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'pouIlll
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are erBolBA a:: r* alsa
rcE] ps olnqaJl af, paar
: leraria6 u1 rofualslxa

gdsea o combatere teoreticd a unei filosofii p€ care practic o respin-
sese de nult sufletul s5u.
Aprioritatea timpului gi spafiului, desprinsd de tot aparatul ei teo-
reiic, avea sE devinfi una din temeie favorite ale poeziei filosofice
a iui Carly1e. De fapt, el refine din filosofia lui Kant tocmai partea
care convenea mai bine tendinfelor mistice ale spiritului sdu' parte
pe care o adoptase mai toatd filosofia romantic{. IlnuiVNiaofavalluisi,SCchalrll|yeire,

in Stares literaturil gelmane, tn studiul asupra
kantian, ins[ partea asupra c5reia insist6, partea
scXrileazh sistemutr
mai important6, este deosebirea dintre judecatd sau
care i s€ pare lui
inteligentb (Verstand) $i ratiune (Vernunlt), una facultatea care ne dX
cuirogtinta discursivd, alta facultatea superioarS, cea ale cdrei obiecte
sunt ideile de lume, personalitate, Dumnezeu. Rafiunea ne poate da o
cunoStints superioard ceiei disculsive, o cunogtint6 real6, cu totul deo-
sebltd de cunogtinta intelectului. Aceastd interpretare a superioritdfii
raliunii este cu totul in spiritul Romanticii. In sistemul kantian, dis-
tiilcfia dintre ceie trei trepte de cunogtinf5, sensibilitate, intelect' ra-
unit6tii spiritului in facult{fi cu totul deosebite, este
{iune, separarea pubredS, care n-a rezistat unei critici mai pdtru.nzS-
partea cea mai
toare.29 Cit despre ,,cunoqtinta realf," a ratiunii, in care intdectul nu
are nici un amestec, cdci dac6 intervine nu poate duce decit Ia para-
loEi.sme, aceasta este hrana cea mai potrivit5 a spiriiultti mistie al
Romanticii, care avea nevoie s5 lranscendd cunostinta empiric5 a inte-

ieclului.
Metafizica adoptatd de Carlyle igi are o5iginea in filosofia kantia-
n5, interpretatX nu intr-un sens strict criticist, ci in sensul Romanticii.
Nil este tezultatul unui examen teoretico-cognosciliy, ci esie mai mult

o intuifie poeticH ; are ca parte speculativb atit cit trebuia unui spirit

poeiic ca sd fondeze o filosofie practic6. De aceea nu trebuie s5 ne a$-

teptSrn 1a o expunere dogmaticd ori criticfi a ,,filosofiei prime" a lui
Carlyle; ce€ ce g6sim este o expunere humoristic5. Izvorul de cXpe-
t{SneAncndililteeeo)r,prleeeRnrieotWrsuuclirscalsuecesee.uasstDcuceirh.raaoTfmmt}eaunInafue,mlsUedisntr,e,iovmceaekruthsat,ioftiapzrurticeolaafue"nsdleouinriiuFelWisldoteeesiooslpsfuienjcriarcauhHlrtuiwaiiionnper(innlgouceri-npg(eaDtrilua5le-l

Kleicler, ihr Werden und W|rken). Filosofia aceasta este expresia hu-

nroristicb a filosofiei transcendentale iegire din Critica raliunii pute.

vez:i' ,,Toale lucrurile vizibile l-ui scrie llinunatul doctor * sunt embleme i ce€a ce
nu este a€olo pe propria : Matelia
socoteala ; strict luat nu este acolo deloc

e:(ist6 numai spirituai, p€ntru a reprezenta vreo Idee si a o intrupa. De aceea FIai-
rrcl:, oricit de dlsprefuit le-am socoti, au o insernn6tate atit de adinci. Hainele, de

tmire:::i.eo2.necNi(.uudnisdltuiisnctcirnfuica\icalaernienotmeelseetneet(-oorabbtiiieeuccntteual elnseitndetee,t,leperacmrttuienlaautic, eanaluumpnaieiiapilnustbuirmeildfiuidre'ilmoarp,fiirlqoicsieoc)fai-erei kan-
gOirc, oagcneosstc,i,bciol)n. cNeoput mf6erniuipaetsrtiee," llou-
este
nurilai inteligibil, nu astfel, ,,lucrul in slne" necunos-
incognoscibil, (Lucian Blogc) este un concept
cui si
vid. fiindci intelectul, care, pentru a cunoatte, trebuie sE recurgh la intuiliile sensi-
bil"r. nu-$i poate extinde funcfia dincolo de experienfI. Alu ci, declarind irnposibild
cuiroa;terea,lucrului ln sineu, Titand de la Kbnigsberg se aldturd idealismuiui $i,
in i:,uni m.dsur6, agnosticismulul,

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lucru in sire, noilmenuJ din fiiosor'ia i<airtiand. Lumea fenornena]d cu
tot ce confine ,,nu existii pe propria ei socoteirid", ci eSte sirnbolut
altei existeirte, ascunse ; tol ceea ce eunoattem- este numai sinrbol,

cunogtin{a iroastri este simbolicd :
,,Omul este condus 91 stipinit Ce Simboluri ; ele il fac fericit sau nenorocit"

Pretutindeni se gdsegte inconjurat cic Simboluri, recunoscute ca atare sdu dere-
cunoscute: universul nu este decit un vast Simbol al iui Dumnezeu; nu e oare tot
ceea ce face simboiic ; o revelare sensibild a forlei mistice date de Dumnezeu care
este in ei; o -Evanghelie a Liberta''i1i'i pe. care ei *Mesia al Niaturii* o predicd
cum poate, cu fapta gi cu vorba ? Nu e colibd zidith de ei, oricit cie sdrac6, care
sir uu fie intruparea unui Gind, sE nu poarte amintirea vizibiid a lucrurilor ne-
vdzute, sI nu fie, in infelesul transcendentai, ln acelagi timp simbolici qi reala,,

(S0rtor, p. 1J2).

Dal ce cjte acea exis.c'n!,r sirnboiizati de apai'c..rrfcre irr:rrjrocul
ciirora sslriemiiirbcnohli?unruiCi?eegctreaeialgyliitineadteiprerviacieesp,peceetcoustlfaitntriavttgdi icaausiofamincteeesnltoierriiiisnceltereasbsnciitureinagdsiluspmrr-raibl
aceste
cdreia
dfRpieudatseacpeaiurain,ssedguxifli,niseiu]elednsneledtcraiustpimcruodbnpoinegliuzidnacediudientogaoriacp;aiteretemcrzniteocns6utfidenrosiziucaabitlinttiuonudaitpnfeiuelotaesppmolaoffricauiluinihnlceoal anreEetiii;tiaegsiiodpcae,escnauar--ri
iativul Dr. Teufelsdrtickh, fald cle ilesuccesul tuturor metafizicelor dog-
matice, exclamd in rninunata sa FiJo,sofie c I-Iaine|or :

,,Pjcat ci; toate metaljzicele de pirrd astizi s-au ariStat atit de nercdnicc !
Secretui gxistentei Omului a rdnlas tot ca sccretul Stinxului : o enigmd nedesci-
{rabild, din neculoagterea cJreia suicrirn moartea. cea mai rca moarle, cea spiri-
tuald. gq sunt Axiomele, Categoriile, Sistemele gi Aforismeie voastre ? Vorbe, vorbe-
Inalte castele in aer sunt mettetugit zidi.te din vorbe pe care ie adund un bun ci-
merlt de Logica; clar intr-insele nici o cunottinld nu va veni s6 locuiasch" (sar-
lor, p. 36).

Filosofia care introcluce o separare completd intre lunea aqa curn
gi lnmea aEa cum apare pentru noi, care trage o grani|d
este in sine
adiabcrsrofeeluarrtldocrlnanetgrluei lfnenunuommmeaenincgueii,efeaitnacoemine6cnp5aimrepa,eicnertereuaal,ccacerlecninlleueml seetesntueplecenesterteau
rlr-rmai pentru noi ; filosofia tot atit

tiv, pentru a ardta granila ce este
sine ci
care nu ia nnrnenui ca un concept ]imita-
ci-l pune ca un substrat, ca pind unCe se intinde cuncqtinla noasird,
susfindtorul lumii feiromenale, este supusd.
rLnei mari contradicfii;;i caiie intr-o veFnica ispit5. Pe deoparte, aceas-
lir filosofie, care mai totcleauna este
a facuiiiiiii noastre de rizemai6 :pe o criticS' insuficieniS
cduunpo;qrticnefd,pduunpehcciaerreucnllir,o,aluqcterueixnistseinnlea"a, ceeseta€
subiacentX, n.umenal5,

r:.evoii5 sd-l Ceclare incunoqtibil. C5ci intr-adei.5r dacii tot ceea ce
cunoagtem este numai fenomenal, nurnel:aitil nu va putea iriciodatd sF
fie obiect de cunoqtinfd. 1ns5, de altd parie, numai prin sirapiut fapt
cii existenfa,,in sine" este afirmatd, i se ci5 prin aceasta o determinare,
oce€a cd existS; clar ispita nu se opre;te aici qi spiritul degi afirmd cd

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'GV--7V'd'toytv5l,,J:ur;ur ur
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-rV Ip ur.rp| gigl 'punJ qrpl InlE^ ap tapIn] l/Ianlsloal Inlot l aleol n3 qune;durg qzea:;
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P-s nu 'iippdg.ict B-s

nrr urnce gugd r1ur1u : plslxa nu aretpdes eauJurose O i tntrplsap 1 sul.rdsaq"
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o'2elplodleleBocuina-puuzolur1uuyp4sr1untauupprpIppne-lnuurluna!:p^ leapE11'uldel1u;rtoeadodpdlae'plu€ng-rsnelanIrrqsasnogp'ranill1Spnat:saagrSdueeo3rnol1punrllr-r1tr6droIZ-3ra1Uitarncnzllqia:c)piuserit:aidrpoeudna
apun atunl ad floc unorl nl li16 'ollzne ulp lerunu nazautirng ed pu3rsorrnr 'ro1ez
-o.rd un IJ 'lslrflI€sd un ilse nrl .in6lsop a]e3 '1lnr alnrollllr '1insu3 n1 IS ',,nozau
-runq ad rsg6 3e oIoJB IS rIIrunI aIB alelrpdapug leur alar alrutb:eru u1 illep t-ttio
SB-ur nu 13 Iz ap -Iroz uI inroqz Bni Se-tu e6" : naJ E Iillstutlesd Plulc ou'!B

'.rolulu3rll

B purllln BoolpEr+arlepalerlupourrulrpctpxuan]EBlraolcelRlleraarlrruo.lJsuaald^sllpInJI esB 1o+ 'PIrqitr$ounJ.

-q pirod Inualsis uI runJord
Ea-p-'---'-iporSronl1liIrllupoosR3ludduJuqBeslraarnslvutlrflsrcJrBoanoiRBlr'spJulpIlosnnJsb3nbldeaJuuasl3RlolIrs+nBsnllleBdanrpIrernrunto[JilrrplaPIRld{pBIIg'IuJPannun^1rlJlloJalo1noJrprsIn+uBael'eSrIoBrpnreJntnuop-1u'JnarrPaJaunupp'€^uBPplls{!ripraJAurooiIopFltlrnuolurllJlunsIatpisarrIla+lPnduurr}uIB]ruzJlpaoJ.talJnppJJteroPalsJpJl1eoplpslrlupdta'i'.r!aurtipIEll1fJgPtrs,,all,Ppriaortisu]r1nlJt*u)osutrrePlrnuenI'cmo'aJ,J3l'zlurJr'Iae'afnBtJonal1$lflaJnalplu0naJ/lduea'BluIullnra]ul-oquaNsI4l-ldnrItIuPusnIxgplI'laJaoIIJIornacenlaraoaJllalglnno^oaeplsnIrllQansualaJapIJlll}n}nlotuszssurlRJsrsoagaln'aasIqJlcnLnrtolpvlllpulispouneparatlBJ7lrIlr]llsailrsltIantulqtl*dic1lsrrtoaxppIn{nlilJas.uIfrJtsilr,r,
aln3urlJrlslnsluIl!nsSIonUJJOeJSnaUIrIouasrro3lspBnoRdas1J6I'raJoOpoI'au1u*nanusaruO6IuuunaeJ[Elleu'epP>Z]IlnrIEunJlul OsarprJsl1llBrdr..3IalS:u'qoonuScrsuuunniEepJrtueJauplIsuSrrxnLauir
aaulJlos6auulrpnu[BnlrJppurJsllBlalSllasVlea'apolsJPooPapuJn|:daPslsJsaRuqlnsPEls$f,nJ'l]onoacl saaolrsu€ancrcnIprIpJjoJas]s+oeIaIoJsdarnalIsuInlJoIeaurJdlsurueauIpraInarrf!J,nPuTsI

fuagcoeamrdtigimneaqgtienedivnapMoirsotears,dd, icnaSupniriPt,adlaint aFol rAfarmneidvediz,uztdidritniunmaai€crrasoe
intrupeazd la lumind Actualul din marea Adincime mistic&".
Cu toate cd simfim mereu misterul adinc al existenfei, uiciodatd
nu-l putem cunoagte, nu-l putem exprima. De aceea atitudinea cea
mai demnd qi mai nimeritd fatd de Inefabii este rmirarea gi adorarea
lctsudlicamcrtuuuttudrlmi.ngo,a,tr$ittintu,iitrbniafufilcaneaa,dl teeoexmitspratuedslruigmii,ninelgnnsutteirtceoSlqeaittedeceidtteieLmseappylurtdeerelielnfeo,,prcfiiealvleipgnriNdocucaultatmupmreadiitraccfrduiabeundsontm:ebeditnaein-rt
lucru viu p: e-ntrduhn, ouin, lucru de nespus, divin; cdtre care cea mai bun6
atitudine dupd atlta gtiint5,
este temerea, inchinarea pioas6
gi umilinfa de suflet r adorare, dacd nu in cuvinte, atunci tn tdcere"
(diuaein,pfHaucetiernoleeosle,opIq,eirpXm. aBnre)g.fai$nstiiltiedn:feaSi,,tiiintnrtterrabuuacideiet svvddrreainatdtds, draedcaiessatcrducgasdriemsifamurletumcl iomsntieqsrttiueinriuuldi-'
Impotriva ,,gtiinlei ateiste" indreaptd Carlyle sdgetiie humorului sdu.

,,Orlul care nu se poate mira, care nu qtie de obicei sd se mire (li sd aOoie},
nenumf,rate societdti regale pulta in capul ltli
ciriar de ar fi prezidentul a pi ar

toatd .llecanica Cereascd 9i F.ilosoiio lui Hegel, Ei lucrdrile tuturor laboratoarelor
5i observatoarelor cu rezultatele lor nu este decit o pereche de ochelari la spa-
tele cirora nu sunt ochi. Cel care a-re ochi, sd priveascd cu ei, a;a ca gtiinfa lui

sd fie folositoate". (Sartot, p. 47)

sccuuinnpece$lrdstfiieicmniagfaalit5n'e,adaeafqrahtccefliuinmtocmiamgiuteiailntddfpifenlecnsl,.5t{relruumSmantineiondai},.[,rdC{apmureistgnotteeaiintcettoaagrtetcioianprtmleeuitiaeneru$nntveoeraocsniatersepodd, tpnrpueienenslaitS}rsSu,-
gm-isiangciMiecian6i r.meD,,aav-isomrlb4Cddtairdriucenhinetetsn$rt-eiaamdsleeuacviirdenGrte,uoilaneccstheeeelmla.mgn"iaaSmtiemlciusratecertreruul?esc"sleetinesatcrisehncaisubt"no5, dai RtasdedeEelnrexdcliessip-mtdeueinn-dnlaaeer"--I
pdtrunse. Carlyie pune la temelia viefii spirituale gi vietii morale sen-
nmaitsutrearl,a$l existenfei 9i numeEte punctui lui de vedere
iimentul aeestui cdci toatd natura este intr-un sens supre-
supranaturalism
natural{, miraculoasS. Cunoscutui este pufin intins, cunoqtibilul ceva
mai intins, insd incunoEtibiiui e coplegitor de toate pdrfile. Noi ne
inchipuim cd gtim mulie __ qtiinfa rdu inteleasS ne-a dat defertdciu-:
nea aceasta. Cit ne-a flcut s6. cunoagtem din lume astronomia, Etiinla

cea mai sigurir Si mai minnnatd pentru noi ?

,,Cartea Iui Laplace asupra stelelor, in care aratd ci anllm€ Planete cu Sate-
ti{ii lor 59 inrrirtesc imprejurul Soarelui nosttu cu o iufeald 9i dupd o traiectoriei
pe care acesta si discipolii lui au reu$it, cu cel mai mare noroc, sd le descopere
imi este qi mie cie cel mai rnare prei. Dar aceasta nunifi *Mecanica Ccreasc&
$i Sistemul Lumii- ? Credcli cri a{i fiicut r,rtr sistem al lumij cind, ldslnd la o parte

'30 Sarlor Jlesarlus, carlco ItrI, eap. Yfi[ ln lntregime fNolurc/ Supernatur**

I:sm). {n.a.)

t.58

s9I

'nazauunq otds nazauurng EI paaZJnposrr€pl,oarua^tr1u-srg,r1glopJ,;dllsrlBlnellIorarauasleisOpajsrqa-,JaualgurliraadEppgoIu^cpnzo-rEeeauipEIronrruuABnICuuural-IlSss : arls
n'.i Blulpa.rl lpundsgr nu a11rnfu1g
all^
luns !S al€Sllpor nB arB) rolallridg
Uotu
a arBJ 'iqulupd olBod I nldun as Ininl
u,JlpoIruppuplluJnnJsnf,,naezuaulorudnec
'ngrupd l]1unhl '1oD ug nou t lo:1u lnluJrngd ad pungn, o eJ
urqgr6 eu '1o6 rnp urtrpspr ap aleatf, a1;rrds ap alsso o Br

Iansv "'ara.rd ae grqur6 o-rlul rrnlutrs nrluad aJBJard as plppu! IS apu3 Jselurur
aP-Fsf,d-snpIponuuIinn1qsno1u'ruoetlpr1uud3JnaAlauugInrloepdtseJJu;rJslnlapllrsnIna!lrrllasr-uoulsncnps: uaral:alsultlelItnoSsrulrau1p1elllaplroueldouulllJfaprSmrtre-Inauu|1nIdn1!elInaasylaIuu<Iii-lerflolgurcu!lgeapnaac:i
113 InJo.J rs BlroJ alfornllaqc orsf,aTd 'a;odo 1n1nra3 IB slrtrrr} un BJ ,EuelrartrlJ
ealduoq ulp pul$al 1$ droc Inun eurroJ e1 1n1tr1dg 'allBraua6 pdnp arferauag"

apun op !3Iu 'Illaluns a3 Islu IIIrls nu ,alBputnur'atrurlusarrfsiJnarruilsnroorua.rulIo.nrJBgucliaaIJspIEupourirrruaerlrus4lauAor
olJoJ laun Tnrn[aJdurI a]Bunpe arqun
: OJpolllaIIIp aunullu o a ptlspou BalelrleuosJad ,, i allrrds ,1r1e rS run3e
-I'aouugu1t$trIupS1dpreo3fueIynrupaoudluloprllsqrourlp4npaor'ualrpUrredaosru'osopprdrpanrplpsrlaullullrrrgrdusni araJlepruwaouABlqzpecIElilureprrurunBIuOEninaurlzlatruIcnlrsiinr,i,ll
l'rp-,ner"loieacntlodlj)zllldlIelpsaralidernBpraJolalpppuoreornardrJlaorl'JlRlIuinpleppllndlsooi€llpnprucJspllpuPBBEplAau'arJaurpp^lpssrllalxocl*opa'oppppulelnBpau3zornBeluluquplrlnpllpllselualRrIrlunsllsalaaluarBareRrueonrunlBdInuIpJululJllullnupIalIirpJnnoolluu'n(lopr{s'alpuruclcrlllclnlusflI{aeorlrsnsus
I3q3 'rBIqJ arpropE op 'allprlrupp ap 'arptlnurur appa,r[naJlnudd nnrrr]Lro3 L{n
ia nlluad alsa aJpldruJlu! a3arJ '1deg aaerl ; nrA
-srlru alsa Ia InIoJ
'alunupule ap alurqs laun IlJBlortrf,o ulrd nEs alrznp urp alspounl
o nu aJeJ 'Brnlpu n3 l3aJlp 13B1uO3 r{J OururpJ arpJ InIiIo nJ}uad

'G-t!.t 'd 'rolrngJ ,,ecrlrerd ul areotis
-oio1 ipolurouoca plafar o ceg gunardurl Balsa3B ad aq-npulrrnd tS gre61n,r aJarlls ul
araM E^all3 'aseolua6ul rllBuIquroJ rigcl 'putrd al-IrliruI Is alef,rnJu! a;1i6o.ta1q op
€luapatuns trip ! al$alal]rr ala 13 pldnl as 'afurrlS ap arlspol alrlurapprp Is alolnlrlsur
ardsap trIJ 'oIoJ ad trt od pulr un olIJ .IllJ gleod gs IlIruaI luns l3isui UlaJo.td
arpi u-rp aUBJ o : plu1Js ararrJs Blelplope nJ '.rtrSaral a;ri6o"ra-rq u! psrJf,s aUBJ o
€lsA 'lu€ ap apIur 13 arulog elatualsls uud alerlSqrdur 'a:rlosop; rS arllaod 'a,t11
-drrosap 1u16ed e11rem IS aIazBrI 'olaqrol nJ aref,roou! e1 eund ruol al nN Z Intraq
-eilv re3prrr lnuro o11S II 'nl IIlg U i Usalt3 o ps run3 'nazoulllnc alsa rolIIr3S rs
Inrp3 Ie -nrlaslosua atrrBJ o rp^app-rlul 13 ! rrrnlpN BolrBJ ardsap urjqlo^"
JotrnV InJirn alSaUlAuI os
"'n1c1c1da arBrlr IBru ]jullul oznpr ap nlcIJ er
LII

: sJlu.r ezp] alsare 6rB1 IBrrI srn3 er u; aunds BA ou aurr rpp I plR3sounr elred u1
alsa au 'p1aue1d ap plB3nq prlsBou Brtur ad 'ilrniBN roIazBJ Baunlsa:rns 'a1e:1gd
elroltr3 parurnspur BI rS oloJas elroll3 uar-irr1-rd lsooulrrduopraesrn1lne1Nairaeluaaralrpaadlxg.rl
alrur lS ! arapu.rlu! i3 orulf,ulpe ul pllugur arlSr!^Esap u1
€lpol
nJ

rB-r psuEul ap llcjro 'rolpzunnpd lplu Iar Inmo nrluad irrrnlBN Ie ulalsls"

-ez 1ob un-Jlu5 'BJ -Iou nrluad pugullupr rol €rnlBu ,, z f,luJup
-orde ro1 1nco1 ardsap wrrplall 'eau16rro rer 'Ar+ptrrx
gs luntB arnpg6ul ou IS Inlal 'alIaul -unqo16 13 eunl
a3 paal

ala{q enal!? ap uund un plBf,B-Ipoz ulnrp ap B{eoJ ad al-npuluuasul rS al-npurlJ
-a:od'lncsoupar ile'IoqlsraH -rnl IE lnulul od lros o00gl Ia3 raiaperald 13 snrrrg ad

A, #Y;,"nT#::f and our tittte rire

Is rounriecl with a sleeP t" z1

,,Suntem din aceea$i stofd ca gi visele, gi scurta noastrd viald e impresuratd

de somn. (Sartor, p. 184).

Duqmanul cei mcaariemnaereaascI umnidneunmiiineusnteea',ovbei$$nnuicin6iaa. Ea ne {ese o
haind ds aparenfd ea ne
lumii i
cascnffranirlcoeeclcuraebeudicistedcgl6otsthe;gnud5hota,da,rpvtseiocliiiIaeLadrrliraidnceeudipcr'e;o,neirstrnacndercxutmadcrriomeuostmdicdnmachitren.aaii"ptialceeuScOtrulAlnedpbloaeiirsdngajlsunocisnprnaeteurrogtreeiceenbetzfcicmsa;ecaenaurlusdteteilidenfnmaoncffapiailaicec.tcimuireCetslnmr.aau5aui,ri,nettEfnoogiisceaaattmeietmteenliurdndacdpemupcasiruaiistcninlduoudeesian,oaiastisdbsuedcdsicg,remedfinodecuilsenaneiTtnietliraeemv|re5uerammep,fegdolsaaeiaei--rii
cccoialiliuaen-tt6aircoecu"feIg-iorrecmla"teatgitelam'eatiecncu.dEdluioenspmid,dlocirCicaufoacnsrruimdlleiyouclesuoleugb-lleel,il;etcnnduumuanimlnot9aolaeisriistapedcre9iccnaridelfsldaoaiepbiintigcuarnplbeurir.lied6innepfenmaesotteedidruiinininSegiuctianlreii,neusaf'zianraidtciecueu.rntregiclenaeaszlmrideiii'
cici omui pe lingd cd trebuie sd se mire 9i sir admile, trebuie sd aibd
qi o activitate practicd, sd munceascA, 9i intru aceasta obignuinfa este
de odihnti 9i c1e reculegere
r--,n conducdtor sigur ; clar in ceasurile tre-

briie sd recunoagtem inqeldciunea aceasta,

c1c ,,Trebuie s6 privesc Minunatui cu o nepdsare prosteascE, pentru cf, i-am vizr-rt
iloud, sau de doUh sute, sau de cloud milioane de ori ?
Nu e nici un cuvint
penlru aceasta in Naturd sau Artd : afari numai dacb n-aq fi decit o sirnpli maqind'
pcntru care clarul divin al Cugetdrii n-ar fi decit ceea ce darul pdmintesc al aburu-
lui c:rie pentru maqina cu aburi i o putere pentru a tcarce bumbarcul $i pentlu a
ii:r.: bani qi vaiori de tot felul. (Sartot, p. 179)

Fiiosofia, in toatd iniinderea ei, nu este clecit o luptd impotriva
o
obi;nuinlei, saLI in terminologia iui Teufelsdroclih ,,sfortare mereu
a inlrece (to trunscenci) sfera Obignuinfei oarbe, ca
reinnoitd pentrl
sadslfreeiasdducddevcoinndgttiriannfascnernidsetenrtualiud,i"eRxiosltueilffeilio, sjolefiecia, ideupold;iqCrraurinlv!lae,titeicstlee
s6 o $teargi. in oirozifie cu actir,itatea practic[, care nu se miIS cle
leinsiaureazX minunalea 1re9nic6, ne
nirric, actiiitatea specuiativa in-
ffili;eazi lumea 9i viala ca nigte minuni. Obi$nuinla ne face sb hi6m
aparenfeie drept realitate ; filosofia ne aratd care este adev6t'ata reaii-
tfaiitoesA;oicfideedsi tcafapealrreerdonemiegaltoenrptiltcodctdouealraieorca.onccoenp$etiirneleailitmatieraacuolituimludi
naturii in general a iumii 9i rolul
face pe Carlyle
cind ea pretinde al gtiinfei fizice mecani-
sd fie duqmanul qtiinfei 9i
ne explice in intregime
ciste in special, atunci sX

os.tlrra. Am vdzut din caracterizalea in treacdt a Romanticii cX metoda
ei intuitivd este cu totul opusd metodei Etiinfei. Cdutind sd stabileascd

i1 Shokeospeare, The fempest, aet, lY, sc. I (n.a.).

