Cuộc Chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975 Long Điền Tập 1

Fy WKrP KjQJ WUăP W QKkQ ÿL WUrQ QKӳQJ FKX\ӃQ WjX ÿӏQK PӋQK Qj\
ÿm QJm [XӕQJ ӣ FiF WUҥL W PLӅQ %ҳF YƭQK YLӉQ NK{QJ FzQ WKҩ\ ÿѭӧF
QKӳQJ FKX\ӃQ WjX [X{L 1DP 7URQJ Vӕ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Qj\ Fy çҥL 7i
3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ

7ҥL . 7kQ /ұS WURQJ KRjQ FҧQK FKXQJ QKѭ Yұ\ W{L ÿm JһS OҥL
{QJ 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ 7{L ÿm QKuQ WKҩ\ WұQ PҳW QKӳQJ QJj\ VӕQJ EL ÿiW
FXӕL FQJ FӫD ÿӡL {QJ

%ӑQ FiQ Eӝ UD OӋQK FKR {QJ KҵQJ QJj\ GҫQ Gj FKX\ӇQ KӃW QKӳQJ
ÿӕQJ WKDQ ÿi ÿy YjR EӃS WUӯ WUѭӡQJ KӧS WUӡL PѭD SKҧL FKX\ӇQ JҩS
FK~QJ FKR QJѭӡL SKө 1Kѭ Yұ\ PӝW QJѭӡL EӋQK WUҫP NKD QKѭ {QJ YүQ
Eӏ FK~QJ YҳW VӭF ODR ÿӝQJ ÿӃQ JLӑW PiX FXӕL FQJ +{P QD\ {QJ ÿm QJҧ
[XӕQJ QKѭ WUăP QJjQ QҥQ QKkQ NKiF GѭӟL FKӫ WUѭѫQJ JLӃW QJѭӡL VLrX Gm
PDQ Qj\ WURQJ FiF WUҥL JLDP &6

6DX EXәL JLҧL ODR WҩW Fҧ DQK HP WURQJ ÿӝL FѭD [ҿ ÿӅX ELӃW YӅ FiL FKӃW
WKҧP WKѭѫQJ FӫD {QJ

ÐQJ ÿm PҩW UӗL YӅ F}L WKLrQ ÿѭӡQJ ÿm PDQJ WKHR Vӵ FKӏX ÿӵQJ Yj
KLӇX ELӃW FӫD {QJ YӕQ Gƭ NK{QJ KӅ WѭӣQJ Oj ÿm Fy WURQJ FRQ QJѭӡL PDQJ
QKөF WKӇ &iL Ju FӫD 7KѭӧQJ çӃ WUҧ YӅ FKR 7KѭӧQJ çӃ

1JѭӡL WD UD OӋQK [ҿ Jӛ ÿyQJ TXDQ WjL FKR {QJ
7{L QKұQ YLӋF ҩ\ YӟL QKӳQJ JLӑW QѭӟF PҳW FKҧ\ Gài trên
Pi &KӍ FzQ PӝW FK~W ÿiS ÿӅQ Qj\ WK{L KӥL Fӕ QKkQ ѫL ´
1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 'ѭӥQJ

7iF 3KҭP

ÐQJ 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ Oj PӝW Vӱ JLD X\ WtQ Yj OәL OҥF YӟL QKLӅX WiF SKҭP
QJKLrQ FӭX YӅ OӏFK Vӱ 9LӋW 1DP ÿѭӧF ELrQ VRҥQ UҩW F{QJ SKX QJKLrP W~F
&KR ÿӃQ QJj\ QD\ QKLӅX ViFK EiR WURQJ QѭӟF NKL FҫQ QKӳQJ WjL OLӋX OӏFK
Vӱ YӅ 9LrW 1DP WKu Kӑ FNJQJ WUtFK GҭQ Wӯ QKӳQJ WUDQJ ViFK FXҧ {QJ

1KұQ ÿӏQK YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP Wӯ FӫD {QJ 3KҥP
YăQ 6ѫQ :

³/X{Q WURQJ Pҩ\ WKiQJ FXӕL FQJ QăP 9LӋW 1DP 4XӕF 'kQ
ĈҧQJ FQJ 9LӋW 0LQK NKtFK EiF QKDX NӏFK OLӋW Yj F{QJ NKDL QJD\ JLӳD
+j 1ӝL 6DX Qҫ\ 90 Ej\ NӃ KRҥFK KRj KRҧQ YӟL SKH 914'Ĉ YjR ÿҫX
QăP 7UѭӟF ÿy 90 ÿm YӝL Ym Wә FKӭF PӝW FXӝF 7әQJ WX\ӇQ &ӱ
ÿӇ ÿѭD UD GӡL PӝW TXӕF KӝL 4XӕF +ӝL Qҫ\ Fy WKӇ QyL JӗP WRjQ QKӳQJ
QJѭӡL FXҧ 9LӋW 0LQK KD\ Vӕ QJѭӡL FKӏX Vӵ FKL SKӕL FXҧ ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ
VҧQ 0өF ÿtFK FKtQK FӫD TXӕF KӝL Oj KӧS SKiS KRi ÿLҥ Yӏ FXҧ FKtQK SKӫ
+ӗ &Kt 0LQK WURQJ QѭӟF Yj QJRjL QѭӟF 7ӟL NKL 90 Eӏ NKy GӉ YӟL SKH
4XӕF *LD WKu 90 ÿLӅX ÿuQK QKѭӡQJ FKR SKH Qҫ\ JKӃ WURQJ 4XӕF

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 153

+ӝL Yj OұS PӝW FKtQK SKӫ 4XӕF *LD /LrQ +LӋS YӟL PӝW Vӕ QKkQ YLên
Oj QJѭӡL FӫD 9LӋW 1DP 4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ 0XӕQ VDR WKì các vai trò quan
WUӑQJ OӵF OѭӧQJ WKLӃW \ӃX YүQ GR ÿҧQJ &6 QҳP JLӳ KӃW45.

“...Khi ViӋW 0LQK QҳP FKtQK TX\ӅQ ӣ %ҳF 9LӋW [RQJ OLӅQ
ODQ WUjQ YjR 1DP ÿm ÿѭӧF Vӵ KӧS WiF FӫD &DR ĈjL NKL ҩ\ Oj PӝW OӵF
OѭӧQJ TXDQ WUӑQJ ÿӇ FQJ WUDQK ÿҩX FKӕQJ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS &y Qên nói
UҵQJ 9LӋW 0LQK ÿm OjP PӝW ÿLӅX WKҩW ViFK Oj ÿӇ [ҧ\ UD Vӵ [tK PtFK JLӳa
PuQK YӟL &DR ĈjL GR Vӵ ViW KҥL PӝW Vӕ OƭQK Wө Yj QKLӅX WtQ ÿӗ &DR Ĉài.
&DR ĈjL EәQJ WUӣ WKjQK PӝW OӵF OѭӧQJ ÿӕL OұS YӟL 90 Oj Vӵ YLӋFNK{QJ
WKӇ NK{QJ NӇ Oj PӝW ÿLӅX WDL KҥL FKR 90 Yj FKR Fҧ GkQ WӝF 91 46.

³ .KL 9LӋW 0LQK QҳP FKtQK TX\ӅQ ӣ 1DP 9LӋW WKu ӣ ÿk\ ÿã
Fy QKLӅX OӵF OѭӧQJ WKjQK KuQK &DR ĈjL 7KDQK 1LrQ 7LӅQ 3KRQJ 4XӕF
*LD ĈӝF /ұS ĈҧQJYj +Rj +ҧR &iF OӵF OѭӧQJ Qҫ\ Fy Oҿ Yu WKҩ\ FҫQ KӧS
TXҫQ ÿӇ ÿӕL SKy YӟL 3KiS FKR Fy NӃW TXҧ WӕW ÿҽS Yj QKDQK FKyQJKѫQ
QrQ ÿm ÿRjQ NӃW YӟL 90 Yj OұS PӝW PPһW WUұQ FKXQJ 1KѭQJ FKҷQJ EDR
OkX 9LӋW 0LQK ÿiQK ~S +Rj KҧR PѭX EҳW WKҫ\ +XǤQK 3K~ 6ә ÿӇ ÿHP
JLӃW QKѭ ÿӕL YӟL &DR ĈjL´47.

7URQJ Eӝ 4XkQ 6ӱ 91&+ JӗP TX\ӇQ WәQJ FӝQJ WUên 2000
WUDQJ GR 1;% ĈҥL 1DP ҩQ KjQK Wӯ JӗP QKLӅX WiF JLҧ GR
ĈҥL Wi 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ FKӫ ELrQ ÿm Fy QKӳQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ
91 Wӯ QKѭ VDX

³4X͙F +͡L KRjQ WRjQ GR 9L͏W 0LQK NL͋P VRiW ĈD V͙ F͵ WUL
ÿL E͗ SKL͇X FK͑ QJKL ÿ͇Q '͡F O̵S Yj 'kQ &Kͯ FKͱ NK{QJ ͯQJ K{ &͡QJ
V̫Q Yu Oͅ NK{QJ P͡W ͱQJ F͵ YLrQ QjR W͹ QK̵Q PuQK Oj &͡QJ V̫Q F̫
9L͏W 0LQK SK͙L KͫS NKͯQJ E͙ Yj WX\rQ WUX\͉Q ÿ͋ WLrX GL͏W ÿ͙L O̵S iP
ViW ÿ͡L WL͇S WͭF JL͇W K̩L FiF OmQK Wͭ 4X͙F *LD ´7Rj iQ 1KkQ 'kQ µWL͇S
WͭF [͵ FiF QKkQ Y̵W ˱X W~ ÿ͓D SK˱˯QJ E͓ EX͡F W͡L Oj 9L͏W *LDQ 3KiW
;tW KR̿F KR̩W ÿ͡QJ SK̫Q FiFK P̩QJ ĈͱF +XǤQK *LiR &Kͯ FͯD +Rà
+̫R E͓ JL͇W F{QJ JLiR E͓ W̭Q F{QJ QrQ P͡W V͙ JLiR NKX ÿm W͹ ÿ͡QJ ÿͱQJ
ra t͝ FKͱF W͹ Y͏ &iF ÿ̫QJ SKiL TX͙F JLD FNJQJ W̭Q F{QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q ÿ͋
WU̫ ÿX̫ 7KR̫ ˱ͣF 3KiS +RD ÿ˱ͫF Nê N͇W NKL͇Q 90 SK̫L W̩P U~W \êu
ViFK ÿ͡F O̵S KRjQ WRjQ E̷W WD\ YͣL 3KiS ÿ͋ P˱ͫQ WD\ 3KiS GL͏W SKH
TX͙F JLD FK͙QJ 3KiS Yj FK͙QJ &͡QJ 1J˱ͥL TX͙F JLD QK̭W Oj QJ˱ͥL
TX͙F JLD ͧ 1DP .Ǥ ÿDQJ F̯P Y} NKt FK͙QJ 3KiS WKu 90 O̩L Nê WKR̫
˱ͣF ³PͥL´3KiS YjR 0L͉Q %̷F QrQ ÿm N͓FK OL͏W W͙ FiR +͛ FKt 0LQK
SK̫Q E͡L48.

³ 7ͣL QăP WuQK WU̩QJ O̩L FjQJ FKXD FD\ K˯Q NKL 3KiS WK̭W
E̩L Yj 9L͏W 0LQK ÿm WKR̫ KL͏S YͣL ÿ͓FK GQJ +͡L 1JK͓ W̩L *HQqYH ÿ͋
Nê P͡W YăQ NL͏Q QJj\ FK̭P GͱW FKL͇Q WUDQK Yj FKLD ÿ{L ÿ̭W

154 LONG ĐIỀN

Q˱ͣF W̩L Yƭ WX\͇Q Ĉk\ Oj P͡W ÿL͉X ḘW K̩QK OͣQ FKR ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF FK~QJ
WD NK{QJ EL͇W ÿ͇Q QJj\ QjR PͣL WK͙QJ QK̭W O̩L ÿ˱ͫF .KͧL QJ˱͛Q Wͳ P͡W
FX͡F FKL͇Q ÿ̭X FK͙QJ ÿ͇ TX͙F 3KiS F͙W GjQK O̩L ÿ͡F O̵S YD WK͙QJ QK̭W
xͱ Vͧ P̿W WU̵Q 90 &͡QJ V̫Q O̩L ÿm FKL͇Q ÿ̭X FKR O̵S WU˱ͥQJ &͡QJ
6̫Q NKL͇Q GkQ W͡F E͓ SKkQ KRi ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF E͓ FKLD ÿ{L OjP P͛L FKR FKR
V͹ OͫL GͭQJ WUDQK FK̭S FͯD TX͙F W͇ YͣL QKͷQJ KL͋P KR̩ WDL K̩L ÿ͝ Yͧ
NK{Q O˱ͥQJ

9ͣL P͡W TX͙F JLD Fy O͹F O˱ͫQJ TXkQ V͹ ÿ͙L QJK͓FK W̭W QKLrQ FX{F
N͡L &KL͇Q Vͅ SK̫L [̫\ UD Yj FNJQJ W̭W QKLrQ P͟L SKH OkP FKL͇Q ÿ͇X
Fy ULrQJ FKR PuQK QKͷQJ Oê GR EL͏Q PLQK FKtQK ÿiQJ ÿ͋ W̩R QrQ P͡W
FKtQK QJKLm FKR FX͡F FKL͇Q ÿ̭X 1K˱QJ EL ÿiW WKD\ &X͡F 1͡L &KL͇Q
ͧ JL͵D WK͇ Nͽ WKͱ Q̯\ W̩L 9L͏W QDP ÿ̫ NpR GjL WURQJ VX͙W QăP
,m͡W FX͡F FKL͇Q ÿm NKL͇Q KjQJ WUL͏X WKDQK QLrQ Q˱ͣF 9L͏W O̯Q O˱ͫW E͓ [{
ÿ̱\ YjR F̫QK ³&͙W 1KͭF 7˱˯QJ 7jQ´ P͡W FX͡F FKL͇Q WjQ NK͙F QK̭W Wͳ
WU˱ͣF ÿ͇Q QD\ Yj ÿm OjP ÿ̫R O͡Q [m K͡L 9L͏W QDP WͣL W̵Q F͝L U͍49.

7URQJ WUұQ FKLӃQ 0ұX 7KkQ Vӱ JLD 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ ÿm JKL

&͡QJ 6̫Q %̷F 9L͏W &6%9 Yj F{QJ Fͭ FͯD K͕ Oj 0̿W 7U̵Q 'kQ
7͡F *L̫L 3KyQJ 0L͉Q 1DP 07'7*301 ÿm [X̭W WRjQ O͹F ÿiQK OpQ
9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +zD 91&+ YjR QKͷQJ QJj\ ÿ̯X 7͇W 0̵X 7KkQ WURQJ
QăP WUrQ NK̷S OmQK WK͝ 0L͉Q 1DP NKL K͕ ÿ͡W QJ͡W NK{QJ JLͷ OͥL
ÿ͉ QJK͓ QJ˱QJ FKL͇Q GR FKtQK K͕ ÿ˱D UD &͡QJ 6̫Q %̷F 9L͏W FNJQJ ÿm
NK{QJ QJKƭ Ju ÿ͇Q QJj\ 7͇W 1JX\rQ ĈiQ QJj\ WUX\͉Q WK͙QJ FͯD GkQ
W͡F QKͷQJ QJj\ ÿ̯P ̭P QK̭W FͯD [ͱ Vͧ P͟L QăP KD\ V͹ \rQ YXL FͯD
ÿ͛QJ EjR ÿ͋ [XP K͕S Yj F~QJ EiL W͝ WLrQ P͡W W̵S WͭF WKLrQJ OLrQJ Wͳ
QJjQ [˱D 7X\ P˱X P{ ÿm NKpR WKX̵W [̫R V̷S ÿm KD\ WL͇QJ V~QJ FͯD
&͡QJ 6̫Q FK͑ W̩R ÿ˱ͫF OͫL WK͇ ḘW QJͥ WURQJ Y͗Q ÝQ tW WL͇QJ ÿ͛QJ K͛ ͧ
WKͯ ÿ{ 6DLJRQ Yj P͡W V͙ WK͓ WṶQ FͯD 9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +zD 7tQK FKXQJ
&͡QJ 6̫Q ÿm WK̫P E̩L Yu 4XkQ /͹F 9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +zD ÿm SK̫Q ͱQJ
ṶW PDX Ó 9j QJ˱ͫF O̩L ÿL͉X WDL K̩L FKR K͕ Oj ÿm ÿͭQJ ÿ̯X YͣL V͹ O̩QK
QK̩W FͯD ÿ͛QJ EjR 0L͉Q 1DP NK̷S Q˯L

.͇W TX̫ ³U͹F Uͩ´FͯD KDL ÿͫW W̭Q F{QJ ÿ̩L TX\ P{ YͣL QKͷQJ F͙
g̷QJ Yƭ ÿ̩L Wͳ ÿ̯X WKiQJ *LrQJ ÿ͇Q FX͙L WKiQJ QăP WUrQ NK̷S
FKL͇Q WU˱ͥQJ Wͳ 4X̫QJ 7U͓ WͣL &j 0DX Oj 9L͏W &͡QJ 9& ÿm E͓ ÿ̱\
YjR FK͟ FK͇W QJyW FiQ ELQK E͓ F̯P W UD ÿ̯X KjQJ QJyW
Yj P̭W WUrQ YNJ NKt 7URQJ NKL ÿy V͙ W͝Q WK̭W FͯD 91&+ Y͉
P͕L WKͱ NK{QJ WͣL SK̯Q QKͷQJ FRQ V͙ FͯD 9L͏W &͡QJ

7X\ QKLrQ 9L͏W &͡QJ ÿm ³WKjQK F{QJ´ ͧ P͡W ÿL͋P NKi TXDQ
WU͕QJ SKi Kͯ\ ÿ͹˯F FăQ QKj FͯD GkQ ÿHP FK͇W FKyF ÿ͇Q FKR
ÿ͛QJ EjR ÿͯ F̫ JLà tr̓ JiL WUDL Yà “vô s̫Q KyD´ QJ˱ͥL

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 155

ÿD V͙ Oj GkQ ODR ÿ͡QJ 7KjQK WtFK GuP QJ˱ͥL YjR EL͋Q PiX ³KL͋Q KiFK´
ÿ͇Q WK͇ Oj FQJ 1JRjL UD ÿL͉X Gm PDQ FK˱D WͳQJ WK̭\ WURQJ O͓FK V͵
ORjL QJ˱ͥL Oj K͕ ÿm [XD QKͷQJ O͹F O˱ͫQJ J͛P SK̯Q FRQ QtW YjR Oz
O͵D FKL͇Q WUDQK Yj Pͧ QKͷQJ FX͡F SKiR NtFK EͳD EmL YjR QKͷQJ NKX
JLD F˱ QJKqR NKy ÿ{QJ ÿ~F NK{QJ Fy O̭\ P͡W F˯ TXDQ TXkQ V͹ ÿ͋ WU̫
WK V͹ ḘW F͡QJ WiF FͯD GkQ FK~QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q GiP OjP W̭W F̫ GQJ ḘW
Fͱ SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q Ju G Fy WjQ iF QK̭W ÿ͋ ÿ̩W ÿ͇Q PͭF WLrX FKL͇Q WK̷QJ50”

´&XӕQ´7әQJ &{QJ .tFK 7әQJ .KӣL 1JKLm FӫD 9LӋW &ӝQJ 0ұX
7KkQ ´K{P QD\ ÿѭӧF UD PҳW YӟL EҥQ ÿӑF FKӍ Fy PөF ÿtFK FҧQK
JLiF QKӱQJ QJѭӡL FzQ QKҽ Gҥ FzQ WLQ YjR OѭѫQJ WkP FӫD &6 Yj FӫQJ
Fӕ ê FKt FӫD TXkQ GkQ WD FKӕQJ [kP OăQJ FXҧ ÿӃ TXӕF ÿӓ &K~QJ W{L FzQ
PXӕQ ViFK Qҫ\ Wӕ FiR WUѭӟF Gѭ OXұQ WKӃ JLӟL QKӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ FӵF NǤ
Gm PDQ FӫD EӑQ QJѭӡL OX{Q E{ E{ QJRjL FӱD PLӋQJ Oj QKӳQJ FKLӃQ

VLWLӅQ SKRQJ FӫD [m KӝL FKӫ QJKLm QKѭQJ WKӵF UD FK~QJ FKӍ Oj QKӳQJ Nҿ

OѭX PDQK Yj KqQ QKiW51”

4XD KӗL Nê FӫD +ӗ YăQ 4XDQJ QJѭӡL FQJ W YӟL ÿҥL Wi 3KҥP 9ăQ
6ѫQ FK~QJ WD WKҩ\ ÿѭӧF Vӵ FDQ ÿҧP WӝW FQJ PӝW WLQK WKҫQ VҳW VRQ Yu
FKtQK QJKLm Pj J{QJ FP Yj FiL FKӃW FNJQJ NK{QJ OjP OXQJ OҥF ÿѭӧF
ông:

0ҩ\ WKiQJ WU{L TXD K{P FiQ Eӝ &6 SKiW KLӋQ WURQJ EjL YLӃW YӅ
OӏFK Vӱ NKL VR ViQK FKӃ ÿӝ ³W´ WKӡL 91&+ Yj WKӡL ;+&1 Kӑ FKR
ÿy Oj YLӋF OjP ³ÿҥL SKҧQ ÿӝQJ KD\ FӵF NǤ SKҧQ ÿӝQJ´ 'R ÿy %DQ
*LiP WKӏ WUҥL 7kQ /ұS ³ÿһF ELӋW FKLӃX Fӕ´ FKR DQK 6ѫQ YjR QJD\ KҫP
ELӋW JLDP WҥL .

