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tourism management that are the skills that employers look at when recruiting new graduates. The
attributes’ preferences for employers also include being able to apply knowledge in theory and
practice appropriately, analyze situations creatively, solve problems using knowledge, reasons, and
judgment when encountering various situations as well as keep pace with the changes of
globalization, have a good personality, work with others at all levels appropriately, and develop
knowledge and professional skills continuously, think critically and numerically, effective use of
information technology, foreign language skills and communicate appropriately across cultures.
In addition, the essential skills for the 21st century within content area instruction must be
also a part of learning experiences for all academic disciplines and educational activities. A range of
approaches to teaching and learning should be readjusted to improve the students’ skills, including
learning skills-critical thinking, creative thinking, collaborating, communicating; literacy skills-
information literacy, media literacy, and technology literacy; Life skills- flexibility, initiative, social skills,
productivity, and leadership. communication in foreign languages, information technology use, and
creativity and innovation.
The curriculum mindmap of a tourism course of SKU’s curriculum framework also mentions
students’ attributes’ development for being a good and qualified citizen, having the right political
opinion, honest to the party and government, patriotic, unity, protecting the good traditions of the
nation, the environment, and being proud of Laos. The institutions should also provide students with
technical knowledge and competence in tourism management, strengthen staff and technicians in
tourism administration to meet the needs of the government's national economic and social
development, and build a system related to tourism in our country to be strong in both quantity and
quality. The graduates in this field can work with international organizations both at home and abroad,
bring colleagues to work as a team, demonstrate leadership at different levels according to the actual
situation can use modern technology, and participate in tourism policy. The skilled technicians should
be equipped with management skills and efficient tourism services. The graduates from this field can
go to work in the office of the Department of Tourism-related Organizations and the field of services.
It also creates opportunities and conditions for graduates of this program to pursue higher education.
In this study, the defined characteristics of produced graduates addressed in Savannakhet
University’s policy, Lao PDR are considered minimally in terms of creativity and innovation skills.
Elements of creative and innovation skills
Creativity and innovation are widely used interchangeably or in the same sense. Innovation
can be thought of ideas, new ways of looking at things, new methods, new products that have values
making and doing something different and implementing something new. Innovation contains the idea
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
488
of output, whereas the concept of creativity is distinct from the concept of innovation (Howkins, 2008,
p. 25), as creativity is an active process necessarily involved in innovation. In other words, innovation is
an achievement of creative implementation (Amabile, 1983; Stein, 1974; Woodman et al., 1993 cited
in Chalermchai Kittisaknawin, 2011, p. 77). There are many different definitions of meanings as follows:
Creativity must be developed in students who will be the employees and employers of the
next generation. Thus special attention to fostering innovation and creativity in society by
development of higher education has been paid in Leuven Communiqué (2009, p. 4). This is in line
also with the latest documents in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) where the Yerevan
Communiqué (2015, 2) among other issues highlights the creativity and innovation as significant
components of the two main goals of higher education in Europe - 1) Enhancing the quality and
relevance of learning and teaching and 2) Fostering the employability of graduates throughout their
working lives.
OECD Innovation Strategy 2015 maintains the importance of creativity for economic growth
(OECD, 2015, p. 7). It stresses the fact that innovation is characterised also by a skilled workforce that
can generate new ideas and technologies, bring them to the market and implement them in the
workplace, and which can adapt to technological and structural changes across society. Moreover, it is
pointed out that broad curricula, updated pedagogical practices and the development of tools to
assess innovation-related skills are all important in initial education and beyond subject-specific
expertise, tertiary education should also develop students' creativity, critical thinking,
entrepreneurship, and communication (OECD, 2015, p. 13).
The studies regarding curricula design and development according to industry requirements
have been conducted ubiquitously. Studies have been implemented in the USA (Khan, & Law, 2015),
Malaysia (Saleh, Hashim, Yaacob, & Kashim, 2015), Australia (Johnson, Veitch, & Devianti, 2015), and
the UK (Tom-Lawyer, 2015). Tourism higher education curricula facing industry development
challenges analyzed in the Czech Republic (Kiralova, 2014) and Latvia (Luka, & Donina, 2012). Kiralova
(2014, p. 1-3) emphasized new global trends in tourism and how they impact higher education. In
addition, Luka and Donina's (2012) research was focused on skills and competencies that have to be
enhanced to operate in the tourism business. Tourism students and employers evaluated the skills,
abilities, and attitudes to improve curricula design.
Guilford (1967, pp. 145-151) details the elements of creativity as follows:
1. Originality (Originality) refers to new ideas that are not unique to other people's
ideas. and different from ordinary ideas Initiatives may arise from thinking that already exists to
be different from what has been seen before. Or it can turn into something unexpected. Initiatives
may be the blending of old ideas and blending them into something new. There are many levels of
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
489
initiative, which may be the first thought that comes without being taught, even if the idea has
already been thought of by someone else.
2. Fluency refers to the number of unique ideas on the same subject. It is divided into
four types as follows:
2.1 Word Fluency is the ability to use words fluently.
2.2 Fluent thinking concerning relationships Associational Fluency is the
ability to come up with as many identical words as possible within a given time.
2.3 Expression Fluency is the ability to use phrases or sentences, that is, the
ability to quickly put words together to get the desired sentence.
2.4 Ideal Fluency is the ability to invent what is needed within a given time,
for example, to make the most of the bricks within a given time, which can be 5 minutes or 10
minutes.
3. Flexible thinking (Flexibility) refers to the type or type of thinking divided into
3.1 Spontaneous Flexibility is the ability to independently try to think in
multiple ways. An example of a flexible thinker in this area can figure out what the benefits of
newspapers are. The ideas of flexible people can be grouped in many directions or areas, for
example, to know the news. to advertise products, for businesses, etc., while those without creativity
can only think in one direction, namely, to know the news only.
3.2 Adaptive Flexibility refers to the ability to adapt knowledge. or experiences
that are beneficial in many areas, which are useful for solving problems Those who are flexible will be
able to think differently.
4. Detailed thoughts (Elaboration) means thinking in detail step by step. can
explain clearly or a more complete plan Detailed thoughts are organized into details that are used to
decorate. Complete the first idea
Guilford (1980) also explains that creativity is a diverse form of human thought. That is to say,
a person can think of anything infinitely. It is a positive idea, such as inventing new inventions, etc.
The ideas are advanced skills and working processes. The steps of the brain consist of initiative,
thinking fast (think fluently), flexible thinking, and thoughtful thinking. Creative people can find new
ideas from the existing data and link them. This element of creativity is influenced by Guilford's
Theory of Cognitive Structure which believes that creativity is the ability of the brain to think in a
complex, broad, multidirectional or called divergent thinking, which consists of initiative (Originality)
Thinking fluently (Fluency) flexible thinking. (Flexibility) Elaboration.
The element of scientific creativity plays a big part as well as general creativity that Aree
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
490
Rangsinan (1984, pp. 24-34) described the elements of creativity in summary as follows:
1. Originality refers to the characteristics of new ideas that differ from ordinary or
simple ideas. The initiative, called Wild Idia, is an idea that benefits the self and society. The
initiative is the nature of the idea that arises for the first time. It is an idea that requires imagination
mixed with reason and finding a way to produce results. People who have the initiative are the ones
who dare to think, dare to express themselves, as well as experiment. Always test that idea.
2. Flexibility is the unique quantity of thought when solving the same problem. Fluency in
thinking is important for solving many problems and requires experimenting with those methods until
the right one is found. must
3. Flexible thinking refers to a type or type of thought divided into
3.1 Flexible thinking that happened immediately It is the ability to think
independently to come up with multiple solutions while the average person can only come up with
one.
3.2 Flexibility in adaptation is the ability to modify one thing for many benefits
4. Thoughtful Thoughts It is the nature of the effort to use the idea. and coordinate ideas
together to achieve success
Thus, the composition of creativity includes theories of intelligence and
thought. But to be used as a concept in the study of creativity, there are three theories: Gilford's
Theory of Intellectual Structure, the dual theory of thought, and model theory. Theories that have
been associated with the elements of creativity as mentioned above are:
Guilford's Theory of Intellectual Structure (Guilford. 1956, p. 53) has divided brain performance
into three dimensions:
1. Content means stimuli or information. There are four types of thinking that the brain
accepts: images, symbols, language, and behavior.
2. Method of thinking (Operation) refers to the characteristics of different brain processes.
There are 5 types, namely cognition, memory, convergent thinking, multidisciplinary thinking. and
evaluation
3. The result of thinking (Product) is the result of the action process of ideas and content
information. The product of thought comes in various forms, transformations, and applications.
Innovation skills are important skills and all learners must be continuously developed. To be
able to have a creative career and live in a creative society, teachers have a mission to develop
learners to have creative skills through creative learning management and assessment. It stresses the
fact that innovation is characterised also by a skilled workforce that can generate new ideas and
technologies, bring them to the market and implement them in the workplace, and which can adapt
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
491
to technological and structural changes across society. Moreover, it is pointed out that broad
curricula, updated pedagogical practices and the development of tools to assess innovation-related
skills are all important in initial education and beyond subject-specific expertise, tertiary education
should also develop students' creativity, critical thinking, entrepreneurship, and communication.
Innovation skills have three main components:
1. Creative thinking
1.1 Seeing opportunities rather than problems
1.2 Initiate something new helpful
1.3 Use a variety of thinking methods and perspectives
1.4 Work in diverse and flexible ways
1.5 Evaluate and modify your thoughts
2. Working with others creatively
2.1 Respect other people's opinions
2.2 Open to new and up-to-date opinions
2.3 Presenting your ideas to others
2.4 Always exchange and learn with others.
2.5 Work with others in cooperation.
3. Successful innovation
3.1 Plan for systematic innovation development
3.2 Develop innovations and evaluate them during development
3.3 Summarize the effectiveness of the developed innovations.
3.4 Improve innovation deficiencies.
3.5 Using digital technology to communicate innovations to society
Analyzing innovation and creativity skills for SKU’s undergraduates
Based on the literature reviews, a researcher has analyzed and listed the innovation
and creativity skills of year 4 bachelor students at Savannakhet University.
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
492
Innovation Engauge (2003) Points
and creativity ISTE (2007)
Wikifoundry (2007)
skills Trilling and Fadel (2009)
IMLS (2009)
Piirto (2011)
Partnership for 21st Century Skills
(2011)
GWSC (2015)
Vijan Phanith (2555)
Archdiocese of Milwaukee (2015)
National Education Association (2015)
Think creatively
Using creative 9
techniques
Create new 2
ideas
Elaborate, 2
refine,
analyze and
evaluate
ideas to
improve
creative
efforts
Working Creatively with Others
Develop my 7
ideas and
communicate
with others
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
493
Be open to 2
others ideas
and
perspectives
and
incorporate
others ideas
into the work
Be original 2
and inventive
when
working with
others
If failure 2
arises, be
open to
learning from
your mistakes
Understand 7
that creativity
and
innovation is
a long term
process
Creativity and Innovation skills were synthesized from the previous studies, as can be seen in
Illustration above, learners must have thinking creativity such as using creative techniques, create new
ideas, elaborate, refine, analyze and evaluate ideas to improve creative efforts. Another factor is that
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
494
working creativity with others, for instance, developing ideas and communicating with others, being
open to others ideas and perpspectives and incorporate, being original an inventive when working
with others, if failures araise, being opening to learning from mistakes, understading that creativity and
innovation as long term process.
Conclusion
Tourism is a significant sector of the Latvian economy and a labor provider. Nowadays
increased competition faces industry towards a continuous process of quality enhancement. One of
the main industry assets is human resources. Due to this fact, the development of education and
training plays a crucial role. Higher education institutions (HEI) prepare a skilled labor force and
contribute to research and innovation growth in the industry. The knowledge-based global economy
characterized by the ideas and knowledge exchange and progress of information and technology sets
high requirements for higher education. The tourism industry is looking for graduates with domain-
specific competencies and high-level professional knowledge. Creative specialists are in high demand
in the tourism labor market.
References
The Economist. (2020). Asian Countries Try to Build Travel “Bubbles.” (link is external) 28 May.
Savankham, F. (2020). Laos to Resume Domestic Flights, Schools, Other Restrictions Eased. (link is
external) The Laotian Times. 15 May.
T. Yamano, et. al. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism Enterprises in the Lao People’s
Democratic Republic: An Initial Assessment (link is external). Manila: Asian Development Bank.
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). 2018. Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2019, Laos (link
is external). London. https://development.asia/insight/helping-tourism-enterprises-lao-pdr-
recover-covid- 19#_ftnref1
The Economist. (2020). Asian Countries Try to Build Travel “Bubbles.”(link is external) 28 May.
Savankham, F. (2020). Laos to Resume Domestic Flights, Schools, Other Restrictions Eased. The
Laotian Times. 15 May.
T. Yamano, et. al. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism Enterprises in the Lao People’s
Democratic Republic: An Initial Assessment (link is external). Manila: Asian Development Bank.
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). 2018. Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2019, Laos (link
is external). London.
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
495
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337048985_Curriculum_Development_in_Hosp
itality_and_Tourism_Higher_Education_challenges_and_gaps
Wararat Boonfang, Piyakasidet Plueaisri, Saranya Lamomsai (2017).
Tourism and Hotel Management Courses in LAO PDR: Teaching Processes and Current Problems.
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
496
ສະພຳບປະເທດກ່ື ອນ ແລະ ຫງຼັ ວກິ ດິ ກຳນທຳງກຳນເງນິ ອຳຊໃນປ 1997. ກລະນສກຶ ສຳປະເທດ
ລຳວ, ໄທ, ຫວຽດນຳມ, ກຳປເຈຍ, ມຳເລເຊຍ ແລະ ອນິ ໂດເນເຊຍ
Countries Before and After the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997: Evidence
from Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
ໂຕເອມັ ວໄິ ລສຸກ
ToEm Vilaysouk
MSc of Finance, Faculty of Social Science, Budapesti Műszaki és gazdaságtudományi Egyetem (BME),
Budapest, Hungary.
[email protected]
Abstract
The Asian financial crisis, also known as the Tom Yum Kung crisis, began in Thailand in
July 1997 and spread across East and Southeast Asia, raising fears of a global economic
meltdown owing to financial contagion. However, in 1998–1999, the recovery was rapid, and
meltdown worries diminished.
Several low-income nations, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Lao People's
Democratic Republic, have had faster growth than before the crisis. Following the severe
recessions, the crisis-affected economies swiftly recovered and exceeded their pre-crisis per
capita income levels: Malaysia regained and exceeded its pre-crisis level of per capita income
in 1999, but for Indonesia and Thailand it took longer, was drawn out until 2003.
This paper aims to study the economic performance of low-income countries (Laos,
Vietnam, Cambodia) and middle-income countries (Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia) before and
after the crisis. Besides, the comparison on public debt, FDI, and policy responded by the
global organization such as the IMF, ADB, and World bank are discussed.
Keyword: AFC, Southeast Asia, FDI, GDP Growth, and Public Debt.
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
497
Introduction
The Asian financial crisis of 1997 impacted not just the ASEAN financial and capital
markets, but also the region's macroeconomic fundamentals. The countries' exchange rates
plummeted; economic development dropped sharply; inflation and interest rates rose; and
regional capital markets lingered for a long time. Major ASEAN FDI recipients experienced the
greatest drop in FDI inflows in 1998. FDI in the five countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) fell by 26%since 1997, largely owing to disinvestment in
Indonesia. As a group, their share of total FDI in developing Asia has continued to fall, from an
annual average of 24% in the first half of the 1990sto 17% in 1998. Malaysian and Thai FDI
remained resilient. Flows into the Philippines began to slow down in the fourth quarter of 1997.
(Press Release TAD/1873: Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Asia has "Weathered the
storm" UNCTAD States). However, the year 1999 became the turning point in the economics’
recovery from the recession. Along with the reconstruction of their manufacturing industries,
each ASEAN country was able to recover relatively unscathed. Since then, the region's rapid
economic growth has created a high demand for capital to finance economic development,
especially in the real sector. This led to significant inflows of both long-term and short-term
capital into the area. Moreover, ASEAN continues to benefit from high levels of saving, a
qualified labor ethic, low underlying.
From the fact above, even those ASEAN countries came to a crashing end because
of the financial crisis that hit the region in the second half of the year of 1997 but it seems
they had the ability to return the economies to a sustainable growth path. This paper aims to
assess the economic growth rate of chosen countries (Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia,
Malaysia, and Indonesia) in5 years pre-crisis, during, and post-crisis to compare the difference
in crisis management with focus on public debt, balance of payment, and foreign direct
investment (FDI). The paper will also divide six countries into two groups to analyze their
economic growth rate as: 1) The group of middle-income countries that were directly affected
by the crisis with a largely change in their economies (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia) and 2)
The low-income countries affected by the crisis (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia). Therefore, four
questions must be applied in order to clarify the problems:
1) How dynamic was the economic growth in selected Southeast Asia countries before
the crisis in1997?
2) How the crisis affected public debt and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
3) How those selected countries in Southeast Asia cope with the impact of the Asian
financial crisis?
4) What sorts of economic policies have been used to recover their economies after
the Asian Financial Crisis?
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
498
Literature review
In the 1990s, a series of currency crises spread across Asia and Latin America like a
virus. According to a study of the most important macroeconomic indicators (Nishijima, 2001),
each crisis has both similar and distinct aspects. This chapter will go through the
macroeconomic factors that both crises had in common. The first feature in common is that
many countries affected by the crisis established a fixed exchange rate regime, sometimes
known as a "dollar peg." The dollar peg system can help manage inflation and attract foreign
money, but it commonly occurs in enormous capital inflows since foreign investors are typically
unaware of the hazards of exchange rate fluctuations under a fixed exchange rate system.
Second, a fixed exchange rate regime tends to overvalue the domestic currency unless
inflation is well managed. Furthermore, if foreign capital inflows exceed current account
deficits, the extra dollar supply in exchange markets produces further incentives for
overvaluation, exacerbating current account deficits. When the government attempts to pay
current account deficits by boosting capital inflows, a vicious cycle emerges, speeding up
overvaluation and current account deficits. Many countries faced financial instability prior to
the currency crisis, which is the third common feature of currency crises. Due to financial
sector liberalization and privatization, the banking industry in Mexico was very susceptible
when the Peso crisis hit. By amassing non-performing loans, financial liberalization in 1988
triggered financial instability. In Thailand, the asset bubble burst in 1996, resulting in a
significant drop in both immobile and stock prices. As a result, the balance sheets of banks
that participated in the bubble economy weakened significantly.