160

T9I iI EIa-^; 6r5,E! il-1-3

alpod os nu soToIIar lpJRAope InlI-iIdS 'orpolpJeJ+ ?uns rJSoriJOr\Lrr os
alauloop 'alaureq rS el : rrulnl e our^rp Baapl apunJsE os aiEJ qns
'uTLnTlAopqArJuJ lpsS]rainr[sqaaJl]allulirno/aclu'lr?llsnEroril6pr]lralpl ap-iure6luorplgpouenpJ o-alr ps
oulEr-[ luns
pJrrrpJeru plliirls urnJo-rd 'espororlar uuap aurpnlrlp Eap elr
Bolnd JB PJ plnfi.rrs
ps alpod nu
alsa rpspolorlar 1tr:1s arirtlnlrJp o alsa JnlnsJaArull B ooruAa,t riuntiri[
paJeropu rS earolSeorrnJa6 'r-seorFrlar eruolqorcL 1a alSerrrrd urnJ lnloJ

nl prnlg0al psuJr+s uI luns a1,{1re3 n1I elp e:r6o1o1uo alrride;r.lc3

II

lpRp-I-e-naonrareuIlrb6eapuu"rozHllnee^pl'oairllJntelPrxurrrolrpofouEIpqurqr'Srnrlpgtpz1p'Lu'JcJngartaor"rlrparAuJunauJaru'lruunesdul1ugr_Japs,rlpnplreuI1auliufnp3{ps,l-ucrsbapa'-lltrarrploss.olJIn"rnolrauxosueu'nar1lerlluursep1Eaenla5unuldelns'puppasg-oirlprilrulpegruona'-cluoL1rsulrfealpu1]JTrue1IrrpsgnilsrfJrrauuousp1elrrbJrlp,qset,rppteJJnIlatJurn7ueurlrlrnrrIppaol1onrllJ"llalsaop'uo,rpaz,lJrnlsrJsuernanonopu1atuIJrJpnrsnlnurueIrd.,eJo,:o,rrEIqlquqR'I'r,Da-lsr,rlJrr1uenllr,plrtroarlprlnoIapIr6'BBfppztu1{6e..t-atapseu:p-ilotuaoua1lpplrJoan1"noJapu"ulqlqs.:srlit
ap lnlound npnsEou-ulrr('6e1dlne6'ndalrr1'rruord3SsrInJegpe)Jr,l,Sii olpolugdrueSpueqJuurc!osIa-}.n!rJ.parrupdlf,ppnlupalpf,nu''gruuInBe3rnupl
lrpfqeurrzrqaoJds
-;a6 urlosolr;
-rr1ds rS JrzIJ srolrun
arBrllrr ap l aulul uI ozauroJ as gs ndarul IIla-IA 1e rs r1$auauo,lrrnl€N
Ip lBluauppunl uelci aurnnp u11" : arrJs r{}iJqrpslaJnal 'purSpur-lnlniuo
ap''raq$pu16,rl:{nrrn.1plqnlrrueuusa3lrpuBaIgrlnaoruIuppnroBI luBoplnrrpJJrool+Jrssar€ouori1prI6JnoVuI'rBq!pA'pl'epooluJfJ-ropllqrIruenrrrrsutauprpurolrppplrnds'dp}lsn1pl1sz-rrpluutngeeolr^'luapllrlJpldrnTouap1Id'gJe31ppdp'aJ1ns1us11,lgp(1R1reperl1es-rdep3aelap1erJrgru{pucerenpra.nrfclJialnBopu1so1roauradlorruB1JS
1e1dn1 u-s 'e1a1sele lerJosolrJ enrrlodurl
o,,lA}oqsdoolslJolrotqd}p1pcaey-1aau-pu'eDa-a1s-nyDlxJ"
'D){uDsaut Ip ap rS alred orpru uI Jpurrn

'paI-IIIAX IB InIoJas '1n1ns.ra,trun olp asEolJolsrur 'esunJse alal-roJ op
B1raao3rpiusrup'nlarnal]1nsI'I"rlpp1luuEruaerlu3lo,rp,Ioaaaspu.JrnpaauztdEllrsllprJee'-sJ'larnuoJl1uuut1urnin".rr1DeapBuaflusrr-prgpsrdloISrlJsJeploIuseseo'roJllslreJ'raeuruIpupantJurlrnarfnJlruleuiIrintrrdPJnSogllsnlaplJ'uuraeoIrJldal1Vts$brnn''IrPdrraJluian;ootppplsuJoJor1ollauplir;Jlreuainraauduuutnperloas-rtpslerl
-Snp alsa 1r 'ra lnruauop uI alSaurbreru os areJ ecrzrl rafurrl$ TB upur*np
un psul also nu J rrJrlupuog IB arapal ap InlnlJund sorcurpa"rl al:IrrrpJ
a-o1,u{.a1rlep3 s'rufgl1'1o1:lepal;llpiea}pr Jepr^na6puprsIpldIaorqpuraslatutnau'eofuuaarlepdre o ieurnu o}sa inilaur
Irrnlpu efurrl$ '11nur
rpur pzpasotalur ou luns a2 JEruSol 1$ I ]uns aa aunds au nu ',alauaur
-oual Jnpord as runJ au-npuSunds l talualslxe efeprdns e1 'rtctlueuro-r
rfol unds 'Jseurbrgru as roleuauouatr e1r6a1 'pJllupuog eafp,tournur o
'efur4S Bap ps aleod nu IS paJlr nu a3 BaoJ ap 'p1spa)B ap ruurco; 'arr$
-rl^psop nr pde;rs 11 ,,efue1sqns" J EJolsace a1r6a1 op +IJap pdncoard as
nu IIJnlBu efurtls 'Jolauautoual oIB ounlsoJJns IS PlUatrslxaoJ ap alrr{e1ar

opri la ele ca ia revelafia etemd a Faptultti etern, ci trebuie sH treacJi
peste e)e, ca sir ajungii pind in inima ader'Sratei religii.

,,Prirr rcliqie nu infeleg crezul bisericesc pe care cineva il recunoaqte, articc-
iele cle credin[d pe care ]e-ar subscrie gi le-ar afirma prin cuvinte sau aitfcl;
acildiea]surccearulfalirpiiincismcdEa-treqaiff-iirlemcceuennooimac6itiesl ieccqarie, dsnieegcudure,mcfaucpeptlor(ripvlariralfeicl-ilc;aallleylug)ci-truurlqipleiealccueaiarevsittaoamlseeulcinduteimafcpaeplsdtt
mistcrios univers, la datoria gi soarta lui aici i acesta este in toate cazurile lucrul
de ci)pclcnic pcntru e}, lncrul care l'rotdrdgte in chip creator tot restul. Accastar
ei;te reiigio (sau scepticismul qi ne-re)igia): chipul in care se simte cine'r.a lcgat
spirituaiice;te de lumea nerrdzutd (sau de nici o lume)... (On Heroes, I, p. 2--?l

iiv \'Iiturile qi dogrnele care au fost addugate la acest sentiment primi-
increderii intr-o
al clependenlei omului de ceva superior lui gi al
norecpLirneetumit ograi ldsbasetrxdismteunteleivanluoafarecaddeceit sd intunece acest sentiment
simple fornui.e
la acesta la
trecitoare, care nu pot fi revelatria unui adevdr etern. Carlyle, deqi un
spirit profund religiosr sau mai bine tocmai pentru cd era un spirit
profund religios, s-a impotrivit teoiogiei dogmatice, intocmai dupd curl
s-a impotrivit gi gtiin{ei mecaniciste care neagA misterul existeniei
gi intunecd divinitatea ei. Vorbele gi formulele sunt incomensurabile
cll acest sentiment aI divinului existen{ei ; atitudinea noastrf, fafX de
acest divin nu trebuie sd fie decit o reculegere gi o adorare t6cut5.
Aici revine una din temele favorite aie iui Carlyle, din care avea sa
facd o lege moral5 : superioritatea tdcerii, divinitatea ei. Religiozitatea
este afacere de credinfd, de sentiment gi trebuie sd fie un izvor de
acliune : cunogtinla nu are ce cduta ca explicatoare a misterului. Dum-
nezeui viu este acela pe care-l simte inima mea, pe care nimeni gi ni-
rrr.ic nu-l poate pune la indoialS : aceasta este credinfa. Ce este acest
Dur:rnezeu, cum este, de este unul sau trei, imanent sau transcendent
iduerrreiitic-heateceqsitedae sunt intrebdri irezolubile gi nefolositoare. Groaza lr-ii

formule il impiedicd sd afirme dacl teologia lui'este
un sau Lrn panteism ; ocolea asemenea discufii chiar cind prieteni
cle teism ca Edward Irving gi John Sterling
il invinuiau de panteismtli
ai lui
lr.ri Sarlor Rescrlus. Asemenea discutii i se pdreau nu numai inutile dar
;i irerierenfioase.
Este aclevdrat cir in Sarlor Rescrfus, scris sub influenfa lui Goethe,
ilnutei rFpircehtalete5ciaaaRfirommdarinptiacniitegiesrtme.aNnea,tusraulnistrnmuul idteinpaamsisatgaiilclaurieGpooetthfei
e la un cieget cle panteism. Marele poet opune concepfiei atomo-me-
caniste a iumii o concepfie
dinamistd : lumea este un organism viu,
in care circuld o fort5 unicd, aceeapi in imensitatea spafiului 9i a
limpului. Omul de gtiinfd poate numi realitatea aceasta vie a univer-
sului Naturd, poetul qi filosoful o pot numi Dumnezeu, nomenclatura
nceunidmepnotrteSi.;Deuml pnaeiztreuunldaecegstiainnsuufelestteeqdteeotsoetbuilt, de lume, nu este trans-
este viafa
lumii, este
substanta, este catlzalitatea ei imanentd ; nu creeazd lumea, ci o des-
fdsoarir din sine in afar6, cdci el este lumea. O conceplie asemdnatd
girsim Si in lecliile lui Fichte Uber das Wesen des Gelehrlen : Iurnea
sensibild nu exprimd realitatea in sine, ci este numai fenomenul unei

162

t9I

(t!' d't'{o,r'saJurrsJulutag) ,,;1darp lJ EA 1rF3'Inl eIoA as-PtrpJ ;unq a
nazauurnc I oreur a nozouunc 'untD lelql Plslxo 'lJ pA nps elsa '1so1 E aJ BaJt e
'pluosg 'pzuaJapoArti os pu oIullz eJIuSeA lalllalslxa r:fuurnb-rs (grnsgur aurnuu c-r1u1)
ulil pcl 'ultrr1n6 <j rnrirsoq n: pa:n;nd IJ uro,r- 'suf,s Pls utnlold l1n11u ad lnrrn
uralspoun3or ou ps 'punardru3 u1u111u1 ou !s PllBuI IBru Pluolsixo o-JluI ec 'lnuruoq
pa;a Bf p p)r-rp i olpod 'nozouurne nJ ulolilns ropululv 'eulru n3 'ou1u ap lol ap

adpo.rdp urnoB also 'ncur IP1PI Dia lplluaso 03 poes 1o1 'naur IP1B1. PJ 31pod Z PI;IU
-So:\ pls nu durtJ qns IBC 'gsnds lso; Tplrr B slPJ elso,rod o eJ a?sc rnl BIPI
't uro gdnp pzpourJrl Inruo t rruqerb oJarl InloJ "'drut1 ltut;ul i drull lppnll"

.' ,saSuar,slu.Iulau tlJ plrls Spuloql 'seue1 nPS InlPiBl polrpoul
pdnp pJasprlr.rn oJet alalIz uI 'Ptp-IelII alpclnJoaJd o JJITI PJPJ '16€lp Ipur
Ta3 nJ rJO IsnsUJ AUIS n3 lnluo IuapAA IJIV
JUnS -I-af ul 'oJItIIIz Inl alIJPuIuasuI AlsaqJO,\ AJBJ apnr allRJ InI alll
'lr{wruLr\f
u.I '1ua}a1;d rs
-osl.rrs ul }lJap P}€rulrdxa upiuods IpuI rEIrI IrIIsPfi O nu jrJlPslu
'uIIltII Pru]pe ea}Blrzolfirlau
rrsuJ eiarado alpol urp prrdsupri e1,{1re3 rnl p

'r,IrJaInp

{n}lnJ, a}se /rninruslul}SaJ3 p Rura}a Paupd 'nr,L 11ilds lsaJv 'aulpq a}le
esal rS-B ajds 'paJnlp sprlar e-s olo qns eapunJsp as aJ€3 nIA InlI-IIds
rS ']rJol 11e-s ']IqJaAu,I ne-s 'rl>ltgrpsla1nal aunds runJ Pdnp '1uns aJ
aur€q alsru BJ 'palsaJv 'ra aleur6op tS altrnltut el asplunual ISap 'efer,t
-ppoiearollu]e+rarplnprlitnsruPrlrldqsripus-poIidraarurlrirrqlsseaoprJdar.sra-Bnl6Jprau1:.Iarr6rI uuInig,Llleuliofcurlsr'ps'oast;o6rt1lpl1)uauilIzuIrnIalnt1cloul aa'a;ldrtltllu:eInuuaroOsIJopppsP1JlaInor6leroAL1l
€lerpAop€ pu-Izunrlpci 1 plttttlsuoc ap olelnclnJss llldo I] rB-I nu PJpp
'grseafoard p-Ioi.IP3 El PS I:B-d +lJ lsoJ e Ia IS 'IIJIrosrB 'lo1 l1fatl e
alrecl ournue uI 'lnuifrecle nE uoslorug oplelA qclleg 13 6uri;a15 uqog
:aIllplqotnr lurlpldul IaJ Inl llualalJcl u1p IalJ 'loluaJsolope slIr
'1jur,t-r1 pJp^\pg eserlsgd ir I tuor'fols
-a-rnp rS ololdnl slarap-Toq rItIeru-IPS erJ

alllIp-psuneusslllin'JiJatlc-zsp'JrluDloaa''jlralJIu.\pnJpelrIllIrllIaellrlAp-nBA'oauaJII€cuoro1lpLes-eIElIIJI1dlldluoaarBo]nndo;ucJlJdSSoiprpauo:ooilJPllepulplplpoIluln+taaiue1unrdSJcuiJIlldoil'oPlusJXnlIcr0Enoclat1uTlpoL6eoelIlur1JapaplI'eJ1{llIIl"Bel,lI1{aEIr'I;1neulrelrIulll3esnarao3SolJIuupnnIeIlanJliauPl,RIs's\lp3[oJl€r1lrpieJseou'JPuxgldoqSlodorsaoIupo+iuJp1ou€JIapOleup]IIo+npJrJfc]EnRaI1L'I[JcpeepIStlsearlaJtuP'Jir7qlCbusII'1a1ILnOpa]oJl1llaAEuezu]IanuntnlIIYucttPJuTl1irLIucSIIn-IlpnexnIeIo-CauIusol

(OOt 'cl 'rolrr)sr)

,,2 ourlx u1 oliecinr rS olSerqrl runJ 'oull uI olsaqnl IS olsalBrl nu larrll ut:d 1g o-tco
alaJqJOA nri 'TJnlaJ O <.2 nozaulxnc Tnl Ip nTA InlultusoA> nl rlsa nN Z nEZgN

-l^{nc rulnu S€-41 nu oJ oC i pH e €JnlpN o aJ Jc(f i PlniBN o 't1utn1 Ip 'IT-Io}solu
-?k: {B lolE"ioqel -tS o:e1uau.ro} op sp^ ololEul ul ltrSaJunur a} IS {qJOIJ run]"

'spd Jn0uIS un 'lp]Jluaapzea;ldsaluIoPpuuIllnnu:|anlceizagufr'Lougl1cealJirBlnIuJool E PI Puld 'lnlol
etr3afa1lnsul alet
aTpnpt,ttpu-r olol
'-'q;piLnJ1u1roIlnoA]sss.Irrpoxaal.ral"]lreuuEpnnalstBrpBIioleolJrtllBnopulua'oPllsJuslSlosrrdJIraplPrJuz€R€naJalaueEplrIlo€PaJ'lIlsIllIsiaal-lallaliluirpplEfl,nsel'a4'lee1r1l,dln{l'p11ooreelsrs3qoe'on'lr'leanluo;le,aotozdlt1lee1epc$elun'tnnlsaarrlzlgulaPadutslrlaepuranep-crtI

Iar mamei sale ii scria la 1B februarie lB32:
,,Sufleiul mi-e linigtit, :yi dacd e trist, nu e trist, ndddjduiesc, intr-un chip

nelegiuit. Sd nu ne tinguim ca ni$te fdpturi dezndddjduite: suntem tofi fdpturile
unui Creator care e Bundtate Si pdmintul pe care triim se cheam6 ..cimpul nd-
dejdii-. Cit despre mine, de multd vreme Moariea mi-e tovardEul gindurilor de tot
ceasul ; pot sa privesc lumea aceasta pdminteasca nu'mai ca un fum 6i o umbr{

9i Veqnicia ca singura substantA, singurul adevdr."

Muit mai tirziu, dupd ce pierduse prietenii qi rudele mai scumpe
Fi pe cea mai scumpd dintre toii, pe Jane, scria la Menton, in jurnalul
1ui, in ziua de B martie tB6V t

,,Tr5iesc foarte singur, cu umbrele pniuereitsetealneictiroedcauttiulduei p-artemudletemdinine.eDleussde,

ridicd o clipi, nespus de duioase; Una
dus6, dar foarte scumpd, foarte frumoasd ;i scumpd I VE$NICIA, care nu poate fi
acum pl'ea departe de mine, esie cetdtuia mea intdritd. Privesc spre dinsa fix,
dil cind in cind; toate spaimele desple ea imi par de prisos, orice cunoqtin{d
a ei, sau cel pulin o iicdrire de cunottintd, cu neputinfd pentru muritorii vii'
Lumea e plind de iubire, qi incd de nestrdmutatd strdgnicie Ei adevir : 9i rSmine
p.urlrrea adevlrat ci *Ddmnezeu domnegte". Rdbdare, ticere, nAdejde !" (Remi-

niscences, vol. II, p. 310).

In viatra spirituald a lui Carlyle sentimentul religios nu ocup5 numai

un domeniu aparter ci o p5trunde in intregime. Aga qi trebuie sd fie :
speculalia nu trebuie sd fie despdrlii5 de acfiune gi amindoud sd fie
pdtrunse de religiozitate. Ceea ce caracterizeazl doctrinele lui Car-
lyte este mai ales unitatea 1or ; dugman al diviziunilor Si separdrilor
nete in domeniul spiritual, el face s5 curgd un curent unic de cuge-

tare prin toatb opera r metafizica se confundd cu religla ; din amindoud
derivd cu necesitate morala, care la rindul ei determind fiiosofia isto-

riei gi politica ; limitele dintre aceste domenii nu sunt definitiv trase,

a;a cd fiecare domeniu sd rdmind cu totul inchis indunfuul sdu. Mirarea
falS de minunea veFnicd a lumii este o atitudine religioasd ; legea da-

toriei mora'1e este de naturd metafizich ; filosofia personalitdlii se
schimb5 intr-o cloctrind religioasd, practic ajunge ,,cult ai eroilor" ;

porunca constitutivd a legii morale, acea de a mllnci, e nedespdrfitd
de religia adevirratS. Munca e de naturd religioasd, ne spune Carlyle ;

ea e aclerrdraia rugdciune, cdci ne pune in contact direct cu Faptul
di-,.in a1 existenlei : Iaborare e,st orore. Religia nu e dar numai sire-

cri.lalie sar-r credinfd fdrd alte urmdri, ea este mai ales un izvor de
practicd, Cine in{elege acest lucru, pricepe qi cea din urmd Evanghelie

a lr-rroii acesteia : cunoagte-fi munca ta gi fd-o. Deci nu cult erterior,
cl1 prostern5ri, ritriri gi rugdciuni mecanice ; nu, aceasta e religia
Celiirucilor, cn :lorigca lor de r-r-rgdciuni inriirtitir de vint; ci un senti-
melrr ailinc care se realizeazd in acle. Aceasta esie aclev5rata religie.

tee. p,,a..r..Cl.rasteitdcrauiameoi,zadicouml uvleNrdeenadrlgciinmirpiiii-lor v.lzutu-i-ai tu? acoperit cu ciile lac-
Ei oceanului ;i
ca altar, insu6i tronui

insielat al Cclui Veqnic. Litaniile 6i psalmodiile ei - faptele nobile, munca 9i

164

99I

r--unolJaua}ouPdJ'eB'_sCreepo'p1+rrlalps1ups!olrruuerelueffeIualonf,lsnorlcxsaa,aBu,-rrSaEulsaJraruTJopJuuaIrpluseaolurppntlsupJalpalp^tolrp,leppaa1pre1arrlll1puelrruplopsop;eJo6JJrIlao-rrr

.(6 .d ,I 'saotag ug)

+lr'p,Ia,ssiJiPll€ssu+'roaspulrnIJr{loJpnEppurArJlElsuoopoa\doalldsrrJroolnp^lJcupsBr:loleuslJrdE'rddsaarapporanudclcluruluolzls;nsro,auacleruseeyuraunnJ'rc1urlooaieolpllrspduuauoolorllrnrlrJrsluSnpueogrnlorsnsupurlacrlnulrhuauNrruuaEre,ubs.elr_'u.nrrro1rnildpsnv5euuupo.reouzrqsupseJ1auupni1{o31pdAa1,ru,oaue13lrZ,vrorlarrsugler.lEppslnalusteur,orlnraJpJaoiNtue?gJl
-paar-'e{oLInupleJpsrrldlanprausld^oucelnpJnu"o+ecBuatusl'oaqurp.n,:qr.lr'oidooalrongilpl^ussorafoallleJalspoJsrdaJeJurnsSrenrlI,ronefnqzlruJlrrpspq,eauelursoS-rnqnogelonlrIn.f'rrl,p,reu,edo,p1n.lJuurennEnJrrr,eIlrsurt,Jno,alponroe6pIllsauBull-pllra,rasulTs+udaopnarralurrqldlarlauqlspnnllunasesupursal^arpSt{Itanopau{l-pqrtsrlaourprpsAunqJJzlurraBrrpocBVrplarB^rlrns.rau6nruorpnraIJprpAeguJnspoErppllllpzJeep,pqpVnzpleIa,,eono,uupa-auara:q1>zlprrJriauiu1ereoueanrr1qnpnusr'rg:perelgonnIdnp-6alnrporal-tp1a,l}r1euSnau1q_,1rprlrn-rrarunponAdu.1rril
'1n1na IB 'rrlplrleuosrad I,p B.sI,oaJtapluarlslsaee+ppuenpulpusr uIBn;rlugdISalasraeau1r,{l.e1rreu3
Ia3
'ralua+slxa oleralsfiu oJlur.rd
'ruo nrluad saralul rn1
perJJoosqoilraJoRDlpIonJI B Jp^apB ap purld aerqprruo^:rBIrrroralnsalapl
pInzlpJaetllql oa1ali.l1srae3lnuro

'aurrl3op allelalas alpol
oen-aporrluurJ^neBrrdalg'pedaoRrr1'rRllapIlIBI6rq^oep_Bur1ldos1JlfogdlaofJucaluls+poesarao;pcl'sepoarsooerBlcaoI1rpaoadra1an;lnuppsnl'dleaonluuesrrrpaoenlroutarrnllTseauapInsprnplnnluJddIDJasooa€uU{Bo:sJJBo,JI1pJJpaDllSs,pgu1crlnrzprloaleslo6rilq1rpl
oc!+auarJ alrur6ed urp urrcrqb o ar€J ad. errzrtreladr a: IpsJeluaarJudInnJtooaI lg.ldnro

Eg 'pXprotu alse e[.{1reJ InI larado u arualdgo

I

'oatacpl 'DcLrnW 'plDrow oa6a7 '11 'lnlnwsrlDlryln oalt1odwg Dtdn? 'I

VTVUOru

AI

(OOZ 'd 'tuasald pun 6o4)
,,.lqns apap alncpl aIalulvJ r ow

'p"rjsDou otdnsoap nols atnrpl aiplrel5

alrEoJ rpp oJBInrIlJpeu : jraJp1 lreur pnop artrul 'ralJolsl rS ralieog aip salaiul ap aurld
allrnro:) 'roiluoru€o IIIJ 'ltuipp aIIJoA IS '-lqla^prls alauparo rS
arlurp r[a1rrr. roloc Bur]ul urp glru:od Bqrol a'qlJulonJtroulpnlur-roJnrsa

dtAneoecnsre{craanus[tcetaca, letceeiisurnteneeiazrereniuasu;tt'e-,ai pipnmruoinetaedsmcitaarAtrde,acpufineenircocsasiorcuneuantddlintianle1tsmentaeeo,,iep,s,rehtisbnatmtiernunaintnaf,eo,cpsi,eurpintnrdtarceuitnxilcc,necel_eemenrxdtidsrE--.i
ginirilor li ]a copfluen!a eternit6|ilor", revela!ia realitdfii supreme.
.il{us1tfnealicuanclrcual cdlleuf,oonciparel gmdetitraefizteicoiir,ectiucSr,eaialirtdtfoilaetdei
nepStrunse, rbmine

atentia filosoficd a
irii Carl-vle se indreaptd spre viafa individr:Iui, spre realitatea perso-
:naiitdtii : aceasta devine centrul filosofiei.
ttnrcjg,'inltaalieenoe1lailstisoiasmtCdmcrfcidfzuldeiul,iacoaloo"cemsCleircanucpasasiaptrireloa'irltmacaeyaemrletsvefelneoaaoesliraopnaitlitaeoniiitrAnrnaecdantlpaatreldgi-ltoepodlpbiirad}lalicleedercoadmeetrnit,e'cudetdaidznnedvaucuseearlidpesdacrpvmeirdiriundee,ermzdfospiblipsai.eCoitrruiOiqairsjnielrioncliymnaineitmiadlepoeliupuirtdaavatroeniitstdeeirednuilvfcienaoisae.renlasp,daue,ouTacftnptiiretrltauideisstmnnastdspe6reccieissnedpsemntoteHedrcrgueeostiiinnronlruiii------ii
pretutindeni primit.
elistaterDifsoomacrtutreilnlipanou-tartiiuvliittladiprScsuiteasnptiecuicoabddtauintrdcileiinnpfriapiscttdtoicrieinaalflieirloelsuaoi'pfiToeepi ooernleugtliluceiizeeen.ni gBal-ieacuzotni9-,i
'FNttirlm4o-oibpllb,ueoJlsaoc,rhienLncodaScrCkteueaa,mrrlBtydleMesrukiileSrIf,iiepifyaoarcrmsthidaziaacorni,tbifHimaluoimsnoduefom,iecAe,trlderienapmemrieauzSiemtdnileititathfsn;ie|tBuiailmeindndto,hcamatumroin,rfoaeJlsaiStmm.ienoIns--
iale nalionale era Jererny Bentham. Impotriva utilitarismului acestuia
rnai ales se ridicd morala
clatoriei a iui Carlyle' Credem cE nu este

f.lcla'sdrnuuccirl"tldotmlirsi"pvBci.buniraeteltiFdeenll."otrrtXr,iheirilmee"aVscisemuiIst}iaielduIar-mimelS,selpociupaarhrtreiiar;ielezBdlmceibamneuasutnma5uritieenph'osiransfiamcenmdtirgtrpu*eeifuelcaliovuerrig'arabiaemcleled,ibs,amnmutlthitetoieucae$irterfeigteesmleuoraelneiriocqiiparilitmlareteledeel.aecsaeiiDteut.iimruicihFipj6BoadeSpEererlepniiisecitfc1nnihplrhgeauespiassmimarhesio'nds.deolceoresf.igptoAtdeichicuucdebhrle,euaigsior_nrteHrsaeui,ceualdcecmtesdrsoeeustc-eit,-i

principiril utilit5trii : in formularea lui, Bentham f5cuse un progres peste
doctrina pur hedonist5, cdci in locul fericirii individuale pusese ,,JeIi-
c1ldraoneiuucdroseepainualdtsasldotgSccrcdieeiaiizllafrfuueeeelircrdicmscritiuedinrad,eipiaenccmoatdaeiiarnntrerieetdneesiatrvrenuceeiurdleasemusiulsnitldzlauudragilli'f'vra.oi9unicdAipdevuccuiiedvaapluaialfdaibsr9urttleeainmacliinonecubrnalariunrirslneed,eosdBectesriaeiunrdaemnbtileetnnhcqlcdeuaotomemsnncvdadinnseui utedclrfgeeeipv'srcleiioiescldaeauiurpqtneeuelt.taesnMfutuegisnediluiuntnaodlilltscdueeeFja-----i
menea principiu este o metodfi aritmeticd, un calcul, in fiecare impre-
jurare datd, a cantit6|ii de plficere sau dulere ce ar putea decurge din'
rezultatul calculului bine f6cut;
ir-o aciiune a noastr5. Moralitatea este urm5rile pe
natura 1or, ci prin
faptele nll au o calitate moralX prin
sE mdresc cu cit de putin fericirea generald
,care le au ; dacd am ajuns aceastar printr-o rdsfringere natural$, feri-
,a grupului
social gi prin