$QK 6ѫQ WX\ӋW WKӵF WURQJ QKj Nӹ OXұW Yj FKӏX FKӃW YLӋF OjP FDQ
ÿҧP ÿkX NKiF Ju DQK KQJ 1JX\ӉQ 7UL 3KѭѫQJ [ѭD 7Kj QKӏQ ÿyL FKӏX
ÿDX Pj FKӃW FKӭ NK{QJ EDR JLӡ NKXҩW SKөF JLһF 3KiS 9ӟL Oi WKѭ JӣL
FKR ĈҧQJ Yj 1Kj QѭӟF ;+&1 QKӡ WUҥL 7kQ /ұS FKX\ӇQ QӝL GXQJ KRjQ
WRjQ ÿѭӧF EӑQ &6 JLӳ Et PұW

/RQJ ĈLӅQ WyP OѭӧF FiF QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD Vӱ JLD 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ

YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ 91 QKѭ VDX

ÐQJ 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ FKR UҵQJ ;XҩW SKiW Wӯ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ FӫD &647

Yu WXkQ KjQK WULӋW ÿӇ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ Jk\ EҥR ORҥQ Jk\ FKLD UӁ JLDL FҩS FӫD

&647 QrQ &691 ÿm NK{QJ ÿһW TX\ӅQ OӧL FӫD 'kQ 7ӝF OrQ WUrQ Pj FKӍ

OR TX\ӅQ OӧL QKX FҫX FӫD &ӝQJ VҧQ 4XӕF 7Ӄ

'R KұX TXҧ FӫD QKӳQJ FXӝF ÿҩX Wӕ WURQJ &ҧL FiFK 5XӝQJ ĈҩW

WURQJ ÿҩX WUDQK JLDL FҩS WURQJ FXӝF [kP OѭӧF 0LӅQ 1DP EҵQJ PӑL JLi

156 ҷ ӕ LONG ĐIỀN

9LӋW 1DP YӕQ Fy Wӯ QJjQ [ѭD

9u WXkQ KjQK QKӳQJ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ WUrQ &691 ÿm WLrX GLӋW FiF ÿҧQJ
SKiL TXӕF JLD ViW KҥL FiF WtQ ÿӗ Yj OmQK Wө FiF W{Q JLiR &691 Oj WKӫ
SKҥP Jk\ UD FXӝF 1ӝL &KLӃQ WҥL 91 OjP WKLӋW PҥQJ KjQJ FKөF WULӋX
QJѭӡL GkQ 9LӋW

&NJQJ FҫQ QKҩQ PҥQK ӣ TXDQ ÿLӇP FXҧ Vӱ JLD 3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ NKL
NӃW WӝL &691 Oj WKӫ SKҥP Jk\ 1ӝL &KLӃQ WҥL 91 Oj WӝL iF OӟQ QKҩW ÿӕL
YӟL 'kQ 7ӝF EӣL Yu WKHR {QJ Nҿ WҥR UD 1ӝL &KLӃQ WKu WӝL QһQJ KѫQ Fҧ
Yu QKӳQJ WiF KҥL WR OӟQ Yj OkX GjL WURQJ ÿҩW QѭӟF .ҿ WK QJRҥL [kP
GӉ ÿiQK ÿXәL KѫQ Oj Nҿ WҥR FKLD UӁ WҥR QӝL FKLӃQ 7ҥR FKLD UӁ NKLӃQ FKR
WLӅP OӵF TXӕF JLD EL VX\ \ӃX NKL FҫQ FKӕQJ QJRҥL [kP WҥR 1ӝL &KLӃQ
NKLӃQ FKR ÿҩW QѭӟF Eӏ WKLӋW KҥL QһQJ QӅ YӅ QKkQ OӵF Yj WjL VҧQ Yj QKӳQJ
KұX TXҧ KұQ WK GDL GҷQJ WURQJ 'kQ 7ӝF &691 ÿѭD UD NKҭX KLӋX ĈRjQ
.ӃW QKѭQJ WURQJ WKӵF WӃ Kӑ Oj Nҿ Jk\ FKLD UӁ EҵQJ QKӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ ViW
KҥL Gm PDQ ÿӗQJ EjR NKiF FKtQK NLӃQ YӟL Kӑ 1KӳQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ WjQ ViW
Qҫ\ FӫD &691 NK{QJ SKҧL Oj QJҭX QKLrQ SKiW VLQK Pj GR FKӫ WUѭѫQJ
NӃ KRҥFK FѭѫQJ OƭQK FXҧ &6 4XӕF 7Ӄ ÿӅ UD

1Jj\ WKiQJ Wѭ QăP FNJQJ QKѭ EDR FKLӃQ Vƭ 4/91&+ ÿҥL Wi
3KҥP 9ăQ 6ѫQ ÿm ӣ OҥL FKLӃQ ÿҩX ÿӃQ FQJ WKD\ Yu OHR OrQ WUӵF WKăQJ ÿL
UD QJRҥL TXӕF QKѭ Vӕ WѭӟQJ OmQK NKiF ÐQJ ÿm Eӏ EҳW Yj ÿѭD ÿL W NKә
VDL Yj FKӃW EӣL Vӵ WUҧ WK KqQ PҥW FӫD EӑQ &ӝQJ Q{ 52

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 157

6ӱ JLD +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\

+RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\ PҩW FKѭD U} QăP
6LQK QJj\ WҥL OjQJ 9Ӂ Ĉ{QJ 1JҥF WӍQK +j Ĉ{QJ
WURQJ PӝW JLD ÿuQK OkX ÿӡL [XҩW WKkQ NKRD EҧQJ
&ӱ QKkQ OXұW NKRD ÿҥL KӑF +j 1ӝL
/XұW Vѭ FҥQK FiF WRj 7KѭӧQJ 7KҭP
7KDP JLD WRjQ GkQ NKiQJ FKLӃQ GjQK ĈӝF /ұS &KiQK iQ WRj 6ѫ
7KҭP %ӃQ 7UH
ĈҥL Vӭ 91&+ WҥL /jR
%D OҫQ W 7 9LӋW 0LQK W WKѭF GkQ 3KiS Yj W
VNCH (1964).
7iF SKҭP
ViӋW 6ӱ .KҧR /XұQ 1;% 1DP È PӝW Eӝ Vӱ ÿӗ Vӝ JӗP
TX\ӇQ YӟL WUDQJ NKә OӟQ 6RҥQ OLrQ WөF QăP Wӯ ÿӃQ
WURQJ WKӡL ÿLӇP WiF JLҧ JҫQ WXәL ÿӡL
*LҧL WKѭӣQJ 9ăQ +ӑF
+ӝL ĈӗQJ 7X\ӇQ /ӵD
1Kj YăQ 9} 3KLӃQ 1Kj YăQ 1JX\ӉQ +ѭQJ 4XӕF %iF Vƭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ 7tFK
1Kj YăQ 3KDQ /ҥF 3K~F 1Kj YăQ 'RmQ 4XӕF 6ӻ *LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ
7iF SKҭP WU~QJ JLҧL %ӝ P{Q ELrQ NKҧR
*LҧL GDQK Gӵ ÿһF ELӋW WUX\ WһQJ {QJ +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\ WiF JLҧ Eӝ 9LӋW
Vӱ NKҧR OXұQ
158 LONG ĐIỀN

-/RQJ ĈLӅQ WyP OѭӧF FiF QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD Vӱ JLD +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\
QKѭ VDX:

6ӱ JLD +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\ Fy QKұQ ÿӏQK YӅ QKӳQJ QJj\ ÿҫX FXӝF FKLӃQ
QKѭ VDX 7UDQJ TX\ӇQ 96./

³&XӕQ SKLP WәQJ TXiW 9ө Qә EҩW QJӡ KDL WUiL ERP QJX\rQ Wӱ 0ӻ
WUrQ EҫX WUӡL 1KұW %ҧQ YjR FiF QJj\ Yj WKiQJ QăP WLӃS WKHR
FҩS WӕF EӣL OӡL WX\rQ FiR WUX\ӅQ WKDQK QJj\ WKiQJ FӫD 1KұW +RjQJ
+LUR +LWR [LQ ÿҫX KjQJ ÿӗQJ PӏQKY{ ÿLӅX NLӋQ Yj UD UD OӋQK FKR PӑL
ÿҥR TXkQ 1KұW WUrQ PӑL FKLӃQ WUѭӡQJ SKҧL EX{QJ V~QJ ÿ~QJ Oj ³%D
FөF ÿi´ WURLV SDYpV OLӋQJ YjR ³FiL ÿҫP ӃFK Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ´ OD PDUH
G¶,QGRFKLQH DL[ JUHQRXLOOHV 0ӑL QJѭӡL ӣ PӑL QѫL QiR ÿӝQJ Fҧ WURQJ
Yj QJRjL EiQ ÿҧR FKӳ 6

9ұ\ ÿӃQ NKL [ҧ\ UD ED ELӃQ Fӕ EҩW QJӡ YӯD QKҳF WUrQ WKu ÿ~QJ Oê
TXkQ ÿӝL 1KұW ӣ Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ SKҧL EX{QJ V~QJ QJӗL ÿӧL TXkQ ÿӝL 7jX
7ѭӣQJ Yj TXkQ ÿӝL $QK GӃQ JLҧL JLӟL Yj JLӳ JuQ DQ QLQK WUұW Wӵ

%D GkQ WӝF 9LӋW 0LrQ /jR YӟL Yӏ TXӕF YѭѫQJ OD %ҧR ĈҥL 6LKDQRXN
Yj 6RVDYDQJ9RQJ Fӭ YLӋF \rQ әQ OjP ăQ WRҥ KѭӣQJ NǤ WKjQKYj KRDQ K{
ĈӕQJ 0LQK ÿӃQ JLҧL SKyQJ 7KұW Oj WӕW ÿҽS

1KӳQJ Nҿ ³SKi ÿiP´&ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW Fy 0ӻ JL~S Yj WKӵF GkQ 3KiS
NK{QJ FzQ Eӏ 0ӻ SKҧQ ÿӕL

9Ӆ PһW FKtQK WUӏ

7UrQ ÿk\ ÿm NӇ QKӳQJ FKXҭQ Eӏ FӫD 9LӋW 0LQK PӝW ErQ FӫD 3KiS
ĈH *DXOOH SKH ErQ NLD ÿӇ FѭӟS ÿRҥW 9LӋW 1DP UӗL 0LrQ /jR WURQJ
WD\ TXkQ ÿӝL 1KұW ĈһF ELӋW QӳD Oj KDL SKH ҩ\ Fy OLrQ OҥF FQJ QKDX ÿӇ
FKXҭQ Eӏ FQJ ÿiQK 1KұW Pj FKtQK 9LӋW 0LQK ÿm ÿL EѭӟF WUѭӟF QJD\
Wӯ WKiQJ WUDQJ

7KӵF Vӵ WKu Fҧ KDL SKH PXӕQ FKLӃP ÿӝF TX\ӅQ WKӕQJ WUӏ Ĉ{QJ
'ѭѫQJ 'H *DXOH ÿm WX\rQ Eӕ F{QJ NKDL UҵQJ {QJ SKҧL WiL OұS FKӫ
TX\ӅQ 3KiS WҥL QăP QѭӟF %ҳF .Ǥ 7UXQJ .Ǥ 1DP .Ǥ $L /DR Yj &DR
0LrQ &zQ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WKu JLҩX NtQ FiL PӝQJ ³ OjP Ei FKӫ Ĉ{QJ
'ѭѫQJ´ ÿӇ VӁ Fy WKӇ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ +Ri WRjQ WKӇ EiQ ÿҧR UӗL VDX VӁ FQJ
YӟL 6WDOLQ QKXӝP ÿӓ WRjQ FҫX´

+ӗL JLӳD QăP +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ±FNJQJ QKѭ PӑL QJѭӡL WѭӣQJ
UҵQJ 1KұW VӁ FzQ FKӕQJ Fӵ NKi OkX EӣL Yu Kӑ FzQ UҩW QKLӅX TXkQ OӵF X\
PmQK ӣ Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ Yұ\ +ӗ SKҧL ÿL ÿ{L YӟL ĈӗQJ 0LQK 7jX 0ӻ Yj
OX{Q Fҧ 3KiS 'H *DXOOH WKu PD\ UD PӟL Fy Fѫ Kҥ ÿѭӧF 1KұW 1rQ +Ӗ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 159

SKҧL ÿӝL OӕW 4XӕF *LD ÿӇ OӯD PӑL QJѭӡL QKҩW Oj 0ӻ

Ĉy Oj +ӗ iS GөQJ PӝW FKLӃQ OѭӧF FӫD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ ĈӋ 7DP UҵQJ SKҧL
QJKLrQ FӭX Nӻ [HP DL Oj Nҿ WK FKtQK Yj [HP DL Oj Nҿ WK SKө +ӗL
TXkQ ÿӝL 1KұW ӣ Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ Oj Nҿ WK FKtQK FzQ 3KiS FӫD 'H *DXOOH
ӣ WұQ WUӡL ÆX Oj Nҿ WK SKө Yұ\ 9LӋW 0LQK QrQ OLrQ NӃW *LDL ĈRҥQ´ YӟL
SKH 'H *DXOOH OX{Q Fҧ SKH 7jX 7ѭӣQJ Yj +RD .Ǥ ÿӇ ÿiQK ÿә 1KұW
[RQJ UӗL VӁ WKDQK WRiQ FiF´ EҥQ JLDL ÿRҥQ´ VDX WUDQJ

&y ELӃW U} FiL FKLӃQ OѭӧF JLDQ KQJ ҩ\ FӫD +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WKu WD PӟL
Fy WKӇ KLӇQ ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ ELӃQ Fӕ FKtQK WUӏ Yj TXkQ Vӵ KӗL
%ҵQJ NK{QJ WD VӁ UѫL YjR KRҧ P FiF FXӝF FKLӃQ TXkQ Vӵ Yj FKtQK WUӏ
OLrQ PLrQ KjQJ QJKuQ WUұQ FKLӃQ 3KiS 9LӋW KjQJ WUăP Yө SKҧQ SK~F
FӫD +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ´

1yL WyP OҥL +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Fy 0ӻ 266 JL~S Yj 'H *DXOOH NK{QJ
FzQ Eӏ 0ӻ 7UXPDQ FKӕQJ ÿӕL Oj QKӳQJ Nҿ´ SKi ÿiP ³ 7URXEOH IrWH OjP
[iR WUӝQ WuQK KuQK 9LӋW 0LrQ /jR WURQJ QăP FKLӃQ WUDQK
Yj ÿӃQ QD\ Oj WKrP QăP KұX FKLӃQ FӫD Fҧ ED 'kQ 7ӝF WURQJ
QJөF W FӝQJ VҧQ WUDQJ

a-+ӗ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿӗQJ EӑQ Oj JLһF Oj WKә SKӍ :

³7KL͇W QJKƭ QrQ JL̫L WKtFK W̩L VDR FK~QJ W{L GQJ GDQK Wͳ ³*L̿F
9L͏W &͡QJ´OjP QKDQ ÿ͉ FKR SK̯Q 9,,, E͡96./ Q̯\ 3K̫L FKăQJ FK~QJ
W{L ÿm OmQJ TXrQ W˱ FiFK P͡W V͵ JLD NKiFK TXDQ [{QJ YjR YzQJ E~W
FKL͇Q QrQ PͣL J͕L {QJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿ͛QJ E͕Q Oj *L̿F" ;LQ WK˱D
U̹QJ NK{QJ SK̫L .