The theoretical part of the paper consists of Real Business Cycles, Currency Crisis
Generation, Debt Model (Ramsey-Cass-Koops, Indicative Planning, Blanchard, Solow Swan).
This paper will focus on the third-generation model because the Asian crisis appeared to be
dissimilar from the 1980 Latin American crisis. Regarding to (Braggion, Christiano, & Roldos,
2005) explored how people reacted to interest rate increases before and during financial crises,
as well as rate cuts after that. In their monetary model, the traded and non-traded
intermediate goods were produced as given in Equation (1) below:
= + ∗ and = (1)
Braggion et al. also maximize the profits based on equation (2) below:
= + − ( − ) − ( + ) − ∗ (2)
Economic Structure Prior and During Crisis
Lao PDR
The Lao economy experienced the J-Curve phenomenon, which has been observed in
many former socialist countries that have transitioned to a market economy. The first drop in
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
499
output and deteriorating macroeconomic balances happened quickly, and the robust recovery
came soon after. The Lao PDR's economic transformation might be viewed as a successful
transition that resulted in an overall increase in economic performance (Bourdet, 2000). Many
NEM reforms were further consolidated in 1992, including those related to fiscal policy,
monetary controls, banking restructuring, and acceleration of private investments, including
privatization of state-owned enterprises. With the completion of the split of central and
commercial banks, the banking sector was expanded, giving it a more flexible and constructive
position in economic growth. During the first half of the 1992s, the reforms produced actual
economic benefits to the country:
− Inflation was quickly reduced to single digits, from 10% in 1992 to 6.3% in 1993.
− The exchange rate was stable for four years (1991-1994), at around Kip 720-730 to the
US Dollar.
− Foreign exchange reserves equivalent to two months straight' worth of imports had built
up
In 1997, the Lao People's Democratic Republic joined the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations. The move was in alignment with the country's Fourth Plan (1996–2000), whose
strategic goal was to alleviate the country's transition to a market economy and reduce
poverty, primarily through infrastructure improvements, human resources development (HRD),
regional cooperation, and environmental preservation. Moreover, Because of tight economic
and trade cooperation with Thailand, an exogenous shock after the Asian financial crisis of
1997 had a long-term negative impact on the Lao PDR that caused a currency collapse. The
concerns had been expressed about the government's absorptive capacity and ability to repay
debt, given the country's firm reliance on foreign aid and the funding of most of the public
investment program through foreign borrowings and grants. The IMF and World Bank
designated the Lao PDR as a highly indebted Source: Nolintha,2015
poor country (HIPC), making it eligible for debt relief.
Figure 3: Composition of
Source: World Development Indicator (World Bank) Committed FDI in Lao PDR (In
Figure 2: FDI Inflow of Lao Percentage)
PDR from 1990-1997 (In
Million $US)
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
500
Before AFC, these sectors (Agriculture, manufacturing, and services) received 19 per
cent of all FDI, but their proportion decreased to 12 per cent during the Asian Financial Crisis,
as indicated in Figure 2. The hydropower and mining sectors had become increasingly
prominent over time, as illustrated in Figure 3, in terms of the mix of recent FDI inflow to Laos.
However, following then, the percentage rose to almost 50%. Only FDI in these sectors
accounted for 73 percent of overall FDI just a few years ago. On the other hand, during the
AFC, this sector dominated the proportion, contributing 65 per cent, while hydropower and
mining fell to 12 per cent. Furthermore, the agricultural and industrial sectors' shares of FDI
have remained stable over time. The manufacturing sector's contribution to the economy was
only 4% lately.
Cambodia
Source: UNCTAD data statistical
Figure 6: The Ratio Stock of FDI to Percentage of GDP of Cambodia (1992-1997)
Cambodia contains a sizable service industry. There are three primary reasons for this.
The first is the massive tourist industry, including hotels, restaurants, transportation, and
personal services. Second, there are massive ODA and private inflows, generating significant
modern-sector urban service spinoffs. The third element is the relatively modest tradable
goods industries, mainly industry and agriculture, which rural infrastructure investments have
hampered.
The figure 6 illustrates growth on FDI in Cambodia from almost nothing in the late 1980s
to around of $61 million in the first half and $217 million in the second half of 1990s (UNCTAD,
2003). This was a tribute to Cambodia's capacity to recover from a protracted period of
instability with the political stability, global and regional economic integration, investment law
enforcement, and favourable economic policies all contribute to this prosperity provides good
opportunities for foreign investors. Prior to the 1990s, the ratio of FDI as a percentage of GDP
30 26.86 27.77 was relatively low. For example, from
1980 to 1989, the average FDI stock as
25
a proportion of GDP was only 2.22 per
20 cent. Unfortunately, from 1990 to 1993,
the quantity was still minor, and it
15 10.76
progressively increased after that.
10 7.24 Cambodia's government created the
5.13
5 2.17 2.22 1.68 2.96 Investment Law in 1994 in order to
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
encourage more foreign direct
investment. As a result, in Figure 6, the stock of FDI was expected to rise at a rapid pace. FDI
stock as a proportion of GDP was 27.7% from 1994 to 1997.
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
501
Vietnam
Figure 8: Gross Domestic Investment as a percentage and the sources of financing
gross domestic investment (%)
Investment had doubled as a
proportion of GDP in Vietnam during the
last six years before the AFC, as it had
in the rest of the world. ( Figure 8)
illustrates how a massive increase in
investment was accompanied by an
equally dramatic increase in domestic
savings and a tremendous inflow of
35 foreign direct investment ( FDI) . As
30 impressive as these figures are, there is
25 reason to believe they did not cover all of
20
15 Vietnam's saving and investment activities.
10 Vietnam accounts for a sizable percentage
5
0 of the world's saving and investing activities.
The truth is that most of the private sector's
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Domestic Savings FDI savings and investment, which is the most
active part of the economy, goes unreported
and unrecorded. The current account deficit, presented in (Figure 8), is the inverse of the net
inflow of FDI and other foreign savings. A current account deficit of 10% to 12% of GDP is
frequently seen as a precursor to a balance of payments crisis, though in Vietnam's case, that
outcome may be less likely because the deficit is financed mainly through FDI rather than
debt- creating foreign capital inflows. Nonetheless, Vietnam had $900 million in arrears to
international commercial lenders and needs an additional $40 billion in foreign funding; This is
a risky proposition.
3.4 Thailand
Source: (Jitsuchon & Sussangkarn, 2009) which calculated at current bath value in 2009. Bank of
Thailand
Figure 11: Ratio of FDI to Total Investment, 1990-1997
Thailand's economy has implemented continuous reform. In the 1960s, the country
rapidly transitioned from a resource-based agricultural economy to light industrialization. Thai's
economy proliferated from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s due to a policy toward export
orientation in the late 1970s. Both exports (mainly manufactured goods exports) and
investment were important development engines. The Plaza Accord resulted in a realignment
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
502
of major currencies, which was viewed as a driving factor behind this unprecedented
development. However, the event was also marked by a bubble and widespread speculation,
with investments without solid and supporting economic foundations. It was just a matter of
time before the entire structure collapsed, as it did during the 1997 economic crisis (See
Figure 11).
Indonesia
Source: World Development Indicators (Last updated 2021)
Figure 12: Indonesia’s Growth Rate and Employment Share by Sector in percentage (1990-
1997)
Figure 13: FDI in total investment (Percentage) (1990-1997)
Following deregulations in 1983 to
liberalize the banking sector and foreign
commerce and a general improvement
in the investment climate, Indonesia
achieved consistently strong GDP
growth rates from 1990 to 1996.
Agriculture, which has long been
Indonesia's favourite industry, has been
surpassed by industrial production
sectors, which have shown good
development throughout this time. Both locally and internationally, investments regained
traction, accounting for over a third of total demand ( Rodger, 1994) , where industrial value-
added as a proportion of GDP has consistently surpassed agricultural value-added since 1991.
In 1996, the manufacturing sector accounted for a quarter of GDP, while agriculture accounted
for only roughly 2% per cent of GDP in the early 1990s. On the other hand, GDP growth was
more consistent throughout
this time ( as shown in figure
12). In 1991, and 1992, exports
grew by double digits on rare
occasions, with the remainder
of the years demonstrated a
consistent pace of increase. By
the second half of 1995,
according to (Soesastro, 1995),
there was a threat of economic overheating. The risk of overheating is fueled by factors such
as growing inflation, enormous capital inflows from foreign investors used to fund property
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
503
purchases in the face of a considerable increase in residential and commercial property
demand, and a widening current account deficit. Massive capital inflows prompted Indonesian
property developers to take out loans from abroad, most of which were denominated in US
dollars, which were stable at the time. FDI was a relatively minor, though growing, player in
Indonesia's overall capital formation before the financial crisis, accounting for 0.7% and 1.2%
of total gross investment in the second half of the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,
respectively, according to the balance of payment estimates of annual foreign direct
investment ( See in figure 13) .
Foreign enterprises defined here as
wholly owned and joint- venture
( majority and minority) firms,
accounted for nearly a quarter of
manufacturing output, indicating
that foreign capital played a
significant role in the manufacturing
sector.
Malaysia
Source: World Development Indicators,
GDP growth is on the right-hand side
Figure 14: Malaysia’s Employment
Share by Sectors contributed to
GDP Growth Rate (Percentage)
(1990-1997)
Figure 15: FDI Inflow in Malaysia in Percentage of GDP (1990-1997)
Since Indonesia gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, the economy
has expanded beyond agriculture and primary commodities, with manufactured products
accounting for a significantly more prominent GDP and total exports. Agriculture's contribution
to GDP has increased from -1.73% in 1990 to 4.54% in 1996, and manufacturing's contribution
to GDP climbed from 8.37% in 1990 to 12.20% in 1996. The contribution of services to GDP
also increased with peaking at 20% in 1993. The effect from Asian Financial Crisis caused the
sharpest decline in Malaysian’ s economic history which is revealed on the downturn of the
sectors contribution to GDP growth rate (Figure 14). The economy of Malaysia has traditionally
been reliant on foreign direct investment ( FDI) , which contrasts with the economy of certain
other East Asian nations, such as Korea, Taiwan, and Japan, which are fueled mainly by locally
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
504
held businesses. As a result, although these countries have established huge, globally
recognized, and technologically sophisticated firms, Malaysia has not. As a result, the question
of whether Malaysia's reliance on foreign corporations has hampered the development of local
technological capabilities might be raised. Malaysia has received a lot of foreign direct
investments during the last two decades before the AFC crisis. Although overall foreign
investments increased steadily over the years, there have been various periods of a slowdown
since the early 1990s. Due to a slowdown in investments from Malaysia's two most significant
sources of investment, such as Japan and
Taiwan, FDI declined dramatically in 1993and
continuously dropped until 1997 (See Figure 15). The rise in wage rates in Malaysia compared
to other Southeast Asian nations (such as Vietnam and Indonesia) is one of the main reasons
for the slowdown.
Post Crisis Economic Structure
Figure 16 illustrates the comparison on economic growth between two group countries
such as Low- income ( Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam) and Middle income ( Indonesia,
Thailand, and Malaysia) . According to the graph, we can summarize that the middle- income
one had a massive impact on economic growth, due to the large scale of their countries’
economy and population. Especially on Indonesia in 1998 that dropped severely among the
selected countries by about -13.12% which was a response to the fact that Indonesia had an
overheating in the economy especially in inflation (See more in 3.6.1). Malaysia and Thailand
also fell by around - 7% . The advantage of middle- income economy after having experienced
the crisFiisgiusrteh1a6t :tGheDyPhagdropwothenrtaiatel to recover back speedilyFciogmurpear1e7d: FtoDtIhtoosGe DofPLroawt-eincome
countrieso.f sMeeleacntwedhicleo,uintfriigeusre(%1) 7 we can see there is almoostf sneoledcitfefedrceonucnetirnieFsD(%I )after the
crisis for both low-income and middle-income countries because FDI inflow decelerated in both
groups. Only Indonesia that fell more deeply in 2000 but was able to comeback in 2001.
How did IMF respond to the Asian Crisis?
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
505
IMF gave the policy response of the AFC crisis to the Southeast Asian and East- Asian
countries as follows:
▪ Stabilizing the financial system and restoring trust in economic management was the
priority in dealing with the crisis. Stopping bank runs, protecting the payment system,
limiting central bank liquidity assistance, minimizing credit flow interruptions, maintaining
monetary control, and stemming capital outflows all necessitated drastic measures.
Emergency measures, such as blanket guarantees and bank closures, were supplemented
by extensive bank restructuring programs and supported by macroeconomic stabilization
policies in the crisis countries.
▪ Closings of the most insolvent or nonviable financial firms were first employed to slow
the accumulation of losses and provide liquidity support from the central bank. However,
in a systemic crisis, bank closures can lead to runs on other banks if they are not
supported by good communication, overall solid economic management, and a blanket
guarantee, as Indonesia's experience demonstrated.
▪ In the crisis countries and Malaysia, blanket guarantees for depositors and creditors were
utilized to restore trust and secure banks' funding.
▪ The strategy depended on implementing the exit of all nonviable financial institutions,
issuing a temporary blanket guarantee to protect all depositors and creditors in the
remaining financial institutions to calm the market and give the authorities enough time
to implement restructuring measures. The restructuring was rehabilitating Thailand’ s
financial system to meet international standards.
▪ Given the high degree of dollarization in the Cambodian economy and the limited efficacy
of monetary policy, the government employed fiscal constraint to limit bank borrowing,
keep inflationary pressures under control, and maintained fiscal caution since the crisis.
In the Lao PDR, on the other hand, ineffective monetary and fiscal policies exacerbated
the crisis' detrimental consequences on domestic macroeconomic stability.
▪ Vietnam needs continued rapid economic growth by increasing productivity— the
quantity of labour that each person can perform in an hour. That is the goal of the
second round of reforms following Doi Moi. Plans include infusing capital into certain
banks while shuttering others, reforming state- owned firms, which still represent a
significant part of the economy, and simplifying corporate regulations
Discussion
Southeast Asia has come a long way since the 1997-1998 financial crisis. The region's
achievements in dealing with and overcoming the crisis and in resuming sustainable growth are
numerous and significant. Even the region rejoices in its recovery, the growth in most post-
crisis economies around at two percentage points lower than in the two decades prior to the
crisis. Furthermore, Southeast Asia is still vulnerable to global concerns, including severe
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
506
balance- of- payments imbalances, high crude oil prices, signals of inflationary pressures in
middle- income countries, and sudden increases in financial market volatility. The Asian
economies are still vulnerable to global threats, particularly given the current state of global
imbalances, the significant rise in financial market volatility, and the potential economic
consequences. In such an instance, ASEAN finance ministers compared recent market
volatility and currency rate pressures to those that affected the region during the 1997 Asian
crisis.
Conclusion
There are no ready- made solutions to the problems with more volatile financial inflows,
and it is up to each country to determine what kind of policy mix best suits their requirements.
Some of the most important policy measures that can help domestic and regional financial
systems cope with the risks in capital flows are more flexibility on exchange rate movements.
The robust monetary policy framework can keep inflation expectations in check, strengthening
risk management and developing financial markets, including in the context of regional financial
integration. Reducing unnecessary public debt and increase more on human capital
development. Besides, the corruption within government organizations needs to be solved.
Otherwise, the possibility of a monetary crisis could happen again in the future.
Acknowledgements
The completion of my thesis has derived from the supports and help of a number of
important people. I would like to specially acknowledge my supervisors, Dr. Novák Zsuzsanna
Éva for her persistent guidance, sincere support and assistance throughout the process of
mythizes. Her academic and professional advice has enhanced my understanding of academic
work, which is important for my future research career.
References
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Markets and Macroeconomic Variables During and Post the 1997 Asian Financial
Crisis. 1-2.
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Economic Research, The MIT Press, 263-304.
Blanchard, O. (1985). Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons. Journal of Political Economy 93 (2),
223-247.
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
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Blanchard, O., & Leigh, a. D. (2013). Growth forecast errors and fiscal multipliers. The
American Economic Review 103(3), 117-120.
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integration. heltenham: U.K.: Edward Elga.
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University of Chicago Pres, 305-348.
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
508
Curriculum Administration of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisornphomvihane City Savannakhet Province Lao PDR
Kolakod LATHASING
Faculty of Education, Savannakhet University, Lao PDR
[email protected].
Abstract
This research is study on “ Curriculum Administration of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisonphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR”. This study had three specific objectives: (1)
to explore the problem of curriculum implementation of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisonphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR, (2) to compare the perspectives of educational
administrators and teachers by sex, ages, teaching experiences, and qualification. (3) to find the solution
to improve curriculum of Savannakhet Secondary School Kaisornphomvihane city, Savannakhet
province, Lao PDR. The population is school administrators and teachers (83). The samples using Krejice
& Morgan. 1970, so 68 samples were collected from. The research tools are questionnaires and interview
form. The questionnaire to make a survey for 68 samples and make an interview to 8 school
administrators. The statistics for analysis are the percentages, mean, S. D. , frequencies, Independent
t-test, One-Way ANNOVA, F-test. The expected outcomes of this study are the perspective towards the
problems of curriculum implementation of Savannakhet Secondary School, Kaisornphomevihane city,
Savannakhet province, Lao PDR.
Keywords: Curriculum, Curriculum Administration, Savanakhet Secondary School
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
509
Introduction
The Education is a process of instruction, the learning theories and actual behavior related to
the natural science, social science, and technology to develop human resources to grow
comprehensively (Ministry of Education and Sport. 2015).
Curriculum is a document that defines the evidence, educational goals, structure of various
subjects, how to organize teaching and learning for each class, measurement and evaluation to ensure
that students have knowledge, ability, skills, and intelligence (Revised Law on Education. 2015, p. 10).
Curriculum management refers to the promotion of effective and efficient curriculum
development in schools determined by the policies, goals, and objectives of teaching and learning so
that students can learn and develop various skills and the curriculum as a guide, as a compass for
teaching and learning management to achieve the goals and proceed with quality ( Manichan
Phongsavath. 2014, p. 8).
Curriculum administration is the important heart of implementation the curriculum in the
development of students which must rely on the work of many parties to be able to develop the
curriculum in a direction that leads to the achievement of goals, including the administration of personal
work, academic work, budget work, services, building, facilities, materials, and learning media (Rungthiwa
Chanwatnavong. 2014, p. 199).
Based on the results of scientific research on the administration of educational institutions, it is
found that there are many problems in the administration of the curriculum such as the teachers in the
school are not enough for the number of students, the arrangement of teachers does not match the
major or special subjects, and the teachers have a lot of work burden that is outside of the academic
work (Alisa Suebsing. 2015).
In the administration of the course, there is still a problem of lack of personnel in the
administration of the course, the level of knowledge of the students is not in line with the core
curriculum and problems in terms of promotion and support ( Thirathet Renkeo & Susib Phut Pham.
