Cuộc Chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975 Long Điền Tập 1

Cuộc Tập 1
Chiến
Việt
Nam
1945-
1975

4X\ӇQ ViFK Qҫ\ WUtFK GүQ OӡL QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD FiF QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ
JӗP FiF QKkQ YұW 1JѭӡL 9LӋW 4XӕF *LD 1JѭӡL 9LӋW &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yj
FiF QKkQ Vƭ 4XӕF 7Ӄ GR FiF QKұW Nê GLӉQ YăQ KRһF EjL YLӃW FӫD
FKtQK QKkQ YұW ҩ\ NK{QJ GQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD QJѭӡL NKiF JKpS FKR
QKkQ YұW ÿy QJѭӡL YLӃW FKӍ VѭX WҫP Yj WUѭQJ GүQ FiF WjL OLӋX OӏFK
Vӱ Wӯ QKLӅX SKLi Yj VDX FQJ WiF JLҧ WyP OѭӧF QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD FiF

QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ YӅ &XӝF &KLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 1

Tri ân: Thành kính tri ân các chiến sĩ QLVNCH đã hy sinh
vì tổ quốc, 3 triệu dân, cán, chính hy sinh trên chiến trường, đồng
bào tử nạn trong cuộc chiến. Những anh hùng vô danh, những anh
hùng tuẫn quốc khi cuộc chiến kết thúc.Trên 50.000 chiến hữu tù
nhân “cải tạo” đã bỏ mình trong ngục tù CS, 500.000 đồng bào hy
sinh trên đường vượt biên tìm tự do, hàng ngàn chiến sĩ đấu tranh
trong và ngoài nước, các tù nhân lương tâm hy sinh hoặc còn bi
giam cầm cho lý tưởng tự do.

Cảm tạ: Chân thành cảm tạ các sử gia, tác giả các tài liệu,
sách về lịch sử cuộc chiến Việt Nam đã được tác giả trích đăng
(xin thứ lỗi vì không có điều kiện xin phép trước) các tài liệu cho
quyển sách nầy.

Quý chiến hữu, cựu tù nhân chính trị, các đồng sự, thành viên
trong các tổ chức Cộng Đồng đã giúp đỡ, cung cấp tài liệu, góp ý,
sửa bài, khích lệ để hoàn thành quyển sách nầy.

Mến thương gởi đến vợ hiền và các con đã trợ giúp, khuyến
khích vật chất lẫn tinh thần để tham gia hoạt động gần 20 năm
trong các tổ chức Cộng Đồng và hỗ trợ viết, in quyển sách nầy.

Long Điền 2012.

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 3

&XӝF &KLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP
1945-1975.

7ѭӡQJ WUuQK FXӝF FKLӃQ FӫD PӝW TXkQ QKkQ 4/91&+
/RQJ ĈLӅQ

&XӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP Wӯ QăP ÿӃQ Oj PӝW FXӝF FKLӃQ
ÿүP PiX ÿҫ\ WDQJ WKѭѫQJ QKLӅX WUDQK FmL QKLӅX WrQ JӑL Wùy theo
NKX\QK KѭӟQJ FKtQK WUӏ Yj FzQ ÿӇ OҥL QKLӅX KұX TXҧ FKR 9LӋW 1DP Wӯ
ÿӃQ QD\ Ĉy Oj FXӝF FKLӃQ ÿѭӧF JLӟL WUX\ӅQ WK{QJ TXӕF WӃ FiF QKà
YăQ QKj EiR QJRҥL TXӕF EjQ ÿӃQ QKLӅX QKҩW G ÿm FKҩP GӭW VDX
NKL SKH 0LӅQ 1DP WKҩW EҥL SKH 0LӅQ %ҳF WKӕQJ QKҩW Fҧ QѭӟF Pj FKѭD
WKӕQJ QKҩW OzQJ QJѭӡL

'ƭ QKLrQ FiF Nê JLҧ FiF QKj EuQK OXұQ TXӕF WӃ PXӕQ JӑL VDR FKR
FXӝF FKLӃQ 91 WKu Kӑ Fӭ JӑL Yu KLӇX U} WKӵF FKҩW FXӝF FKLӃQ WӫL EXӗQ
KD\ YLQK Gӵ FD\ ÿҳQJ KD\ WKRҧ PmQ WUѭӟF PӝW ҧR WѭӣQJ FӫD FXӝF FKLӃQ
WKu FKӍ Fy QJѭӡL 9LӋW FK~QJ WD KLӇX YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP U} QKҩW Yà
ÿ~QJ ÿҳQ QKҩW

1Jj\ QD\ YӟL FiF WjL OLӋX TXӕF WӃ ÿѭӧF JLҧL PұW EӭF PjQ ÿHQ WӕL
YӅ OӏFK Vӱ 91 ÿѭӧF YpQ OrQ OҫQ OѭӧW YӟL FiF KӗL Nê FiF YăQ EҧQ OӏFK Vӱ
FiF FXӝF SKӓQJ YҩQ QKӳQJ QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ Yj YӟL PҥQJ OXӟL ÿLӋQ WRiQ
WRjQ FҫX ÿDQJ ÿѭӧF Pӣ UӝQJ QKj FҫP TX\ӅQ WURQJ QѭӟF G Fy Vӱ GөQJ
WѭӡQJ OӱD OXұW OӋ NKҳF NKH ÿӇ QJăQ FKұQ WK{QJ WLQ QKѭQJ YүQ NK{QJ
QJăQ FKұQ QӛL Vӵ WUX\ FұS WLQ WӭF FӫD ÿӗQJ EjR TXӕF QӝL

&y KLӇX U} WKӵF FKҩW FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP WKu FK~QJ WD PӟL WUiQK
ÿѭӧF FiF FXӝF FKLӃQ WUDQK WѭѫQJ Wӵ [D OiQK FiF OұS OXұQ QJRҥL ODL SKҧQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 5

GkQ WӝF ÿDQJ UD VӭF EyS PpR OӏFK Vӱ QJ} KҫX WLӃS WөF Oàm giàu trên
[ѭѫQJ PiX FӫD 'kQ 7ӝF 9LӋW 1DP
4X\ӇQ ViFK Qҫ\ ÿѭD UD OӡL QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD FiF QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ JӗP
4XӕF 7Ӄ 9LӋW 1DP &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yj .K{QJ &6 GR OӡL QyL KRһF EjL YLӃW
FӫD FKtQK QKkQ YұW ҩ\ WiF JLҧ VѭX WҫP Yj WUѭQJ GүQ WjL OLӋX Wӯ QKLӅX
SKLi Yj VDX FQJ Oj QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD WiF JLҧ YӅ QKkQ YұW ÿDQJ QyL ÿӃQ

'үQ 1KұS:

7UrQ WKӃ JLӟL FKѭD KӅ Fy GkQ WӝF QjR Fy FQJ PӝW KX\ӃW WKӕQJ
FQJ PӝW TXӕF JLD FQJ PӝW FKLӅX GjL OӏFK Vӱ GkQ WӝF Pj OҥL PDQJ
QKLӅX KұQ WK Yj GDL GҷQJ ÿӃQ QKѭ Yұ\ 7ҥL VDR """

0XӕQ WuP KLӇX Vӵ WKұW OӏFK Vӱ FӫD &XӝF &KLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP
WKu UҩW NKy G Fy WKұW WkP PXӕQ WuP Vӵ WUXQJ WKӵF OӏFK Vӱ WURQJ
QѭӟF WKu YLӃW Vӱ PӝW FKLӅX YLӃW WKHR ÿѫQ ÿһW KjQJ KҧL QJRҥL WKu ÿD Vӕ
YLӃW Vӱ ÿӅX Fy PӝW ÿӏQK NLӃQ FKӫ TXDQ Fy QJѭӡL NKpR GҩX Fy QJѭӡL
Oӝ OLӉX 1JѭӡL QJRҥL TXӕF YLӃW YӅ &XӝF &KLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP Vӕ ÿ{QJ FKѭD
KLӇX WKҩX ÿiR KRһF GR FKӛ ÿӭQJ JyF QKuQ QrQ FKѭD SKҧQ ҧQK WKӵF Vӵ
QӝL WuQK

&XӝF FKLӃQ ÿѭӧF [HP Oj FXӝF FKLӃQ JLӳD QJѭӡL 9LӋW
4XӕF *LD Yj QJѭӡL 9LӋW &ӝQJ 6ҧQ &zQ ÿѭӧF JӑL WҳW Oj FXӝF FKLӃQ 4XӕF
&ӝQJ KD\ Oj FKLӃQ WUDQK ê WKӭF KӋ &Kӫ QJKƭD &6 ÿѭӧF WұS ÿRàn
&647 GX QKұS YjR 9LӋW 1DP Wӯ 7ӯ QăP Oj WKӡL NǤ
JKL QKұQ Fy QKLӅX FXӝF ViW KҥL QKӳQJ QJѭӡL NK{QJ WKHR &6 /ҫQ OѭӧW
qua các nhұQ ÿӏQK ÿӗQJ ÿӅX F{QJ EҵQJ FӫD QKkQ YұW 4XӕF *LD
QKkQ YұW &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yj QKkQ YұW 4XӕF 7Ӄ ÿӇ FK~QJ WD VӁ ÿѭӧF QJKH
ÿѭӧF ELӃW Kӑ QKұQ ÿӏQK YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ QăP WҥL 9LӋW 1DP UD VDR

6 LONG ĐIỀN

1ӝL 'XQJ
&KѭѫQJ 0ӝW 0өF ÿtFK TX\ӇQ ViFK .
&KѭѫQJ +DL 1KұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ

$ 1KұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP FӫD SKtD 4XӕF *LD

4XӕF 7UѭӣQJ %ҧR ĈҥL

7әQJ WKӕQJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP

7әQJ WKӕQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7KLӋX
7әQJ WKӕQJ 7UҫQ 9ăQ +ѭѫQJ
&Kӫ WӏFK +ҥ 9LӋQ 1JX\ӉQ %i &ҭQ
ĈҥL 7ѭӟQJ &DR 9ăQ 9LrQ 7әQJ 7KDP 0ѭX 7UѭӣQJ 4/91&+

*LiR 6ѭ 1JX\ӉQ 1JӑF +X\
6ӱ JLD 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP

6ӱ JLD ÿҥL Wi 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ
6ӱ JLD +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\

6ӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ

1Kj QJKLrQ FӭX Vӱ 0LQK 9}
/XұW 6ѭ /kP /Ӈ 7ULQK
6ӱ JLD +ӭD +RjQK
6ӱ JLD WLӃQ Vƭ 9NJ 1Jӵ &KLrX

% 1KұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP FӫD SKtD &ӝQJ VҧQ
Yj WKkQ FӝQJ VҧQ

1- +ӗ &Kt 0LQK FKӫ WӏFK ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ 91
2- 3KҥP 9ăQ ĈӗQJ WKӫ WѭӟQJ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 7

9} 1JX\rQ *LiS ÿҥL WѭӟQJ
/r 'XҭQ 7әQJ %t 7Kѭ
5- 7UѭӡQJ &KLQK 7әQJ %t 7Kѭ
6- 9} 9ăQ .LӋW 7Kӫ 7ѭӟQJ
7- 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX 6ӱ JLD

8- 7UҫQ 4XӕF 9ѭӧQJ 6ӱ JLD

9- 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7UҩQ QKj EiR

10- 7UҫQ %ҥFK ĈҵQJ &KtQK WUӏ JLD

11- 7ӕ +ӳX ӫ\ YLrQ %ӝ &KtQK 7Uӏ

1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ /LQK 7әQJ %t 7Kѭ

1JX\ӉQ 0ҥQK 7ѭӡQJ WUt WKӭF \rX QѭӟF

%L 7tQ ÿҥL Wi 3Ky %LrQ 7ұS EiR 1KkQ 'kQ

1JX\ӉQ 0LQK &ҫQ QKj YăQ &691

& 1KұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ SKtD 4XӕF 7Ӄ :

'ZLJKW ' (LVHQKRZHU 7әQJ WKӕQJ WKӭ +RD .Ǥ
:LQVWRQ &KXUFKLOO 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ $QK

-RVHI 6WDOLQ 7әQJ %t 7Kѭ ÿҧQJ &6 /LrQ ;{
-RKQ .HQQHG\ 7әQJ WKӕQJ WKӭ +.

5LFKDUG 1L[RQ 7әQJ WKӕQJ WKӭ +RD .Ǥ

+HQU\ .LVVLQJHU &ӕ YҩQ $Q 1LQK 1JRҥL WUѭӣQJ
1977)

%LOO /DXULH Vӱ JLD +RD .Ǥ

0DUN 0R\DU Vӱ JLD +RD .Ǥ

6WHSKHQ <RXQJ JLiR Vѭ 6ӱ +RD .Ǥ LONG ĐIỀN
8

: :HVWPRUHODQG ĈҥL WѭӟQJ 770 7UѭӣQJ /өF 4XkQ +RD .Ǥ

9DQX[HP ĈҥL WѭӟQJ 3KiS

3LHUUH 'DUFRXUW 6ӱ JLD
0LFKHO 7DXULDF 1Kj YăQ QKj EiR 3KiS
5XGROSK - 5XPPHO 6ӱ JLD
/HZLV 6RUOH\ *6 ĈҥL +ӑF &KLӃQ WUDQK +RD .Ǥ

&KѭѫQJ %D :

&XӝF FKLӃQ GR &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP FKӫ WUѭѫQJ Fy OӧL KD\ Fy KҥL FKR
ÿҩW QѭӟF Yj GkQ WӝF 9LӋW 1DP

&KѭѫQJ %ӕQ :

ĈѭӡQJ KѭӟQJ ÿҩX WUDQK WURQJ WѭѫQJ ODL FKR PӝW QѭӟF 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ
&Kӫ Yj 7ӵ 'R WKұW Vӵ

&KѭѫQJ 1ăP :

.ӃW OXұQ

&KѭѫQJ 6iX

3Kө FK~ Ĉ{L QpW YӅ WiF JLҧ

D +ӗ Vѫ PұW Yj JLҧL PұW FӫD +RD .Ǥ 9LӋW 1DP &6 Yj NK{QJ &6 Yj
TXӕF WӃ OLrQ TXDQ ÿӃQ FKLӃQ WUDQK 9LӋW 1DP

E 6iFK WKDP NKҧR

F 'DQK PөF ,QGH[ FiF GDQK QKkQ Yj ÿӏD GDQK Fy QyL ÿӃQ WURQJ
ViFK GQJ ÿӇ WUD FӭX
G 0өF OөF

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 9

*KL FK~ 3KҫQ QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD WiF JLҧ /RQJ ĈLӅQ FKӳ WKҷQJ ÿӭQJ
3KҫQ WUtFK GүQ FiF WjL OLӋX FKӳ QJKLrQJ

*
**

10 LONG ĐIỀN

&KѭѫQJ 0ӝW

0өF ÿtFK TX\ӇQ ViFK

1- ĈѭD UD WUѭӟF F{QJ OXұQ QKӳQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD SKLi YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ
VN 1945-1975

2- 7ӯ FiF KӗL Nê OӡL QyL FӫD FiF QKkQ FKӭQJ OӏFK Vӱ YҥFK U} Vӵ WKұW YӅ
FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP NK{QJ Eӏ PӝW iS OӵF QjR FKL SKӕL

3- &XQJ FҩS FiF WjL OLӋX PұW Yj JLҧL PұW PӟL QKҩW FӫD QKLӅX QѫL ÿӇ JLҧL
ÿiS FiF ҭQ Vӕ FKtQK WUӏ FzQ WӗQ ÿӑQJ Eҩ\ OkX QD\

, +uQK WKӭF 4X\ӇQ ViFK ÿѭӧF YLӃW GѭӟL GҥQJ ³7uP KLӇX
OӏFK Vӱ FұQ ÿҥL´ JLӟL KҥQ EӣL mӕF WKӡL JLDQ Wӯ ÿӃQ YӟL

PөF ÿtFK ÿyQJ JyS FKR WKӃ KӋ 7ѭѫQJ ODL 9LӋW 1DP ELӃW ÿѭӧF thӵF
WUҥQJ FӫD FXӝF FKLӃQ WUrQ TXr KѭѫQJ VXӕW QăP NKyL OӱD
ÿӇ WuP KLӇX WҥL VDR FQJ WKӡL YӟL FiF QѭӟF Ĉ{QJ 1DP È Kӑ Gành
ÿӝF OұS QKѭQJ NK{QJ WӕQ QKLӅX PiX [ѭѫQJ Yj WәQ WKҩW WjL VҧQ TXӕF JLD
OӟQ QKѭ 9LӋW 1DP Yj ÿӇ WuP KLӇX WҥL VDR KLӋQ QD\ 9LӋW 1DP YүQ Eӏ [HP
Oj FKұP WLӃQ OҥF KұX VR YӟL FiF QѭӟF WURQJ NKX YӵF Ĉ{QJ 1am Á. Lý
JLҧL QKӳQJ WKҳF PҳF WҥL VDR ÿҩW QѭӟF ³7KӕQJ 1KҩW´ Pj YүQ Fy KDL FiFK
QKuQ Yj KDL NKX\QK KѭӟQJ NKiF QKDX YӅ OӏFK Vӱ &iF PkX WKXүQ JLӳD
KDL SKLi FKҷQJ QKӳQJ WӗQ WҥL OkX GjL Pj FzQ SKiW WULӇQ ÿӃQ ÿӝ JD\ JҳW
WK ÿӏFK

0өF WLrX 4X\ӇQ ViFK VѭX WҫP FiF WjL OLӋX WUѭQJ GүQ Wӯ FiF QKkQ
YұW WLrX ELӇX Fy NKX\QK KѭӟQJ FKtQK WUӏ NKiF QKDX ÿӇ KLӇX WKӵF WUҥQJ
FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP WURQJ VXӕW QăP ÿm WiF KҥL WR OӟQ
WKӃ QjR FKR WѭѫQJ ODL ÿҩW QѭӟF FKR WLӅQ ÿӗ GkQ WӝF 7uP KLӇX WUiFK
QKLӋP FXӝF FKLӃQ WKXӝF YӅ DL SKH QKyP QjR ÿm Jk\ QKӳQJ WәQ WKҩW
QJKLrP WUӑQJ FKR ÿҩW QѭӟF Yj FRQ QJѭӡL 9LӋW 1DP 7ӯ ÿy FK~QJ WD VӁ
Oê JLҧL ÿѭӧF WҥL VDR KLӋQ QD\ GkQ 9LӋW 1DP NK{QJ WKӇ ÿӗQJ WKXұQ ÿӇ WiL
WKLӃW TXr KѭѫQJ VDX Yj EҧR YӋ Wә TXӕF WUѭӟF ê ÿӗ [kP OѭӧF FӫD
7UXQJ &ӝQJ

1KӳQJ NKy NKăQ .Ky NKăQ Oj Yu KLӋQ QD\ WuP WURQJ WKѭ YLӋQ
WURQJ Yj QJRjL QѭӟF UҩW KLӃP FiF ViFK OӏFK Vӱ 9LӋW 1DP WUXQJ WKӵF
không thiên kiӃQ &KӍ K\ YӑQJ VӁ Fy QKӳQJ Eӝ Vӱ ÿ~QJ QJKƭD FӫD Qy

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 11

WURQJ WKӡL NǤ ³+ұX &ӝQJ 6ҧQ´ Yu QKӡ FiF WjL OLӋX JLҧL PұW VӁ Fy WURQJ
WѭѫQJ ODL Yu QJRjL FiF WjL OLӋX JLҧL PұW FӫD SKH 7ӵ 'R ÿm ÿѭӧF WXQJ UD
VDX QăP FXӝF FKLӃQ FKҩP GӭW QKѭQJ SKtD &6 /LrQ ;{ QѭӟF 1JD
KLӋQ QD\ Yj &ӝQJ +Rj ;m +ӝL &Kӫ 1JKƭD 9LӋW 1DP &+;+&191
YүQ FzQ ÿDQJ JLӳ NtQ 7KұP FKt PӝW Vӕ Vӱ JLD WURQJ QѭӟF Fòn có
QKLӋP Yө VӱD OҥL KRһF QJө\ WҥR OӏFK Vӱ 7iF JLҧ WUX\ WuP VѭX WұS FiF Wài
OLӋX KӗL Nê WURQJ Yj QJRjL QѭӟF QyL YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ

&XQJ FҩS FiF WjL OLӋX WUXQJ WKӵF Yj ÿD GLӋQ Oj EәQ SKұQ FӫD QJѭӡL
YLӃW FzQ QKұQ WKӭF ÿ~QJ VDL FKtQK Wj WUҳQJ ÿHQ UD VDR Oj GR ÿӝF JLҧ

%ӕL FҧQK OӏFK Vӱ WKӃ JLӟL O~F ÿy ÿm ҧQK KѭӣQJ ÿӃQ
FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP JӗP \ӃX Wӕ QKѭ VDX

a- 3KRQJ WUjR NKiQJ FKLӃQ FKӕQJ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS :KӇ Wӯ VDX NKL WULӅX
NguyӉQ ÿҫX KjQJ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS WKu OzQJ GkQ FăP WӭF không
FKҩS QKұQ iFK FDL WUӏ FӫD QJRҥL EDQJ PӑL QJѭӡL 9LӋW 1DP FKӍ Fy PӛL
PӝW WҩP OzQJ \rX QѭӟF WKLӃW WKD Wӯ SKRQJ WUjR 9ăQ 7KkQ &ҫQ
9ѭѫQJ 1FiF FXӝF NKӣL QJKƭD Wӯ %D ĈuQK Yj FKR ÿӃQ SKRQJ
WUjR NKӣL QJKƭD WҥL +XѫQJ .Kr FӫD 3KDQ ĈuQK 3KQJ WKҩW EҥL PӟL
FKҩP GӭW 9ӟL KjQJ FKөF SKRQJ WUjR NKiQJ FKLӃQ NKҳS QѫL GR QKLӅX Yӏ
DQK KQJ 'kQ 7ӝF NK{QJ GӵD WKHR FKӫ WKX\ӃW QJRҥL ODL QjR FKӍ Fy WҩP
OzQJ WUXQJ TXkQ iL TXӕF Pj WK{L 2 TiӃS GүQ ÿӃQ 9LӋW 1DP 4XDQJ 3KөF
+ӝL GR Fө 3KDQ %ӝL &KkX ÿӅ [ѭӟQJ QăP WKHR FKӫ QJKƭD 'kQ &Kӫ
7ѭ %ҧQ3 3KRQJ WUjR 9LӋW 1DP 4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ UD ÿӡL QăP 4 Tә
chӭF 914'Ĉ WKHR FKӫ WKX\ӃW 7DP 'kQ 'kQ 7ӝF 'kQ 4X\ӅQ 'kQ
6LQK GӵD WKHR 7UXQJ +RD 4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ YӅ Oê WKX\ӃW QKѭQJ ÿӝF OұS
YӅ Wә FKӭF Yj KRҥW ÿӝQJ

b- 6ӵ [XҩW KLӋQ FӫD &Kӫ 1JKƭD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 4XӕF 7Ӄ &647 ÿҫX
tiên:4XӕF 7Ӄ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ , GR 0DU[ Yj (QJHOV OұS QJj\ WҥL
/XkQ Ĉ{Q $QK 4XӕF Yj VDX ÿy OҫQ OXӧW 4XӕF 7Ӄ &6 WҥL 3DULV QăP
4XӕF 7Ӄ KD\ FzQ JӑL 4XӕF WӃ &6 GR /pQLQ WKjQK OұS QăP
WҥL 0RVFRX 1ăP +ӗ &Kt 0LQK +&0 VDQJ 3KiS GѭӟL WrQ 9ăQ
%D YӟL QJKӅ SKө EӃS VDX ÿy {QJ KӑF WұS OjP YLӋF Yj FKXQJ YӟL FiF
SKҫQ Wӱ &6 1ăP +&0 ÿӑF OXұQ FѭѫQJ YӅ ³9ҩQ ĈӅ 7KXӝF ĈӏD
FӫD /pQLQ´ Yj Wӯ ÿy ÿL WKHR FKӫ QJKLm &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 1ăP +ӗ &Kt
0LQK VDQJ /LrQ ;{ Yj KӑF ӣ WUѭӡQJ ĈҥL +ӑF 3KѭѫQJ Ĉ{QJ 7ҥL ĈDL
+ӝL /ҫQ WKӭ 4XӕF 7Ӄ &6 +ӗ ÿѭӧF FKӍ ÿӏQK OjP ӫ\ YLrQ %DQ 3KѭѫQJ
Ĉ{QJ SKө WUiFK &өF 3KѭѫQJ 1DP F{QJ YLӋF FӫD PӝW ÿLӋS YLrQ ÿһF
phái)