1JD\ Wͳ NKL E̷W ÿ̯X VR̩Q E͡ 9L͏W 6͵ Q̯\ QăP FK~QJ W{L ÿm VX\
QJKƭ Yj WuP WzL QKͷQJ Oê GR WK̯P NtQ FͯD 9L͏W 0LQK NKL K͕ FK͑ KX\ FX͡F
FKL͇Q WUDQK QăP PiX O͵D WjQ ViW P̭\ WUL͏X VLQK OLQK QjR
9L͏W QjR 3KiS QjR 0Ϳ QjR ÒF QjR Ĉ̩L +jQ Y Y .͇W OX̵Q WK̭\ U̹QJ

+͛L TXkQ ÿ͡L 3KiS FͯD 'H *DXOOH WKHR FKkQ TXkQ $QK YjR 6jL
gòn vͣL Gm WkP WiL FKL͇P Ĉ{QJ '˱˯QJ WKu TX̫ WK̵W WRjQ GkQ 9L͏W 1DP
ÿ͉X W͗ OzQJ X̭W K̵Q DL FNJQJ KăQJ KiL NKiQJ FKL͇Q FͱX Q˱ͣF 9L͏W 0LQK
YͳD Q̷P ÿ˱͕F FKtQK TX\͉Q O̩L Fy V̻Q P͡W W͝ FKͱF G̯\ ÿ̿F Wͳ 1DP FKt
%ăF ÿ͋ JL͵ Y͵QJ TX\͉Q 7͹ 'R Ĉ͡F /̵S OͥL +&0 QJj\ WKu
ÿy Oj P͡W YL͏F ṶW ÿiQJ OjP Yj QrQ FD QJͫL

6RQJ OH QJD\ WURQJ NKL NKiQJ 3KiS WͱF 3K̫Q Ĉ͇ +͛ &Kt 0LQK ÿm
NKͧL [˱ͣQJ Wͳ QăP FKX\͏Q 3K̫Q 3KRQJ ͧ QKͷQJ YQJ 9L͏W 0LQK
NL͋P VRiW &KtQK +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj 7͝QJ %͡ 9L͏W 0LQK G˱ͣL GDQK KL͏X
PͣL Oj Ĉ̫QJ /DR Ĉ͡QJ ÿm FK͑ KX\ FX͡F ÿ̭X FKtQK WU͓ ̭\ WjQ ViW K˯Q
Q͵D WUL͏X ÿ͛QJ EjR Pj K͕ J͕L Oj JLDL F̭S ÿ͓D FKͯ +L͋Q QKLrQOj NK{QJ

160 LONG ĐIỀN

SK̫L ÿ͋ JLjQK Ĉ͡F /̵S

6DX K͡L QJK͓ *HQqYH QJj\ FKLD ÿ͡L ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF WKu
ÿ̯X QăP TXkQ ÿ͡L 3KiS SK̫L U~W OXL UD NK͗L K̻Q 0L͉Q 1DP WKHR
FiF GL͉X NKR̫Q ÿm WKR̫ WKX̵Q FXD +Ĉ 1K˱QJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK Y̳Q FzQ
NL͇P ÿͯ P͕L FiFK FKL͇P Q͙W PL͉Q 1DP QK˱ FK{Q JḼX Y} NKt ÿ̿W F{QJ
V̫Q Q̹P YQJ NKͯQJ E͙ GkQ TXr iP ViW KjR PͭF U͛L ÿ͇Q FX͙L QăP
K͡ W̩R G͹QJ FiL JRL Oj ³0̿W 7U̵Q *L̫L 3KyQJ 0L͉Q 1DP´GR
FKtQK K͕ F̯P ÿ̯X JL̫ GDQK Oj GkQ 9L͏W 0L͉Q 1DP W͹ ÿ͡QJ ÿͱQJ OrQ
FK͙QJ P͡W FKtQK TX\͉Q 9L͏W ÿ͡F WjL WKDP QKNJQJ +L͋Q QKLrQ YL͏F OjP
ÿy NK{QJ SK̫L Oj ÿ͋ GjQK Ĉ͡F /̵S

ĈͱQJ WU˱ͣF QJX\ F˯ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ FͯD ê WKͱ K͏ &6 GR 9L͏W 0LQK Fy
F̫ NK͙L O˱ͫQJ NK͝QJ O͛ 7UXQJ &͡QJ 1JD ;{ Ĉ{QJ ÆXYj &XED YL͏Q WUͫ
͛ ̩W WKu FiF FKtQK SKͯ 0Ϳ N͇ WL͇S QKDX ÿ̩F EL͏W Oj Wͳ QăP ÿm SK̫L
ÿ˱D YNJ NKt U͛L TXkQ ÿ͡L VDQJ JL~S EmR Y͏ 0L͉Q 1DP YͣL WtQK FiFK WUL͏W
ÿ͋ SKzQJ Y͏ FKͱ NK{QJ SK̫L Oj W̭Q F{QJ PL͉Q %̷F &X͡F FKL͇Q OX{Q E͓
K̩Q FK͇ YjR G˱ͣL Yƭ WX\͇Q WKjQK UD PL͉Q %̷F QJR̩L WUͳ QKͷQJ SKL
Yͭ RDQK W̩F NK{QJ KW͋ Fy PͭF WLrX FKL͇P ÿ̭W ÿm OX{Q OX{Q ÿ˱͕F WKiL
EuQK\rQ ͝Q OjP WKjQK P͡W WKiQK ÿ͓D ḘW NK̫ [kP SK̩P ÿ͋ QX{L G˱ͧQJ
TXkQ ÿ͡L FͯD K͕ [X͙QJ [kP OăQJ PL͉Q 1DP 6RQJ 9L͏W 0LQK ÿm W̩R
UD QKͷQJ NḴX KL͏X ³&K͙QJ 0ͽ &˱~ Q˱ͣF´Yj ³FK͙QJ 0Ϳ 'L͏P FͱX
Q˱ͣF´FK͑ F͙W ÿ͋ OͳD E͓S WRjQ GkQ 9L͏W 1DP Yj G˱ OX̵Q TX͙F W͇

9̵\ FK͑ Fy P͡W Oê GR NK͝QJ WK͋ FK͙L F̫L Oj +͛ &Kt 0LQK ÿm PX͙Q
³WK͙QJ QK̭W ³ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF G˱ͣL TX\͉Q ÿ͡F W{Q FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q Ĉ͏ 7DP ÿ͋ Fy
WK͋ [k\ G͹QJ ;+&1 Yj ³WKLrQ ÿ˱ͥQJ &6 WUrQ WRjQ F͗L 91

&iL Gm WkP FKL͇P ÿ͡F TX\͉Q WK͙QJ WU͓ WUrQ WRjQ TX͙F ÿ͋ [k\ G͹QJ
;+&1 ÿm ÿ˱ͫF E͡F O͡ F{QJ NKDL Yj U͗ U͏W QK̭W VDX QJj\ Pj
&6 %̷F 9L͏W ÿm WK{Q WtQK [RQJ PL͉Q 1DP +͕ J̩W E͗ 0̿W 7U̵Q *L̫L
3KyQJ FRL QK˱ Oj P~L FKDQK ÿm Y̷W K͇W Q˱ͣF +͕ F{QJ QKLrQ ÿ̿W FKR ÿ̭W
Q˱ͣF FiL WrQ ³&͡QJ +Rj ;m +͡L &Kͯ 1IJKLm 9L͏W 1DP´ ÿ̫QJ &6 WU˱ͣF
NLD JL̫ GDQK Oj ÿ̫QJ /DR Ĉ͡QJ QD\ W͹ F{QJ NKDL W͹ [˱QJ Oj ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ
6̫Q 91 WUDQJ 7KL͇W WK͹F Yj ÿDX ÿͣQ K˯Q Q͵D FiL WKLrQ ÿ˱ͥQJ &6
ÿm EL͇Q WKjQK ÿL̩ QJͭF F͡QJ V̫Q FKR WRjQ GkQ Wͳ 1DP FKt %̷F FKR G͇Q
QJj\ QD\ FK˱D FK̭P GͱW

7URQJ QăP YͳD TXD ê WKͱF K͏ &6 ÿm E͓ NK̷S KRjQ
F̯X SK͑ QK͝ Wͳ 0Xj ;XkQ 7KLrQ $Q 0{Q WKiQJ TXD QKͷQJ
FX͡F EL͋X WuQK Yƭ ÿ̩L ͧ Ĉ{QJ ÆX NKL͇Q P͕L FK͇ ÿ͡ Ĉ͏ 7DP G͉X VͭS
ÿ͝ FiF ³WK̯Q W˱ͫQJ´ Ĉ͏ 7DP E͓ K̩ E͏ /LrQ %DQJ 1JD ;{ 8665 W˱ͧQJ
YͷQJ QK˱ EjQ WK̩FK EL͇Q WLrX WUrQ P̿W ÿ͓D F̯X &KtQK 1JKLm 'kQ &Kͯ
7͹ 'R FͯD E͡ 9L͏W 6͵ .K̫R /X̵Q Qj\ WRjQ WK̷QJ QJR̩L WUͳ ͧ TX͙F

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 161

gia là Cuba,Trung C͡QJ %̷F KjQ Yj 9L͏W 1DP 1yL FiFK NKiF QKkQ OR̩L
NK̷S Q˯L ÿ͉X ÿ̫ FRL F͡QJ V̫Q Oj JL̿F ´ 96./ TX\ӇQ WUDQJ

b- ĈҧQJ &691 NK{QJ FKtQK WKӕQJ:

³&KR QrQ FK~QJ W{L SK̫L OrQ iQ P͕L FKtQK SKͯ F͡QJ V̫Q 9L͏W 1DP
Wͳ ÿ͇Q QD\ Oj Y{ JLi WU͓ ÿ͙L YͣL 'kQ 7͡F 9L͏W 1DP WͱF Oj
không có FKtQK WK͙QJ.(trang 3759) Yj {QJ Fy ÿ{L OӡL QKҳQ QKӫ FQJ
KұX WKӃ FKR WKӃ KӋ WUҿ WѭѫQJODL FӫD 'kQ 7ӝF ³1Jj\ QD\ ӣ TXӕF QӝL YүQ
Oj ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP QҳP ÿӝF TX\ӅQ QJӵ WUӏ PһF GҫX Kӑ Fy FKӏX
WKD\ QӅQ NLQK WӃ WұS WKӇ EҵQJ NLQK WӃ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ ĈӝF WjL YүQ FzQ WKDP
QKNJQJ KӕL Oӝ FjQJ WăQJ WLӃQ ´

³Ӣ +ҧL 1JRҥL FiF QKyP ÿҧQJ QәL OrQ QKѭ QҩP QKѭQJ Fy ÿҧQJ
QjR QJKƭ ÿӃQ YLӋF +ѭQJ 4XӕF UD VDR VDX NKL ÿm 3KөF 4XӕF" &y DL
KD\ QKyP QjR ÿm ÿѭD UD PӝW Gӵ WKҧR FKѭѫQJ WUuQK +ѭQJ 4XӕF WKHR
ÿ~QJ OұS WUѭӡQJ 7ӵ 'R 'kQ &KӫYj NrX JӑL PӑL QJѭӡL VDX NKL FQJ
QKDX WKҧR OXұQ VӱD ÿәL Yj ELӇX TX\ӃW ³+Ҧ< Ĉ2¬1 .ӂ7 &+81*
48$1+ &È, &+ѬѪ1* 75Î1+ +Ѭ1* 48Ӕ& ҩ\ FKӭ NK{QJ SKҧL
FKXQJ TXDQK PӝW OmQK Wө"%ҵQJ NK{QJ WKu ÿӃQ NKL ѭD PD\ ÿѭӧF FҫP
TX\ӅQ QJѭӡL WD VӁ OҥL ÿL QJD\ YjR FRQ ÿѭӡQJ ÿӝF WjL WKDP QKNJQJ QKѭ
[ѭD QD\ ´ WUDQJ

QJѭQJ WUtFK
1KұQ ÿӏQK YӅ Vӱ JLD +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\ FӫD QKj YăQ 7UҫQ 9ăQ
7tFK QKѭ VDX
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&XӕQ ³*L̿F 9L͏W F͡QJ´ FӫD /XұW Vѭ +RjQJ &ѫ 7Kө\ PӝW SKҫQ FӫD
WұS WURQJ Eӝ 9L͏W V͵ NK̫R OX̵Q
FNJQJ WҥR QѫL ÿӝF JLҧ WkP WUҥQJ ҩ\
7UDQJ [iF ÿӏQK

³&iL Gm WkP µFKLӃP ÿӝF TX\ӅQ WKӕQJ WUӏ WUrQ WRjQ TXӕF ÿӇ [k\ GӵQJ
[m KӝL FKӫ QJKƭD¶ ÿѭӧF EӝF Oӝ F{QJ NKDL Yj U} UӋW VDX QJj\ Pj
FӝQJ VҧQ %ҳF 9LӋW ÿm WK{Q WtQK [RQJ PLӅQ 1DP +ӑ JҥW Eӓ 0һW 7UұQ
*LҧL 3KyQJ FRL QKѭ Oj P~L FKDQK ÿm YҳW KӃW QѭӟF +ӑ F{QJ QKLrQ ÿһW
FKR ÿҩW QѭӟF FiL WrQ ³&ӝQJ KRj ;m KӝL &Kӫ QJKƭD 9LӋW 1DP¶ ÿҧQJ
&ӝQJ VҧQ WUѭӟF NLD JLҧ GDQK Oj µÿҧQJ /DR ĈӝQJ¶ QD\ F{QJ NKDL Wӵ [ѭQJ
Oj µÿҧQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP¶ 7KLӃW WKӵF Yj ÿDX ÿӟQ KѫQ QӳD FiL WKLrQ
ÿѭӡQJ FӝQJ VҧQ ÿm ELӃQ WKjQK ÿӏD QJөF FӝQJ VҧQ FKR WRjQ GkQ Wӯ 1DP
FKt %ҳF ÿӃQ QJj\ QD\ FKѭD FKҩP GӭW´

7UѭӟF ÿy WURQJ WKѭ JӱL PӝW ÿӝF JLҧ QJj\ /XұW Vѭ Kӑ
+RjQJ FNJQJ QyL UҩW PLQK EҥFK ³3K̫L YL͇W VDR FKR ÿ~QJ WKHR O̵S

162 LONG ĐIỀN

WU˱ͥQJ ÿ͡F O̵S TX͙F JLD W͹ GR GkQ FKͯ´

0ӝW FXӕQ Vӱ WUuQK Ej\ WKHR OұS WUѭӡQJ YӯD NӇ ÿӅ FұS ÿӃQ JLDL ÿRҥQ
FKR ÿӃQ QD\ FKѭD Fy DL YLӃW Ĉy Oj WKӃ PҥQK FӫD ViFK 1y
ÿӝF TX\ӅQ FXQJ FҩS FKR QJѭӡL ÿӑF PӝW FiL QKuQ WәQJ WKӇ YӅ FiF ELӃQ
Fӕ Pj EҧQ WKkQ PuQK WӯQJ Oj FKӭQJ QKkQ KD\ ÿDQJ Oj QҥQ QKkQ 1KѭQJ
ÿӗQJ WKӡL Qy FNJQJ QyL OrQ ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ ÿLӅX SKҧL QyL ÿiQJ QyL

7UDQJ EӝF EҥFK FiL QKuQ FӫD QJѭӡL WURQJ FXӝF
³ %͕Q +͛ &Kt 0LQK 9} 1JX\rQ *LiS ÿm NK{QJ F̯Q ÿ͇P [͑D Jì
ÿ͇Q QKͷQJ FRQ V͙ NK͝QJ O͛ TXkQ ÿ͡L Yj GkQ FK~QJ E͓ JL͇W ͧ WUrQ P͕L
FKL͇Q WU˱ͥQJ KD\ K̵X SK˱˯QJ K͛L FK͙QJ 3KiS FNJQJ QK˱ K͛L FK͙QJ
0Ϳ GkQ FK͇W FKͱ FK~QJ Fy FK͇W ÿkX Pj FK~QJ Vͫ" &DQ ÿ̫P QK˱ WK͇
Oj TXi G͍ WK͇ Pj F̫ WK͇ JLͣL OX{Q 3KiS Yj +RD NǤ ÿ͉X QJͫL NKHQ E͕Q
OmQK Wͭ F͡QJ V̫Q Oj FDQ ÿ̫P E͉Q JDQ Yj DQK KQJ´

0ӝW FiL QKuQ FӫD QJѭӡL WURQJ FXӝF QKѭ WKӃ NKiF KҷQ YӟL FXQJ FiFK
[ӱ Vӵ FӫD QKӳQJ QJѭӡL GD WUҳQJ GD ÿHQ WӯQJ FRL +ӗ Oj WKҫQ WѭӧQJ WӯQJ
JӑL GkQ WӝF 9LӋW 1DP Oj DQK KQJ &K~QJ WD NK{QJ KӅ PXӕQ Oàm anh
KQJ WKHR NLӇX P{ Wҧ FӫD QKӳQJ QJzL E~W SKѭѫQJ Wk\ KD\ FKkX 3KL PӝW
FXQJ FiFK P{ Wҧ Pj ÿӝQJ Fѫ Oj PһF FҧP Wӵ WL ÿӕL YӟL +RD NǤ QrQ ÿӅ
FDR FXӝF FKLӃQ FKӕQJ 0ӻ FӭX QѭӟF WUѭӡQJ KӧS QKӳQJ QJѭӡL 3KiS
QJѭӡL $QK QJѭӡL ĈӭF FKҷQJ KҥQ KRһF PһF FҧP VҳF WӝF Qên a dua
WKHR ÿiP ÿӋ Wӱ FXӗQJ WtQ 0iF /r WUrQ GҧL ÿҩW FKӳ 6 WUѭӡQJ KӧS ÿLӇQ
KuQK Jm GD ÿHQ WӯQJ QҳP JLӳ 7ә FKӭF 9ăQ KRi /LrQ +LӋS 4XӕF ÿm
FKӫ WUѭѫQJ W{Q YLQK +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Oj QKj YăQ KRi

Trang 2146 vҥFK WUҫQ WKDP YӑQJ WKӵF Vӵ PөF ÿtFK GX\ QKҩW FӫD WұS
ÿRjQ OmQK Wө FӝQJ VҧQ ³Jk\ QrQ FiL K͕D FKL͇Q WUDQK ED P˱˯L QăP WjQ
ViW KjQJ P̭\ WUL͏X WKDQK QLrQ 9L͏W 3KiS 0Ϳ Ĉ̩L +jQ KD\ ͛F Ĉ̩L /ͫL
Ĉ͋ OjP Ju" Ĉ͋ W͹ O͡W P̿W Q̩ VDX QJj\ WX\rQ E͙ F{QJ NKDL ;ã
K͡L FKͯ QJKƭD Yj WK̭W E̩L KRjQ WRjQ P˱ͥL QăP VDX´

7UDQJ WUuQK Ej\ TXDQ ÿLӇP FӫD QKj OXұW KӑF SKiQ [pW OӡL Nêu
JӑL WRjQ TXӕF NKiQJ FKLӃQ ³+͛ &Kt 0LQK FK͑ NrX J͕L WRàn dân ‘kháng
FKL͇Q FK͙QJ 3KiS JLjQK ÿ͡F O̵S WK͙QJ QK̭W¶ FKͱ NK{QJ WKrP U̹QJ
µYj ÿ͋ FͱX ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ V̫Q Ĉ{QJ '˱˯QJ ÿ͋ FKR Ĉ̫QJ Fy WK͋ ÿ̭X W͙ WUt
SK~ ÿ͓D KjR W͓FK WKX UX͡QJ ÿ̭W WjL V̫Q FͯD ÿ͛QJ EjR [k\ G͹QJ ;m K͡L
&Kͯ QJKƭD Yj WKLrQ ÿ˱ͥQJ F͡QJ V̫Q¶ Ĉy Oj V͹ JḼX JL͇P Yj JLDQ WUi K͏
WU͕QJ QK̭W ÿm O˱ͥQJ J̩W WRjQ GkQ NKL͇Q FKR 9L͏W 0LQK F͡QJ V̫Q NK{QJ
bao giͥ Fy µFKtQK WK͙QJ¶ QJD\ Wͳ SK~W EDQ ÿ̯X IUDXV RPQLD FRUUXPSLW

JLDQ WUi OjP K˱ K͇W ´
1ѫL WUDQJ FK~QJ WD FKӭQJ NLӃQ Vӵ JLDQ PDQK Y{ VӍ FӫD FiF

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 163

QJzL E~W YLӃW Vӱ FӝQJ VҧQ NKL FXӕQ /ӏFK Vӱ 9LӋW 1DP FӫD
+j 1ӝL [XҩW EҧQ QăP WѭӡQJ WKXұW WҥL WUDQJ UҵQJ ³ÿ͛QJ FKt
9} 1JX\rQ *LiS G̳Q ÿ̯X SKiL ÿRjQ 9L͏W 1DP ÿL K͕S K͡L QJK͓ WU E͓ W̩L
Ĉj O̩W´ WURQJ NKL WKӵF UD FKtQK 1JX\ӉQ 7ѭӡQJ 7DP WURQJ Wѭ FiFK %ӝ
WUѭӣQJ 1JRҥL JLDR PӟL Oj WUѭӣQJ ÿRjQ KӝL QJKӏ OLrQ KӋ

7UDQJ NӇ PӝW FiFK WUXQJ QJ{Q QJKӏFK QKƭ YӅ PӝW QKkQ YұW
KLӋQ ÿDQJ VLQK VӕQJ Yj JLDR WKLӋS YӟL WiF JLҧ ³ ÿ͇Q W̵Q QăP
Pj {QJ +RjQJ ;XkQ +mQ Y̳Q FzQ W˱ͧQJ U̹QJ F͡QJ V̫Q 9} 1JX\rQ
*LiS OjP YL͏F FKR GkQ FKR Q˱ͣF FKͱ NK{QJ SK̫L FKR Ĉ̫QJ Oj ÿL͉X \
gi̭X NtQ WKu FzQ WUiFK FKL KDL FKͭF WUL͏X ÿ͛QJ EjR ÿm X Pr KD\ TXi
Vͫ V͏W Pj QK˱ FRQ WKLrX WKkQ QK̫\ YjR EL͋Q O͵D ͧ 9ƭQK <rQ 1LQK
Bình, Ĉ{QJ 7UL͉X WKͥL 'H /DWWUH KD\ ĈL͏Q %LrQ 3Kͯ WKͥL 1DYDUUH ´

