglosuosulJcnariruJ'opalpmTiarcr3laIoJ'si
azazlleo: o ps p:lnel erer ad palel.Iun ui lup5 alSas;0 o leluri*ounr e
Ia-panIol6eJ6pursllunn'upea[rBfltIuluEu'1aetI1luopr$l:pnusoEunlerIoJrIonnJlouJEpBIroRquulrlotrrlroutJs'lClBnl'unulalnZrJreluesp1arolsuol1triIptrIrl1e'arurSsrnliuunllunP$nddoJilrsproepitlJlsrdseiszaraSlFaJpuprlpureltceunflgll'u.islulaltiupulJlgaaidIiupulluprianlntaS1t]iJofenup1JtlanlrqauluerJatetzs1;loodatrrtt$rrrpeolsdaelrqrJatJollaeoriJlpissiloleinti.sioBIe!Jau:aiilolr1pinecnubrIliztTara;EdnursIl
oelr1osl6racu.lrnen[deRllaTuLrruuypnIe]o{pyrsSnpl,rcaR1{Jlot>rIS1) laI'n}gulnaprpuxsolIfln,eillnculEalI:}}suoostor*lIl1J*1rtal1>rn1lpcnouu1irlsdaraplepuarlofnjJocEplazrltiuret1luesialIalJsrPrin:s}dooJo
-p-JuuaItJr'Inl'rJnulJ:lloes'uJoplBrtlre;dlpnepslrpaeda1sITalJ63pauloTnJqierooJupn'aauup.lI^aIapapouelal faruolteliiSi;tnoredudunret1JliuPalJpaTn)rIlolJl.oIaosrfod,lslr]oSIparlu.ErreioppJluoarprl
-uI 'rlunrle-i e1r.ra1nd uI ojl:iullJau ll.{aparf,ui InJoI u1 : ursr:11dals e1 'trL1
'-gncunspilegusfiaolpeoscnl dgofu1rnl1*oocul ne1c 'a1r:ndurrl oleol ierr u1 1du3 op snp IS E runl
op Inln]uaulnJ1sul letrt;roclns Inuourpxa
gsul 'acr6oloursoJ alrredn;roald ie
onycrbaor3utlnrr*ppanalcrplaaruc{1o'sianclul lllu3nosrine:rrl0eoloi6tgirssrdil
alr.igdnooard. salrucsoq Ini 1e
a-p'rupranon:Jrn|eo;ouollasrrdloSu3llneaalfrsnueoacrdespapelppeppuleoolqaJRrleusurlrurlrlalrfBr'iReuIlpllRqpulJugsInoJrJodSsIioeulllalntu;trrosenlosdluulxttnr-alar$eletutrroce1tltio:er':aiuccrio'ihlteuu{ul1erroOttlasuo-onrpatlfllSeilnPeJngotpilitprrLnalr;r;aigspp
-aJOuI alplrurrlau r*eta1a:e elsardxa Juns z{uqia1 tS ezoutdg 'sa1:ecseg
-g-rruauncraiIllnolasapsrlloexrpSlarJJJapIArl"5iprlXoauriuuarIpulrnluurioaoTlpl3asIEarJpsrsullsurupaonrolipesnr loelnanrfu]urreauaelrssslalli'asl1ere1luo16raIfrgI;:JloouBsu6idrniu':etu1ioptuetlruseiungidalrS6ldqaoooculrllnnnatrSaJ{ldoaleapo1:1olrlPexorualJsu1IoIgoIilJ€lJJgtnuqceosoae'lrptoe1at3Sltr$tya;eac:uiole'ota,autr.6rtfi
cenlric pentru cel heliocentric, tot a$a Kant schinba cellirul pe care
clogmatiimul il punea in obiect, punindu-i in su}iect ; nu subiecttll se
mo"cieieazi ciupd lumea obiectivd, ci lumea obiectirrd poartd pecetea
.suitiectuiui, este inlr-un gsieninsseorncnreeaaztdiunpeloagrhesii,ulAccee1stnaaei shteotIierrziutoltratpuel
capiial al criticismului
-care l-a fiicut filosofia in timpurile nodeine.