CuӕL QăP GѭӟL Et GDQK 1JX\ӉQ ÈL 4XӕF UӡL /Lên Xô tӟL

12 LONG ĐIỀN

4XҧQJ &KkX 7UXQJ 4XӕF WKHR FKӍ WKӏ FӫD FKtQK SKӫ /LrQ ;{

1ăP +ӗ WKjQK OұS 9LӋW 1DP 7KDQK 1LrQ &iFK 0ҥQJ ĈӗQJ
&Kt +ӝL Yj WUX\ӅQ Ei FKӫ QJKƭD &ӝQJ VҧQ YjR 9LӋW 1DP

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP WҥL &ӱX /RQJ WKXӝF +ѭѫQJ &ҧQJ +ӗ &Kt
0LQK WKӕQJ QKҩW ED Wә FKӭF &6 WKjQK ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP WKHR
FKӍ WKӏ FӫD &647 5

F &iF WKXӝF ÿӏD FXҧ $QK Yj 3KiS Wӯ ÿҫX WKӃ Nӹ ÿm Fy QKLӅX QѭӟF
ÿӭQJ OrQ ÿzL ÿӝF OұS FKӃ ÿӝ 7KӵF 'kQ WURQJ WKӡL NǤ VX\ WKRiL $QK Yà
PӝW Vӕ QѭӟF 3KѭѫQJ 7k\ QKѭ %ӗ ĈjR 1KD < 3KD 1KR Y Y ÿm WUҧ Wӵ GR
FKR FiF QѭӟF WKXӝF ÿLҥ 9LӋW 1DP Oj PӝW QѭӟF Eӏ 3KiS ÿ{ Kӝ TXi OkX
Wӯ Yj Vӵ FDL WUӏ ÿӝF iF FXҧ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS NKLӃQ FKR Oòng dân sôi
VөF PXӕQ ÿӭQJ OrQ GjQK ĈӝF /ұS

G ĈӋ 1Kӏ 7KӃ &KLӃQ VҳS WjQ mà thҳQJ OӧL WKXӝF YӅ SKH
ĈӗQJ 0LQK JLjQK QKLӅX WKҳQJ OӧL WUѭӟF EӑQ ÿӝF WjL 3KiW ;tW ĈӭF é
NhұW OjP FKR OzQJ GkQ 9LӋW K\ YӑQJ ÿiQK ÿXәL ÿѭӧF EӑQ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS
YӕQ ÿm VX\ \ӃX Yj QJD\ Fҧ QѭӟF 3KiS FNJQJ Eӏ ĈӭF ÿ{ Kӝ

3KiS Wӓ UD OpS YӃ WUѭӟF 1KұW Yj ÿҫX KjQJ 1KұW WҥL 9LӋW 1DP PӝW
FiFK QKөF QKm OjP FKR K\ YӑQJ JLjQK OҥL FKӫ TX\ӅQ FXҧ WRjQ GkQ 9LӋW
FjQJ PҥQK PӁ KѫQ Q{Q QyQJ KѫQ

&KtQK 3Kӫ 1KұW PXӕQ PXD OzQJ FiF TXӕF JLD È &KkX QrQ ÿã trao
WUҧ ÿӝF OұS FKR 9LӋW 1DP QJj\ WKiQJ QăP +DL QJj\ VDX
4XӕF 7UѭӣQJ %ҧR ĈҥL QJj\ WKiQJ ÿm UD WX\rQ FiR 9LӋW 1am hoàn
WRjQ ĈӝF /ұS EҧL Eӓ +Rj ѬӟF 3DWHQ{WUH Nê QăP YӟL 3KiS

1Jj\ WKiQJ YXD %ҧR ĈҥL FKXҭQ \ WKjQK SKҫQ QӝL FiF FӫD &KtQK
Phӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP 7KiQJ QăP &KtQK 3Kӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP
ÿһW TXӕF KLӋX Oj ĈӃ 4XӕF 9LӋW 1DP

7UXQJ +RD Oj QѭӟF OkQ EDQJ YӟL 9LӋW 1DP Eӏ 1KұW Yj FiF FѭӡQJ
TXӕF2 &KkX ÆX [kX [p FNJQJ ÿm ÿӭQJ OrQ JLjQK ÿӝF OұS OjP QӭF Oòng
QJѭӡL GkQ 9LӋW

3KH &ӝQJ 6ҧQ WҥL 7UXQJ +RD Wӯ \ӃX WKӃ ÿm GҫQ GҫQ WKҳQJ SKH 4XӕF
'kQ ĈҧQJ 7UXQJ +RD WҥR Fѫ KӝL FKR SKH &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP PDQK QKD
FKLӃP FKtQK TX\ӅQ WURQJ WD\ FKtQK SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP 3KiS WKu ÿҫX
KjQJ 1KұW Yj 1KұW FNJQJ ÿm WKXD WUұQ YӟL ĈӗQJ 0LQK

9ӟL \ӃX Wӕ WUrQ ÿm WiF ÿӝQJ UҩW OӟQ ÿӃQ WkP Oê WRjQ GkQ 9LӋW 1DP
NKDR NKiW ĈӝF /ұS 7ӵ 'R ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP ÿm QKDQK FKkQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 13

KѫQ VR YӟL FiF ÿҧQJ SKiL NKiF WURQJ YLӋF FKӟS WKӡL Fѫ SKiW ÿӝQJ ³FѭӟS
FKtQK TX\ӅQ´ FӫD FKtQK SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP FzQ QRQ \ӃX &KѭD Fy
%ӝ 4XӕF 3KzQJ

+RjQ WRjQ NK{QJ KӅ Fy FKX\ӋQ Qә V~QJ FѭӟS FKtQK TX\ӅQ Wӯ WD\
NhұW ĈҧQJ &691 O~F ÿy Yu WXkQ KjQK FKӍ WKӏ FӫD ÿm WҩQ F{QJ Yj ÿҧ
SKi FKtQK SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP OjP VX\ \ӃX WLӅP OӵF TXӕF JLD WKӡL NǤ
Vѫ NKDL ĈiQJ WLӃF Oj WKӡL ÿLӇP ÿy KRҥW ÿӝQJ OLrQ NӃW JuӳD 9LӋW 1DP
4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ Yj 7UXQJ +RD 4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ TXi \ӃX NpP Eҵng
Fӟ Oj 7+4'Ĉ TXD 91 ÿӇ JLҧL JLӟL 1KұW WKHR OӋQK FӫD ĈӗQJ 0Lnh
WKu ÿҥL ÿD Vӕ FiF KjQK ÿӝQJ FӫD Kӑ Yu Eӏ KӕL Oӝ Oj ӫQJ Kӝ FKR 9LӋt
0LQK FKӟ NK{QJ SKҧL ӫQJ Kӝ FKR 914'Ĉ

0kX WKXүQ QӝL WҥL WURQJ OzQJ GkQ 9LӋW NKӣL ÿҫX Wӯ ÿy FXӝF FKLӃQ 4XӕF
&ӝQJ FNJQJ [XҩW SKiW Wӯ ÿy Jk\ UD FXӝF FKLӃQ GDL GҷQJ VXӕW QăP
WUѭӡQJ ÿHP OҥL ÿDX WKѭѫQJ FKR 'kQ 7ӝF ~
,, ĈѭD UD FiF WjL OLӋX Fө WKӇ ÿӇ FKӭQJ PLQK WKӵF WӃ +ӗ &Kt
0LQK ÿm WX\rQ Eӕ QKӳQJ Ju Yj QKӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ WKӵF WӃ NKiF
nhau ra sao. ĈҧQJ &691 Fy F{QJ YӟL DL Yj Fy WӝL YӟL DL 4X\ӇQ ViFK
FXQJ FҩS WK{QJ WLQ ÿD FKLӅX ÿӇ QJѭӡL ÿӑF VDX NKL WKDP NKҧR FiF WjL OLӋX
Wӵ SKiQ ÿRiQ Yj VX\ OXұQ

4XӕF *LD Yj &ӝQJ 6ҧQ &XӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP EҳW
QJXӗQ Wӯ ÿkX" Ĉy Oj FkX KӓL OӟQ Pj EҩW Fӭ DL PXӕQ WuP KLӇX FXӝF FKLӃQ
91 ÿӅX SKҧL OѭX WkP ÿӃQ \ӃX Wӕ Qҫ\

*LҧL ÿiS FiF FkX KӓL VDX ÿk\ Oj VӁ Oê JLҧL ÿѭӧF QJX\ên nhân sâu xa
FӫD FXӝF FKLӃQ ÿүP PiX JLӳD SKH 4XӕF *LD Yj &ӝQJ 6ҧQ

2-Phong trào kháng chiӃQ FKӕQJ 7KӵF 'kQ 3KiS NӇ Wӯ VDX NKL
3KiS FDL WUӏ 9LӋW 1DP EҵQJ +Rj ѬӟF 3DWHQ{WUH Fy Wӯ O~F Qào?
1JѭӡL 4XӕF *LD FKӕQJ 3KiS JӗP QKӳQJ DL" 7UѭӟF NKL Fy &1&6 Yào
9LӋW 1DP QKӳQJ QJѭӡL \rX QѭӟF 91 FKӕQJ 3KiS EҵQJ FKӫ WKX\ӃW QjR"

3-Sӵ [XҩW KLӋQ FӫD &Kӫ 1JKƭD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 4XӕF 7Ӄ WҥL &KkX ÆX QăP
nào?Ai Oj QJѭӡL 91 ÿL WKHR FKӫ QJKƭD &647 ÿҫX WLrQ" 6ӵ EҩW ÿӗQJ ÿҫX
WLrQ JLӳD QJѭӡL 4XӕF *LD \rX QѭӟF Yj QJѭӡL \rX QѭӟF WKHR &Kӫ 1JKLã
&ӝQJ 6ҧQ 4XӕF 7Ӄ &1&647 NKӣL ÿҫX Wӯ ÿkX"

9u VDR Vӵ PkX WKXүQ JLӳD SKH 4XӕF *LD Yj &ӝQJ VҧQ QJày càng
OӟQ PҥQK" 1JX\ӉQ ÈL 4XӕF ÿm iS GөQJ Yj WKD\ ÿәL Wӯ &1&647 WӭF Oà
ĈҩX 7UDQK *LDL &ҩS WRjQ WKӃ JLӟL UD FKӫ WUѭѫQJ ĈӝF /ұS 'kQ 7ӝF ÿӇ
WKX SKөF WLQK WKҫQ iL TXӕF FӫD WRjQ GkQ

7KӵF WkP KD\ JLҧ GӕL" 6ӵ YLӋF &691 WKDQK WRiQ FiF ÿҧQJ SKiL

14 LONG ĐIỀN

4XӕF *LD [ҧ\ UD Wӯ NKL QjR"

7ӯ WKӡL ÿLӇP QjR 4XӕF *LD 9j &ӝQJ 6ҧQ NK{QJ ÿӝL WUӡL FKXQJ"

0өF WLrX FKtQK WKӭF FӫD &691 Oj Ju" +ӑ ÿm ÿLӅX KjQK FXӝF FKLӃQ
UD VDR WURQJ .KiQJ &KLӃQ FKӕQJ 3KiS GjQK ÿӝF OұS .ӃW TXҧ Fө WKӇ VDX
Yj QăP VDX NKL &ӝQJ 6ҧQ ³7KӕQJ 1KҩW´ ÿҩW QѭӟF Yj WKӡL JLDQ
cҫP TX\ӅQ FKR ÿӃQ QD\ VӁ WUҧ OӡL YӅ F{QJ KD\ WӝL FӫD Kӑ ÿӕL YӟL TXӕF
JLD Yj GkQ WӝF 9LӋW 1DP

III) VҥFK U} ê ÿӗ FӫD FiF FѭӡQJ TXӕF NKiF YӟL QKӳQJ
OӡL WX\rQ Eӕ QKkQ ÿҥR UD VDR"

0өF WLrX Oj PXӕQ WUuQK Ej\ FiF ҭQ Vӕ FKtQK WUӏ YӯD ÿѭӧF JLҧL PұW ÿӇ
WKӃ KӋ WUҿ Fy FiL QKuQ UӝQJ NKҳS Yj ÿһW WUӑQJ WkP FKR TX\ӅQ OӧL GkQ WӝF
WKD\ Yu TX\ӅQ OӧL TXӕF WӃ .K{QJ DL WKѭѫQJ QJѭӡL GkQ 9LӋW 1DP EҵQJ
QJѭӡL GkQ 91 .K{QJ Fy PӝW TXӕF JLD QjR SKөF Yө FKR TX\ӅQ OӧL FӫD
PӝW TXӕF JLD NKiF PӝW FiFK Y{ Wѭ EҩW Yө OӧL

1- 6DX ĈӋ 1Kӏ 7KӃ &KLӃQ Wӯ Yӏ WKӃ ĈӗQJ 0LQK 0ӻ Yj /LrQ ;{ ÿm
ELӃQ WKjQK ÿӕL ÿҫX WURQJ FKLӃQ WUDQK OҥQK UD VDR"

2- 0ӻ Fy ê ÿӏQK Ju NKL PXӕQ WKD\ FKkQ 3KiS WҥL 91 Yj Ĉ{QJ
'ѭѫQJ

3- /LrQ ;{ GQJ FRQ EjL &691 YӟL ê ÿӏQK Ju"

4- 7UXQJ &ӝQJ OӧL GөQJ SKRQJ WUjR &647 ÿӇ PѭX FҫX Ju FKR FKtQK
Kӑ Yj 7& ÿm WKӵF Vӵ JL~S FKR 91 KD\ Fy kP PѭX WK{Q WtQK 91

,9 7UѭӟF QKӳQJ WKӵF WUҥQJ OӏFK Vӱ WKDQK QLrQ WUt
WKӭF 91 VӁ TX\ӃW ÿӏQK WKӃ QjR FKR WѭѫQJ ODL 'kQ 7ӝF:

7UiFK QKLӋP FӫD QJѭӡL 9LӋW +ҧL 1JRҥL

7UiFK QKLӋP FӫD QJѭӡL 9LӋW 4XӕF 1ӝL WKjQK SKҫQ WUt WKӭF Yj
WKDQK QLrQ VӁ OjP Ju"

7UiFK QKLӋP FӫD FiF W{Q JLiR ÿRjQ WKӇ Yj FiF WKjQK SKҫQ [m KӝL
NKiF WURQJ WѭѫQJ ODL 91

7ӯ FiF QKұW Nê WjL OLӋX JLҧL PұW FiF DXGLR FӫD FiF Yӏ FKӭQJ QKkQ
OӏFK Vӱ WKXӝF QKLӅX [X KѭӟQJ FKtQK WUӏ NKiF QKDX OҫQ OѭӧW FK~QJ WD VӁ
WuP KLӇX WKӵF FKҩW FӫD FXӝF FKLӃQ

“7KӵF WUҥQJ FXӝF FKLӃQ 91 Wӯ ´ ghi chú: chӳ LQ
QJKLrQJ WURQJ QJRһF NpS Oj OӡL FXҧ QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ &Kӳ LQ ÿӭQJ Oà
QKұQ ÿӏQK FXҧ QJѭӡL YLӃW &K~QJ W{L FKӍ FK~ WUӑQJ WUtFK GүQ QKӳQJ Wài
OLӋX QKұQ ÿӏQK OLrQ TXDQ ÿӃQ WKӵF WUҥQJ FXӝF FKLӃQ.

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 15

&KѭѫQJ ,,

1KұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ
D 1KұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP FӫD

SKLi 4XӕF *LD

+RjQJ ĈӃ %ҧR ĈҥL

+RjQJ ĈӃ %ҧR ĈҥL

7LӇX Vӱ WyP OѭӧF

%ҧR ĈҥL FKӳ +iQ ≬⮶; 22 tháng 10, 1913 – 31 tháng 7, 1997) là
Yӏ +RjQJ ÿӃ WKӭ PѭӡL ED Yj FXӕL FQJ FӫD WULӅX 1JX\ӉQ FNJQJ Oj Yӏ YXD
FXӕL FQJ FӫD FKӃ ÿӝ SKRQJ NLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP Ĉ~QJ UD ³%ҧR ĈҥL´ FKӍ Oà
QLrQ KLӋX QKj YXD QKѭQJ QD\ WKѭӡQJ GQJ QKѭ Oj WrQ QKj YXD NKL WҥL Yӏ
Yj VDX NKL WKRiL Yӏ GѭӟL GDQK QJKƭD FӵX KRjQJ

7LӇX Vӱ Yj Vӵ QJKLӋS

7KXӣ QKӓ

Ông hoàng %ҧR ĈҥL tên húy là NguyӉQ 3K~F 9ƭQK 7Kө\
(㜲⚟Ọ⍞), còn có tên 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 7KLӇQ (㜲⚟ᬍ), tөF GDQK ³PӋ
9ӳQJ´[1] VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP QJj\ WKiQJ QăP 4Xý
6ӱX WҥL +XӃ Oj FRQ FӫD YXD .KҧL ĈӏQK Yj Ej 7ӯ &XQJ +RjQJ 7Kӏ &~F
9Ӆ WKkQ WKӃ FӫD %ҧR ĈҥL YүQ FzQ QKLӅX QJKL QJӡ Yu YXD .KҧL ĈӏQK Eӏ
PDQJ WLӃQJ Oj EҩW OӵF Yj NK{QJ WKtFK JҫQ ÿjQ Ej [2].

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 17

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP 9ƭQK 7KXӷ ÿѭӧF [iF OұS Ĉ{QJ FXQJ
+RjQJ 7KiL Wӱ 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP 9ƭQK 7KXӷ Fùng vua cha
.KҧL ĈӏQK VDQJ 3KiS ÿӇ WKѭӣQJ QJRҥQ FXӝF WULӇQ OmP KjQJ KyD WҥL
0DUVHLOOH 3KiS 7KiQJ QăP 9ƭQK 7Kө\ ÿѭӧF Yӧ FKӗQJ FӵX
.KkP Vӭ 7UXQJ NǤ -HDQ )UDQoRLV (XJqQH &KDUOHV QKұQ Oàm con nuôi và
FKR ăQ KӑF WҥL KӑF ӣ WUѭӡQJ /\FpH &RQGRUFHW UӗL VDX ӣ WUѭӡQJ 6FLHQFHV
Po (École libre des sciences politiques), Paris.

7KiQJ QăP 9ƭQK 7Kө\ YӅ QѭӟF ÿӇ Gӵ /Ӊ 7ӭ 7XҫQ ĈҥL .KiQK
YXD .KҧL ĈӏQK ÿӃQ WKiQJ QăP WUӣ OҥL QѭӟF 3KiS ÿӇ WLӃS WөF KӑF

9XD .KҧL ĈӏQK PҩW QJj\ WKiQJ QăP 9ƭQK 7Kө\ YӅ QѭӟF
WKӑ WDQJ YXD FKD Yj QJj\ WKiQJ QăP 9ƭQK 7Kө\ ÿѭӧF W{Q Oên
NӃ Yӏ OjP YXD Oҩ\ QLrQ KLӋX %ҧR ĈҥL 7KiQJ FQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL WUӣ OҥL
3KiS ÿӇ WLӃS WөF KӑF WұS 7ӯ QLrQ NKyD %ҧR ĈҥL WKHR KӑF WUѭӡQJ
Khoa hӑF &KtQK WUӏ 6FLHQFHV 3R ĈӃQ WKiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL KӗL
ORDQ YӅ QѭӟF

Lên ngôi

%ҧR ĈҥL PһF WUDQJ SKөF KRjQJ ÿӃ WKӡL QKӓ

9XD %ҧR ĈҥL QJj\ SKRQJ YѭѫQJ %ҧR ĈҥL WUѭӟF ӕQJ NtQK Pi\ ҧQK
18 LONG ĐIỀN

7KiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL KӗL ORDQ WUӣ YӅ QѭӟF FKtQK WKӭF Oàm
YXD %ҧR ĈҥL ÿm FҧL FiFK F{QJ YLӋF WURQJ WULӅX QKѭ VҳS [ӃS OҥL YLӋF QӝL
FKtQK KjQK FKtQK %ҧR ĈҥL ÿm FKR Eӓ PӝW Vӕ WұS WөF Pj FiF WLrQ YѭѫQJ
ÿm Ej\ UD QKѭ WKҫQ GkQ NK{QJ SKҧL TXǤ Oҥ\ Pj Fy WKӇ QJѭӟF QKìn long
QKDQ QKj YXD NKL QKj YXD WӟL PӛL NKL YjR FKҫX FiF TXDQ 7k\ NK{QJ
SKҧL FKҳS WD\ [i Oҥ\ Pj FKӍ EҳW WD\ YXD FiF TXDQ WD FNJQJ NK{QJ SKҧL
TXǤ Oҥ\ %ҧR ĈҥL ÿm FKR FiF WKѭӧQJ WKѭ JLj \ӃX KRһF NpP QăQJ OӵF
QKѭ 1JX\ӉQ +ӳX %jL YӅ KѭX VҳF SKRQJ WKrP WKѭӧQJ WKѭ PӟL [XҩW
WKkQ Wӯ JLӟL KӑF JLҧ Yj KjQK FKtQK Oj 3KҥP 4XǤQK 7KiL 9ăQ 7RҧQ +ӗ
ĈҳF .KҧL Yj 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP ÐQJ WKjQK OұS 9LӋQ 'kQ ELӇX ÿӇ WUình
Ej\ QJX\ӋQ YӑQJ OrQ QKj YXD Yj TXDQ FKӭF EҧR Kӝ 3háp và cho phép
+ӝL ÿӗQJ Wѭ YҩQ %ҳF .Ǥ ÿѭӧF WKD\ PһW 1DP WULӅX WURQJ YLӋF KӧS WiF
YӟL FKtQK TX\ӅQ EҧR Kӝ WKiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL QJӵ GX %ҳF Kà
WKăP GkQ FK~QJ

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL OjP ÿiP FѭӟL YӟL 0DULH
7KpUqVH 1JX\ӉQ +ӳX 7Kӏ /DQ Yj WҩQ SKRQJ Ej OjP 1DP 3KѭѫQJ +RjQJ
KұX Ĉk\ Oj PӝW YLӋF OjP SKi OӋ EӣL Yu NӇ Wӯ NKL YXD *LD /RQJ NKDL ViQJ
WULӅX 1JX\ӉQ FKR ÿӃQ YXD .KҧL ĈӏQK FiF Yӧ YXD FKӍ ÿѭӧF SKRQJ WѭӟF
9ѭѫQJ SKL VDX NKL PҩW PӟL ÿѭӧF WUX\ SKRQJ +RjQJ KұX ÐQJ Oà nhà
YXD ÿҫX WLrQ WKӵF KLӋQ Eӓ FKӃ ÿӝ FXQJ WҫQ WKӭ SKL &XӝF K{Q QKkQ Qày
FNJQJ JһS SKҧL UҩW QKLӅX SKҧQ ÿӕL Yu 1JX\ӉQ +ӳX 7Kӏ /DQ Oj QJѭӡL
&{QJ JLiR Yj PDQJ TXӕF WӏFK 3KiS

6DX NKL 1KұW ÿҧR FKtQK 3KiS Yj WX\rQ Eӕ WUDR WUҧ ÿӝF OұS FKR 9LӋW
1DP QJj\ WKiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL UD ÿҥR Gө ³7X\rQ FiR 9LӋW
1DP ÿӝF OұS´ WX\rQ Eӕ Kӫ\ Eӓ +zD ѭӟF 3DWHQ{WUH Nê YӟL 3KiS QăP
NK{L SKөF FKӫ TX\ӅQ 9LӋW 1DP

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL Nê ÿҥR Gө Vӕ FKXҭQ \ WKành
SKҫQ QӝL FiF 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP Yj QJj\ WKiQJ JLҧL WKӇ 9LӋQ 'kQ ELӇX
Trung KǤ 7KiQJ QăP FKtQK SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP ÿһW TXӕF KLӋX
Oj ĈӃ TXӕF 9LӋW 1DP

7KRiL Yӏ

1ăP &iFK PҥQJ WKiQJ 7iP WKành công. Ngày 25 tháng 8,
Chính phӫ OkP WKӡL +ӗ &Kt 0LQK EXӝF %ҧR ĈҥL SKҧL WKRiL Yӏ %ҧR ĈҥL
WKRiL Yӏ WURQJ PӝW EXәL OӉ ORQJ WUӑQJ ӣ 1Jӑ 0{Q +XӃ YjR FKLӅX
WKiQJ WUDR TXӕF ҩQ +RjQJ ÿӃ &KL %ӱX Yj WKDQK NLӃP EҥF QҥP QJӑF
FKR ÿҥL GLӋQ FӫD FKtQK SKӫ OkP WKӡL FӫD QѭӟF 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ FKӫ &ӝQJ
KzD Oj {QJ 7UҫQ +X\ /LӋX ÐQJ WUӣ WKjQK ³F{QJ GkQ 9ƭQK 7Kө\´ 7URQJ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 19

GӏS Qj\ {QJ Fy FkX QyL QәL WLӃQJ ³7Kj OjP GkQ P͡W Q˱ͣF ÿ͡F O̵S K˯Q
OjP YXD P͡W Q˱ͣF Q{ O͏”.