1ӃX WKrP YjL FKӳ QӳD ³%uQK 7Uӏ 7KLrQ ÿѭӡQJ PzQ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK
WKӡL µFKӕQJ 0ӻ FӭX QѭӟF¶ ´ WKu FkX YăQ Qj\ WUӣ WKjQK QJӑQ ÿuQK OLӋX
VRL ÿѭӡQJ FKR QKӳQJ %L 7tQ QKӳQJ 'ѭѫQJ 7KX +ѭѫQJ FNJQJ QKѭ
QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ³SKҧQ NKiQJ´ NKiF

1rQ JKL QKұQ UҵQJ VDX QJӳ ÿRҥQ Qj\ FzQ WKrP PӝW FkX WKҩP WKtD
³1yL FiFK NKiF WURQJ NKL ͧ QJRjL PL͏QJ *LiS QyL U̹QJ µSK̫L ÿRjQ N͇W¶
WKu WURQJ OzQJ \ W͹ QKͯ U̹QJ µFK͑ ÿRjQ N͇W JLDL ÿR̩Q WK{L¶ 7DP 1JX\͍Q
7˱ͥQJ 7DP Yj +mQ +RjQJ ;XkQ +mQ Fy G̩L WKu WLQ´ &KtQK Vӵ X Pr
P{QJ PXӝL ODR ÿҫX YjR FiL JӑL Oj FKLӃQ WUDQK YӋ TXӕF WURQJ NKL WKӵF
UD Oj YӋ ÿҧQJ WUѭӟF ÿk\ UӗL PӟL ÿk\ YjR FiL JӑL Oj FKLӃQ WUDQK JLҧL
SKyQJ PLӅQ 1DP FӫD NK{QJ ELӃW EDR QKLrX WKDQK QLrQ WKDQK Qӳ Yj Fҧ
QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WUXQJ QLrQ ÿm NKLӃQ OmR +RjQJ 4XӕF 9LӋW Fy GӏS [RD ÿҫX
ÿiP TXҫQ FK~QJ ÿy Pj EDQ NKHQ PӝW FiFK KӃW VӭF WUӏFK WKѭӧQJ UҵQJ
QKkQ GkQ WD UҩW DQK KQJ´

F 4XD Eӝ Vӱ Yƭ ÿҥL Yj ÿҫ\ F{QJ SKX JӗP JҫQ WUDQJ ViFK NKә
OӟQ VRҥQ WKҧR Nӻ FjQJ YӟL WXәL WiF WUrQ FKR WKҩ\ {QJ +RjQJ &ѫ
7Kө\ Oj PӝW FKLӃQ Vƭ TXӕF JLD NLrQ WUu FKLӃQ ÿҩX FKR Wӵ GR ÿӝF OұS Yj
OX{Q FKLӃQ ÿҩX WURQJ PӑL WuQK KXӕQJ WXәL JLj NK{QJ OjP WUӣ QJҥL QKӳQJ
KRjL EmR FӫD {QJ ÿӕL YӟL 4XӕF *LD Yj 'kQ 7ӝF ÐQJ Fy QKӳQJ QKұQ
ÿӏQK UҩW WLQK WӃ Yj FKkQ WKұW WURQJ FX{F FKLӃQ 91 {QJ Oj PӝW QKkQ
FKӭQJ VӕQJ Fy JLi WUӏ WURQJ FKӭF Yө ĈҥL 6ӭ 91&+ WҥL 9ѭѫQJ 4XӕF /jR
Yj Oj PӝW Vӱ JLD NK{QJ FKX\rQ QJKLӋS QKѭQJ Eӝ Vӱ VRҥQ WKҧR UҩW F{QJ
SKX Yj FұS QKұW ÿҫ\ ÿӫ WjL OLӋX OӏFK Vӱ UҩW FҫQ FKR WKӃ KӋ WUҿ 91 ÿӇ WuP
KLӇX FKӫ WKX\ӃW VDL OҫP FӫD ÿҧQJ &691 FҫQ SKҧL WUiQK Yj QKӳQJ KRjL
EmR FXҧ WKӃ KӋ WUҿ PRQJ PXӕQ ÿL WuP FRQ ÿѭӡQJ SKөF KѭQJ ÿҩW QѭӟF

164 LONG ĐIỀN

6ӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ

7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ

7,ӆ8 6Ӱ

7rQ WKұW 75Ҫ1 *,$ 3+Ө1* VLQK QăP WҥL 'X\ ;X\rQ
4XҧQJ 1DP FRQ WUDL QKj WKѫ 7UҫQ *LD 7KRҥL

1JX\rQ TXiQ WӍQK 4XҧQJ 1DP
7ӕW QJKLӋS %DQ 6ӱ ĈLҥ ĈҥL +ӑF 6ѭ 3KҥP +XӃ QăP
7ӕW QJKLӋS &ӱ QKkQ *LiR NKRD 6ӱ KӑF ĈҥL +ӑF 9ăQ .KRD +XӃ QăP

7UѭӟF QăP 'ҥ\ WҥL 7UXQJ KӑF 3KDQ &KkX 7ULQK Ĉj 1ҹQJ Yj
*LҧQJ YLrQ 9LӋQ ĈҥL +ӑF &ӝQJ ĈӗQJ Ĉj 1ҹQJ QăP

± 1JKӍ Gҥ\ VLQK VӕQJ WҥL Ĉj 1ҹQJ ÿӃQ Yj 6jL *zQ
ÿӃQ

- ÿӃQ QD\ ĈӏQK Fѭ WҥL 7RURQWR &DQDGD
7È& 3+Ҭ0

7UѭӟF QăP
6ӱ ĈLҥ OӟS ViFK JLiR NKRD KӧS VRҥQ YӟL QKLӅX WiF JLҧ 6jL *zQ
1[E 7UѭӡQJ 7KL 1JѭӡL YLӃW SKө WUiFK SKҫQ JLiR NKRD 9LӋW
Vӱ
Tӯ
1) 7UXQJ .Ǥ GkQ ELӃQ ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR

2) 1KӳQJ FkX FKX\ӋQ 9LӋW Vӱ ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR
3) 1KӳQJ FXӝF ÿҧR FKiQK FXQJ ÿuQK 9LӋW 1DP ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR

1998)

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 165

4) 1KӳQJ FkX FKX\ӋQ 9LӋW Vӱ WұS ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR
5) 1KӳQJ NǤ iQ WURQJ 9LӋW Vӱ ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR
6) 4XҧQJ 1DP WURQJ OӏFK Vӱ ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR
7) ÈQ WtFK FӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR

*LҧL QKҩW *LҧL 9ăQ KӑF QăP FXҧ +ӝL 4XӕF 7Ӄ < 6L9LӋW 1DP 7ӵ 'R
/Ӊ 7UDR JLҧL Wә FKӭF WҥL $QDKHLP &DOLIRUQLD QJj\
8) ҦL 1DP 4XDQ ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR

9) 1KӳQJ FkX FKX\ӋQ 9LӋW Vӱ WұS ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR
10) ([SRVLQJ WKH 0\WK RI +ӗ &Kt 0LQK 6iFK VRQJ QJӳ 7RURQWR

4-2003)
11) 4XҧQJ 1DP WURQJ OӏFK Vӱ WұS ELrQ NKҧR 7RURQWR
12) 9LӋW 6ӱ ĈҥL &ѭѫQJ WұS FӫD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ

7ұS 7ӯ NKӣL WKӫ\ ÿӃQ QăP Oj QăP YXD /r /ӧL ÿiQK ÿXәL TXkQ
0LQK UD NKӓL QѭӟF Yj OұS UD QKj /r

7ұS 7ӯ ÿӃQ Oj QăP 1JX\ӉQ 3K~F ÈQK WKӕQJ QKҩW ÿҩW
QѭӟF OұS UD QKj 1JX\ӉQ

7ұS 7ӯ QăP ÿӃQ QăP Oj QăP 3KiS EҧR Kӝ 9LӋW 1DP
7ұS 7ӯ QăP ÿӃQ QăP Oj QăP 1KұW ÿҧR FKiQK 3KiS ӣ
Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ 9XD %ҧR ĈҥL WX\rQ Eӕ ÿӝF OұS QJj\ 9LӋW
0LQK FKLӃP FKtQK TX\ӅQ Ĉk\ FKtQK Oj QӝL GXQJ WұS Wӯ ÿӃQ
Pj FK~QJ WD ÿDQJ EjQ YӟL QKDX 7ұS Qҫ\ EҳW ÿҫX ÿL YjR WKӡL KLӋQ
ÿҥL QrQ ÿѭӧF QKLӅX QJѭӡL FK~ ê
7ұS Yj WұS /~F ÿҫX FK~QJ W{L Gӵ WtQK YLӃW Wӯ ÿӃQ
WKjQK PӝW WұS Oj WұS 7X\ QKLrQ QD\ WKҩ\ GjL TXi QrQ FK~QJ W{L SKҧL
WiFK UD OjP WұS 9ұ\ WұS Wӯ ÿӃQ Yj VDX ÿy WұS Wӯ
ÿӃQ 7ұS VӁ [XҩW EҧQ QăP Yj WұS QăP

-1KұQ ÿӏQK YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD
3KөQJ Fy QKӳQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK QKѭ VDX:

&KtQK 3Kӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP FӭX ÿyL WҥL %ҳF .Ǥ : (Án tích
&ӝQJ 6ҧQ FXҧ Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ 1;% 1RQ 1ѭӟF 7RURQWR &DQDGD
Wӯ WUDQJ ÿӃQ WUDQJ WjL OLӋX WUtFK GүQ YҳQ WҳW QKѭ VDX

³6DX NKL 1KұW ÿҧR FKiQK 3KiS WKiQJ QăP 1KұW WX\rQ Eӕ
WUDR WUҧ ÿӝF OұS FKR FiF QѭӟF Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ JӗP 9LӋW 0LrQ /jR ÿӇ
cùng nhau gia nhұS NKӕL ĈҥL '{QJ È GR 1KұW ÿӭQJ ÿҫX

166 LONG ĐIỀN

1Jj\ 9XD %ҧR ĈҥL FQJ FiF WKѭӧQJ WKѭ WURQJ QӝL FiF
Nam TriӅX ÿӗQJ Nê %Ҧ1 78<Ç1 1*Ð1 ĈӜ& /Ұ3 GR 3KҥP 4XǤQK
ELrQ VRҥQ Kӫ\ Eӓ WҩW Fҧ FiF YăQ NLӋQ KLӋS ѭӟF 3KiS 9LӋW WUѭӟF ÿk\ 1Kѭ
Yұ\ 9LӋW 1DP KRjQ WRjQ ĈӝF /ұS ÿӕL YӟL 3KiS NӇ Wӯ QJj\

Ngày 17.4.1945 vua BҧR ĈҥL UD FKӍ WKӏ FKR KӑF JLҧ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ
.LP WKjQK OұS FKtQK SKӫ YӟL WKjQK SKҫQ JӗP ÿD Vӕ WUt WKӭF Yà chuyên
JLD \rX QѭӟF Ĉk\ Oj FKtQK SKӫ ÿҫX WLrQ ӣ 9LӋW 1DP Wә FKӭF WKHR Fѫ
FҩX 7k\ 3KѭѫQJ JӗP QKLӅX Eӝ ĈӭQJ ÿҫX PӛL Eӝ Oj PӝW Eӝ WUѭӣQJ
SKө WUiFK FKX\rQ QJKjQK ĈӭQJ WUѭӟF QҥQ ÿyL QăP ҨW 'ұX PӝW
WURQJ QKӳQJ FKѭѫQJ WUuQK NKҭQ FҩS FXҧ FKtQK SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP Oà
JLҧL TX\ӃW FӭX ÿyL ӣ %ҳF .Ǥ 3KѭѫQJ iQ FӭX ÿyL EDR JӗP FKX\rQ FKӣ
QKLӅX O~D JҥR EҵQJ QKLӅX SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ JLDR WK{QJ [H Yj WKX\ӅQ Wӯ 1DP
ra BҳF ÿӗQJ WKӡL EұQ YӅ FKӣ OX{Q PӝW Vӕ OӟQ GkQ %ҳF .Ǥ Y{ 1DP
OұS QJKLӋS Gӵ WU QJѭӡL FKtQK SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP ÿm FKӣ
ÿѭӧF WҩQ JҥR Wӯ 1DP UD %ҳF Yj PXD WҥL FKӛ WҩQ JҥR FXҧ NKR
QKj QѭӟF ÿӇ SKiW FKҭQ FӭX ÿyL /ӵF OѭӧQJ FӭX ÿyL FKӫ \ӃX Oà thanh
QLrQ VLQK YLrQ KӑF VLQK KѭӟQJ ÿҥR +RjQJ ĈҥR 7K~\ 7ҥ 4XDQJ %ӳX
JLD ÿuQK 3KұW 7ӱ /r ĈuQK 7KiP ÿk\ Oj OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ JLӟL WUҿ 9LӋW 1DP
WKӵF Vӵ EҳW WD\ YjR KRҥW ÿӝQJ [m KӝL TX\rQ JyS WLӅQ EҥF ÿӇ PXD JҥR
FKӣ UD %ҳF FӭX ÿyL

6DX QJj\ FѭӟS FKtQK TX\ӅQ 9LӋW 0LQK ÿm OӧL GөQJ OӵF
OѭӧQJ WUҿ Qҫ\ YjR FiF QKX FҫX FKtQK WUӏ FXҧ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ ĈӃQ WKiQJ QăP
WuQK KuQK ÿm әQ ÿӏQK JLi JҥR WҥL PLӅQ %ҳF ÿm [XӕQJ FKƭ Fòn 260
ÿӗQJ PӝW Wҥ WKu NӃ WLӃS QҥQ QJұS OөW WKiQJ QăP OҥL [ҧ\ UD NKLӃQ
PүX Wk\ UXӝQJ O~D Eӏ QJұS ~QJ WKLӋW KҥL WҩQ O~D Qên
QҥQ ÿyL OҥL Fy Fѫ WiL GLӉQ &ӝQJ WKrP KjQK ÿӝQJ SKi KRҥL FѭӟS JLұW
JҥR FӭX ÿyL ÿHP YjR PұW NKX FӫD 9LӋW 0LQK ÿm OjP FKR QҥQ ÿyL WUҫP
WUӑQJ WKrP 1Kѭ Yұ\ FKӭQJ Wӓ WURQJ Yө ÿyL QăP ҨW 'ұX FKtQK
SKӫ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ .LP ÿm Fy F{QJ OҥF TX\rQ WLӅQ EҥF ÿӗQJ WKӡL WUӵF WLӃS
YұQ FKX\ӇQ OXi JҥR FKR 0LӅQ %ҵF ÿӇ FӭX ÿyL´

9,ӊ7 0,1+ /Ӧ, 'Ө1* 1Ҥ1 ĈÏ, Wӯ WUDQJ

ÐQJ 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ ÿm VѭX WҫP WjL OLӋX Yj FKӭQJ PLQK Oj 9LӋW
0LQK &ӝQJ VҧQ OӧL GөQJ QҥQ ÿyL FKұQ FѭӟS WLӅQ EҥF FӭX WUӧ FKұQ FѭӟS
OѭѫQJ WKӵF FӭX ÿyL ÿHP YjR PұW NKX FӫD 9LӋW 0LQK Eӓ PһF GkQ ÿyL
ÿk\ Oj PӝW NKiP SKi PӟL WURQJ OӏFK Vӱ FұQ NLP YӅ WӝL iF FӫD &691
WURQJ FXӝF FKLӃQ

³9jR ÿ̯X QăP +͛ &Kt 0LQK Wͳ 7UXQJ +RD Y͉ Q˱ͣF ÿ̿W
FăQ Fͱ ͧ KDQJ 3̷F %y FKkX +j 4X̫QJ W͑QK &DR %̹QJ ÐQJ W͝ FKͱF

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 167

K͡L QJK͓ 7UXQJ ˱˯QJ ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q Ĉ{QJ '˱˯QJ O̯Q WKͱ WKiQJ
ÿ̿W 7U˱ͥQJ &KLQK Ĉ̿QJ ;XkQ .KX OrQ OjP W͝QJ Et WK˱ +͡L
QJK͓ Q̯\ ÿ˱D UD KDL TX\͇W ÿ͓QK FKtQK Oj KͫS WKͱF KRi 0̿W WU̵Q 9L͏W
1DP Ĉ͡F /̵S Ĉ͛QJ 0LQK +͡L J͕L W̷W Oj 9L͏W 0LQK Yj ÿ͉ UD N͇ KR̩FK
phát tri͋Q ÿ̫QJ 9L͏W 0LQK WKjQK O̵S QKͷQJ FKL͇Q NKX QKͷQJ YQJ W͹
WU͓ Yj W͝ FKͱF GX NtFK TXkQ 7ͳ QăP 9L͏W 0LQK K{ KjR Q{QJ GkQ
Q͝L ,OHQ FK͙QJ V˱X WKX͇ FK͙QJ YL͏F F˱ͩQJ EiFK WU˱QJ PXD O~D J̩R Yj
FKRQJ O͏QK FKX\͋Q ÿ͝L ÿ̭W WU͛QJ Wͳ Fk\ Q{QJ QJKL͏S TXD Fk\ NͿ QJK͏
FͯD QJ˱ͥL 3KiS

1̩Q ÿyL [̫\ UD Oj F˯ K͡L WKX̵Q OͫL FKR 9L͏W 0LQK WX\rQ WUX\͉Q O{L
FX͙Q TX̯Q FK~QJ 9L͏W 0LQK OrQ iQ FKtQK TX\͉Q 3KiS 1K̵W Oj WiF QKkQ
gây ra n̩Q ÿyL +͕ [~L GkQ OăQJ QKͭF QKͷQJ YLrQ FKͱF FKtQK TX\͉Q
OR YL͏F FͱX W͇ Yj [~L GkQ FK͙QJ ÿ͙L YL͏F WU˱QJ PXD O~D J̩R .KL EL͇W
ÿ˱ͫF ĈͱF ÿm ÿ̯X KjQJ Ĉ͛QJ 0LQK YjR WKiQJ Yj 1K̵W V͵D VR̩Q
ÿ̯X KjQJ YjR WKiQJ 9L͏W 0LQK O̩L [~L GkQ ÿiQK SKi FiF NKR
O~D 7URQJ F˯Q QJKqR ÿyL W~QJ TX̳Q Fy QJ˱ͥL Ej\ FKR SK˱˯QJ FiFK
NL͇P J̩R ÿ͋ ăQ QrQ GkQ FK~QJ K˱ͧQJ ͱQJ NKi ÿ{QJ 9L͏W 0LQK EL͇W
ÿ˱ͫF WLQ WͱF WK̭W E̩L Yj ÿ̯X KjQJ FͯD FiF ,P˱ͣF ĈͱF 1K̵W %̫Q Oj QKͥ
WK{QJ WLQ FͯD WuQK EiR &͡QJ V̫Q 4X͙F W͇ FNJQJ QK˱ QKͥ OjP YL͏F YͣL
F˯ TXDQ WuQK EiR 266 2IILFH RI 6WUDWHJLF 6HUYLFHV WL͉Q WKkQ FͯD &,$
KD\ &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH $JHQF\ FͯD +RD .Ǥ

%͉ QJRjL 9L͏W 0LQK OͫL GͭQJ Q̩Q ÿyL ÿ͋ WX\rQ WUX\͉Q NKX\QK ÿ̫R
ErQ WURQJ GX NtFK 9L͏W 0LQK kP WK̯P FK̵Q E̷W QKͷQJ FKX\͇Q [H KD\
QKͷQJ FKX\͇Q JKH FKͧ J̩R Wͳ PL͉Q 1DP UD U͛L 9L͏W 0LQK ÿHP WL͇S
W͇ FKR QKͷQJ P̵W NKX FͯD K͕ 1KͷQJ ÿRjQ [H WL͇S W͇ KD\ QKͷQJ ÿRjQ
ghe chͧ J̩R QjR Pj 9L͏W 0LQK NK{QJ WK͋ FK̵Q F˱ͣS ÿ˱ͫF ÿ͋ ÿHP OrQ
P̵W NKX WKu 9L͏W 0LQK FXQJ F̭S WLQ WͱF FKR SKH Ĉ͛QJ 0LQK GQJ Pi\
ED\ E̷Q SKi QK̭W Oj QKͷQJ Y͓ WUt FKͱD J̩R FͯD 1K̵W.