2019).
In addition, the situation of curriculum administration also has the problem of lack of knowledge
and understanding of the curriculum, the implementation of curriculum and development of the
curriculum is not in accordance with the needs of the society, lack of participation of stakeholders,
insufficient budget, lack of planning and evaluation of the curriculum to be used in the planning
(Phannat Saracham. 2008).
The administration of junior and senior high school courses in the Fiscal Year 2018- 2018, the
Ministry of Education and Sports summarized the problems and outstanding issues in secondary
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
510
education in Lao PDR, as the following issues: 1) there are many subjects that make it impossible to
provide enough teachers, 2) most teachers have not been trained in the new curriculum, 3) teachers
lack of knowledge on how to measure results and continues evaluation, 4) most science teachers lack
the skills to use tools and experimental equipment due to the lack of training, 5) lack of follow- up,
encouragement, general promotion of orientation work (2018 Annual Meeting of the Implementation of
Education and Sports Administrators between January 31- February 1, 2019 at Vientiane Education
Administration Development Institute).
In addition, in the Academic Year 2020-2021, the education sector is still facing many problems
such as 1) teaching and learning are not complete according to the curriculum because teachers and
students cannot manage distance learning because of the outbreak of Covid- 19 or the quality of
distance learning may not as good as it should be; 2) students in remote areas do not have smartphone,
lack of internet and some teachers do not have ITC skills, making the organization of teaching- learning
course not systematic; 3) teachers training to implement the new curriculum is too short, making
teachers unable to learn the content of the lessons and new teaching methods, 4) the new course in
mathematics is very difficult for young children and uses new technique in calculations, so parents do
not understand and cannot solve the exercise to help their children, 5) many schools lack equipment,
teaching facilities and lack of training in the use of electronic media, and 6) a number of administrators
lack of the follow-up and encourage the teachers to teach online (Summary of the Implementation of
the 2021 Education and Sport Sector Development Plan, p. 6-13).
However, in the curriculum management of all schools, whether administrators, teachers,
genders, ages, people with experience and educational qualifications, there may be the same or
different problem situations and they have different ways to solve the curriculum administration in the
schools. Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying the curriculum administration of this school.
Savannakhet Secondary School is the Best Practice of Ministry of Education and Sport in Lao
PDR for many high schools that can be a good model for modeling. So, the researcher has a purpose
to make a study the ways of their overcome the existing problems and provide solution to the existing
problems. This study can be a guidelines for many school administrators to see as an example for
school development in term of Curriculum Administration.
Research objectives
(1) To explore the problem of curriculum implementation of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisonphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR,
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
511
(2) To compare the perspectives of educational administrators and teachers by sex, ages,
teaching experiences, and qualification.
(3) To find the solution to improve curriculum of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisornphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR.
Methodology
Research Design
This study is a survey research to make a survey the perspectives from the school 8
administrators and 60 teachers to view their challenges and the ways they solve the existing problems,
also the method of curriculum administration from the Best Practice for School Administration from
Savannakhet Secondary School, Kaisornphomvihane City, Savannakhet Province, Lao DPR.
Writer study literature review from researchers about the Curriculum Administration that able
synthetic 6 steps for use in research as: Preparation of the School, Curriculum Planning, Curriculum
Implementation, Orientation, Monitoring, and Evaluation, Summary of the Implementation and The
Improvement and Development of Curriculum as below figure 1.
Figure 1: Research Design and methods Dependent Variables:
Conceptual Framework of the Study 1. Preparation of the School
2. Curriculum Planning
Independent Variables: 3. Curriculum Implementation
Sex 4. Orientation, Monitoring, and Evaluation
Age 5. Summary of the Implementation
Teaching Experience 6. The Improvement and Development of
Qualification
Curriculum
Research Materials
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
512
The research tools compose of two methods as the following: questionnaire and interview form.
The questionnaire is a 5-rating scale and comprised of three parts: Demography, question and additional
comments. The questions composes of 6 aspects:
1. Preparation of School
2. Curriculum Planning
3. Curriculum Implementation
4. Orientation, Monitoring and Evaluation
5. Summary of Implementation
6. Improvement and Curriculum Administration Process comprising 39 Indicators
Site Selection
Figure 2 the researchers had used the purposive sampling by selecting Savannakhet secondary
School, Kairsornphomvihane City, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR to be a study area due to the fact is
Savannakhet Secondary School is a large school and well- known as Best Practice from the Ministry of
Education and Sports of Lao PDR ( Principle of Secondary School Administration, Department of
Secondary School, MoEs. 2013, p. 9) and is also long background and well- known as academy,
excellence for infrastructure, and high qualified teachers (Kaenta Keosoudeuan. 2022).
However, in Curriculum Administration of every school, whether it is the administrator, teachers,
gender, age group, those with experience and educational qualification, there are problems that may
be the same or different, and they have a solution to the administration of the curriculum in their
schools because of that, the researcher decided to take this school as a place of study.
Figure 2 Map of Savannakhet Secondary School in kaisone city at Savannakhet Province
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
513
Savan High School is a secondary school, abbreviation as “Savannh School” is located in Sunantha
village, Kaisornphomvihane City, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. It is established in 1960 by General
Phoooumi No Savan who initiated the creation and gave it to the Vientiane Government as the
Administrator at that time; from the beginning, this school was name Lycee Savannakhet ( Lycee
Savannakhet). The total area is 32, 974 hectares.
Identifying Sample
Since the population has a certain number, the researcher determine the sample size by opening
the finished table of Krejice & Morgan. 1970. The number of sample group was 68 ( 8 school
administrators and 60 teachers) (Thiruph Ekarun. 2000).
Because the sample group is not many, the sample group has similar specific characteristics ( in
the same school and teachers), so a simple random sampling method (simple random sampling) from
the total population of 83 using random lottery method, 15 people are selected at random, and sample
group is 68 people (Tilup Ekakun. 2000).
Data collection
For this research, two main categories of data are collected. These are:
1. Primary data: collecting data from questionnaire and interview with the school administrator and
teachers.
2. Secondary data: the researcher reviews the literature and previous studies regarding to
“Curriculum Administration” as the following aspects:
- The national curriculum Law
- Background of Savannakhet Secondary School
- The Concepts of Curriculum
- Previous Studies:
(1) Rudji Nangsara (2003)
(2) Enoch Akkidet (2009)
(3) Ratchiya Pathaison and Wanlapa Alirat (2010)
(4) Onuma Charoen Suk et al. (2015)
(5) Sangkan Leungpathip (2015
(6) Duang Thik (2015)
(7) Xaylankan (2015), Sirinurat Son Cara Bulak. And Atiyat Tsak Buranuluk (2015), Sukanya
Lagtu Lun, Aphisad Lenalan (2016), Chawwani Nyaum Min (2017), Around the Faith Vong
Phet and the Band (2017), Praiphan Trakan (2018), Marut Phattheon (2019), Dream of
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
514
Vong Det, Phuwa Song Chunlasukon, Saleum Xai Janga (2019), Kasama Win Vong (2021)
etc.
Data analysis
- To explore the problem of curriculum implementation of Savan Sceondary School the
researchers used the questionnaire and deep interview by using mean and S.D. and content analysis.
- To compare the perspectives of educational administrators and teachers by sex, ages, teaching
experiences, and qualification toward curriculum questionnaire using independent sample t-test, One
Way ANNOVA.
- (3) To find the solution to improve curriculum of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisornphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR using interview form with school
administrators using content analysis and mean and percentage.
Expected outcomes
This study aims to make a survey to view perspectives of school administrator and teachers
toward curriculum administration in tern of the problems of curriculum implementation, the comparison
of perspective towards curriculum administration from various sample and their solution the existing
problems.
Conclusion
This research is study on “ Curriculum Administration of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisonphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR”. This study had three specific objectives: (1)
to explore the problem of curriculum implementation of Savannakhet Secondary School
Kaisonphomvihane city, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR, (2) to compare the perspectives of educational
administrators and teachers by sex, ages, teaching experiences, and qualification. (3) to find the solution
to improve curriculum of Savannakhet Secondary School Kaisornphomvihane city, Savannakhet
province, Lao PDR. The expected outcomes of this proposal are perspectives of school administrator
and teachers toward curriculum administration in tern of the problems of curriculum implementation,
the comparison of perspective towards curriculum administration from various sample and their solution
the existing problems
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
515
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to the president of Savannakhet University and the post-
graduate research office for providing guidance and advice on how to write a thesis for master's students.
Special thanks to my thesis advisors and co-advisor, Souliyong Saikosy, the advisor who gave
comments on the method of my research proposal and the co- advisor, Sayaphone Norboudty, who
persuade me do how to get the topic on track and the ways to create research tools
Thanks to Maejo University to open this opportunity to sharpen my conceptual framework
of my research proposal. It is a big stage for a new young learner as a researcher for international
conference.
Thanks to Dr. Katika RABOUTRA, a team leader who help me edit English version and also
guide me the way to make a proof reading on this article.
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การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
517
ຄວຳມເພື່ ງິ ພໃຈຂອງລກຄຳີ້ ຕ່ື ກຳນໃຫບີ້ ລກິ ຳນທະນຳຄຳນຊຳຄອມແບງັ ລຳວ
ສຳຂຳ ສະຫວນັ ນະເຂດ
Customer’s Satisfaction on Services at Sacombank Lao
Savannakhet Branch
Visakha SINGSAVANH1
1 Master’s Student Majoring in Development of Rural Economy And Socioloy, Savannakhet University,
Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
[email protected]
Abstract
This study has two objectives: (1) To explore the level of satisfaction for the use of
the services of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch And (2) To Compare the satisfaction of
customers who have come to serve Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch The population in
this research is the total number of customers in 2021 who use the services of Sacombank
Lao Savannakhet branch, which has a total of 251 people The sampling of this study is
calculated by using (Taro Yamane. 1977.) The formula with 95% confidence level and with the
error at 0.05. random sampling (Convenience Sampling) was used by distributing the
questionnaire to any customer who comes to use the service found while distributing the
questionnaire as prescribed. The statistics for analysis were Descriptive statistic, Frequency,
Percentage, Mean: X̅, Standard Deviation: S.D., T-Test One-way ANOVA (F-Test). The
expected outcome of this study are the levels of customer’s satisfaction and result of
comparision of customer’s satisfaction who using the SACCOM Bank. This study has two
objectives: (1) to explore the satisfaction of customers toward.
Keywords: Satisfaction, Customer, Usingt he Service, Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
518
Introduction
1.1 Background and Problem Statement
Development of technology in today's era, it has caused changes in the way of doing
business in all parts of the world. The development of technology has caused the innovation
of services in various ways for people to be more comfortable. It has caused people to learn
at the same time during the transition through the technology era Change the operation to be
in line with the times and maintain and develop the standard model of old service to keep the
customer to have a good relationship with the next organization Banks play an important role
in carrying out the mission and role in driving the country's economy, including supporting
investment businesses of various types that affect people's lives, development and driving the
country, such as various financial transactions, including financial institutions Finances must
compete in providing services to the public in order to generate investment or investment,
develop and change both the service delivery model and the environment related to service
delivery, including the provision of technological services and service products in order to
generate satisfaction in the use of services through various methods: quality management,
development New products to benefit service users, increase options for service users, to
benefit the competitive advantage of financial institutions.
Throughout the past several years, Sacombank Lao Suvannakhet branch, had to face
many challenges, such as the reduction of interest rates and the restructuring of fees, etc of
the Covid-19 disease that affects the business sector and households, which affects due to
the provision of credit services, including changes in human things in daily life, resulting in
many public and private banks having to adjust and improve business processes in many
aspects at all times and continuously, such as using modern technology systems In payment,
including strategies used in services and product development. This when forming the growth
trend of the city and entering the digital era, banks must speed up the development of new
products and services, with all banks trying to present the bank's products and services to
customers in the most comprehensive way, with controlled services All areas are linked to all
channels of service to ensure that the bank has the ability and flexibility to meet the changing
needs of customers, coupled with confidence in the security of information and convenience
in conducting transactions through service channels. (www.sacombank.com.la)
Sacombank Lao Suvannakhet branch has been constantly developing policies in
providing customer service, with emphasis on staff paying attention to customer service to
impress customers, focusing on giving more importance to customers in order to compete with
other rival banks on an equal footing, resulting in A variety of activities strengthen and support
the improvement of the structure of the organization to be complete and efficient. The
development of the quality of customer service to meet the needs of customers can serve
customers efficiently, conveniently and quickly with modern technology and product conditions
suitable for customer needs so that customers can be satisfied Maximum satisfaction From
the need to create customer satisfaction as it was initially, the researcher has the need to
know the customer satisfaction for the bank's services and bring the results obtained to
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
519
improve the balance. Develop the service of the branch to meet the needs of the most
customers to be more efficient and in line with the current operation policy of the bank and
the future until it leads to planning and determining strategies in the operation of the branch
to match the next goal. (www.sacombank.com.la)
1.2 Purpose of study
To explore the level of satisfaction for the use of the services of Sacombank
Lao Savannakhet Branch.
To Compare the satisfaction of customers who have come to serve
Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch
1.3 Research question
1. What is the level of customer satisfaction for the use of the service
of the customer for the use of the service of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch?
2. Different personal factors depend on the use of Chacombank Lao
Savannakhet Branch services differently or not?
1.4 Hypothesis
- Customers of different genders have different levels of satisfaction with
using Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch services
- Customers of different ages have different levels of satisfaction with using
Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch services
- Customers with different levels of education have different levels of
satisfaction with using the services of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch
- Customers with different professions have different levels of satisfaction
with using Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch services
- Customers with different average monthly incomes have different levels of
satisfaction with using the services of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch
1.5 Scope of study
A Place for collecting data is in Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch. The study will
take place between 01/2022 to 06/2023 for period of 6 months.
1.6 Conceptual framework
For the conceptual framework of this study researcher gets from review related
documents and researches, there are including two groups of independence variables
Reperence (Berry et al, 1985; Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996)
Independence variable Dependence variable
General information Satisfaction with 5 aspects of service
1. The formality of the service
- Gender 2. Credibility or confidence
- Age 3. Meeting the needs
- Educational level 4. Giving confidence
- Occupation 5. Service process aspects
- Average monthly
ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
income
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี
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Figure1: Conceptual framework
1.7 Definition of key terms
Satisfaction: means the feeling of satisfaction or disappointment which may be
caused by comparing the employee's work performance with the expectation. The key point
is: if the work performance does not meet the customer's expectations, the customer will not
be satisfied
Customer: Refers to those who use financial services including depositing and
withdrawing money, borrowers and those who come to use various financial transaction
services with Sacombang Lao Savannakhet branch
Usingt he Service: Refers to deposit services, credit services, cross-branch money
transfer services, ATM card services, foreign money transfer services and other services with
Sacombank Lao Bank, Savannakhet branch
Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch: Is has met the financial needs of the people of
Laos as well as foreign businessmen who are investing in Laos. Sacombank is not only
responsible for providing deposit services, foreign money transfers and loans (loans for use,
loans for investment, etc.) the bank also responds Providing various services, especially the
money transfer service between Laos-Vietnam-Cambodia with a fee of Convenient, simple,
secure documentation
Personal factors: mean gender, age, status, education level, occupation and average
monthly income of users of Sacombank Lao Bank, Savannakhet branch
Bank: refers to an institution in the current economic system that is very important.
Initially, banking, including public and private banks, is an important financial institution in terms
of finance and other lending
Product: refers to the product or service that the business offers to sell to the
customer which can meet the customer's needs and make the customer satisfied, but the
product must be useful and valuable in the eyes of the customer so that the product can be
sold
1.8 Expected outcome
- Know about the Recognizing the personal factors of users of sacombank Lao
Savannakhet branch
- Know about the Customer satisfaction with the service quality of
Sacombank Lao Savannakhet branch to determine the marketing promotion plan in
accordance with the needs of those who use the service
Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Review
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
521
2.1.1 The concept of service quality
Xaysomphon SAOPASERT (2004) said that the idea of measuring the quality of
service (Berry et al, 1985; Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996) that in measuring the quality of customer
service will be measured from the elements of providing quality service and the results caused
by customers evaluating the quality The state of the service received by the customer is
called the service quality that the customer recognizes (Perceived Services Quality) which
will be caused by the customer comparing the expected service (Expected Services) with the
perceived service (Perceived Service) which is the experience that occurs after the customer
Received the service itself. In measuring the quality of customer service, the customer will be
measured by the elements of quality in the service, which have 5 points:
1.) Tangibles are service business buildings, tools, equipment such as
computers, ATMs, service counters, parking spaces, bathrooms, and staff clothing.
2.) Reliability and trust (Reliability) is the ability to provide services to meet
the needs of customers according to the contract or what should be correctly and
according to the purpose of the service, such as the bank must keep the money in
the account book to the full amount.
3.) Responsiveness is quickness and determination to help customers by
providing quick service
4.) Assurance/Confidence (Assurance) is a guarantee that the employees who
provide the service have knowledge, ability and health
5.) Empathy is a care that focuses on providing services and solving problems
for customers on an individual basis
2.1.2 Ideas about service business
2.1.3 The concept of sustainable tourism development
1). Meaning of service
Satyaphone SAMERCHAY (2005) gave the meaning that service means useful or
satisfying activities that are carried out to sell activities that are held including the sale of
goods. From this meaning, it can be explained that services are divided into 2 forms:
- Service products that are activities, benefits or satisfaction that the seller
holds as a form of product to meet the needs of consumers, such as massage in the
ancient massage business, maintaining the hospital business, arranging
accommodation in the hotel business, providing knowledge in the education business.
- Services that control the activities of benefit or satisfaction that the
seller holds to complement the product so that the sale and use of the product are
more efficient, such as installation service, fixing the machine after purchase or giving
instructions for use
2.1.4 Customer satisfaction theory
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
522
Satisfaction (gratification) according to the meaning of the behavioral dictionary has
been defined as the good feeling of happiness when people are successful according to their
goals, needs or motivation (Wolman, 1973)
Contentment refers to the knowledge of being happy or satisfied when one is
successful or gets what one wants (Quirk, 1987)
Satisfaction means a good feeling when experiencing success or getting what you
want to happen as a feeling of satisfaction (Hornby, 2000)
Overall satisfaction refers to the opinions and feelings consumers are ready to
respond to Positive or negative response to using the service.
2.2 Relevant Research
Hatairat BUNLUE (2013) studied customer satisfaction with the service provided by
Government Saving Bank, Chitralada Branch. The purpose of this study is (1) to study the
satisfaction of service users on the service quality of Government Saving Bank, Chitralada
Branch, (2) as a way to develop and improve services to be efficient and consistent with the
needs of service users of Government Saving Bank, Chitralada Branch and more branches.