7KiQJ QăP {QJ ÿѭӧF &Kӫ WӏFK &KtQK SKӫ /kP WKӡL QѭӟF
9LӋW 1DP GkQ FKӫ FӝQJ KRj PӡL UD +j 1ӝL QKұQ FKӭF ³&ӕ YҩQ WӕL FDR
&KtQK SKӫ /kP WKӡL 9LӋW 1DP´ {QJ Oj PӝW WURQJ WKjQK YLrQ FӫD Ӫ\
EDQ Gӵ WKҧR +LӃQ SKiS GR +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ÿӭQJ ÿҫX

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP {QJ ÿѭӧF EҫX OjP ÿҥL ELӇX 4XӕF KӝL
NKyD ÿҫX WLrQ FӫD QѭӟF 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ FKӫ &ӝQJ KzD

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP {QJ WKDP JLD SKiL ÿRjQ 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ
&Kӫ &ӝQJ KzD VDQJ 7UQJ .KiQK WKăP YLӃQJ 7UXQJ +RD QKѭQJ {QJ
NK{QJ WUӣ YӅ QѭӟF Pj YӅ &{Q 0LQK UӗL +ѭѫQJ &ҧQJ 7ҥL &{Q 0LQK
{QJ ÿm WLӃS [~F YӟL QKLӅX JLӟL FKtQK WUӏ WURQJ ÿy Fy QJѭӡL 0ӻ ĈҥL
7ѭӟQJ 0DUVKDOO ÿҥL GLӋQ +RD .Ǥ ÿm ÿHP EҧQ JLDR ѭӟF YӟL %ҧR ĈҥL YӅ
WUuQK 7әQJ WKӕQJ +DUU\ 6 7UXPDQ %ҧR ĈҥL EqQ YLӃW WKѭ YӅ QѭӟF [LQ Wӯ
FKӭF ³&ӕ YҩQ WӕL FDR´ WURQJ FKtQK SKӫ 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ &Kӫ &ӝQJ KzD

/jP 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ

1ăP FӵX WUP PұW WKiP 3KiS ӣ Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ Oj &RXVVHDX

ÿm WLӃS [~F YӟL %ҧR ĈҥL WҥL +ӗQJ .{QJ QJӓ ê PӡL {QJ YӅ QѭӟF QҳP

TX\ӅQ KuQK WKjQK QrQ ³JLҧL SKiS %ҧR ĈҥL´ ÿӇ FKӕQJ OҥL FXӝF FKLӃQ

JLjQK ÿӝF OұS FӫD SKRQJ WUjR 9LӋW 0LQK 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP

WKLӃX WѭӟQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ ;XkQ Yj 7UҫQ 9ăQ +ӳX FNJQJ ED\ WӟL +ӗQJ

.{QJ ÿӇ JһS %ҧR ĈҥL [LQ WKjQK OұS &KtQK SKӫ /kP WKӡL FKR 9LӋW 1DP

QJj\ WKiQJ %ҧR ĈҥL JӱL WK{QJ ÿLӋS FKR WѭӟQJ ;XkQ WiQ WKjQK Vӵ

WKjQK OұS &KtQK SKӫ 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ /kP WKӡL 9LӋW 1DP GR WѭӟQJ ;XkQ

ÿLӅX NKLӇQ ³ÿӇ JLҧL TX\ӃW YҩQ ÿӅ 9LӋW 1DP ÿӕL YӟL 3KiS Yj Gѭ OXұQ

4XӕF WӃ´

Ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 1948, Bảo Đại đã gặp gỡ ở vịnh Hạ Long, trên

chiến hạm Cao ủy Pháp Bollaert Du-

guay Trouin, bản tuyên ngôn Việt

- Pháp được công bố, theo đó nước

Pháp thừa nhận nền độc lập và thống

nhất của Việt Nam.

Ngày 8 tháng 3 năm 1949, Tổng

thống Pháp Vincent Auriol và Cựu

hoàng Bảo Đại đã ký Hiệp ước Elysée,

thành lập một chính quyền Việt Nam
trong khối Liên hiệp Pháp, gọi là Quốc Người Pháp làm lễ trao ấn kiếm
gia Việt Nam, đứng đầu là Bảo Đại. cho Quốc trưởng Bảo Đại (3 tháng
3 năm 1952)
20 LONG ĐIỀN

%ҧR ĈҥL \rX FҫX 3KiS SKҧL WUDR WUҧ 1DP .Ǥ FKR 9LӋW 1DP Yj 3KiS ÿm
FKҩS QKұQ \rX FҫX Qj\

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL YӅ QѭӟF +DL WKiQJ VDX YjR
QJj\ WKiQJ %ҧR ĈҥL WX\rQ Eӕ WҥP FҫP TX\ӅQ FKR ÿӃQ NKL Wә FKӭF
ÿѭӧF WәQJ WX\ӇQ Fӱ Yj WҥP JLӳ GDQK KLӋX +RjQJ ÿӃ ÿӇ Fy PӝW ÿӏD Yӏ
TXӕF WӃ KӧS SKiS 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP WKӫ WѭӟQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ
;XkQ ÿӋ ÿѫQ Wӯ FKӭF &KtQK SKӫ /kP WKӡL 1DP SKҫQ WX\rQ Eӕ JLҧL WiQ
Ngày 21 tháng 6, thӓD ѭӟF (O\VHp ÿѭӧF F{QJ Eӕ

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP &KtQK SKӫ /kP WKӡL FӫD 4XӕF JLD 9LӋW
1DP ÿѭӧF WKjQK OұS WKHR VҳF OӋQK Vӕ &3 FӫD WKӫ WѭӟQJ WҩQ SKRQJ
%ҧR ĈҥL Oj 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ WUXQJ WѭӟQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ ;XkQ OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ
NLrP 7әQJ WUѭӣQJ 4XӕF SKzQJ[3] &y WjL OLӋX JKL %ҧR ĈҥL Oj 4XӕF
WUѭӣQJ NLrP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ ;XkQ Oj SKy 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ NLrP
7әQJ WUѭӣQJ 4XӕF SKzQJ 7KiQJ QăP %ҧR ĈҥL FKӍ ÿӏQK 1JX\ӉQ
3KDQ /RQJ OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP JLҧL WiQ FKtQK
SKӫ 1JX\ӉQ 3KDQ /RQJ Yj ӫ\ QKLӋP 7Kӫ KLӃQ 7UҫQ 9ăQ +ӳX WKjQK OұS
FKtQK SKӫ PӟL &KtQK SKӫ GR 7UҫQ 9ăQ +ӳX OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ WӗQ WҥL ÿӃQ
QJj\ WKiQJ QăP WKu SKҧL FiR OXL QKѭӡQJ FKӛ FKR 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ
7kP OrQ OjP WKӫ WѭӟQJ FQJ WKjQK SKҫQ WәQJ Eӝ WUѭӣQJ ÿD Vӕ Oj QJѭӡL
GR 3KiS ÿjR WҥR

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP KRjQJ WKkQ %ӱX /ӝF Wӯ 3KiS YӅ 6jL
*zQ OұS FKtQK SKӫ WKD\ WKӃ FKtQK SKӫ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7kP 7KӡL JLDQ Qj\
4XӕF WUѭӣQJ %ҧR ĈҥL VӕQJ Yj OjP YLӋF WҥL ELӋW ÿLӋQ ӣ Ĉj /ҥW ;XQJ
TXDQK QѫL ӣ FӫD %ҧR ĈҥL Fy Fҧ PӝW WUXQJ ÿRjQ 1Jӵ OkP TXkQ EҧR YӋ
Yj Fy Fҧ PӝW ÿRjQ [H ULrQJ JӑL Oj ³F{QJ [D ELӋW ÿLӋQ´ OҥL Fy Fҧ PӝW ÿӝL
Pi\ ED\ ULrQJ GR FiF SKL F{QJ QJѭӡL 3KiS OiL SKөF Yө

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP &KtQK SKӫ PӟL GR %ӱX /ӝF WKjQK OұS
WUuQK GLӋQ %ҧR ĈҥL QKѭQJ ÿӃQ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP %ӱX /ӝF Wӯ
FKӭF 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ %ҧR ĈҥL PӡL 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP YӅ QѭӟF QJj\ WKiQJ
1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP WKjQK OұS FKtQK SKӫ PӟL

6DX +LӋS ÿӏQK *HQqYH 3KiS SKҧL U~W NKӓL Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ
FKtQK TX\ӅQ Yj TXkQ ÿӝL 4XӕF JLD 9LӋW 1DP WұS NӃW ӣ PLӅQ 1DP 9LӋW
Nam chӡ WәQJ WX\ӇQ Fӱ ÿӇ WKӕQJ QKҩW 9LӋW 1DP

1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP WLӃQ KjQK FҧL Wә FKtQK SKӫ OҫQ WKӭ QKҩW YjR QJj\
WKiQJ QăP Yj OҫQ WKӭ KDL YjR QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

7KiQJ QăP WѭӟQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +LQK NK{QJ FKӏX GѭӟL
TX\ӅQ FKӍ KX\ FӫD 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP QrQ ÿiQK ÿLӋQ VDQJ 3KiS QKӡ %ҧR
ĈҥL FDQ WKLӋS %ҧR ĈҥL ÿLӋQ YӅ 6jL *zQ WULӋX WұS 'LӋP VDQJ &DQQHV JһS

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 21

%ҧR ĈҥL ÿӇ EjQ OҥL YLӋF VҳS [ӃS QKkQ Vӵ QKѭQJ 'LӋP NK{QJ ÿL %ҧR ĈҥL
TX\ӃW ÿӏQK ÿLӋQ YӅ 6jL *zQ FiFK FKӭF WKӫ WѭӟQJ FӫD 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP

7X\ QKLrQ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP Ӫ\ EDQ WUѭQJ FҫX GkQ ê
WKjQK OұS ÿѭD ê NLӃQ ÿzL WUXҩW SKӃ 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ %ҧR ĈҥL Yj ÿѭD 7Kӫ
WѭӟQJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP OrQ OjP 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ ĈӃQ QJày 26 tháng 10
QăP 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP ÿѭӧF VX\ W{Q OrQ FKӭF Yӏ 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ Yà
YӟL SKLӃX WUXҩW 4XӕF WUѭӣQJ %ҧR ĈҥL Eӏ SKӃ WUXҩW Yj EҳW ÿҫX
cuӝF VӕQJ OѭX YRQJ WҥL 3KiS FKR ÿӃQ QJày tҥ WKӃ

&XӝF VӕQJ OѭX YRQJ

ÐQJ VӕQJ WҥL &DQQHV VDX ÿy FKX\ӇQ ÿӃQ
vùng Alsace. BҧR ĈҥL JLDR GX YӟL -HDQ GH
Beaumont, cӵX QJKӏ Vƭ 1DP .Ǥ PӝW WD\ VăQ
EҳQ Fy KҥQJ %ӏ Fѫ TXDQ WKXӃ ÿӇ PҳW WӟL NK{QJ
FzQ WLӅQ WjL WUӧ FӫD FKtQK SKӫ 3KiS {QJ SKҧL
EiQ GҫQ WjL VҧQ FӫD PuQK 1ăP 1DP
3KѭѫQJ +RjQJ KұX TXD ÿӡL ӣ &Kabrignac.
1ăP NKL ÿm WLrX SKD KӃW Fҧ WjL VҧQ %ҧR
Ĉ%QӳDҥ XL3 GNKRӃiWWS V KNLQ{pKQP YQ%ӟăPҧL R0 ĈR ҥQ LL TK Xѫ HQ% %ҧ R D XĈWGXҥәRLLW Q0PKұӝRSWQ LSÿTKҥXөRH P&aӵrXi sKRjQJ %ҧR ĈҥL WҥL
&{QJ JLiR Oҩ\ WrQ WKiQK Oj -HDQ 5REHUW

1ăP QKkQ NKDL WUѭѫQJ +ӝL +RjQJ WӝF ӣ KҧL QJRҥL %ҧR ĈҥL
OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ VDQJ WKăP 0ӻ YӟL Wѭ FiFK Fi QKkQ 7URQJ FKX\ӃQ ÿL Qày
{QJ ÿm QKұQ WrQ FKD ÿӇ OjP OҥL JLҩ\ NKDL VLQK FKR QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FRQ
QJRҥL K{Q WUѭӟF ÿk\ NK{QJ JKL WrQ FKD 7ҥL WKӏ WUҩQ 6DFUDPHQWR {QJ
ÿѭӧF WһQJ FKLӃF FKuD NKyD YjQJ WѭӧQJ WUѭQJ FKR WKӏ WUҩQ Qj\ ÐQJ FNJQJ
ÿѭӧF Eà thӏ WUѭӣQJ WKành phӕ :HVWPLQVWHU &DOLIRUQLD WһQJ GDQK KLӋX
³F{QJ GkQ GDQK Gӵ´ FӫD WKjQK SKӕ

7DQJ OӉ

&ӵX KRjQJ %ҧR ĈҥL Oj Yӏ YXD WKӑ
QKҩW QKj 1JX\ӉQ ÐQJ TXD ÿӡL QJày

WKiQJ QăP WҥL 4XkQ \ YLӋQ

9DO GH *UkFH KѭӣQJ WKӑ WXәL ÐQJ

FNJQJ Oj PӝW SKӃ ÿӃ VӕQJ WKӑ QKҩW

WUrQ WKӃ JLӟL WKӡL KLӋQ ÿҥL 7UѭӟF ÿy
ông có nhұQ OӡL YӅ WKDP Gӵ +ӝL QJKӏ
WKѭӧQJ ÿӍQK &ӝQJ ÿӗQJ 3KiS QJӳ La
Francophonie ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF WҥL +j 0ӝ FӵX KRjQJ %ҧR ĈҥL WҥL
1JKƭD WUDQJ 3DVV\ 3DULV

22 LONG ĐIỀN

NӝL YjR
ĈiP WDQJ %ҧR ĈҥL ÿѭӧF ÿLӋQ (O\VpH ÿӭQJ UD OR OLӋX ÿҫ\ ÿӫ Yà trang

WUӑQJ 9Ӆ SKtD JLD ÿuQK QJRjL Ej TXҧ SKө 9ƭQK 7Kө\ %DXGRW Fy KRàng
Wӱ %ҧR /RQJ Yj FiF F{QJ FK~D FQJ ÿӃQ WLӉQ ÿѭD WKkQ SKө QJRài ra
FzQ Fy Ej 'LGHORW FKӏ UXӝW FӫD Ej 1DP 3KѭѫQJ WX\ ÿm WXәL QKѭQJ
FNJQJ WӟL Gӵ /LQK FӱX %ҧR ĈҥL ÿѭӧF ÿѭD Wӯ 4XkQ \ YLӋQ 9DO GH *UDFH
WӟL WKiQK ÿѭӡQJ 6DLQW 3LHUUH GH &KDLOORW ÿӇ OjP OӉ FҫX KӗQ ÐQJ ÿѭӧF
DQ WiQJ WҥL QJKƭD WUDQJ 3DVV\ TXұQ 3DULV NKi JҫQ WKiS (LIIHO ĈiP
WDQJ %ҧR ĈҥL ÿѭӧF QKj QѭӟF 3KiS Fӱ PӝW WLӇX ÿӝL OtQK Or GѭѫQJ TXkQ
SKөF WUҳQJ J ÿӓ WUrQ YDL EӗQJ V~QJ PӝW Vƭ TXDQ FҫP TXӕF NǤ 3KiS
ÿL ÿҫX Yj WLӇX ÿӝL OtQK FҫP V~QJ ÿL KDL ErQ OLQK FӳX &KtQK SKӫ 3KiS Fy
Fӱ ÿҥL GLӋQ ÿӃQ Gӵ OӉ FKLD EXӗQ Yj WLӉQ ÿѭD %ӝ 1JRҥL JLDR 9LӋW 1DP
ÿm JӱL ÿLӋQ FKLD EXӗQ ÿӃQ WDQJ TX\ӃQ Yj 0һW WUұQ 7ә TXӕF 9LӋW 1DP
ÿm JӱL YzQJ KRD YLӃQJ

7Uҧ OӡL %%& YӅ Vӵ NLӋQ Qj\ Ej 0RQLTXH QyL ³Ngày hôm nay tôi r̭W
ÿDX EX͛Q 'ƭ QKLrQ U͛L WU˱ͣF K͇W Yj WUrQ K͇W Oj Yu FK͛QJ W{L YͳD TXD
ÿͥL 1K˱QJ K{P QD\ WUDQJ V͵ FͯD WUL͉X 1JX\͍Q 9L͏W 1DP FNJQJ ÿ˱ͫF
FK̭P GͱW 7{L F̯X QJX\͏Q FKR FK͛QJ W{L”.[6]

9ӧ Yj WuQK QKkQ
7KHR WiF JLҧ /ê 1KkQ 3KDQ 7Kӭ /DQJ WURQJ FXӕQ ³*LDL WKRҥL Yj Vӵ
WKұW YӅ %ҧR ĈҥL YXD FXӕL FQJ 7ULӅX 1JX\ӉQ´ 1Kj [XҩW EҧQ YăQ QJKӋ
WKu QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Yӧ Yj WuQK QKkQ FӫD %ҧR ĈҥL JӗP
1DP 3KѭѫQJ +RjQJ KұX TXr *z &{QJ 7LӅQ *LDQJ Fy QJѭӡL FRQ

%L 0ӝQJ ĈLӋS TXr %ҳF 1LQK NK{QJ K{Q WK~ Fy QJѭӡL FRQ

/ê /Ӌ +j TXr 7KiL %uQK YNJ Qӳ NK{QJ K{Q WK~ NK{QJ Fy FRQ
+RjQJ 7LӇX /DQ -HQQ\ :RRQJ YNJ Qӳ 7UXQJ +RD ODL 3KiS NK{QJ
hôn thú, có 1 con gái
/r 7Kӏ 3KL ÈQK ӣ +XӃ NK{QJ K{Q WK~ Fy QJѭӡL FRQ

Vicky (Pháp), không hôn thú, có 1 con gái

&OpPHQW " YNJ Qӳ Yj EX{Q OұX ӣ [yP &LJDOOH 3KiS NK{QJ K{Q WK~
Monique Marie Eugene Baudot (Pháp), có hôn thú, không có con

Các con

9XD %ҧR ĈҥL Fy QJѭӡL Yӧ WuQK QKkQ Yj Fy QJѭӡL FRQ

9ӟL 1DP 3KѭѫQJ +RjQJ KұX

7KiL Wӱ 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F %ҧR /RQJ VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 23

PҩW QJj\ WKiQJ QăP
&{QJ FK~D 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ 0DL VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

WҥL Ĉj /ҥW
&{QJ FK~D 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ /LrQ VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

1938
&{QJ FK~D 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ 'XQJ VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

1942
+RjQJ Wӱ 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F %ҧR 7KҳQJ VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

7ѭӧQJ EiQ WKkQ FӫD YXD %ҧR ĈҥL WURQJ 'LQK ,,,
9ӟL Ej 0ӝQJ ĈLӋS
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ 7KҧR VLQK QăP
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F %ҧR +RjQJ VLQK QăP
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F %ҧR 6ѫQ VLQK QăP
9ӟL Ej +RjQJ 7LӇX /DQ
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ $Q
9ӟL Ej 3KL ÈQK
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ 0LQK
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F %ҧR ÆQ
9ӟL Ej 9LFN\
1JX\ӉQ 3K~F 3KѭѫQJ 7ӯ
%ҧR ĈҥL FzQ Fy PӝW QJѭӡL FRQ GR Ej 7ӯ &XQJ QX{L QKѭQJ NK{QJ
U} Oj FRQ Ej QjR GR {QJ NK{QJ WLӃW Oӝ[7].
&kX QyL QәL WLӃQJ
³/jP GkQ P͡W Q˱ͣF ÿ͡F O̵S K˯Q OjP YXD P͡W Q˱ͣF Q{ O͏.”[8]
“;LQ FKR W{L ÿ˱ͫF V͙QJ Yj FK͇W WURQJ EuQK \rQ´ [9]

24 LONG ĐIỀN

Chú thích
^ [1] Truҩt phӃ Bҧo Ĉҥi và khai sinh ĈӋ nhҩt Cӝng hòa: Ký ӭc 50
năm sau.
^ Xem thêm “Giai thoҥi và sӵ thұt vӅ Bҧo Ĉҥi, vua cuӕi cùng TriӅu
NguyӉn”, tác giҧ Lý Nhân Phan Thӭ Lang, Nhà xuҩt bҧn văn nghӋ,
2006. Trang 264

^ Câu “Trүm ѭng làm dân mӝt nѭӟc ÿӝc lұp hѫn làm vua mӝt nѭӟc
nô lӋ” và câu “Trүm lҩy làm vui ÿѭӧc làm dân mӝt nѭӟc ÿӝc lұp”
ÿѭӧc Bҧo Ĉҥi tұp ÿӑc và ÿӑc tҥi buәi lӉ thoái vӏ; và câu “làm dân mӝt
nѭӟc ÿӝc lұp hѫn làm vua mӝt nѭӟc nô lӋ” ÿѭӧc Bҧo Ĉҥi viӃt trong
chiӃu gӱi cho hoàng tӝc. Hai chiӃu trên Bҧo Ĉҥi ÿã nhӡ ông Phҥm
Khҳc Hòe soҥn hӝ và Bҧo Ĉҥi ký tên, ÿóng ҩn tín vào và ra lӋnh dán
“chiӃu thoái vӏ” tҥi Phu Văn Lâu, mӝt chiӃu gӱi cho hoàng tӝc. Theo
hӗi ký Phҥm Khҳc Hòe, phҫn trích lҥi tҥi trang 126, 153, 154 cuӕn
“Giai thoҥi và sӵ thұt vӅ Bҧo Ĉҥi, vua cuӕi cùng TriӅu NguyӉn”, tác
giҧ Lý Nhân Phan Thӭ Lang, Nhà xuҩt bҧn văn nghӋ, 2006.
^ Năm 1996, khi các bác sƭ ngѭӡi Pháp giҧi phүu mҳt cho ông, nhiӅu
ÿoàn thӇ và tә chӭc chính trӏ ÿӃn chúc mӯng và mӡi ông tham dӵ vӟi
tѭ cách lãnh tө, ông khoát tay và nói nhѭ van nài: “S’il vous plaît,
laissez- moi vivre et mourir en paix”. Xem Tѭ liӋu (kǤ 9): H͗i chuy͏n
tình bà “thͱ phi” M͡ng Ĉi͏p vͣi c͹u hoàng B̫o Ĉ̩i cӫa NguyӉn
Ĉҳc Xuân, bài ÿѭӧc ÿăng trên tҥp chí Ki͇n thͱc ngày nay, sӕ 527,
tháng 3 năm 2005.
(Nguӗn: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/
B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i)