Ĉ˱ͥQJ JLDR WK{QJ NKy NKăQ ÿ͇Q Q͟L FKtQK SKͯ 7U̯Q 7U͕QJ .LP
ph̫L GQJ [H ÿ̩S ÿ͉ FKX\͋Q F{QJ YăQ +jQK ÿ͡QJ FͯD 9L͏W 0LQK OjP
FKR YL͏F WL͇S W͇ J̩R Wͳ 1DP UD %̷F FjQJ WUͧ QrQ NKy NKăQ 7ͳ ÿy Q̩Q
ÿyL FjQJ WU̯P WU͕QJ 1̩Q ÿyL FjQJ WU̯P WU͕QJ WKu 9L͏W 0LQK FjQJ G͍
KR̩W ÿ͡QJ WX\rQ WUX\͉Q NtFK ÿ͡QJ TX̯Q FK~QJ 1yL WKHR QJ̩Q QJͷ GkQ
gian Vi͏W 1DP 9L͏W 0LQK ÿ~QJ Oj ³YͳD ăQ F˱ͣS YͳD OD OjQJ´ 1Kͥ
WK͇ WK͇ O͹F 9L͏W 0LQK QJj\ P͡W YͷQJ P̩QK ͧ NK̷S FiF YQJ UͳQJ Q~L
Yj Q{QJ WK{Q YQJ ÿ{QJ E̷F %̷F 9L͏W Ĉk\ Oj P͡W WURQJ QKͷQJ QJX\rQ
QKkQ JL̫L WKtFK W̩L VDR 9L͏W 0LQK F˱ͣS ÿ˱ͫF FKtQK TX\͉Q QKDQK FKyQJ
YjR PD WKX QăP W̩L +j 1͡L

168 LONG ĐIỀN

Ĉ˱ͥQJ JLDR WK{QJ NKy NKăQ ÿ͇Q Q͟L FKtQK SKͯ 7U̯Q 7U͕QJ .LP
ph̫L GQJ [H ÿ̩S ÿ͉ FKX\͋Q F{QJ YăQ +jQK ÿ͡QJ FͯD 9L͏W 0LQK OjP
FKR YL͏F WL͇S W͇ J̩R Wͳ 1DP UD %̷F FjQJ WUͧ QrQ NKy NKăQ 7ͳ ÿy Q̩Q
ÿyL FjQJ WU̯P WU͕QJ 1̩Q ÿyL FjQJ WU̯P WU͕QJ WKu 9L͏W 0LQK FjQJ G͍
KR̩W ÿ͡QJ WX\rQ WUX\͉Q NtFK ÿ͡QJ TX̯Q FK~QJ 1yL WKHR QJ̩Q QJͷ GkQ
gian Vi͏W 1DP 9L͏W 0LQK ÿ~QJ Oj ³YͳD ăQ F˱ͣS YͳD OD OjQJ´ 1Kͥ
WK͇ WK͇ O͹F 9L͏W 0LQK QJj\ P͡W YͷQJ P̩QK ͧ NK̷S FiF YQJ UͳQJ Q~L
Yj Q{QJ WK{Q YQJ ÿ{QJ E̷F %̷F 9L͏W Ĉk\ Oj P͡W WURQJ QKͷQJ QJX\rQ
QKkQ JL̫L WKtFK W̩L VDR 9L͏W 0LQK F˱ͣS ÿ˱ͫF FKtQK TX\͉Q QKDQK FKyQJ
YjR PD WKX QăP W̩L +j 1͡L

'˱ͣL WKͥL 3KiS Yj 1K̵W 9L͏W 0LQK OͫL GͭQJ Q̩Q ÿyL ÿ͋ WX\rQ
WUX\͉Q FK͙QJ FKtQK SKͯ QK̷P F˱ͣS ÿ˱ͫF FKtQK TX\͉Q 6DX NKL F˱ͣS
, Vi͏W 0LQK K{ KjR U̹QJ Q̩Q ÿyL FNJQJ Oj P͡W N̓ WK QJX\ KL͋P QK˱ Q̩Q
QJR̩L [kP Yj ÿ˱D UD NḴX KL͏X ³.K{QJ P͡W W̭F ÿ̭W E͗ KRDQJ NK{QJ
P͡W FiQK WD\ Y{ GͭQJ´ +͕ NKX\͇Q NKtFK GkQ FK~QJ W̵Q O͹F FDQK WiF
FiF OR̩L Fk\ WK͹F SḴP 7URQJ NKL ÿy VDX QJj\ 9L͏W 0LQK
F͡QJ V̫Q W͓FK WKX WRjQ E͡ WL͉Q E̩F FͯD FiF TXͿ FͱX ÿyL WUrQ WRjQ TX͙F
QJKƭD Oj F˱ͣS O̭\ WjL V̫Q FͯD QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL ÿDQJ ÿyL GR QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL

K̹QJ WkP JL~S ÿͩ
/~F ÿy WKͥL WL͇W FzQ ḘW OͫL 9ͭ WKX ÿ{QJ NK{QJ NK̫ TXDQ QK˱QJ
FX͙L FQJ Q̩Q ÿyL ͧ %̷F 9L͏W G̯Q G̯Q FNJQJ TXD ÿL YjR JLͷD QăP
NK{QJ SK̫L QKͥ WjL ED OmQK ÿ̩R FͯD 9L͏W 0LQK QK˱QJ QKͥ FiF V͹ NL͏Q
FKtQK VDX ÿk\ 1K̵W %̫Q ÿm ÿ̯X KjQJ Ĉ͛QJ PLQK 9L͏W 1DP NK{QJ
FzQ SK̫L [X̭W F̫QJ J̩R VDQJ 1K̵W %̫Q Q{QJ JLD NK{QJ FzQ E͓ E̷W
EX͡F EiQ J̩R Ĉ͛QJ PLQK NK{QJ FzQ E̷Q SKi FiF WUͭF O͡ JLDR WK{QJ
ͧ 9L͏W 1DP [H F͡ WjX Eq ÿ˱ͫF W͹ GR FKX\rQ FKͧ O~D J̩R Wͳ 1DP UD
B̷F NKi ÿ̯\ ÿͯ 'kQ V͙ %̷F 9L͏W JL̫P U} U͏W Yu QJRjL V͙ QJ˱ͥL ÿm
FK͇W ÿyL P͡W V͙ OͣQ NKiF ÿm GL F˱ YjR 1DP O̵S QJKL͏S

1ҥQ ÿyL QăP Oj QҥQ ÿyL NLQK KRjQJ QKҩW WURQJ OӏFK Vӱ
9LӋW 1DP &QJ WURQJ WKӡL JLDQ Qҫ\ WҥL 1KұW %ҧQ TXҧ ERP QJX\rQ
Wӱ ÿҫX WLrQ WKҧ [XӕQJ WKjQK SKӕ +LURVKLPD QJj\ ÿm JLӃW FKӃW
QJѭӡL Yj TXҧ ERP WKӭ QKu [XӕQJ 1DJDVDNL QJj\
JLӃW FKӃW QJѭӡL 6ӕ Wӱ YRQJ FӫD Fҧ KDL Yө Qә ERP QJX\rQ Wӱ OrQ
NKRҧQJ WUrQ QJѭӡL 6R YӟL Vӕ QJѭӡL FKӃW WURQJ QҥQ ÿyL ӣ
9LӋW 1DP FRQ Vӕ ÿy PӟL FKӍ EҵQJ PӝW SKҫQ QăP QӃX WKHR WKӕQJ Nr FӫD
'DYLG * 0DUU Yj FKӍ EҵQJ PӝW SKҫQ PѭӡL QӃX WKHR FiF WjL OLӋX NKiF

ĈLӅX ÿiQJ QKҩQ PҥQK ӣ ÿk\ Oj QJX\rQ QKkQ Jk\ UD QҥQ ÿyL ÿӇ ÿѭD
ÿӃQ Vӕ Wӱ YRQJ FDR QKѭ Yұ\ 7UѭӟF ÿk\ FiF QҥQ ÿyL FKӍ GR WKLrQ WDL KD\
GR FKLӃQ WUDQK NK{QJ Fy WtQK FiFK Fӕ ê FӫD QKj FҫP TX\ӅQ ĈjQJ Qҫ\
nҥQ ÿyL QăP GR FRQ QJѭӡL &691 WҥR UD FKR FRQ QJѭӡL

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 169

OjP FKR GkQ FK~QJ 9L͏W 1DP ÿLrX ÿͱQJ QJ˱ͥL 3KiS FNJQJ QK˱ QJ˱ͥL
Nh̵W Y̳Q OjP QJ˯ Yj WL͇S WͭF iS GͭQJ FKtQK ViFK WjQ E̩R ÿy

7Kͱ ED ErQ F̩QK ÿy 0̿W WU̵Q 9L͏W 0LQK NKDL WKiF Q̩Q ÿyL WKͳD
Q˱ͣF ÿͭF WK̫ FkX YͳD ÿ͋ WX\rQ WX\͉Q YͳD ÿ͋ JLjQK O̭\ WK͹F SḴP FͯD
GkQ OjP FKR Q̩Q ÿyL WKrP WU̯P WU͕QJ 9L͏W 0LQK ḘW FK̭S VLQK P̩QJ
FͯD QJ˱ͥL GkQ WuP W̭W F̫ FiF FiFK ÿ͋ WKͯ OͫL FKR ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q WURQJ
NKL GkQ FK~QJ FK͇W ÿyL 9L͏W 0LQK YͳD [~L GkQ FK͙QJ YL͏F EiQ O~D J̩R
ÿ͋ O̭\ OzQJ GkQ YͳD W͝ FKͱF ăQ F˱ͣS ÿ͋ ÿHP YjR P̵W NKX QX{L FiQ E͡
F͡QJ V̫Q YͳD FXQJ F̭S WLQ WͱF WuQK EiR FKR Ĉ͛QJ 0LQK E̷Q SKi Jk\ F̫Q
WUͧ YL͏F FKX\rQ FKͧ O~D J̩R FͱX GkQ 1KͷQJ KjQK ÿ͡QJ FͯD 9L͏W 0LQK
ÿm OjP U͙L OR̩Q WuQK KuQK FͱX W͇ Yj OjP FKR Q̩Q ÿyL WKrP WU̯P WU͕QJ

+DL QKj F̯P TX\͉Q FK͓X WUiFK QKL͏P FKtQK Jk\ WKL͏W P̩QJ KjQJ
WUL͏X VLQK OLQK Y{ W͡L 9L͏W 1DP WURQJ Q̩Q ÿyL Oj 3KiS Yj 1K̵W
FK˱D P͡W O̯Q OrQ WL͇QJ WK~ QK̵Q WUiFK QKL͏P ÿm Jk\ UD WK̫P WU̩QJ Q̯\
Ĉ͋ E͛L WK˱ͥQJ FKL͇Q WUDQK QJj\ 1K̵W Nê N͇W WK͗D ˱ͣF YͣL
9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +zD WU̫ WUL͏X 0Ϳ NLP Yj JL~S 9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +zD
YD\ WUL͏X 0Ϳ NLP ÿ͋ WiL WKL͇W ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF

1K̵W %̫Q FzQ YL͏Q WUͫ 9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +zD [k\ G͹QJ K͏ WK͙QJ WKͯ\
ÿL͏Q ĈD 1KLP Yj QJj\ QD\ WKHR WLQ FiF EiR 1K̵W %̫Q JL~S FK͇ ÿ͡
F͡QJ V̫Q +j 1͡L G͹QJ F̯X &̯Q 7K˯ TXD V{QJ +̵X G͹ iQ WKL KjQK QăP
QK˱QJ WU˱ͣF VDX 1K̵W %̫Q NK{QJ ÿ̫ ÿ͡QJ Ju ÿ͇Q WUL͏X VLQK
OLQK X͝QJ W͵ QăP

&zQ ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏W 1DP WKu EDR JLͥ FNJQJ Oê JL̫L Q̩Q ÿyL Fy OͫL
FKR K͕ G FKtQK K͕ Oj N̓ WzQJ SK̩P YͣL 3KiS Yj 1K̵W 1D\ K͕ ÿDQJ
F̯Q V͹ JL~S ÿͩ FͯD F̫ 3KiS O̳Q 1K̵W QrQ FK̻QJ GiP OrQ WL͇QJ Ju Y͉
YL͏F Q̯\ Ĉy Oj FK˱D N͋ Q͇X &691 Vͫ U̹QJ Q͇X ÿzL K͗L QJ˱ͥL 3KiS Yj
QJ˱ͥL 1K̵W E͛L WK˱ͥQJ WKu F˯ TXDQ DQ QLQK FͯD KDL Q˱ͣF Q̯\ Vͅ ÿ˱D
UD QKͷQJ WLQ WͱF FKR WK̭\ 9L͏W 0LQK ÿm WzQJ SK̩P YͣL K͕ ÿ͋ OjP FKR
Q̩Q ÿyL WKrP WU̯P WU͕QJ.

1KL͉X Q˱ͣF WUrQ WK͇ JLͣL ÿm OrQ WL͇QJ Y͉ Yͭ KDL TX̫ ERP QJX\rQ W͵
Hoa KǤ WK̫ WUrQ ÿ̭W 1K̵W &̫ WK͇ JLͣL ÿ͉X FKR ÿy Oj WK̫P K͕D NLQK KRjQJ
FͯD ORjL QJ˱ͥL QK˱QJ FKR ÿ͇Q QD\ FK˱D Fy Q˱ͣF QjR WUrQ WK͇ JLͣL OrQ
WL͇QJ Y͉ WK̫P WU̩QJ NKͯQJ NKL͇S ͧ 9L͏W 1DP QăP 3KiS Yj 1K̵W
KDL WiF QKkQ QJR̩L TX͙F FKtQK Jk\ UD FiL FK͇W FͯD NKR̫QJ Wͳ
ÿ͇Q QJ˱ͥL 9L͏W Y̳Q FK˱D Fy P͡W OͥL [LQ O͟L Y͉ Q̩Q ÿyL W̩L
B̷F 9L͏W ÿ͋ FKͱQJ W͗ FRQ QJ˱ͥL FzQ P͡W FK~W O˱˯QJ WkP QKkQ OR̩L

*̯Q ÿk\ NKL YL͇W O̩L O͓FK V͵ KL͏Q ÿ̩L FiF QKj YL͇W V͵ 1K̵W %̫Q ÿm
E͗ TXD SK̯Q TXkQ ÿ͡L 1K̵W WURQJ WK͇ FKL͇Q WKͱ QKu ÿm O̩P GͭQJ WuQK
GͭF SKͭ Qͷ FiF Q˱ͣF +jQ 4X͙F Yj 7UXQJ +RD NKL͇Q FiF Q˱ͣF Q̯\ Yj

170 LONG ĐIỀN

QKͷQJ SKͭ Qͷ Q̩Q QKkQ FzQ V͙QJ VyW OLrQ WͭF OrQ WL͇QJ SK̫Q ÿ͙L 5LrQJ
Y͉ Q̩Q ÿyL QăP W̩L 9L͏W 1DP Pj 1K̵W %̫Q Oj WiF QKkQ FKtQK
NK{QJ EL͇W E͡ V͵ Q˱ͣF Q̯\ Fy ÿ͉ F̵S ÿ͇Q NK{QJ" 6͙ Q̩Q QKkQ WURQJ
Q̩Q ÿyL Q̯\ Fy WK͋ FzQ FDR K˯Q V͙ Q̩Q QKkQ E͓ TXkQ ÿ͡L 1K̵W %̫Q O̩P
GͭQJ WuQK GͭF WURQJ WK͇ FKL͇Q

.̓ WzQJ SK̩P FzQ ̱Q P̿W WURQJ Yͭ iQ Q̯\ F̯Q SK̫L ÿ˱ͫF QrX ÿtFK
GDQK .̓ WzQJ SK̩P Q̯\ ÿm ḘW FK̭S VLQK P̩QJ FͯD ÿ͛QJ EjR FK͑ FK~
WU͕QJ ÿ͇Q TX\͉Q OͫL ÿ̫QJ SKiL FͯD K͕ Pj WK{L 1J˱ͥL Q˱ͣF QJRjL OjP
K̩L GkQ 9L͏W ÿm Oj P͡W W͡L O͟L QKkQ OR̩L 1J˱ͥL FQJ WURQJ Q˱ͣF PL͏QJ
K{ KjR \rX W͝ TX͙F Yj ÿ͛QJ EjR Pj Yu TX\͉Q OͫL ÿ̫QJ SKiL Yj Yu WKHR
ÿX͝L FKͯ QJKƭD F͡QJ V̫Q QJR̩L ODL TXrQ ÿL WuQK QJKƭD GkQ W͡F WjQ E̩R
ÿ̱\ GkQ FK~QJ 9L͏W 1DP YjR F}L FK͇W ÿy Oj P͡W W͡L O͟L GkQ W͡F NK{QJ
WK͋ GXQJ WKͱ ÿ˱ͫF

'̯X ÿm TXi FK̵P QD\ ÿ͇Q O~F QJ˱ͥL 9L͏W 1DP Km\ FQJ QKDX ÿzL
K͗L F{QJ Oê FKR QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL ÿm Q̹P [X͙QJ FKR QKͷQJ RDQ K͛Q X͝QJ
W͵ ÿm OuD WU̯Q WURQJ Q̩Q ÿyL NLQK KRjQJ QK̭W FͯD O͓FK V͵ 9L͏W 1DP GR
FKtQK FRQ QJ˱ͥL ÿm KjQK K̩ FRQ QJ˱ͥL Yj ÿ̿F EL͏W GR P͡W QKyP WKL͋X
V͙ QJ˱ͥL 9L͏W JḼX P̿W ÿm JL͇W K̩L GkQ 9L͏W 1KyP WKL͋X V͙ JḼX P̿W ÿy
FKtQK Oj 9L͏W 0LQK F͡QJ V̫Q ´

9Ӆ QKӳQJ FXӝF WKӫ WLrX FKtQK WUӏ FӫD 9LӋW 0LQK

6ӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ ÿm JKL OҥL QKLӅX WUѭӡQJ KӧS Fi QKkQ Yj WұS
WKӇ ÿm Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK ViW KҥL Yj WKӫ WLrX WURQJ WKӡL NKRҧQJ Wӯ
WUDQJ GӃQ WUDQJ FXҧ TX\ӇQ ³ÈQ 7tFK &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP´ FӫD
Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ

* 1ăP (trang 60)