The population used in this research study is the customers of Government Saving Bank,
Chitralada Branch. The size of the sample used in the study is 250 people, using Taro Yamane's
calculation formula, the probability does not exceed 5%, using the random sampling method
(Accidental Sampling) Used in the research study is a questionnaire. The statistics used in
the research are descriptive statistics (Descriptive statistics) by analyzing the frequency
distribution, percentage value (%), mean (X) ̅ and standard deviation (S.D) analysis to test the
hypothesis in the value test (T-test) and one-way ANOVA analysis. The results of the data
analysis are as follows: Profile, degree, bachelor's degree, occupation, government
employee/private employee, average monthly income 10,000 - 20,000 baht, number of times to
use the services of Government Saving Bank, Chitralada Branch, 4 times or more. The service
of Government Saving Bank, Chitralada Branch, the most used service is deposit-withdrawal
service, and the period of using the service of Government Saving Bank, Chitralada Branch is
1-3 years and 10 years or more. Overall satisfaction with the qualityThe service of Government
Saving Bank, Chitralada Branch, as a whole, is at a very high level. When considering each
aspect, it is found to be the most satisfied in terms of meeting the needs, followed by the
aspect of giving confidence, the formality of the service, the reliability or trust, and the aspect
of understanding the recognition of the needs of the service recipient respectively.
Pornthep YOUYARTWONG (2020) This research aimed to explore personality,
behavior, and satisfaction and study the factors related to personality, service behavior, and
satisfaction on the service of Krungthai Bank, phutthamonthon Sai 5 Branch. There were 400
people selected from Krungthai Bank, phutthamonthon Sai 5 Branch, by accidental random
sampling method. This study’s statistical method was frequency distribution, percentage,
mean, standard deviation, and chi-square to test the hypothesis. The study results showed
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
523
that most consumers were male, aged between 36-46 years, hold a bachelor’s degree, and
earned 20,001-40,000 Baht, Also most of them used the service with their friend, frequency of
service was two times per month, preferred to use the service on Friday, between 9.00-10.00
a.m., and the highest satisfaction of most service was from the human factor. For the
assumption test, it was found that sex, age, education, level, income per month, and occupation
were related to satisfaction on the service of Krungthai Bank, phutthamonthon Sai 5 Branch.
Besides. The results also found that behavior was related to satisfaction on the service of
Krungthai Bank, phutthamonthon Sai 5 Branch.
Benjamas Sriamornrattanakul (2016) The purposes of this research were to study
direct, indirect, and overall influence of image, expectation, perceived quality, and perceived
value on customer satisfaction; and to examine direct, indirect and overall influence of
customer satisfaction on loyalty. The conceptual framework of this study was applied based
on American Customer Satisfaction Index Model (ACSI). Multi- stage sampling method was
applied to select 532 customers of Siam Commercial Bank. Data was analyzed by
descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Research findings revealed
that perceived value and perceived quality had statistically significant influence on customer
satisfaction; and customer satisfaction and image had statistically significant impact on
loyalty. The results implied that Siam Commercial Bank should emphasize on and pay more
attention to service quality, perceived value, and corporate image, which were major factors
that have impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Watcharaporn Jansuwan (2012) The independent study was carried out to
investigate the level of customer satisfaction with the services offered by Bank of Ayudhya
Public Company Limited, Poon Phon Branch in Phuket Province, and to compare the
satisfaction of services classified by demographic characteristics offered by Bank of
Ayudhya Public Company Limited, Poon Phon Branch in Phuket Province. The
questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument, and the statistics used for data
analysis consisted of Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, Independent
samples t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD). Most
respondents were female, 21-30 years old, graduated with Bachelor’s degree,
were employed by private companies, earned a monthly income of 15,001-30,000 Baht,
preferred to use the banking services before 11.00 a.m., made deposit-withdrawal
transactions, and spent less than 15 minutes on banking transactions. The overall
customer satisfaction with the services offered by Bank of Ayudhya Public Company
Limited, Poon Phon Branch in Phuket Province was at a high level, while the
customers using the banking services gave the most satisfaction with the tangible aspect,
next below was the reliability aspect, and the least satisfaction was the empathy aspect.
The comparison of the customer satisfaction concerning demographic characteristics
showed that there were differences satisfactions when the customers had differences in
level of education, income, period of time on using banking services, foreign exchange
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
524
transaction, opening of bank accounts, and time spent on banking transactions. The
customers with different gender, age, occupation, investment transactions, type of savings,
type of loans, and other banking transactions made no differences in the satisfaction
of services offered by the bank.
Methodology
3.1 Location of study
The study area will conduct in Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch The study
determined the Sacombank Lao Savannakhet Branch, which was established on 29/09/2017,
located at House No. 203, Siswangvong Road, Nalao Village, Kaisonephomvihan City,
Savannakhet Province
Sacombanklao Sທ່ືaຕvງັີ້ aທnະnນaຳkຄhຳນeຊtຳຄBອrມaແnບcງັh
Kaisonephomvihan City Government office
Kaisonephomvihan City
ຫອ້ີ ງວື່ ຳກຳນ ນະຄອນໄກສອນພມົ ວຫິ ຳນ
Source: Google Earth Pro, 2020
Population and Sample
3.1.1 Population
The population in this research is the total number of customers in 2021 who use the
services of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet branch, which has a total of 251 people.
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
525
3.1.2 Sample size
The sample size in this study there are 154 people who use the services of Sacombank
Lao Savannakhet branch.
3.1.3 Sampling
The sampling in this study there are 154 people who use the services of Sacombank Lao
Savannakhet branch and random sampling ( Convenience Sampling) was used by distributing
the questionnaire to any customer who comes to use the service found while distributing the
questionnaire as prescribed.
The sampling of this study is calculated by using ( Taro Yamane. 1977. ) formula with
95% confidence level. The calculation formula of Taro Yamane is presented as follow:
N=The population size
N=The sample size
e=The acceptable sampling error (%)
= 1 + 2
251
= 1 + (251)(0.05)2
n= 154 people
3.2 Instrumentation
3.2.1 Instrumentation
The tool used in this research is a questionnaire that was developed from the tool of
Hatairat BUNLUE (2013). The questionnaire is divided into 3 parts as follows:
Part 1: General information of the respondents including: gender, age, education level,
occupation and average monthly income
Part 2: Customer satisfaction with bank services in 5 aspects: the appearance of the
service, reliability or trust, satisfaction of needs, trust and the service process
Part 3: Information about various opinions of customers who use the services of
Sacombank Lao Savannakhet branch.
3.2.2 Instrument procedures
In this study, the researcher used a questionnaire to measure customer satisfaction
with the service quality of Sacombank Lao Bank, Savannakhet branch, using a questionnaire
that has been defined as a tool to measure the quality of service. The explanation of the
results is explained according to the Liker Scale to the level of importance of customers who
come to use the services of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet branch as a rating scale of 5 levels
from 1-5 as follows:
• Average 4.21-5.00 Most Satisfied
• Average 3.41-4.21 Many Satisfied
• Average 2.61-3.80 Moderate Satisfied
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
526
• Average 1.81-2.60 Minor Satisfied
❖ Average 1.00-1.80 Mini Satisfied
3.3 Data collection
There are two types of data collection tools:
- Primary data is a type of information obtained from the collection of actualdata,
this is a collection of actual data from customers who use the services of Sacombank Lao
Savannakhet branch
- Secondary data is second-hand information obtained from research and data
collection from the Internet, related textbooks, documents and related research It is
information obtained from studies and collected from sources of information who have done
research and research before such as: reports, related research, data and statistics such as:
annual summary, I agree to the legislation related to the ability to research, then I continue to
research with teachers - professors and professors within Savannakhet University
3.4 Data and data analysis
General information of the respondents’ descriptive statistics will be used in the
analysis frequency value, percentage, average and standard deviation.
3.5 Statistic
Technique of statistic for analyzing the data, there will be and calculation by using
program SPSS The statistics for analysis were Descriptive statistic, Frequency, Percentage,
Mean: X̅, Standard Deviation: S.D., T-Test One-way ANOVA (F-Test).
3.6 Displaying data
Data from this study and analyzing will be showed by tables and graphics with
interpretation, discussion, conclusion and recommendation.
Reference
Hatairat BUNLUE. (2013). Customers’Satisfaction on Services at Government Saving Bank,
Chitralada Branch
Pornthep YOUYARTWONG. (2020). Factors Affecting Satisfaction on Service of Krungthai
Bank, Phutthamonthon Sai 5 Branch
Benjamas Sriamornrattanakul. (2016).UsingACSI to Determine Customers Satisfaction of Siam
Commercial Bank in Bangkok Metropolis
Watcharaporn Jansuwan. (2012). Satisfaction of Services Offered by Emloyees of Bank of
Ayudhya Public Company Limited Poon Phol Branch, Phuket province.
Summary of the comprehensive activities of the year 2021, and the direction of the plan for
the year 2022 of Sacombank Lao Savannakhet branch
(www.sacombank.com.la)
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
527
ກຳນຄມ້ີ ຄອງນຳໃຊ້ີ ແລະ ກຳນຕະຫຳຼ ດ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ເພື່ ອກຳນພດັ ທະນຳແບບຍນ
ຍງົ ຂອງຊຸມຊນົ ບຳ້ີ ນໜອງໝຳກເອກ ເມອງປະທມຸ ພອນ ແຂວງຈຳປຳສກັ .
THE MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF HANDICRAFT WEAVING
GROUP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NONG MAK AEK
PATHOUMPHONE DISTRICT CHAMPASAK
PROVINCE LAO PDR
ສມົ ພຳນ ແກວີ້ ຫຳນຳມ 1 ບຸນຖມົ ສສຸມງັ 2 ທບິ ພຳພອນ ລນິ ທະສອນ 3 ອນິ ແປງ ດວງວງົ ສຳ 4
Somphan KEOHANAM 1 Bounthom SISOUMANG 2 Thippaphone LINTHASONE 3 Inpeng
DUANGVONGSA 4
1 ອຸທຍິ ຳນແຫື່ ງຊຳດເຊປຽນ, ສປປ ລຳວ
2 ຄະນະເສດຖະສຳດ ແລະ ກຳນຄຸມ້ີ ຄອງ, ມະຫຳວທິ ະຍຳໄລຈຳປຳສກັ , ສປປ ລຳວ
3,4 ຄະນະກະເສດສຳດ ແລະ ປ່ື ຳໄມ,ີ້ ມະຫຳວທິ ະຍຳໄລຈຳປຳສກັ , ສປປ ລຳວ
1 Xepiane National Park, Lao PDR
2 Faculty of Economics and Management, Champasack University, Lao PDR
3,4 Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Champasack University, Lao PDR
e-mail: [email protected]
ບດົ ຄດັ ຫຍ ້ີ
ກຳນຄມ້ີ ຄອງນຳໃຊີ້ ແລະ ກຳນຕະຫຼຳດ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົ້ີ ຄຳີ້ ເພ່ື ອກຳນພດັ ທະນຳແບບຍນຍງົ ຂອງຊຸມ
ຊນົ ບຳີ້ ນໜອງໝຳກເອກ (ຄຸມ້ີ ຕອຍ) ເມອງປະທຸມພອນ ແຂວງຈຳປຳສກັ ເຊື່ ງິ ມຈດຸ ປະສງົ ໃນກຳນສກຶ ສຳແມື່ ນໄດສ້ີ ກຶ
ສຳວທິ ກຳນຄຸມ້ີ ຄອງ ແລະ ກຳນຕະຫຼຳດ ແລະ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ເພື່ ອກຳນກຳນພດັ ທະນຳແບບຍນຍງົ ຂອງ
ປະຊຳຊນົ ເພື່ ອໃຫໄ້ີ ດຂ້ີ ມີ້ ນທ່ື ລະອຽດ ແລະ ຊດັ ເຈນ ແມື່ ນໄດສີ້ ຳພຳດຕຳມແບບຟອມສຳພຳດຄອບຄວົ . ໃນກຳນສຳ
ພຳດຄອບຄວົ ແມ່ື ນໄດສ້ີ ຳພຳດ 50 % ຂອງຄອບຄວົ ທງັ ໝດົ ພຳຍໃນບຳີ້ ນເພ່ື ອເປັນຕວົ ແທນໃຫບີ້ ຳີ້ ນດ່ື ງັ ກື່ ຳວ, ເຊື່ ງິ ໃນ
ກຳນເລອກສຳພຳດແຕ່ື ລະຄອບຄວົ ແມ່ື ນໄດໃ້ີ ຊວີ້ ທິ ກຳນສ່ື ຸມແບບບງັ ເອນ ໂດຍກຳນຈກົ ສະຫຳຼ ກລຳຍຊ່ື ຄອບຄວົ ເພື່ ອສຳ
ພຳດຈຳນວນ 50 % ຂອງຄອບຄວົ ທງັ ຫມດົ 909 ຄອບຄວົ ໃນກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ.
ກຳນຄຸມ້ີ ຄອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ ຂອງປະຊຳຊນົ ບຳ້ີ ນໜອງໝຳກເອກ ກ່ື ຄລະບຽບກຳນຄຸມີ້ ຄອງປື່ ຳໄມຂ້ີ ອງຫອີ້ ງກຳນກະສກິ ຳ ແລະ
ປ່ື ຳໄມເີ້ ມອງໄດວ້ີ ຳງອອກເຊ່ື ນັ : ບ່ື ໃຫຖ້ີ ຳງ ຫຼ ທຳລຳຍເພ່ື ອໃຫມ້ີ ກຳນຟນ້ີ ຟປື່ ຳຄຳ້ີ ເພ່ື ອທຳກຳນຜະລດິ ແລະ ເພື່ ອເປັນ
ອເສ່ືືື່່ື່ ນດເຖຂຳົະ້ີ ມກຳດິຕໃດັ ຫຕແ້ີນົ້ີ ກຄ່ື ຄຳີ້ ອມບສຄດິ ວົ ເ,ຂຫຳົ້ີ ໄຳີ້ ປມຕບດຸັກໄຄດນົ ກ້ີ ື່ ຫສະຼ ຄເພອຳບະຄແວົຕ່ື ພຕວດັ ກຕທນົີ້ ື່ ຢຄື່ ໃຳີ້ ແນບກບ່ື ຸມຊກະຳຊນຳເຍຮດັແຫລະດັ ຖແບະກບຳດເບທັ ່ືສຳົ ນນນັີ້, ຫ,ຖຳ້ີ ມຳ້ີ ມບ່ື ໃບຫຸກຄ້ີ ຄນົ ນົເຂຫດຼ
ຄອບຄວົ ໃດມກຳນລະເມດໄປຕດັ ຫຼ ຖຳງປ່ື ຳຄຳີ້ ແມື່ ນຈະມກຳນປັບໃໝຕຳມລະບຽບກຳນທື່ ທຳງອຳນຳດກຳນປົກຄອງ
ບຳີ້ ນໄດວ້ີ ຳງອອກ.
ຜນົ ດຂອງກຳນຄຸມີ້ ຄອງປື່ ຳຄຳີ້ ແມ່ື ນເພື່ ອເຮດັ ໃຫປ້ີ ື່ ຳຄຳີ້ ມຄວຳມຍນຍງົ ແລະ ໃຫເ້ີ ພື່ ມຜນົ ຜະລດິ ໄດຢີ້ ່ື ຳງຕື່ ເນ່ື ອງ ແລະ
ສະໝື່ ຳສະເໝໃນແຕື່ ລະປ ເມ່ື ອມຳເບື່ ງິ ກຳນຈະເລນເຕບໂຕຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ ໃນແຕ່ື ລະປແລວ້ີ ມນັ ບື່ ທ່ື ວງທນັ ກບັ ກຳນນຳໃຊ້ີ
ລຳຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ ເພ່ື ອເອຳົ ມຳຜະລດິ ເປັນຫດັ ຖະກຳ ເພຳະສະນນັ້ີ ພວກເຮຳົ ຕອີ້ ງໄດມີ້ ກຳນຄຸມີ້ ຄອງກຳນປົກປັກຮກັ ສຳຕຳມ
ທື່ ທຳງບຳ້ີ ນໄດອ້ີ ອກລະບຽບມຳ.
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
528
ກຳນນຳໃຊແ້ີ ມ່ື ນນຳເອຳົ ລຳຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ມຳຈກັ ຕຳກແຫງີ້ ເພ່ື ອໃຊໃີ້ ນກຳນຈກັ ສຳນເຄື່ ອງຫດັ ຖະກຳຕ່ື ຳງໆເຊ່ື ນັ : ສຳນສຳດ,
ກະຕື່ ຳ, ແຜ່ື ນຕງັ້ີ ຈອກ, ກະຕບິ ເຂຳົ້ີ , ກະເປ໋ ົຳ ແລະ ອ່ື ນໆອກຫຳຼ ຍຢ່ື ຳງ. ສ່ື ວນຮຳກ ຫຼ ຫວົ ໃຊເີ້ ປັນຢຳພນ້ີ ເມອງຕ່ື ຳງໆ, ໃຊ້ີ
ປກເປັນໄມປ້ີ ະດບັ ໃນບລເິ ວນບຳ້ີ ນ ຫຼ ເຮອນທ່ື ວົ ໄປໃຊຕ້ີ ກົ ແຕື່ ງສວນນຳ້ີ ຫຼ ປກໃນສະຖຳນທື່ ຕ່ື ຳງໆ, ຄນົ ບຮຳນມ
ຄວຳມເຊ່ື ອວ່ື ຳຖຳີ້ ຫຳກປກຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ ໄວໜີ້ ຳ້ີ ບຳີ້ ນ ຫຼ ເຮອນຈະຊື່ ວຍຄຸມີ້ ຄອງຮກັ ສຳໃຫມີ້ ຄວຳມສະຫງບົ ສຸກ.
ໄພຂື່ ມົ ຂ່ື ທື່ ມຄວຳມສື່ ຽງຕື່ ກຳນສນພນັ ຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ ແມ່ື ນມ 2 ປະເພດເຊື່ ນັ : ຈຳກມະນຸດ ແລະ ຈຳກສດັ ປື່ ຳ. ຈຳກມະນຸດ
ແມື່ ນກຳນຕດັ ລຳແບບຊະຊຳຍ, ກຳນຖຳງປ່ື ຳຄຳີ້ ເພ່ື ອທຳກຳນຜະລດິ ແລະ ໄຟລຳມປ່ື ຳຄຳີ້ ເນື່ ອງມຳຈຳກຈດຸ ໄຮື່ ຂອງ
ປະຊຳຊນົ ໃນເຂດພນີ້ ທື່ ໃກຄ້ີ ຽງກບັ ປື່ ຳຄຳ້ີ , ຈຳກສດັ ແມື່ ນມ: ໝປ່ື ຳ ,ຟຳນ, ອນົີ້ , ງວົ , ຄວຳຍ ແລະ ສດັ ຕພດປະເພດອື່ ນໆ
ກດັ ກນິ ຮຳກ ແລະ ແໜງຂອງມນັ ຈ່ື ງຶ ເຮດັ ໃຫປີ້ ່ື ຳຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ມຄວຳມສ່ື ຽງຕື່ ກຳນສນພນັ .