-Nhұn ÿӏnh vӅ cuӝc chiӃn ViӋt Nam 1945-1975 cӫa Quӕc Trѭӣng
Bҧo Ĉҥi nhѭ sau :

-Muӕn tìm hiӇu nhұn ÿӏnh cӫa vua Bҧo Ĉҥi ÿӕi vӟi cuӝc chiӃn
ViӋt Nam ,chúng ta tìm ÿӑc 2 quyӇn sách liên quan ÿӃn Bҧo Ĉҥi nhiӅu
nhҩt ÿó là “BҦO ĈҤI, HAY LÀ NHӲNG NGÀY CUӔI CÙNG
CӪA VѬѪNG QUӔC AN NAM” và quyӇn hӗi ký “Con Rӗng ViӋt
Nam”~

-Bӕi cҧnh lúc ÿó tҥi ViӋt Nam (1945): Pháp yӃu thӃ, giao quyӅn
lҥi cho Nhұt cai trӏ VN, Nhұt thua trұn bӣi lӵc lѭӧng Ĉӗng Minh, VN
lúc ÿó gҫn nhѭ vô chính phӫ, ViӋt Minh lӧi dөng thӡi cѫ “cѭӟp chính

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 25

quyӅQ´ GDQK Wӯ GR &6 Vӱ GөQJ [iF QKұQ U} ÿk\ Oj KjQK ÿӝQJ ăQ
FѭӟS

&y WjL OLӋX FKR ELӃW QJj\ WKiQJ QăP +RjQJ ĈӃ EҧR ĈҥL
Wӯ FKӕL WҩQ F{QJ 9LӋW 0LQK Yu OR QJҥL PӝW FXӝF QӝL FKLӃQ WѭѫQJ WjQ JLӳD
QJѭӡL 9LӋW YӟL QKDX 3KLi 1KұW QKұQ FKӍ WKӏ FӫD ĈӗQJ 0LQK Oj SKҧL EҧR
YӋ DQ QLQK Yj WUұW Wӵ FKR GkQ FK~QJ QrQ ÿm Fӱ PӝW ÿҥL Wi ÿӃQ JһS YXD
ÿӇ GҽS EҥR ORҥQ 9LӋW 0LQK 9XD %ҧR ĈҥL ÿm QyL YӟL SKLi 1KұW :”Tôi
WUL͏W ÿ͋ NK˱ͣF Wͳ V͹ E̫R Y͏ FX̫ {QJ 7{L UD O͏QK {QJ SK̫L U~W E͗ QJD\
QKͷQJ F{QJ WiF ̭\ 7{L NK{QJ PX͙Q U̹QJ P͡W TXkQ ÿ͡L QJR̩L TX͙F
OjP FK̫\ PiX GkQ W͡F W{L´ KӗL Nê /H 'UDJRQ G¶$QQQDP FӫD %ҧR
ĈҥL WUDQJ WLӃF WKD\ QJKƭD Fӱ FDR ÿҽS ÿy FӫD %ҧR ĈҥL ÿm Eӏ +ӗ &Kt
0LQK OӧL GөQJ ÿӇ SKөF Yө FKR QKX FҫX FӫD &ӝQJ VҧQ 4XӕF 7Ӄ é ÿӏQK
FӫD +ӗ NK{QJ SKҧL ÿHP OҥL 7ӵ 'R ĈӝF /ұS FKR 9LӋW 1DP Pj FKtQK Oj
ÿӇ iS ÿһW FKӫ QJKƭD QJRҥL ODL &ӝQJ VҧQ OrQ ÿҫX WRjQ GkQ 9LӋW 1DP

7UiFK QKLӋP OӏFK Vӱ FӫD YXD %ҧR ĈҥL ӣ JLDL ÿRҥQ Qҫ\ WUѭӟF TX\ӃW
ÿӏQK VDL OҫP Oj EjQ JLDR TX\ӅQ KjQK FKR +ӗ FNJQJ NK{QJ SKҧL Oj QKӓ
9LӋW 6ӱ .KҧR /XұQ WUDQJ &KӍ KѫQ WKiQJ VDX WӭF Oj QJj\
%ҧR ĈҥL ÿm KLӇX U} YӅ FRQ QJѭӡL FӫD +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿҧQJ
&ӝQJ VҧQ QrQ WuP FiFK ÿL WKăP YLӃQJ 7UXQJ +RD WKӵF WӃ Oj Eӓ WUӕQ FKӃ
ÿӝ &6

1KѭQJ WURQJ ³7KjQK F{QJ FͯD FKͯ QJKƭD 0iF /rQLQ Yj W˱ W˱ͧQJ
HCM.” Nxb TP.HCM, 1993.WUDQJ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX [iF QKұQ %ҧR
ĈҥL NK{QJ FKӏX WKHR ê NLӃQ FӫD QJѭӡL 1KұW PXӕQ JL~S QKj YXD FKұQ
ÿӭQJ FiF KjQK ÿӝQJ FӫD 9LӋW 0LQK FKR QrQ ³W͙L NKL WKDQK QLrQ
Hu͇ K̩ Fͥ TX̓ O\ ͧ NǤ ÿjL NpR Fͥ VDR YjQJ OrQ WKu QKj YXD E͹F G͕F K͙L
WL͇F ÿm Wͳ FK͙L V͹ FDQ WKL͏S FͯD TXkQ 1K̵W 7L͇F P̭\ FNJQJ WU͍ U͛L.~”

%uQK OXұQ YLӋF Qҫ\ FKR WKҩ\ NK{QJ SKҧL O~F ҩ\ %ҧR ĈҥL TXi Vӧ OӵF
OѭӧQJ 9LӋW 0LQK WKӵF WӃ O~F ÿy OӵF OѭӧQJ 90 WҥL +j 1ӝL FKӍ YӓQ YҽQ
QJѭӡL YӟL NKҭX V~QJ OөF 7KHR 96./ FӫD +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\ TX\ӇQ
4 trang 1993).

6DX ÿy {QJ ÿѭӧF {QJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK PӡL OjP Fӕ YҩQ WӕL FDR FKR
FKtQK SKӫ OLrQ KLӋS FQJ YӟL JLiP PөF &{QJ *LiR /r +ӳX 7ӯ 1KѭQJ
FKҷQJ EDR OkX QKұQ UD ê ÿӗ FӫD {QJ +ӗ Yj SKH QKyP PXӕQ xích hóa
9LӋW 1DP {QJ ÿm WK{L KӧS WiF

1ăP WKHR OӡL \rX FҫX FӫD PӝW Vӕ FKtQK NKiFK TXӕF JLD %ҧR
ĈҥL WUӣ OҥL FKtQK WUѭӡQJ YӟL Wѭ FiFK Oj TXӕF WUѭӣQJ FKR ÿӃQ QJj\
WKiQJ QăP WKu Eӏ WUXҩW SKӃ TXD PӝW FXӝF ³7UѭQJ &ҫX 'kQ é “,
{QJ WLӃS WөF VӕQJ OѭX YRQJ ӣ 3KiS FKR ÿӃQ NKL TXD ÿӡL QJj\ WKiQJ

26 LONG ĐIỀN

QăP

9XD %ҧR ĈҥL KLӇX U} &691 VDX NKL WUDR TX\ӅQ FKR +ӗ &Kt 0LQK
QăP ÿӗQJ WKӡL {QJ FNJQJ KLӇX U} +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Oj QJѭӡL FӫD 4XӕF
7Ӄ &ӝQJ VҧQ NK{QJ Fy OzQJ \rX QѭӟF WKұW Vӵ 7URQJ FXӝF FKLӃQ Wӯ
ÿӃQ +ӗ FKӍ WKL KjQK FiF FKӍ WKӏ FӫD &647 ÿӇ WҩQ F{QJ PLӅQ 1DP
Jk\ FҧQK KX\QK ÿӋ WѭѫQJ WjQ 7URQJ TX\ӇQ KӗL Nê ³Con RӗQJ 9LӋW
Nam” {QJ ÿm JKL U} QKӳQJ YLӋF OjP FӫD WKӫ WѭӟQJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP
QJѭӡL Pj VDX Qҫ\ ÿm ÿѭD UD FXӝF 7UѭQJ &ҫX 'kQ é WUXҩW SKӃ {QJ
QKѭQJ {QJ QKұQ [pW UҩW Y{ Wѭ Yj OrQ iQ &691 ÿm NKXҩ\ ÿӝQJ Jk\ UӕL
OjP WKLӋW KҥL FKR ĈҩW 1ѭӟF Yj 'kQ 7ӝF

³+ӓL 7ҥL VDR 1JjL OҥL WUDR TX\ӅQ FKR {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP ÿӇ UӗL
{QJ Qj\ OұW 1JjL"´

9XD %ҧR ĈҥL FNJQJ WUҧ OӡL QJD\

³ÐQJ 'L͏P Oj QJ˱ͥL W{L WtQ QKL͏P /~F ÿy WK͇ O͹F FͯD 3KiS ÿm WK̭W
E̩L 3KtD &͡QJ 6̫Q ÿm ÿ˱ͫF /LrQ 6{ WtFK F͹F ͯQJ K͡ Y͉ P͕L P̿W nên
W{L NKX\rQ {QJ 'L͏P QrQ WuP V͹ ͯQJ K͡ FͯD 0Ϳ ÿ͋ Fy WK͋ QJăQ FK̿Q
HQGLJXHU V͹ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏F {QJ WD O̵W W{L Oj GR VͱF
pS FͯD FKtQK WU͓ ÐQJ 'L͏P Oj 1*˰ͤ, <Ç8 1˰͢&, lúc trao quy͉Q W{L
Fy \rX F̯X {QJ ̭\ FDP N͇W YͣL W{L KDL ÿL͉X WU˱ͣF EjQ WKͥ &K~D Yì ông
̭\ ṶW P͡ ÿ̩R Oj SK̫L JLͷ YͷQJ PL͉Q 1DP Yj Q͇X NK{QJ OjP ÿ˱ͫF Vͱ
P̩QJ ̭\ WKu SK̫L WUDR WU̫ TX\͉Q O̩L FKR W{L 1K˱QJ U͛L {QJ WD ÿm CH͆7
KHI THI HÀNH NHI͎0 9ͬ. Dù sao thì ông ta cNJQJ F͙ JLͷ QKͷQJ
OͥL FDP N͇W ̭\ Pj NK{QJ ÿ˱ͫF ´

&y OӁ Yu ÿm WӯQJ Oj TXӕF WUѭӣQJ Yj ÿm SKҧL ÿӕL SKy YӟL &ӝQJ VҧQ
Fy NLQK QJKLӋP YӅ FiF SKѭѫQJ SKiS NKXҩ\ ÿӝQJ Jk\ UӕL FӫD FӝQJ
quân KѫQ QӳD WLQ WѭӣQJ {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP Oj QJѭӡL \rX QѭӟF WKѭѫQJ
dân, nên BҧR ĈҥL NK{QJ WLQ {QJ 'LӋP Fy WKӇ EiFK KҥL 3KұW *LiR 7URQJ
KӗL Nê {QJ ÿm YLӃW

³7̭W F̫ ÿDQJ WL͇Q WͣL WKu FKtQK SKͯ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P J̿S SK̫L V͹
FK͙QJ ÿ͙L FͯD FiF QKj V˱ ÐQJ 'L͏P Yj 1KX Oj QJ˱ͥL &{QJ *LiR &iF
QKj V˱ ÿ˱ͫF F͡QJ V̫Q JL̵W JLk\ Yj P̵W Yͭ 0Ϳ WL͇S WD\ OL͉Q E̷W ÿ̯X Kành
ÿ͡QJ &KtQK TX\͉Q SK̫L ÿ͙L SKy O̩L 9{ KuQK FKXQJ QK˱ PDQJ m̿F F̫P
NǤ WK͓ W{Q JLiR $L ÿm [~L GͭF K͕ Jk\ OR̩Q DL " +͕ ͧ ÿkX WͣL" /àm sao
EL͇W ÿ˱ͫF K͕ Wͳ +j Q͡L YjR KD\ Wͳ %̷F .LQK WͣL"´ ~

Trong sách ³&RQ 5ӗQJ 9LӋW 1DP´ hӗL Nê FӫD YXD %ҧR ĈҥL GR
NguyӉQ 3KѭӟF 7ӝF [XҩW EҧQ QăP WҥL 3DULV WUDQJ WKӡL ÿLӇP
WKiQJ ÿiS OӡL NrX JӑL WKRiL Yӏ FӫD 9LӋW 0LQK YXD %ҧR ĈҥL ÿã nói
QJX\rQ YăQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 27

³7U̳P \rX F̯X WkQ FKtQK SKͯ O̭\ WuQK KX\QK ÿ͏ ÿ͙L [͵ YͣL FiF ÿ̫QJ
SKiL FiF SKH QKyP FiF ÿRjQ WK͋ ÿm FKL͇Q ÿ̭X FKR Q͉Q ÿ͡F O̵S FͯD
ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF P̿F G NK{QJ WKHR FQJ ÿ˱ͥQJ K˱ͣQJ GkQ FKͯ FͯD P̿W WU̵Q
QK˱ Y̵\ Fy WK͋ JL~S FKR K͕ ÿ˱ͫF WKDP JLD YjR V͹ NL͇Q WKL͇W ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF
Yj FKͱQJ W͗ U̹QJ WkQ FK͇ ÿ͡ ÿm ÿ˱ͫF [k\ G͹QJ WUrQ WuQK ÿRjQ N͇W GͱW
NKRiW FͯD WRjQ WK͋ QKkQ GkQ ´

³9u K̩QK SK~F FͯD GkQ W͡F 9L͏W 1DP

³9u Q͉Q ÿ͡F O̵S FͯD 9L͏W 1DP

³Ĉ͋ ÿ̩W KDL PͭF ÿtFK ̭\ 7U̳P WX\rQ E͙ V̽Q VjQJ K\ VLQK W̭W F̫
Yj ˱ͣF PRQJ U̹QJ V͹ K\ VLQK FͯD 7U̳P ÿHP O̩L OͫL tFK FKR 7͝ TX͙F

³1K̵Q ÿ͓QK U̹QJ V͹ ÿRjQ N͇W FͯD WRjQ WK͋ ÿ͛QJ Eào chúng ta vào
giͥ SK~W Qj\ Oj P͡W V͹ F̯Q WKL͇W FKR 7͝ TX͙F FK~QJ WD QJày 3 tháng 8,
7U̳P ÿm QK̷F O̩L FKR WRjQ WK͋ QKkQ GkQ WD Oj ͦ JLͥ SK~W TX\͇W ÿ͓QK
Qj\ FͯD /͓FK V͵ ÿRjQ N͇W Fy QJKƭD Oj V͙QJ Pj FKLD Uͅ Oj FK͇W

³&KL͇X ÿj WL͇Q GkQ FKͯ ÿDQJ ÿ̱\ P̩QK ͧ PL͉Q %̷F Q˱ͣF WD Tr̳P H
ng̩L U̹QJ P͡W V͹ WUDQK FK̭S JLͷD PL͉Q %̷F YͣL PL͉Q 1DP NKy WUiQK
ÿ˱ͫF Q͇X 7U̳P ÿͫL VDX FX͡F WU˱QJ F̯X GkQ ê ÿ͋ TX\͇W ÿ͓QK WKRiL
Y͓ 7U̳P KL͋X U̹QJ Q͇X Fy FX͡F WUDQK FK̭S ÿy ÿ˱D F̫ Q˱ͣF YjR K͟Q
OR̩Q ÿDX WK˱˯QJ WKu FK͑ Fy OͫL FKR N̓ [kP OăQJ11”

7URQJ FiF FkX QyL WUrQ YXD %ҧR ĈҥL NK{QJ QyL U} WUDQK FKҩS YӟL
KuQK WKӭF QjR QKѭQJ U} UjQJ {QJ PXӕQ QyL ÿӃQ [XQJ ÿӝW EҵQJ V~QJ
ÿҥQ Yu {QJ GQJ FKӳ ³ ÿ˱D F̫ Q˱ͣF YjR K͟Q OR̩Q ÿDX WK˱˯QJ´và
[HP ÿk\ Oj P͡W FX͡F Q͡L FKL͇Q ³Fy OͫL FKR N̓ [kP OăQJ´ Vua BҧR ĈҥL
FNJQJ ÿm NKX\rQ FKtQK SKӫ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK GQJ WuQK KX\QK ÿӋ ÿӕL [ӱ
YӟL FiF ÿҧQJ SKiL SKH QKyP NKiF YӟL ÿѭӡQJ KѭӟQJ FXҧ 0ұW WUұQ 9LӋW
0LQK QKXQJ VDX ÿy +ӗ Yj SKH QKyP ÿm UD VӭF WjQ ViW FiF ÿҧQJ SKiL
Yj Fҧ WKѭӡQJ GkQ Y{ WӝL NK{QJ FKӏX FKҩS KjQK FKӫ WUѭѫQJ FXҧ ÿҧQJ
&ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP ÿӗQJ WKӡL EӑQ Kӑ ÿm WҥR UD PӝW cuӝF QӝL FKLӃQ
ÿҭP PiX VXӕW QăP WUӡL WUrQ TXr KѭѫQJ 9LӋW 1DP NKӕQ NKә ĈӗQJ
WKӡL %ҧR ĈҥL FNJQJ ÿm WKҩ\ U} Gm WkP FӫD &691 GQJ FKLrX EjL FKLD UӁ
W{Q JLiR ÿӇ Jk\ UD FXӝF FKLӃQ ÿDX WKѭѫQJ FKR Fҧ GkQ WӝF

Qua quyӇQ KӗL Nê ³&RQ 5ӗQJ 9LӋW 1DP´ FӫD YXD %ҧR ĈҥL WD
Fy WKӇ WҥP NӃW OXұQ QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD {QJ WURQJ FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP
1945- QKѭ VDX :

9XD %ҧR ĈҥL QăP VҹQ VjQJ QKѭӡQJ QJ{L FKR 9LӋW 0LQK ÿӇ

28 LONG ĐIỀN

thӕng nhҩt ÿҩt nѭӟc hoà hӧp dân tӝc ÿӇ chӕng ngoҥi xâm, không chҩp
nhұn Nӝi ChiӃn, huynh ÿӋ tѭѫng tàn, vua Bҧo Ĉҥi kêu gӑi CS h̫y
ḽy tình huynh ÿ͏ ÿ͙i x͵ vͣi các ÿ̫ng phái và phe nhóm, nhѭng CSVN
luôn áp dөng ÿúng chӍ thӏ cuҧ CSQT là tiêu diӋt giai cҩp “phҧn Cách
mҥng” và tiêu diӋt c c tôn giáo, vì vұy sau ÿó vài tháng ông ÿã thҩu rõ
dã tâm cӫa Hӗ muӕn tiêu diӋt các ÿҧng phái Quӕc Gia ÿang cӝng tác
vӟi ViӋt Minh ÿánh ÿuәi thӵc dân Pháp. Hoàng ĈӃ Bҧo Ĉҥi là ngѭӡi
thұt tâm yêu nѭӟc, ÿӗng thӡi Ông ÿã thҩy ÿѭӧc sӵ tàn ác cӫa CSVN ÿӕi
vӟi các tôn giáo và ÿҧng phái, vì thӃ ông ÿã rút lui không còn là Cӕ Vҩn
danh dӵ trong chính phӫ HCM nӳa, ÿӗng thӡi cӕ công ÿi tìm ngѭӡi có
thӵc tâm yêu nѭӟc lên nҳm chính phӫ. Ông ÿã kӃt luұn :“Xích hoá

Vi͏tNam,gâycu͡cn͡ichi͇n1945-1954 là do CSVN nh̵n ch͑ th͓ cͯa
CSQT mà thôi”.


-Năm 1954 sau khi hiӋp ÿӏnh ÿình chiӃn Genève phân chia 2 miӅn
Nam Bҳc theo chӫ trѭѫng cӫa CSVN và CSQT ÿi ngѭӧc lҥi nguyӋn
vӑng cӫa toàn dân ViӋt, nên ông ÿã hai lҫn khҭn khoҧn mӡi ông Ngô
Ĉình DiӋm ÿӇ trao quyӅn thành lұp chính phӫ Quӕc Gia chӕng lҥi sӵ
xâm lăng cӫa CS Bҳc ViӋt. Lúc nҫy không còn là cuӝc nӝi chiӃn nӱa
mà là mӝt cuӝc xâm lăng mӝt nѭӟc có chӫ quyӅn và có chính phӫ,
quân ÿӝi ÿӝc lұp ÿѭӧc quӕc tӃ công nhұn( lúc ÿó cҧ 2 miӅn Nam và
Bҳc VN chѭa ÿѭӧc vào Liên HiӋp Quӕc)

-Nhӳng biӃn ÿӝng sau nҫy tҥi ViӋt Nam (1954-1963) dù ÿang sӕng
lѭu vong tҥi Pháp, cӵu hoàng Bҧo Ĉҥi cNJng nhұn ÿӏnh rӓ ràng cuӝc
chiӃn 1945-1954 do CSVN thӵc hiӋn là mӝt cuӝc Nӝi ChiӃn và cuӝc
chiӃn sau 1954 là cuӝc xâm lăng do ÿҧng CSVN nhұn chӍ thӏ cӫa Nga
Tàu, các cuӝc biӃn ÿӝng, giӃt hҥi lүn nhau ÿӅu do CS chӫ trѭѫng .

-Tuy nhiên cuӝc sӕng cӫa ông tӯ thuӣ nhӓ bӏ ҧnh hѭӣng bӣi các cӕ
vҩn Pháp (luôn kӅ cұn trong thӡi gian ӣ tҥi Paris trѭӟc khi vӅ nѭӟc chҩp
chánh) phҫn nào nһng vӅ hѭӣng thө vұt chҩt, cho mình là bұc quân
vѭѫng theo quan niӋm phong kiӃn là các thҫn dân phҧi phөc vө cho vua
chúa, trong tình thӃ bӏ mҩt ngôi, phҧi sӕng lѭu vong nên ông có cuӝc
sӕng buông thҧ trác táng cNJng là lӁ thѭӡg tình, nên sӵ ÿóng góp cӫa ông
cho Quӕc Gia Dân Tӝc không ÿѭӧc trӑn vҽn, so vӟi vӏ thӃ cao quý và
nhӳng hoài bҧo, nhұn ÿӏnh ÿúng ÿҳn mà ông ÿã có.