– 9ͭ Ð &̯X *Ḽ\ W̩L +j 1͡L QJj\ 9L͏W 0LQK W̭Q F{QJ
QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL F͡QJ V̫Q WͳQJ Oj ÿ͛QJ FKt FͯD K͕ QK˱QJ O\ NKDL ViW K̩L
QKL͉X QJ˱ͥL WURQJ V͙ Fy 3KL 9kQ 1JX\͍Q 9ăQ &ăQ W͵ WKͯ Yj K\ VLQK
W̩L FK͟ 7URQJ V͙ FK̩\ WKRiW Fy QJ˱ͥL Oj +͛ 7QJ 0̵X VDX E͓ JL͇W ͧ
7KDQK +yD QăP /kP ĈͱF 7Kͭ E͓ JL͇W ͧ 7KiL %uQK QăP
Nguy͍Q &{QJ 7UX\͉Q E͓ JL͇W ͧ 7KiL %uQK QăP

± 0͡W V͙ QKkQ Y̵W WKX͡F FiF ÿ̫QJ SKiL ÿ͙L O̵S ͧ +j 1͡L QK˱
Nguy͍Q 7K͇ 1JKL͏S 1JX\͍Q 1J͕F 6˯Q E͓ JL͇W YjR WKiQJ
WUDQJ ĈjR &KX .K̫L E͓ KjQK K̩ U͛L E͓ JL͇W ͧ YQJ 7ͱ 7͝QJ +j
NӝL 1KLӅX ÿҧQJ YLrQ 4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ NKL Wӯ 7UXQJ +RD YӅ QѭӟF
ÿkEӏ 9LӋW 0LQK WKӫ WLrX QӃX Wӓ UD NK{QJ FKӏX WKHR &ӝQJ 6ҧQ

± 1KyP %̫R +RjQJ Fy QKkQ Y̵W TXDQ WU͕QJ Oj 3K̩P 4XǤQK Yj
1J{ ĈuQK .K{L FQJ YͣL WU˱ͧQJ QDP 1J{ ĈuQK +XkQ E͓ JL͇W QJj\
6-9-1945.(trang 64-66)

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 171

± 1KyP Ĉ͏ 7ͱ Fy 7̩ 7KX 7KkX E͓ JL͇W WKiQJ W̩L ³YQJ
UͳQJ G˱˯QJ OL͍X´ Eͥ EL͋Q 0Ϳ .Kr W͑QK 4X̫QJ 1JmL 3KDQ 9ăQ +P
E͓ E̷W QJj\ Yj ÿHP ÿL FK{Q V͙QJ W̩L %uQK 7KX̵Q Ĉ̿F EL͏W
7U̯Q 9ăQ 7K̩FK FNJQJ E͓ E̷W FQJ QJj\ YͣL 3KDQ 9ăQ +P Yj FNJQJ
E͓ FK{Q V͙QJ FQJ YͣL ÿ͛QJ FKt WUDQJ

± 9Ӆ FiF OmQK Wө FKtQK WUӏ NKiF WiF JLҧ NӇ WӟL QKLӅX WUѭӡQJ KӧS

³%L 4XDQJ &KLrX O~F ҩ\ ÿm WXәL Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK NӃW WӝL Oj 9LӋW
JLDQ Eӏ EҳW WҥL &Kӧ ĈӋP QJj\ FQJ QJѭӡL FRQ WUDL ÿHP ÿL
WKӫ WLrX PҩW [iF WURQJ ÿy QJѭӡL FRQ ~W PӟL WXәL

+ӗ 9ăQ 1Jj ÿDQJ QJӫ Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK EҳW ÿHP ÿL ELӋW WtFK VDX ÿѭӧF ELӃW
{QJ Eӏ ÿkP FKӃW ÿHP WKҧ WU{L V{QJ YQJ .LP 4X\ Ĉi %ҥF 5ҥFK *Li

+ӗ 9ƭQK .ê Eӏ JLӃW ӣ 'ƭ $Q %LrQ +zD +XǤQK 9ăQ 3KѭѫQJ Eӏ JLӃW
ӣ 7kQ $Q /RQJ $Q 3KDQ 9ăQ &KiQK Eӏ JLӃW ӣ 6{QJ 0DR %uQK 7KXұQ
7iF JLҧ WKHR /ӳ *LDQJ WUtFK GүQ Wӯ 7UҫQ 9ăQ ÆQ QyL 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX WLӃW
Oӝ WURQJ WKӡL JLDQ \ OiQK QҥQ VDQJ 7KiL /DQ 9LӋW 0LQK ÿm JLӃW NKRҧQJ
QKkQ Vƭ ӣ 6jL *zQ ”(trang 72-74)

± 9Ӆ QҥQ QKkQ Wӯ FiF W{Q JLiR WiF JLҧ WUtFK %ҥFK WKѭ &DR ĈjL *LiR
JӱL /LrQ +LӋS 4XӕF FKR ELӃW FKӍ WURQJ WXҫQ OӉ Wӯ WҥL
4XҧQJ 1JmL 9LӋW 0LQK &ӝQJ 6ҧQ ÿm JLӃW WtQ ÿӗ &DR ĈjL ÿӫ PӑL
WKjQK SKҫQ NӇ Fҧ SKө Qӳ WUҿ HP EҵQJ QKLӅX FiFK QKѭ FKpP ÿҫX FK{Q
VӕQJ WKҧ ELӇQ Yj WQJ [ҿR 6ӕ WtQ KӳX &DR ĈjL Eӏ JLӃW WUrQ WRjQ TXӕF
WURQJ QăP ÿѭӧF WKӕQJ Nr NKRҧQJ WUDQJ

1ăP

± 7ӯ VDX Yө iQ ÐQ 1Kѭ +ҫX Pj 9LӋW 0LQK GjQ GӵQJ ÿӇ NӃW WӝL 9LӋW
Nam QuӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ EҳW FyF JLӃW QJѭӡL WӟL Yө &ҫX &KLrP WKHR WiF JLҧ
JKL QKұQ WURQJ QăP 9LӋW 0LQK ÿm JLӃW QKLӅX ÿҧQJ YLrQ 4XӕF
'kQ ĈҧQJ ӣ NKҳS QѫL EҵQJ FiFK Eӓ YjR EDR Eӕ WKҧ [XӕQJ V{QJ ³/~F
ÿy QJѭӡL GkQ ÿL TXD FҫX ÆX /kX WUrQ V{QJ 7KX %ӗQ ӣ ĈLӋQ %jQ WKҩ\
EDR Eӕ QәL OӅQK EӅQK WUrQ PһW QѭӟF´ (2)

* Sau ngày 19-12-1946:

± 1ҥQ QKkQ WKXӝF FiF ÿҧQJ SKiL Eӏ 9LӋW 0LQK ViW KҥL WURQJ WKӡL
JLDQ Qj\ WKHR WiF JLҧ Fy OmQK Wө ĈҥL 9LӋW 4XӕF 'kQ ĈҧQJ 7UѭѫQJ
7ӱ $QK OmQK Wө 'X\ 'kQ /ê Ĉ{QJ $ Yj QKj YăQ .KiL +ѭQJ +DL Yӏ
WUrQ ÿѭӧF JKL Oj PҩW WtFK ÿѭӧF KLӇX Oj Eӏ WKӫ WLrX Et PұW &zQ QKj YăQ
.KiL +ѭQJ ÿѭӧF JKL Oj Eӏ WKӫ WLrX ӣ EӃQ ÿz &ӵD *j 1DP ĈӏQK
– 1ҥQ QKkQ WKXӝF FiF W{Q JLiR JӗP UҩW ÿ{QJ WtQ ÿӗ +zD +ҧR Yj FmJLiR
FKӫ +XǤQK 3K~ 6ә 7iF JLҧ YLӃW YӅ YLӋF *LiR &Kӫ +XǤQK 3K~ 6ә
Eӏ KҥL QKѭ VDX ³1KkQ PӝW FKX\ӃQ ÿL F{QJ WiF ÿӇ JLҧL TX\ӃW PӝW FXӝF

172 LONG ĐIỀN

[XQJ ÿӝW JLӳD OӵF OѭӧQJ KDL ErQ WҥL 6D ĈpF QJj\ ÿRjQ FӫD
ÿӭF +XǤQK 3K~ 6ә Eӏ WҩQ F{QJ WҥL NrQK ĈӕF 9jQJ WK{Q 7kQ 3K~ .LӃQ
3KRQJ 9LӋW 0LQK ÿѭD {QJ ÿL WKӫ WLrX PҩW WtFK 7KHR WKӕQJ Nr FӫD 3KұW
*LiR +zD +ҧR WKu WURQJ FiF QăP VDX 9LӋW 0LQK JLӃW KҥL và
FK{Q WұS WKӇ NKRҧQJ WtQ ÿӗ +zD +ҧR ´

9Ӆ FҧL FiFK UXӝQJ ÿҩW:

7KHR WiF JLҧ 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ NKӣL Vӵ Wӯ QăP Yj JӗP JLDL
ÿRҥQ FKӭ NK{QJ SKҧL FKӍ Fy JLDL ÿRҥQ Oj FKLӃQ GӏFK JLҧP W{ -
Yj &ҧL &iFK 5XӝQJ ĈҩW QKѭ SKҫQ OӟQ FiF WiF JLҧ
ÿӅX QyL PӝW FiFK JLҧQ OѭӧF 7iF JLҧ [iF QKұQ FKtQK +ӗ &Kt 0LQK FKR
WKӵF KLӋQ &ҧL &iFK 5XӝQJ ĈҩW PӝW FiFK WjQ EҥR VDX NKL JһS 6WDOLQ QăP
7iF JLҧ FKR ELӃW FiF FXӝF ³UqQ FiQ FK͑QK TXkQ´ ÿӇ WKDQK OӑF TXkQ
ÿӝL ³UqQ FiQ FK͑QK F˯´ ÿӇ WKDQK OӑF FiF Fѫ TXDQ FKtQK TX\ӅQ Yj FXӕL
cùng là “FK͑QK KX̭Q´ iS GөQJ WKHR SKѭѫQJ SKiS FӫD 7UXQJ &ӝQJ FKtQK
Oj ÿӧW FKXҭQ Eӏ FKR &ҧL &iFK 5XӝQJ ĈҩW WUrQ QӅQ WҧQJ SKiS OXұW Oj VҳF
OӋQK WKiQJ ҩQ ÿӏQK WKjQK SKҫQ [m KӝL Q{QJ WK{Q JӗP ÿӏD FKӫ
SK~ Q{QJ WUXQJ Q{QJ EҫQ Q{QJ Yj EҫQ Fӕ Q{QJ YӟL FKӫ WUѭѫQJ GӵD KҷQ
vào bҫQ Fӕ Q{QJ WUDQK WKӫ WUXQJ Q{QJ F{ OұS SK~ Q{QJ WұS WUXQJ PNJL
QKӑQ YjR ÿӏD FKӫ
7URQJ YұQ ÿӝQJ TXҫQ FK~QJ Fy QKӳQJ FKtQK ViFK WDP FQJ FQJ ăQ
FQJ ӣ FQJ OjP YӟL Q{QJ GkQ ³WKăP QJKqR N͋ NK͝” và “E̷W rêxâu
FKX͟L´ 9Ӆ WLӃQJ VDX Qj\ WiF JLҧ JLҧL WKtFK EҳW UӉ Oj WuP UD QKӳQJ
EҫQ Fӕ Q{QJ Fy WLQK WKҫQ ÿҩX WUDQK WKѭӡQJ Oj QKӳQJ WrQ ÿҫX WUӝP ÿX{L
FѭӟS KXQJ KmQ 6DX NKL ÿm WuP UD UӉ WKu NKX\ӃQ NKtFK KѭӟQJ GүQ ³U͍”
WuP WKrP ÿӗQJ EӑQ JӑL Oj [kX FKXӛL 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ WUtFK %HUQDUG )DOO
/kP 7KDQK /LrP %DUULQJWRQ 0RRUH -U Yj {QJ 1Ĉ1 ӣ 6DQ 'LHJR FKR
ELӃW NӃW TXҧ &ҧL &iFK 5XӝQJ ĈҩW QKѭ VDX

9Ӆ ÿҩW ÿDL SKkQ SKӕL WKHR QJXӗQ WLQ Wӯ /LrQ ;{ &ҧL &iFK 5XӝQJ
ĈҩW WӏFK WKX QJjQ PүX Wk\ UXӝQJ WULӋX QJjQ Q{QJ Fө
QJjQ WUkX Ez QJjQ WҩQ WKӵF SKҭP FKLD OҥL FKR WULӋX QJàn gia
ÿuQK Q{QJ GkQ

9Ӆ Vӕ QJѭӡL Eӏ JLӃW ³Wӯ QJjQ ÿӃQ QJjQ Ĉy Oj FKѭD NӇ WKkQ
QKkQ FӫD QҥQ QKkQ GR Eӏ F{ OұS FNJQJ FKӃW GҫQ FKӃW PzQ Fy WKӇ OrQ ÿӃQ
Wӯ QJjQ ÿӃQ PӝW WULӋX QӳD ´

9Ӆ KұX TXҧ OkX GjL WiF JLҧ QrX ÿLӇP FKtQK Q{QJ QJKLӋS VX\ VөS
ÿҧR OӝQ OXkQ Oê [m KӝL WLrX GLӋW WuQK QJѭӡL Yj WkP Oê ³NLrX Q{QJ´

7KHR WiF JLҧ PөF WLrX ÿtFK WKӵF Pj &ӝQJ 6ҧQ QKҳP WURQJ &ҧL &iFK
5XӝQJ ĈҩW NK{QJ SKҧL ÿӇ OjP FKR Q{QJ GkQ QR ҩP Pj Oj

1) LoҥL Eӓ WKành phҫQ NKi JLҧ WUt WKӭF

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 173

2)Ĉҭ\ Q{QJ GkQ ÿӃQ FKӛ QJKqR ÿyL NK{QJ FzQ Fy WKӇ QJKƭ FKX\ӋQ
ÿҩX WUDQK ÿӇ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ WKD Kӗ OmQK ÿҥR GkQ WKHR ê PXӕQ

3).KӫQJ Eӕ ÿjQ iS WLQK WKҫQ Q{QJ GkQ Jk\ WuQK WUҥQJ FăQJ WKҷQJ
4)&KXҭQ Eӏ WLӃQ WӟL KӧS WiF KyD WұS WUXQJ FӫD FҧL YjR 1Kj 1ѭӟF
WӭF YjR ĈҧQJ
5)7KDQK OӑF KjQJ QJNJ ĈҧQJ ORҥL WUӯ QKӳQJ ÿҧQJ YLrQ NKy EҧR KD\
ÿiQJ QJKL
6)/RҥL WUӯ KӃW QKӳQJ ÿLӋS YLrQ FӫD FiF Wә FKӭF ÿӏFK Yj ÿӕL OұS

9Ӆ Yө 1KkQ 9ăQ *LDL 3KҭP:

7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ QKҳF QKӳQJ WrQ WXәL TXHQ WKXӝF 1JX\ӉQ +ӳX
ĈDQJ 7Kө\ $Q /ѭX 7Kӏ <ӃQ 7UҫQ 'ҫQ 7UҫQ 'X\ +RjQJ &ҫP 3KDQ
.K{L 7UѭѫQJ 7ӱX YӟL iQ W FӫD PӝW Vӕ QJѭӡL WURQJ ÿy

7iF JLҧ ÿһW Yө iQ YjR EӕL FҧQK FKtQK WUӏ PLӅQ %ҳF O~F ҩ\ Oj O~F ÿҧQJ
&ӝQJ 6ҧQ FKR UҵQJ Kӑ NK{QJ FzQ ÿӕL WKӫ QӳD QrQ ÿm ÿѭD UD QKӳQJ FKtQK
ViFK ÿӝF WjL FKX\rQ FKtQK YӅ PӑL PһW NLQK WӃ [m KӝL YăQ KyD NKLӃQ FiF
QKj YăQ FzQ FK~W OѭѫQJ WkP FҧP WKҩ\ NK{QJ WKӇ LP OһQJ 9j QKӳQJ
QJѭӡL Qj\ ÿm QyL ÿm YLӃW QKӳQJ ÿLӅX Kӑ QJKƭ ÿӇ UӗL UѫL YjR Eү\ FӫD &ӝQJ
6ҧQ 7X\ QKLrQ NK{QJ Fy iQ Wӱ KuQK KD\ PӝW FXӝF WKӫ WLrX QjR

&XӕL FKѭѫQJ WiF JLҧ GүQ OӡL +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WҥL FXӝF WLӃS WkQ QăP
WҥL 3KiS ÿѭӧF /DFRXWXUH WKXұW OҥL Yj OLQK PөF &DR 9ăQ /XұQ Fy
PһW WURQJ EXәL WLӃS WkQ ÿy ÿm [iF QKұQ Oj WKұW +ӗ &Kt 0LQK QyL YӅ FiL
FKӃW FӫD 7ҥ 7KX 7KkX ³7̭W F̫ QKͷQJ N̓ NK{QJ WKHR ÿ˱ͥQJ O͙L FͯD W{L
Vͅ E͓ E̓ J̳\...”

7iF JLҧ PXӕQ QyL Yu +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Fy FKӫ WUѭѫQJ ÿy QrQ QKӳQJ QKà
YăQ QKj WKѫ WUt WKӭF QjR QyL QJѭӧF OҥL ÿѭӡQJ OӕL ÿҧQJ ÿӅX Eӏ FKR ÿL Wù.
0D\ Pj NK{QJ Eӏ JLӃW

9Ӆ Yө iQ ³[pW O̩L FK͙QJ ÿ̫QJ” :
ÐQJ 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ FKR Oj Yө iQ ÿLӇQ KuQK FӫD FKӃ ÿӝ ÿӝF Wài
NK{QJ OXұW OӋ 9ө iQ EҳW QJXӗQ Wӯ PkX WKXүQ JLӳD /LrQ ;{ ± Trung
CӝQJ NӇ Wӯ NKL .KUXWVKFKHY Kҥ EӋ 6WDOLQ WҥL ÿҥL KӝL ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ
/LrQ ;{ QăP
7iF ÿӝQJ FӫD WuQK WUҥQJ Qj\ ÿm NKLӃQ [XҩW KLӋQ PkX WKXүQ WURQJ QӝL
Eӝ ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP +jQJ QJNJ OmQK ÿҥR ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW
Nam có mӝW Vӕ QJѭӡL ÿѭӧF ÿjR WҥR WҥL /LrQ ;{ QKѭ 7UҫQ 3K~ +à Huy
7ұS 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX /r +ӗQJ 3KRQJ 1JX\ӉQ 7Kӏ 0LQK .KDL QKѭQJ
YӅ VDX KҫX KӃW ÿӅX Eӏ 3KiS EҳW Yj Eӏ JLӃW FKӍ FzQ OҥL +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ;XQJ
TXDQK +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Oj QKӳQJ WKӫ Kҥ ÿѭӧF +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ÿѭD YjR WUѭӡQJ
+RjQJ 3Kӕ FӫD 7UXQJ +RD 'kQ 4XӕF KD\ WUѭӡQJ 4XkQ &KtQK 'LrQ $Q

174 LONG ĐIỀN

FӫD 7UXQJ &ӝQJ
'R ÿy WiF JLҧ QKҳF ÿӃQ QJXӗQ WLQ FKR UҵQJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ÿm Et PұW

ORҥL QKӳQJ Nҿ NK{QJ WKӯD QKұQ TX\ӅQ OmQK ÿҥR FӫD {QJ WD ĈһF ELӋW WiF
JLҧ QrX PӝW GDQK ViFK NKi GjL YӅ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL GtQK OtX YjR Yө iQ Yj WUӣ
WKjQK QҥQ QKkQ Eӏ WKDQK WUӯQJ 7әQJ FӝQJ QJѭӡL

3KҫQ NӃW FӫD FKѭѫQJ Qj\ WiF JLҧ YLӃW ³9Ӆ FiFK WKӭF ÿjQ iS ÿҧQJ
&ӝQJ 6ҧQ QjR FNJQJ QKѭ QKDX 7ӯ /rQLQ 6WDOLQ ÿӃQ 0DR 7UҥFK Ĉ{QJ
&KX ÆQ /DL +ӗ &Kt 0LQK /r 'XҭQ /r ĈӭF 7Kӑ WҩW Fҧ ÿӅX WLrX GLӋW
ÿӏFK WKӫ PӝW FiFK WULӋW ÿӇ Yj WjQ EҥR G QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Qj\ Oj ÿӗQJ FKt Wӯ
WKXӣ ³ÈR DQK UiFK YDL 4XҫQ W{L Fy KDL PҧQK Yi 0LӋQJ FѭӡL EXӕW JLi
&KkQ NK{QJ JLҫ\ 7KѭѫQJ QKDX WD\ QҳP Oҩ\ EjQ WD\ ´

&K˱˯QJ YӟL WLrX ÿӅ /͓FK Yj 7K˯ JL͇W QJ˱ͥL QyL YӅ Yө &ӝQJ 6ҧQ
ÿәL OӏFK QăP WKHR ÿy 7ӃW kP OӏFK 0ұX 7KkQ EҳW ÿҫX VӟP KѫQ OӏFK
FNJ Pj PLӅQ 1DP 9LӋW 1DP iS GөQJ PӝW QJj\ 7iF JLҧ WUѭQJ GүQ OӡL
JLӟL WKLӋX FӫD 1KD .Kt 7ѭӧQJ +j 1ӝL FKR ELӃW YLӋF WtQK WRiQ Yj ÿәL
OӏFK FăQ Fӭ YjR TX\ӃW ÿӏQK Vӕ &3 QJj\ %ҳF 9LӋW Fӕ ê ÿәL
OӏFK ÿӇ FXӝF WәQJ F{QJ NtFK 7ӃW 0ұX 7KkQ ÿѭӧF KRjQ WRjQ Et PұW Jk\
Vӵ ³[X̭W NǤ ḘW ê”.