ຄຳສບັ ສຳຄນັ : ກຳນພດັ ທະນຳ ຊຸມຊນົ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຫດັ ຖະກຳ ຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ
Abstract
The utilization management and marketing arrangement from the products of “Calathea”
of the villagers for sustainable development of community in Bane Nong Mak Ek (Toi
Claster) of Pathoumphone district, Champasack province. The objectives of the studies
are to investigate the management methods and marketing and products from
“Calathea” for the sustainable development of villagers. to obtain detail information and
accuracies of the data, I use the questionaire form to interview households. I sellected
50% of the total household for data collection and interview as representative of the
village by randomly sellected that cover totally 909 houeseholds in the handicap group.
The management of “Calathea” of villagers in Nong Mak Ek village as well the regulation
of forest management of DAFO that recommended no forest clearance or destroy in
order to let the “Calathea” to regenerate itself that villagers use it for their handicap
product as well to generate household income from it. It is restickly baned the cutting of
“Calathea” withput plan and distinc way. People from other villages are not allow to cut
“Calathea” in their village and only allow people in the village to cultivate and only the
member of handicap group. It is stated that if individual or households breaking the rule,
they should be fined as the regulation stated.
The advantages of “Calathea” management in sustainable way and increasing products
continiousely. The yearly growth of “Calathea” seem to be slow to provide enough
materials for villagers to produce handicaps, so it is neccessary that for villagers to
follow the rules to consume it.
To produce handicap from “Calathea”, it need to be dried before making handicap such
as Mats, Baskets, trays, sticky rice baskets, bags and other kind of handicaps. The root
of “Calathea” can olso use as traditional medicine as well as decoration materials in a
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
529
certain place like home garden yard or any convernient places to show it beauty. It is
also believe that to have “Calathea” at home it will help to make peace in the family.
The treat that may interupt the “Calathea” to be risk in future distinc are from human
activities and also wildlife due to the fact that man collect it without a sustainable way,
the expansion of land for agriculture cultivation in or near by “Calathea” areas. On the
other hand wildlife such as wild boar, barking dear, punxsutaney and also catle like cow,
buffalo are also danger to the instinc of future “CALATHEA”
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
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ບດົ ນຳ
ເຄື່ ອງປ່ື ຳຂອງດງົ ແມື່ ນຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນທຳມະຊຳດທ່ື ສຳຄນັ ຕື່ ກຳນດຳລງົ ຊວດິ ຂອງປະຊຳຊນົ ບນັ ດຳເຜ່ື ຳົ ທ່ື ປະ
ກອບສ່ື ວນເຂຳົ້ີ ໃນກຳນຊື່ ວຍຫຸດຼ ຜ່ື ອນຄວຳມທຸກຈນົ ຂອງປະຊຳຊນົ ພຳຍໃນປະເທດໃນສະເພຳະໜຳີ້ . ດ່ື ງັ ນນັີ້ , ຊບັ ພະຍຳ
ກອນທຳມະຊຳດ, ກຄເຄ່ື ອງປື່ ຳຂອງດງົ ຈື່ ງິ ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ທື່ ສຸດຕ່ື ກຳນດຳລງົ ຊວດິ ແລະ ສຳ້ີ ງເສດຖະກດິ ຄອບຄວົ ໃນ
ທື່ ວົ ໂລກ ໂດຍສະເພຳະແມື່ ນປະເທດທ່ື ກຳລງັ ພດັ ທະນຳ ກຄປະເທດ ສປປ ລຳວ ຂອງພວກເຮຳົ . ຕຳມຂມ້ີ ນກຳນສຳ
ຫຼວດເສດຖະກດິ -ສງັ ຄມົ ໃນທ່ື ວົ ປະເທດ ປ 2014 ກໄດຢີ້ ັ້ງີ ຢນວ່ື ຳ: ປະຊຳກອນຂອງປະເທດເຮຳົ ສ່ື ວນໃຫຍື່ ມອຳຊບ
ເປັນຊຳວກະສກິ ອນ ແລະ 80% ຂອງປະຊຳກອນໃນທື່ ວົ ປະເທດແມື່ ນຍງັ ມກຳນເພື່ ງິ ພຳຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນທຳມະຊຳດ
ເປັນຫກຼັ ໃນກຳນດຳລງົ ຊວດິ ປະຈຳວນັ ເຊ່ື ນັ : ເປັນອຳຫຳນ, ເປັນຢຳ ແລະ ເຈອຈນເສດຖະກດິ ໃນກຳນຫຳລຽີ້ ງຄອບຄວົ .
ນອກນເີ້ ຄ່ື ອງປື່ ຳຂອງດງົ ຍງັ ໄດສີ້ ຳີ້ ງລຳຍຮບັ ໃຫແ້ີ ກ່ື ຄອບຄວົ ໃນທ່ື ວົ ໂລກຄດິ ເປັນມນຄື່ ຳຫຼຳຍພນັ ລຳ້ີ ນໂດລຳສະຫະລດັ .
ໂດຍກຳນຄຳດຄະເນມນຄື່ ຳທຳງກຳນຄຳີ້ ໂລກກື່ ຽວກບັ ເຄື່ ອງປື່ ຳຂອງດງົ ແມ່ື ນມຕວົ ເລກຢ່ື ທື່ ປະມຳນ 11 ພນັ ລຳີ້ ນໂດລຳສະ
ຫະລດັ ອຳເມລກິ ຳ ( ຫວງັ ເນງັ້ີ ພອ້ີ ມຄະນະ, 2007 ).
ໃນທດົ ສະວດັ ຜ່ື ຳນມຳ, ສປປ ລຳວ ປະສບົ ຜນົ ສຳເລດັ ຢື່ ຳງໃຫຍື່ ຫຼວງໃນກຳນພດັ ທະນຳເສດຖະກດິ ແລະ ຫຸຼດຜື່ ອນ
ຄວຳມທຸກຍຳກ. ຕຳມຕວົ ເລກສະຖິຕໃິ ນແຜນພັດທະນຳເສດຖະກດິ -ສງັ ຄມົ ແຫ່ື ງຊຳດ 5 ປ ຄັງ້ີ ທ VIII (2016-
2020), ລຳຍຮບັ ສະເລື່ ຍຕື່ ຫວົ ຄນົ ເພື່ ມຂນຶີ້ ຈຳກ 1.217 ໂດລຳສະຫະລດັ ຕ່ື ຄນົ ຕື່ ປ ໃນປ 2011 ເປັນ 1.970 ໂດລຳສະ
ຫະລດັ ຕ່ື ຄນົ ຕ່ື ປ, ໃນປ 2015 ເຊ່ື ງິ ກງົ ກບັ ອດັ ຕຳກຳນຂະຫຍຳຍຕວົ ສະເລື່ ຍປະມຳນ 7.9% ຕື່ ປ , ອດັ ຕຳສ່ື ວນຜທີ້ ຸກ
ຍຳກຫຸຼດລງົ ຈຳກ 27.6% ໃນປ 2008 ມຳເປັນປະມຳນ 20% ໃນປ 2015, ໂດຍສະເລື່ ຍແລວ້ີ ຫຸຼດຫຳຼ ຍກວື່ ຳ 1 % ຕື່
ປ, ສປປ ລຳວ ໄດເີ້ ປັນໜ່ື ງຶ ໃນບນັ ດຳປະເທດທ່ື ມລະດບັ ກຳນຂະຫຍຳຍຕວົ ທຳງດຳ້ີ ນເສດຖະກດິ ສງທື່ ສຸດໃນໂຂງເຂດອຳ
ຊຕຳເວນັ ອອກ ແລະ ອຳຊປຳຊຟິກ. ແຕື່ ເຖງິ ຢື່ ຳງໃດກຕຳມກຳນຂະຫຍຳຍຕວົ ໄວທຳງເສດຖະກດິ ແລະ ກຳນຫຸຼດລງົ
ຂອງຄວຳມທຸກຍຳກດື່ ງັ ກ່ື ຳວແມ່ື ນໄດມ້ີ ຳຍອີ້ ນກຳນນຳໃຊຊ້ີ ບັ ພະຍຳກອນທຳມະຊຳດຢື່ ຳງຫຼວງຫຼຳຍ, ມລກັ ສະນະຟຸມ
ເຟອຍ, ຂຳດປະສດິ ທພິ ຳບ, ປະສດິ ທຜິ ນົ ແລະ ຄວຳມຍນຍງົ ເປັນຕນົີ້ ເຫດຂອງຫຼຳຍບນັ ຫຳທ່ື ເກດຂນຶີ້ ຕຳມມຳ.
ເພື່ ອຮບັ ປະກນັ ບນັ ລຸເປົຳ້ີ ໝຳຍກຳນພດັ ທະນຳເສດຖະກດິ -ສງັ ຄມົ ແຫື່ ງຊຳດໄລຍະຍຳວທື່ ພກັ ແລະ ລດັ ຖະບຳນແຫ່ື ງ
ສປປ ລຳວ ໄດກີ້ ຳນດົ ໄວ,ີ້ ໃນກຳນເພື່ ມທະວ ແລະ ສຳ້ີ ງຄວຳມສມົ ດຸນລະຫວ່ື ຳງກຳນຂະຫຍຳຍຕວົ ທຳງເສດຖະກດິ ,
ກຳນປົກປັກຮກັ ສຳສ່ື ງແວດລອ້ີ ມ ແລະ ກຳນພດັ ທະນຳທຳງດຳ້ີ ນສງັ ຄມົ ໃຫສ້ີ ຳມຳດຮກັ ສຳໄດກ້ີ ຳນຂະຫຍຳຍຕວົ ຂອງ
ເສດຖະກດິ ໃນລະດບັ ສງ, ໝນັີ້ ທື່ ຽງ, ຕ່ື ເນ່ື ອຶ ງ ແລະ ຍຳວນຳນ ລດັ ຖະບຳນແຫື່ ງ ສປປ ລຳວ ໄດເ້ີ ລ່ື ງັ ໃສື່ ສກຶ ສຳຄນົ້ີ ຄວ້ີ ຳ
ແລະ ກຳນດົ 4 ໂຂງເຂດ ແລະ ຕດິ ພນັ ກບັ ຫຳຼ ຍຂະແໜງກຳນປື່ ິນອອ້ີ ມປະກອບມ: (1) ປັບປຸງສະພຳບແວດລອ້ີ ມ ແລະ
ລະບບົ ກຳນຄຸມ້ີ ຄອງກຳນລງົ ທນຶ ໃຫມີ້ ປະສດິ ທພິ ຳບ ແລະ ປະສດິ ທຜິ ນົ ສງຂນຶີ້ , (2) ພດັ ທະນຳຊນົ ນະບດົ ແລະ ຫຸຼດ
ຜື່ ອນຄວຳມທຸກຍຳກ ເພ່ື ອຍກົ ສງລະດບັ ຊວດິ ກຳນເປັນຢື່ ຂອງປະຊຳຊນົ ໃນຊນົ ນະບດົ ໃຫສ້ີ ງຂນຶ້ີ ກຄເພ່ື ອຫຸຼດຜ່ື ອນ
ຄວຳມແຕກໂຕນລະຫວື່ ຳງຕວົ ເມອງກບັ ຊນົ ນະບດົ ແລະ ເພ່ື ອຮບັ ປະກນັ ໃຫປີ້ ະຊຳຊນົ ທ່ື ທຸກຍຳກໃນຊນົ ນະບດົ ສຳມຳດ
ໄດຮ້ີ ບັ ຜນົ ປະໂຫຍດຈຳກກຳນຂະຫຍຳຍຕວົ ຂອງເສດຖະກດິ ຢ່ື ຳງທື່ ວົ ເຖງິ ແລະ ເປັນທຳ. ສະນນັ້ີ , ກຳນພດັ ທະນຳປະ
ເທດຜ່ື ຳນໂຄງກຳນຕ່ື ຳງໆທື່ ຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ປະຕບິ ດັ ໂດຍມໜື່ ວຍງຳນ, ອງົ ກອນໃນກຳນຄຸມີ້ ຄອງຂອງພຳກລດັ ເປັນຜຈີ້ ດັ ຕງັີ້ ປະຕິ
ບດັ ເພ່ື ອສ່ື ງົ ເສມສະໜບັ ສະໜນກຳນພດັ ທະນຳຄຸນນະພຳບຊວດິ ຂອງປະຊຳຊນົ ໃຫມີ້ ອຳຊບ, ມຊວດິ ກຳນເປັນຢື່ ທ່ື ດ
ຂນຶ້ີ , ມວຽກເຮດັ ງຳນທຳມລຳຍໄດດີ້ ໂດຍກຳນນຳເອຳົ ຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນໃນຊຸມຊນົ ທອ້ີ ງຖື່ ນິ ມຳສຳີ້ ງມນຄ່ື ຳເກດເປັນສນິ ຄຳີ້
ອອກຈຳໜື່ ຳຍເຊ່ື ນັ : “ໂຄງກຳນໜ່ື ງຶ ເມອງ ໜ່ື ງຶ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ” ເຊື່ ງິ ແຕ່ື ລະຊຸມຊນົ ທື່ ມທ່ື ຳແຮງ, ມພມປັນຍຳ, ມຊບັ ພະຍຳ
ກອນ ແລະ ໄດຮ້ີ ບັ ກຳນສະໜບັ ສະໜນດຳ້ີ ນຕ່ື ຳງໆ ຈຳກໜື່ ວຍງຳນທ່ື ກ່ື ຽວຂອ້ີ ງ ສຳມຳດລວມກ່ື ຸມກນັ ສຳີ້ ງໂອກຳດໃນ
ກຳນເຮດັ ວຽກໃນລກັ ສະນະກື່ ຸມອຳຊບເສມ, ເຊື່ ງິ ທື່ ຜ່ື ຳນມຳໜື່ ວຍງຳນຂອງພຳກລດັ ທ່ື ກື່ ຽວຂອີ້ ງກໄດມີ້ ກຳນຜກັ ດນັ , ສື່ ງົ
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑติ ศึกษา ประจําปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
531
ເສມໃຫແ້ີ ຕ່ື ລະຊຸມຊນົ , ໝື່ ບຳ້ີ ນມກຳນລວມກື່ ຸມອຳຊບເສມເພື່ ອນຳຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນໃນທອີ້ ງຖື່ ນິ ມຳສຳີ້ ງມນຄື່ ຳເພື່ ມເປັນ
ສນິ ຄຳ້ີ ຈຳໜ່ື ຳຍທງັ ພຳຍໃນ ແລະ ສື່ ງົ ອອກໄປຂຳຍຢ່ື ຕ່ື ຳງແຂວງ. ຜນົ ຈຳກກຳນໃຫຄີ້ ວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນດຳ້ີ ນຂອງກຳນສ່ື ງົ
ເສມໃຫເີ້ ກດກຳນລວມກື່ ຸມອຳຊບເສມ, ເຮດັ ໃຫປີ້ ະຈບຸ ນັ ປະເທດລຳວມຈຳນວນກ່ື ຸມອຳຊບເສມທ່ື ເກດຈຳກກຳນລວມ
ຕວົ ກນັ ຂອງຊຸມຊນົ , ແຕ່ື ລະຊຸມຊນົ ໃນກຳນສຳ້ີ ງວຽກ, ສຳີ້ ງອຳຊບໃນທ່ື ວົ ປະເທດມຈຳນວນຫຼຳຍຂນຶ້ີ ຕຳມລຳດບັ ແລະ
ອກໜື່ ງຶ ບນັ ຫຳທ່ື ສຳຄນັ ຄຈຳກສະພຳບກຳນແຂື່ ງຂນັ ຂອງຕະຫຳຼ ດ ໂດຍສະເພຳະຢື່ ຳງຍ່ື ງິ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ODOP ມຜຜ້ີ ະ