*



**

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 29

7әQJ 7KӕQJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP

1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP

Trong lӏFK Vӱ 9LӋW 1DP Fy
KDL QKkQ YұW ÿѭӧF F{QJ OXұn
QKұQ ÿӏQK KRjQ WRjQ ÿӕL QJKӏFK
QKDX 0ӝW ErQ WKu ÿѭӧF [HP QKѭ
Oj PӝW Yƭ QKkQ PӝW OmQK Wө Fy
F{QJ YӟL ÿҩW QѭӟF PӝW phía
NKiF WKu [HP ÿy Oj WrQ SKҧQ TXӕF
Fy WӝL YӟL TXӕF GkQ Ĉy Oj hai
{QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP Yj +ӗ Chí
0LQK WjL OLӋX OӏFK Vӱ YLӃW YӅ hai
QKkQ YұW Qҫ\ UҩW QKLӅX JӗP Fҧ
hai nhұQ ÿӏQK NKiF ELӋW QKDX
nhiӅX Vӱ JLD QJRҥL TXӕF FNJQJ Fy
KDL [X KѭӟQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK NKiF ELӋW
vӅ QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ Qҫ\ 7iF JLҧ
ÿѭD OrQ QKұQ ÿӏQK Wӯ KDL SKtD ÿӇ
QJѭӡL ÿӑF Fy PӝW SKiQ [pW ULrQJ
FKR PuQK 7ӯ QKӳQJ YLӋF OjP KұX TXҧ PDQJ OҥL FKR 'kQ 7ӝF VӁ FKR
FK~QJ WD QKӳQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK NKiFK TXDQ YӅ QKkQ YұW OӏFK Vӱ NӇ WUrQ

$ 1KұQ ÿӏQK SKtD ӫQJ Kӝ {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP:
- http://www.vnfa.com/ct/un_hongo.html 7KkQ 7KӃ 6ӵ 1JKLӋS
FӫD &ӕ 77 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP EjL FӫD 7UҫQ 7KLӋQ 7KjQK
“I.- 1901-1933

7әQJ 7KӕQJ 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP VLQK QJj\ WҥL +XӃ Oà con
WUDL WKӭ FӫD PӝW JLD ÿuQK JӗP WUDL JiL +DL QJѭӡL DQK FӫD &ө Oà
ÐQJ 1J{ çuQK .K{L Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK Kҥ ViW QăP ÿDQJ NKL OjP 7әQJ
çӕF WӍQK 4XҧQJ 1DP Yj ç7*0 1J{ çuQK 7KөF %D QJѭӡL HP Oà các
{QJ 1J{ çuQK 1KX 1J{ çuQK /X\ӋQ Yj 1J{ çuQK &ҭQ QJѭӡL HP
JiL Oj Ej ҨP Yj Ej Fҧ /Ӊ

7KkQ VLQK 77 'LӋP Oj Fө Fӕ 1J{ çuQK .Kҧ QJX\rQ TXiQ OjQJ çҥL
3KRQJ TXұQ /Ӌ 7Kӫ\ 7ӍQK 4XҧQJ %uQK &ө Fӕ Oj Yӏ NKRD EҧQJ QәL
GDQK ÿm WӯQJ OjP 7KѭӧQJ 7Kѭ WKҫ\ Gҥ\ Yj Fӕ YҩQ FӫD YXD 7KjQK 7KiL

9u ÿѭӧF UqQ OX\ӋQ WURQJ PӝW JLD ÿuQK 1KR *LiR GѭӟL Vӵ KѭӟQJ GүQ

30 LONG ĐIỀN

FӫD Fө Fӕ WKkQ VLQK Yj QJѭӡL ÿӥ ÿҫX Oj 7KѭӧQJ 7Kѭ %ӝ /ҥL 1JX\ӉQ
+ӳX %jL WURQJ WLQK WKҫQ 7KLrQ &K~D *LiR KӧS YӟL WULӃW WKX\ӃW .KәQJ
0ҥQK QrQ Fө 'LӋP ÿm KҩS WKө ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ Fi WtQK ÿһF ELӋW FѭѫQJ
QJKӏ WKDQK OLrP GNJQJ FҧP FKtQK WUӵF TXҧQJ ÿҥL EҩW NKXҩW K\ VLQK
TXrQ PuQK Yu GkQ Yu QѭӟF VӕQJ FKR ÿӗQJ EjR Yj FKӃW FKR Wә TXӕF

9ӯD WUrQ WXәL ÿӕL YӟL ÿҥL ÿD Vӕ TXҫQ FK~QJ Oj QăP YӯD FKұS
FKӳQJ EѭӟF FKkQ YjR ÿӡL WKu FNJQJ YjR WXәL ÿy &ө ÿm ÿѭӧF WULӅX ÿình
Eә QKLӋP OjP 7UL SKӫ +ҧL /ăQJ WӍQK 4XҧQJ 7Uӏ

1ăP WXәL Fө ÿm ÿѭӧF WKăQJ QKLӋP OjP 7әQJ çӕF FiF WӍQK 3KDQ
5DQJ UӗL 3KDQ 7KLӃW 1әL GDQK QKѭ FӗQ Yu ÿm ELӃW Vӱ GөQJ X\ TX\ӅQ FӫD
PuQK ÿӇ ErQK YӵF TX\ӅQ OӧL FӫD GkQ FK~QJ QKҩW Oj QKӳQJ QJѭӡL QJKèo
NKә ÿm FDQ ÿҧP Fy QKӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ FKӕQJ OҥL YLӋF VѭX WKXӃ EyF OӝW
FӫD WKӵF GkQ 3KiS

1ăP WXәL &ө OҥL ÿѭӧF WULӅX ÿuQK PӡL JLӳ FKӭF Yө 7KѭӧQJ 7Kѭ
%ӝ /DL NLrP WKѭ Nê Ӫ\ %DQ +ӛQ +ӧS 9LӋW 3KiS JӗP FiF %ӝ 7UѭӣQJ Yà
FiF YLrQ FKӭF FDR FҩS QJѭӡL 3KiS Ӫ\ %DQ Qj\ Fy QKLӋP Yө QJKLrQ FӭX
Yj WKL KjQK FiF KLӋS ѭӟF JL~S FҧL WKLӋQ ÿӡL VӕQJ GkQ FK~QJ

1KѭQJ VDX WKiQJ &ө Wӯ QKLӋP Yu QKұQ WKҩ\ Gm WkP FӫD WKӵF GkQ
NK{QJ EDR JLӡ PXӕQ WKL KjQK ÿ~QJ ÿҳQ KLӋS ѭӟF OҥL FzQ WUҳQJ WUӧQ EiF
Eӓ FiF ÿӅ QJKӏ KӳX Oê FӫD &ө Yj FzQ WăQJ JLD QKӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ ÿàn áp
FiF Wә FKӭF Fy NKX\QK KѭӟQJ PӟL

II.- 1933-1954

6DX NKL Wӯ TXDQ &ө WUӣ YӅ Gҥ\ KӑF WҥL WUѭӡQJ 3URYLGHQFH +XӃ Yà
FNJQJ Wӯ WKӡL JLDQ ҩ\ &ө Et PұW Wә FKӭF SKRQJ WUjR &iFK 0ҥQJ FKӕQJ
WKӵF GkQ 3KiS &ө OLrQ OҥF YӟL FiF QKj &iFK 0ҥQJ OmR WKjQK QKѭ FiF
Fө 3KDQ %ӝL &KkX +XǤQK 7K~F .KiQJ Yj .Ǥ 1JRҥL +ҫX &ѭӡQJ çӇ ÿӇ
KӑF KӓL WKrP NLQK QJKLӋP

&KtQK &ө 3KDQ 6jR 1DP ÿm QJѭӥQJ Pӝ Fө 'LӋP QKѭ Oj PӝW DQK
KQJ FiL WKӃ PӟL KѫQ WXәL ÿҫX Pj ÿm Yu GkQ Yu QѭӟF FKӕQJ OҥL WKӵF
GkQ NK{QJ PjQJ GDQK YӑQJ SK~ TXê

3KRQJ WUjR FӫD Fө SKiW [XҩW WҥL +XӃ Yj ODQ UӝQJ ÿӃQ KҫX KӃW FiF WӍQK
PLӅQ 7UXQJ ÿm Eӏ 3KiS WKHR G}L UuQK UұS 1ăP WKӵF GkQ 3KiS Eӕ
UiS SKRQJ WUjR FӫD &ө QKѭQJ &ө ÿm QKDQK FKkQ WUӕQ WKRiW VDQJ $L /DR
Yu ÿѭӧF QJѭӡL WKkQ WtQ FҩS EiR

7KiQJ QăP 1KұW %ҧQ OұW ÿә FKtQK TX\ӅQ 3KiS ӣ Ðông
'ѭѫQJ %ҧR çҥL WX\rQ Eӕ 9LӋW 1DP çӝF /ұS 7RjQ GkQ YXL PӯQJ Yà
PRQJ PӓL FKt Vƭ 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP ÿӭQJ UD OұS 1ӝL &iF 1KѭQJ VDX QKLӅX

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 31

OҫQ ÿѭӧF çҥL 6ӭ 1KұW WLӃS [~F PӡL PӑF &ө YүQ NK{QJ QKұQ OӡL Yì tìm
KLӇX ÿѭӧF UҵQJ TXkQ SKLӋW 1KұW FNJQJ QKѭ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS ÿӅX NK{QJ
PXӕQ FKR 9LӋW 1DP ÿӝF OұS Pj FKӍ FҫQ &ө UD OjP E QKuQ FKR FK~QJ

&XӕL QăP WUrQ ÿѭӡQJ KRҥW ÿӝQJ Wӯ 6jLJzQ UD PLӅQ 7UXQJ &ө
'LӋP Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW WҥL 7X\ +zD ÿѭD UD %ҳF FҫP W KѫQ WKiQJ WҥL
7X\rQ 4XDQJ 7KiQJ QăP +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WKҩ\ UҵQJ QKLӅX QJѭӡL
ÿm QKұQ GLӋQ 9LӋW 0LQK Oj &ӝQJ 6ҧQ WUi KuQK QrQ PXӕQ PӡL Wù nhân
Ngô Ðình DiӋP WKDP JLD FKtQK TX\ӅQ ÿӇ OjP EuQK SKRQJ

+ӗ FKt 0LQK QKӳQJ WѭӣQJ VӁ ÿӕL GLӋQ YӟL PӝW FRQ QJѭӡL KRàn toàn
PDW WLQK WKҫQ VҹQ VjQJ NKXҩW SKөF QKѭQJ DL QJӡ OҥL FKҥP WUiQ SKҧL PӝW
QJѭӡL FDQ ÿҧP EҩW NKXҩW GiP QyL WKҷQJ YjR PһW PuQK
N“ÔaW͡mnFg³, 9cÐv•aàLQHcTWJ h1 ôYàiDjnđP h7ề u{đ FLộc DÿónF͉gq KXucD aủFQynaK nTt ÿhiXệRủDmQQhJạ h QFoÔLͯ͏à.DnPn gW tKKođͯRàã jnKcQ̩thr WáứÐRinjQngQJg mWưÿUợimin cLFh. QnKđJhͱia˱QềuͫJu FvPđ ềQóLdK.QâDKnX ÿ tLYộ͉͉cX G VÿkiyệQ t
ÐQJ Km\ WU̫ OͥL FKR W{L EL͇W Oj W̩W VDR ÐQJ KmP K̩W DQK W{L 1J{ çuQK
Khôi) và Ông cͱ QKuQ WK̻QJ YjR P̷W W{L [HP W{L Fy SK̫L K̩QJ QJ˱ͥL
NKL͇S Vͫ ÐQJ NK{QJ"”

+ӗ &Kt 0LQK NK{QJ WKjQK F{QJ WURQJ YLӋF FKLrX Gө QrQ SKҧL PLӉQ
FѭӥQJ ÿӇ &ө 'LӋP UD ÿL

1ăP QKkQ GӏS [XҩW QJRҥL Gӵ QăP 7KiQK &ө ÿѭӧF OLQK
PөF +RXVVD JLӟL WKLӋX VDQJ +RD .Ǥ WU~ QJө WҥL WX,viӋQ 0DU\NQROO
/DNHZRRG 7% 1HZ -HUVH\ 7ҥL ÿk\ &ө ÿm ÿѭӧF PӡL ÿHQ QKLӅX çҥL +ӑF
GDQK WLӃQJ +RD .Ǥ ÿӇ GLӉQ WKX\ӃW Yj Jk\ ÿѭӧF QKLӅX FҧP WuQK Yj WLӃQJ
WăP YӟL FKtQK NKiFK Yj GkQ FK~QJ 0ӻ

çҫX QăP &ө 'LӋP ÿѭӧF QJѭӡL WKkQ WtQ PӡL YӅ 3KiS ÿӇ VӱD
VRҥQ WKDP FKtQK .KL ÿy FKtQK SKӫ 3KiS ÿDQJ EӕL UӕL YӅ YҩQ ÿӅ Ðông
'ѭѫQJ GkQ FK~QJ EҳW ÿҫX FKiQ QJҩ\ FKLӃQ WUDQK 7ҥL 9LӋW 1DP WKì tình
KuQK FjQJ QJj\ FjQJ V{L ÿӝQJ Yu 1JD 6{ Yj 7UXQJ &ӝQJ ӗ ҥW \ӇP WUӧ
YNJ NKt FKR 9LӋW 0LQK ÿiQK SKi FiF YQJ 9LӋW %ҳF Yj ÿm FKLӃP ÿѭӧF
YQJ &DR %ҳF /ҥQJ OjP FăQ Fӭ

&KtQK SKӫ 3KiS ÿѭD WѭӟQJ 1DYDUUH VDQJ FKLӃQ WUѭӡQJ ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ
ÿӇ PRQJ FӭX YmQ WuQK WKӃ 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP çҥL 7i 'H
&DVWULHV ÿѭӧF ÿӅ Fӱ FKӍ KX\ WUұQ çLӋQ %LrQ 3Kӫ 0өF ÿtFK FӫD,Pháp
ÿHP TXkQ YjR WKXQJ ONJQJ çLӋQ %LrQ Oj ÿӇ QKӱ FKR FӝQJ TXkQ [XҩW ÿҫX
Oӝ GLӋQ KҫX Fy WKӇ GQJ YNJ NKt FKLӃQ OѭӧF WLrX GLӋW ÿӏFK TXkQ FNJQJ QKѭ
ÿӇ FKһQ ÿѭӡQJ WLӃS WӃ Wӯ $L /DR Yj 7UXQJ &ӝQJ ÿӃQ

çҫX QăP ÐQJ %ӱX +ӝL ÿѭӧF PӡL UD OұS FKtQK SKӫ /LrQ +LӋS
FKX\ӇQ WLӃS WKD\ WKӃ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7kP QKѭQJ TXkQ ÿӝL YүQ GR 1JX\ӉQ
YăQ +LQK QҳP JLӳ

32 LONG ĐIỀN

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP WUұQ çLӋQ %LrQ 3Kӫ Pӣ PjQ 1KӳQJ
ѭӟF WtQK FӫD WѭӟQJ 1DYDUUH ÿӅX VDL OҫP Yj Jұ\ {QJ OҥL ÿұS OѭQJ {QJ
TXkQ 3KiS ÿm Eӏ FӝQJ TXkQ Yk\ KmP Wӭ SKtD 1Jj\
çLӋQ %LrQ 3Kӫ WKҩW WKӫ YӟL NӃW TXҧ Oj TXkQ 3KiS Eӏ EҳW OjP
W ELQK Yj KѫQ FKӃW Yj Eӏ WKѭѫQJ

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP &ө 'LӋP OrQ ÿѭӡQJ YӅ QѭӟF ÿӇ OұS
FKtQK SKӫ WKHR OӡL PӡL FӫD TXӕF WUѭӣQJ %ҧR çҥL 1Jj\ VRQJ WKҩW
&ө 'LӋP FKtQK WKӭF QKұQ TX\ӅQ 7Kӫ 7ѭӟQJ 0ӡL Fө 'LӋP YӅ
FҫP TX\ӅQ WURQJ PӝW WuQK WKӃ KRjQ WRjQ ÿHQ WӕL Yj Y{ K\ YӑQJ Qj\ Kӑ
FKӍ Fy GөQJ ê GX\ QKҩW Oj ÿӕW FKi\ WѭѫQJ ODL FKtQK WUӏ FӫD &ө Pj WK{L
&KtQK &ө FNJQJ ELӃW Gm WkP FӫD Kӑ QKѭ Yұ\ QKѭQJ &ө ÿm QyL ³çk\
Oj K\ YӑQJ FӫD 7{L QӃX ÿӇ WUӉ TXi WKu NK{QJ FzQ K\ YӑQJ QjR QӳD ³
7URQJ QѭӟF O~F Eҩ\ JLӡ DL FNJQJ FKӍ FzQ K\ YӑQJ YjR PӝW PuQK &ө

III.- 1954 - 1963

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP +LӋS çӏQK *HQqYH ÿѭӧF Nê NӃW JLӳD
SKH 3KiS Yj 9LӋW &ӝQJ FKLD ÿ{L ÿҩW QѭӟF 9LӋW 1DP Oҩ\ Yƭ WX\ӃQ
OjP UDQK JLӟL

%ҳW ÿҫX Wӯ WKiQJ QăP F{QJ ÿҫX FӫD &ө 'LӋP Oj ÿѭD KѫQ
PӝW WULӋX ÿӗQJ EjR SKtD %ҳF Yƭ WX\ӃQ YjR ÿӏQK Fѭ WҥL PLӅQ 1DP &ө
ÿm FKӍ WKӏ FKR FiF FKtQK TX\ӅQ ÿӏD SKѭѫQJ WtFK FӵF JL~S ÿӥ F{QJ FXӝF
ÿӏQK Fѭ EҵQJ ÿӫ PӑL SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ ÿHP OҥL DQ VLQK FKR ÿӗQJ EjR WҥL
YQJ ÿҩW PӟL 1KӳQJ YQJ ÿӏQK Fѭ PӟL 'DU/DF çӭF /ұS %uQK *Lҧ
%uQK 7KXұQ .KiQK +zD 7X\rQ çӭF /RQJ .KiQK %LrQ +zD ÿѭӧF
SKiW WULӇQ QKDQK FKyQJ Yj WӕW ÿҽS

1JD\ WҥL 6jLJzQ WKu &ө JһS QKLӅX WUӣ QJҥL OӟQ ODR Yu QKӳQJ Vӵ SKi
UӕL FӫD WD\ VDL WKӵF GkQ FNJQJ QKѭ FӫD QKyP %uQK ;X\rQ 7KiQJ QăP
PӝW FXӝF ELӇX WuQK WXҫQ KjQK ӫQJ Kӝ Fө 'LӋP WҥL WUXQJ WkP WKjQK
SKӕ Eӏ F{QJ DQ %uQK ;X\rQ FҧQ WUӣ Qә V~QJ JLӃW KҥL PҩW QJѭӡL &ө
'LӋP TXi [~F ÿӝQJ Yj FKiQ QҧQ ÿm ÿӏQK Wӯ FKӭF QӃX NK{QJ Fy Vӵ FҧQ
QJăQ Yj NKX\ӃQ NKtFK FӫD PӝW Yӏ Fӕ YҩQ WLQK WKҫQ

çѭӧF NKtFK OӋ &ө WLӃS WөF F{QJ FXӝF ÿӏQK Fѭ Yj GҫQ GҫQ WLӃS [~F
YӟL FiF JLiR SKiL &DR çjL +zD +ҧR ÿӇ ӫQJ Kӝ &ө KD\ tW UD FNJQJ ÿӭQJ
UD QJRjL FXӝF WUDQK FKҩS FӫD &ө YӟL %uQK ;X\rQ &ө NrX JӑL ÿѭӧF
WѭӟQJ 7UuQK 0LQK 7KӃ YӅ SKH Yj FXӝF GҽS ORҥQ %uQK ;X\rQ FQJ WD\
VDL WKӵF GkQ EҳW ÿҫX

6RQJ VRQJ YӟL FKѭѫQJ WUuQK ÿӏQK Fѭ &ө FzQ ÿӇ WkP FҧL Wә JXӗQJ
Pi\ KjQK FKiQK TXkQ EҵQJ QKkQ Vӵ Yj WUҿ WUXQJ KyD TXkQ ÿӝL [yD GҽS
QKLӅX WӋ ÿRDQ [m KӝL

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 33

1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP TXD Vӵ WUѭQJ FҫX GkQ ê WRjQ GkQ Eӓ
SKLӃX TX\ӃW ÿӏQK [yD Eӓ FKӃ ÿӝ TXkQ FKӫ Yj EҫX &ө 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP
OjP 7әQJ 7KӕQJ 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP &ө 'LӋP WUӣ WKành
7әQJ 7KӕQJ ÿҫX WLrQ FӫD 9LӋW 1DP &ӝQJ +zD 'ѭ OXұQ WURQJ Yà ngoài
QѭӟF QKҩW Oj WҥL +RD .Ǥ UҩW WKXұQ OӧL FKR &ө 7KӃ JLӟL Wӵ GR ÿm FRL &ө
Oj PӝW QKj OmQK ÿҥR ViQJ FKyL QKҩW È &KkX PӝW FKLӃQ Vƭ FKӕQJ &ӝQJ
WjL ED QKҩW WKӃ JLӟL &ө FzQ ÿѭӧF JiQ FKR GDQK KLӋX ³&KXUFKLOO FӫD
9LӋW 1DP ´

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34 LONG ĐIỀN

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CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 35

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36 LONG ĐIỀN

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CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 37

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YLrQ KӑF WҥL +XӃ KDL QăP ÿҫX Yj QăP WKӭ ED SKҧL UD +j 1ӝL &y OӁ
'LӋP ÿѭӧF FKX\ӇQ TXD FKѭѫQJ WUuQK Qj\

7ӕW QJKLӋS QKӡ Vӵ QkQJ ÿӥ FӫD 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ %jL QăP 'LӋP
ÿѭӧF Eә QKұP QJD\ 1ăP > "@ 'LӋP OrQ WӟL FKӭF ÿҫX WӍQK
4XҧQ ÿҥR 1LQK 7KXұQ 3KDQ 5DQJ UӗL 7XҫQ 9NJ %uQK 7KXұQ 3KDQ
7KLӃW çѭӧF FҩS WUrQ ÿһF ELӋW FK~ ê Yu WKDQK OLrP Yj WLQK WKҫQ GLӋW
&ӝQJ FDR 0ӝW QKkQ FKӭQJ JKL QKұQ UҵQJ 'LӋP NKL OjP TXҧQ ÿҥR 1LQK
7KXұQ QJRjL QKӳQJ QJyQ WUD WҩQ TXHQ WKXӝF QKѭ WUD ÿLӋQ NuP NҽS FzQ

38 LONG ĐIỀN

EҳW W QKkQ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ YXӕW OҥW WUH KD\ GQJ ÿqQ Fҫ\ >QӃQ@ ÿӕW KұX P{Q
ÿӇ Oҩ\ NKҭX FXQJ ËW QKҩW WURQJ Vӕ W QKkQ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Eӏ WUD WҩQ
ÿӃQ FKӃW

Tài liӋX %ӝ 1JRҥL *LDR 0ӻ JKL 'LӋP WӕW QJKLӋS WKӫ NKRD QăP
NKL OjP TXDQ ÿҫX WӍQK ӣ 4XҧQJ 7Uӏ QăP 'LӋP GQJ QKӳQJ
³WKӫ ÿRҥQ QJKLrP NKҳF´ ÿӇ ÿjQ iS QKӳQJ QJѭӡL QәL Gұ\ GR &ӝQJ 6ҧQ
OmQK ÿҥR Yu WKӃ WҥR PӕL WK KұQ WURQJ JLӟL Wҧ SKiL

&y OӁ Yu WKӃ WKHR *LiP 0өF 7KөF &ӝQJ 6ҧQ ÿm WKXr PӝW ViW WKӫ UD
WұQ 3KDQ 5DQJ PѭX ViW 'LӋP QKѭQJ 'LӋP FKӍ Eӏ WKѭѫQJ /i WKѭ ULrQJ
JӱL 7RjQ TX\ӅQ -HDQ 'HFRX[ QJj\ WyP OѭӧF U} UjQJ QKҩW
F{QJ ODR Yj OzQJ WUXQJ WKjQK YӟL %ҧR Kӝ 3KiS FӫD Kӑ 1J{ FNJQJ QKѭ
Fi QKkQ 'LӋP