166

Lgt

nop-iascrlsri'siqool.dJilEporliriruplrpopuiccill3isnjEusaorSsJJroEu]lJ1Eene:oJtrnrliufnu3ou-1urrIlpluIrinJdaJll.ndpafNl,Is+lepIIlJrnPrpluaslnrlprEqnrrosLnsIE-nIpulpu1IoppulslIsenaarIoJlIpllVI{InrI'u/es'aI1ull:porI7+qIJl'iellIllUfnull'LtrtIiailIgllllJEuolrP+acipLi'

'iOfZ 'cl 'llorsrhr urp Ii 'lo^ 'saru11aql 1o su6rgj ,,psdnapacJ ap €urpai nus pieldsgr ap

eopilp;u Di'ij:lurpiiiul -rolo'1jloru'> pluJoJ npi puiJ'Blolsolll ol€ oltf,IJiiJoru o11tliI
o11.rp-rnlg;sep pl !zposorpD as arBl plulrtrs o olsa run3ald IpuIJoluI I ttLI!{LI! .r( IplIr
rpi\ope-lltrl rrlJlt-1!J un c]Eo1 np sllll 'rot6r1og 'lalzood 'lnlnuseiznlrtg 'tllPJII\l
olp 'riraruol rl II.lIqnI ciE aspollaJslru olllniullp oldsop 'lnlnuto alP c?cJIIIpotuall
'a:eu1:d o1ir6:ouo I3 .lotr.Io; o;dsap pzpalcll 1S pdnco as o.IBl BlurIlS o oisA"

'pJ{urDutp alldaf,LroJ o nl
P-Ta'-p-I-rsnrjnprnsllaIlrscnalnsnppRnIi;rJtOJelauIpolFzaJ^IlualrlunAdrulrluauISaspiplilalIplJpa€npaaor'IurJanrsnsauIiuquPlsJuruuaol!lISru^snslJIlaiunlaoosu}JsIIlInlpnsRIpJ'ailJotsIBlsaJlaJlsxariarllltlrapdueJl--p'ISralzapl]lurlpaerzElIelrlaurElrnrualzd^ftrualptujpurAtsonB.rppaotIcl"lSJursalIpBaoanllpuruaJlIu.)aaptIl3xilzpJriIRo1daalIErnp,Iojxl\zBrcppLaullsBIunlInlJiSadLB]apusaIIaulAuIon3plca€aIIPqUuIJpplIaunsaoaazu'lPfollp€P,llrsprS'aonlEPnlsol^-rPopflIi^],pAIJaoaaInuuJJ1puo-lpp.'jur{auE.p1lJuaeIaJ;J^JeslAcdI3Pr-':'lIPlpSll'pna/sloLSpJozIrEuIulpaIulBJll^llner-oapaoIfJuar,J.opuaInlAIs,rppA9I{pjaalIpsXlplRaltuJulnIJtl])ipI-,tulJEltlr\l]

'lJRlrrozardal IarRJIro alp arBIod aAIlJalE
auroei---l-e.lBasrilrperiplRrllnnlalJrpPlJuuonoprrol'aururspBiJdl6zplBrpaaonBpJBIpr'alIurlodorJllJB{quopqSprr/rJ+iplrioless,anIsu\qVcdrnsiaruJpolurr}ao1ppsi'TanrrtelIIroEllJufnIp3dngnaJillla1Joollr'r1r',oJn'glalJrI1PcsupruJlsspldaousa'toa.sl1Jurlr]eanplnosoDpnrIl+orpnoIIafJuE61oeprpInor13ltoug$o+aJrurlloaql1BnJPnIpsrr1IoaslrplpgauaIdrClSoJapn'lpPIRpzlalJrFcElIs1erJIiE[Isord*]ondIPIruaaulaaauoIoJslInfplusp,iu)ueulrnnl-oiaellnd'IpJJltIfsrr3uueopReeP1n!uflllr,t,unrdJrfnlIRton/Igzp'llel1azslcuoplrren1llasdoneprpnz'adolJolouaaaolslJuptadtrIp-rodrpllt-.saJtrauotIdJalllu-nllJlaltuJJpollpoEnara1fJiopl]auplpnuPIlllunprlPaoElaaaJanurSltIrl-olplls.sofIsEIceIsiosnlpPaparpoaipuunllnllonil!lnorl1tllJJirSrllllll
-prnqlrplrrlla1$JeB'uaelalullJtpooolalplt'purrlndferoftrrlatluJrppullJnlioJ'dlnpulIeorsJptoloIrartrrJlBe'Pcallau'renaairnlPeplltBzISoo]rBoPogroaasJfeiPl'lnecrltlfsntltrslonl)e[ Pll'tiS1ld1pes;aonulr1r
usspaqrlnuralsguo'J1utrtols1teleatrraluleluPr zuplanrJJonrl dal'ePoJI-eiIlaIAfrXol tS luto1e nJ PJIZII parunl
IB Inlnlo3as Ip lSIJ.IuDJarn
rrJ alsa 'aalJppols]oaJplupl-rru]uoi 'aurJlJop ap dror 0ar1u-r un-r]utp oUEd
lanJlrprt]crls) 'Plplozl PIploIlI PuIJlJop PlspeJV
alsa nu

"'lrSarfJ le1nr
-leJ p alpl ruo un +IJoP olsa nu Ilupulul"iJ 'rornln1 Insrlsllll ap +e6aT
sulrtrs elsa arEJ ntrdo-td nps inseJalul ngr solofn-r i:-i3 lnllt.rtptlI : Itlllef,
op plea*ar6 o--IlLrIp IELLInLI aur,totd ElsEaJB 'a-IiJI-IoJe..{ 'nI3IA 'a}plll
p-epEldpsroaaauliJptrrlpp-aaulel:nnSnzusI'pdJrloEg"JJtsndolurn3Jrnpap1ssfoet1Ilrlnrrrpls.ulacorrirpa3uAlnlulauplJlu'eaalelss1ganRz1pJn:rapu,rrl.lJT-snnLlIInTolJlsrpJpIlAlrJlplepllIplIl'rleulontItrnldlllnJoalrp'dpalt,UIEIEnas;auoalIdJl pEaaJsri€reslJ3ai):

institufiilor. Au luat nagtere in natura dinamicd, nu in cea mecanici,
iaic.nro'feoninbmciuteudieplufaisei.ds"cui-ufilnetdto,u,Dltsuueiin,laadmimnedispsdmrpoeuifrlui"stnuplzotuinmriotaiCmlneaearcitlnayatrltieeeca.ninJunsopaecoatuumt rlfniimidpoercmicndeasnenPeitciiqnintait,feoIdlremeatmuoplmaeorrita-leol,ear
morfi, miqcaii din afard de forte externe lor, nu ne poate da o idee
adecvatd despre viala adevdratd a naturii, precum nici asocierile re-
prezentdrilor nu ne pot expiica viafa originald a spiritului, nici formula
,,profitului gi pierderii" toatd moralitatea.
N4ecanismul, cu formele pi asociafionism, scade,
lui de utilitarism
dupd Carlyle, valoarea gi a moralitdfii gi a personalitb|ii. Crezind cd
cu ajutorul teoriilor simple ale activitdtii conduse de principiul celei

nmgcaiiicatsviispgimmairiliuaataulr,ilslucefpeiugi,rmr;iiiiictuiaimrIluiorniFnruaoqimlraieael.aleegcCitateiaisvrCqoiltyeacaliteraeel,yfaiiimpelomoar-toirrrrieavdnpliu5utr,e,abfzeatdeimltnsnuuiptfddiiiecrirniigfsl,oitmieralutuasiltedieenienvnaxgdtteplureallreiztacacd-tsirplieaniarnleiltteiout,actlnuatueti-lt
intreprinde o criticd in reguld, cu argumente inqirate impotrirra argu-

mentelor, a utilitarismului gi psihologiei pe care acesta se bazeazS, ci

afirmdrilor teoretice opune alte afirmdri, in chip dogmatic, insd cu o
forfdU9tiiliotarcidstmduurlduicaiireconnutessetdpocthgiadrsfiudnedcaimt ienntfuillossodufii.leViianftau,itidvuep. d uti-
litarigti, are de urmdrit numai fericirea ; ea etrelebluuilessuiprfeiem; al fiecdruia;
gi nu numai cd de fapt aga este, dar aqa gi
care sA nu aibd de rrr s€ poate
moraid a lui Carlyle scop acea greatest
concepe moralitate happt'ness.
Ideea despre viata este cu totul alta :
,,fericirea"
nnnueufepporoiacatiertei friienafteelelmu. elTiaeadueofevidsmrdaort<reaiiclkdvhienionfib; aiia6ns,ipidisreadfimiatiuncl5etetrrie,oirfneiareiicnsittreee,idzpeveoalrlunalgjudunngcee5i
ia vqqnica afirmare, fusese amdgit de iluzia fericirii, de iluzia ,,dreptu-

lui" pe care individul l-ar avea Ia fericire ; mai tirziu a vdzr:lt cd
fericirea nu era nici un drept, nici o datorie,

,,Md intrebam : Ce te-a fdcut, incd din anii cei mai tineri, mereu sd te tul-
buri Ei sd te minii, sd te tinguieEti qi si te chinuiepti pe tine insufi ? Spune-o in-
tr-un cuvint : pentru ci nu eqti lericit, Pentru cd Eul tdu (mare domn) nu este
destul de cinstit, de hrdnit, de bine culcat qi rdsfdfat. Prostule I Ce lege a hotirlt
cd lu trebuie sd fii fericit ? Nu e mult timp, nici n-aveai droptul si fii deloc. $i
dacd ai fi ndscut 5i ursit nu sd fii fericit, ci sd fii nefericit ! Nu esti oare decit
un vultur, care zboari prin lume cdutind ceva de mincare ;i fipind jalnic cE nu

gbseEti destul stirv ? inchide pe Byron; deschide pe Goethe."

,,Es leLtchtet mir ein, O razd a licdrit in mine... Este in om ceva mai incll
decit dra'gostea de fericire: se poate lipsl de fericire Ei in locul ei sd gdseascd
Binecuvintarea ! Nu oare pentru a propovddui acest mai inctlt au vorbit qi au pd-
tirnit, in toate timpuriie, inieleplii qi martirii, poetul qi preotul ; aducind o mir-
turie, prin viald Si prin moarte, despre Divinul care este in om, qi cd numai in
Divin c tdrie $i Iibertate ? Aceastd invii{diurd inspiratd de Dumnezeu si tu ai
cinstea si o afli... O, mulfumeEte Soartei pentru acestca, indurd cu rdbdare dure-
rile ce-li mai rdmin ; aveai nevoie de ele i era trebuincios ca eul tdu sd fie nimicit.

Prin binefdcitoare paroxisme de durere Viafa dezrdddcineazd adincile rdddcini ale
Rdului cronic Ei biruieqte Moartea. Valurile mugitoare ale Timpului nu aiu sA te

168

69I

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aEe:lrplsJgoodrnprrpoel'nutlnltJpdItAuo.taee1brde.I1IJJreo3nsor,lIeuIJreautd1glad'npgaosp-1lunea1fpPnf^adupulpiBluparSrpoaJlslTaol;dBnJplarirIellnop:IIppaJpIB-IJrBoJtNPI€IrILqIonuu

atta

eap1Biia''a--1irio-1gb-elu-,ar1.l-;o:iSousqs,lSr.lId1irnufrJJiaa1deuriif3ls.,usgi"lr-esnsnaor+r,tbJlnr4eegqpona-p"nci1Larruauiiirjl1is"rr(r'lunullo"eluloyd]ri1unbrso/au'rquauvreyau''ea,lrnqe,cljoeolIJseu5n3-etu'ldrJIleuarcui-i'p3raJops'Jo1pur.lerrp,ul'1ollarrlptgg"1"aptobuiu.lursZuerrnniorIripr-loo1rasrrccsr1naacnouRiZrtSc1onll+arr'B'eer"tonescnlanaEIooaiIsrUpIaubsppa1onJo1n1aqIeerlpre11barJurarzJl;IolnaIrnuu[oaluaguotuBIcooJ1iIr,oou1o'I.6Olppau-uasPe;llaI1fJ1.au.aoc;e^J1aJaIta1urrncOIdJlrnl1IPedao11rn9i.lcndelrlsrIrucr5r-nJgnaaClaa'crdIl',qJI3irlEc1pr6iiirSsIio-alauuu1Jle1rnd1nsenpquser9.ueoza'OuJrlrut.ESecl;oIzIn1sc[aprardouae,n^luqr1n-s1eert1nPloonlJaupu.IllrsB1nppapr'ptcnS'prsetIpJqpulJb-bllroatn-fsnosJtpaq'lara.lp)Jd.1BarpuneralJr1a]Jr>elopslna.l$PrJ1nncjualuor,uuaneillE411plz,rpaaullsuqPp1l1J1rreelnpu3eBsuA''uJ''ruaaaa1ulonalInqapugasurrl:af'grearrJtl:rapopabs1IIrrn-JrecaarnprIenqcSnuJJeprnrl1llnrlrnr1dlrorspr'.ssrpcalnlJepgJtu1usanu]iuarpB'1obga+aplepulIBslI1poJoalzsrslIBirgapnadrrulppaanrsIrqab^tlIleBelItJ'slulreBra3uIenuspdncS,BlPel'oaoLa1a,In1pppse'lupa:agr€n1Np4rlaIulpc|rardneal1AuqJnrIlrlsualPslJ\aaslflansrlei6upouolaupPolarnpa'auJlnllpr3rian1'9loldulE,l^l'pJuJndJ6Inapsp9ulb.1"alplJIaoIrInISelua1uouplsuu1appr{pppllaIldllslzpaloqlIlTrns1ltnr1osiuuplrrooqaP3ullsouuoSaptoulJqlnJ[Vlau;aueSIdunoaoa,ealIPsaaroqtalrarll1bCrutlsuosuopuluJ^rpldarela.sIaurIouuanapla'nInrr^l,sBogaqiapIsuae'dopaIlsJIIJalJJJJ]nsIoSaoIdaaluliPBanIluprllealsJpaJpeJIUnlJupIleprlllonbazapsIqtIJcluBlInllldlSuuJIdalRanJlllLl]rlPPuloaaJBdusspleosfpIpInaseal1llIIu,qIlsdalauaprlJBrus]aurlu,ar'r{reratacJaatapJuipltIoluaqnilfJrsJpal9uazPel1I1slrpZlnserlptJloapI1upruPJo]onu'SBJueIpteuarlIa1PnuarsorBsasPlnulalurn1at'psIun1rsIllJJDpureiIaI-arIDu{PaupzIraa-PtloueIInoeII'rPaLlntuPoptIcernr1rJJ;J^pJzgJrrfp'euaIl3rep'iqfn1$IuseIlcPtdnuaanJpplnI'Peuaul'nlPPet'lf'^aeeuudI'ur.arallbPSarJlaleIs'IrloIlagznsr3Juafa3uraIrpplIuierpleraa1IiBeReseppurrauJ.qrJaRpuaaIRlnl1orrneorsrrpylaulJJrlpBlpnr,IJ-lJerrcnuqnasIn'aganqlutIvJe1lraIrsnrslpo'^pdElpqTPr:-inPo1eea1ondluauIptIdla'plJuooauro}r-lillfJuI1oitnTs\alo\aJnro1Jlalnpe'n9Btdraa1rIslleTstoEspItstr+a1zp1doJptzstsiJ;JJ;lrI!l

ktt 'd 'rolrns) ,,"'ne2auurn6l
ad alSaqn.r 'BararP{d }qnl nN 'IalsIuSaA Inrnze BI guJd alIBuI el Ps nB rc 'g1rq6u1

-nea : legea moralS, legea datOriei este transcendentalf, de aceea;i
idogArrireeic.niilinittnricuuealuli{ticai..unr,,itncaiec6lecruarcuslatrifnilSlseretieaiclelaeitaatleitidetmae;ataesiianumpaoriasnmcumu,nneaesataeA,.elsseAtugecbeemaehaamagniionifermeaslelitdraarareinepaacmraaeuirnnteeleenni",teiceerfc.alsltulea-
dpqrnriiininsficatiilce|s{ia,fidaecefuhs'pmcailriecsiteutmelaarigisreiitl,ee9rtrnriaitludd5zuiviicaicensliimtvmainotreiertaaaliltgaeleiaoRgseaiixl9iimusitnoepirniraofpelfeleia,.tciCtcirie,acbrep1uryieinelceu,asmcdpeoniaatergivitcriutatepdrarmuitnsietdun9d-ii
metafizica ,,lucrului in sine", precum a transformat filosofia persona-
Fichte in ir-rcepem intii cu \rerva dialroiicd
litirtii a iui cultul eroilor. Sd

a ir"li Teufelsdroclih.

,,Nu este deci nici un Dumnezcu ? sau cel pufin un Dumnezeu care a plecat,
rhminind fdrd nici o treabS, de la cel dintii Sabat, in afard de marginile Lumii

lui, privind-o cum merge ? N-are volba Ddlorie nici un inleles ; nu este oale ceea
cc numim Daiorie un trimis divin ti un Conducdtor, ci numai o mincinoasd Fan-
tasDrl pdminteascd, fdcutd din DorinJd 9i Tcmere ? Fericirea unei Conqtiinle impa-
csaetesiImoleaare."cPea] uml adiinmaTraersp,apcdetocsa-r,epaedcminirdalNiaeoroa,miaenRiloormla-,apntiul mdiet apoi sfint, nu

veselie {tt'oh1-

geptutl) i$i petrecea timpul cintind cu lira ? Nebunule negustor de vorbe 9i mdci-
:t5t.r cle motive, care in moara ta logicd ai un mecan.ism p6mintesc chiar pentlu
Dir-.in, gi ai vrea sa-mi macini virtutea din cojile Pldcerii, eu lfi rdspund: Nul"

(Surlor, p. 112) ttansccn(lenta1, nemdsurabil, al Datroici, o numim
,,Cuno;tin{a caracterului escnta orichrei Reliqii: acela care nu $tie aceasta

tcmeiia tuturor Evangheliilor,
cu htregul lui suflet, nu fltie nirnic, drept vorbind nu esle nimic" {Ml'sce1., vol. IV,

p. i 09). acest *siml al naturii infinite a Datoriei', este partea noastrd
,,Intr-adevdr
r:enirald; o raza de Eternitate 9i imortalitate inchisd in Timpul itrtunecos cu na6te-

rile :i mortile lui..," (Past ancl Presetrl, p. 94)'

Dacd facem din datorie legea molaif fundamentalS a viefii noastre,
nu este destul sd-i recunoa$tem calactelul infinit Si tlanscendental, ci
trebuie s5 pricepem mai de aproape ce este acea datolie, spre ce
.actiune ne dd o norm{, ce porunceste acel categoric imperativ. Cu
alte cuvinte, conceptul de datorie trebuie desfdgurat, specificat, ca
dinlr-insu} sd putem formula plecis normele cle conduitS' Ce trebuie

sc\SeaeP,blD-stiieoevitaxfrscirasrnlneeucoodialetnpSrmlapieuerfieion,ica"ta.atcrlricuttasuNeaaltruatruelaedeinee-dioiossnniasttteepsepsCtdruuidrAnirdontaeuevatanlmovirarmirdisi{aiaaaaarzndsrnanieqiceiodoiu$aaSasilisrptsitniattvunrerieecndtair,gue-rnndoor-lieuocahcerpdiealmiirnipslinilserutedec,orafiscecrinl,neisuutdcitdlmepieinvloiaoa.,l,pcurirliaebnornuiecpnucnmeonaitcgvnisisilItinaOftestiieliltSeleelrezIenu,iagmlfemdaenttaaoaieamiraarniaasnpitdcdmciruteeoi,5nlu_euutcc?aildiit.i
glncvuriia-ec1iitm1crrruaurealninnasusi-lAi1tacSpisrfgeirjilti,uicgsnieXnueaifupapieiniaguroptmiemepaenuatmgbiruuicorbhrmeieettleim,anocatarir9erfatiainiraned$ifcioeisi ahil:olnefasloeltaeausuipotlr1vle5ci.eechlEeetgimraiiislaionlulrrleei''.,ioslDanpjcaeruinnrcmeteifi$np$c.tr5iliAecaercdiupceepeiast,-ti

170

tal

op BorolsuounJ>> 'p1*rlSoun3 eJIro nrluod 'afolqou ec1:o nlluad q1dee13op I1 llurlul'
I/nnJeuzJoplreunucipopI in!lrIlnu..rrpoplnrdnlo1lvelroopg ia uJ Ptrplins Iilol^ e Pluosa Bssparor iS elrttls
IIulIul InJuJpu rrlp I plul'\
piIBuJ os rnlnjollJunul '?lunrr1 o orY 'arEtru,r^nl
also eJunw "'Erurn err 1-13 11s96 e-1 ',qf u1,r' ap lai un
-aulq plIB prpal ,IBur nu Bs t PJunur 11s96 u-tS arBJ Blale olsa lelul^nJouifl

"'e arBolpJplaurq rS erpotrIJniprls grpf,€IJ ln3pJ a nrlp inrunJ rpTrlr ri
'psrB e p^Br?o orlro arpc uI a'ro1Inecu1o;lrnudrnIJn3vo'JlaBralaaruB.Ionzal^lsaurnualrlendsaupl-rpluullrn'llfr,uunlnJuN
e g11.r.o1so6elq Brnplg3 'ulo
acerlar os 13 o1$aiolod os e11eq PlBol IS BulJJBs greqtl at[a1t,r. nJ PlunlJul ISJ lo :pp
raol$rnIuln€l 3IB'B1a3lsBaJJE'Bon1-i€zonl )/rreolttrlTrf,eunauprferpnplnnlzaaiqq Inlallns pulrnso:dutl nes IIPLI
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JBIqf, u! urnf, ol$alTrd 'solpupsou ntlsnd un IS PJItrEqIPS ernped o Itr e op IIIuI -lDIu
gzpalolu-r 13nsu1 lnruo Pounrrr uird 1o1 IS 'orpulur llgler I$ rol Insol uI Plrp-rr as
'olefg.rno +uns aJIlBqIqs rrnppd ap .lrnSTSaC 'pulJllnur -ISnsuI auls
UnuBI as€ounr; acl
e1ses.rl.rrqsep as ulo un I *pounlrl u3 alse 911*r;;seu olplPuluosul o> : slrls pls
"'unq T€ru

IaJ npl Inlol IJ BA Blsoov i salnJroH tm er olSecunur IS ]:lsaJunru PS PTSlo/dploBrpqpra.eIll:
pIAIpuI un .TtrSa I rlnsul ou11 ed ll$ounr al nu I nPl Is'
1nrcn1 a1$eoun:r I lrqrl3ounJul i patJ 'llsounf, l-gs Plppolc.ru obunle IaA

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*rlnsur* arq lsale llnultll p-ol llnul ap Inlsap : *IlnsuI eu11 od 31-o+3poun]" '10-PI
13 e1 erunur rf-a13eoun3 : elso BlsBa3B Baurnl ed ellaqbue,ta PIUJn LIrp paJ"

'rrrn:Ip 11

Tndo3s lsnsul lrlpzllpal Rs aJpJ au ipJnlpu nJ arpJlunuloJ ul auncl all
'eralsoJe lrrunl InldBd nJ +Jorlp lJBluoJ ul aund au p3untr^I 'rpr\ape a]l
rS salaluJ ap purlcl Rqro^ : rleaalpatu IIrpbnIqJ npaunds aJDJo Jsa o..Dr
-oqDT 'PlBrB^apB paunlrRbnl alsa 'pspor611ar grnleu ap alsa pJrlnI^l

'(Sgi 'ci '-ro7.ri:g)

r,'pJsealunru ps aluod nu luaw.Iu puJl'ealdeoN aull ItrqJ 'lzPtrse ap pnIZ 3tlll
'poralnd plBol ulp I-PJ 'lnr?, ap Pulruapul e1 tsp6 IB ar-Ilo i sns 'sns
11c elSorun;41 lotr A i nezautllnc .InI olarrlnu uI o-npold 'snpo:d
ar paal ap eunll
'If,pJ gs riod
.tBrJ plprrlzotrrlrllur lpru pat lprr{J er4 I rlpo:d i ilpord 'arunT ap Allnulullp lln rprtl.i
nBs 'orun'J o IIJ 'soBH un IJ Il ap PzpalaJuJ : na 13 3Iz IuI-Ps ulnlp rupalnd"

adaJud pulJ rS IIunI : IrJunr{ BBaprlpar6ourlunupooJ6apl lInas0uul-nr}fuel rpl]
pulr
palBliu4lp aJclsop

ar.rusa^ IurylD^au allrnuIqs ap rS BIBIopui ap edpJs tlllsglpslelnal
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llJap pJunur Rf,
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'l?sp0rll
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pa: pllIs^EaI+IppeoilnsJJpaa'deJsap1pe,,l1iuralzllJsoai6oJru1rnBetrur^rnIn"Ju'papclspralucnen;ruudoIpJnatualposlrr^'DerlrJJJLponlplot{prralp-lrsadau6rarralIrIIlJol+Inpplc: prnlpu

P plp}
lalsini
ITllnplSroaJlpeppralrpplronprPpJrsJreriasraa^lspe^oaufn, J'+aler raTllslapurrarprAoalpJcealsloalaalllsupipoueu]Tnla'ra^JpElolCpn"es

sine insuqi- qi multe altele, indatd ce munca incepe bine... lvluttca este de naturd

rseiljgfiico.asOdr:ic-e Munca este de naturd vitejeascd; ce€a c€ este trelul oricdrei religii

nunci a omului este ca a inotdtorului : un ocean pustiu arnenirr|f,
sir-1 inghitd; dacd nu-l infruntd vitejeqte, oceanul iqi va fir.re cuvintul" (Past dn.i

P.resent, par/ III, cap, XI, p. i6B qi urn.)