ລດິ ສນິ ຄຳີ້ ປະເພດ ຫຼ ຊະນດິ ດຽວກນັ ເປັນຈຳນວນຫຼຳຍເຮດັ ໃຫເີ້ ກດທຳຊຳີ້ , ລອກລຽນແບບ ເຊື່ ງິ ສຳີ້ ງຄວຳມສບັ ສນົ
ແລະ ມຜນົ ຕື່ ກຳນຕດັ ສນິ ໃຈຂອງຜບ້ີ ລໂິ ພກ ແລະ ສຳ້ີ ງຄວຳມເຊື່ ອມເສຍທຳງເສດຖະກດິ ແລະ ຊ່ື ສຽງຂອງຜະລດິ ຕະ
ພນັ ຕນົ້ີ ແບບເປັນຈຳນວນຫຳຼ ຍຄດ່ື ງັ ວຸດທໄິ ຊ (2016) ໄດສ້ີ ະເໜກຳນສບທອດພມປັນຍຳທອີ້ ງຖ່ື ນິ ຈຳກລຸນ້ີ ອຳດດຈນົ
ເຖງິ ລຸນ້ີ ປະຈບຸ ນັ ໂດຍຜື່ ຳນຂະບວນກຳນຄດິ ຄນົີ້ ກຳມະວທິ ກຳນຕື່ ຳງໆຂນຶີ້ ມຳ ເພື່ ອໃຊສ້ີ ຳ້ີ ງເປັນເຄ່ື ອງມ, ເຄ່ື ອງໃຊສີ້ ອຍທ່ື
ມປະໂຫຍດ ສອດຄື່ ອງສຳລບັ ກຳນດຳລງົ ຊວດິ ປະຈຳວນັ ເມື່ ອກຳນເວລຳປ່ື ຽນແປງໄປ ເຕກັ ໂນໂລຊໃໝ່ື ໆເຂຳົີ້ ມຳມບດົ
ບຳດຕື່ ກຳນດຳລງົ ຊວດິ ຫຼຳຍຂນຶ້ີ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ເຄື່ ອງຈກັ ສຳນຖກປື່ ຽນແປງໄປໃຫເ້ີ ຂຳົີ້ ກບັ ຍຸກສະໄໝໃໝື່ ໂດຍມກຳນ
ປະຍຸກດຳີ້ ນຮບແບບ, ກຳນນຳໄປໃຊວ້ີ ຽກແບບໃໝື່ ນຳວດັ ສະດຸທື່ ທນັ ສະ ໄໝທື່ ນອກເໜອຈຳກວດັ ຖຸທອ້ີ ງຖື່ ນິ ແລະ
ທຳມະຊຳດ ມຳປະກອບເປັນຮບຊງົ ໃຫມ້ີ ຄວຳມແປກໃໝ່ື ຫຼຳຍຂນຶ້ີ ຮບແບບຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ເຄ່ື ອງຈກັ ສຳນໄດມ້ີ ກຳນພດັ
ທະນຳ ແລະ ສຳ້ີ ງກນັ ມຳຢື່ ຳງຕ່ື ເນື່ ອງ ປະຈບຸ ນັ ຮບແບບຂອງຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ເຄ່ື ອງຈກັ ສຳນ ສຳມຳດສຳ້ີ ງໃຫເ້ີ ກດເປັນລຳຍ
ໄດ້ີ ໃຫກີ້ ບັ ຄອບຄວົ ແລະ ຊຸມຊນົ ແລະ ກຳຍເປັນທຸລະກດິ ຂະໜຳດນອີ້ ຍ ທ່ື ສຳມຳດເຫນັ ໄດທ້ີ ່ື ວົ ໄປໃນທອີ້ ງຕະຫຼຳດ
ແລະ ກຳຍເປັນສ່ື ງິ ທ່ື ໜື່ ວຍງຳນກ່ື ຽວຂອີ້ ງໃຫຄີ້ ວຳມສຳຄນັ ກບັ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ປະເພດນ.ີ້ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ເຄ່ື ອງຈກັ ສຳນຈື່ ງິ
ໄດເີ້ ປັນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ສື່ ວນໜື່ ງຶ ໃນໂຄງກຳນ ໜ່ື ງຶ ເມອງ ໜື່ ງຶ ຜະລດິ ຕະພັນ ( One Disrict One Product:
ODOP ) ທ່ື ລດັ ຖະບຳນໄດຈ້ີ ດັ ຕງັ້ີ ຂນຶ້ີ ເພື່ ອມຸງ້ີ ເປົຳີ້ ໝຳຍໃຫແີ້ ກື່ ຊຸມຊນົ ແລະ ກຳນນຳເອຳົ ພມປັນຍຳຊຳວບຳີ້ ນໃນຊຸ ມ
ຊນົ ມຳສຳີ້ ງວຽກເຮດັ ງຳນທຳໃຫເີ້ ປັນເອກະລກັ ໂດຍກຳນຈດັ ຕງັີ້ ເປັນກອງທນຶ ໝ່ື ບຳີ້ ນ ແລະ ຊຸມຊນົ ທອ້ີ ງຖ່ື ນິ ພຳຍໃຕນີ້ ະ
ໂຍບຳຍສ່ື ງົ ເສມ ແລະ ປັບປຸງຊວດິ ກຳນເປັນຢ່ື ຂອງຊຳວບຳ້ີ ນຢື່ ໃນໝ່ື ບຳ້ີ ນເປົຳ້ີ ໝຳຍຂອງໂຄງກຳນ ເພື່ ອແກໄີ້ ຂບນັ ຫຳເສດ
ຖະກດິ ແລະ ຄວຳມທຸກຍຳກດວ້ີ ຍກຳນກະຕຸນ້ີ ເສດຖະກດິ ໃນລະດບັ ລ່ື ຳງຢື່ ພຳຍໃນປະເທດຂອງລດັ ຖະບຳນ ໂດຍເນນັ້ີ
ໃສື່ ກຳນພດັ ທະນຳ ແລະ ສ່ື ງົ ເສມທຸລະກດິ ຂະໜຳດນອ້ີ ຍໃນຊຸມຊນົ , ໃຫຄ້ີ ນົ ໃນຊຸມຊນົ ມລຳຍໄດເ້ີ ປັນຂອງຕນົ ເອງ ສຳ
ມຳດເພື່ ງິ ຕນົ ເອງ ກຸມ້ີ ຕນົ້ີ ເອງໄດີ້ ແລະ ມຄຸນນະພຳບຊວດິ ທ່ື ດຂນຶ້ີ ດວີ້ ຍກຳນດົ ໃຫແ້ີ ຕ່ື ລະໝ່ື ບຳ້ີ ນ ຫຼ ເມອງໜື່ ງຶ ໆ ມຜະ
ລດິ ຕະພນັ ຫຼກັ ຢ່ື ຳງໜອ້ີ ຍ 1 ປະເພດ ເຊ່ື ງິ ໄດມ້ີ ກຳນນຳເອຳົ ພມປັນຍຳທອີ້ ງຖື່ ນິ ຫຼ ຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນໃນທອີ້ ງຖ່ື ນິ ມຳປັບໃຊ້ີ
ໃນກຳນຜະລດິ ແລະ ພດັ ທະນຳສນິ ຄຳ້ີ ຫຼ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຂອງແຕ່ື ລະຊຸມຊນົ ແລະ ພດັ ທະນຳພມປັນຍຳຂອງແຕື່ ລະ
ທອ້ີ ງຖື່ ນິ ນນັ້ີ ໃຫເີ້ ກດປະໂຫຍດໃນທຳງກຳນຄຳ້ີ ພອີ້ ມທງັ ເຊື່ ອມໂຍງໃຫເີ້ ກດກຳນພດັ ທະນຳຮ່ື ວມກນັ ທງັ ລະບບົ ລະຫວ່ື ຳງ
ກ່ື ຸມຜຊ້ີ -້ີ ຂຳຍ ໃນຊຸມຊນົ ຫຼ ທອ້ີ ງຖ່ື ນິ .
ແຂວງຈຳປຳສກັ ກເປັນໜື່ ງຶ ໃນບນັ ດຳແຂວງທ່ື ມເນອີ້ ທ່ື ຄວຳມໜຳແໜນ້ີ ຂອງກຳນປົກຫຸມີ້ ເນອ້ີ ທື່ ປື່ ຳໄມສ້ີ ງສມົ ຄວນ,
ກວມເອຳົ 62% ຂອງເນອີ້ ທ່ື ທື່ ວົ ແຂວງ, ເປັນປື່ ຳໄມເີ້ ຂດຮອ້ີ ນຊ່ື ຸມທື່ ມຄວຳມອຸດມົ ສມົ ບນໄປດວ້ີ ຍຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນທຳ
ມະຊຳດ (ພດພນັ ນຳໆຊະນດິ ) ເວຳົ້ີ ສະເພຳະແມື່ ນຢື່ ຄມີ້ ຕອຍ, ບຳ້ີ ນ ໜອງໝຳກເອກ, ເມອງປະທຸມພອນ, ກແມ່ື ນເປັນ
ເຂດທ່ື ຍງັ ມປື່ ຳໄມອ້ີ ນັ ອຸດມົ ສມົ ບນ ແລະ ເປັນເຂດພນີ້ ທ່ື ຊື່ ຸມຂອງນຳີ້ ນອນໃນເຂດບງຶ ທື່ ເໝຳະແກ່ື ກຳນຈະເລນເຕບໂຕ
ຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ແລະ ສຳມຳດພບົ ເຫນັ ເກດກະແຈກກະຈຳຍກນັ ເປັນຈຳນວນຫຼຳຍໃນພນ້ີ ທື່ ສະນນັ້ີ ປະຊຳຊນົ ໃນເຂດນກີ້ ໄດີ້
ນຳໃຊພ້ີ ດດື່ ງັ ກື່ ຳວນມີ້ ຳຜະລດິ ປັນເຄື່ ອງຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນ ເພື່ ອເຮດັ ເປັນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຮບັ ໃຊເີ້ ຂຳົ້ີ ໃນຊວດິ ປະຈຳວນັ
ຂອງເຂຳົ ເຈຳົ້ີ ມຳເປັນເວລຳຫຼຳຍເຊື່ ນັ ຄນົ ແລວ້ີ ແລະ ຕກົ ມຳໃນຍຸກປະຈບຸ ນັ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ດື່ ງັ ກື່ ຳວກຳລງັ ຖກນຳມຳພດັ ທະ
ນຳຮບແບບ ໃຫເີ້ ຂຳົ້ີ ກບັ ຍຸກສະໄໝ ໃໝ່ື , ປະສມົ ປະສຳນກບັ ເທກັ ໂນໂລຊທ່ື ທນັ ສະໄໝ ເພື່ ອນຳມຳຜະລດິ ເປັນຜະ
ລດິ ຕະພນັ ອອກຈຳໜ່ື ຳຍ, ເປັນສນິ ຄຳ້ີ ຂອງຊຸມຊນົ ກ່ື ຸມຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົ້ີ ຄຳ້ີ ບຳ້ີ ນໜອງໝຳກ
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
532
ເອກ, ເມອງປະທຸມພອນ, ແຂວງຈຳປຳສກັ ແລະ ໃຫເີ້ ປັນທ່ື ຍອມຮບັ ຢື່ ຳງກວຳ້ີ ງຂວຳງຂອງຕະຫຼຳດທງັ ພຳຍໃນ ແລະ
ຕື່ ຳງປະເທດໃນອະນຳຄດົ ອນັ ໃກນ້ີ ້ີ ( ພະແນກ ກະສກິ ຳ ແລະ ປື່ ຳໄມແີ້ ຂວງ ຈຳປຳສກັ , 2020 ).
ກ່ື ຸມຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນພຳຍໃນບຳີ້ ນ ໜອງໝຳກເອກ, ເມອງປະທຸມພອນ, ແຂວງຈຳປຳສກັ , ມຄພມປັນ
ຍຳດຳ້ີ ນຫດັ ຖະກຳຫຳຼ ກຫຼຳຍປະເພດເຊ່ື ນັ : ກຳນຈກັ ສຳນດວີ້ ຍໄມປີ້ ື່ ອງ, ກຳນຈກັ ສຳນຫວຳຍ, ກຳນຈກັ ສຳນສຳດຄຳີ້ ແລະ
ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຄຳ້ີ ເປັນຕນົີ້ ເຊື່ ງິ ລວີ້ ນແຕ່ື ເປັນວດັ ຖຸທຳມະຊຳດ, ຫຳກເກດກຳນປັບປຸງສື່ ງົ ເສມພມປັນຍຳເຫື່ ຳຼົ ນນັ້ີ ລວມກນັ
ເພື່ ອພດັ ທະນຳເປັນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຮບແບບໃໝ່ື ໃຫແ້ີ ຕກຕ່ື ຳງ ແລະ ມຄວຳມໂດດເດື່ ນັ ຈຳກກື່ ຸມອ່ື ນໆ ຈະຊ່ື ວຍເພື່ ມ
ຊອກຫຳຊື່ ອງທຳງກຳນຕະຫຼຳດແບບ ໃໝື່ ເພື່ ອເພື່ ມລຳຍໄດໃີ້ ຫກີ້ ບັ ທຳງກື່ ຸມຫຼຳຍຍ່ື ງິ ຂນຶີ້ . ກຳນສກຶ ສຳຄງັ້ີ ນມີ້ ຸງ້ີ ໃຫເີ້ ກດ
ກຳນມສື່ ວນຮື່ ວມຈຳກສະມຳຊກິ ກື່ ຸມ, ມກຳນວຳງແຜນພດັ ທະນຳຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ເພື່ ອອຳຊບບນົ ພນ້ີ ຖຳນຂອງກຳນນຳໃຊີ້
ຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນພຳຍໃນຊຸມຊນົ ແລະ ພມປັນຍຳທອີ້ ງຖ່ື ນິ , ກຳນສ່ື ງົ ເສມວຽກຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຊຸມຊນົ ໃຫເີ້ ກດຜນົ ຢ່ື ຳງເປັນ
ຮບປະທຳ ໂດຍໃຊຜ້ີ ະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຊຸມຊນົ ເປັນຈດຸ ຂຳຍ, ພດັ ທະນຳຕ່ື ຍອດສື່ ກຳນເພ່ື ມມນຄື່ ຳກຳນຜະລດິ ໃຫເີ້ ກດປະ
ໂຫຍດຕ່ື ຊຸມຊນົ ກຳ້ີ ວໄປສື່ ກຳນເພື່ ງິ ຕນົ ເອງ, ກຸມ້ີ ຕນົ ເອງ ໄດຢ້ີ ່ື ຳງຍຳວນຳນ ສອດຄ່ື ອງດື່ ງັ ທ່ື ວບິ ນ (1990) ໄດໃີ້ ຫແີ້ ນວ
ຄດິ ໃນກຳນສບສຳນ ແລະ ດຳລງົ ຢ່ື ຂອງສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະກຳໄວວີ້ ື່ ຳ: ທອ້ີ ງຖື່ ນິ ໃດທ່ື ສຳມຳດນຳເອຳົ ວຽກມຳສ່ື ງົ ເສມໃຫີ້
ເປັນສນິ ຄຳີ້ ໄດີ້ ຈື່ ງິ ເປັນກຳນເທ່ື ຳົ ກບັ ສບທອດ ແລະ ຟນ້ີ ຟສມດຳີ້ ນສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະກຳດງັ້ີ ເດມ ແລະ ທື່ ສຳຄນັ ເປັນກຳນ
ເພ່ື ມມນຄ່ື ຳໃຫກ້ີ ບັ ວດັ ຖຸທື່ ເປັນຊບັ ພະຍຳກອນທອີ້ ງຖ່ື ນິ ເຊື່ ງິ ມຢື່ ເດມແລວ້ີ ແຕ່ື ຍງັ ບື່ ທນັ ໄດເ້ີ ອຳົ ມຳນຳໃຊໃີ້ ຫເີ້ ກດປະ
ໂຫຍດຕື່ ສຳທຳລະນະຊນົ ຢື່ ຳງຄມີ້ ຄ່ື ຳເຊື່ ນັ : ເມື່ ອນຳມຳຜະລດິ ເປັນສນິ ຄຳີ້ ຂອງທ່ື ລະລກຶ ກຈະໄດລີ້ ຳຄຳດ ເພຳະນກັ ທ່ື ອງ
ທື່ ຽວເປັນກ່ື ຸມຜບ້ີ ລໂິ ພກທ່ື ມກຳລງັ ຊສີ້ ງ ລວມທງັ ເປັນກຳນສຳີ້ ງວຽກເຮດັ ງຳນທຳໃຫກີ້ ບັ ແຮງງຳນໃນທອ້ີ ງຖື່ ນິ ເຊ່ື ງິ ບື່ ມ
ວຽກເຮດັ ງຳນທຳ ຫຼ ອຳດຫວື່ ຳງວຽກໃນຊວີ້ ງລະດກຳນນນັີ້ ໆຂອງກຳນເກບັ ກື່ ຽວຜນົ ຜະລດິ ທມງຳນຜສີ້ ກຶ ສຳຈ່ື ງິ ມແນວ
ຄວຳມຄດິ ໃນກຳນສື່ ງົ ເສມກຳນເຮດັ ວຽກຮື່ ວມກນັ ລະຫວ່ື ຳງຜສ້ີ ກຶ ສຳຄນົີ້ ຄວຳີ້ ແລະ ຜປ້ີ ະກອບກດິ ຈະກຳນຕຳມຄວຳມ
ຕອ້ີ ງກຳນຂອງຜປ້ີ ະກອບກດິ ຈະກຳນ (Stakeholder) ເຊ່ື ງິ ຈະຊື່ ວຍສື່ ງົ ເສມໃຫແ້ີ ກື່ ກຳນເຮດັ ກຳນສກຶ ສຳຄນົ້ີ ຄວຳີ້ ແລະ
ພດັ ທະນຳນະວດັ ຕະກຳຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ , ບນັ ຈພຸ ນັ , ຂະບວນກຳນຜະລດິ ແລະ ຍກົ ລະດບັ ມຳດຕະຖຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ
ເພ່ື ມຂດຄວຳມສຳມຳດໃນກຳນແຂ່ື ງຂນັ ແລະ ຍກົ ລະດບັ ຂອງຜປ້ີ ະກອບກດິ ຈະກຳນໃນກຳນອອກແບບ ແລະ ພດັ ທະ
ນຳຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຂອງໃຊຈີ້ ຳກວດັ ຖຸດບິ ທຳມະຊຳດ ຕຳມມຳດຕະຖຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຊຸມຊນົ , ບນົ ພນ້ີ ຖຳນກຳນມສ່ື ວນ
ຮ່ື ວມຂອງຊຸມຊນົ ທ່ື ຈະກ່ື ໃຫເີ້ ກດປະໂຫຍດຕ່ື ຊຸມຊນົ ສຳມຳດເພ່ື ງິ ຕນົ ເອງ, ກຸມີ້ ຕນົ ເອງໄດຢີ້ ື່ ຳງຍນຍງົ ຕະຫຼອດໄປ.
ວທິ ກຳນຄນົີ້ ຄວຳ້ີ
ກຳນຄນົີ້ ຄວຳ້ີ ໃນຄງັ້ີ ນ:ີ້ ແມ່ື ນເຮຳົ ຈະໄດເີ້ ຮດັ ກຳນສກຶ ສຳຄນົີ້ ຄວຳີ້ ໃນ 5 ຂນັີ້ ຕອນລະອຽດດື່ ງັ ລ່ື ຸມນ:ີ້
ຂນັ້ີ ຕອນທ 1 : ສກຶ ສຳຄນົີ້ ຄວຳ້ີ ທຳງດຳີ້ ນເອກະສຳນ ແລະ ບດົ ຄນົີ້ ຄວຳ້ີ ທ່ື ກື່ ຽວຂອີ້ ງ.
ຂນັ້ີ ຕອນທ 2 : ເລອກກ່ື ຸມຕວົ ຢ່ື ຳງ ແລະ ກຳນດົ ກ່ື ຸມຕວົ ຢື່ ຳງຈຳກກ່ື ຸມປະຊຳກອນ.
ຂນັີ້ ຕອນທ 3 : ນຳໃຊ້ີ ແລະ ແຈກຢຳຍແບບສອບຖຳມເພ່ື ອລງົ ເກບັ ກຳຂມ້ີ ນຢື່ ພຳກສະໜຳມ.
ຂນັ້ີ ຕອນທ 4: ວເິ ຄຳະຂມີ້ ນດວີ້ ຍກຳນນຳໃຊໂີ້ ປຣແກມ SPSS.
ຂນັີ້ ຕອນທ 5: ສະຫຸບຼ ຜນົ ໄດຮີ້ ບັ .
การประชุมสัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
533
ຜນົ ໄດຮ້ີ ບັ
ໄດຮີ້ ເ້ີ ຖງິ ຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ຂອງສະມຳຊກິ ທ່ື ມຕ່ື ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ປະຕບິ ດັ ແລະ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຊກິ ຢ່ື ໃນກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນຂມ້ີ ນ
ກື່ ຽວກບັ ລັກສະນະທ່ື ວົ ໄປຂອງຜຕີ້ ອບແບບສອບຖຳມ ທື່ ປະກອບໄປດວີ້ ຍເກນອຳຍຸ , ເພດ, ໄວ ສະຖຳນະພຳບ,
ລະດບັ ກຳນສກຶ ສຳ, ຂະແໜງທື່ ຮຽນຈບົ ມຳໜຳີ້ ທື່ ຮບັ ຜດິ ຊອບ, ແຫ່ື ຼງສບທອດພມປັນຍຳໃນກຳນຈກັ ສຳນ, ແຫື່ ຼງທນຶ
ເພື່ ອໃຊໃີ້ ນກຳນດຳເນນກຳນທຸລະກດິ , ປເຂຳົ້ີ ເປັນສະມຳຊກິ ໃນກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນ, ສຳຍເຫດຂອງກຳນເຂຳົ້ີ ເປັນສະມຳຊກິ ໃນ
ກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນ ເຊ່ື ງິ ຜ່ື ຳນກຳນສກຶ ສຳປະກດົ ຜນົ ດ່ື ງັ ນ:້ີ ໃນຕຳຕະລຳງຜນົ ໄດຮີ້ ບັ ສະແດງໃຫເີ້ ຫນັ ວ່ື ຳມຜຕ້ີ ອບແບບສອບຖຳມ
ຈຳນວນ 875 ຊຸດ, ສຳມຳດຈຳ ແນກປັດໄຈສ່ື ວນບຸກຄນົ ໄດດ້ີ ່ື ງັ ນ:້ີ
ເພດ: ກຳນສກຶ ສຳຄງັ້ີ ນກີ້ ່ື ຸມຕວົ ຢ່ື ຳງທງັ ໝດົ ແມ່ື ນສະມຳຊກິ ຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຈກັ ສຳນໂດຍເພດຍງິ ມຈຳນວນ 465 ຄນົ ,
ກວມເອຳົ 53 % ແລະ ເພດຊຳຍມຈຳນວ 41 ຄນົ ກວມເອຳົ 47%.
ອຳຍຸ: ກື່ ຸມຕວົ ຢ່ື ຳງທື່ ມອຳຍຸລະຫວື່ ຳງ 31-40 ກວມເອຳົ 29% ເກນອຳຍຸ 41-50 ປກວມເອຳົ 28% ເກນອຳຍຸ 51-60
ປກວມເອຳົ 25% ແລະ ເກນອຳຍຸ 61 ປຂນຶີ້ ໄປກວມເອຳົ 18 %.
1. ສະຖຳນະພຳບ: ກື່ ຸມຕົວຢື່ ຳງທງັ ໝດົ ແມື່ ນສຳ້ີ ງຄອບຄວົ ແລວີ້ ເຊື່ ງິ ກວມເອຳົ 90% ໃນນັນ້ີ ເປັນໝຳ້ີ
ຍກວມເອຳົ 8% ແລະ ຢ່ື ຳຮຳີ້ ງກວມ 2%.
2. ກຳນສກຶ ສຳ: ລະດບັ ກຳນສກຶ ສຳຂອງກື່ ຸມຕວົ ຢື່ ຳງໂດຍທື່ ວົ ໄປຖວື່ ຳສງສມົ ຄວນ, ຢ່ື ຳງຕື່ ຳສຸດແມ່ື ນ
ບື່ ຈບົ ກວມ 75 % ຈບົ ປະລນຍຳ ຫຼ ຊນັ້ີ ສງ 25%.
3. ໜຳີ້ ທ່ື ຮບັ ຜດິ ຊອບ: ກ່ື ຸມຕວົ ຢື່ ຳງທື່ ສກຶ ສຳໃນຄງັີ້ ນລີ້ ວມມ: ເປັນເຈຳົີ້ ຂອງກດິ ຈະກຳນກວມ 63% ບື່
ເປັນເຈຳົີ້ ຂອງກດິ ຈະກຳນກວມ 37%
4. ແຫ່ື ຼງທນຶ : ແຫື່ ຼງທນຶ ທ່ື ເຂຳົ ເຈຳົີ້ ໃຊໃ້ີ ນກຳນຈດັ ຕງັີ້ ດຳເນນທຸລະກດິ ສ່ື ວນຫຼຳຍແມື່ ນທນຶ ສື່ ວນບຸ ກຄນົ
ກວມເຖງິ 64%ມພຽງ 26% ທື່ ນຳໃຊທີ້ ນຶ ຂອງລດັ , ນຳໃຊທ້ີ ນຶ ກຢ້ີ ມຈຳກທະນຳຄຳນ 8% ແລະ ທນຶ ຈຳກອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ
ສຳກນົ ມ 2%.
5. ພມປັນຍຳ: ກ່ື ຸມຕວົ ຢື່ ຳງກວມເຖງິ 64% ບອກໃຫຊ້ີ ຳບວ່ື ຳພມປັນຍຳໃນກຳນຈກັ ສຳນຂອງເຂົຳເຈຳົີ້
ແມື່ ນໄດສີ້ ບທອດມຳຈຳກບນັ ພະບຸລຸດ, ອກ 33% ບອກວ່ື ຳໄດຮີ້ ຽນຮມີ້ ຳຈຳກຄວຳມສະແຫວງມກັ ຂອງຜກ້ີ ່ື ຽວເອງ ແລະ
ມພຽງແຕ່ື 3% ທື່ ບອກວື່ ຳໄດຖ້ີ ອດຖອນບດົ ຮຽນມຳຈຳກກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນອ່ື ນ ຫຼ ໂຄງກຳນອ່ື ນ.
6. ເລ່ື ມດຳເນນທລຸ ະກດິ : 51% ຂອງກື່ ຸມຕວົ ຢ່ື ຳງເລື່ ມດຳເນນທຸລະກດິ ໃນຊຸມປ 2019, 9% ແມ່ື ນ ໃນ
ປ 2020, ໃນປ 2021 ແມ່ື ນ 38% ແລະ ອກ 38% ແມື່ ນນອນໃນປ 2022.
7. ໄລຍະເວລຳເຂຳົີ້ ເປັນກື່ ຸມສະມຳຊກິ : 61% ຂອງກ່ື ຸມຕົວຢື່ ຳງໄດເ້ີ ຂົຳ້ີ ເປັນສະມຳຊິກຂອງສະມຳຄມົ
ຈກັ ສຳນເລື່ ມແຕ່ື ຊຸມປ 2019 ແລະ ອກ 39% ແມື່ ນເຂຳົີ້ ເປັນສະມຳຊກິ ນບັ ແຕື່ ຊຸມປ 2022 ເປັນຕນົ້ີ ມຳ.
ສຳຍເຫດຂອງກຳນເຂຳົ້ີ ເປັນສະມຳຊກິ ຂອງກ່ື ຸມກຳນຈກັ ສຳນ 80% ບອກວື່ ຳຍອ້ີ ນມມຳດຕະກຳນເພື່ ອເຕຳົີ້ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອະ
ນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳສນິ ລະປະໃນກຳນຈກັ ສຳນສຳດຄຳ້ີ ; 20% ບອກວ່ື ຳຍອ້ີ ນມນະໂຍບຳຍສ່ື ງົ ເສມກ່ື ຸມໂຄງກຳນຄຸມີ້ ຄອງຍື່ ອຍ
ຂອງດນິ ບລເິ ວນນຳີ້ ຕອນລື່ ຸມຂອງບງຶ ກຽດໂງງ້ີ , ກື່ ຸມຜປ້ີ ະກອບກຳນ ແລະ ກື່ ຸມຜຄີ້ ຳີ້ ຂຳຍອອກສ່ື ທອີ້ ງຕະຫຼຳດ ບອກວື່ ຳ
ຍອີ້ ນມກຳນຖື່ ຳຍທອດຄວຳມຮ້ີ ແລະ ແລກປື່ ຽນຂມ້ີ ນຄວຳມຕອ້ີ ງກຳນຂອງຕະຫຼຳດພຳຍໃນ ແລະ ຕື່ ຳງປະເທດ, ຊ່ື ວຍ
ເປັນຂວົ ຕື່ ໃຫຜີ້ ດ້ີ ຳເນນທຸລະກດິ ກບັ ພຳກອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ຂອງລດັ ແລະ ອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັີ້ ສຳກນົ .
ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຈກັ ສຳນໃນກຳນສ່ື ງົ ເສມທຸລະກດິ .
ຜນົ ກຳນສກຶ ສຳຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ຕ່ື ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳ ຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳລຳວໃນກຳນສ່ື ງົ ເສມທຸລະກດິ ເຄື່ ອງຈກັ ສຳນລຳວມ
ດື່ ງັ ນ:ີ້
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
534
ໃນຕຳຕະລຳງຜນົ ໄດຮີ້ ບັ ຈະເຫນັ ໄດວີ້ ື່ ຳ: ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳນນັ້ີ ເມື່ ອແຍກພຈິ ຳລະນຳແຕ່ື ລະ
ດຳ້ີ ນພບົ ວື່ ຳ: ດຳ້ີ ນທ່ື ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ຫຼຳຍຄບດົ ບຳດທ (1) ດຳ້ີ ນກຳນເຕຳົີ້ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອຳນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳສນິ ລະປະ
ຫດັ ຖະກຳເຄ່ື ອງຈກັ ສຳນລຳວ, ບດົ ບຳດທ (2) ດຳີ້ ນກຳນສ່ື ງົ ເສມພດັ ທະນຳນກັ ທຸລະກດິ ທ່ື ເິ ປັນສະມຳຊກິ , ຜປ້ີ ະກອບ
ກຳນ ແລະ ຜຄີ້ ຳີ້ ຂຳຍຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈກັ ສຳນຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ ທ່ື ວົ ໄປນນັ້ີ ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ປຳນກຳງ ມຄ່ື ຳສະເລື່ ຍເທື່ ຳົ
ກບັ 3.16 ແລະ ຄ່ື ຳຜນັ ປື່ ຽນມຳດຕະຖຳນເທ່ື ຳົ ກບັ 0.67 ແລະ ສ່ື ວນອກໜື່ ງຶ ບດົ ບຳດຄ: ບດົ ບຳດທ (3) ດຳ້ີ ນກຳນເປັນ
ຂວົ ຕື່ ລະຫວື່ ຳງພຳກທຸລະກດິ ກບັ ອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັີ້ ຂອງລດັ ແລະ ອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ສຳກນົ ມຄື່ ຳສະເລ່ື ຍເທ່ື ຳົ ກບັ 3.42 ແລະ
3.52 ຕຳມລຳດບັ .
ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດທ (1) ດຳ້ີ ນກຳນເຕຳົ້ີ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອະນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຂອງ
ຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ . ຈະເຫນັ ວື່ ຳດຳີ້ ນກຳນເຕຳົີ້ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອະນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ
ເປັນດຳ້ີ ນທ່ື ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ຕື່ ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນຂອງຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳ້ີ
ໂດຍລວມຢື່ ໃນລະດບັ ຫຳຼ ຍມຄື່ ຳສະເລື່ ຍເທ່ື ຳົ ກບັ 3.42 ແລະ ຄ່ື ຳຜນັ ປ່ື ຽນມຳດຕະຖຳນເທ່ື ຳົ ກບັ 0.75 ເມ່ື ອພຈິ ຳລະນຳ
ໃນລຳຍລະອຽດດຳີ້ ນນພ້ີ ບົ ວື່ ຳ: ກດິ ຈະກຳທ່ື ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ຫຼຳຍຕ່ື ກບັ ກຳນເຕຳົີ້ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອະ ນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳ
ສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະກຳເຄື່ ອງຈກັ ສຳນລຳວຄ: (1.3) ພນັ ທະ ແລະ ໜຳ້ີ ທ່ື ຂອງສະມຳຊກິ ມຄ່ື ຳສະເລື່ ຍເທື່ ຳົ ກບັ 3.56 ຮອງ
ລງົ ມຳຄ: (1.1) ໂຄງປະກອບກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ຂອງ (1.5) ກຳນດຳເນນກອງປະຊຸມສຳມນັ ແລະ ວສິ ຳມນັ ປະຈຳປຂອງຄະນະ
ບລຫິ ຳນງຳນ ແລະ (1.4) ດຳ້ີ ນກດົ ລະບຽບ, ຫຼກັ ກຳນ ແລະ ແບບແຜນກຳນເຄື່ ອນໄຫວຂອງກື່ ຸມຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນ
ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຕນົ້ີ ຄຳ້ີ ມຄື່ ຳສະເລ່ື ຍເທື່ ຳົ ກບັ 3.54; 3.52 ແລະ 3.50 ຕຳມລຳດບັ . ໂດຍທ່ື (1.2) ຂອບເຂດສດິ ໜຳີ້ ທ່ື
ຂອງຄະນະບລຫິ ຳນງຳນ ແລະ (1.6) ລະບອບປະຊຸມ ແລະ ດຳເນນຊວດິ ປົກກະຕມິ ຄື່ ຳສະເລື່ ຍພຽງປຳນກຳງເທ່ື ຳົ ນນັີ້
ຄ: ເທື່ ຳົ ກບັ 3.34 ແລະ 3.10 ຕຳມລຳດບັ .
ວຈິ ຳນຜນົ ໄດຮ້ີ ບັ
ຜນົ ຂອງກຳນສກຶ ສຳຈະເປັນປະໂຫຍດຕ່ື ຄະນະບລຫິ ຳນງຳນ ແລະ ໂຄງກຳນກື່ ຄສະມຳຊກິ ສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳທ່ື ນອນ
ຢ່ື ໃນກ່ື ຸມຈກັ ສຳນ ເພ່ື ອຈະນຳເອຳົ ຜນົ ກຳນຄນົີ້ ຄວຳ້ີ ວໄິ ຈໄປໃຊເ້ີ ປັນແນວທຳງໃນກຳນກຳນດົ ວທິ ປະຕິ ບດັ ງຳນ, ເປັນແບບ
ແຜນໃນກຳນພດັ ທະນຳກຳນບລຫິ ຳນຈດັ ກຳນພຳຍໃນສະມຳຄມົ ແລະ ເພ່ື ອປັບປຸງປະສດິ ທພິ ຳບໃນກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ງຳນ
ຂອງຄະນະບລຫິ ຳນງຳນ ແລະ ສະມຳ ຊກິ ຂອງສະມຳຄມົ .
ເຖງິ ວ່ື ຳຜນົ ຈຳກກຳນສກຶ ສຳຈະຊສ້ີ ະແດງໃຫເີ້ ຫນັ ວ່ື ຳສະມຳຊກິ ຈຳກກ່ື ຸມຈກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ໃຫຄ້ີ ວຳມ
ສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ຫຼຳຍຕ່ື ປັດໄຈດຳີ້ ນຄວຳມສຳມຳດ,ດຳີ້ ນໜຳີ້ ທ່ື ວຽກງຳນ ແລະ ດຳີ້ ນກຳນບລຫິ ຳນບຸກຄະລຳກອນ ແລະ
ປັດໄຈດຳີ້ ນແຮງຈງໃຈ. ແຕື່ ໃນນນັ້ີ , ພວກເຮຳົ ຈະເຫນັ ໄດຢີ້ ່ື ຳງຊດັ ເຈນວ່ື ຳດຳ້ີ ນທື່ ນອນຢ່ື ໃນປັດໄຈຄຳີ້ ຈນຸ ເປັນຕນົ້ີ : ດຳີ້ ນ
ສະຫວດັ ດກຳນ ແລະ ດຳ້ີ ນກຳນເງນິ ສະມຳ ຊກິ ຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົ້ີ ຄຳີ້ ຈະໃຫຄ້ີ ວຳມສຳຄນັ ພຽງ
ແຕື່ ໃນລະດບັ ປຳນກຳງເທື່ ຳົ ນນັີ້ , ຖຳີ້ ພຈິ ຳ ລະນຳດຳີ້ ນຄວຳມເພື່ ງພໃຈແລວີ້ ສະມຳຊກິ ຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ
ຈຳກຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ຍງັ ມຄວຳມຕອີ້ ງກຳນດຳ້ີ ນສະຫວດັ ດກຳນ ແລະ ຄື່ ຳຕອບແທນຜນົ ປະໂຫຍດຕ່ື ຳງໆ. ດື່ ງັ ນນັ້ີ ໃນກຳນສບຕື່ ດຳ
ເນນກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ທື່ ມຈຳກຕນົ້ີ ຄຳີ້ ໃນຕື່ ໜຳ້ີ , ປັດໄຈດຳ້ີ ນສະຫວດັ ດກຳນ ແລະ
ຄ່ື ຳຕອບແທນ ຫຼ ຜນົ ປະໂຫຍດ ຕື່ ຳງໆ ສະມຳຄົມຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ ຄວນຕອ້ີ ງໄດຮ້ີ ັບກຳນຄນົີ້ ຄວຳີ້
ພຈິ ຳລະນຳປັບປຸງ ແລະ ເອຳົ ໃຈໃສື່ ໃຫຫ້ີ ຼຳຍຂນຶີ້ ກວື່ ຳເກື່ ຳົ .
ເຄ່ື ອງມທ່ື ໃຊໃ້ີ ນກຳນສກຶ ສຳ.