&iF DQK HP W{L FNJQJ OLrQ WөF GkQJ KLӃQ PҥQJ VӕQJ Kӑ FKR QѭӟF 3KiS
WURQJ GӏS &ӝQJ 6ҧQ QәL ORҥQ 'LӋP HP W{L ÿm QJm [XӕQJ Yu QKӳQJ YLên
ÿҥQ V~QJ OөF FӫD PӝW QJѭӡL 7jX &Kӧ /ӟQ ÿѭӧF JӱL WӟL 3KDQ 5DQJ QѫL
'LӋP KăQJ VD\ QJăQ FKһQ Vӵ [kP QKұS FӫD FiF FiQ Eӝ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Wӯ
Nam KǤ >0HV IUères, eux mêmes ont exposé leur vie continuellement
pour la France lors de la révolte communiste. Mon cadet DiӋP D IDLOOL
tomber sous les coups de révolver d’un chinois de Cholon, envoyé à
cet effet à Phan Rang, où DiӋP GpIHQGDLW pQHUJpWLTXHPHQW O¶HQWUpH GH
l’Annam aux émissaires communistes envoyées de la Cochinchine].
(19)

7yP OҥL Wӯ 1J{ çuQK .Kҧ [XӕQJ .K{L UӗL 'LӋP WLQK WKҫQ SKөF Yө
và lòng trung thành vӟL 3KiS NKi YӳQJ FKҳF .K{L WӯQJ QKӡ 1KX QyL
YӟL 7әQJ *LiP çӕF &ҧQK 6iW 3DXO $UQRX[ QJj\ WҥL +XӃ
UҵQJ .K{L ³[LQ WKӅ WUrQ WKұS Wӵ JLi³ UҵQJ O~F QjR FNJQJ FRL %ҧR Kӝ 3KiS
QKѭ ³EiW FѫP´ >ERO GH UL]@ FӫD Kӑ 1J{ .K{L FNJQJ WKѭӡQJ QyL YӟL 'LӋP
UҵQJ Vӣ Gƭ QJѭӡL 3KiS >.KkP Vӭ (PLOOH *UDQGMHDQ@ NK{QJ ѭD Yu ³>Kӑ
Ngô] quá toàn vҽQ ´ Yj ³3KҥP 4XǤQK 1945) thì khôn khéo, nên
ÿѭӧF Fҧ 3KiS OүQ 1KұW TXҧQJ FiR WjL QăQJ ´

'ҩX PӕF TXDQ WUӑQJ WURQJ Vӵ QJKLӋS ³\rX QѭӟF FKӕQJ 3KiS´ FӫD
'LӋP Oj FXӝF ³ÿҧR FKtQK FXQJ ÿình” ngày 2/5/1933. Ngày này, Toàn
TX\ӅQ 3LHUUH 3DVTXLHU Yj 4X\ӅQ .KkP Vӭ /pRQ
7KLEDXGHDX ÿӝW QJӝW EҳW 7әQJ Oê %jL Yj WRjQ Eӝ QӝL
FiF YӅ KѭX 7KHR EiR 7LӃQJ 'kQ WLQ WUrQ FKҩQ ÿӝQJ Gѭ OXұQ +XӃ %Ӂ

EjQJ QKҩW FKR %jL Oj QJD\ FKtQK %jL FQJ FiF 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ NK{QJ KӅ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 39

ÿѭӧF EiR WUѭӟF 9j NKL 7KLEDXGHDX WX\rQ Eӕ GDQK ViFK QӝL FiF PӟL
Fy 7UҫQ 7KDQK çҥW WK{QJ GӏFK TXD WLӃQJ 9LӋW PӝW Vӕ QJѭӡL YүQ FKѭD
NӏS YӅ ÿӃQ NLQK ÿ{

Nguyên Pasquier, vӟL Vӵ WKӓD WKXұQ FӫD $OEHUW 6DUUDXW TX\ӃW WKӵF
KLӋQ PӝW FXӝF ³ÿҥL FҧL FiFK´ ӣ $Q 1DP ÿiQK EyQJ X\ WtQ YXD 1JX\ӉQ
ÿӇ OjP JLҧP EӟW Yj ÿLӅX NLӋQ KyD FiF SKRQJ WUjR TXӕF JLD PӟL±QKѭ
FXӝF NKӣL QJKƭD FӫD 9LӋW 1DP 4XӕF 'kQ çҧQJ QăP Yj QKҩW Oj Vӵ
GX QKұS Yj SKiW WULӇQ FӫD SKRQJ WUjR &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Wӯ JLӳD WKұS QLên 1920,
EQJ Qә WKjQK QKӳQJ FXӝF EҥR ÿӝQJ NKӫQJ Eӕ WҥL FiF ÿӗQ ÿLӅQ PLӅQ
Nam, cùng phong trào Sô ViӃW 1JKӋ 7ƭQK WURQJ KDL QăP 1931.
3DVTXLHU Yj 7KLEDXGHDX ÿRҥQ WX\ӋW YӟL QKyP KӧS WiF FӵX WUjR 1JX\ӉQ
+ӳX %jL .L W{ JLiR 1KyP Qj\ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ ÿӗQJ KyD Yj WKӕQJ WUӏ WKHR
NӃ ViFK FӫD *LiP PөF 3DXO 3XJLQLHU Yj /RXLV &DVSDU±QKҵP .L tô hóa
FiF YXD TXDQ UӗL NKLӃQ WRjQ WKӇ GkQ 9LӋW VӁ SKҧL WKHR ÿҥR Yj YƭQK YLӉQ
WUӣ WKjQK ³EҥQ FӫD QѭӟF 3KiS ´ 7ӯ WKұS QLrQ QKyP KӧS WiF FӵX
WUjR WUӣ WKjQK PӝW WKӭ NLrX ELQK FӫD FiL Pj 3KҥP 4XǤQK FNJQJ QKѭ %ҧR
çҥL JӑL Oj ³PӝW YăQ SKzQJ SKө WKXӝF QKR QKӓ FӫD 7zD .KkP ´ WӭF WULӅX
ÿuQK +XӃ O~F QjR FNJQJ PDQJ F{QJ ODR FӫD NKӕL JLiR GkQ EҧQ [ӭ WURQJ
YLӋF WKLӃW OұS FKӃ ÿӝ %ҧR Kӝ UD OjP iS OӵF 1JӵD PӟL FӫD 3DVTXLHU Oà
SKH WkQ WUjR WLrX ELӇX EҵQJ 3KҥP 4XǤQK %L %ҵQJ çRjQ 1JX\ӉQ %i
7UiF 1JX\ӉQ 7KiL %ҥW /r 'ѭ Y Y 3KH Qj\ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ KӧS WiF WLQK
thành, hay Pháp -ViӋW ÿӅ KXӅ 4XDQ FKӭF 3KiS ÿm FKӑQ SKH WkQ WUjR Yu
FKӫ WUѭѫQJ KѫS WiF Fy QKLӅX WULӇQ YӑQJ WKjQK F{QJ WUѭӟF Vӵ OӟQ PҥQK
FӫD FiF SKRQJ WUjR TXӕF JLD PӟL±Pj FDR ÿLӇP Oj FXӝF QәL Gұ\ FӫD 9LӋW
Nam QuӕF 'kQ çҧQJ QăP ±Yj QKҩW Oj Vӵ GX QKұS FKӫ QJKƭD &ӝQJ
6ҧQ GR /LrQ ;{ 1JD EҧR WUӧ PӕL +ӗQJ KӑD QJX\ KLӇP QKҩW FKR FiF
FѭӡQJ TXӕF WKӵF GkQ 7k\ SKѭѫQJ 7URQJ NKL ÿy QKyP 3KҥP 4XǤQK
FKҩS QKұQ ³W{Q TXkQ FNJQJ Oj \rX QѭӟF ´ WҥP QJѭQJ OҥL ÿzL KӓL WKӇ FKӃ
FӝQJ KzD

çӇ OjP JLҧP Vӵ EL SKүQ FӫD QKyP FӵX WUào, Pasquier và Thibaudeau
ÿһF FiFK 'LӋP±FRQ QX{L FӫD %jL >VRQ ILOV SXWDWLI@ FNJQJ PӝW WURQJ KDL
7XҫQ YNJ WKDQK OLrP FKӕQJ &ӝQJ QKLӋW WuQK QKҩW±OrQ OjP 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ
%ӝ /ҥL ³1J{L VDR´ WKӭ KDL FӫD 3DVTXLHU Oj %L %ҵQJ çRjQ
ÿһF FiFK Wӯ 7XҫQ SKӫ OrQ FKӭF 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ %ӝ +ình. Ngày
QăP WkQ 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ PӟL Fy PһW ÿҫ\ ÿӫ WҥL +XӃ QKkQ GӏS JҳQ
KX\ FKѭѫQJ FKR %jL Yj QJѭӡL NKiF 1Jj\ 7KLEDXGHDX FKӫ WӑD
SKLrQ KӑS +ӝL ÿӗQJ 1ӝL FiF ÿҫX WLrQ 0ѭӡL QJj\ VDX WkQ 1ӝL FiF

40 LONG ĐIỀN

QKyP KӑS GѭӟL Vӵ FKӫ WӑD FӫD %ҧR çҥL Yj 3DVTXLHU

0ӝW Vӕ PұW EiR YLrQ JKL Yj QJD\ FKtQK 'LӋP PDQ NKDL QJày
YӟL 7әQJ OmQK Vӵ 0ӻ WҥL +RQJ .RQJ Oj *HRUJH ' Hopper)
UҵQJ ³'LӋP´ ÿѭӧF OjP ³TXDQ ÿҫX WULӅX %ҧR çҥL ´ 7KӵF UD Wӯ WKiQJ
%ӝ /ҥL PҩW ÿL ҧQK KѭӣQJ FӫD QKӳQJ QăP %jL ÿѭӧF NLrP QKLӋP
FKӭF 7әQJ Oê >&Kӫ WӏFK 9LӋQ &ѫ 0ұW@ Yj FKӍ QJDQJ YӟL FiF %ӝ NKiF
1JѭӡL Fy X\ WKӃ QKҩW Oj 3KҥP 4XǤQK 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ *LiR GөF NLrP 1Jӵ
WLӅQ 7әQJ Oê FӫD %ҧR çҥL 4XǤQK NK{QJ QKӳQJ FKӍ FKX\ӇQ OӋQK FӫD
7RjQ TX\ӅQ Yj .KkP Vӭ 3KiS FKR %ҧR çҥL Pj FzQ ÿӗQJ WKӡL GӏFK Yà
WKLӃW NӃ YLӋF WKӵF WKL FiF OӋQK WUrQ FQJ EiR FiR NӃW TXҧ OrQ .KkP Vӭ

7KLEDXGHDX FzQ Fӱ 'LӋP OjP 7әQJ 7Kѭ Nê Ӫ\ EDQ &ҧL &iFK Yà yêu
FҫX 'LӋP OjP Wӡ WUuQK YӅ NӃ KRҥFK FDQK WkQ %ӝ /ҥL 'LӋP Fy OӁ GR ҧQK
KѭӣQJ FӫD %jL ÿѭD UD ÿLӅX NLӋQ 3KҧL WKӕQJ QKҩW %ҳF Yj 7UXQJ .Ǥ
WiL Eә QKLӋP PӝW 7әQJ 7U~ Vӭ 5pVLGHQW *pQpUDO FKR 7UXQJ Yj %ҳF .Ǥ
QKѭ ÿm TXL ÿӏQK WURQJ +Rj ѭӟF Yj FKR 9LӋQ 'kQ ELӇX TX\ӅQ
WKҧR OXұQ çӅ QJKӏ Qj\ JLӕQJ KӋW NӃ KRҥFK FӫD %jL 0XӕQ FҧL FiFK YLӋF
ÿҫX WLrQ SKҧL Kӫ\ Eӓ FKӭF 7KӕQJ Vӭ +j 1ӝL Yj .KkP Vӭ +XӃ WӭF WiL ViW
QKұS %ҳF .Ǥ YjR $Q 1DP VDX ÿy FKR $Q 1DP QJkQ ViFK ULrQJ 1yL
FiFK NKiF SKҧL WUӣ OҥL YӟL +LӋS ѭӟF ±ÿzL KӓL Pj %jL ÿã gieo
[XӕQJ ÿҫX yF WKѫ GҥL FӫD 'X\ 7kQ Wӯ QăP ÿѭD ÿӃQ YLӋF
YXD Eӏ WUXҩW SKӃ UӗL ÿҫ\ TXD 5pXQLRQ FQJ FӵX KRjQJ 7KjQK 7KiL %ӱX
/kQ YjR FXӕL QăP 3DVTXLHU Gƭ QKLrQ NK{QJ FKҩS WKXұQ

1Jj\ 'LӋP UD 4XҧQJ 7Uӏ ӣ YӟL FKD QX{L tW QJj\ 7Uӣ OҥL
+XӃ QJj\ 'LӋP QҥS FKR 7KLEDXGHDX PӝW EҧQ VDR ÿѫQ Wӯ FKӭF ÿã
WUuQK OrQ %ҧR çҥL /ê GR 'LӋP QrX UD Oj Fѫ FҩX Wә FKӭF KLӋQ WҥL NK{QJ
SK KӧS YӟL +LӋS ѭӟF ±+LӋS ѭӟF Qj\ TXL ÿӏQK 3KiS FKӍ JLӳ
PӝW FKӃ ÿӝ EҧR Kӝ NLӇP VRiW SURWHFWRUDW GH FRQWU{OH Pj NK{QJ SKҧL
EҧR Kӝ WUӵF WLӃS SURWHFWRUDW GLUHFW 7KLEDXGHDX JӑL %ҧR çҥL Wӯ çj /ҥW
YӅ +XӃ JLҧL TX\ӃW %ҧR çҥL EҧR WKҷQJ 'LӋP UҵQJ NK{QJ WKӇ YLӋQ GүQ Oê
GR FKtQK WUӏ ÿӇ Wӯ FKӭF Yu ÿy Oj KjQK ÿӝQJ SKҧQ QJKӏFK 'LӋP ÿjQK YLӃW
OҥL ÿѫQ Wӯ FKӭF NKiF QJj\ QrX Oê GR PXӕQ GjQK WKu JLӡ FKR YLӋF WX
KjQK /ҫQ Qj\ 'LӋP ÿѭӧF WRҥL ê 1Jj\ 7KLEDXGHDX ÿәL 7KiL 9ăQ
7RҧQ TXD WKD\ 'LӋP QҳP Eӝ /ҥL Yj ÿѭD 7{Q 7KҩW 4XҧQJ 7әQJ ÿӕF
7KDQK +yD PӟL OұS F{QJ OӟQ WURQJ YLӋF ÿjQ iS ÿүP PiX WҥL FiF WӍQK
%ҳF $Q 1DP OrQ QҳP %ӝ &{QJ Yj 1JKL /Ӊ WKD\ 7RҧQ

1JD\ VDX QJj\ %jL Eӏ FiFK FKӭF YjL Wӡ EiR 1DP .Ǥ F{QJ NKDL ÿҧ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 41

NtFK 3DVTXLHU 7KHR PӝW PұW EiR YLrQ /XұW Vѭ /r 9ăQ .LP QKӳQJ Eài
ÿҧ NtFK WUrQ Wӯ +XӃ FKX\ӇQ YjR 6jL *zQ 7KiQJ 'LӋP Fòn vào
6jL *zQ JһS 1JX\ӉQ 3KDQ /RQJ /r 9ăQ .LP -DFTXHV /r 9ăQ çӭF Y
Y EjQ WKҧR NӃ KRҥFK WUҧ WK 3DVTXLHU Yj 7KLEDXGHDX 7LӃS ÿy Wӡ /D
7ULEXQH LQGRFKLQRLVH >'LӉQ ÿjQ ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ@ Yj Wӡ /D /DQWHUQH > ĈqQ
/ӗQJ@ ӣ 3DULV Pӣ FKLӃQ GӏFK ÿzL WKD\ 3DVTXLHU EҵQJ FӵX 7RjQ TX\ӅQ
Alexandre Varenne (7/1925 Yj ÿѭD FӵX .KkP Vӭ <YHV &KkWHO
WUӣ OҥL +XӃ %LӃW ÿѭӧF WLQ Qj\ 3DVTXLHU WUXҩW KӃW FKӭF
WѭӟF FӫD %jL 'LӋP Yj 3LHUUH 1JX\ӉQ çӋ %t WKѭ ULrQJ FӫD %ҧR çҥL
WKXӝF PӝW JLD ÿuQK WUXQJ JLDQ EҧQ [ӭ .L W{ QәL GDQK NKiF ӣ PLӅQ %ҳF
ÈQ ViW 1JX\ӉQ /LrQ 'LӋP FzQ Eӏ WUөF [XҩW NKӓL +XӃ FKӍ ÿӏQK Fѭ WU~
WҥL 4XҧQJ %uQK 0D\ PҳQ FKR 'LӋP QJj\ 3DVTXLHU
FKӃW Yu WDL QҥQ Pi\ ED\ WUrQ NK{QJ SKұQ 3DULV 1ăP VDX %jL FKӃW WҥL
4XҧQJ 7Uӏ 7RjQ TX\ӅQ (XJHQH 5HQp 5RELQ Yj .KkP
Vӭ 0DXULFH *UDIIHXLO SKөF KӗL WѭӟF Yӏ
KjP >KRQRUDLUH@ FKR %jL 'LӋP Yj çӋ 'LӋP ÿѭӧF YӅ +XӃ Gҥ\ WUѭӡQJ
3URYLGHQFH >7KLrQ KӵX@ GR /LQK PөF 7KөF ³DQK WUDL´ 'LӋP OjP
*LiP KӑF
,,, +Ӧ3 7È& 9Ӟ, 1+Ұ7
7KӃ FKLӃQ WKӭ KDL Yj YLӋF 1KұW [kP FKLӃP ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ Wӯ
KDL QăP NKLӃQ 'LӋP Yj Kӑ 1J{ GR WKDP YӑQJ Yj ê PXӕQ
SKөF WK 3KiS ÿL WuP PӝW EiW FѫP KD\ WKLrQ PӋQK QJRҥL FѭӡQJ NKiF
+ӑ 1J{ Et PұW \ӇP WUӧ +RjQJ WKkQ &ѭӡQJ çӇ Yj Wӯ QăP
F{QJ NKDL KӧS WiF YӟL +LӃQ ELQK 1KұW .HPSHLWDL +XkQ FRQ
WUDL OӟQ FӫD .K{L OjP WK{QJ QJ{Q FKR 1KұW 7URQJ NKL ÿy 1J{ çuQK
Nhu (1910 FKH FKӣ FKR KDL FRQ &ѭӡQJ çӇ 7UiQJ çLQK Yj 7UiQJ
/LӋW WҥL YăQ NKӕ 7zD .KkP Vӭ +XӃ 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL WKkQ 'LӋP FNJQJ OjP
YLӋF WҥL WzD /mQK Vӵ 1KұW Wӯ QăP çҫX QăP < Vƭ 7UѭѫQJ .Ӄ
An, thӫ OmQK /LrQ çRjQ ÈL 4XӕF 9LӋW 1DP JһS 'LӋP ӣ +j 1ӝL 3LHUUH
çӋ DQK UӇ KөW FӫD 1KX FNJQJ Fy PһW
7URQJ NKL ÿy .K{L FKR 'LӋP GQJ GLQK WKӵ 7әQJ ÿӕF 1DP 1JmL FӫD
PuQK ÿӇ WLӃS [~F YӟL QKӳQJ Fi QKkQ WKkQ 1KұW .K{L FzQ FKH FKӣ FKR
WtQ ÿӗ &DR çjL ÿDQJ Eӏ QJKL QJӡ WKkQ 1KұW ӫQJ Kӝ &ѭӡQJ çӇ WURQJ
YQJ FDL WUӏ 0ұW WKiP 3KiS FNJQJ WuP WKҩ\ WURQJ QKj PӝW QJѭӡL FKiX
Kӑ FӫD .K{L ӣ 4XҧQJ 1DP 1J{ çuQK 'ұX " WjL OLӋX OLrQ TXDQ ÿӃQ
9LӋW 1DP 3KөF 4XӕF +ӝL FӫD &ѭӡQJ çӇ 9u YLӋF Qj\ .KkP Vӭ

42 LONG ĐIỀN

*UDQGMHDQ FKҷQJ QKӳQJ NK{QJ KӗL kP WKѭ FK~F
PӯQJ FӫD .K{L Pj WURQJ EXәL JһS PһW WUrQ ÿqR +ҧL 9kQ FzQ EҳW .K{L
YӅ KѭX NK{QJ ÿѭӧF KjP 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ 7KiQJ *UDQGMHDQ FKR
OӋQK %ҧR çҥL Et PұW WUөF [XҩW 'LӋP NKӓL +XӃ FKӍ ÿӏQK Fѭ WU~ ӣ 4XҧQJ
Bình.