Felul nou cle a privi cunostinla Fi raporlul ei cu existenla introdus
cle sd schirnbe 9i felul cum se punea ilrol)lema lealuitli.
iiant a trebuit
Curn insd problerna KeaxinstteanrfaetiiiscedpeunneevcouienescAessietacieleapemlaini gindtillilooblseomltta-
apoi sii se rezolve cealalti"t, r"'echea problemii
,cuuogtinfei, gi cum insu;i este nevoit
sI se protluntre asupla ei'
liirtuu.eesetecessltiellliairnpaetnli.LrIl(l acnat
cc1a,Lciiii1rneaidinursLi1.stlrriceLcanceiririlrlceae:lli,.zeuoiaipliifrta.inri.iipi:lt;cdigio;Dol"rt.rarcsiilciaieneitnVoleoecrgitfi*ondreiicaincitrfiu,ccibevfncelefcauoieuecllcoemelaitteetnisncutlltnoliteatitisauufjpsiieSscmiarispciieneztrpiarrece,:ouicliict,edpnopicoicrelietmualelinipnprtrtmbpc5iieolrrnulaaaliro{:sdIftaudinatialmbreiraiumcnulclrreglltetniaeonSeciaf,vdeeatasolararilianeustecrct-rLieiflelonLetoaeanaC,irmalipolsiucn$lnllrlla:tiiflnisn-lrointeluouviolgS.ipnlaavsiu-rPceeaniaoln5rilftluiefmcpniciialcalcualeaoenci'.sliiseinie;ci:fpi.s,alaoiiserrirAc-uictrsoli'e1dfiruilli-noliini,elnloi'cee'rie,ucoamllieciaounliLlexatatrtrarrprlsrliaalluucIinzessnsIdlciituIiaseecmarutlleeirclenrlrel1irieiracc-ie--,i
a prollleirei rieai'.rlui. in felui cuta aceastii proirlemil se llunea ir:aitlle cle
-l;cliiiaalnrtlfii,aecn-arcLaenle-gtarigiiii,n9ijuifezaliuecliricerueali,i-isretSxApelJijcllleeaczreainrtepi"slaimhclcilgpioidrlsliaictc-iioegs5tiiTg1naaors?siemfoifl'lo"orsgl ocicfc,iitistoucniure;cicet1rl-a-
;'li"iin in pariea a ili-a a acestei lttcr-Eri.
H
IDtrAT,ISl/iUt CRITIC $I RtrALISI{T-IL
,.LUCRUI,TJI IN SI}TE"
Iciealisnul clitic nu suprimb r-eciiea probiern:I a reaiuluir cu rezoi-
vqealsartreeoaunpcdullriueeciajianis13r.efeszlt.rr-5,il,tdNauuteislceeurnfc,orraitngiectetiaimfkizaliunccetireleunreidleo:gaomgraaictciecuecrnucnosonugbnt5tintiunlittere:lsedteeilslf{e:alnenot"-,
rnenajil ; obiectul unic al erperienfei, deci Ei ai ltiinlei, este fenome-
nnl. Un asemenea rezuitat e decisiv contra ontologiei : neexistind Stiinlii
clecit. a fenomenelor. cunostinfa oricdrei alte realitSfi ne este inchisd ;
pretenliunile unei metafizici ca gtiintd sunt iluzorii. Cu toate acestea
kant, irebuincl sf, dcseeinlaeeo.mAsacoieLouabtsrsitu5cnuealedpmraoiltbeelerfeimloaesiourfenieauiliululluuici,Krupauninnt,eespsineteelicenesgetaeii
fenomen iucrul
in
unni clin princtele
ci.eoafsaici eticas5dopcotaritndafriealuluaht.6ri implicatd de idealismul criticist sI fie indo-
in rnai multe infelestiri, Date fiind princi-
52
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