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บณั ฑติ ศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
535
ແບບສອບຖຳມເປັນລຳຍບຸກຄນົ ບຳ້ີ ນໜອງໝຳກເອກ, ຄວຳມຕອີ້ ງກຳນ ແລະ ແນວທຳງໃນກຳນພດັ ທະນຳຜະລດິ ຕະ
ພນັ ຮບແບບໃໝ່ື ຂອງກ່ື ຸມ. ແບບສອບຖຳມຄວຳມຕອີ້ ງກຳນຂອງຜບີ້ ລໂິ ພກຕື່ ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຊຸມຊນົ .ແບບສອບຖຳມກຳນ
ພດັ ທະນຳຮບແບບຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ສນິ ຄຳີ້ ຊຸມຊນົ ບນົ ພນ້ີ ຖຳນພມປັນຍຳທອີ້ ງຖື່ ນິ ດຳ້ີ ນຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງ ບຳີ້ ນໜອງໝຳກ
ເອກ, ເມອງປະທຸມພອນ, ແຂວງຈຳປຳສກັ . ແບບສອບຖຳມຄວຳມເພື່ ງພໃຈຂອງຜບີ້ ລໂິ ພກທ່ື ມຕ່ື ຮບແບບຜະລດິ ຕະ
ພນັ ສນິ ຄຳ້ີ ຊຸ ມຊນົ ທື່ ອອກແບບ ແລະ ພດັ ທະນຳຂນຶ້ີ . ຫຼງັ ຈຳກເກບັ ກຳລວບລວມຂມີ້ ນໄດແ້ີ ລວີ້ ຜຄີ້ ນົີ້ ຄວຳີ້ ໄດດີ້ ຳເນນ
ຕຳມຂນັ້ີ ຕອນດື່ ງັ ນ:້ີ
ກວດກຳຄວຳມສມົ ບນຂອງແບບສອບຖຳມ ແລະ ໄດແ້ີ ບບສອບຖຳມທງັ ໝດົ : ປະເພດ (ກ) ຈຳນວນ 875 ສະບບັ
ແລະ ປະເພດ (2) ຈຳນວນ 875 ສະບບັ , ຍງິ 435 ສະບບັ . ນຳຂມ້ີ ນທງັ ໝດົ ຈຳກແບບສອບຖຳມມຳວເິ ຄຳະດວີ້ ຍ ໂປ
ຣແກມ SPSS ເພື່ ອວເິ ຄຳະຂມີ້ ນໂດຍແຍກເປັນແຕ່ື ລະພຳກສ່ື ວນດື່ ງັ ນ:້ີ
• ກຳນວເິ ຄຳະຂມ້ີ ນທ່ື ວົ ໄປຂອງຜຕ້ີ ອບແບບສອບຖຳມແມ່ື ນໄດນີ້ ຳໃຊໂີ້ ປຣແກມ SPSS ໃນກຳນຊອກ
ຫຳຄ່ື ຳຄວຳມຖື່ (Frequency) ແລວ້ີ ຄດິ ໄລື່ ເປັນຄື່ ຳສ່ື ວນຮອີ້ ຍ(Percentage). ສື່ ວນກຳນວເິ ຄຳະຂມ້ີ ນກຽ່ວື ກບັ ຄວຳມ
ຄດິ ເຫນັ ຂອງສະມຳຊກິ ໃນກ່ື ຸມຈກັ ສຳນທ່ື ມຕື່ ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ 3 ບດົ ບຳດຂອງກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນທ່ື ນອນຢື່ ໃນກ່ື ຸມ ແລະ
ປັດໄຈຫຼກັ ທຳງດຳ້ີ ນຕື່ ຳງໆເຊ່ື ນັ : ດຳີ້ ນຄວຳມອຳດສຳມຳດ, ດຳ້ີ ນໜຳີ້ ທື່ ວຽກງຳນ, ດຳີ້ ນກຳນບລຫິ ຳນຫອ້ີ ງກຳນ, ດຳີ້ ນກຳນ
ບລິ ຫຳນຂອງບຸກຄະລຳກອນ ແລະ ດຳ້ີ ນແຮງຈງໃຈ ທື່ ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ຕື່ ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນ ນນັີ້
ແມ່ື ນໄດນີ້ ຳໃຊໂີ້ ປຣແກມ SPSS ມຳວເິ ຄຳະດວ້ີ ຍກຳນຊອກຫຳຄື່ ຳສະເລ່ື ຍ (Mean) ແລະ ຄ່ື ຳຜນັ ປ່ື ຽນມຳດຕະຖຳນ
(Standard Deviation: SD) ເຊ່ື ງິ ໄດແ້ີ ບ່ື ງນຳ້ີ ໜກັ ຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ຂອງແຕ່ື ລະຄຳຖຳມອອກເປັນ 5 ລະດບັ ຕຳມ
ຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ຄ: ຄະແນນ 1 ແມື່ ນຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ໃນລະດບັ ດໜອີ້ ຍທື່ ສຸດ ແລະ ຄະແນນ 5 ແມ່ື ນຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ໃນ
ລະດບັ ດຫຳຼ ຍທ່ື ສຸດ. ສື່ ວນກຳນແປຄວຳມໝຳຍ ແມ່ື ນອງຕຳມມຳດຕຳສື່ ວນໃນກຳນປະເມນຄ່ື ຳຕຳມແບບວທິ ຂອງລເກດ
(Likert Rating Scale) ເຊື່ ງິ ເພ່ື ນໄດແ້ີ ບື່ ງລະດບັ ຄະແນນອອກເປັນ 5 ຫວື່ ຳງ.
ສະຫຸບຼ ຜນົ
ຜນົ ກຳນວເິ ຄຳະຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ຂອງສະມຳຊກິ ທ່ື ມຕ່ື ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ປະຕບິ ດັ ທນອນໃນ 3 ບດົ ບຳດ ຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ
ຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ທື່ ໄດຈ້ີ ຳກຕນົ້ີ ຄຳ້ີ .
(1) ຮໄ້ີ ດວ້ີ ື່ ຳ ຕຳມຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ຂອງສະມຳຊກິ ສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຈຳກຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ນນັ້ີ
ໃນກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ 3 ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ນນັ້ີ ບດົ ບຳດທ1: ກຳນເຕຳົີ້ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອະນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະ
ກຳຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈີ້ ກັ ສຳນໃຫເີ້ ປັນກຳລງັ ແຮງຕື່ ລອງທຳງດຳີ້ ນທຸລະກດິ , ບດົ ບຳດທ 2: ກຳນສື່ ງົ ເສມພດັ ທະນຳນກັ ທຸລະ ກດິ
ທື່ ເປັນສະມຳຊກິ , ຜປີ້ ະກອບກຳນຜະລດິ ແລະ ຜຄ້ີ ຳີ້ ຂຳຍເຄ່ື ອງຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນລຳວທື່ ວົ ໄປນນັ້ີ ມຄວຳມສຳ ຄນັ ໃນ
ລະດບັ ປຳນກຳງເທ່ື ຳົ ນນັີ້ ດວີ້ ຍຄ່ື ຳສະເລ່ື ຍ 3.16 ແລະ ຄື່ ຳຜນັ ປື່ ຽນມຳດຕະຖຳນເທື່ ຳົ ກບັ 0.671, ສື່ ວນບດົ ບຳດທ 3:
ກຳນເປັນຂວົ ຕ່ື ລະຫວື່ ຳງພຳກທຸລະກດິ ແລະ ອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ຂອງລດັ ແລະ ອງົ ກຳນຈດົ ຕງັີ້ ສຳກນົ ທ່ື ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນ
ລະດບັ ຫຼຳຍມຄ່ື ຳສະເລື່ ຍເທື່ ຳົ ກບັ 3.42 ແລະ 3.52 ຕຳມລຳດບັ .
ຜນົ ກຳນທດົ ສອບສມົ ມຸດຖຳນ
ຜນົ ກຳນທດົ ສອບສມົ ມຸດຖຳນສະມຳຊກິ ສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະ ກຳຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈີ້ ກັ ສຳນທ່ື ມລກັ ສະນະສື່ ວນບຸກຄນົ ແຕກຕ່ື ຳງ
ກນັ ມຄວຳມເຫນັ ແຕກຕື່ ຳງກນັ ຕ່ື ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ.
(1) ຮໄ້ີ ດວ້ີ ່ື ຳສະມຳຊກິ ຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນທື່ ມເພດແຕກຕື່ ຳງກນັ ຈະມຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ບ່ື ແຕກ
ຕື່ ຳງກນັ ຕື່ ກບັ 3 ບດົ ບຳດຕນົີ້ ຕຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ, ສະມຳຊກິ ທື່ ມອຳຍຸແຕກຕ່ື ຳງກນັ ຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ແຕກຕ່ື ຳງກນັ ຕ່ື ກບັ 3
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ท่ี ระดบั บณั ฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
536
ບດົ ບຳດຕນົ້ີ ຕຂອງກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ, ສະມຳຊກິ ທ່ື ມວຸດທກິ ຳນສກຶ ສຳແຕກຕື່ ຳງກນັ ຈະມຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ບ່ື ແຕກຕ່ື ຳງກນັ ຕ່ື ກບັ
ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດທ 1: ກຳນເຕຳົ້ີ ໂຮມ ແລະ ອະນຸລກັ ຮກັ ສຳສນິ ລະປະຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນໃຫເ້ີ ປັນກຳລງັ
ແຮງຕື່ ລອງທຳງດຳີ້ ນທຸລະກດິ ແລະ ບດົ ບຳດທ 2: ກຳນສ່ື ງົ ເສມພດັ ທະນຳນກັ ທຸລະກດິ ທ່ື ເປັນສະມຳຊກິ , ຜປີ້ ະກອບ
ກຳນຜະລດິ ແລະ ຜຄີ້ ຳີ້ ຂຳຍເຄື່ ອງຈກັ ສຳນທ່ື ໄດຈ້ີ ຳກຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ຂອງຕນົີ້ ຄຳີ້ ໂດຍທ່ື ວົ ໄປ, ແຕ່ື ຈະມຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ
ແຕກຕ່ື ຳງກນັ ຕື່ ກບັ ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດທ 3: ກຳນເປັນຂວົ ຕ່ື ລະຫວື່ ຳງພຳກທຸລະກດິ ແລະ ອງົ ກຳນຈດັ ຕງັ້ີ ຂອງລດັ
ແລະ ອງົ ກຳນຈດົ ຕງັີ້ ສຳກນົ ດວີ້ ຍຄື່ ຳສະເລ່ື ຍທຳງສະຖຕິ ິ (sig)= 0.034. ສື່ ວນສະມຳຊກິ ທື່ ຮຽນຈບົ ມຳຈຳກຂະແໜ
ງຮຽນຕື່ ຳງກນັ ຈະມຄວຳມຄດິ ເຫນັ ແຕກຕ່ື ຳງກນັ ຕ່ື ກບັ 3 ບດົ ບຳດຕນົີ້ ຕຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຈກັ ສຳນສຳດຄຳ້ີ ບຳີ້ ນໜ
ອງໝຳກເອກ.
(2) ຜນົ ກຳນທດົ ສອບສມົ ມຸດຖຳນປັດໄຈດຳ້ີ ນຕື່ ຳງໆ ມຜນົ ຕື່ ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳລຳວ
ຜນົ ກຳນທດົ ສອບເຫນັ ວື່ ຳ ປັດໄຈດຳີ້ ນຕື່ ຳງໆເຊ່ື ນັ : ດຳ້ີ ນຄວຳມສຳມຳດ (ຄ່ື ຳສະເລື່ ຍ 4.17), ດຳີ້ ນໜຳ້ີ ທ່ື ວຽກງຳນ (ຄື່ ຳສະ
ເລ່ື ຍ 3.92), ດຳີ້ ນກຳນບລຫິ ຳນຫອ້ີ ງກຳນ (ຄ່ື ຳສະເລື່ ຍ 3.65), ດຳ້ີ ນກຳນບລຫິ ຳນບຸກຄະລຳກອນ (ຄື່ ຳສະເລື່ ຍ 3.76)
ແລະ ດຳີ້ ນແຮງຈງໃຈ (ຄ່ື ຳສະເລື່ ຍ 3.96) ລວີ້ ນແລວີ້ ແຕື່ ມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ຫຼຳຍຕື່ ກຳນປະຕິ ບດັ ງຳນຂອງ
ສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ ເຊ່ື ງິ ສອດຄ່ື ອງກບັ ສມົ ມຸດຖຳນທ່ື ຕງັີ້ ໄວ.້ີ
ເມື່ ອແຍກພຈິ ຳລະນຳລງົ ເລກິ ໃນລຳຍລະອຽດສະເພຳະປັດໄຈດຳ້ີ ນແຮງຈງໃຈກື່ ເຫນັ ໄດວ້ີ ື່ ຳສມົ ມຸດຖຳນສອດ ຄື່ ອງຕຳມ
ທດິ ສະດສອງປັດໄຈ ຂອງ Herzberg ທື່ ຜສ້ີ ກຶ ສຳໄດໃີ້ ຊເີ້ ປັນບື່ ອນອງໃນກຳນສຳ້ີ ງກອບແນວຄວຳມຄດິ ທື່ ໄດກ້ີ ່ື ຳວໄວີ້
ວື່ ຳ: ປັດໄຈຈງໃຈ ແລະ ປັດໄຈຄຳ້ີ ຈນຸ ເປັນປັດໄຈພນ້ີ ຖຳນສຳຄນັ ທ່ື ກ່ື ໃຫເ້ີ ກດຄວຳມເພ່ື ງິ ພໃຈໃນປະຕບິ ດັ ງຳນ, ເຊ່ື ງິ ໃນ
ນບີ້ ນັ ດຳດຳີ້ ນຕ່ື ຳງໆທື່ ນອນໃນປັດໄຈດຳ້ີ ນຈງໃຈທື່ ສະມຳຊກິ ຂອງສະມຳຄມົ ຫດັ ຖະກຳຂອງກື່ ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນຄດິ ວ່ື ຳມ
ຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ຫຳຼ ຍທື່ ສຸດຕື່ ກຳນປະຕບິ ດັ ບດົ ບຳດຂອງກື່ ຸມຈກັ ສຳນຜະລດິ ຕະພນັ ແມື່ ນດຳີ້ ນຄວຳມຮບັ ຜດິ ຊອບ (4.35)
ແລະ ດຳີ້ ນຄວຳມສຳພນັ ລະຫວ່ື ຳງສະມຳຊກິ ໃນສະມຳຄມົ (4.23), ຮອງລງົ ມຳແມື່ ນມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ຫຳຼ ຍ
ເຊ່ື ງລວມມ: ດຳ້ີ ນຄວຳມສຳເລັດໃນກຳນປະຕບິ ັດວຽກ (4.05), ດຳີ້ ນກຳນບລຫິ ຳນນະໂຍບຳຍ (4.00), ດຳ້ີ ນ
ລກັ ສະນະຂອງວຽກ (3.88), ດຳີ້ ນກຳນໄດຮີ້ ບັ ກຳນຍອມຮບັ ນບັ ຖ (3.82), ດຳີ້ ນໂອກຳດ ແລະ ຄວຳມກຳ້ີ ວໜຳ້ີ (3.
70), ດຳ້ີ ນສະພຳບເງື່ອນໄຂເຮດັ ວຽກ (3.76), ດຳ້ີ ນປົກຄອງບງັ ຄບັ ບນັ ຊຳ (3.64), ດຳ້ີ ນຊນັີ້ ຕຳ ແໜື່ ງ (3.52), ດຳ້ີ ນ
ຄວຳມໝນັ້ີ ຄງົ ໃນວຽກ (3.41). ສຳລບັ ດຳ້ີ ນສະຫວດັ ດກຳນ ແລະ ດຳີ້ ນກຳນເງນິ (ຄ່ື ຳຕອບແທນ) ສະມຳຊກິ ທື່ ນອນໃນ
ກ່ື ຸມຜຈ້ີ ກັ ສຳນ ເຫນັ ວ່ື ຳມຄວຳມສຳຄນັ ໃນລະດບັ ປຳນກຳງ ດວີ້ ຍຄື່ ຳສະເລ່ື ຍ 3.17 ແລະ 2.70 ຕຳມລຳດບັ ດ່ື ງັ ສະແດງ
ໃນຕຳຕະລຳງ
ຄຳຂອບໃຈ
ກື່ ອນອື່ ນໝດົ ຂຳີ້ ພະເຈຳົ້ີ ຂສະແດງຄວຳມຂອບໃຈ ແລະ ຮບີ້ ຸນຄຸນອນັ ປະເສດມຳຍງັ ອະທກິ ຳນບດ, ທື່ ຳນ
ຄະນະ ບດ, ຮອງຄະນະບດ, ຫວົ ໜຳີ້ ພຳກວຊິ ຳ, ຮອງພຳກວຊິ ຳແລະ ຄອຳຈຳນທຸກທ່ື ຳນໃນຄະນະກະເສດສຳດ ແລະ
ປ່ື ຳ ໄມ ້ີ ທື່ ໄດສີ້ ດິ ສອນຖື່ ຳຍທອດສ່ື ງົ ຄວຳມຮໃີ້ ຫແ້ີ ກື່ ຂຳ້ີ ພະເຈຳົີ້ .
ຂສະແດງຄວຳມຂອບໃຈ ແລະ ຮບ້ີ ຸນຄຸນຢ່ື ຳງມຳຍງັ ທ່ື ຳນ ປອ. ນ. ບຸນຖມົ ສສຸມງັ ແລະ ປທ. ນ. ທບິ ພຳພອນ ລນິ
ທະສອນທື່ ໃຫກີ້ ຳນຊື່ ວຍເຫຼອ, ຊນ້ີ ຳໆພຳທຳງດຳີ້ ນກຳນຂຽນແຜນໂຄງຮື່ ຳງບດົ ສະເໜຄນົີ້ ຄວຳ້ີ , ວທິ ກຳນໃນກຳນລົງ
ເກບັ ກຳຂມີ້ ນຢ່ື ພຳກສະໜຳມພອ້ີ ມທງັ ໃຫທ້ີ ດິ ທຳງແນະນຳ ເພື່ ອກວດແກດ້ີ ຳ້ີ ນເນອີ້ ໃນກຄທຳງດຳ້ີ ນເຕກັ ນກິ ວຊິ ຳກຳນ
ຕ່ື ຳງໆ ລວມທງັ ກຳນຂຽນບດົ ໂຄງກຳນຈບົ ຊນັ້ີ ຈນົ ໄດຮີ້ ບັ ຜນົ ສຳເລດັ ໄປໂດຍດ. ຂຳີ້ ພະເຈຳົີ້ ຂສະແດງຄວຳມຂອບອກົ
ຂອບໃຈຢື່ ຳງຍື່ ງິ ມຳຍງັ ທ່ື ຳນຫວົ ໜຳີ້ ພະແນກ, ຫວົ ໜຳ້ີ ໜື່ ວຍງຳນ, ຂະແໜງປື່ ຳໄມ,້ີ ກ່ື ຸມກວດກຳລຳດຕະເວນ ແລະ ໜື່
การประชมุ สัมมนาทางวชิ าการ ไทย ลาว ครงั้ ที่ ระดบั บัณฑิตศึกษา ประจาํ ปี ການປະຊຸມສໍາມະນາທາງວຊິ າການ ໄທ ລາວ ຄງັ້ ທີ ລະດບັ ປະລນິ ຍາໂທ ແລະ ປະລນິ ຍາເອກ ປະຈາໍ ປີ
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Submitted Letter of teachers and students to attend the conference at MAEJO Universiity
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Submitted Letter of teachers and students to attend the conference at MAEJO Universiity
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