$QK HP 'LӋP WU~W PӑL KӡQ RiQ OrQ 3KҥP 4XǤQK ÿѭѫQJ NLP 7әQJ
Oê >7Ӈ WѭӟQJ@ WULӅX ÿuQK 1KѭQJ FiF YLrQ FKӭF 3KiS TX\ӃW ÿӏQK NK{QJ
QJҧ WKHR SKH QjR WKHR ÿ~QJ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ FKLD ÿӇ WUӏ 7KHR DQ QLQK 3KiS
³QKӳQJ SKҫQ Wӱ WURQJ Kӑ 1J{ ÿһF ELӋW Oj .K{L QX{L GѭӥQJ OzQJ KұQ
WK QJj\ PӝW VkX ÿұP ÿӕL YӟL 3KҥP 4XǤQK QJѭӡL ÿm WKө KѭӣQJ QKLӅX
OӧL OӝF QKҩW WURQJ ³FXӝF ÿҧR FKtQK QJj\ ´ 7ӯ PӝW QKj EiR
4XǤQK ÿm WUӣ WKjQK 7KѭӧQJ WKѭ %ӝ 4XӕF 'kQ *LiR 'өF UӗL WKăQJ OrQ
FKӭF 7әQJ Oê NKi QKDQK QҳP JLӳ WѭӟF FDR QKҩW FӫD KӋ WKӕQJ TXDQ OҥL
7ӭ WUө WULӅX ÿuQK QăP 7ӯ Wӯ WKHR Vӵ WKăQJ WLӃQ YӅ GDQK YӑQJ
FӫD 3KҥP 4XǤQK KұQ WK JLӳD Kӑ 1J{ YӟL 3KҥP 4XǤQK FjQJ JLD
WăQJ ´

0D +q 0ұW WKiP 3KiS NKiP SKi UD Wә FKӭF çҥL 9LӋW 3KөF
+ѭQJ FӫD 'LӋP JӗP NKRҧQJ ÿҧQJ YLrQ WtFK FӵF NӇ Fҧ PӝW Vӕ JLiR
Vƭ QҵP QJD\ WURQJ ÿӝL OtQK NKӕ [DQK (Garde indochinoise), FҧQK ViW
F{QJ FKӭF Y Y 0ӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ OmQK Wө Oj 7UҫQ 9ăQ /ê 7XҫQ YNJ +j
7ƭQK 3KiS EqQ FKR OӋQK NKiP [pW Wѭ WKҩW 'LӋP QKѭQJ 'LӋP ÿm VӟP
WҭX WKRiW 1Jj\ 7UXQJ ~\ .XJD 0LFKLR FӫD +LӃQ ELQK 1KұW Et PұW
ÿѭD 'LӋP YjR çj 1ҹQJ UӗL ÿiS SKL Fѫ YjR 6jL *zQ 7URQJ WKӡL JLDQ ӣ
PLӅQ 1DP 'LӋP OXL WӟL YӟL 0DWVXVKLWD >7QJ +ҥ@ 0LWVXKLUR &Kӫ
F{QJ W\ 'DLQDQ .RRVL >çҥL 1DP KD\ 'DLQDQ .RQVL@ WUѭӣQJ OѭӟL WuQK
EiR GkQ Vӵ FӫD 1KұW FNJQJ QJѭӡL Wӵ QKұQ Oj EҥQ WKkQ FӫD &ѭӡQJ çӇ
31)

0ӝW WKiQJ VDX QJj\ 1JX\ӉQ +X\ 7kQ &iQ Vӵ &{QJ FKtQK
ӣ 4XҧQJ 1JmL PӝW FiQ Eӝ FӫD 'LӋP NKDL UҵQJ 1KұW ÿm FKӑQ 'LӋP
OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ WURQJ PӝW FKӃ ÿӝ TXkQ FKӫ OұS KLӃQ Pj QJѭӡL OjP YXD
NK{QJ QKҩW WKLӃW SKҧL Oj &ѭӡQJ çӇ +DL QJj\ VDX 3DXO $UQRX[
*LiP ÿӕF &ҧQK 6iW ÿѭӧF OӋQK Et PұW NKDL WKiF 1KX Yj .K{L QJD\ WҥL
+XӃ 1Jj\ $UQRX[ EiR FiR UҵQJ 1KX QKuQ QKұQ YLӋF OjP WӝL OӛL
FӫD 'LӋP QKѭQJ .K{L NK{QJ GtQK OtX [LQ ³WKӅ WUrQ WKұS Wӵ JLi´ Oj FKӍ
PXӕQ GX\ WUu ³EiW FѫP´ 3KiS 1Jj\ Yu WuQK KuQK ÆX &KkX ÿDQJ
UӕL ORҥQ SKH ³3KiS Wӵ GR´ FӫD &KDUOHV GH *DXOOH ÿDQJ WLӃQ YjR 3DULV
'HFRX[ ÿӗQJ ê YӟL ÿӅ QJKӏ FӫD $UQRX[ Oj FKӍ WUӯQJ WUӏ QKӳQJ FiQ Eӝ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 43

KҥQJ WUXQJ WUiQK NKLrX NKtFK 1KұW
7URQJ NKL ÿy QKѭ ÿm OѭӧF QKҳF QJj\ 1J{ çuQK 7KөF±ÿã

ÿѭӧF WKө SKRQJ FKӭF *LiP PөF 9ƭQK /RQJ Wӯ QăP ±YLӃW WKѭ [LQ
'HFRX[ QJKƭ ÿӃQ F{QJ ODR KmQ Pm FӫD FKD PuQK YӟL FKtQK SKӫ 3KiS
WURQJ YLӋF ³ÿiQK GҽS SKҧQ ORҥQ´ WӭF QKӳQJ SKRQJ WUjR 9ăQ 7KkQ Yj
&ҫQ 9ѭѫQJ NKiQJ 3KiS NKL [pW [ӱ .K{L Yj 'LӋP $QK HP Kӑ 1J{
7KөF QKҩQ PҥQK FNJQJ ÿm QKLӅX OҫQ GkQJ KLӃQ WKkQ WkP FKR %ҧR Kӝ
3KiS EҩW NӇ PҥQJ VӕQJ

CuӕL QăP ÿҫX QăP 'LӋP Wi W~F WURQJ EӋQK YLӋQ &Kӧ
4XiQ ÿѭӧF WUѭQJ GөQJ OjP WUө Vӣ TXkQ Vӵ FӫD 1KұW VDX Qj\ ÿәL Wên
WKjQK EӋQK YLӋQ EjL ODR +ӗQJ %jQJ 7ҥL ÿk\ 'LӋP FQJ < Vƭ 1JX\ӉQ
;XkQ &Kӳ < Vƭ /r 7RjQ .ӻ Vѭ 9NJ 9ăQ $Q .ê JLҧ 9NJ çuQK '\
WKjQK OұS Ӫ\ %DQ .LӃQ 4XӕF SKz WUӧ &ѭӡQJ çӇ 7KHR WjL OLӋX
truyӅQ NKҭX 1KұW FXӕL QăP NKL FKXҭQ Eӏ NӃ KRҥFK 0DJR ÿӇ
OұW ÿә FKӃ ÿӝ WKkQ 9LFK\ 'HFRX[ +LӃQ ELQK 1KұW ÿm Gӵ WU 'LӋP VӁ
WUӣ WKjQK 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 7X\ QKLrQ WuQK KuQK QJj\ PӝW ÿәL WKD\ PDX
FKyQJ 7ѭӟQJ 7VXFKLKDVKL <XLWVX 7ѭ OӋQK 4XkQ ÿRjQ ±OӵF OѭӧQJ
WUiFK QKLӋP SKzQJ WKӫ ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ FKӕQJ NӃ KRҥFK ÿә TXkQ çӗQJ
0LQK±GӗQ PӑL Qӛ OӵF FKR PөF WLrX TXkQ Vӵ KѫQ FKtQK WUӏ %ӣL WKӃ
7VXFKLKDVKL JLӳ %ҧR çҥL OjP YXD PӝW QѭӟF 9LӋW 1DP ³ÿӝF OұS WURQJ
.KӕL WKӏQK YѭӧQJ FKXQJ çҥL ç{QJ È ´ NK{QJ ÿӗQJ ê FKR &ѭӡQJ çӇ
YӅ QѭӟF 1KѭQJ QѭӟF 9LӋW 1DP Qj\ WUrQ WKӵF WӃ FKӍ EDR JӗP WӍQK
PLӅQ 7UXQJ Yu 1DP .Ǥ FNJQJ QKѭ %ҳF .Ǥ ÿѭӧF WU OLӋX VӁ WUӣ WKành hai
WUXQJ WkP Wӱ WKӫ FKӕQJ OҥL Vӵ ÿә Eӝ FӫD TXkQ çӗQJ 0LQK *LiP ÿӕF
.HPSHLWDL \rX FҫX SKH 'LӋP &Kӳ WKDP JLD FKtQK SKӫ ÿӝF OұS WҥL +XӃ
QKѭQJ Fҧ KDL ÿӅX Wӯ FKӕL

7KiQJ VDX FXӝF +jQK TXkQ 0HLJR ORҥL Eӓ
'HFRX[ %ҧR çҥL KDL OҫQ QKӡ 1KұW PӡL 'LӋP OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 0ùa Thu
*LiP PөF 7KөF NKDL UҵQJ Vӣ Gƭ 'LӋP NK{QJ QKұQ OӡL Yu WKҩ\
FKӃ ÿӝ GR 1KұW OұS QrQ NKy WӗQ WҥL OkX GjL KѫQ QӳD TXDQK %ҧR çҥL Fy
QKӳQJ WKjQK SKҫQ Wҧ SKiL Yj IUDQF PDFRQ >WDP ÿLӇP@ /ӡL NKDL Qày khó
WLQ Fұ\ Yj PөF ÿtFK Fy OӁ QKҵP ELӋQ PLQK FKR Vӵ KӧS WiF YӟL 1KұW FӫD
'LӋP PӝW WӝL iF FKLӃQ WUDQK ӣ WKӡL ÿLӇP Qj\ 7KөF FNJQJ NK{QJ ELӃW
ÿӃQ KRһF WҧQJ Oӡ TX\ӃW ÿӏQK FӫD 7VXFKLKDVKL KD\ OӡL WX\rQ Eӕ VӁ WӕQJ
JLDP &ѭӡQJ çӇ YjR &{Q ÿҧR QӃX +RjQJ WKkQ YӅ QѭӟF 1KkQ YLên an
QLQK 3KiS QăP JKL UҵQJ 'LӋP Wӯ FKӕL OӡL PӡL OұS FKtQK SKӫ Yu

44 LONG ĐIỀN

NhұW NK{QJ FKӏX FKR WKӕQJ QKҩW ED PLӅQ %ҳF 7UXQJ 1DP &iFK Qào
ÿL QӳD VDX FQJ %ҧR çҥL ÿѭӧF 1KұW WK{QJ EiR UҵQJ Kӑ NK{QJ PXӕQ
GQJ 'LӋP

7KD\ YjR ÿy WKiQJ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP ÿѭӧF ÿѭD
Wӯ .UXQJWKrS YӅ +XӃ OjP 7әQJ Oê QӝL FiF >7Kӫ WѭӟQJ@ ³çӃ TXӕF 9LӋW
Nam” (4-8/1945).( 36)
7URQJ NKL ÿy QKyP 'LӋP &Kӳ ÿm Eӏ SKkQ WiQ NKҳS ED PLӅQ <
si&Kӳ YӅ OҥL 1DP çӏQK UӗL +j 1ӝL Yj FXӕL FQJ WUӣ WKjQK &Kӫ WӏFK
Ӫ\ %DQ /mQK çҥR &KtQK WUӏ PLӅQ %ҳF WKD\ .KkP VDL 3KDQ .Ӄ 7RҥL
Wӯ FKӭF YjR JLӳD WKiQJ 'LӋP YӅ 9ƭQK /RQJ Wi W~F WURQJ JLiR
phұQ FӫD *LiP PөF 7KөF &XӕL WKiQJ ÿҫX WKiQJ Fy QKӳQJ
YұQ ÿӝQJ ÿyQ &ѭӡQJ çӇ KӗL KѭѫQJ OjP &ѫ 0ұW YLӋQ WUѭӣQJ FKR %ҧR
çҥL QKѭQJ &ѭӡQJ çӇ NK{QJ YӅ QѭӟF ÿѭӧF Yu FKLӃQ WUDQK FKҩP GӭW
ÿӝW QJӝW YjR JLӳD WKiQJ

,9 ',ӊ0 9,ӊ7 0,1+

0һF G VDX Qj\ 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP WKѭӡQJ WX\rQ Eӕ WҥL 9LӋW 1DP FKӍ
QәL GDQK WKXD +ӗ Chí Minh [the best known figure after Ho Chi
0LQK@ NKRҧQJ WKӡL JLDQ Wӯ WKiQJ WӟL ÿҫX QăP Oj JLDL ÿRҥQ
Et PұW QKҩW ÿӡL 'LӋP

1Kѭ FK~QJ WD ÿm ELӃW QJj\ 9LӋW 0LQK OrQ QҳP FKtQK
TX\ӅQ ӣ +j 1ӝL 1Jj\ %ҧR çҥL UD WK{QJ FiR WKRiL Yӏ .K{L
Yj FRQ WUDL WUѭӣQJ Oj +XkQ Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW UӗL WKӫ WLrX ӣ Yùng Phong
çLӅQ 7KӯD 7KLrQ 5LrQJ 'LӋP Yj 7KөF ÿӅX Fy WLQ Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK
EҳW 7KөF WKӵF UD ÿѭӧF Wӵ GR VӕQJ ӣ YQJ 9ƭQK /RQJ GѭӟL Vӵ FKH FKӣ
FӫD YLrQ FKӭF 9LӋW 0LQK 7KiQJ 7KөF ÿӏQK UD %ҳF QKѭQJ Eӏ
TXkQ %UL WrQ FKһQ EҳW ӣ %LrQ +zD UӗL VDX ÿy kP WKҫP WUӣ OҥL JLiR SKұQ
9ƭQK /RQJ 3KҫQ 'LӋP W{QJ WtFK EҩW PLQK

1Jj\ WURQJ EXәL ăQ WUѭD Yj WKҧR OXұQ >OXQFK WDONV@ YӅ Wình
KuQK ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ WҥL 7ӕL &DR 3KiS 9LӋQ 0ӻ 'LӋP WX\rQ Eӕ WӯQJ Eӏ
+&0 ³F{ OұS´ WURQJ PӝW OjQJ WKLӇX Vӕ QăP 6DX WKiQJ +&0
yrX FҫX 'LӋP WKDP JLD FKtQK SKӫ QKѭQJ 'LӋP WUҧ OӡL UҵQJ Yu ELӃW
+&0 Oj &6 'LӋP PXӕQ ÿѭӧF WRjQ TX\ӅQ Yj WK{QJ EiR PӑL WLQ WӭF
NhӳQJ QJѭӡL ӫQJ Kӝ 'LӋP ÿzL 'LӋP SKҧL ÿѭӧF JLDR %ӝ 1ӝL 9ө Yà
QҳP QJjQK &ҧQK 6iW +&0 GR Gӵ tW WXҫQ UӗL FXӕL FQJ Wӯ FKӕL *ҫQ
PӝW WKұS QLrQ VDX QJj\ 'LӋP YүQ OұS OҥL FKL WLӃW Eӏ EҳW JLӳ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 45

ӣ YQJ WKѭӧQJ GX %ҳF 9LӋW YӟL FiF YLrQ FKӭF 0ӻ WҥL 6jL *zQ 'LӋP
FzQ WX\rQ Eӕ YӟL PӝW Nê JLҧ %UL WrQ UҵQJ Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW Yào tháng
NKL Wӯ 6jL *zQ UD +XӃ QJăQ %ҧR çҥL ÿӯQJ WKHR +&0 6DX ÿy
Eӏ JLҧL OrQ WKѭӧQJ GX JҫQ ELrQ JLӟL +RD 9LӋW VXêW FKӃW Yu EӋQK VӕW UpW
6iX WKiQJ VDX +&0 PDQJ 'LӋP YӅ +j 1ӝL WKX\ӃW SKөF 'LӋP WKHR
PuQK 'LӋP NK{QJ ÿӗQJ ê +&0 EqQ WKҧ 'LӋP 6DX Qày, Hoàng Tùng
FKR UҵQJ WKD 'LӋP Oj PӝW VDL OҫP

9LӋF 'LӋP Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW ÿѭӧF QKLӅX QJXӗQ WLQ NKiF [iF QKұQ +ҥ
WXҫQ WKiQJ *LiP PөF 7KөF NKDL YӟL 3KiS UҵQJ .K{L Yj 'LӋP
ÿm Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW Yj Fy WKӇ ÿm Eӏ [ӱ EҳQ 1Jj\ 7әQJ
*LiP PөF $QWRQLQ 'UDSLHU FNJQJ YLӃW FKR 7UѭӣQJ ÿRjQ 7UX\ӅQ giáo
+ҧL QJRҥL 3KiS ӣ 6jL *zQ UҵQJ 'LӋP ÿm Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW

0ӝW QJXӗQ WLQ NKiF QӳD JKL YjR NKRҧQJ WKiQJ NKL 'LӋP ÿӃQ
ӣ QKj /LQK PөF çӝ FKtQK [ӭ 7X\ +Rj FiQ Eӝ 90 ÿm ³NKpR OpR´ PӡL
ÿѭӧF 'LӋP OrQ PLӅQ 7KѭӧQJ 0ӑL 1JѭӡL JLD QKkQ WKRiW FKҥ\ ra Phát
'LӋP [LQ *LiP PөF /r +ӳX 7ӯ JL~S Vӧ Eӏ JLӕQJ QKѭ .K{L 7ӯ Eèn
FQJ /LQK PөF 3KҥP 4XDQJ +jP Yj 'kQ ELӇX 1J{ 7ӱ +D YjR %ҳF Eӝ
SKӫ [LQ +&0 WKD 'LӋP &KtQK +&0 FNJQJ NK{QJ ELӃW YLӋF Qj\ Yj KӭD
VӁ FDQ WKLӋS .KRҧQJ PӝW WKiQJ VDX 'LӋP YӅ WӟL +j 1ӝL 9õ Nguyên Giáp
FKR JӑL 1KX WӟL OƭQK YӅ

1KӳQJ FKL WLӃW TXDQK YLӋF 'LӋP Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW Fy QKLӅX QJKL YҩQ

;pW YӅ QJj\ WKiQJ 'LӋP Eӏ EҳW Fy SKҫQ NK{QJ әQ
a. 7jL OLӋX %ӝ 1JRҥL *LDR 0ӻ Yj .DUQRZ GүQ OӡL 'LӋP Oj 'LӋP Eӏ
EҳW YjR WKiQJ Yj WUҧ Wӵ GR YjR NKRҧQJ WKiQJ

b. 1Jj\ WKiQJ Pj 7ӯ KRһF WiF JLҧ YLӃW +&0L Nê FKR 7ӯ JKL Oà
'LӋP Eӏ EҳW ÿ~QJ YjR JLDL ÿRҥQ +&0 ÿDQJ ӣ 3KiS Yj PmL WӟL QJày
+&0 PӟL YӅ WӟL +j 1ӝL 9ұ\ 7ӯ FDQ WKLӋS YjR GӏS Qào?
'LӋP FNJQJ NK{QJ KӅ QKҳF ÿӃQ YLӋF ÿѭӧF 7ӯ Yj +ҥ FDQ WKLӋS

c. 1JD\ FKtQK 'LӋP QJj\ FKӍ QyL Pѫ Kӗ ÿm Eӏ ³F{ OұS´
WҥL PӝW OjQJ WKLӇX Vӕ WURQJ WKiQJ YjR QăP

.K{QJ DL U} 'LӋP ÿѭӧF WKD QJj\ QjR Yj FNJQJ FKҷQJ DL Uõ hành
WXQJ 'LӋP Wӯ O~F ÿѭӧF Wӵ GR WӟL NKL [XҩW KLӋQ ӣ +j 1ӝL YjR ÿҫX Qăm
WURQJ Eӝ ÿӗ WX KjQK

7KHR WKѭ JӱL 'HFRX[ ÿӅ QJj\ 7KөF QyL &ӝQJ 6ҧQ

46 LONG ĐIỀN

WӯQJ VDL ViW WKӫ QJѭӡL +RD UD 3KDQ 5DQJ PѭX ViW 'LӋP QKѭQJ 'LӋP
FKӍ Eӏ WKѭѫQJ 1ӃX EҳW ÿѭӧF 'LӋP QăP KRһF QJD\ WҥL PLӅQ
7UXQJ FiFK QjR &ӝQJ 6ҧQ WKD 'LӋP" 1JѭӡL WD FKѭD TXrQ Vӕ SKұQ
QKӳQJ 7ҥ 7KX 7KkX 9NJ çuQK '\ Y Y ӣ 4XҧQJ 1JmL Yj QKLӅX FҧQK
³Pz W{P´ NKiF NKҳS ED PLӅQ

$QK HP 'LӋP UҩW WKjQK WKҥR WKӫ WKXұW Wӵ ÿiQK EyQJ NLӇX 'LӋP
³OjP 7Ӈ WѭӟQJ FKR %ҧR çҥL ´ .Kҧ OjP ³WKѭӧQJ WKѭ ÿҫX WULӅX 7Kành
7KiL ´ KD\ ³ÿҫ\ YXD NK{QJ .Kҧ´ 7KjQK WtFK ³Eӏ JLDP OӓQJ´ WҥL PLӅQ
WKѭӧQJ GX QăP KD\ ÿzL +&0 FKR QҳP %ӝ 1ӝL Yө Fy WKӇ FKӍ ÿӇ
WăQJ WKrP YӕQ FKR YLӋF UDR EiQ OұS WUѭӡQJ FKӕQJ &ӝQJ KҫX [LQ YLӋQ WUӧ
0ӻ FӫD 'LӋP +\ YӑQJ VӁ Fy GҩX YӃW YLӋF Eӏ ³F{ OұS´ Qj\ WURQJ YăQ NKӕ
çҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP KD\ 3KiS

&KR WӟL NKL Fy WjL OLӋX U} UjQJ Fy WKӇ WLQ 'LӋP ÿm WUӕQ WURQJ QKà tu
>5HGHPSWRULVWHV KD\ 'zQJ &ӭX WKӃ@ ӣ +XӃ QKѭ WjL OLӋX YăQ NKӕ 3KiS
JKL QKұQ

9 ',ӊ0 %Ҧ2 çҤ, ³7+¬1+ 3+Ҫ1 7+Ӭ %$´

çҫX QăP 'LӋP [XҩW KLӋQ ӣ +j 1ӝL QJө\ WUDQJ QKѭ PӝW WX
Vƭ çѭӧF 3KiS \rX FҫX OұS FKtQK SKӫ FKӕQJ &ӝQJ 'LӋP ÿѭD UD PӝW
NӃ KRҥFK NK{QJ WKӇ FKҩS QKұQ ÿѭӧF WӭF WKӕQJ QKҩW ED PLӅQ Fy TXkQ
ÿӝL ULrQJ Yj QKLӅX TX\ӅQ Wӵ WUӏ KѫQ 'LӋP FzQ JһS 7әQJ OmQK Vӵ 0ӻ
&KDUOHV 5HHG WҥL +j 1ӝL 7URQJ WKӡL JLDQ ӣ +j 1ӝL QJө WҥL WX YLӋQ Gòng
&ӭX 7KӃ &DQDGD ӣ 7KiL +j ҨS 1Jj\ 'LӋP WUӣ OҥL 6ài
*zQ 1Jj\ OҥL WUӣ UD +j 1ӝL

$ ³7+Ë 1*+,ӊ0´ %Ҧ2 çҤ,

7KӡL JLDQ Qj\ ³WKt QJKLӋP´ %ҧR çҥL EҳW ÿҫX WKành hình. Thí
QJKLӋP Qj\ QKҵP QJө\ WUDQJ FXӝF WiL [kP OăQJ 9LӋW 1DP Pà chính
SKӫ &KDUOHV GH *DXOOH ÿm SKiW ÿӝQJ Wӯ QăP

7ӯ PD +q VDX NKL 1KұW OұW ÿә FKtQK SKӫ WKkQ 9LFK\ FӫD
'HFRX[ 7ѭӟQJ GH *DXOOH ÿm Qӛ OӵF WuP PӝW ³FKt Vƭ TXӕF JLD 9LӋW 1DP
FKkQ FKtQK´ ÿӇ FҫP Fӡ GүQ 3KiS WUӣ OҥL ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ ӬQJ Fӱ YLên
ÿѭӧF QKLӅX QJѭӡL ELӃW QKҩW Oj +RjQJ Wӱ 9ƭQK 6DQ WӭF
FӵX KRjQJ 'X\ 7kQ ÿm Eӏ WUXҩW SKӃ Yj ÿҫ\ TXD 5pXQLRQ
QăP 7DL QҥQ SKL Fѫ QJj\ NKLӃQ ³Oi EjL Et PұW´ FӫD
SKH GH *DXOOH ³WDQ ELӃQ QKѭ PӝW JLҩF Pѫ ÿҽS ´ +DL QJày sau, 28/12,
7әQJ *LiP PөF 'UDSLHU .KkP Vӭ 9DWLFDQ WUuQK OrQ &DR ӫ\ /LQK PөF

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 47

*HRUJHV 7KLHUU\ G¶$UJHQOLHX NӃ KRҥFK FKR %ҧR çҥL OrQ
QJ{L QKѭ WUѭӟF QJj\ UӗL OұS +RjQJ Wӱ %ҧR /RQJ OjP YXD
+RjQJ KұX 1DP 3KѭѫQJ QKLӃS FKtQK YӟL 'LӋP OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ
'¶$UJHQOLHX NK{QJ ÿӗQJ ê Yj FNJQJ NK{QJ KjL OzQJ YLӋF 'UDSLHU [HQ
YjR WKӃ TX\ӅQ

0ӝW Vӕ FKtQK NKiFK OmQK Wө JLiR SKiL 9LӋW FNJQJ [~F WLӃQ WKӵF KLӋQ
³JLҧL SKiS´ %ҧR çҥL Wӯ FXӕL QăP ÿҫX QăP 1JѭӡL ÿҫX WLrQ
ÿѭD UD ê NLӃQ Qj\ Oj WkQ *LiP 0өF /r +ӳX 7ӯ 1KkQ GӏS %ҧR çҥL YӅ
3KiW 'LӋP Gӵ OӉ WҩQ SKRQJ FӫD 7ӯ 7ӯ KӓL %ҧR çҥL Fy PѭX WtQK Ju
FKăQJ QKѭQJ %ҧR çҥL NK{QJ Fy SKҧQ ӭQJ WtFK FӵF &ӵX 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ
7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP Yj ÿҧQJ YLrQ WUҿ çҥL 9LӋW NӇ Fҧ çӛ çuQK çҥR Y
Y FNJQJ WuP WKҩ\ ӣ %ҧR çҥL Vӵ OmQK ÿҥR KRһF tW QӳD Vӵ FKtQK WKӕQJ
>OHJDOLW\ KD\ OHJLWLPDF\@ FҫQ WKLӃW ÿӇ FKӕQJ +&0