Aceastd datorie moralA de a munci are caracterul unui sacrificiu,
are intr'insa ceva eroic, cdci rrunca nu trebuie fdcutd in vederea
rdsplStirii, Este drept cd fiecare trebuie sd aibd pentru munca lui o
rdsplatd, mdcar atit cit ii trebuie ca sd poatd trdi Ei realiza mai departe
esenla viefii lui, insd oricdrei mllnci nobile este in
,,rdsplata cer sau
nicdierit". Omui eroic ipi ddruiegte dmaunsecameEni ivi ilaufai : fetimlupl uluriileesiine
supra ,,salariului" pe care i-i pot li dea-
care
trdiegie. El nu poate s5-9i vindd viafa, cdci dacd ar fi sd cearf, prelul
pe care-I are in ochii lui viata lui proprie, ar fi sd ceard" totul : ,,ce,
intreaga creatie a lui Dumnezeu, tot Universul Spaliului, toatd Eter-
nitatea Timpului, cu tot ceea ce confin ; iatd prelul care te-ar mul-
trrmi i atit qi dacd vrei sd fii
sincer, uimic mai pufin". Datoria de a
inunci trebuie dar privitd ca un sacrificiu eroic,

ocl-rii",Cfriantselsetr1mi etuu care te tinguieqti de viata ta de trudd ? Nu te tingui. Ridic5-fi
obosit ; acolo, in Vegnicia Dom-
priveste-li tovardqil muncitori
nului; supraviefuind acolo, numai ei supraviefuind: ceatd sfintd de nemuritori,
straja cereascd a Impdrdfiei Omenirii. Chiar in slaba amintire a oamenilor supra-
vieluiesc atit de mult, ca sfinfi, ca eroi, cq zei i numai ei supravieluind ; popuiinci,
numai ei, pustietiIile nemisurate ale Timpului ; pentru tlne Cerul, deqi stragnic,
nu cste f;iri bunitate ; Cerul e bun, ca o mumi nobild ; ca muma spartand spunind
fiului ei pe cind ii da scutul: ..cu el, fiule, sau pe el l- $i tu te vei intoarce
cu cinste; Ia foarte depdrtata ta locuinfS, cu cinste nimuptderdin{iidaolie- daci in
trcasii vei linea bine scutul ! Tu in Veqnicii si in adincile Moriii nu

lupti
cFti un strdin; pretutindeni eqti cetdfean ! Nu te tingui; adevHrafii spartani nu se

tlnguiau" (Past and Present, p. 174)

Acest chip de a privi legea morald este nedespdrlit de doctnna
cea jriiii caracteristicd a iui Carlyle, anume doctrina Eroilor gi cultului
ior. Tendinfa unitard a filosofiei lui face ca toate doctrinele s5 fie
inti -o strinsd legdturd gi in ioaie sd circule acelaqi curent de viai6 :
mcoenttainfiuzidcaseSviareiolirgipouztiteartneicad, ,cparrienpaecteruanstsae,sinerificloosnocfeiapliiasiomroierai lsiraruiEai

eroilor. Vom vedea mai bine acest iucru ciircl vorn incepe cercetarea
acestei pdrli a cugetdrii lui Carl1"le.

Din necesitatea Muncii ca o lege morald fundamentald rezultd o
conceDtie care iardqi circulS de la un cap la altul al operei lui Carlyle,
dindu-i ounviacfrditincodbeiladltSfeiltrpauqfiicn5,bainceeevaoaitoirnspeemnntrdutdCfiiaTrldyclee,riin.uJmoehan

N4orley,
opera lui ,,Evanghelia de aur a Tdcerii". Sd vedem ce rost are aceastd
Tdcere, n'.r numai ca atitudine spirituald, dar gi ca obligalie moralS.
Porunca cea mare a Naturii este munca, insd munca adevdratd,
acea care pune pe om in comunicare cu Faptul Universului, este de

t72

TLE

-uoIlSuoJLrI Eolplirorrorins a.irisoir Eatp lrnillursrlLlprircJ EGil:f,;-ri ,r,'i;pod
a-IpJ oJanurAuoJ o 1lJ ol-arrEJ EI pbpai os Itro3el
EalE+rsJ-ralJ

uO) ',,Jltu a e-rBu o pa (9Oa rt ,tr\ s.,.,r.:il
/alalols ilJap u
Inlsel lcl I : rrio)r:J r'irrrnf{ i llilol{- oJrr'f p:acirug t!lep p j,Lr!irE i€rn
plIEul rplil uialr.rd i.r;:t
ei{q:pdur1 poJ€ru 'eololrrJ 'rcltorr
aJdsop nBS 'DlpJD urelnd or EoaJ llJop p.{oJile tue^p nu Ef,pp pnon IBA c.lnpqd oi}
Iptlr nu ps i3 arnsn os ps ote purlnt tri e.rEJ l rJrlurp-i rg ozunJ} uI pl€01 ?nlsal:) p
aJBJ ! ru!)ppp-r ale-u e;ur e:npgcl o u) tpruf,cluT '€er e Ief, o ad olsa 'nirJnd eard
lnBs 'ruo pauaruesp un lJ-ru orp nu o-reJ prel O ',rnlntrulruEd porps luns rE I altau;urocl
I-nu plpaulrrrlp ep g1eze6 o IJIU erpl od I arolpl ur pulJunlrl 'eraJFl ur purprrr! I rn1
Iniuotuop uI arBJolJ 'oioJ rg rJr IlErlSprdrul 'l1nJp:l luorrrBo IlllqoN 'irlaf,eJ .- errig-r
-edur1 ea:eur e1 t13apu16 e1 ps acuid 111 '1ard uifnd ep alde; 'solalng trrlnd nr oqrol
']Iurnl B gseolotuo6z ETJ.Iurpppz BI Jnlordlx! puJArJd i rlprrr Tuarrreo 1r]nc9a'r

'rnl naJaspJ rEilrfol
alsa 'rnlno-ro 'aJpur rnlnulo aliJrlsr-rallErpJ rIIp pLrI] 'Parrnldgg glngqncreu
n3 aJpJ 'grlpardru.i pllnlu eqroA I rnl alulnldel ardsep llnrlr Prseariio,\
ps alpod nu Blspatp Earunl ed JolrnlclPJ a-Ipru ul1 Illu p: lJduErJpppiInoplusjanl
nJ plp^Jap€ur plrnpaplo+ elsa Bqro^ 'orpolp^ PtpJ a
oI-+-'lppulri1obldpa]JaxIlprJn^aadJupIpJn'PPlRupalJnuplao3ro'rlarPupp6pl}n/J^ualcdlepBtsr'apuaqurltlredlIo'lop1u11arJanpln'uIJaIorJplcRuIrltplnseJuupJipIiPaaEPrspussisaroabap-ltrlIrRsnrJropqburalln"-ep.r3rolldl:',oII9rSelJP1ssJuoa/lcrsll]PdrJreu;ppborrlJuouprnrqpleruloeJunzIalIPsrlalsn+asParprJrJp'Inneopsa1Iut"sraIu,slallnnaJErruuJ-oPlr]p?olPJefl,llnapna]tpJltsrtl

(91'd'ileaslW AI'io^ ul's)!1s!lallDtDLIJ)',,ll13lA 1n1nda:u1 1n1da;1;
B[ 'Eap-potrN Jsarunu jrrolr.rnu etr eea] 'Bo]lpohl Jpt I trttouttv 1alPJllo e gl3ea-liug
uruns 13 trEu.{nzar ola-ieltl II rD pe.IaJpJ nP lS lrqJo,r ns pSB loJ.
uInJ IS BJ l€lulJ azoulloJap I-qs pJ Iputnu
'rrzolrqrls rS a1r:rnr jullJ ulpp l-olaJrusa-\ ppunlsp ou ps r*
'rrjclou |: trrurlul Inuls alsod fJularualA surtruJ lefi:1sadru1 IgA 1Il1 IJ lD pnlz rrnr r(
€J 'DnIz llJEp plrqou rpur IJ lu ealdcorr runJ IS uc '*trldc51 Jlnulul'> lll.rod lplul:)
ne salaluS r3elare uI loJ'isaSrIJS i* doxri EelscJu allrnrrnl alEol arpl lII InuuoJo
IS inro^zr dru11 lSeloce u! | alptruapuaJsupl] IlPur nBs IuTpnlrurJul 'tfpltu1,rip largr
-lro Inluairala also.rJpJ'noz un EaroJpJ ILIJaA Iof, prosnJpJ lullnl ldorp nJ"
{OSl 'd 'r.}itDSl ,, alPliu
-Jalg a paraJpl 'durTl o Eqro4 : aulq rpur arlz SB urnrord nBs l.rnB ap a po-rotrBg.
'1u16re ap e BqJoA 'uoplob ;s.r ua6a.r,t'\t1cs 'ulaqlrs 1sr uarlcardg : pupllar\Io elldrrcsut
'orpru leur BoJ nu rep '3rprx alsa pqloA ls "ipssBauidqls o ES
aunds urnJsrd E pururnl Borsur pI aiarpuT 13 nE
alltrtidurl prpser ps prurn rrlp aloi] 1ir
e;Bc ed 'lllal4
ec nrluad 'punpp as IS pzEouiroJ as lrBur alTrn-rJnl olEol alpl uI Inluau.la olsa
BOraJpJ, 'IBsJsAIun llnJ Un n;1uad (ore11e EllPu! IBur re polsorr? olrrntuoj^ ?rpp)
izpisr: i3 reiqc alejigul olJ al ps rnqarl rp orpilv i DatDlptnlLr.rg !! DsrarpJ"

'aiolduJ

pJspalR6ard gs aisa arEolEA rol €Jnburs rS rolotrdpj e prquin o ll3ap
luns nu '19 re aseournrJ ap +.rJT,ro 'polsaJv 'asEorpolalu aqro^ ril 1J3p

aua'p-flJI,dlsrrsupJlo+rr'qplraJlJdloadollpJspJpeusorIrunlInapucuJJaInarlnsblsJopaJrrppJilwsuoarPpuiuuarllprpu-rrocuiRxnlaulueaarnlesp^r+araJp'lpeneJJlpspIreapaoJAuuno'nprpJlqJryrrpro'ns^'rCr'aup'rdnpderlsnlaJJtnpgpurdpl ',applg)arunpsnlapr^1rl.r:r

!inetiitanstraipiraChcaornctq'cttiicnrliselii.cso. intreagd teorie a fost desfdquratd in e'ssay-ni
Trebuie insd sd
observdm cf, termenii cle cor-
ipccrrssm"-u1itienurniepuenlle,\"sdtnl'.t.".irltrifoenn,T'aq,tsoissasroitdueta"tfiipSsungltleadtrcnitea"gtoicon;ranfalif-iimuSranici-lntvernainseenlerapcnttdunilotsriocoireL;asmcinturouidineeeamnnre-lnigetgpinit,uiusl1iiuimpininuumariselleaii;fcppciclifDuiacra1onrildate1ienncuenslqqcieapvtttfeesirdiiliueo:,tnrefnaSf,use,adtPhdGnainra,incieuika1dliiumneuotulsaisnuerisetpgeelf.aealosaanemaenrhsrnllenefudtldsdeid,oli.f,e5MrilIcilncsnXnficctiiio.zetoaaoensincseicttnseLgttcicn.drrt'oreiiiIeeilnanmri;qbutrit'eeLtrpbisacluineeeotlnacilncetitnerltrstsace.u'za.L-''iai-leae.'-t.i
Veclern aici bine accentuatir tendinfa romanticS.,,Intelectul sirLrt"itos
enInsutepesrnetre1clscilbeeclpl1iraoocb;leiucz,ieaprggeiunsmtdluegndstsapeloialrns,ctadcnireacietliatutnienia,tuciintiicvsodn; cqcutdinecoinatssdcc,ofipprqeilinisntItreucligref.oJaerclniedfei.e"i
ucreisi tceariroeasraefioanleeavzfi,e'fdiie,sCpraerllyolaetep,ufnileosfaolffullincaufasefd-olp?ed-eofmIectttl, de logic"i,

sistematic

qi teoretic, cu filosoful intuitiv, poetul, a cAIui facultate de ciipetenie
iilvecsSen"alsilisiai,snitoectf'qcaeainil.irmpitn"e1dfissaiAtt;icnltgc,lieniihsaumccuelrl,aei,atglrp'esva.itblnipiczenteslrbeutudcoccange;eiuecdilpflgcaaeaeeettcrveielvteduc'aauccricnllurdllncr.uneoil!vrAual:irioalnpco;regttradbudlv.arie"isoetqleimrepNvibgtuiluetuqnuellltiecgeenraioanusli1mptnletidumiiaeciasitsnoucurpnialinmrremoeritviau-idiiian,nvlrstuaietanacr-tiau}utfietarnnldi:pcscemreccareeoeotcaeeanorabattnlpoazuulcdircencre.tinrdrpnu,dt,etfrNriiaercrizleiprolii-cnnctatreiud"':i*:r'''
acrffbpctrcraiaeralluoulinerorntrnoacnsierTitndtun.eeldlacriqolla.cetedaciiltrtpS,rd,idtqriott,irlifeenrtia;6dceiiD'qipcrdSaieldfilieuceevfsfilniiipntealsn,e.itetcelnriaictOeurnccatsiediSltbgaeoeaicvfinttminriieminutreiptu,tfcnielaiucerrhleslepetl,oi.metapctiran,lr9u,ro"unVafriiriagneora(sineisiinCulndeo5spn1hcancuridaagease,drrritmrtflsnaerdoliUdebpcdpaea,nceottseutssunrv.erl5fldltunaj,zas,sglecfelnosiirerciie,eaauasssllcp,eismioiononrluaiencitneninp.rrcaocs-ferOuaaleuatdvemdsmcon,eaalel1ietici;crvait.i,altdsrspIiCblcVEmvrieenioaintlolerie5iisbteCr\esi{fiaecilniiter:eislaeree\dcdieIaliaiein;enssii9nclactil1e;i.siaf,nprindalertaopfaesrcgacrafl.ca€xapier1u'r;icntlt-ii1eaali.n't-.--xi.
Aceastd superioritate a inconqtlentuiui std in legdturii ctl \'ederea me-
leaxfiisztiecnitff,caercpililturunnesdrncisletemruils1tea rb;ai zsae intregii existente. Precutn intreaga
reazeind pe mister, tot aqa 5i viata
inteiectual.l qi moral5. Ceea ce este male, perfect, este misterios peu-
trl sine ; C€ed Ce Se Cunoaqte pe Sine este mic, fdrd valOare. Incon-
gtienla este selrlnul creafiei, congtienfa semnul manufacturii. Existenta
iu sine, crealia, leg1ea morald cu poruncile ei cle muncd 9i tHcere suni
cle aceeaEi natrtrd misterioasS; toate sunt dincolo de atingerea inteli-

genfei noastre cliscursive : atit este cie adinc6, in viafa noastrA, insem-
niitalea misterului.

Aciorare a lristeruiui, mttncd, tiicere : iatf, poruncile legli morale.
,,Irnplinegte-[i datoria care-]i stX mai la indemind Pi inclat5 elatoria

t74

9Ll

ra-u€aelP-alpr1rBl:ilpuLneJjdiroflolloein,fnlp1:erloalr.,:nop{JlI'r1I'usaaBdJrlaJlreIlIIu6n|IJa3rA'lpoIllpaS'luslanasss'oolnIalalIeJIruaJrmjraanralcBeousllcppllJ'lrronassnrepuIluaspulroIe.luprJplrnJnsonoJIREJrdaBlJllozuDslaInaJ1gnnJAEs1errlIsouEJnJnIrd,llnne'nupspop1lIarrnresJnaezIuilOnllralpoDRB+fJ]JurlSrosozedaeeIaearldnl^IlJyeaooaBopdRrr'lpaupnerolr+JBornJJtlEprraorlurjulctorlllsnr-laltralJulBiodssslaoorupi'rlcpdel'JillralIuopdnnS-oecd'lIntanIt".RBrlrsl'.upnJorlpreeIrauBnrsBau_trrcr1prun,enpu'lourlnJeuaaprrluutuulrprslnIlracoonseu1oesJI-lzonnaa-rtrr,o1uclulrolrnr'lrrr"nIelairJBpsIo3ilnladorqsIlalnouoJr^aijcro1en]olcorz,Jstpi;ll
I

lnlnclotT pun) ,llor7 .II
puoad.e.tna o1!ozr11x3 .xlLraoqd .azorroutDlaw larluial uc6a7 .o1ro3s1 .1

IIOUg'IUIUOTSI VIdOSOTI.{
A

'ai.{"1ru3

a-p-''-po-aa1oeIoguapeunr,l]a+,psl,tJf-rsdel:\gu6pnluTtu,a.e1'oBaipJUlorItaoAuafrp3luia,rpoculanBpolJlIodELp1nlunrllofsoE-.ep1ceqgeJ{l-ole11euolrrrgaa1qrecuupoe1ud*[uopc''n'nirra1aRd1ea1.n3g1u,rs1IIelIlboSrfooeIo3ung,JfluJn1'llcsarusarnppqnr3RuByuorlIgSJosl1lL1g,posuuLr,p'BlL!1."ruonalIrrr'prIn1EqopaJcrr'nJrlnleSoldpeouoresrarSrauJnisarfuqr'rRrpreplploiuurnrr_opflsclsruenrtSrlnullauuannrreroaulrIirJupoql1eBrulSnng-'pud3oIl3pnJIenno]rfofsr1uJ11lJ1r]5afrIeBea-ur:ue1speln,els1lIiBSoJrrBupuJarenuBIcleB'nSIJ1pnrpprp}rorlnoal5uuuulznzpr,rnsslJgJelrrnue]unrg{lrpdae,rarrl,lpcIbpono.uizSz,lf,Ip.odnulorl,rrnosruulrJu.oeusSlopRoJnpuolguozrractul+"on}lprlNan1icrelinorqpaJAlnunuuorrJote1lnnsous]euprd,,paJar;IlgrnnseJroenp1cgcr€goaJ13eBSuBull}fpnnas-rIrsun,aonfnroll6ojrearlr,,prras4ylroau3l{c1gno1Ilalguls,:nreqcao,,IuSlladeelpueoeorJuin1n'gr,sdda]rtreuprrdugrreiucsiSra'+{oonrioupla.npJtuJr1,r,l"l1oi'rdennopJaBirr;rlr1rsfe;l3rinoeia,)n-raz.tar:oirrau-rrles9riE,oufrrrd,u.pcopbor_r]rioaLnlioo:rgruaciIdrrc"cro1eJSSuSrrlltit
a-p-I.spJIIerlrlrT\roaJRBlasrsCporl"rJrnrs'llqaoaa6luoeJprul crsILroJ'1pp',rqJ,opuuuJrprupxq1JlJu,pp1nuJ-rrur[lSnn'ulaucr1lr[euonrr1.rrrrcJe,tinll1alr1lrunlIanqIpo,pel]p]rlecrpliore]lsoSupueouulJ1dneed,ngluarrials6urouar1ndnDau:;pesRo1o_llllrrnesntoolepdJ1li
qgu11a11o:sl1ddr1dunna1J1'Jpe'pIourcnocruqelnonrl'asropud1a,rgSLs1'auleunp1l1nrsd1droner1uJ.lroo3rJps-dn1eopuIec3rf1uel,g,c,n1pdl.,oplppoccpotftsunIuB1ollrleInsnonlopeu1u-u;3pInJpcartpnurolaprBldSplJ,^ueOpgll,su,azr'er1oalezalroe+cifcdeeIoJhurceourriopre1rruJplpurelAfrnnluoS-llntpeej.siloosooourqp-ifniirsH-^ntpoetroeinegtlnSrrolu{'lpplplpIoFJnicuru}IrEskndreu-rnruiJiil

t'j.e la inceput uirnesc toatd iumea. Revolulia Francezd, Crotiwell, Fte'
capodopere neegalate. Ceea ce dd acestor
<leric cel mqre au rdmas
sppiecrcilrcoieierinr,piqeucdmaisaptEonrierisiisnamtc,iguerelirucdlldaarsrrigeltoialrupcliduoehlitucianrmceteitonSlrad,uelvfrricieeanm,reehataiicllnmuvgcicdiiniluauunnienticect,ocafthelauilacul rtlce, uolaaroipegavisnertinameilmpecaesuttnieme-,
clureroasS. Nici aici fniloussoeficmSulalumsepqirtietulcr"urivseddueriiiieimpaprufinaeleo9icaomncfienpulnie-
{imiie. intorsdtura Problemele i se infbtiSeazd nu- izolate, ci trebuind
generaid a istoriei.
iri nseecmesuitlafutemsisdeficeucruepzruinltsaeteilnetrl-ioiinvleedloerrep1aarrtgia5l,efilgoisocdfiuctSa.seS,piinritduol msdeu-

tlr-
niul speculativ, sd se ridice la o conceptie unitard filosoficd, ajunsese
daesstiperlelalumaceegl i,,tdraenspscreenvdiaefn5ta, lfis'omt",aSdainlncacrieomficeunisuel temelia concepfiei
istoriei' cercetdriie
put{iul" ii par ca lipsite de temei fdrd o filosofie a istoriei. Dryosdust,
athripni'pcSlatfenLiruiseorReitdmieinieeisi,{aataranoleriptteuraarriecotlsielucateu6auplcun|etiieupit, asrlcdcuoctlleeeicae,cdasduei.sitonfstiDc5actmeudir:vmir-fjilieiloztneeaoiautulaaitctpneateeeii,trieleeocc.lunaa$cpcriroiteeerlimoiunlnrcroeliaauldcerfeoaevpncosraIietercieibnemeefupiipsnne;etpti,eraio1resldiidemtiuieuuc1nllchucruteee-iiimgtdneCdnitlenareun-rrooalvipy,iielaeccdiu.onfecannaoftsroiaaenicrnqutlteuele5e-l'
face fel de fel de clasific5ri : Natura insd e
cint5 mereu Carlyle. $i spiritul
hail[ vie a Dumnezeirii pe care o
omenesc este unul, cu toate cd o psihoiogie invechitd ne vorbea des-
pie lacultdfi distincte. cu vialJ reald a omului
Tot a;a li : activitSfile
irii practice nu sunt cu totul separate 9i neinfluenfate de cele specu-
tatirle; ba incd acestea, cele speculative, infiuenfeazd 9i determind pe
.fcnpiJiiliii,riclv"cicplrsesno,ri+itcunilte:ric-urittauttlaileLbtiurafaeoaileo_tL.,nl{tiiastua1uitr"rel.:atoa"eiic'liatedaa,ttoacecSi.idttrpsp.lataaLupsV'il.pureft-itrutcrcooaee.urr-ivoeIncltehniecspcal1ocils,,dneitbvitt1eucgume"aooreca6fAua"epatadnntavdclrerb*aciedeiaimu;eens1cialudoleafaetmiat,i6iliatoroealttiusasfioc.,sieielt{drnStne1dtiu,ugspiapeeOcag"trneaon.poiipconadtrevocrs:o5tcfiri-ttl.e.irogdrnpiicduauurcedsvsrbesDlsalec.cecegaieriia,cdltsranieororsuur'tirutyouevlmttcrpeenpatvoaulIauoaniztdpsuenasonrfibEneitslietilinrrcdmeanieisvrc6neittclutaitueturicdnu,eIpadepieneaoiv,sVfrcnelasoctgsereleronvreatetuciu6tleeesietiiierdscenematcejssniaacltuccmidesioonltttdduonieialeetmolcmntuqfalee-rsapiar]ailt6ilpdqvii,eipe,nvsluuj,ldvsdgasesiru,ciliiunvnejaeroiurFisXsrehvaeeitaimirccmua5resrfido5tladaeedeipr,tfiaeitturdutamlsoigerliidedog;eaenes.itqcrrdlseiciegipnrtttnicloasiiireiivtaouenisorna:erie.oaedgrlrtirtstplorrlintmrueliosr1.frarutdicrrieaiizeiii)li,ecarpcesil.,i.taaonuia.lic.vbfSelert.loriudPd,lleioe'u5canaedi.eclaIaelzariu"uta,ls(iraab,iu,_tntcemOenrttitdr:tojdSnut,osuueprut,renamvdedenrrurtlb9oiclerainoaieneauicSahauHncipctrisa1fifuliiuipiiloapeipaedtl;csdtotlpousrdfpal,luuae.iefoi,t5locnaeool,lLerl,ceCsur,slvepamicrrusaieueous,cy,adiioiinma9ofgar,drrlnrper"cedeetaiaeleiree'yoiirseoaOcvdtnsidrtdesnlsuftrutlLmatcedee-eiae-"dn-e-l--l-
ierisiicile ei, cu un cuvlnt suf1etu1, ideea ei,

tV6

ALI gifl €[Boo e 6.{19 i-];,--;:

i-e-spi1Uuog!nu1rngenfdIl,PnouqiJllale'oupumollJouJJael sJ'rroslairoorppeurcn/oIleuJsorp!rponifrlSaoBpdppe,ruuausil,o1uafrlpunufsnloepaplugljupluuJulnoltunlNlulat]3rIa.Inuu-prn(,gp-pglJptur'puediurlrul'af':]piolpll'E1lEuun(a,)g;1!solu1a:^crrrnldlli3puppnooau:1uoleanlerJulsloiiporare.lIi),,prtiJ:e,riai{s,uo.Jrrnni;qr,:prro1ul.
rrnrSuEoopuJlrnJeOsolaullIlopOlsloValpclnzeuoJiudlZn'.rr'oao1llr]dupeolzourneaorie$IsO',eqlrlrBu1on3suoriflee1rruqo6lor.rr1eneodr;renuorg6losoue,Eorluondlegqpldscalunlslu-ot:qpof,so1s-nrnoJfluae,lrptouI luBuljp(r{rncis$l
-pap eornl olarBos 'rlnJf,nl atrInu eiIE rf ngr6 nDolSolJ o:pc ad ,ep.ra,r iS rrure_r.1
lurrugd un rt 'rol1n:li1suo) erdnse aTauTrtrf,oC gf -rorn,tg rnl pJapooC nr ,aspo-iodp,r.
erursplueJ nr glulndod J(][osIA D R]p1 o nps srrolutrl nrlsnd un Bto nu 00eI InilF_
u1p arlBrry ptrspo:)s p3 iJap 91e1 "'aJf e:aplsuoc gldrnls plsserp qlepnlJ elsg,l

'nlpaw rnln^![
E r?)rlrerd rS plenluicls plell E0earluJ nJluacl rrznlJuos a6erl o1A1,re3.
'pJsaJp ap alplou BorlalstRljsuolt^uoudlpBuaelaI+ilrupasurururacA'aRlueluppuIrsasaplauuntapllsllao,lpatprdupoJl

ulp 'lnlnrRonlpc
-p}a?>JBsIeoeJlaJaupldalppel {RsunsrrulurirolcarlJf,poR}fslep'^alqrJnpoqsueplzueni aRuluulprapgllalos'l3sualBplapuroJnlps,qR1aurraupsuaai r34ualrpp}ulrDpe6lsnInDiR}dIJprrIninplliulpna-€lJei:.
otoar,rlrlslppanJfieoIldnqael lJaapJlrndrl'pdoRuJlssiurIlsal'ralruoiznrra-upJzlllrelppiinrnIllasuaBoJ3porparsuApulusroioJarorJl^ilsdIJ-prIlJapaJoaacnprlJeup+rsrruucaaat zddapl'opuJatroluaeras[JlppoeluJcp.linlIeeIrI1tRrr,aurtlocIo(iaei laaoUrlira.r)\
lo'laoESJuuaar'llplJlrnpZrarlprnrnAl3lioarsal1pplppIoIorBllsanulnAlapdrlIepllDIeJp1rlJuo0qal1annzlpdsSasar/ndu^loaJJlaqr'esu''B1lredIlspIrefn1uu'llTnapnrsulrad'nBpspua'1pllgeper1lrurnlelrel6oe1uru3rrlo6o',ol1rltnopn1aldd'lupseeJ3alyuo,l1]g1apn3tps1aaeqdplnaup1;ssuelnrJSbrsa:nd'JplppassglpTEieIalp,rul:arBlocgI{
inldpJ psrrr J rnpldal palelrupJalns rS pluelrodurr guelrorcl ruapur]ntatd
'alalduroo nU raJado olp orllnlo^ ail r3azrarl alal ril g;eo*glsap as a-rE:)
rorlEnoJll{rrn:nlleuurrerrrauclrAirsosr}nreaprinIaoprrred6cloJrlsrlronlsar+raprr{asruo]rfIr,npBpJulaaprntl:r)lsn1a:'elraur-ryrrplJnuuyurodarJrclynu.denarFL{A1rsrn1}l3Tszrarna^JldnoonuJpstsup'lllaanuJipaf}u,lLsnrroodoJjJnInope€po,au,zelp,a,ert,u.i1!s0-JrouBo[;iJ)rj
-EJC['r{-io]sr o}seJp eJ }eJJuoJ rerlr'nrl reur JrrfirN.rnln1o] ea:rfal;nsrr1
pp arpJ rpp pleurrrdxe also nu olpJ 'arf dacuoc ouinue o ap g+ELr
-luop alsa elsea3e pJ opol aS 'alorJuor InI lrraundxe ololpds ei ,:se.r
-tqb es a1e 'o1,4.1re3 InI olrrrolsr urp csesdri ale.rouab TS alJpJlsr{E elr.r
ae'-rraollortplufqrgDoeolulnsrreiRo!urJd6BBI rpI'adsr.JpnaredJsloCserlaaup'BJJloouIIlue+sIJtrlurppqanJnluJo'juBupIIlrJlpsaIpJSrlalba'Ifln,lanrloo1lIlpsneBll1ragJBAJorI1pJsurooelIvsil3Jo'ldl'IIEpnJn1ariaeqrronoed1rlselo'eareppuullrurBpfa'uplqrnou.ugroioJoJelolsr,ooJrllpsiapJJal'rssrpJnnasulrrlEnnEosqgposauaLgrn{p]I
elspalp e4 'orrdord alsa ol-lolrrapopalal !arclSlse!rgDullrorsnootq ap pturn Iclu InI alrrrolsl
uJ 'aJrJosoIIJ alcprlsqp tnlnlnoa:1 lrfarrr
Boral^ul ul psalsalup nu alrolsr alrJs puIJ Ia orpJ ad Inlsor Is eluasa
psul 'la
adaotrcl B op +uaraof, TS rBllun IaJ aurnue un 'tarrolsr B al;osolll o ]ilrrl
I"ur IB ps alnqal+ arrolsl orrcs B nrlued RJ surnuoJ Bra aI^IrEJ