7KHR WKѭӡQJ OӋ Wӯ Pҩ\ QăP WUѭӟF PLӅQ YүQ W{Q WUӑQJ FXӝF KѭX
FKLӃQ YjR GӏS 7ӃW FKR QrQ QJj\ ÿҫX QăP 0ұX 7KkQ TXkQ PLӅQ %ҳF ÿm
ăQ 7ӃW [RQJ Yj Pӣ FXӝF WLӃQ F{QJ YjR QJj\ PӗQJ +DL WӭF QJj\ PӗQJ
0ӝW WҥL PLӅQ 1DP Oj O~F OӋQK KѭX FKLӃQ ÿDQJ FzQ KLӋX OӵF 9u WKӃ Pj
WҩW Fҧ ÿӅX EҩW QJӡ FKtQK 7әQJ 7KӕQJ FNJQJ YӅ TXr Yӧ ăQ WӃW

1yL YӅ Yө WjQ ViW 7ӃW 0ұX 7KkQ WҥL +XӃ

&y ÿRҥQ FKtQK YӟL ÿRҥQ Oj WUӑQJ ÿLӇP GLӉQ Wҧ OҥL FXӝF WjQ ViW WҥL
+XӃ 6ӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ ÿѭD UD QKLӅX Oê GR NKLӃQ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ FKӑQ
+XӃ ÿӇ WKL KjQK WӝL iF WURQJ Vӕ Fy Vӵ NLӋQ ³&NJQJ W̩L +X͇ ³+͡L ÿ͛QJ
QKkQ GkQ FͱX TX͙F´ UD ÿͥL QăP WURQJ ÿy Fy P͡W V͙ JLiR V˱ Yj
gi̫QJ YLrQ ÿ̩L K͕F +X͇ QK˱ /r .K̷F 4X\͇Q 7{Q 7K̭W +DQK /r 7X\rQ
&DR +X\ 7KX̯Q +RjQJ 9ăQ *LjX... %iR /̵S 7U˱ͥQJ FͯD QKyP Qj\
ͯQJ K͡ QKͷQJ TXDQ ÿL͋P KzD EuQK Yj WUXQJ O̵S FͯD P͡W V͙ OmQK Wͭ 3K̵W
JLiR WUDQK ÿ̭X PL͉Q 7UXQJ +͡L ÿ͛QJ ÿ˱ͫF FRL Oj ÿm JyS WD\ YjR YL͏F
NtFK ÿ͡QJ FiF FX͡F EL͋X WuQK Gͷ G͡L W̩L +X͇ FK͙QJ KL͇Q FK˱˯QJ 9NJQJ
7̯X FͯD W˱ͣQJ 1JX\͍Q .KiQK QăP ”

6ӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ WUѭQJ GүQ ÿjL +j 1ӝL QJj\ PӗQJ 7ӃW
ORDQ EiR WKjQK OұS Wә FKӭF /LrQ 0LQK &iF /ӵF /ѭӧQJ 'kQ 7ӝF
'kQ &Kӫ 9j +zD %uQK WҥL +XӃ GR /r YăQ +ҧR JLiR Vѭ ĈҥL +ӑF 9ăQ
.KRD +XӃ OjP FKӫ WӏFK Yj +RjQJ 3Kӫ 1JӑF 7ѭӡQJ OjP WәQJ WKѭ Nê

6DX ÿy WiF JLҧ QKҳF FKX\ӋQ +RjQJ 3Kӫ 1JӑF 7ѭӡQJ FQJ YӟL HP

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 175

Oj +RjQJ 3Kӫ 1JӑF 3KDQ 1JX\ӉQ ĈҳF ;XkQ Yj JLiR Vѭ /r 9ăQ +ҧR
WӯQJ WUӕQ OrQ UӯQJ WKHR &ӝQJ 6ҧQ KӗL QrQ Fy Gѭ OXұQ FKR UҵQJ
Pҩ\ QJѭӡL Qj\ QKҩW Oj DQK HP +RjQJ 3Kӫ 1JӑF 7ѭӡQJ Oj WKӫ SKҥP
QKӳQJ Yө WjQ ViW Yj FK{Q VӕQJ QJѭӡL WҥL +XӃ

7X\ QKLrQ WiF JLҧ YLӃW ³1KӳQJ KҥQJ WkQ WzQJ QKѭ 7ѭӡQJ 3KDQ
;XkQ FKҷQJ Fy TX\ӅQ KjQK Ju ÿӇ TX\ӃW ÿӏQK PҥQJ VӕQJ FӫD PӝW Vӕ
QJѭӡL OӟQ ODR WUӯ YjL FKX\ӋQ WUҧ WK Fi QKkQ Pj WK{L´ 7iF JLҧ KjP ê
NӃW WӝL FKtQK ViFK FӫD ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yj FKtQK +ӗ &Kt 0LQK

9Ӆ Vӕ QҥQ QKkQ WiF JLҧ WUtFK KӗL Nê FӫD 1JX\ӉQ 7UkQ FKR ELӃW
QJѭӡL GkQ FKӃW WURQJ ÿy Eӏ JLӃW Yj FK{Q WұS WKӇ QJRjL UD
Oj KӝL YLrQ KӝL ÿӗQJ WӍQK QKkQ YLrQ KjQK FKiQK FҧQK ViW
KjQJ WUăP WKDQK QLrQ TXkQ GӏFK PӝW OLQK PөF 9LӋW 1DP %ӱX ĈӗQJ
OLQK PөF 3KiS PӝW EiF Vƭ ĈӭF Yj Yӧ PӝW Vӕ QJѭӡL 3KL /XұW 7kQ 7iF
JLҧ OLӋW Nr Fө WKӇ Vӕ QJѭӡL Eӏ JLӃW WҥL ÿӏD ÿLӇP WURQJ Vӕ Fy ÿӏD ÿLӇP
WҥL *LD +ӝL WәQJ FӝQJ QJѭӡL

7iF JLҧ QKҩQ PҥQK YӅ PӝW kP PѭX FӫD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ QKҵP FKLD UӁ FiF
W{Q JLiR EҵQJ FiFK EҳW FiF QKj SKҧL WUHR Fӡ FӫD 0һW WUұQ *LҧL 3KyQJ
0LӅQ 1DP G &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Gѭ ELӃW WURQJ YQJ TXӕF JLD NK{QJ DL Fy Oi Fӡ
ÿy 5ӗL FK~QJ ÿәL OӋQK FKR WKD\ WKӃ Fӡ 0һW 7UұQ EҵQJ Fӡ 3KұW *LiR

1Kѭ Yұ\ ³&ӝQJ TXkQ PXӕQ Wӓ UD WKkQ WKLӋQ YӟL 3KұW *LiR ÿӇ JLHR
WLӃQJ RDQ FKR 3KұW *LiR Oj WKkQ FӝQJ và Jk\ FKLD UӁ JLӳD KDL W{Q JLiR
OӟQ WURQJ QѭӟF ”

6ӱ JLD QrX ÿtFK GDQK OLQK PөF Eӏ JLӃW WҥL +XӃ +RjQJ 1JӑF
%DQJ /r 9ăQ +ӝ 8UEDQ Yj *X\ +DL Yӏ VDX Oj QJѭӡL 3KiS WKXӝF GzQJ
%HQHGLFWR 7KLrQ $Q +XӃ 1JRjL UD FzQ Fy QJѭӡL ĈӭF WKXӝF YLӋQ
ÿҥL KӑF +XӃ Oj FiF EiF Vƭ 5DLPXQG 'LVFKHU $ORLV $OWHUNRVWHU +RUW
*XQWKHU .UDLQLFN Yj Yӧ %ӕQ QJѭӡL Qj\ Eӏ EҳW QJj\ 9Ӆ VDX
WuP WKҩ\ [iF JҫQ NKX FKD 7ѭӡQJ 9kQ (8)

7iF JLҧ QrX WKrP Vӵ NLӋQ VDX &ӝQJ 6ҧQ NK{QJ WUӑQJ GөQJ
QKӳQJ Nҿ FKҥ\ WKHR QKѭ 7ѭӡQJ 3KDQ ;XkQ Oj PӝW kP PѭX KLӇP
ÿӝF QKҳP WU~W WӝL iF FKR QKyP Qj\

ÐQJ 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ JӑL Yө WjQ ViW ӣ +XӃ Oj PӝW FiFK ³QKXӝP ÿӓ
WD\ FKkQ´ Yj QKұQ ÿӏQK ³&X͡F W͝QJ F{QJ NtFK 7͇W 0̵X 7KkQ Oj F˯ K͡L
ÿ͋ F͡QJ TXkQ QKX͡P ÿ͗ QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL WKRiW O\ Yj QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL OͳQJ
NKͳQJ OjP FKR K͕ NK{QJ FzQ FRQ ÿ˱ͥQJ QjR TXD\ Y͉ SKtD 9L͏W 1DP
&͡QJ +zD G K͕ Fy P̿W KD\ NK{QJ Fy P̿W W̩L +X͇ Yj G JL͇W QJ˱ͥL KD\
NK{QJ JL͇W QJ˱ͥL WURQJ WKͥL JLDQ Qj\´ (9) 6R ViQK YͣL FiF Yͭ WjQ ViW
WURQJ O͓FK V͵ 9L͏W 1DP Yj WK͇ JLͣL WiF JL̫ N͇W OX̵Q ³&K͑ Fy .KPHU Ĉ͗
gi͇W ÿ͛QJ EjR &DP %͙W Yj 9L͏W &͡QJ JL͇W ÿ͛QJ EjR 9L͏W 1DP &KtQK

176 LONG ĐIỀN

H͛ &Kt 0LQK ÿm WͳQJ QK̵Q Oê WKX\͇W 0iF±/r Yj W˱ W˱ͧQJ 0DR 7U̩FK
Ĉ{QJ Oj NLP FK͑ QDP KjQK ÿ͡QJ FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏W 1DP ´

1yL YӅ FiF KX\ӅQ WKRҥL FӫD +&0 WUDQJ YӟL WLrX ÿӅ ³/͡W
WU̯Q KX\͉Q WKR̩L +͛ &Kt 0LQK´ Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ ÿѭD UD QKӳQJ
EҵQJ FKӭQJ Fy WtQK WKX\ӃW SKөF FDR ÿӇ ³OӝW WUҫQ´ WҩW Fҧ KX\ӅQ WKRҥL
YүQ WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF WUX\ӅQ QKҳF

7U˱ͣF K͇W FKD +͛ &Kt 0LQK Oj 1JX\͍Q 6LQK +X\ KD\ 6̷F [LQ ÿL
OjP TXDQ FKR 3KiS FKͱ NK{QJ K͉ E͓ pS ÿL OjP TXDQ ÐQJ +X\ E͓ VD
WK̫L Yu VD\ U˱ͫX ÿiQK QJ˱ͥL ÿ͇Q FK͇W FKͱ NK{QJ SK̫L E͓ FiFK FKͱF Yu Fy
KjQK ÿ͡QJ FiFK P̩QJ 1JD\ FRQ JiL Oj Ej 7KDQK FNJQJ NK{QJ FK͓X Q͝L
WtQK O͟ PmQJ FͭF F̹Q FͯD QJ˱ͥL FKD WK˱ͥQJ KD\ ÿiQK FRQ

7Kͱ KDL +͛ &Kt 0LQK UD ÿL NK{QJ SK̫L ÿ͋ WuP ÿ˱ͥQJ FͱX Q˱ͣF
WUDQJ Pj Yu N͇ VLQK QKDL 7iF JL̫ WU˱QJ Oi ÿ˯Q [LQ QK̵S K͕F
WU˱ͥQJ 7KX͡F Ĉ͓D FͯD 3KiS WURQJ ÿy Fy FkX ³7{L KRjQ WRjQ NK{QJ Fy
FK~W WjL V̫Q QjR QK˱QJ ṶW NKiW NKDR K͕F K͗L 7{L PRQJ WUͧ QrQ KͷX
tFK FKR Q˱ͣF 3KiS ÿ͙L YͣL ÿ͛QJ EjR W{L ´

7Kͱ ED FX͡F V͙QJ ÿ͡F WKkQ JL̫Q G͓ WUDQJ FK͑ Oj ³P͡W Et P̵W
gi̭X ÿ̯X OzL ÿX{L´ NKL Pj tW QK̭W G˱ OX̵Q ÿm Fy WK͋ N͋ WrQ QJ˱ͥL SKͭ
Qͷ Oj Yͫ Oj Yͫ Kͥ Oj QKkQ WuQK FͯD +͛ &Kt 0LQK QK˱ 7ăQJ 7X\͇W
Minh, Lý Hu͏ .KDQK 1JX\͍Q 7K͓ 0LQK .KDL Ĉ͟ 7K͓ /̩F 1{QJ 7K͓
Xuân, Nguy͍Q 7K͓ 3K˱˯QJ 0DL F{ Qj\ NK{QJ FK͓X Q͇X NK{QJ ÿ˱ͫF
F˱ͣL FKtQK WKͱF Yj NKL ÿm FDR WX͝L FzQ QJ͗ ê YͣL ĈjR &K~ ͧ 4X̫QJ
Ĉ{QJ [LQ ÿ˱ͫF WiL K{Q YͣL P͡W SKͭ Qͷ WU̓ 7UXQJ +RD

7Kͱ W˱ Y͉ KX\͉Q WKR̩L ÿRjQ N͇W GkQ W͡F WUDQJ WiF JL̫ YL͇W
³ĈRjQ N͇W Oj WLrX GL͏W W̭W F̫ P͕L QJ˱ͥL ḘW ÿ͛QJ FKtQK NL͇Q E̹QJ ḘW Fͱ
JLi QjR ÿ͋ JLjQK TX\͉Q O͹F ´ 5̭W QKL͉X E̹QJ FKͱQJ ÿ˱ͫF WiF JL̫ QrX
OrQ Y͉ YL͏F Qj\ ÿ͋ N͇W OX̵Q ³ĈRjQ N͇W Oj YkQJ SKͭF WX\͏W ÿ͙L OmQK ÿ̩R
ÿ̫QJ Oj Y̷W FKDQK E͗ Y͗´ (10)

7Kͱ QăP Y͉ KX\͉Q WKR̩L JL̫L SKyQJ GkQ W͡F WUDQJ WiF JL̫ QK̷F
V͹ NL͏Q FKt VL 3KDQ %͡L &KkX [LQ /LrQ ;{ JL~S ÿ˱D K͕F VLQK 9L͏W 1DP TXD
GX K͕F E͓ ÿzL SK̫L FK̭S QK̵Q ÿL͉X NL͏Q Oj WLQ WKHR ³WtQ QJ˱ͩQJ FKͯ QJKƭD
F͡QJ V̫Q´ 9u Y̵\ FKt VL 3KDQ %͡L &KkX ÿm O̫QJ WUiQK

7iF JL̫ FKR U̹QJ 3KDQ %͡L &KkX FzQ E͓ ÿzL K͗L QK˱ Y̵\ WKu QKͷQJ
N̓ NKiF QK˱ +͛ &Kt 0LQK FK̷F FK̷Q ÿm SK̫L QK̵Q ÿL͉X NL͏Q WUX\͉Q
Ei FKͯ QJKƭD &͡QJ 6̫Q PͣL ÿ˱ͫF 4X͙F 7͇ &͡QJ 6̫Q ÿjR W̩R 7iF JL̫
WUtFK G̳Q E͡ V͵ ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q9L͏W 1DP ³ Ĉ̫QJ QK̭Q P̩QK SK̫L
xem cách m̩QJ 9L͏W 1DP QK˱ P͡W E͡ SK̵Q FͯD FiFK P̩QJ Y{ V̫Q WK͇
giͣL O~F Qj\ Oj P͡W E͡ SK̵Q FͯD SKRQJ WUjR GkQ FKͯ FK͙QJ 3KiW [tW
ÿ̿F EL͏W Oj SK̫L WtFK F͹F ͯQJ K͡ /LrQ ;{ Yj FiFK P̩QJ 7UXQJ 4X͙F ´

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 177

7Kͱ ViX Y͉ KX\͉Q WKR̩L W˱ W˱ͧQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK WUDQJ WiF JL̫
G̳Q ÿL͉X +L͇Q 3KiS FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏W 1DP WURQJ ÿy JKL WKrP
W˱ W˱ͧQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK YͣL GͭQJ ê Vͅ WKD\ WK͇ FKR W˱ W˱ͧQJ 0iF±/rQLQ
ÿm E͓ O͟L WKͥL QK˱QJ WiF JL̫ QrX QKL͉X E̹QJ FKͱQJ ÿ͋ NK̻QJ ÿ͓QK ³1yL
FKR FQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK NK{QJ Fy P͡W K͏ WK͙QJ W˱ GX\ QjR ÿ͋ WUͧ WKjQK
QKj W˱ W˱ͧQJ QK˱ ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏W 1DP SKRQJ W̿QJ ´ (12