9LӋW 1DP 4XӕF 'kQ çҧQJ >914'ç@ Yj 7UXQJ +RD 4XӕF 'kQ
çҧQJ >7+4'ç@ FNJQJ tW QKLӅX WLӃS WD\ %ҧR çҥL UӡL +j 1ӝL YjR WUXQJ
WXҫQ WKiQJ

*LӟL JLiR GkQ .L W{ FNJQJ kP WKҫP \ӇP WUӧ WKt QJKLӋP %ҧR

çҥL 7ӯ ÿҫX QăP *LiP PөF 7ӯ FKR PӝW Vӕ FiF FKtQK NKiFK
FKӕQJ &ӝQJ YjR ҭQ QiX WҥL 3KiW 'LӋP Pj +&0 FKR KѭӣQJ ÿһF kQ Wӵ
WUӏ 9ӧ F+ӗQJ 1J{ çuQK 1KX Yj 7UҫQ 9ăQ &KѭѫQJ FNJQJ PӝW WKӡL Wi W~F
WҥL ÿk\ WUѭӟF NKL Et PұW YjR çj /ҥW &iF FKL QKiQK çҥL 9LӋW 'X\ 'kQ
914'ç Yj çҥL 9LӋW FNJQJ EҳW ÿҫX ÿѭӧF WiL VLQK 7URQJ NKL ÿy *LiP
PөF 7ӯ PѭӧQ QKӳQJ FKX\ӃQ WKăP YLӃQJ JLiR GkQ YӟL GDQK QJKƭD YұQ
ÿӝQJ NKiQJ FKLӃQ FKӕQJ 3KiS ÿӇ WX\rQ WUX\ӅQ QKX FҫX PӝW FXӝF WKiQK
FKLӃQ FKӕQJ &ӝQJ 7ҥL JLiR SKұQ 9ƭQK /RQJ *LiP PөF 7KөF FҳW GҫQ
OLrQ KӋ YӟL 9LӋW 0LQK 1KѭQJ QKLӋW WuQK FKӕQJ &ӝQJ KѫQ Fҧ Oj FiF JLiR
PөF WҥL YQJ %ӃQ 7UH Yj 0ӻ 7KR +ӑ F{QJ NKDL \ӇP WUӧ FiF ÿѫQ Yӏ OѭX
ÿӝQJ EҧR YӋ JLiR [ӭ >80'&@ FӫD 7UXQJ ~\ -HDQ /pRQ /HUR\ WKӫ GLӉQ
YDL WUz ³FKtQK WUӏ YLrQ´ FKR FiF ELQK Vƭ WKrX WUѭӟF QJӵF KuQK WKұS Wӵ
JLi 7ҥL FiF YQJ 3KiS PӟL WiL OұS NLӇP VRiW QKѭ .ҿ 6һW +ҧL 'ѭѫQJ
4XҧQJ %uQK 4XҧQJ 7Uӏ .RQWXP Y Y QKLӅX ÿѫQ Yӏ Wӵ YӋ FӫD JLiR
GkQ .L W{ FNJQJ ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF ÿӇ FKӕQJ &ӝQJ 3KiS FzQ Vӱ GөQJ FiF
JLiR Vƭ .L W{ ÿӇ PyF QӕL YӟL JLiR GkQ WҥL FiF JLiR SKұQ 9LӋW 0LQK NLӇP
VRiW .KkP Vӭ 'UDSLHU NK{QJ QKӳQJ EDQ SKpS OjQK FKR SKRQJ WUjR
WKiQK FKLӃQ Qj\ Pj FzQ ÿҭ\ PҥQK KѫQ YDL WUz 'LӋP Yj Kӑ 1J{ WURQJ
WKt QJKLӋP %ҧR çҥL

48 LONG ĐIỀN

0һF G Fy Nҿ WK FKXQJ Oj &ӝQJ 6ҧQ FiF Wә FKӭF FKtQK WUӏ Yà
JLiR SKiL NK{QJ ÿҥW ÿѭӧF Vӵ ÿRjQ NӃW FҫQ WKLӃW 0jX VҳF W{Q JLiR ÿӏD
SKѭѫQJ FKL SKӕL QһQJ QӅ NKLӃQ SKҫQ ÿ{QJ KӳX GDQK Y{ WKӵF 1JX\
KLӇP QKҩW Oj WӋ QҥQ Vӭ TXkQ

'ƭ QKLrQ SKH 9LӋW 0LQK NK{QJ FKӏX Ey WD\ çjL SKiW WKDQK 9LӋW
0LQK NK{QJ QJӯQJ ÿҧ NtFK QKӳQJ WrQ ³9LӋW *LDQ´ ÿDQJ kP PѭX OұS
QrQ PӝW ³FKtQK SKӫ E QKuQ WD\ VDL´ FKӕQJ OҥL FKtQK SKӫ KӧS SKiS
91'&&+ 7ҥL PLӅQ 1DP 1JX\ӉQ %uQK 1JX\ӉQ 3KѭѫQJ 7KҧR SKiW
ÿӝQJ FKLӃQ GӏFK NKӫQJ Eӕ Yj iP ViW çm Fy O~F 9LӋW 0LQK QJKƭ ÿӃQ
YLӋF JӱL 3KҥP .KҳF +Rq VDQJ +RQJ .RQJ WKX\ӃW SKөF %ҧR çҥL 9à,
NKL F{QJ Eӕ FKtQK SKӫ ÿәL PӟL YjR WKiQJ +&0 YүQ OLӋW Nr %ҧR
çҥL QKѭ Fӕ YҩQ WӕL FDR

7KHR ÿ~QJ NӏFK EҧQ QJj\ %ROODHUW ÿӑF GLӉQ YăQ OҫQ WKӭ
KDL WҥL +j ç{QJ 7URQJ GLӉQ YăQ Qj\ %ROODHUW ÿѭD UD NKҭX KLӋX PӟL
³çӝF OұS WURQJ WѭѫQJ WUӧ >/¶,QGpSHQGDQFH GDQV O¶LQWHUGpSHQGDQFH@ ´
0өF ÿtFK FKtQK NK{QJ SKҧL Oj KӭD KҽQ VӁ WUDR ÿӝF OұS FKR 9LӋW 1DP Pà
FKӍ WKӓD PmQ ÿzL KӓL FӫD QJѭӡL 9LӋW EҵQJ FiFK WҥR PӝW WLӅQ OӋ QKҳF ÿӃQ
KDL FKӳ ³ÿӝF OұS´±Wӯ QăP 3KiS FKѭD KӅ QKҳF ÿӃQ KDL FKӳ ³TXӕF
FҩP´ Qj\ Yj FKӍ Fy FһS 5DPDGLHU %ROODHUW PӟL NK{QJ Vӧ Kãi chúng.
9LӋF Qj\ VӁ FKӭQJ Wӓ WLQK WKҫQ ³FҩS WLӃQ´ FӫD 3DULV

1KӳQJ ÿӅ QJKӏ FӫD %ROODHUW FNJQJ ÿѭӧF FkQ QKҳF VDR FKR +&0
NK{QJ WKӇ FKҩS QKұQ ÿѭӧF Yj QKѭ WKӃ WҥR Oê GR FKtQK ÿiQJ ÿӇ SKiW
ÿӝQJ FKLӃQ GӏFK PD NK{ VҳS WӟL QKҵP FҳW ÿӭW WUөF WLӃS YұQ FӫD
9LӋW 0LQK Wӯ +RD 1DP WLrX GLӋW OӵF OѭӧQJ Y} WUDQJ 9LӋW 0LQK Yj EҳW
VӕQJ +&0 FQJ QKӳQJ FiQ Eӝ OmQK ÿҥR

'LӉQ YăQ FӫD %ROODHUW FNJQJ Pӣ FӱD FKR %ҧR çҥL 0һF G FKҷQJ
WUӑQJ YӑQJ Ju FӵX KRjQJ 3KiS PLӉQ FѭӥQJ FKҩS QKұQ FKR %ҧR çҥL YӅ
QѭӟF FҫP ÿҫX PӝW FKtQK SKӫ WKӕQJ QKҩW FKӕQJ &ӝQJ %ROODHUW K\ YӑQJ
UҵQJ YLӋF ÿҧ EҥL 9LӋW 0LQK VӁ NKLӃQ %ҧR çҥL EӟW FӭQJ UҳQ WURQJ QKӳQJ
ÿLӅX NLӋQ KӧS WiF

1Jj\ ±WӭF QJj\ VDX FXӝF ELӇX WuQK UҫP Uӝ ӣ 6jL *zQ PӡL %ҧR
çҥL YӅ QѭӟF±%ҧR çҥL UD WX\rQ FiR FKҩS QKұQ Vӵ ӫ\ WKiF FӫD TXӕF GkQ
Yj VҹQ VjQJ WKѭѫQJ WKX\ӃW 1Jj\ FӵX KRjQJ QyL VҹQ VjQJ JһS ÿҥL
GLӋQ 3KiS ӣ +RQJ .RQJ KD\ ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ 7KHR *LiP ÿӕF 0ұW 7KiP
ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ 3HUULHU QyL YӟL /mQK Vӵ 0ӻ WҥL 6jL *zQ QJj\ %ҧR

çҥL ÿm ÿӗQJ ê WKѭѫQJ WKX\ӃW QKѭQJ WҥP WUu KRmQ ÿӇ NKӓL PDQJ WLӃQJ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 49

GR 3KiS GӵQJ OrQ 3KiS FKҷQJ NǤ YӑQJ Ju ӣ %ҧR çҥL FKӍ PRQJ %ҧR çҥL
VӁ Fy PӝW Vӕ QJѭӡL ӫQJ Kӝ 6ӧ UҵQJ %ҧR çҥL NKy O{L NpR Vӕ OӟQ QJѭӡL
TXӕF JLD WURQJ KjQJ QJNJ +&0 9ұ\ Pj %ҧR çҥL ÿzL KӓL ÿӝF OұS UӝQJ
UmL KѫQ QKӳQJ Ju %ROODHUW ÿm KӭD

1Jj\ /r 9ăQ +RҥFK Wӯ FKӭF +DL QJày sau, 1/10,
NguyӉQ 9ăQ ;XkQ±PӟL Wӯ 3KiS YӅ QJj\ ±ÿѭӧF +ӝL çӗQJ 7ѭ 9ҩQ
Nam kǤ ӫ\ WKiF OұS FKtQK SKӫ OkP WKӡL 0ӝW WXҫQ VDX ;XkQ F{QJ Eӕ
GDQK ViFK FKtQK SKӫ /kP WKӡL 1DP 3KҫQ

çk\ Oj EѭӟF FKӫ \ӃX ÿӇ WUDR TX\ӅQ WKӕQJ QKҩW OmQK WKә FKR %ҧR
çҥL

9, ³/Ç *Ï7 1Ѫ, 48Ç 1*ѬӠ,´
7URQJ EjL KiW ³6X\ 7{Q 1J{ 7әQJ 7KӕQJ ´ ÿӇ W{ KӗQJ FKR WKành
WtFK FiFK PҥQJ FӫD 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP QKj YăQ 7KDQK 1DP YLӃW ³$L EDR
QăP WӯQJ Or JyW QѫL TXr QJѭӡL FӭX ÿҩW QѭӟF Y v...” ThӵF WӃ FKX\ӃQ
UD QJRҥL TXӕF FӫD 1J{ çuQK 'LӋP FKҷQJ Fy Yҿ Ju SKLrX OѭX JLDQ NKә
7UѭӟF KӃW TXD 0ӻ ÿѭӧF JһS Jӥ QKӳQJ QKkQ YұW TX\ӅQ WKӃ UӗL TXD 9DW
LFDQ JһS *LiR KRjQJ 3LXV ;,, WUӣ OҥL 0ӻ WX KӑF ӣ FiF WX YLӋQ Yj GLӉQ
WKX\ӃW ÿy ÿk\ Yj FXӕL FQJ TXD %HOJLXP YұQ ÿӝQJ OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ

$ 48$ 0Ӻ ;,1 9,ӊ1 75Ӧ

1Jj\ *LiP PөF 7KөF JһS ;/79 çҥL Vӭ *XOOLRQ WҥL
6jL *zQ [LQ JLҩ\ QKұS FҧQK 0ӻ WUrQ ÿѭӡQJ TXD 5RPD Gӵ QăP 7KiQK
cho mình và DiӋP 7KiQJ Fy WLQ 'LӋP QKLӅX OҫQ Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK
ÿH GӑD ÿӃQ WtQK PҥQJ 1Jj\ 'LӋP YӅ +XӃ WKăP Pҽ Eӏ ÿDX QһQJ
Ngày 2/8, DiӋP WUӣ OҥL 6jL *zQ VDX NKL JKp QJDQJ çj 1ҹQJ 1Jày
'LӋP FQJ 7KөF UӡL 6jL *zQ WUrQ WjX /D 0DUVHLOODLVH *һS &ѭӡQJ
çӇ ӣ 1KұW EjQ YLӋF WKjQK OұS PӝW FKtQK SKӫ FKӕQJ &ӝQJ

1Jj\ 'LӋP Yj 7KөF WӟL 0ӻ +ѫQ KDL WXҫQ VDX QJj\ ÿѭӧF
:LOOLDP 6 % /DF\ 7UѭӣQJ 1KD 3KLOLSSLQHV Yj ç{QJ 1DP È WLӃS
7KөF WX\rQ Eӕ SKҧL OұS PӝW TXkQ ÿӝL TXӕF JLD Oҩ\ JLiR GkQ .L tô làm
KҥW QKkQ ÿӇ NK{QJ Vӧ ÿjR QJNJ PDQJ V~QJ KjQJ 90 /DF\ QKұQ [pW UҵQJ
7KөF PӟL Oj SKiW QJ{Q FKtQK WURQJ NKL 'LӋP FKӍ WiQ WKѭӣQJ ê NLӃQ
7KөF

1Jj\ 'LӋP Yj 7KөF UӡL 0ӻ TXD 3DULV 6DX ÿy [XӕQJ 5RPD
UӗL WUӣ OҥL 3DULV YjR WUXQJ WXҫQ WKiQJ 1Jj\ 7KөF
UӡL ÆX &KkX WUӣ OҥL 9LӋW 1DP &XӕL WKiQJ ÿy 'LӋP TXD WUXQJ JLDQ %ӱX

50 LONG ĐIỀN

.ƭQK 1JKӏ YLrQ +ӝL çӗQJ /LrQ +LӋS 3KiS JӱL FKR %ҧR çҥL PӝW WKѭ
ULrQJ ÿӅ QJKӏ PӝW FKѭѫQJ WUuQK KRҥW ÿӝQJ 6DX ÿy 'LӋP OҥL VDQJ
0ӻ 1Jj\ 'LӋP NKDL YӟL QKkQ YLrQ %ӝ 1JRҥL *LDR 0ӻ Oà
PӟL Wӯ 3DULV TXD ÿѭӧF NKRҧQJ PӝW WKiQJ ÿӇ QJKLrQ FӭX YӅ JLiR Oê Yà
Fѫ FҩX FKtQK TX\ӅQ 0ӻ 1yL WKrP Oj ÿm FKR %ҧR çҥL ELӃW VҹQ Vàng làm
7Kӫ 7ѭӟQJ YӟL PӝW Vӕ ÿLӅX NLӋQ

Trong thӡL JLDQ ӣ 0ӻ QKӡ Vӵ FKH FKӣ FӫD )UDQFLV 6SHOOPDQ +ӗQJ
< *LiP ÿӕF 7X\rQ ~\ .L W{ 5RPD WURQJ TXkQ ÿӝL 0ӻ 'LӋP Wi W~F WҥL
Tu viӋQ 0DU\NQROO WKXӝF WӍQK /DNHZRRG WLӇX EDQJ 1HZ -HUVH\ &y
GӏS OjP TXHQ YӟL 7KҭP SKiQ 7ӕL FDR 3KiS YLӋQ :LOOLDP 2 'RXJODV
QKLӅX 7KѭӧQJ 1JKӏ Vƭ 'kQ ELӇX QKѭ 0LNH 0DQVILHOG 0RQWDQD -RKQ
F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), Walter Judd, v.. v... DiӉQ WKX\ӃW WҥL QKLӅX
QѫL 7ӯ QJj\ Qj\ 'LӋP WUӣ WKjQK PӝW Oi EjL ³FKt Vƭ TXӕF JLD FKӕng
&ӝQJ´ WUӯ Eӏ FӫD 0ӻ 'LӋP FNJQJ WKѭӡQJ WX\rQ Eӕ PuQK Oj QKkQ YұW
ÿѭӧF ELӃW QKLӅX QKҩW WҥL 9LӋW 1DP FKӍ WKXD Fy +ӗ Chí Minh.( 131)

çҥL Vӭ +HDWK QKLӅX KѫQ PӝW OҫQ WLӃQ Fӱ 'LӋP WURQJ FiF FXӝF
NKӫQJ KRҧQJ FKtQK SKӫ QKѭQJ Fҧ %ҧR çҥL OүQ 3KiS FKӍ PXӕQ QKӳQJ
QJѭӡL ÿiQJ WLQ Fұ\ QKѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ +ӳX 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7kP Y Y 1Jày
FKҷQJ KҥQ +HDWK ÿӅ QJKӏ FKR %ҧR çҥL QҳP FKӭF 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ
Yj PӡL QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Fy NKҧ QăQJ QKѭ 1JX\ӉQ +ӳX 7Ut KD\ 1J{ Ðình
'LӋP YjR QӝL FiF YӟL FKӭF Yө 3Ky 7Kӫ 7ѭӟQJ .KRҧQJ PӝW QăP
VDX QJj\ +HDWK QKұQ [pW UҵQJ %ҧR çҥL WK{QJ PLQK Yj KӳX
GөQJ QKѭ ELӇX KLӋX ÿRjQ NӃW %ҳF 1DP QKѭQJ NK{QJ Fy NKҧ QăQJ Fӥ
&KXUFKLOO Yj ÿҥL ORҥL 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7kP QKLӋW WuQK Yj KӳX KLӋX QKѭQJ
NK{QJ ÿӫ NKҧ QăQJ ÿRjQ NӃW WRjQ TXӕF Yu WtQK WuQK Yj OұS WUѭӡQJ WKkQ
3KiS FKӍ FzQ OҥL KDL ӭQJ Fӱ YLrQ1J{ çuQK 'LӋP Yj 1JX\ӉQ +ӳX 7Ut
+LӋQ WҥL 'LӋP NK{QJ ÿѭӧF Yu FӭQJ Fә >LQWUDQVLJHQFH@ FKӕQJ 3KiS
NK{QJ ÿѭӧF %ҧR çҥL ѭD Yj NK{QJ ѭD %ҧR çҥL &KӍ FzQ OҥL 7Ut [ӭQJ
ÿiQJ QKҩW

B. QUA ÂU CHÂU:

6DX NKL -RVHSK /DQLHO ÿӗQJ ê WUҧ ÿӝF OұS KRàn toàn
FKR 9LӋW 1DP QJj\ Kӑ 1J{ UiR ULӃW YұQ ÿӝQJ OrQ FҫP
TX\ӅQ 7ҥL 9LӋW 1DP *LiP PөF 7KөF Yj 1KX Pӣ UӝQJ KRҥW ÿӝQJ YӟL
FiF Wә FKӭF W{Q JLiR Yj FKtQK WUӏ 1KX KӧS WiF YӟL /r 9ăQ ³%ҧ\´ 9LӉQ
3KҥP &{QJ 7ҳF Y Y PѭX OұS PӝW OLrQ PLQK FKtQK WUӏ YjR FXӕL QăP
çҫX QăP 7KөF 1KX FQJ QKyP 7LQK 7KҫQ FӫD < Vƭ 7UҫQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 51

9ăQ çӛ Yj /LrQ çRjQ 7KDQK /DR &{QJ FӫD 7UҫQ 4XӕF %ӱX WKjQK OұS
Wә FKӭF WLӅQ WKkQ FӫD &ҫQ /DR 1KkQ 9ӏ &iFK 0ҥQJ çҧQJ WӭF &ҫQ
Lao. ( 135)

1J{ çuQK 'LӋP FNJQJ Wӯ 0ӻ VDQJ %HOJLXP OR WLӃS [~F %ҧR çҥL
PӟL Wӯ 9LӋW 1DP TXD 3KiS FKӳD EӋQK ViQ JDQ 1Jj\ %ҧR çҥL JӑL
'LӋP TXD 3DULV Yj 'LӋP ÿӗQJ ê KӧS WiF %D QJj\ VDX %ҧR çҥL Fӱ HP
WUDL 'LӋP 1J{ çuQK /X\ӋQ OjP ³ÿһF SKiL YLrQ´ WҥL +ӝL QJKӏ *HQHYD
ÿӇ Et PұW WLӃS [~F YӟL 0ӻ 1Jj\ NKL ÿѭӧF QKkQ YLrQ 7zD çҥL Vӭ
0ӻ ӣ 3DULV WLӃS NLӃQ 'LӋP WLӃW Oӝ ÿm ÿѭӧF %ҧR çҥL ӫ\ TX\ӅQ YӅ 9LӋW
Nam nghiên cӭX YLӋF WKjQK OұS FKtQK SKӫ 'LӋP Gӵ ÿӏQK UӡL 3KiS QJày
QKѭQJ VDX ÿy Kӫ\ Eӓ

6DX FXӝF JһS Jӥ QJj\ 0ӻ FKҩS WKXұQ 'LӋP NK{QJ Yì
'LӋP Oj QKkQ YұW Oê WѭӣQJ Pj Yu QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WLӅQ QKLӋP TXi NpP FӓL
Yj 'LӋP Fy KұX WKXүQ FӫD PӝW Vӕ JLiR PөF .L W{ 7X\ QKLrQ 1JRҥL
WUѭӣQJ 'XOOHV YүQ FzQ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ NKX\ӃQ NKtFK 3KiS WLӃS WөF WKam
FKLӃQ ӣ ç{QJ 'ѭѫQJ QrQ FKѭD WKXұQ \ӇP WUӧ WUӵF WLӃS FKR 4*91
QKѭ %ҧR çҥL Yj 'LӋP \rX FҫX 3KҫQ %ҧR çҥL FNJQJ ÿѭӧF PӝW QKyP
FӵF KӳX 3KiS iS OӵF ÿѭD 'LӋP OrQ WKD\ %ӱX /ӝF 1KѭQJ FiL JLi 'LӋP
ÿzL KӓL NKi FDR 7RjQ TX\ӅQ YӅ GkQ Vӵ Yj TXkQ Vӵ 7UѭӟF iP ҧQK ÿҥL
KӑD 3KiS VӁ FҳW QӱD QѭӟF FKR 9LӋW 0LQK Yj WәQJ WX\ӇQ Fӱ WURQJ PӝW
WKӡL JLDQ QJҳQ ÿӇ JLҧL TX\ӃW WKӇ FKӃ FKtQK WUӏ WѭѫQJ ODL %ҧR çҥL ÿành
QKkQ QKѭӧQJ±FKӍ EҳW 'LӋP SKҧL WKӅ WUѭӟF WKұS Wӵ JLi Oj WX\ӋW ÿӕL WUXQJ
WKjQK Yj GX\ WUu QJ{L EiX QKj 1JX\ӉQ

1Jj\ FKtQK SKӫ /DQLHO ÿӗQJ ê FKR 'LӋP OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 0ѭӡL
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ſ ůҰ ƚĂ ŶġŶ džĞŵ džĠƚ ƵLJ ƚşŶ ǀă ĐƀŶŐ ǀŝҵĐ ůĆŶŚ ĜҢŽ ĐӆĂ ƀŶŐ Ĝҳ ĐŚҺŶŐ
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ƚŚӆ ƋƵҺĐ ƚұ ǀă ƋƵҺĐ ŶҾŝ ŶŚӇ ƐĂƵ ͗

52 LONG ĐIỀN