Joceiin vecle in trecerea lui pe regele R"ichard Coeur-dc-Lion 6i a1t5-
clat5 pe John Lackiand (regeie loan-fdrd-lard), cloua
care std vreo

s,iptdilini la St. Edmundsbury. $i credinciosul cronicar insemna cd
regele la ltlecare a l6sat mindstirii treisprezece pence sterling tre'
ca sA i se cinte o 1iturghie... -
clccin. startingii -
pog".ii.n"c,;.lSiriqmini aasgceiecsdiitucinclreteiprcdmuiisteepnfaetrdleiiR(cleurogineiiaclera6L9lauiciiknJ}aonncoera-lpiln;ts)e,tarsibeuagntilepnfdrieapandcee'dAiccbceiiuesdtlaiatteraeinsfpeolleauzsleicrlue; i
Jocelin cu toate tucrurile : i;i e fclul oamenilor ;;i nevoia oamenilot' Cc interniiient

einbteurlcrsuaitnltoIslcruitJoccleemiinu;litnssuenmt ninindJo,fcderldins,dcsaeginilrdtoeaatdscIsdtloarriraoiq,Ci ienecda.]inegtiosaetsdtei\eal,ul ra,

rnaisapniepcfcrtiv1lu{rprd-ienenuar.c,.dn.ti;iirrunrua-cr5Ptithlolilesinicuap;a.1zciriiasllaeriiasis.nir|u,ia-gelpctsaucafi)ecrmirtleeiuqtiaciliirn,tgunelaqrilanae;cciaicreooi{lsteinlaeiacrslinemigimcdt,irteateciirmns.naa,tcgfepFdoldira.;malaicnipCeu56gtn.rdalrsiinc-,scL^iutildcRretaarrsiebinicuigciditlnelaudlt,netscrIuai'eLecpocahmerorciciaiakvac'.leietasclamuaneFl-dugroiev1cidaartfa,iedtuti9ufidtnscdinetscieuan.trin'grFateaerciccddi,lonteii!i}utdnovnA9ct,iterciei-,oaroIat,avlucrisnlcpnetuscicrils'n-rvhaatueiid-t-i'
f.rpl o,:ri.caie -- ce sutrt atunci ?" (Ibidem, p' 4C)

iCfsratconmrcCiicetieeztateeat,e1pcecoelinseui.ierfeeCcniuaolilrmulyaniilceeeea.tseit,eaastgdptee,uctclaielnedmleupnigp1aSedts5sdit,esnupenSnleeaucmllatindflfaeraa,pctdte.idsienocunntiirimoiuulzptaeguolcimnlo{oenstrsocrteoritisiteitelrtiiiieele5i.i

nesfirEite.

esle ,p,sroiffaefciaii,CpocnsctaitrueliaC$oinsviseenliinutnoeaarcndovacsstrei ]dnaa{cioansad}ddroipdfacclteelc.ale]suptlrei:ascincea;s[daupir

baiOuuCfrnliuceepcsrnotafpgedrreu'igrnnrcrnaearslemctiuicrgl-alrtcbfiiiifnolieca},in;fiineciinveaiocsnareirmuneeaenuisnentateiatacooataepzr,eeapr. ainep{driieiluc}eaun;miirimendpzicelurisnoleticraooetrsaeimalcemldeeeif.saDippnuaftl,usrce'dnoietfie]aad?dceuepct6lrumartrraneareidae?r
ppeuui,treicrlgirfe;rtarieivirri-ftraa{isnalil,lee,icnlcrtecr}gbcruuaielle, zsceiaslscatueulaparleilnzvii$caitr?iiat,istiatuiininciili,aor,qC,i assr{dencsauplpucuonlaietnzeeu,Cmpruaotibo:Jalentmecaaacalecarttrsleeti]ieCcoonr--
patruzecl Ei noud de corpuri stranii, care gra-
venfiurie Nfaarecioinluall*d,esuatllttel$eap*t-e sute desigur intr-un chip minunat, implillesc IJorull-
care,
rriteazir li
cile Cerului..." (Frc:t',:::h Revolution, vol. III, p. 87, ed. l'auchnitz)'

ar" fiT,Tcneraclettiitst iccolilcx]launrefrieaexpaamrtinidaetlomrinduinliosCopnrovieencftieulneed5ei constiLulie,
gravitarea

majoritS|iior. Lui Carlyle nici nu-i pasa de constitulie ; faptul semni-
fSiinciastcie.i"is,Ic'no-uurfimeilesatefiufaratcucenesotaSa,iseeaslttSeeilecp.udCttiometeauagl eca,eiteu\sIr.eiedCeuonneslatiintlut tcliuilecslr-iabuue, rmfddraciluietaadcpelrisinntcsueie;,;i
mai trainic : vede sufletui vetnic ai poporului francez. De la adunarea
Conr,enliunii imaqinafia lui precisd deliber6-
il duce la aciundriie Ei
rile riecinilor Gali. lntr-un fapt izolat, el vede intreaga isiorie a jlo-
porului, poporui cu sufietul Ei ereditdtile lui.

tto

Il-rlR'acrecalruutcnperen[rlJoarrdvurrulSgJai''asIsuag6nlnrsSlsnrlorJotuoJloDelplslrusBrlauoarprryetapargrll^Jreppcpoi1urlsprrlpo,oDIl3rln"lufrrS,uJrJoadanBruua{,igr}!Jrd{epuon,'o1Illtse€agDeostiurJopanaou11}Aul.sTp4s1a.Iplp1un"oB1n}aIeuerrJ3icanuuiitunrJrrrnosroatae:lrul{}souenrarltirdrelepaueJ5goprI_ernurdrlasaJop:e3a1cl,u6ues!uangsrITpsnJnaJcIrtrpplepupx^lrro)alarp1$rulsr1unJi3oni'uel,o1psaarlaTlpaanpRrIloSdpaIalJusnJpaIrJooeiurVpprl!

o nJ 'loJll€ alunrJnl apJA Ie po n.rlucd ,'rpolplprzeuurnrdT;znrAs c,npoarr1€pl-r\lBonJr6ailrTof
'nas1o,{s.1prbe3'orlunTleJuorplTrrerl{srranoolndJsroSrrJnof,lrJllTarnJsJsaalaplueaauulrnurarrAoar.rl,*aq1peois1eclJl alp;eoraOr'; e1

'(SSe 'd 'I'o^'uuln[o,rrg q.ruarg) ,,.'.irru4 rrJp ral]prt.ird
IB lBuraJul inrrlrod alsad 1S i-sollllupusstan1rl oir ruofllo n) runip pzeos.ullp rn1nle1ed
olB el.ruaualns aloruep epun ulp urp alTlnluq alsad I olnr
errabriu.r6
-Pl aloupaJo ad alredap lselnld aruJ all-rqpJoJ atrSad teqllor uI 3lo1 arpl auillgq
ol]aural alsad J elrrnpgdruJ rs arru{pd o,airrrldnur raltpapcllppaisliruunrrulndlTelooiprulorroas-reeclsgo,d6,,orrlclo
aIBl alazeJ Blso:}€ Insea3 uI pBJ u.rnJ

ouro-SulrIopIprzlrruCr1raonpltap6zulooJaenrrlb1aqeulsonlue1pnloplurapIplpnatuuruunonealJqlIrsaabrdlJapsulaIuruloorIgpnpalsn'elansturedlonncallpupga-d'a1rpunseno1qrsuonrz'ealirup"I1aoA'onulJnIlplerrssup.lnrrJ1ipgds{Jcoeii'tnisenopqlpruflouBn1l'1S'ceaaoelell,JJrr1trooreptu6doruunllIsponarIJsJlrps1lIloNauJttpdnzocqo-l,roorpuoui;i)lj

'{OO-OS 'd 'ureptr;.r) ',,aruriropc I-r* rr ll plunrx
e: qugd elSoruIJS t* q6rrls uSe 13'1n1 Inrlunqiri ]ptq,rcpp llrJJns or?r lup'a-rBOp
I-oJ aunds eleod nu e;ec 11doc Inun eieaJu!f,s lJtap also nu p:n6 uip au:nds ur asli
I-areJ PSBolulru paJlQ;c[ iluBpv ]nl 1B eJnlJ'o'nBl alol?lJ ap glrru r'l-arg'llilEIull
eaJeru uI ppun;nJ os aolureppz p1 aialouroFz nr indrura rS ! €aioJgl rs ealdeou
ani,r gode rS | 6:nurp {ualap eA arEJ
polelrulolg 13 l:n6gsap plnzpdluturer;,n2psaie- rd 1n1ndur11 {p soJounluJ 6:nruy
'porraurase ap IruolElued n: 'oisn6
op lo{

-nB rS ITIJoA alalpuos I* snuualg od egnlpauS runr 'pieUorfpN ouniluo"r,uoJ plsaotB
elnlpAu3 nu indurl 'Jo{arxJn uruln BI 'lllq i plesuls pf,sealrrlul ap lai un spu od
sseqro^ Is eulprl ne puIJ urnsB 'TuOurEo ap IOJ tsala:u lrms is lqearl rsBaorp JEJ pf,
p1-laprluIcSe-d : Irnpios ei qugd ro6 'snrarl rnl prrnlrptu pdnp 'ne:a elarporp I nea,te
ap ar:ctottl) iruolulried
n:rn1 1n.in0urs npra (qinpqqlori o1o1d nus pis3ct

'gatrlodtutp P3ul Bq ! sa]Jolnc-suos BJe nu I snuuaJa 116o:e iprr11a3 pclurll poLIJo/\
III nBlra3 e5 'snporder p-ol nu Jolruol\r un
iJru riDp 'lilc'pul F\ nu oJuJJseAjaJa
op trIlp lol lraluqzop npeAB 'npalllprr opun ali.rbf o1eo1 arcls ri e!1€{pD a;ds ,nuro;g
ards .ro1 Inunrp uI 'TIBD ruelrdqr IIr{3o^ IS sn..Trrorg i olaJu! ap u3e urfnd alsod
ePI-epSaadloudl'aroureeSJrridBsrnpaoJull^oesg1raodoIlunaosepiunluul1ouJn.$liolodulgu'aDrrsrrr(ro1uu1obooezll-D,0\nroauofJ,poollp*SAJBp>zsoS>uoseBlel"prr'oIealpliuuronru1nutlrIpl1uaoleerilbqozpIrgdirpdraoranall'uoacpJrurTllanaIJllnirsorcqtuA-realniJlarnsopoopJudlJaospaor>dglp1eeta1r*loo;prnuIdA)rJeEuo,rullllpn3Vatsurpupn-ornrzJsuinrIlildr-Js?,otatlf'l-!soczllrr!plui'paulrsr,usap6r,lszrDuilruuqapozgr1p.ua5\g,uprl1u.rlf1]prolpo3sl
nJ totl alalar3ap !oJaqJaII plnlsaq;a1*alopui as alrll <otaqrolj>> olsa qJ',

mcir;aa;ietmeutsiieli;oGn;crteleflqeilicohtp'u-rsarfroeem,lchfniuegt$miidriir,sl,oeti6trmi.Lailan-unn-siCStciFceoreinrcifAdhoeeitrAtenRgtiaeaeelcsisdlcudndrn.uleualcs"stoe,gitgoesoegruatrebmtnautiqavirianaalur9ctpriSgiirlepofeifnlp,otarUs.isZuobeelfeuiaciritaadsirsladattecusotrrestliVere'imesi1stpanlecesrnae5-
ssom,ta,shPii"iucrroi.a.ie;qi.n*rc*it;.ao"tAiiii.nSe.su1essEitogtiteta;n"ainticeo"taiionei"nnaeinlsftniarufe,ettuliidciiilcgl.isilciflfn"iiSeeicinvaiasloegsloecicerrztdclieesiaeirv.tjcmsocortieitnt"lsref"tnioliJiuit"e.riiiix,rsbs-""pimorie1-:sct.ur-c*'ritesi,enm'otiio"rtetcioaa-roaahu-tiobaimtresiitdriiieprlcsiie"otcn,ee-ei,saroancfcsanrotspd,-ilotuzScarlaigaunooceaizrlsiu:ptreratCeltoii5rtitronaeaai.tbsarudtsrtpCoeildltyliRrce1vi1enoeseriiiee'nc{azsrnLsa.iittltiiaguireriiiucIref-icnsfinceeocurl-eailaaexnsaaeesiurl.uua'ea9dila-iS;.rniiiispczvgiooa'ooeaioucEsc5rialirctneeyidoenoamatanr.ciSmlp9e,titineil'9reipiccotl'i;eetuiaupiiitnriiroenmnidieamiztueeanoaaipsfuscdripoilefimnyuo,sit.einrribrieribamFriierrri'iiaezlioddru'cuscieeriiai-i,ci,i:

dyocrriini,i,c,irSe-rovncclclii:setjautnal ltomclfauornzietuo,arirmpiteru-rocita:crcelcazldv-aaolvtlaerrupeldpdd€aicnt accraeesilininuiacmcaifmiitsuaolicmfireautimantoeoabasimit'ioaearaertiisnnIsuSetr;bsi'itaepsrctdn
pinticcTimputsevacufundainEternitate.Oriurrclcscadunhdoisautreioameni
trnprr:uni, cste Sccictate.'." (Sartor, p' 163)

co;Fci,pt;,el-ef""u"rit;ie1pruc,;!rad--lAi,,n;'*of;r"petdicliiulrmnldoelsiiineeroppleet;icru"asicciaenlisoiept_esoalrhtrctstrgietou"eciiuatgcee.naoentnCca-lr-eiiidiierL.i.nmu.e:i"vlfruaovuoeeapeirca'lmcasehlrntruoe'tdeticlelclnseimpelpecedlileluiaeindnncittcueueuinlcic'mcnaiondeoldetuiebcg,'9slimat_Ndilvilmt'ivaidasosRilaptrtieqgagliarurtiirsoilnroaaenepicsboumad,dvun,nleei6iasnpcc.,uiitrdihurriilt,n-naiirlolisdtet-{sraeaei-tdmelomr_eaiarpfgisetomead5ptltaascrtuu'uesudctnPcdremrihceh,.oa..'ioslacsieocncshrenductlhrbcipipxa-iitdrunuulee-etnld-a-,--'
dupii o sulf, sau douii de ani'

,,Pentru noi, care ne-am intinplat sd trEim pe cind Phoenixul Lumli se con-
:;uirr.1 prin foc $i arde aqa de incet,. incit,
dupi sccoteala. lui Teilfelsdrijckh, ar fi

.otrcabibunitsltermineindoudsecole,pareafinumaiopriveliptedecenul6'
inchipuie tot astfcl' In subiectul viu' spune el' schimbarea
l,rofcsoru] insa nu 5i-o i9i lcqp{dE vec.hea lui piele, cea nouE
sr-<tc de obicei gradata; aga, pc cind Sarpele

gie1rs5iincitnafictc1hu6itphdugeiaccteadndutergc<ebleumsieouabmrttS,aP,iu$itniridt.lnei csaudcnooalorgdtpaiadsecdsurpeoarecadeeradsedtivrnelrira$SPirehsEo$eisnesiExnuaslseuci6Lpurpemrfianiicdmiaiicnniutrn-eo
g-tseci.lrseciarczprgbS.cElraerrsiceceslmpaprlereeuccneedrl.uiCi munoatuioitnusael inafltetefseclsaIincIgneunurve$iratlnecjeuclluhaiipcveemlcaihsdtieesr6iofoslice:, Crealia 9i Distru-
azr''irlitd' filamen-
$i prin nSvaia 5i

vsea]tucrr:m]eienlheminennotuteluleiduenvuiritecjlsnutenc5adermnoangitielereunsui immaeilomdeiloosdciolns.teDcad,epmrivoeagfttee,ccaureochii
6f,i irr viriejul de foc $i ai sI vezi""" (Sartor' p' 168)'

.i:tiitnTeni a1acevaiasttadisdoe.ieuatapiuai]ti"nt,gceineozgeei,npeeraclaizroeaCzaarplyelnetnruuoinntiriergaignaegexteis-

180

IE'

'eralsetE iirunl rolr-rn-iJnI p IJaJaJl r! r,ra:e;ard larrutaul ealapsr\
-cJ1Luaopsuprrgcln'Jal.oreucioai.;lpIpJriu:aa{al31sarrrp1rla'zpazruaacrknupalrni1lsepfrliroLsraaurrlrosrJrsooLloo.J{rcrh\ru-rotLl pou
rpur

u'Robl6r;uDi:io1illo,rr,rgpur6ru\r.rlrtf.u-,{Lir1J?lnu:r1ooroluil:lr\?aopr:lJlcnluEi:ra)-:suJdrluoa'sllslaaaacrllelnlidnsJ.opsisui6plpupISollEpnJpslploroaI .JlrJopurAnaRalJnpJJ}Ee3:IiIiir]lianrn€spr'u{paiJlisIn'oapJs'nadrircor'Afi'lrarJranJs1'.laslpurreoiinrroaneS;sui
rnlnciror E ipi-rmu eis.r aliporu aSiJo J a1A1re3 prurrJp 'p3p o nu prroJ ril"
"1eal 6riS1r rrn IJrrr RrpJ aJplaJci os 1n1o1 r{; pzualnp nu lrLirrrr'Jruretl
o nlr trrurlr g:'rrlror,u e r6al lEp-ralof,E sn.dris aqsa'1ie1ozr nes gunerdr.u-r
'lnJpl rS 1ipu10 np rriraur€o aJ Eeat 1o1 pJ 'aJrureir€z lsoJ np Jsatrauro
rnlnlrrrds alilpfro;s rS alafurnperls aipol pr u11( ps n,rJnl JSul tpru i.l3 r]
rr7 'lenlrrrcis lltTueruoil ur aprard ansldnl:uulordrurprualrea3luea'sge1rr{iarllnps]uialuupipoJsnu}oe3u
aprarcl os i1u Jrluru urn:ard I
ui
4pru Jnurf{'arelalinr ap uaisrs un nrlriacl pseolRups oria{[a] o pjpl

(yg d ''11arsrlV AI 'Io^ u! 'srl;srralrD^rui13) .,1nrar1 tn1n6e:1ur p arA pruns olsa
Inluazard rS I osuotunlJ relu et uI a3 urp rrlplalar ul pzuauJp3ut as o.lpJ l:olJ:nurau
e orpr lalJns u11 alsa JOlrrniu 1nd;o: qns I o,rponr IS alSorliaAul es 'lnd;or rBrunu
!J Jp urnl rS pf, 'lpTJrJradns e aJ eaal IEurnu : aptatci as nu J-iutru rel{e-Jlril oia-rl

1/ruroI o pulJ'3ip13r-1os'!}rv'lln)'orzaod oll-rr) llr'rrag'dru11 ap oru.lunulsa^
-uI o-rlul olplIujolA p) pnou ezpolaAaJ as Iu I eloliuralA tr! Blr{Elsqns rS olirloLual
are rSI IpluapucJsup:1 13 aretu rpAape-rlur otrso aJ poail : olplrr{rolg ad qruazear
as lsnsuI 1ndur.1, quiq3S u1 'alblrllqqnul IS alplllelJOtu ap €lspo3E urrcl r* 'drurl
ap luaurala un-rlu! rou n"rluad qlsrra rS rur3nlsap oi a[-r]nlJnl alBOl plBC 'itpqiurriJs
elrS.r!JSou ur;c[ gzeannl 13 ai(arg:1 'nu nps lnJsountral'14 Tf,!e uarn:nd ourlupl lpp
J p-tuotu es llcod nu iJru 'a.rirour t1u trro ap otrBz{lpal alulpunq n€s ]plopil Ln1 ll.ru
{ erorci nrr lnJarl ul ajeolE,{ ap pJa aJ urp :rlruyu 'a:o1d nu lnJaJJ In1eJpr.opy,,

'a{lpi oJeru r€Lu €a3 113 purlr]p c a-Ip3
acl 'a1,{.1-re3 Tnl oie ap1aerl}ln!{uut1prrrlsopusuallln-raubularuauJoaJlxatlltla] fueaLlrsnrxaa}spaonrpIuCrrrJ-rudunds
lsalV ',,rn1rllurfuasa
+sg'lopIe3urJrrrpla-lrr^duurnjuRssrsuvrrr"qprpoA: oBapsalualsp!TIrzpluno'n3irr-ru1arslITrrrdl+ul IJIlneIopnIsolopp1alrneJlReiedzqrE6rauaarslrlulsnurPrutdS'13(a1ar6srrarerl1auu1brJ1P'eIpJll4€e.InJnglJllrIplrrpLd^rasropnBpel lTpgpnrurAlneullrr;srdrar!xclipras*
pe-l-aruarnlauIrlparno6alus1JaJruxopesaa{'oluorlaper3JlulsrurBrrJoxlrpllellapprJolulr.rerorue*lurdrprarelIlaaeaarJalerpprodaJslJuqlFanpnJldnanslIppuEJsooiplrlolrpooureIJnuJsa'paoaIaJzJJIoroprplJratadollloJsp'JqIqq'ueunJzrrrgaap{1^J'rgsp1arAueI'areocaJlJs'ferrupzpoalJ;e1lIsppr'rurlpaelruu,5l\eaporosaaFadss{

-t,trcls rcrfr:tdtre ltrDt\raslroJ eaapr acl gurazear as ra{ualsrxa,Tolalu-ro}
orsXpauraapiabalnuasp{-prolLlApI{IllJrla1-l.IrrlEnp}Iuolle3orIJluspqor}sl8aeo31paIlr'+rptriaOr'rlrssaEroiALBleI{uJr'aaJr}lri{fJqaneo$l{lCTnJId€tn'lJltsIaanu}Jlis{l3ulpaiasadipprSpJoRoll}tasr}Jpnotaupdliqa}ar'}}a3ISsHiRllo{ppz':arEantlapasi.r!ptJululle.rlIrelo3sJoupIra'tslpUssu:r)lrouIppr'ilBo,trprroaoi]nleroBrln-lorprui1,crt'lerau1I.erroepur$::prl
'bunlayclntlug 'ar{nqolo ap Baapl u'ai urB3tluloiaq6rrrlrosrjpols€oru{lrJJdoxlae aprrnral leur
alo:) airapr rrrll prrn 'rra rulfieurr rurspb 'plua1

Ceea ce se petrece cu formele socieidfii ,* p"|,r"." cu toate pro-
dtIaoutcseuealle.gVicaauldloteurivrieihi.rupSleimincvbaeorceluhrieielsec.cSrecu'ubeatz.imcdapofeunis,uesleicmaubzseraa[-zciSd.sepi;rievnaelattresucle5oavimninevnsiadi lraieeaiuliia-i
spiritualfl $i praciicd nu suni eter:ne : sunt supuse iegii vegnicei trans-
prinde'omul dintr-o datd 9i
forrirdri. Acle-vEirul integrai nu-l poate poa.te

c5. n-are sd-l prindd niciodatd, Ceea ce prinde sunt numai aproximdri

din ce in ce mai ap-roape de ad.evdr. Orn*i nu pri,ne$te numai in raod
Tin{TcceelfAaecrltiiaaelddveE1enreucrasrrldv,gcepaSr.ini.rapsLnaeavlnic.iiute,orngeseaaloimeecmainttmipareeectieiciaopineena,aagcilenatrnetLplririsriitsnitntziuTeoccrteravdo&eltienegtidatinarcttangi-c-ilisuvlnisio1rpcietiledm-nelctrluiuerrro;raeseav;iatisnerrositigdi'Cncneioia1tecasmtdrecse,,ur!auout15imvofirirtpiea,iconacilreseyibmciscpuentttccieornrpaevebeiidipnecrctcioa.a.,mroiuaarilmdniiu,vruttrniodeuuineoeiiaialSlspsoaer]tivoivazpcueluivoenlSe,ScahrlinenrlperdeutrciTooldpiiidesetafeEgUtediiulerai9iliruitdnor,,erneoiieeiosercdrisedsivnriiluneeepue9se-epeglrbocaaaaiorocid,onicscsutpraasetvertiuetieriito,djdactnmgdaeennreirrelcoenoiioeeiif-loacspcaajios*zr"nvecll'uieltuueeiOaivoujve(txi-tfrraoasasapsipesmupqeittnteliicuereoriiineicac;reil.arriHeunoannntermignestrtiueiNps,,errocdtm9oru.ii.ol.iosiiciepami;nciCec,elsihvoeoaiuugeiseesia1artlll,tecdanenl,uerlotrmbauleeitvfiibyiiveiarmc,mltiainasselaf,lneescil.u,tei'ud\nptFaparreiclpravacsmcd'idmrregeearteiag1zecobcecnaadut1iaadanonrrsr0tegeditreerrniet)eeadrueeei-,,--,..'
Din'pdginism, din civilizafia premerg5toale cregtini.smnJ.ui, studiazd
;mmasitieiirrtedartaps,rSiiiditcitginpaaadio;uaengtgd"lidditsneiiaaicnscpa1:aporntuvrponicemiieacliasennppluuiaptermnpvoluindteone,upesecgmoailnnl,eigriaugrgsaveilpeliurcaarpreieum,ltlaismegealdulsnanucmnti.easpeeePmrrpleideani9l--gipnr;niilaiendisvroxniuesicraodineiifrlietnsldu-ea,ll.nanbrhlCdradiebeeb,ailmlrliearirgoabna:piarrosail.leco-opC^raisor,euiptamirErereriueidalnyricdnienliolaegeaqi,icleinirmalneoiunriiparmentenirgrea[csceeuztiasarrimdetntrceiraenoaid;zdnnsiao3.t-iil
adrnitd ca cel/a atit cle vital pentru oameni, cum este religia, sd fie
fondat pe lileo minciund ori sd fie numai o aiegorie. Pe minciund 9i
inndscut al
imnqineciSiuionriileorn.t1EssetepaodaetevdforantdacIniimngice.ldOtomruiai e du;manrrl
abunciS in religii, :nai
aqnaligleeosqproioingraliantfeaaezlsedtuleearn.laLojodar ecmlvnabacrileutpiilnuruzcit.ihuiN,lipioincuriiircfaaidizlergeegliieoprrdeeiaeiiugndniuei cqapa,sJodedaesntnilmeei{n,foeidaiianzjrvtouolcairfuinoeiuriragedsilneeigevpidailoroaaiorttder;
intemeia viala SpiritualS a ornului. ,,Oamenii n-ail. clezllt niciodatfl in
ciniece zadarnice, nu $i-au riscat niciodatd viaia sufletului lor pe aie-
goi:ii. Este un lucru foarte serios pe lumea
aceasta sd fii viu ; moattea
nu este un joc pentrri oameni. Viafa omuiui n-a fost nicioCatd un joc
pentru eI ; a fost toideauna o realitate stragnicir, un h-rcru foarte serios
sd fii viu I" {On Lleroes, /, p. 5)
Esenla pdginismului scandinav, ca 9i a oricdrui pdglnism, std in
recriuoagterea forlelor naturii ca ceva divin, minunat, infricoqdtor, ca

t82

88I

llulJlpq uI IS eun if,Iu llrap Punq rErlr I Te inioJ uJ eIlatrI^ Isn]ol i aI[a]L! !!Por
-eOuIS I3 p)lleqlps i erBur uI Is raf, ui dut11 13e1are uI 'nola Inuirlpq od uuap azal
-uJrrrrouu! gs drqc lsaJe ug i$ 1rg:911 ug apuirde 91eod as ps 'trrpur 1nIi:e1 ir; qlepo
'pJ BSB 'Esul-rlul pulzrp laru! Joi un rS elntp;sop oiezu-rd nt 'p1lu.tod Br't piqE-Ior
t alclpror o-riu1 16nd nera 'elreour op edeorde 'lulJtrpcl tr6o6 'tlg-roure rlluroqzq: eisrr
ad pc lurrd pleod r-gs uIpO BJ 'dnr1 od rrpul Iupr nealpJ r31 'a1clo:de os ;'r uari:cl
pJSBarrJ Bolreoru pJpp IS I Bldni uI Preorn nri PS orlsotouou t( ertlin-r ldorp nBnt Pr
aunds au oJrorrs 'IuplurilroN roIIqloA et[o1t,t PJIlBqlqs ol]BoJ a 'PiBIcplrl Pr!d'r

'rusrul0Rd lsaJp ep alps-rJ arpioilr
aeo{rJraos{8ul,J\Jl.lriln:spprlaa}lsi^o3evJa'ePtrsrlpuogieuAaBpiJIontrleo(r]d'suI]ppo/Il.]rnouiTIopl e ';old a3:Jo
n3
]EIpd Inf,saJal
iII

Jnp r-rs pldnl uI llroul IoJ aci PInEJ 'acturoqzgr oIaJPoIJaJ 'eirrr.[:11er1
,lrJouro al} ps ornqarl aul3
llrBloq e Plrqeroxoul Pllpos O 'zu31l\ aIJ

-g-aasIuJaPlus+oi.IBPuoLrsounonz-arJlrluuaalsdpAlrueplusprcepfJ,uaJpucusnIrInJ'uunlrlps{opIriJDInnRbIduIrnPslzEPBIJaeodeJlruuroIpIoaSrrJpiuJu^;a>ctli*lpBp^IpleJulonIlu^IrpElu.Il}ps

'(Ot--gl 'dd '1 'sao;ap u6J ,,;1sertruol un E-r lEtrl
-nu B+spaJB ei p,r-rfrpu16 .i rBA <Inlnslol.Tufi Du.ISDtrV> 'el€ur IS PSpouInlJ I psBou;nlC
'oleroctry nJ elspolp BJ pl€Jplopp ap trI1€ oiBuPulese o lJTu 3sasP6 nu -_ a1ie1a1
-aJ atrpol nc 1e6a1 IIqBJ.Irlxoul olpJelJ 'glnrrtr ilfauotuo oJllnlJnl ulnl pul,rlJd 'of,Dr
D inlnqlol B pljulJul ea;ubniuoc I erBJ prt as nBs oJpJ as '1nrptr e-s o. paor I rn;o1
-1I,r rS lnluaza;d '1n1nce-r1 E 'ralualslxg oloroqrv '1rse.rpOy g 'rolrez rornlnl Ba3o,A pJ
lnsug-r1u1.rd EI.in orpr punlrnl ap lBtnlnrs nBe | 1nsu1-rJuud puTuSoJ llqauaruo llurlled
BAJBIJnS 'OIAroq.rp 'OIOJp AlsarJ 'alurqloA urp puTlurpuS '11*euaurg IIlar/. lntroruo6z
alse InI inlprrpo.rd 'rolereodod el-rlrolsl truns TnI olTf,p.r3 z Eqro^ c nes p1datr o qrqTJ
aoel; 'a13er6olq o PzunJI af,alJ a;so n51 'a1.!-rnduill I3 oilrPl e1uo1 oisad pullul os
'lTuIlnJStf,nTInl'narlouro\2J1nsedIJennlJrnIe'lrI.urpIirdPupr1P1ru3r--npurJopln olozun-lJ tS tt:nF
--nuar Jnoilrls'B-IlnBl l 'alISJl^ps I 1n;o1ii1 '1n1-uez
ollrnureU

-ard 'Inlnf,arJ o-leroIlqprlBllBaltersde 'aurolJ IarI npls 'lllror{ etiprgduti uI 'ln{ elorectrtd
e1 'raluolstxfi : srol-Tu;1 lnp6or1ug BrdnsB alllnrupl opLIIIui IS-r 'lnlo:)

Itrr llpul pf,iprr os nps InTqlunJl I rTlroIN nes -IalaFJ oittfg;qdutl ui lruJpp ollilIf,!p
-pr ore'1afua1s1xg alaroqJv'1tserp61 Inulserd'etoqrv un pr Ta ap gie:n,3i; o BIpTA

PlpoJ'lrsBlp61 eiorcqry erdsap npo^e o o:er ed ea:eluozotdar aleld iur1"

p---ouall3ordaJoasJlaBuIIno^olIdncJupe'roJssprs'lusEunJnlroldaouolrpdIunalIIIJJnpnPuJsJPnIIuJquIIIu6PsuPeloIduss-IneIoucJprrnz'IPIrI;sueBE1liJcoAplusbPrIU'asIpnuuJlllAan'rrlPuoaJqtIralldeptsiofpde{dnaaplrlBop-uqlIloslludiEcrial\asxf'J1,u2euJioei'te3LrElIi'tcnrnlueuln-n{.p1zi
s--Isr:Iolspunr'JInorSrJubee+lupsTlrrss3lluuldJlfuiprordslsIonRInnaIruqplJlluaOAn'rIBlIurPloAJdPr"oEE'PanJlppIlulolpl,p,ie'qAfliJp'pauplopspJLeeIo'plnIJlJnaSatutJaunIpflldiuulosrl Ip'SaelPlp'l,Eglls.ErCJPJ'lt:al)aEi:ielr!au-llt:l!)lI
gtpl 'LuTaquryQf rr[ IllBIiaJ I roI]1R]luI^Ip nps .iolISV ErTIpPlfi 'p;eiisi; ttl
(BB-prucJou-pdIrnppnour3s_inprrlI,dalS)upoa'l(sJllraarsnorIa+oedrpno'IouJs)loso'Ila(nlItpIor'uootanpl{isplBIgip(oIuulIudIpLarnuptAlilsllPnoBnprrIunnrIlpSlsluaiPoaBqJ3sJbPuor'oeal3rraBu:a6ooIuutiunranPnlul:IgtPnlglJacfarli)aStutillqrrlIosalooECz l'uaaI'unofroo]lurueJoiIcA}t'Ipo(alotctrIlnsb*ldeuarfInv,qees)z:

regi .ri mArii cc ncimblinzit6 9i asprd energie I ldculi, cu buzele strinse, cum ini-i
!nchipuies.c, incontticnli cd erau anume viteji ; sf idind oceanul sAlbatic cu mon;trii
lui, si tofi oancnii :ii tcoiantteatlupceruarcileeg;ti-Nosrtr;Ai mRoesgii ai lui Blake 9i Nelson ai no$tri !
Nici un l{omer nu ai mdrii; dar
ar indrdzncala rrr.rra
clin ei; -- faiA <le inclrdzneala lui Hrolf din Norrnandia, silbaticul Rege al mdrii,
are o parte in gur.'erniimintui Angliei in ziua cle astdzi" [Oir Heroes, I, p.29.1.

Cu i.oal5 coerenla gi noblefea ei, vine o \/rerne cind conceplia pdqi-
nii himii ;i a viefii nu mai este indestuldtoare. Simbolurile invechesc
ca a noi
:ii irainele. Trebuinfe ale sufletuiui se afirmd i se creeaz.l r:aiori
noi care intri in conflict cu cele vechi ; aderrdruri noi ies la iveald.
\/ine o vreme cind conceplia mitologiei scandinave, ca gi a mitologiei
eleno-romane, nu mai muilume;te spiritele ; trebuie altceva mai lnalt,
mai nobil. Dezagregarea pdginismului nu se face dintr-o datd i agonia
lrechii lumi dureazd aproape o mie de ani, dacd ne gindim cd scandi-
navii se creqtineazd de abia prin secolul al XII-lea. Atit e de inceatd
arclerea pdsirii Pahitodencioxn!ce-pfiCereclletisnpisremruol svtuinl egicvuaoloaarlteda conceptie des-
pre llrme, cu o
vietii. Religia
Errului Mediu, cn metafizica gi morala lui, sunt exprimate in Dante"
In ,,misticul qi nepdtrunsul lui Cintec" gdsim redatd meiodios r;iafa
interioard. a Evului N4ediu; acolo zece veacuri tdcute au gdsit un qlas.
Entuziasmul lui Carlyle pentru Dante, ,,erotll ca poet", este fiirh mar-
qini ; nu credern ca in niiile de volume ce s-au scris in toati l',rrnea
clespre mareie florentin sd fie ceva mai pirirunzdior, mai limpecle, nai

aclamantin ca paginile lui Carlyle despre marele poet. ,,Dante, omul
iituailiaMn,eadifuo,sRt terilmigiisa pe lumea noastrd sd intrupeze muzical Religia El'u-
Europei acest
moderne, Viafa ei interioar6... In
Dante zece secole tdcute au gdsit un glas. Divina Commedia e scrisd
cle Dante ; dar in realitate apartine celor zece veacuri creqtine, nnmai
sitvirqirea e a lui Dante. Dante e purtdtorul de cul'int al Evului
Xfecliu ;
Gindul in care trdiar"r toli atunci se inalfd acolo, in muzicd \.eqnicii"
Aceste idei sublime ale lui, inspdimintdtoare gi frumoase, sunt roclul
il{editafiei cregtine a tuturor oarnenilor de bine care plecaserd inaintea
lui. De n-ar fi vorbit el, multe ar fi rdmas rnute ; nu rnoarte, ci trdinrl
fdrd glas" (On lTeroes, III, p. 9i). In Divina Commedia vom gdsi con-
cepfia iumii creqtine despre existenfd. 32 Lumea reald nu este cea f i-

32 S-a subliniat, in adevdr, cX Danle Alighieri (1265-1321) a infai{i;at in iiulr:<r
Comedie doctrina societatii creqtine medievale despte existenld. Dar s-a nrdl df.Jo-
mentat cd in acest celebru poen, alcituit din 100 de cinturi gi mai bine dc i4t-:{ifu clcr
vF/Dverir-airitreinosdture6ruri"ciil,,hnposumeeE,nu,peugiruxeletipliasmqr,iimiudnaledilepmespoxodueercmtlttiaeaptmdtlluilai,Edi,ivreemiunclsuuurpuniltiod,Mr$iit9tetuieidlaciau,durio.n9uscirtpvrlpeiirnreeietmoulcoelevraRilzmdseiuaoinnn,dacteiinirgnnpleo,e,oufired.grdetu'isr5apali5regvoi rrrLaIicugn/mmmdiniriea.ai-:lrrdlsir::s.li:scI"vina,rrlapuijli-iur-rac1.
aritat (Franccsco de Sancijs, Istoria Iiteraturii ilaliene, traducere, studiu lnlr-,;c;ucliv
ti note de ,VIN;l f AQON, Editura pentru Literaturi Universald, I3ucuregti, i !)05,
pp. i99-278) ch din punct de vedere alegoric-', Dcnle este suflctu1, \iirglJjLl, r;iiLr-
nea, Beclrjce. grafia divind, iar lumea cealaltd este chiar lunea cccctslc ase r'Llul
ea ar trebui sd fie conform maximelor filosofice ii morale, lumea dreptiriii 5i a
pdcii,,,impirdfia lui Dumnezeu".,,Dante reprezinti sufletul, nu numai ca i:rcli'.,rc, rlar
gcai sfoiicnie!6tatceoaleecsttievdc,ocruapstdccqiei tdaetczboinmaetdnegasi crd-ru.spaoualoerrgreisliiirep.aCceaa qi inciividul, tr,1
decit instaurii:tl ':rl.c,inIe-l

t{j't

98I

.',slpDrpd pl ujaJui'r t][ op rc inuntp
lil il6co.rrro ]olrrnrrTrl) rlJo6aie i)lsa cipouJulo) r)LIr,\rQ '0I--lt 'cld '(gSCt) 'T]ajolnJntl
-n'-'r"trr.)rlurito:\eptlsBDtruiurdi€ooll'auaguJorElnJaJrPplesrUssrluI"uTpinpOrnuylSon*rUssssIrlelUtoIran1rlrltl:cUJldplplndll'ludpnuclotnntrgJr;UldDurS'ap)utalUrudn\erl'Jllt1Saltantr.r?pItrlil?pVror1rJpipIrnrpnnElSOlcarl]IputurfIOploJ'lrJriutr6-lrilrOnitiD,rrEuUGnl-rppJ:clpi!ppro-IJrEEt op;uitlesl'p;IprJiu1)1oprDnlBlSezupp;rr-E:doa't-'it'It'oc!o:it:.i-i):u11IJt1it.l,:t4ldu.or'ptii.il*innnL-1]:il'c]lrlu-tplitttlllt
ip nr^ rpru Inluarurluas urJd ariqasoap nl 'in'Dl a.rJooll?unsiDserdrap5"I*pu:)3sa-iuno6riuJoo:dIn'llnni,Jllrl]pnosrurl
rninrusr:ooo1e aloJppJ 'ldp] op 'ljBds u aJpJ
!;{g,'-r'l,rl"?-ruagrr]ut16sulr6apr{oroJ}tA:pnlr-d0nrri1nopOelrpisrru€,gre)rlreltqrptu'Eu")lnriuonI.renrrrufJrJ{sioTfdlluoJreoro,lolpl!rralsArp'a:rarl)unlsrsn'lrllqltrIrril"o-inosrp!pp:upudrlnrlDrrrn:opl:'oiu.dA1nrirD1cos:('grt,:lid1,retOTol'oZo'6l1lIprealnJrp',d1larruplarripJuSur'p'pur1r:rIiooar;+r-sr:rJnrrtc^uqJutlr'ic11D}'(aauleoot)olpiit)lfeIdaplluJD,iotn,orrrradoaiiolntEorr.ltt\[lI,aolIltlppt€$lulplsunIlnorpasneullE:et'nztpf{rlda):ortqcLuolrfpdri,Isr1erz"uu'e6rP'ra1lp'qa0rr7lo}roIa\€'1tuta1lope:I1alr1one)Pl':tlol-:/()rarDil9nroi}p?lODdro,'su.,Sillepcsl-oiu.IollrrailnISlEll9ubiIelezoaIdrlnuEatratp'tJtssllrz.iP!op]tp-rlllalInoso1p-ui-iat?TldnuPilll

I{ o}sa 1npe1 rS It:lpJ op l!trp o Irllplpd pcpq'alsr1r\ roletrp e rricl.rruol ollqou Iprlr
roiotr e !uralciruo ! <oltJlilrnd op olttnt{} 'ortoloDtn4 IaJp l11f,n[ 1t(lou un o1-.;8"

I rrpauuroJ 'so[rnlJ rpur Is nu pJpp 'sonrnrl ep a1]trlpnluot]aapJilnrRJo3iDp6arlnodl

IOuIATC p psporrrnr} iEuI Pal paJJpcL
-pci ap a nu aI^IrpJ 'njrolefirnd uulJP'liEpzuIlaolqiIrIISpaA P/IlunTlnPPJolcl3ulatzrcnlee:lillieo:Pud!
-urnJspr nlparu Inln^a plurpalJ
€urrrdns ps rsnsul tn1 urclnse aJos-IpolriJ o-JlIrucl glpir
alpoc[ InsoiP]pd
psul rRJIuSBrls a Inlnuuloc BIB)apn[ 'e1e1ngr ap a Eaurn-i ear€]
guild
-rar aurfqo alpod as RlrrrRJ rS araJnp tIlrd lBp 'iunssocl uou ltail nl)?iuT
aD-ap\dCDpnIaJa9lppJJro+alpulrsPIonAprAuJpsp'rInuAlrptlrsfS,Jaa?rJ.I1Oa'JgpIfUupStglaBAraoJclUJl nuPSrl€rndlLuTaall'rp,lp.pIaepJcrplrunuIJntlJnPSIPlpuJJnosauritI-po'ao.uIJeneJro{ooleriau^sa.dpaapl
€ Al€+IlEar paJpolPl
-ulullpdsul olsad plpoJl prquln o ,, JJIusaA lluinl
'Io allrn{Ixa IS alai
P3 IpuIntI alsoinlci
-uarold nr 'pJspa3v" 'P3spalri]utgcl tn1 efetl tl1 Ia PTur] alP3 tII paulnl
]-iifs,anp3o'irraipac1en.rrllunalpdJPrTapla:-lr ielu nEJJa'r'nPulprlJl llpl3ApllplqlirrealIpaf, ETuotu.Ip rs Errlaut
alal Rlsea3r7 'tfpltleor
alajnfiurs '1fg1r1ear IJ 'ruobalp tS trnloqruts nlpotrN InAE IS 3lupc nlluac{
npra nu TnsrppJpd '1nrro1e6ln4 '1npe1 'e.rezrloqurrs PJuallsrioJuI

'(OO 'cl 'ttt'sroraH LrOJ

€r,s,)roI:urppS.rorllpAizlenrllo)pqle'uEJrlsu'IIanplJa'n]nrpcraS'laelp1unlrdu,rargnlcrlSppaJJlrululEuSguaA]craiSdInollllrnauplosellxliaIEirl-orsllPlIJndpu'[lnndu1tps3r-IpuIlulpSatralrl:uoJrqJ1ui)0r1pI*-r PI]1AI

nrilart

Pinlos

-c1B lol ea1e1r1rqr1r:durotttt ttrtd If,'1lp{TnlaJ B:dnsu Plnun DOiDlrMDraIard ut:d nrt
|-ro1rp Botrsale pl t Plpol a1Sotr.Il,\uJ es eJ-01 ocl 'rrluc:3 rslsalu a1e a:e1od olualuclf
pnop oIoJ luns Inpd rS olauril pt eairurs o1u1l0 Inur:l{ol3 runJ 'uaum1 1I) alsD,\
olDinltralrqJD oruolqul.) alirrr u1 'erut.rd13'InlnruslrttlSal.) TnlnlslJns D'pulllclns Ipru
r)r.) nps ,o:ecln:1u1 prrillqns o oJsI gi}rroliollr ll]Iueppz () lplq-) oluoci '-ar-ro{)oiv> o
plspoJp rS grseosg6 gs alood 'alLIuC pJ elobnr IDUI il ip inlol nl lplallr{ !i E,1 ali).:)
sloAlun lseru crcls.lp tn1 ralulpa:.-r il !ltrllDulill(l
'-rolir,r drurl un-.1lrtI 31lllt unell lu-ns : aluPC Ini Inslpl].IPd '1ntro1eBrn4 'lnuJaJtll"
-rra arDluazarda: o 'Ioqulis un

']?lEI^ pleJenape adacui pulr

'a1r€our pdnp aJnp ulor\ ou arpJ ul '€]lP Inlol nJ I) 'uIIR.I1 arel uJ 'pll(liz

tiebuie si fie atit de straqnic, atit de groaznic, toiuqi in Cirintrd omul se purifici;
act creStin. E frumos cum il trateazd Dante' /l tlenolu dell'onde'
Cilinia este marele
acel tremur a1 r,alurilor mdrii, su,b cea clintli razd curatd a dlminelii, rdsdrind de-
Doi Rdtacitori, cste ca o file care se schimba; N6dejdea
llarie deasupre celor
riisalr; Nidcj,lr:a caie nu moarc nicioclatd, ciriar in tovdrdEia durerilor grele. Locuinla

i:Cisoprtig,inon.:u:tee;iutpinjiinrnrc:rlMu.rri,tii-r]it::lcLir1uuuin;roli:in1iipii,atermttalesi9rptr-irrSlnll;eecliein{;c3up1antid-c.rr,)IeloeitccnlnolemlbiilciLiianimciullislv,ticrio.oqci;i,iiiiraaieiriidciiicnlamlIoulauaeevrnpaicsoribdecuiSqrrutsiiuascGupfgopinuisdii'srfc,irr,u-pcrli-rpean"irarvi'li,id:ra5iiiinrruam9i,li]l'iii;ncleiuitic.1lteEuLcniiarL;vniiitnli:li-irhmrl-piirCaDiCmcuseitiznrannuioee9nulttCtnmrrrleiieuiira,ncc:.ddicveoieieBi'nobd5Mumseii1iialc1stu":lraiu5uulilrm(dvj.bnmruaiditieaann{naiig;s(etu-coseusHj;iiau'ti-eil.usbrnnaIr"ur*o'alaopiRfeNcll:atrolnosrnauerav,c'ieems.aicqlintIderi6ennIndius,-tctda'*cleclBuptieeuiStpncloi)tn.ieuursdLailliieitsit:;rlectuauspcitf;olerapebmP'ccarrtieeorrcliru"usiaqainrtcriite{lt-'tu-l;idaaeca,i;

na,tnlrndeo;tcutb"urs.i$arl'digiiaid,iplgtcatciioiqaestdirvuonaaar$itnsriotFinanrlaiileirocmligmi eioacumrriialdvuiesinilunciazaeunalismciftliiiup9a.pdciCerrfmaouuprnaredadaiaidainuneipiSinov,rStbi,pinnriecalf.rctreciPdnlsriidegtniggnetn;dtiriosinenmbsiiassiuulmmnti;eu,tsdmlvciamsaaerimblroScoiibrrliieeoizcgel5eitzaoiianazmi6svfofamaonLleuridolglenaaeolrt_aee.a-i
PpElic;eieehvrmaacuperl:ariuirnnririiiinefxNirscuuil1arelme.C1csgolee,itsuvio.cn,irolCiirlsnnaamestdrci;llcmayeicnlr,ederveavecvdviaeaipnecfclllqaiealninansiedcoocre;eacnceidaulirenlFsa5pcuga.iopolnTisunudLosFiedautsitneSqd,iiniitlsaaterfeidtaaedmntieaeaiinrsgasscifivuidineifvealaeefptlai$teennnasPsitsc{phrgceuiordii,eitcpunsnirviaeeuxilfl,faip,zatceair9engtflri6iueia.or--
menta Si nu discuta despre sine ins6gi. Cind incepe scolastica, cu
sufletul religiei este grav
ctlsculiite teoloilice nesfirqite, atins, ln feu-

c.i'pEse/al,ecarina"irlmiircr";sLtri:rrm1r.e-uiitc1unn,XpEdtcl-u-is"itl,batui{ceuo1ot"slinvnmNov)ck{cilpe,aupierclerllatdbiinu5tlmocairioelirie,in,laviugeneicuincioeallaiesdese1mmero2dvai0iindsn0igfrmd.abipfVtuip,pagenrruceadit,seaiectazcmtitanieicamldppimInperIia-tnaractc-itootioivd-fncioiiSdtlnoueu.mamjPcDim,66airntnvaseodelbgnradosiiipinetsiloadatrieenacaPeom5eirlaeneoudnsgrciegeilaleaConarzntrea,ddizresTciayuv(rhSrledneeet-rt.
dioeraue,stfedrudnscde1gicieumoucltlledpelsaDterencerceldinintti-ta5,1doer,dcerseudbetauunreiaad'l cd deasupra
cu
chinuril:

iui. li vedem pe tofi, de la scriitorul cronicii Jocelin de Brakelonda,
pind ia vigurosul ;i taciturnui abate Samson, suflet cucernic' fdrd 5o-
al oameniloi, care atluce ordinea in dez-
i.iiieli, un iclevdrat conducXtor
t-.rdine, pac€a in dezbirrale, bel;ugul in locul ruillei, Cu toatd frumuse-
iea ei, cl-riiizalia medievald era menitd sd piard' Ierarhia adev[ratd a
feuclalismulli Ia inceputul lui, cri timpul se falsificd i mostenitorii ade'
ricspidnrurerpnisallttiiiniranieeocisgeirsinaiccsu$ddilaiup$is,iineiiaisndsndaieoigrelcaiiairnnieaaooclmiaegtiemitinalaueaalelnui,ilirco,n6ols-Mmacnuuapumridompmem5cauirsiditlStr,sti'iiu?tCplnnudsrtliiunnaq9ldaicieadnevdiundeatrdsvdauiefsrinuvecdtloaripannlttrdedousrfectucaafnilrznteodddrsia9deili

185

dBT

pls€aJ€ u! rf ,pf, rpurnN.rrunrlpJ {€ rs rninuo Inlinf, ulld eTllpR:llunlr^llrptoIdnl1ineru:poti:'iiniiilncluilrr
i(1n1nrus1ur1sa:: rS) rorbrlar srrlrsop lrlilrrd loqzpr lelplJap
-s1ur1!e-rr ptrEp prrrolsr prnir^oI a.ruur eurl:c trsoi E pzrruug aiinl<.r'r.og

,!r,oi,tnliJ"tor,,n,
-tg t*'pua:tt16un pindocstda nittastg sui.rdsep p-s slpJ uIp'tur.'l/D:l n€s Ilicu.rJ.-'lo.I
D)riestg'IlSaJuasIq IS espol6JIaJ tlfezlue6to tf 1;ndn.rb o1{p ul p1r1;t-'durgQns'llrr.r-r
-orIJnI n€s psrletl6unta DDilaslg u1 lrfrgduS 'luDlsalotrl Inwsruti!atr p3sDou;relcla;tit,io1liut
-aLi ro iniroU ouilsoJJ 1e161ier pJlroisr !.{nirlol areiu !lie Esuj lEp

rlps^ crio?Dl-()L'ptDutDuoa:lrnu:lssprur rllsrfs,rlJJos(IeB) nu€;1stlx:9clri.oiu?Jrlcpr-ussj/u:liujs3ir,l..i;Jc (c1) '.S 4:ricerndo p-ri.t;rst1J

od;r;z,r tn1 lun'it't t!
BroJA es'nazourunC InI Ip lupluozaidat In.lnfjurS'nirll-rpru pir?J orJnrl i,-:luuct',;:;-'.rp
-uiroplsuoJ 'a-r€:)or]'orpr u!'(,,our1"irorJ rrurni € grir{rH cnop e") inlnlodouiluelsniij il
ulotu:cot'gleurldrlopcrsul'dInarueJslruurlpl3ea1ldrnp1uulrrrdiflro6riIqoeslolnolp nJ'lnl -rolrrueladp: e o.rornd op cirr:o,n.
gI u1 op (,,g-inldng
ea;e1^tr") prus{qts 3p
otrEpaJord luJS puroporu BJodo ul lnlnuis.r.ril3olJ eiEp oJurilsJ !lnlri.oI olirey{ f:

-uIIJsop nl 'pzo:)up-rJ so€r'lonllpon^lerJuidsErnlrE.{So.uao"rojslasJaaljrJoltprllJuop]rr-ar,ntdnrsurrlsrBp*s€rrlrpouJEJr-pipii1l
posalJpJglIEaLrprnuopreurpa+finorrllssprplp'JIIa'pIAoLlrLororlrJlEinol pplrolntlo-^rEoIrJ
llfatrurrupcl rtelrue-io,rLr"s
Inrl{srriElrII}al
nJ zol5ua
paB--RBpopuIl+lJslJJiinOIoaooarB:r^A'lI^lJiSoaonoaIopUrsrralls{oPdrlT'anflpsauTaurslIntnlIlBtuslIle'JeTnaI'nopndIp:n:InBJplrru'J4ulruJurlr1rddrJoreaoRssJu'dJsp.-paolperPHorJdcaorptl:elpl3opplsptcareTlpeiJoJnarBiulpupplruO/p'nr'p}renoJlr)1rsrlplun1lr,spc,oreuoJolaJsitlJel^?rIpPrnurlluaeprrlarurriplooJsplEicuiluplallLauIurirlaal-cEropoJelpllncpdsilpaEnppIPlsVidolrlerruo'$,'{pra,oilJl'^s,s.i^rrenrll:r]p]l:inalou'eJUrsdj,roerptq-aoalELrnslpo}uosadEdersn{rp.uJiuioploueiraq^rLirr?;rc}r{L]elp}ln€dnOlrstTo'ir1I.{,r!lrainrirn,noitlr^durasprlll
all-lnarrJaupoJnJJnCs'pnl apopuJuloraldsnporJrrJr:JJnlalaJlu.ooreAnrdrl'ela]Iruznpplupednlcaauppporop3adJironeplprau^notIln'plJtnsstlsauIr*rrldIuuoBdrIotrn'>sEro:IIolEooiI-rpoIdnpoTxISlrrIrSP'PlesliulnenllJrJ'LeluslsoaipJlndoallssBanisir'.rrrrnP.irnff,niI:ltli
u'ialp1IleT/1plpnz6€aoal rJoarll3oraarAepoJrlREolluoullntguJolJpqndnIsruep!lJe'poauqiTeloIoJ,nt'rpoaJllorprirnjT-JaIuJrpinpclplpe1laEofau6aanJrrpendaetpno'€Jcosl llnlJlull1s-o'i1f-,rinnlrri:ranLl{1pf,
aa'ddiuarretd1ureuarizpupooarlrnaTJsIp'pnJso'Ir'eag1zeI1lnarJ1lReroJnrITlpoTaIlaeRlLuaTilloss.ngring'Jpseuqal llnlllp-3Jnarlplnslpa'apJulrprooaqrpiu;atIr3{iSjInS:olJ1reloqIl:in)ar.cio.r€ra,nr-pJ1
npro nu rrEflueun-iu1q'rulorpplrfenprerol lp'ruo!i.rIfPraJSroyilnielsuoJulopl ap ilaz 'traJo:.i lle
aJrro e3 'erEoJ
Lrrlnd -IeqlnT PJ :rses,;i;"
'a-rpolplrlrn alaloJos rr] oueclo-rno loi.roJSr elp olpdlJrTud elalJE pasrnd
lronJ'lrouDJndarJJlrDsrJta,rsJuaprcurridJaEBqrplInJaTl P'plllflP,erp6nloorquesEPu3anolppddEo.s'ordsaIa1iuucn3teu]3J-tuupcllulIrauuPn-r^oJi^rFlo'.rsodularlslJnoPllPlJ-I}iPlcoll-Euqifi'13i'?1ir:
ra--lp'BbrorslrraEdiullpruarnegnirJUliad,.stItaleBsnTIap;tnrlIepouup.tolniplFupuluIen-nJl"i*rJT:JnnlC'.uI,ap1,so'1aruduuaJInaaeol'q6ula^ll1qllietnePJeIpunonrrup"lulpr1IJl;u-iardnpiorg6lsJn)p-uJguIPnepnsiI[I^leecpe1JullncR'lres:tIAolrrc'rIplae"6lteur-puur'anrpdlr;:lso3pcaIJlul,JIeuriag$J!4iauEI'oorrs*su*sqInoISlails-epa"lu,EpI]Tl]lauuBusJrpEdeeodlldiPlaIpn3eziderliesu1cleonplsolelssopCPuaPJrlellu-iel'Icna;ls]oi-leu:rnlJ-,o.,,'is11triAuTr-iGs;i-pl?leuTElt.+iln6ti:uI)l
-IJRpPr reiqc ebn.ilslp II InPr pulzP^ InIxo irui,r 'Jrt1pe ssalallns ]cie; un

preovuoDlqtteilito1rnaaaipnrr6ioc,t.eRcstaearnzenLiltstianmtdueilirpcsoodzaicltnierlrdntauulrrezrcvcvitrreecrcnohliiinrleisloiiercrrloeercviiotsiouplrioeopteraarir"tel{duelclgrltiatcLie:-r1a,.Imit,}",
vizut incS: atit e de inceattl arclerea Phoenixului i clar ,,lilamentele
orgauice" ale Lrnei noi cil'ilizafii cu noi \raltlri se tes-, stll)teran, in umi;ri-
Ncrnoernircvptieunmtqeil;nciirn;'SiPiihrbociueoennivxciuenlgarierencalesgdtlelSfitseottrdaaecreaeauansvtadalt,Oo,art.itlnor-er,iitaiinftftutcnnurpolitSrur,irrauficeo" lpnsuepillreeeta;rscCar.rt,5ei,*
tepta ca siirteza care \ra rezulla din antiteza pirginismu,llli ct1 creSti-
llsrnul sd fie ceva trai inalt, un acler.ir mai larg care va cuprinele itlir-'-r.
unitate superioard toate r.alorile create pill:r aclltn. Carlyle a pricepril:
ruiai bine ca oricare, a simlit adinc incertitticlinea gi nelinigtea tinlpulni
in care a trdit. El vedea cir secoiui al XIX-lea era un secol cle tranzitie'
fdrd oundidreocjefineitmorornaelSmpilolesciasId,cfoXnrXtemo pcoonracnluicjoerresiai c;lenriimiraetinl.i De aceee a.
fost
nti a ldcut
o criticd mai acerbd, afard poate de Toistoi, a timpu,lni prezent. Dal-
clacd in scrierile sale de aciualiiate, de criticS socia15, ni se infir!iqeazd
ca rln Jeremia, ca un profet cpeessiemgisint dSeiaam1aarr,'iiintorluspetdinsceunlixnian,ci1il.lnpirlieveSai
neclrept5file timpului, indatd
cu increclere. N{iqcarea revolulionard pornitd de ProtestantiSm, zicea
Carlyie, nu poate sd fie o distrugere a oricarei surreranitdli, un protest
contia oricdrui cult ai eroicului. ,,Gdsesc cd Proteslantismul, cu toaiit,
drreemraoncirtadfiiiadaenaurnhicndouceoardpinlo.dCudss, eessctecidnceespteutuol unei noi Pi sincere sit*
revoltd contra fal;ilot^
priind pregdtire pentrtt ca acie-'
Suvelani ; dureroasa clar indispensabila
vdrafii suyerani sd ia toc printre noi". Din opera negativd lelortltrc.'
nari, cariy).e r,'roia s6 vadd iesind ca vaioare pozitivd eroismui, ,,in
aceast[ shlbatic[ operd rerrolufionard, de la Protestantism incoace, l'olci'
preparincllr-se cel mai binecuvintat rezultat: nu desfiil{area Cuitultti
broitor, ci mai curind. ceea ce aq numi o Lume intreagd de Eroi. DacE
fiecare clin tloi un Erou ? O in-
Erou lnseamnd om sincer, cle ce n-ar fi
ctp;riaeevnaaitgcru[mollao1Eimruoiinei c-;sleninnitccouieotruvcdail,aatoparulutfaeimdaAeescvdlcierrrnYeauddluirlnallectM,io5aAaiicsBBe[ugin:ntei"Ca.ne(vvuOoanraaIlslileeparumrctsleieeinavsai,tfioriIarVlm'ia,i aApmic.arlrXoie1rnf8ao1et.sroatriii-

TI

Cea cle a cioua iclee mare a filosoiiei istoriei a iui Carlyle siai !n
Eroilor. Eroii sunt acyenlii vesnicelor transformdri a1e sociei,'i-
cloctrina s-.rnt oamenii
mari , oamenii Ieprez{:nt(t-livf, dup{ expresla -',ti
lilor. Ei

epoci i:;toricir, era vorba de cultul omului obsJro.l;i al'.lrei raliuni carc'ru'iiitr'a
deloc .r:: s,..rr'tu.l R.,rljrririi.

J'iarec -kei'olulie Socialislci din Oclombrie 1Ci7 a inclreptrt .l(.:rast.1 (jI, )"1-ii.
Ea a pr,:clanat cultul oiluiui conctet;i a1 raiiunii sociale 1i ir;l,rrir:c ir.ltr-il.-r 'ri.ri
g,i rtr trt,i i<t, rric :ri grilcroi.

Cjcnsidcraliiir: lui C. ,4nJonj(ldc cu plirrire la cplra :it:tlaiir i- r.'r'olultrrrlrtrci i:t'--
cirisd r.1c l,{lrea Revoiul.ic Frarcczd, txprinir, err;c1cnt, ci.ii','it;gtrile', lui Tltr;arr:; l-. i^','-
Iy1e qi arr ai:i catactel c::pozitiv, nu sisiemati,c.

388

69tr

ro+_IlB B RIEnlIrldS €uerq aIJ Ps axps IIue ap olns pallle azolnp Ps a'j:p]'
arbllor o punllulur od ezopuo; PS €;\oLIIf, pJ alpod as nNI 'Jolsodull rIil

'PpIId ap 'pauroqEl^I ulp 3BJ orBf, sJola:)P prurJodul{ oIrP} nr Prlpl.r as
al^IJEJ 'DIrrrlLI ernp oepleoad-rsooslpnsunpae]eJ]uIlnosJupissaleulllIESaPruInsl)uInluJPt AaedpeI oJlpoiri

o EunlJulrn l plBrn lplllrrii
nJn-'Il'-arpIpBrlJuuerrdlIoepTladIarSI.llIuiJrlr1a^1IeEni'oerBauIel'zgsfptfpI,ufnEfnooulIeliiosBooraizlJlsorapnJruesrrnc:1lddnesn'1euqrp1eeluroufpuarTp3r!en+urB3ozuenrIlpdRu1uLlldnqeuIprlJppprrJa's1opp'lr1doo$ppoaa1lszafJ.n,)itEPi$oauroanJ1lllueSl-peIInrIao3BI-.lluouuddJdlroBI1inaisAd,.saInulrJo5aoun'l1;lroIilpIuogAllrua'aruIu'Ololl{lPlnl^qZlallle:€VlJiralrsleBoSi'radleatIaJuaga's6p1llptloqt1IJtuo3IIrSPaalnro'sslsAu0slalaIooaeae.opJErrIePuBprIaJccIs6zPtllgpresnneeAlaguIaouaaI3pllp6Js'^p'1Jlpe[an)aortPErnPn,lerp,Jl-oaArIJiltlnpiuralTuleiluaoiPpIolu'l+arIpcc;plI]r,ii,'
arppar'I'ecIrJfgapnra,l€1unlirlellntauspluluansilllJrdrNraJaJla1elapls$fJa,piloauurerIeuoairsplrpuJnaJu1urloflJIpuIlslEpaIeroanplpuJ1slulsl1raeaJltrIrpxaeaIdPaIeglrlIIeaguJBeo1e-lreI1s'edSfPgdueaA{l.uacnuara'ls3lgucpae,atrB:gl1ttnadIp1nnarderxuofelll,ennooJ'ro1lloArBrcrIerItlreorneetI,uJrl,rgllr'NncdPllaalun"1'dlJgap'rJnln-lorpceIosup1prlILa)pr1aoaolleptesJJAlu1otailupl"nJoIelnIBiaN\nlauslplItuolJreIslnorIaualguau3-faaI'.,LoinIler}aioBsIlagSeJraJzatrl'IeotLoIIunnoulIlRiuI6ord'plpoulIlsppoanonot1alulgrpllsltplr-nlsDclllpirlllonlRooJitlJorniq;TlltiiJlilllniEuo(iur-risilIlGi-(isrsr"$it:iii.
auarlnd1aogpp1eulr1qpgessdIp*aJ1IlSIllnpIuAlllio'pa'apltra{JlIplEdllllEEEraaPql^tooiap,\EIan.1IJenufs,Japa1Bpaluua3-urIPAlpJIupaul al}qlIi3ua_lpaal dlepaiJJugadulllc'pItnalaoiitiriluiniirllpisl
e-a-B-prdlu€'1Blfa.-rprrc1lIRnru1uJruptaoarlqrnaIidtIarIstIaroseJaIinJuoapa_rrgpapaJl'a-1aIAaldoIpsruaainJlnrrJJrnrnPs]l[doaaqud,lrrJflegls'uspluxn,naoorl.astucnelereeaaaq]rspga'caailPepauefuar;t5arlli1;el1uPcnPlesna]rIE'€lIun+ulaInIlnpd.rLauIUp-:laIa'n:l!iarrlii;slli
-i1- un alsa 'B1BrA rS ra eaurr0a.rltil ul earunl lS eJ 'inorg 'PlpJorLI eaf;ol
oSIAIld alp) 1lJ aIPIInLIi uI ISEaaJe
rS gfualsrxa ebea;1ug nr trttlrur:ci e ti
rolro.ra paunlsltu rS erftrecie a1*a,trrcl 'lrlsiur nPS lnlal ul 'e1-{'ile3

{Z-t 'dd 'l 'sco.IrH rt6r) ,, "tro1rr.r-:
Elrolsl TJ Jp 'rualirupe o PS oulq ae;d eeind lilB 'litunl e iliolsl 1r6o11tl3 InlclJns : iil:lil
ad rs-ru.r11 IrBru Ilrio1IIeo ul nulnlsplqs arBl roirlnplriS t--orerin:1u1 t( gitlrurd ti;;i'r
-rIpor 'roIralxa IpIraJpuI Inlpllnzal 'puiqlo,\ 1da-lp 'irtns orrrnp od 3lIsllAPS lu;f]3-! :r1

orpc ad olunlJnl oleol lgJspolnqzl Ps nes qJuJ Ps ]IIIS nP-s euna;dru3 lJEnl lru.il.l;P'.
l1o1 al €aaJ 1otr p lrlotrDoJl Ii:e1 stlos iln-ilul rS inleporu 'irrolrnuspld I iJcuI Itl--'Lrr. -'
rlsoJB ,IOIIUOTueO ]Ilolpf,npuoJ nEt.q 'lJIB 1l:lunu ne oleJ llplu lolluJrupo i?Il('i-\"
ui alsa ,BlSpaJp uounl ad lrsll^ps P lnulo 3J B3a:l E pllolsl 'g1esto;rrun I;.1'-j.
81.1(rlsl',

'lori rroip^ ap lolB3l:] InIEJP^app alsa a.Isf, 'no-Ia

ap plelapout a palelalros ese 1o1 'rrlezrllllJ Ialln In1aTlns elsa '9roda o
pB--uoulsnorn3u1za3aus-nII'oopInttrleoeo'.ul1IuauaaaurlluurpnetlarJpaalual;dnsIoJ:paglIPIraaooJ:pld'ol1ancrlsEpaglt;lJlslela;Itelna{{tiruuiPoannfuJ,l;lIpu'ti?l1p^o'PlIJrlnaoaupdul}aaIuloareallSluoaun-srl'eirplbTr{leeeJl1ztIt,Jrn{Sl-ls1.It-rlI'eJ3a3l:i')ealEal:aleuE;inll:,
Daap! u1 tasp6 pueuuab eIJos9IIJ aJ PaaJ 'IT-IIuauIO e gienlr.rtcls eJet-r rit
1r{carrp allrp111 npp aJpJ'e6ea.r1g5 ptode o Ta u"l Punzar aJpl'ltosJau;q

miiioene de oameni. Pe minciund nu se poaie fonda nimic. Trebuie sx
care Carlyle pildd de erou-profet' nn
fi fost in N{ahcmecl, pe il ia ca
mare fond de adevdrI li el a prins o reaiitaie, un adevdr, pe care;;i-a
c,,oUnnstroumiasfcadlsnsicdi intemeieze o religie ? Dar un oln
intemeiat religlia. mdcar o casd de cir5midd
fais nu poate sE I Dacf,
irStnlildctcue..rlLoi.nroNlaaguitteevqaciusntcuaaurinermlpueicacrzieodaazirnedt,r-dnaouduedfvsapdcrreepzoeroccepalisvedetdaciciilueorivgcara5rumsludaid,cbucdpdrre6inlncdtidddreio-i
bsrind--r,rs-tiiipcerouccmnpadutzeune:inucNnioecurioe,cnmsuidciNiiioosadeatanucteroEan"dfgeo(OlimocnaeumzHeaeendrCoie,eurcs'if,ierugsI!eli,lelvupacN.rapuArtLruiilbi.rouiMirq,,aisshdnaouumfmieeNadaiindtsteur-c-raaaitd.sieiTira'r5:et'iar-t
cu o chemaie pe lumea asta i triinis c1e Durnnezeur sd aprindd luinea ;
cei ce l-au auzit, au sinlit intr-insul adevarul s;i l-au ascultat.
nczbacliiecnulrnele-mesispceEtipidaurPceo,llcuoutdocr1epiami,mitnr,roueaiPFmsnulriaeuozudpnifltieSt1sesutp,ilencuIDnicutnloufeetiramenrbncr,in;ueiiiueofsdzisrtvreee6FFauaJramlcie;pddlSctuiim.cunnc,nAdiirnroueu-,csrsuzcuinlilnuetoeevtrn,qloc,eochrirtburoionpeiicumvileiesteqplai;gntouetfortiacrasqppiigAieittuiuunnanill-at,rullieullis.apioss,nm,rmciIiovJuf.ietuigm'r.Iddgseidltioce;ai-;liptsfiioulnccTutttiieneeoinru-iir.nan--i
Etr,,-iIlianors.r,{1i.nitiieDci'tuudi{tmiiantnoAientztiomeDtuapuumalttnetftedrlnizciieuc;utue,mhscitiaeeiaioimcpdrlaiidnlrtteeiunrrldeemilvnefe,grieea9ratieiliiactia'e' tade: aamirnpaaSriiiinmnpteooeruddadieacelrdoesrvtaiecolle1ua1citilrernueu--?

ppazrrs:a5idirremituelmsoicpitiaIm[eeniirdn.ept1eteaCaaracrreem1ultodeg6u,uaaimvp.dgi"uiciaancdnet{r6eesda,enagsfsgumlopacsirn.smpaptguciuuirullalenutal.eslealduueatteiiiuclon,o6asccstbutopileearsul9nrricnl,oeiuuceduamcleerslaauiarpgrr-lciitirexriauiacalpedpnudflieiiaeiePaplvebitedd.aiiln9riNcal_itfdart4liddeaerinooetgetaracieinamunaefpglfe.pferleeiluooeilnteacipintirricu.csemio.uilimanrpplgrurtffaoueurlis-tiazu9eloeoussii r;cfapscod]doserget'nmux;erflpu.ieululernezErilt----'i'l
Dp"ctepinarrreerlalto.rosialseitEcrifriredcr.LpeovacLea1riulec[alriut,mlgcroii:eanlleremi,sgcresceo-tucLeutpmhel;luitcdoebl'rrnlerniuenSiagilgioiiecin-uinmiuaetnaaan.eedlSieP,nnoiuircrnredlicrumiei.oreiceaii,nesup$cdlnlciedtuoceinsdEtocdrrguiiurrpdtuaedecsms,raaiisnfunepirueoleitlunaoescmtutetddisivbepffoaalliaardmcait'teenisuie.vauanodpCli,rulreepaennaoiporteecoseuXeacmcieliipa,vtsmforiutlenleaialieli.urbcedmaa,prbupdiulllogdnin]ii
luemsteeaoinlucepttedazadodredianiificHoanotrsa, dezordinii, Prin
Mulca oricdrui om devine un Cos-

,r,.rr.-:r, spntt"u Carlyle,
mproesi.uEtinroduelnei srtienduuniatrlaim, ifsieaiinOrsdoicniiei tiamtepaotoriavnateDneilzoor,rdfiineii.inEI introduce

minlile gi

sninuofulre:ertrveolse5lt.iifroi[esr"l.O. ,,TaErosnttueego\ireepcrohozeuiallieeosltdrteaingceico,dnCspatleIiennsetrruuanumenoaloii,mmcUaadlste5dveadzdroaurtcddsineoel.uoEcrdlelinzneeU
ajunge iconoclast gi distrug5tor decit atunci cind trebuie sd pun5 in

190

I6T

lliap orp.olpjpdns lpul 31J.rru-ps sunlB E ElrirEup'alajou.ll urp lJt.rJ,,cc

",Eaupolx

I-aappu3snarapppdpBp4lrrurocrrnlnrEd$rLlpr.nors)lresearsn'op1u6ei1prrSgo-$qusp!^grBrpponyurrl/psrrlipoluzloepp"lnioa1uqla1u)rrrpBqlpiuslBnqcpsduelErl luns3IpapBpplupurJrn;pqruis-l'r*ontaEi"us;:;(prr'trr:jsn;elao:Tl,atal:c:i
n'gJ-I'l-FI-.rlruSuInolIJortsuOaltntrror['Ialu:PnrluuUdps1Btrpr5agrgge3]rngosruduq!ulrr^o'l'rlour,prulg'q,o!annJgoIJndsUn1poIlp(orrJloAr11oeruo]puJOn1p3ulJaudpltt)PruiuroluJ3ups-lr3oprn3lnnrenoInorlgnplJrrlllseonponllu:punungTAleupnatnuen"laurIJu:osolorao1nsroIS'J3lrterruBltoInlpllJllouuntIoo)^-BllslaStlplJlrloTail,udddouJE,pDullrl'u$snol11.IplrJgnp6o{aott'-tofrrlre€Jr,l1aUoun,]urIi.p+5,1onuoupVrIooeJEe!uJ3oi:r'o].uIl1'r.arq1rp:ro'nlrceJsp3poupilo'iodliulerTrulil|'lonIlooieIbnpnoslUoepsJ-lutlnpsrlroduTenlnualaagal^l{cfslIprt.r--learlosenrBse.lolraoausaNulul.lsouurotpaIqsrIaerlnBnurf.lpbpu/snrsdcnalrspllogBnrol!1da6ardBJi^Bnoioer.ooiornt,aJr-1Irrarrruoalps]ro1€rq,uTouolsu1pd6a1Elleuluerl11gBln^BAlo1pttInJtndulrgpaeoIqaIonipJnl.:1pu-rlpacZrt.)pBpalorrrlulppuoisur1r^riCeusiealnrroJllglraotaIalp.rllndDBel(cssun9updr.1pEi:)rlClroID/ourr8tiIZTsr^lrJIECYauntDlis'aa,odISri,ssrru,rpp,,Eanaaoeioorou3ppurprl3leqptjlu6lIisSJaEstlrop1arn{eoac,tupseotizura.Intnr1.,),nrpuriAnSpqe1lo.ulJ1o.p3nlr3salnOl]iaDnlrE1Baipfs]l:il

also I-Ioro rfol ariulp eJpru JBru IoJ Z ISnsul in1nurs1u11ear] ole.Inqln!s plsa3p also
n-ruals-ordru!SoEoliplruplsulD^UipIpBprouilreo.Ci.rtrprplreqo'JuoIIleorlArr poJ nrluad IuT6-rEur p.rey erounclns,pleu

Ip llnl 'plnJsount urnce eugd e16r1o.l o;u<;
'olerp^ape 1eu 13 olIBuI -rpnr 11nu r161io"r alie 13 rup 'lnursiur$pd IE{xnu nN"

'ouls liJap snsald ipul elso a3 'prnrlal purazpoJ es
arleropp p+s€af,e ad ulo uI llqou ipru luolullues lie peoJ nrluad erfur
-lurpp PlsEosB liJap a nN 'lnlnul^rp e
IoRirlJlEoIJlquaEirllenlsJBpouEna'u-BIlpuulrsIAonJIJprupeaurnrBleJanu++saBrsNpIoa'olo:JlIpunaoalrpsoloxrlossaeInslJBrear1rlros1iJuoi llnarrapozuPorBlupouJneacppIulpnrlrIudaln€pJuralaTJlrr\
alol--'pIP'e-I----rnlanusnr9olulcloosn3oJrusclll0rlunqounlldhBono^ono3nnoodBuuu6'rllJsJldclpRlforoorsERllsllrluoorBrdioopJJJes'IaRd3nIolISuuJlonnEor€dep3dounapdinlJJApInprruuui'Jl-apIeIeusprpeuuIoarnrNeIusur3iosTurRopeJao'lJrunosJqIJBnsEllnJeIIJl^rlis1Bl'enJfprOI,I,po'eoaIpo\pJzlo'AJa1'onl1JadJtspiEolureIleie1lJonr.IJJJeaerIuBio'r'aqspslSu{ilIrrarOo.nlprI'arlauonoJoolpJl'odgnl1plpnsis'AaputodSealdopuenpp:ln3oaio\uledvprJeos;pc{JsJJuaipTeplJEeEpr'rInBq!pABraSl'-I1nJuoorSJJupePopeopaaroalpllpnnaqzpAaari}IppUeonEsnuvpuiJtIeId3baJJ'nSeoarIjEerC-JiupxlIrulqpslsI'JalnrlI/BaiJaqrpusJdPoIJl1io6OusrarlrplnRnl6PezusralJe'fearpiEoJ,Aquorrllel{ouJlpoJ/rlaB!upIi'sapaclr1nep1lrIEPIeERlpaddJ}SuEoIl3da^orgSaRJn.p-oPoeaalIsprlJsrJrlIAeIul+lCpcsllesnJrup1oieso€pr3BRnauolBplnou]Rstr}Jnsluroge€oIrrtorsduiEtoJl+nolProdtJeEoBulruJapdg]IJnlleoacodaueJeu"srlJlaaplnIr,oppaBonrEolJeJolonldruul}lBiJelapr1llIluJpernusEr}EJl1lsIo€plrJulanlfnooIiln'p,urlco]ro.Jpua}ooJoAeripd}oJnaJlsucJEqudPgB}llnElnoea,iieadlL'aonI\r'prClds'pJlrulrlirJnlpuIpJ+eerl\Prppn/atao',rIoJrrJlu3rleJrlrJrJli}JJlfsJpp.opan3rsnplrAio"gndrulpds!JassJJII.
IBur apunJ+Fci arBJ lnuro 'lnore P3 alsa oI^IrBJ Inl E oapi piIB o
tlrpsu! lnaDjsopu1o-bllunfJurrolrrsyut"',ipl:ooBlJuorutarnupdlslsvIoD'qJuiOoasuoazDr1.4rn.,osJ6R'prArcalL[p]l€cpluqJpsOal'rEiurpontllrasr/up\rJroo{rlzliarIDpnJuoovJI
r!11

llrn

'{tOinnulI{-eropcsc, carc nu-I numesc aici. O ticere slinti sd cugete aceastE materie sfint,1..."
/, p.
10) 16

Tot pe acest cult se fondeazd qi societatea. Ce este ierarhia so-
cia15 dacd llu o heroorhie ? De multe ori ierarhia de fapt nll este decit
o reprezerltare rerrolldtor de inexactd a unui cult adeviirat a1 eroilor ;
esenfial este insd faptui cd societatea presuptlne o ierarhie, care se
sprijinir pe leaiitalea ce rezuitii din recunoaqterea adevlratei silperio-
ritdti. Culiul eroilor este indestrr-rctibil in sufieieie oaneniior, Cu toate
rcvoluliile, tot nu dispare ; mai rnult iuct"r, re\rolutiile nu se fac decit
lrentru a se girsi aclevdrafii eroi, adevdralii conclucdtori ai oamenilor:
rlin fiecare revoltttie trebuie sii iasii Lrlr,Lroll cult al eloicuiui. Printre
loate ptEbuqirile qi ruinele posil;lle acest cLrlt riiiline o sLincii neciin-
;i i1,:-r orice reecliiicare cle aici trebuie sf, porneasci. Tendinla de a
aciora superiorilatea e atit cle adiucd incit in lipsa unei adevdrate
-sr-rr;criorititli oamenii se inchini qi 1a superior ii.iiliie aParente. Orlul
arc atila nevoie si1 aciore eroii, incit cie mulle or-i ajunge sd adore 5i
lrseudo-eroi, Adevdratul seiun al r,alorii 9i al indlfimii unei epoci este

cronl pe care-l aciorir.

{idil.rnrIii'Csllncarinrcadi:icgt6teraedavEtaeelsoratdtaieciatcr;asiitilaolireglru6cnlucgh.urieiElcmucmiruiiaa.onr,TNrec.lialrru,lo-crcnv,sceriripcc,elsrd{,mi,ienCipaaoia,ctimrradnulyreeolclsncbfcasidnlleptucmit,,rieari'inninaloiflsoicdnztseeijd-tcrzauciuiznlnoiai;tiIasrdrtcpeeldeliaiairgvailtiriiznendraiucttainrlvpiatgccoidiinioarl.ufisioMn,ecncaxuiaarilnrsieddctienuac$mnleeilnilencrienaisz; ucocpnilamrerisecnc,codtiireniiu"n;-oi
r,C. Anloniade, in Lhonias CarJylc, EROII, Cultul erctilor 6i eroicul irr lsloric, tradu-
{ac3elurccculcrdmei;neti,irlt1iem9l2ob1ra, npea.ntVugrIli)ei.zsiini dacelloCccet.riionAranctsocaniscaclcelserip,drloinc,s,ic,tiutpultrutiunl lemdrocuilnoArcr"t,[e;oi Gmsirunalcfeeic:r;eittca,t,ucLn,ucdaeedaaofsirurouptlro"a,r
sa, iar acest scntiment a1 omului face parte componentir din nucieul rcligiozitdfii
si din cel al sccietifii, Sentimenteie ,a,rcceliqsitouanseq"hai ldeeluvicTdlercrmc,aps iCrcarrillyelessailnct destul
de,,ereticc". desprc
Sint concludente, din
fu,u,pmzdipuqlnieni,idsfmea"lm.sPiitrliartgirieqniisgmaibuasl puirriodaiptpdaefir,,eda,ac,Oocpf,cperdindpduoriesnitbirneilc,giudlcleictinimeqcpirenadeljprVdtttiier,utnicisd!ircUi,dncinltiurlu-cazrduiuencviad, rre,coInnruc-
e lesne de priccput cum ni$te oameni in toatc minJile au putut in toatf, linigtea
rflhiiioaocPcsuileoatroratcetihtpqiidei dctbcosiitneccthfueoigllhuilrolsreridnescterlmdenaeecdnriuircarsailiuipnscesiinutuafrldtneiiifaiZtiensccupi,ciih6nniipeaninsdusceumnfuleTemnJeciaotaeir,idpec;eicatersllUn,dnc-d..riaivCreflriaqsuaiolultacrimud:nteucntiit.ririiauustrncdi
acestea par o fabulii dc nccrezut. 1'c;tugi e un fapt siqur ci oanonii au crezut
asifcl. Oamcni tacufi ca ;i noi au primit sii trdiasci Ei au trdii la largul lor intr-o
Cirsterrmll,elele,aEgRrOoaIIz, nCicuillpubldeurroejlionrcl,lscritcdroc/lecualdionr6Irsi t;oiridec, crcdinfe minclnoase" (?honlas
etl. cit.,
a fi infeles cE la pp. 4*5).

i:r ?fiomas Carly'?e are marele merit dqei amdgirile corpului baza religiilor nu stau,
primul rind, ingelitoriile, vicleniile clcrical, care sint, mai
degrabi, condilii ale dccdderii religiilcr, decit cauze a1e apari{iei qi dezvoitirii ior.
r\c.lmirarea, minunarea seu aclorarea eLelientelor naturii (9i respectul fajii qdiedoeaz--
de cEpetenie in formarea
rncnii deosebili) sini, in cu-cJeiarca sa, eiemente
voltarea religiilor. ,,La inceput omul se pune in legiturii cu Natura 9i Puterile ci,
se minuneazi li le adorll pe acestea ; tocmai mai tirziu bacld de seami cE oricr-.
l,utcrc esie Moraid, c5 punctul insernnat este pentru el deosebirea Binelui Ei Riu-
lui, a ceca ce trebuie i;i nu lrebttie sd facd" (Ibidem, pp. 41--42).
Nici cregtinismul, cu toate diferenlele sale in raport cu alte reiigii, nu scapi,
in dezvoltarea liri istorici, de rnetehnele corpului clericai. Vestit este, in privinfa
irceastir, romanc-cat.rlicismui, ifu cel mai mare ,:iintre toli eroii
craEtini, pe cale

192

r6I 9I riiloJ 66$9 tip-:

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-1anl'o1e1n6ar rSop'rolrrnronl ole aleo6 alaJuarede Baalp ap'rolrJn.rJnl a1r: tjqll1eo.r
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nu existd. O lume fdrd Dumnezeu u! n- Nici un eloism adevdrat nu
din aceste elou adevdrat ar fi trebuit mai
putea s5. iasii conceplii: mai largti, amcarienaotbliilcir,i
intii sd 1e in.,ringd 9i sd impuie o altd conceptie mare, nu
a produs nimic
rnai ader'6rat5. Acest secol nu
o va-loare noud. ,,Nici una din marile doctrine sau institulii care au
fsfuicpuutspneaotLmirasdexfiteerinndtrs-acdoepvu[rIiloorml,uni,icni uunsa-adfidncduetslcnopaecreirailsetdcavilresia6u.
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omului, nici una din puterile lui nu e datoritd lor ; in toate prirrinfele
lvrroestcnuetae"lu(\iraLlutadiorevi,cinXVvoJe.sItIe, printre ceie mai pustii din timpurile cu-
Miscell, p. Munca enciclopedigtilor
178).
nu a fost o munc6 pozitivd : a fost o oper6 de critic6, de ceart6, de
distrugere a ceea ce exista. Eroul acestei epoci, omui reprezentati!'
a1 spiriiului ei, recunoscut gi adorat, ca atare, a fost Voltaire. Jucle-
cata severir a 1ui Carlyle asupra acestuia a nemultumit totdeauna pe
francezi. Pentru el, Voltaire nu era decit un foarte indeminatic oln
care a gtiut sE prindd toate ocaziile pi sd se strecoare prin toate ad-
versitatile. Nu este un om marer ci un mare persillew; ,,un om penlrll
cppaaurgertieeliiutrareirttai,eacllanvaeorgsetieu-iltldouinti;fccrlueii-tntsptedgrid|ngisnriueempuduttdoerlitindleeteaaannpuuunluacatiurdreieit.addsNreuiicepmirt9aeoinvsiianenlsruuieoimuzaiin,tadpnttreauic,teeacpdtiuietct pudrlriasino-i
bine secretul persiflagiului, inlel,egind prin aceasta nu numai facuilaiea
exterioard a disprefului poiiticos, dat qi arta disprelului interior gelle-
ral, prin care Lln orn de acest fel se silegte sb supund iilprejurErile
tasaoitar.e.rrtteeuirotvorotcinaafmteitiedlnueiliourlpi-osadrm6f,oiedrae-licaebgcutdnecdielibanctedera,9sBitaadtejeosuctnueirvaseforlasrtafealdnretdcaaian9sliuticniec\at/oivp1ier-
care o exprimd,.." (Voltaire, Ibidem, p. 145). Carlyle recunoagte ele-
mentele nobile din viafa lui Voltaire, ,,cA $i-a cheltuit viata opunin'
du-se la eroare gi la nedreptate, apdrind pe nevinovati, demasclncl pe
igpioncerigfiai rseuaspiussei"co- luiinasIdXinVieIII-Iveeadefrainntcreuzp.aDt atoctdsapifroitsutl de scepticism
ec-erol umes-atiefrutaolnicimcmeazaivdpeinentnrireterufrIaacnPdceaizrnii.scaarnluai adorat ca un

Voitaire a fost un adevdrat trir,'.mf

atit de bine spiritul timpului, era

Spiritul secolului al XVIII-lea nu putea sd-l invingd decit un om
ca Goethe. Acesta este cel mai mare erou spiritual al vremilol mai

194

96I

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EasopErlun-rroluf aPclls'orl1Jeprrclr1raor1{ae1rrrbfdetr9elssu€totllr,vIrJ'leIliiniIiloill:li
-plred'119q1fi11a nrirtaC InlnsuaJ u o-lpluri;sal:'rletnciap nriuatL o,Ipzl{l
-uopul 'io-r;]as ul}lr.If,s 'iesranrtrn loA : olfl-Itlct ase$ nJ 'tn1n;oclod u or{n1
-rlsuoJ nes (itrp;Slui 1€p ufstln)qJ all a{aLLItlL{ oio:e ap) DltDll} qnou o
iL{e-:rr1rrpDuol"'Jqlti'rnJtJr8aqpuril-,nrIZl,}?!1'tprlBr1sruainrlssrurlnpT-duElsasorascpJjourlsueul prlpofre'rurellErrze0Jnacelzla'snIironpfrueoiorfrli{la;rJlornauE.Jnira:Bur}spt?ruagpfo.lsIro-s''as/tpe]-sO'tBlliuJsBIlttItIposlruuuul-rllpprels{alnlliJprplalopuI}ldrllrDu'os(noIud'3lpo'prl/'rIunprlppnJJi-ll::ualol.stli-)prrD.qotlielrlll}l

rrle-raqri acl r'.un{lnuron gluifrud pturo;ar p1s;teo)Y 'PJpIIIqouI peunrsasod
o1e-ora0p-rrp^ce1iafae1ulp6-prrronJl1csInioa.rplSopd.Jlo,'u)aJrlrlp1pIrqEdlpfr,'piasofpeAulB1iirspo'as;[lopJq,'asftonr{uualalnniJrrr'crsoarqalnlrrfrouif;'dlraaortslcr[Ktrn1Jsllortuu'Jrt'oatallitJiuryrrai1lr)'r3rnlinitelo$rdolaalrlaartrrnnlptJt-6arrIdprJsndpuqurroulnnJiJpoi]lpIelooc'apti]re1Iueeelnl.anrrr0Ltptiat-IipJTs1S[rnIt:P,Erstul
arlul siuordruoc un Eaitqpls aru:r 'gletfrecl gle.rollalo Pnllo]{)r o
lnurrbar ug 1rfr15s u-r afiunfe es a1dn1 a]lntu pdn6
r?I ZSBI 'erraztut llliuau iBLu

aristocralia funciard, care avea tot interesul sd meniind taxele mari
asupra grinelor, ceea ce ridica pretul arenzilor, gi aristocrafia de ori-
gine mai noub. a industria;iior, care rroiau scdderea pretului piinii, nu
de dragul populatiiior muncitogre, cele mai izbite de acele corn-lews,

ci ca sd poatd scddea salariile. De abia in 1864, grafie lui Sir Robert
Peel, se abrogard detestabilele legiuiri asupra grineior. Rezistenfa aris-
tocrafiei fusese mdr€ ; Sir propusese abrogarea impotriva
s5u Robert Peei
majoritdtii partidului conservator gi fusese sprijinit in aceastd

ocazie de minoritatea liberald Ei radical5.
Reforme parlamentare, rivaiitate a aristocraliei stSpine asupra pd-
mintului cu burghezia industriald, agitalii chartiste, tulburdri irlandeze,
lnizeria claselor muncitoare, acestea slult evenimenteie politice gi con-

ditiiie sociale in mijlocul cdrora tr:.1iegLe Cariyle. Se ridicau atunci
problene care cereau solulii grabnice. Nu se pulea sd nu-;i spuird
qi el cSuivginnstuol, flnihtre-uTniiensessoy(Saepm6nruetJeinTii8m2p9uirniloErld,inCbaurrlgyhleRie;ivieewxp, rinimtid-
tulat
pentru intiia oard pdrerile asupra conditiei societdlii engleze. Tntrequl
essov e indreptat impotriva mecanicismului, cu formele lui de utilita-
raiscmestEimfielocsaonfiiceisamplrnogpreosliulilcuSi. .AOicpieareraletdccaerefuanpesatreduurmpddr1i 8p2o9a,teSaarvteoar,
iI:ireanbcshorRbepvroelautmionulgi iincealenmii auirmimdpioorrit,aangtea stuclii de istorie pi
literaturd,
cd tocmai in 1839 mai scrie
ceva despre starea Angliei, anuine studiul politic intituiat Chartism.

Carlyle cautd semnificarea mai adincd a aqitaliei chartiste qi aratd
invdldmintele ce s-ar putea trage din ea:,jruennsim6efnetreoiecedegiantuenbcuin. 5,,,Cdheacr-i
tismnl inseamnb nemulfumirea amard
conclifia sau dispozitia rea a ciaselor muncitoare ale Angliei. Este un
nume nou pentru un lucru care are multe nume gi care are sd mai
schitatd
aibX qi alte nume," Aici e intreaga poiiticd a lui Carlvie:
luptd contra minciunilor" Ecoi onptrtaimiitsumziuillouir filosofiei proEresului, contra
politicii de Jajssez-taire, democrafiei. R.dui cel mare
este c5 clasele conducdtoare au uitat c5 ele au sarcina de a guverna
etlgicoonfiiearidcdrnqeteoitiv,rmm-,flodiepnernsudcriiiuottds,enl eedImadduameoecedir1iacner5elo.s,anaRracdeieueuuamscclftdeeroeurdasearitu,islleuiuaSnnntssiuetadtit-rpeigeanoilriuaminsdateteotoveamcforigrgeiaadidnliiedisucecoulalzartedvsretciouenorlii'tbna1o;rctoraemgdrt.eaepicC,ne,ainlzacclausaoiretrelcolgeamiemimamntiiiuizulpueannalrcrceisiiais,-if
Xmaniexcdl-ilPeevraea.slSeEn1ct rn(e1ug.8t4vin3r5)e, aupnisd5c.eedaCeaaenrdlgyrlleeepzp5t uudnnienmfpaorfdidmeilandjfrea-rfmodrdgdtaaotnueidzaasrosecesiceootcdliuelitl,uactieeaaal
medievald 9i via{a cdlugdrilor din St. Edmundsbury, cdci gtia bine cd
revenirile ia stdri anterioare sunt imposibile, dar voia prin contrastuj
sd dea pe fatd una din minciuniie progresuluj trim-
pe care ii stabilea
tctburaiiatvraetaetdedceceroiftanircaopiflmtieonineluaui lpicisooimmniidtupiuclocetuerictvi.llaa.i-tsafiCcirlieoas.str.lolynfIlieneloioca,,uccfeilenaaltesuritii5semtgocatcaeirramtceluiaesriniuudfnmeetretigiclteiilrumid"reia9iguiainicmawcvpaeeonrr---i
lliteiniEmaarimstooncirceec,\ii,nadruissttoricarliasfmieucl airmebnougmdluitndceingteex-plogaitainrealccmuul nacriistotoricmraii-,

198

6"qI

BrrrrouoJa nJ Is PlslrplIIlln rnl BIEJOIu nJ ursllpJIpBr lsaJV 'alIqlSTIfi
-ppur tarIo^lIrrrBnd3ruInrlI nparRd as I crJosoIIJ InusIIBJIpBr Ep al orps ad alirl
-nlos BIr{rBue BI rS lBrp^ape lu-rrupurolnb ap Bsdli p-I

II

EAJolif, rruouop alip uI ls I-IBur IlnJsnI +p3ra3ul np aipJ lro1e1o6nl
e;dnsB IS Inlnlalaull BJdnse o-ln1e p aIEJ ad g{uangul paJPTx Ig

Irarpd ap InI palBUaqII pPaJrlIudlxeaual la^Ilrllpll3eJInIIPnIaerplllruno3luplolparouplarJTeuPrE:tsspL3IlTJCVi
'JolaunluoJ raJorrrpc
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po1itic5, aga-numitd a icoiii clasice, reprezintd mogtenirea filosoficii

directd a secoluhli al XVIiI-Iea. Spiritul care voia sd remedieze nu era

prea cliferit cle spiritul care produsese tot rdul. Guvernanfii enElezi

(Cariyle ar zice rlon-guvernanlii englezi) nu fdceau decit sd aplice in
dorneniul politicii maxima laissez Iaire, atil de scumpd economigtiior.
Economia politicd a gcolii clasice este obiectul acelota;i atacuri clin

partea lui Carlyle, ca gi intreaga filosofie mecanicistd a secolu]"*i al
XVIII-1ea. *spiritul acestei filosofii, care dase in domeniul meiafizic
conceptil li-imii-maqinir qi in domeni'"tl moral conceplia ,,celei mai mari
iericiri posibile", insufle{egte qi Economia Politicd in forma pe care o
capdt,S in gcoala fondatd de Adam Smith. Acesta, in vestita sa operi

\Vccllh of Nafions (Bagdlia Naliunilor), privegte pe om, ca toaid fiio-
so{ier tinpului de care era adinc pdtruns, ca fiind condus numai de

rpescarasei,-lolea-nietcli:rrveciuecisorstenaeccsocioailp$doceeierlsararteIaesebtcla;eielsdgvaaoiatrlmaiees.ffufoasiOlcraieeitrion,teuooAsml,stcufeioitdiiinnnriere,pfi,gztdmalteuia,tce;e5;aoaicinroedrfcneoldodeaaemurrcetcietiaerpterrleepebetosrbea,nlruniietiniininecfdfcfliea"ne:giEtipoieaiarmiitrccdnecaeloLorpsmerfui,spttaii.rnlmcbe"ecifxpeociitgilarsiirftiliieieae-i

celelaite eletlente pe care ie gdsim in viala omlilui, credinfe reiigioase,
tradiiii morale, tendinle speculative, trebuinfe de simpatie, de solicia-

ritate, sunt accesorii, create de imprejurdrile in care trXieste ornul I
fr:nrlamental riimine ne'r.'oia ;i dorinla de satisfacere. Studiind activi-
tatea aceasta a omului care urmdregte adunarea bogdfiei pentru in-
clestularea trebuinlelor lui, Economia politicd ajunge sd formuleze
oarecare legJi. Aceste legi ajung sd capete in ochii economi;tilor cia-
sici prestigiul unor lecii ale naturii, atit li se par de necesare si
jnflexibile. Aceastir asimilare le-o impunea chiar filosofia lor : dacii
tcoletual cseeerae$diuncaetulra5.actournfio$rtiefolertec,ardeaclducforerlaezleddiinn lumea materialX srint

sufletele oamelliior,
atunci legiie eare condric activitatea omeneascd sunt tot atit cle rigicle
$i nestrdmutate ca gi legile naturii, Precum e legea gravitaliei in lumea
domeniul activit6tii
fizicd, tot aqa sunt, pentru econornigti clasici, in
practice a omului, Iegea cererii gi a ofertei, legea rentei gi celelalte.
AceastZr economie privea pe individ ca izolat in egoismul lui, iar rela-

ftaiicleeredinatraeceosatmorea.nilnfonordca{atenizeaxrcelanssiovcpieetirtr}eilobruignitain$ci odnodruinctearecaleascatitrirsi--
td|ii practice a omului nu intervine nici o lege morald de alti nalurf,
clecit legea egoistd a utilitarismultti. Ca niqte legi ale naturii, legile

rnecanice ale pliicerii gi clurerii, cigtigului pi pierderii, cererii gi oferlei,

reguleazi totul. Nu e nevoie de intervenfia nici unei alte forfe. in
reglarea activitdfii se5coinntoemrvicinedp:reaocceusptdarilterebmuoieralsednl-aasuecieibcedru5taco; nnciuc-i
l--ltatrLl nu treiruie
renfa, cdci prin jocul orb al legilor economice totul se orinduiegte

de Ia sine. 3B

38 Considcratiile lui Thamas Carlyle privitoare la economigtii $colii clasice
csn1nc0iqc8oul7ern)zigoc-aing-ate,l,iriteincrtseeeurxrcpnaeietcteeAt,dttooinarrui lalpueaiccrertoeucn,rooiinimnoorimea-.iiceepi"sont-luistitccuAoedrcieulnas,rmpopudinSeddnrenrrleteCh,au.(li1Antd7nu2flilo3i.dn-1Wlla7nd9lt.re0l/ei,)cpmc-reoPib"areenbcllaoiyl,rio{dgm1ie6ni2nstr3ti-au'o-ll-i

2AA

laz'
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a;lelt?urnl eurrrcl u1

r3ulere rS lnun npla rnlnsJaArrm pourpro rS e1n;our Barrrpro 'riJJn I

'ose;ldsrir
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'olJurJul alrrferrdse 'a,t11e1nrads 'oseo16i1aJ 'olplorri a1o{urncia:1 'a.n;
uEI'plnnJlIsnIlnp'taerauglJorplBuolllerealalrlrsll)rirrE*l'qrr1errr3i"pnarrunuSl ltae€uapuIrrtuof:ppliuiIbrIopdJotsIxuqJlpapoJspoenuoni:lrllupoiJdpJreIdJoocIulaUrIofnpgru'elerrosrlurnr:lJeS6!)lIuneBerrousJplaprorprJuuurIr)leeruorrrorfporlJnsdinuaalBedani.J{lusueooaafpr,seIonasrlui€ru;lIiopJlIcuunkrorouuJfr,rrlooLos}r
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-slo6o u1 rfelozt Jollzilrpur 1e lera6exa usrruolp In:lsaJp E^rrlodur1

Spiritui egoist pi uiiiitarist al economiei poliiice, CarIyIe il gdsea
giasiiiiratileairnlelicaEdinvleuardiusclgprl,hd{iarecimitiinaoean]ta. dioane0.i.Ancrdfocireenarspteftiiuaiiaiznadf1aiucgisueDennuienumrcmnaheiediznleedaud,tpoe9ofipiM.oaaSrumuinlpoEunriuiimsreamnitgr.elaeEacznlt.ittgtaAnlteceEezvaieiassanttdue-
Id raci i:ani, tboo'rqrdefsietuh,]usmilnortufla1nuiai sCmaer,iycieolliiiecdt5uriln,fSinlic$i'aii1re-,auirui,nGeioaadnee-i
de astdzi nu mai este vechiul
acesl,eia dup6 s5 Iatd ce scrie in
viad,r1atcererqetilnig,iic. iiascpiauilmeangdleezailonr udinizbzuiutai faci bani.

aceastii privinfS ir:raginarul Sauerteig :

' ,,C,rvir-rtul lacl este incd des intrebuinlat de englezi: dar nu aP putea fird
clrculale si arit ce inleieg printr-insul. Iadul de obicei inseamnd spaima infiniti,
luiruj cle c.lrc un om se teme inflnit, cie care tremutd ;i se dd inapoi, luptindu-se
,diu tot sufletul sd scape de el. Prin urmate, dacd vi:ei sd bagi de seamd, ai sd
qi.se:rrl ul Iaci iu:;cfin<l pe on in toate stadiile istoriei lui, in toate dezvoltdrile
lui, r.:ilgio:ise sau t!c alt fel : dar Iadurile oamenilor 6i popoareior diferd rnult. La
cre;;tini e spaima infiniti de a fi gdsit vinovat inaintea judecdtorului Drept' La
vccltii romani, bhntiiesc, era spaima nu cle Piuto, dc care probabil pu{in le pdsa,
ci de a se prirta in chip nedemn, nevirtuos, adicd ne-bdrb5.teqte. $i acum dacd

;ssirioriiciunidromeiJja;.v;lFaierz.nl6cDc,irc.eilni;icd4tiieianoullssreei-crabueim,imqi1iplrotCoEtvhmuaaorrruoliie,ptmsai,,nKliainnpngrsoFsagl.ertRiaymd.ieednleepAasLpnoaagcmliLiaeaeln.eonInaanria'esdlEepXzaiIvpPIoIa1-l|ttle.aitdarBefuialica, lsrc1cau5z in Franla

uiieiioarS,
precddere

nai 1891'
P,_irIilisinissai ,iairtrn,.lrprrparIc:iAirnle,eslVpetjttreIiern-lziaa/n,eezrlrdaieesnsarv(1etu6eeondcrladiai-fturueiligcnoePudurassj,u,trte,sars1umeo9acnci6ntltiu4aaaX)rlimeii!s5,-emaIicenluleaitoel aps(fmne1roi5unocPdrcimeaaaipltueiad"il.iillieaciP1rIb9risi3tulnoil1cr-cg)lac,eihaotIneolnlizsnale(min8n,luulcaasltuuuelniplXjclatseleXarisnuIsatIbeuIv-rsllelcioeeaPca9i1aoai9(rrl1a,ti8gin51dait)nuca,meegicusoaaictnilrCieses1oomE9sc6mte1uiianulse)-d--,
1eeusini tiocenlrepu,ce,nelraefxsecl5ece.l,ispogeinci",agaiorealdaemamectiaoacpriuietaaieluii1snaemo, uorvlersuicniin.hddiUluiecilartiiitmdieecuaEallipuciprtuiaavlcristirintedet;etiaqndiiee, mspsoo;ricicniitnaavltei-secatcri,rheumqitluateininecfcirnricteeioc$rneditiaenms,oppcrcoouirappalrindiinees-a,
tafii private.
cJirouhnneRi usscfct;ientA(1li8n19o-b1il9e00tr)e-buiescsridit-oi rc,ocreristpicundded aortdartEdi 5soi coiomloograelndgnleozbi-le,
lea soco-
posi-

bi1e, in opinia sa, prin mijlocirea educatiei estetice $i morale a poporului.
lrr Cuvintul ,,mQmona", de origine arameica, este folosit in Biblie in infeles de
,,boga{ie" sau,,avutie". Prin a devenit, in mito-
troqia ir-rdaicd, numele unei extensiune de semnificalii, cuvintul sete de imbogdfire,

zeit6f i care personifici nepotolita
iar in cre$tinisrx, alt nune al Diavoiului.
rAeccilaxuinnprpq-erdeiai,casc,cElle,eiasvszsattiiasdngpcung,uoihuiasnneiitcsdlneitaeguoidurlnsuierleueibrvl ieMeqDldpiiaueermimnifrneljrngi,reoehrgcnnzehbi"eajletubou(id:carlaairpc,ie,csurNaioeIaacbctrealnicanim,enil,iioltnusensceoIuhui"np)diinrt,ereedsemstciotnheiairicidledeioncistrntohteliauvinoetaiefrIilieinMlpdendoaetuurml,ut,ilrirmnieilgecaoTehnfgnitc.noe"iaA.mripantBcoilstsartaarin"lul_Ci.usmgaltcedraelnynsdtl-teueien,li,
?p'r;oorpnacgsanCralarbilnie,18la42f,eclrcitaicda,llidereopproetzreivndta, nvfei cdhiinle,,bTlainzoiraaneAfneugdliael"e, gcai rneoil$lei
puse iilce-
impe-
rative brlrg|eze. Critica pe cale el o face ,,manonismului" burghez Ei aristocraliei
st,r,epinacmdciflurlvel eatal(irXni"tIvXcd-irueksaind.gPcorainnritsrctaoocsnroioiclciueyttd)ufleisiptoemzbiotaidvtejoarcnIoesritbtucudarirgielho,erdzseaarlecn,leuTahsroiesmtoioncsrruaCfdaeiarqlytefleecusudeaciadr;itaidczidan
pe pozi'1iile grupurilor sociale care sufereau cel mai mult de pe urnLa celor doud
feh.rri cle asupriri, Si acestea sint, crr prec6dere, muncitorii 9i {dranii.

202