1JѭQJ WUtFK
7iF JLҧ YҥFK U} +ӗ &Kt 0LQK NK{QJ ÿӫ NKҧ QăQJ YLӃW WLӃQJ 3KiS
WKXӣ PӟL WӟL 3KiS GQJ FKXQJ E~W GDQK 1JX\ӉQ ÈL 4XӕF YӟL FiF {QJ
3KDQ 9ăQ 7UѭӡQJ 1JX\ӉQ 7KӃ 7UX\ӅQ ÿӗQJ WKӡL QKҳF YLӋF +ӗ &Kt
0LQK ÿҥR YăQ WURQJ WұS 7Kѫ 7URQJ 7 Pj JLiR Vѭ /r +ӳX 0өF ÿm SKiW
JLiF YY ÿӇ FKӭQJ PLQK FKҷQJ Fy Ju ÿiQJ JӑL Oj Wѭ WѭӣQJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK
QJRҥL WUӯ QKӳQJ Wѭ WѭӣQJ FKҷQJ ÿiQJ ÿӅ FDR Yt Gө ³Wѭ WѭӣQJ OjP F{QJ
FKR 3KiS Wѭ WѭӣQJ KӧS WiF YӟL 3KiS Wѭ WѭӣQJ WK 3KiS Wѭ WѭӣQJ SKҧQ
GkQ KҥL QѭӟF Wѭ WѭӣQJ KѭӣQJ QKjQ Wѭ WѭӣQJ KѭӣQJ OҥF Wѭ WѭӣQJ KLӃX
GDQK Wѭ WѭӣQJ VQJ EiL Fi QKkQ ´
6DX FQJ Oj KX\ӅQ WKRҥL OăQJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WUDQJ 7iF JLҧ
WUѭQJ GүQ Wӯ FKX\ӋQ GL FK~F +ӗ &Kt 0LQK VӱD ÿL VӱD OҥL Pҩ\ OҫQ NK{QJ
KӅ PXӕQ [k\ OăQJ ѭӟS [iF QKѭQJ PXӕQ ÿӇ WUR ӣ Fҧ ED PLӅQ ÿҩW QѭӟF
FKR QKkQ GkQ SK~QJ YLӃQJ ÿӃQ FKX\ӋQ FKӃW JҫQ WKiQJ Eӝ FKtQK WUӏ
rtÿj ҧQJ PӟL TX\ӃW ÿӏQK ѭӟS [iF WURQJ SKLrQ KӑS QJj\
Yj FKR WҩW Fҧ Oj QKӳQJ WUz GӕL JҥW PӝW FiFK QJX [XҭQ
7iF JLҧ QrX PөF ÿtFK WKҫP NtQ FӫD QKӳQJ OmQK Wө &ӝQJ 6ҧQ NӃ
VDX +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WURQJ NKL WKӵF KLӋQ YLӋF [k\ OăQJ Oj YLQK GDQK Vӵ NӃ
WKӯD Yj VQJ EiL Fi QKkQ
1yL YӅ NӃ KRҥFK Yj ÿӗ iQ [k\ OăQJ WiF JLҧ YLӃW ³0͡W ͯ\ EDQ [k\
G͹QJ OăQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK J͛P ÿ̩L GL͏Q %͡ ;k\ '͹QJ %͡ 4X͙F 3KzQJ
ÿ˱ͫF WKjQK O̵S GR Ĉ͟ 0˱ͥL O~F ÿy Oj ͯ\ YLrQ WUXQJ ˱˯QJ ÿ̫QJ OjP
FKͯ W͓FK ͮ\ EDQ Qj\ ÿm QJKLrQ FͱX QKL͉X NL͋X P̳X NL͇Q WU~F O˱X QL͏P
QK˱ NLP W͹ WKiS $L &̵S ÿ͉Q 9LFWRU (PPDQXHO ͧ 5RPH ÿjL W˱ͧQJ QL͏P
Lincoln ͧ :DVKLQJWRQ '& Yj OăQJ /rQLQ ͧ 0RVFRZ 1KͷQJ G͹ iQ NL͇Q
WU~F ÿ͹˯F ͯ\ EDQ ÿ˱D UD WU˱QJ Ej\ WUrQ WRjQ TX͙F ÿ͋ K͗L ê NL͇Q F{QJ
FK~QJ 7̩L VDR QKͷQJ Y̭Q ÿ͉ FKtQK WU͓ TXDQ WU͕QJ NK{QJ K͗L ê NL͇Q GkQ
FK~QJ Pj FK͑ K͗L P̳X OăQJ {QJ +͛" ´
7URQJ SKҫQ QKұQ ÿӏQK YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP Vӱ
JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ ÿm NӃW OXұQ YӅ FiF WӝL WUҥQJ WUӑQJ ÿҥL Pj &691 ÿm
Jk\ UD FKR 4XӕF JLD Yj 'kQ 7ӝF QKѭ VDX
D &K͇ ÿ͡ &͡QJ V̫Q ÿ͡F WjL ÿ͡F W{Q ÿ̫QJ WU͓ (trang411):

Ĉ͡FWjL ÿ̫QJ WU͓ &KtQK SKͯ KRjQ WRjQ OjP YL͏F WKHR O͏QK ÿ̫QJ

178 LONG ĐIỀN

FK͓X WUiFK QKL͏P WU˱ͣF ÿ̫QJ FKͱ NK{QJ SK̫L WU˱ͣF 4X͙F +͡L &KtQK
SKͯ Oj W͝ FKͱF QKj Q˱ͣF Q̹P WURQJ ÿ̫QJ G˱ͣL TX\͉Q ÿ̫QJ Yj FK͑ Oj
F{QJ Fͭ FͯD ÿ̫QJ &6 Pj WK{L ĈL͉X ÿm ÿ̿W ÿ̫QJ ÿͱQJ WUrQ +L͇Q 3KiS
Yj P͕L TX\͉Q KjQK WURQJ Q˱ͣF ÿ͉X Q̹P WURQJ WD\ ÿ̫QJ &691 Yu Oj O͹F
O˱ͫQJ OmQK ÿ̩R 1Kj 1˱ͣF Yj ;m +͡L ĈL͉X Q̯\ FzQ Fy QJKƭD Oj ÿ̫QJ
&6 WXǤ WL͏Q ÿL͉X KjQK YL͏F Q˱ͣF FKͱ NK{QJ G͹D WUrQ FăQ E̫Q 3KiS WU͓

Ĉ͡F WjL 9ăQ +Ri 7˱ 7˱ͧQJ 9ͭ iQ 1KkQ 9ăQ *LDL 3ḴP ÿjQ iS
JLͣL WUt WKͱF Yj YăQ QJK͏ Vƭ FKͱQJ W͗ ÿ̫QJ &691 GͱW NKRiW FK͑ ÿ̩R Q͉Q
YăQ KRi W˱ W˱ͧQJ

b-&͡QJ V̫Q 9L͏W 1DP Oj E͕Q QJ˱ͥL YRQJ E̫Q (trang 414):
´7̭W F̫ FiF Yͭ iQ Q̯\ ÿ͉X ÿ˱ͫF &691 WL͇Q KjQK WKHR FKͯ WU˱˯QJ
FͯD /L͏Q ;{ Yj WK͹F KL͏Q WKHR SK˱˯QJ WKͱF FͯD &͡QJ +Rj 1KkQ GkQ
7UXQJ +RD ÿ͋ [k\ G͹QJ Yj FͯQJ F͙ TX\͉Q O͹F ÿ͡F W{Q FͯD ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ
6̫Q 1JD\ Wͳ NKL FKL͇P ÿ˱ͫF FKtQK TX\͉Q ͧ PL͉Q %̷F ÿ̫QJ &6 ÿm iS
ÿ̩W ÿ͓QK FK͇ Yj F˯ F̭X &͡QJ V̫Q 4X͙F 7͇ OrQ GkQ W͡F 9L͏W 1DP WK~F
ÿ̱\ FX͡F ÿ̭X WUDQK JLDL F̭S WK͹F KL͏Q FKX\rQ FKtQK Y{ V̫Q G͹D YjR
E̩R O͹F FiFK P̩QJ KXͽ KR̩L WRjQ E͡ GL V̫Q YăQ KRi GkQ W͡F 7K̵P
FKt WrQ ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q Ĉ{QJ '˱˯QJ U͛L ÿ̫QJ /DR '͡QJ 91 FNJQJ ÿ͉X
GR /L͏Q ;{ ÿ̿W Fͥ Q˱ͣF SK͗QJ WKHR K͛QJ NǤ FͯD /L͏Q ;{ &+1'7+
Ĉk\ FKtQK Oj P͡W KuQK WKiL WK͹F GkQ NL͋X PͣL K͇W VͱF NtQ ÿiR
NKpR FKH ÿ̵\ Yj K͇W VͱF WKkP ÿ͡F 1K˱ Y̵\ U̵S NKX{Q WKHR Oê WKX\͇W
0iF [tW FNJQJ QK˱ FiF ÿ͓QK FK͇ Yj F˯ F̭X W͝ FKͱF [m K͡L FͯD /L͏Q ;{
Yj 7UXQJ +RD Oj QKͷQJ Q˱ͣF Fy GL V̫Q YăQ KRi KRjQ WRjQ NKiF YͣL 9L͏W
1DP Fy WK͋ QyL FK͇ ÿ͡ &691 Oj Oj P͡W FK͇ ÿ͡ YRQJ WKkQ YRQJ E̫Q
P̭W J͙F Kͯ\ E͗ E̫Q V̷F GkQ W͡F SKi K͗QJ WUX\͉Q WK͙QJ NͿ F˱˯QJ Yj
Q͉Q OXkQ Oê F͝ WUX\͉Q FX̫ ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF (417)
c-9u YRQJ E̫Q QrQ &691 FKͯ WU˱˯QJ VDL O̯P :

³&K̻QJ QKͷQJ WK͇ FK͇ ÿ͡ &691 FzQ W͹ QJX\͏Q OjP P͡W WrQ lính
WL͉Q WLrX FKR SKRQJ WUjR &͡QJ V̫Q 4X͙F 7͇ W̩L Ĉ{QJ 1DP È GQJ
WjL V̫Q TX͙F JLD Yj [˱˯QJ PiX ÿ͛QJ EjR OjP ³QJKƭD Yͭ TX͙F W͇´NKL͇Q
FKR GkQ W͡F 91 E͓ ÿLrX OLQK FQJ NK͝ Wͳ QăP FKR ÿ͇Q QD\ 7̭W
F̫ FiF ÿL͉X ÿy FKͱQJ W͗ Oj +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj FiF WKX͡F K̩ FX̫ {QJ ÿm
WUXQJ WKjQK YͣL 4X͙F 7͇ &͡QJ V̫Q FKͱ NK{QJ SK̫L YͣL 7͝ 4X͙F 9L͏W
Nam.(trang 417)

-7̩R UD &KL͇Q 7UDQK é 7KͱF +͏ WUDQJ ³1ăP ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF
E͓ FKLD KDL /~F ÿy &6 /LrQ ;{ WKHR FKͯ WU˱˯QJ FKXQJ V͙QJ KRj EuQK
GR 1LNLWD .KUXVKFKHZ ÿ˱D UD ÿm ÿ͉ QJK͓ PL͉Q %̷F Yj 1DP 9L͏W
1DP FQJ JLD QK̵S /LrQ +L͏S 4X͙F QK˱ Q˱ͣF ULrQJ EL͏WYjR ÿ̯X QăP
Ĉk\ Oj JL̫L SKiS TX͙F W͇ Fy WK͋ JL~S PL͉Q %̷F Yj 1DP 9L͏W

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 179

Nam s͙QJ FKXQJ KRj EuQK WKL ÿXD [k\ G͹QJ SKiW WUL͋Q ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF FKͥ
F˯ K͡L WKX̵Q WL͏Q WiL WK͙QJ QK̭W YͣL QKDX &KtQK SKͯ &6 %̷F 9L͏W TX\͇W
OL͏W SK̫Q ÿ͙L %̷F 9L͏W ÿm Y̵Q ÿ͡QJ /LrQ ;{ WKD\ ÿ͝L FKtQK ViFK NK{QJ
FK̭S QK̵Q 9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ +Rj YjR /LrQ +L͏S 4X͙F N͋ F̫ 9L͏W 1DP
Dân Chͯ &͡QJ +Rj WͱF %̷F 9L͏W FNJQJ NK{QJ ÿ˱ͫF YjR
+ӗ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿҧQJ &6 SKҧL FKӏX WUiFK QKLӋP WUѭӟF OӏFK Vӱ viÿm
Eӓ PҩW Fѫ KӝL TXê EiX Qҫ\ ÿӇ WUiQK ³1ӗL GD [iR WKӏW”làm cho hàng
WUL͏X QJ˱ͥL F̫ %̷F O̳Q 1DP 9L͏W 1DP SK̫L E͗ PuQK WURQJ FX͡F FKL͇Q
YͳD TXD +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿ̫QJ &6 OX{Q WuP NL͇P Oê GR ÿ͋ Jk\ FKL͇Q
,r͛L GQJ KRjQ F̫QK FKL͇Q WUDQK OjP F˯ K͡L ÿ͋ ÿL͉X ÿ͡QJ ÿRjQ QJNJ
KRi TX̯Q FK~QJ Yj WK~F ÿ̱\ TX̯Q FK~QJ FKiS QK̵Q K\ VLQK +͛ &Kt
0LQK Yj ÿ̫QJ &6 QX{L G˱ͧQJ FKL͇Q WUDQK WK˱ͥQJ WU͹F E̹QJ [˱˯QJ
PiX GkQ W͡F ÿ͋ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ TX\͉Q O͹F WK͹F KL͏Q FK͇ ÿ͡ ÿ͡F WjL ÿ̫QJ
WU͓ Yj WRjQ WU͓´

&̯X YL͏Q Yj QK˱ͫQJ ÿ̭W FKR QJR̩L EDQJ WUDQJ
-&KLD 5ͅ 'kQ 7͡F (trang 424)

&K̵Q ÿͱQJ P͕L WjL QăQJ Yj OjP FKR ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF FK̵P SKiW WUL͋Q
(trang 425)

-Ĉ̱\ QJ˱ͥL Y˱ͫW ELrQ(trang428).

7yP O̩L QKͷQJ Yͭ iQ GR &6 Jk\ UD FKR WK̭\ ÿ̫QJ &691 Fy P͡W
FKͯ WU˱˯QJ WK͙QJ QK̭W Yj [X\rQ VX͙W Wͳ NKL PͣL WKjQK O̵S FKR ÿ͇Q QJj\
QD\ ṶW U} U͏W

³7KHR FKͯ 1JKLm 0iF /r iS ÿ̿W FKͯ QJKƭD Q̯\ YjR GkQ W͡F 9L͏W
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ĈiQK ÿ͝ Fy WtQK WRiQ WRjQ E͡ K͏ WK͙QJ F̭X WU~F [m K͡L FNJ Y͉ YăQ
KRi FKtQK WU͓ FNJQJ QK˱ Y͉ NLQK W͇ ÿ͋ WKL͇W O̵S P͡W [m K͡L ÿ͗ G˱ͣL
TX\͉Q WK͙QJ WU͓ FͯD &6 ´ WUDQJ

1KұQ ÿӏQK YӅ FKӫ QJKLm &6 iS GөQJ WҥL 9LӋW 1DP Yj ÿӅ FұS ÿӃQ
FKtQK ViFK QJX GkQ FӫD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ WUDQJ Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ YLӃW

³1KL͉X QJ˱ͥL FKR U̹QJ GR G͙W QiW WUuQK ÿ͡ TX̫Q Oê NpP KR̿F &͡QJ
6̫Q FK͑ JL͗L FKL͇Q WUDQK FKͱ NK{QJ JL͗L TX̫Q WU͓ QrQ FK͇ ÿ͡ &͡QJ 6̫Q
PͣL ÿ˱D ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF ÿ͇Q FK͟ VX\ YRQJ QK˱ QJj\ QD\ 7K̵W UD NK{QJ WK͋
QyL OmQK ÿ̩R &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏W 1DP QJX G͙W 'R KRjQ F̫QK FKL͇Q WUDQK
QKͷQJ QKj OmQK ÿ̩R 9L͏W 1DP Fy WK͋ tW K͕F QK˱QJ GR ÿm WUDQK ÿ̭X OLrQ
WͭF WURQJ P͡W P{L WU˱ͥQJ WUDQK FK̭S JD\ J̷W FDR ÿ͡ ͧ WURQJ FNJQJ QK˱
QJRjL ÿ̫QJ QrQ K͕ ṶW OmR OX\͏Q WURQJ NͿ WKX̵W OͳD ÿ̫R Yj NKX\QK
loát FNJQJ QK˱ ṶW WjQ iF WURQJ KjQK ÿ͡QJ %͡ WKDP P˱X FͯD K͕ J͛P
QKL͉X QKj WUt WKͱF NKRD E̫QJ ṶW WK{QJ WKiL Y͉ FKX\rQ P{Q Yj OjP YL͏F

180 LONG ĐIỀN

ṶW NKRD K͕F EjL E̫Q JL~S FiF QKj OmQK ÿ̩R F͡QJ V̫Q Q̷P YͷQJ QKͷQJ
YҩQ ÿӅ FKX\rQ P{Q FҫQ WKLӃW &iF QKj OmQK ÿҥR &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Gѭ ELӃW Nr
KRҥFK FӫD Kӑ VӁ GүQ ÿҩW QѭӟF ÿӃQ QJKqR ÿyL VX\ VөS &KӍ Fy ÿLӅX Oj W̭W
F̫ FiF FKtQK ViFK FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q F͙ WuQK QK̷P P͡W PͭF ÿtFK GX\ QKҩW
Oj GX\ WUu Yj FӫQJ Fӕ TX\ӅQ OӵF FӫD Kӑ EҩW FKҩS GkQ WuQK ÿyL NKә WKLӃX
WKӕQ EҩW FKҩS [m KӝL VX\ WKRiL ´ WUDQJ

1KұQ ÿӏQK FӫD Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ YӅ ÿҧQJ &691 Yj FXӝF
FKLӃQ 91

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%̶& 9,͎7 &˰ˮ1* 48<͆7 ;Æ0 /Ă1* 1$0 9,͎7

³+L͏S ÿ͓QK *HQqYH QJj\ W̩P WKͥL FKLD KDL Q˱ͣF 9L͏W
Nam ͧ V{QJ %͇Q +̫L 4X̫QJ 7U͓ W̩L Yƭ WX\͇Q 3KtD E̷F Oj 9L͏W 1DP
Dân Chͯ &͡QJ +Rj 91'&&+ GR +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿ̫QJ /DR Ĉ͡QJ
/Ĉ WL͉Q WKkQ FX̫ ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ V̫Q 9L͏W 1DP &691 QJj\ QD\ OmQK
ÿ̩R 3KtD QDP Oj 4X͙F *LD 9L͏W 1DP GR 4X͙F WU˱ͧQJ %̫R Ĉ̩L ÿͱQJ
ÿ̯X Yj {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P OjP WKͯ W˱ͣQJ 7X\ FK̭S KjQK TX\͇W ÿ͓QK
FX̫ KL͏S ÿ͓QK *HQqYH FKLD KDL Q˱ͣF 9L͏W 1DP QK˱QJ Ĉ̩L GL͏Q FX̫
4X͙F *LD 9L͏W 1DP NK{QJ Nê YjR KL͏S ÿ͓QK Q̯\

ĈL͉X WURQJ E̫Q ³7X\rQ E͙ FX͙L FQJ FͯD +͡L 1JK͓ *HQqYH
Y͉ Y̭Q ÿ͉ O̵S O̩L KzD EuQK ͧ Ĉ{QJ '˱˯QJ´ QJj\ ̭Q ÿ͓QK
U̹QJ P͡W FX͡F W͝QJ WX\͋Q F͵ G˱ͣL V͹ NL͋P VRiW FͯD %DQ *LiP ViW Yj
Ki͋P VRiW 4X͙F W͇ G͹ WtQK Vͅ ÿ˱ͫF W͝ FKͱF YjR WKiQJ FiF YL͏F
FKX̱Q E͓ Vͅ ÿ˱ͫF [~F WL͇Q Wͳ

7Kͯ W˱ͣQJ %̷F 9L͏W Oj 3K̩P 9ăQ Ĉ͛QJ JͧL WK˱ QJj\ FKR
WKͯ W˱ͣQJ 1DP 9L͏W Oj 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P \rX F̯X Pͧ K͡L QJK͓ KL͏S WK˱˯QJ
E̷W ÿ̯X Wͳ QJj\ QK˱ ÿm TX\ ÿ͓QK WURQJ KL͏S ÿ͓QK *HQqYH
ÿ͋ EjQ Y͉ YL͏F WK͙QJ QK̭W Yj W͝QJ WX\͋Q F͵ 1Jj\ +͛ &Kt
Minh nh̷F O̩L ÿ͉ QJK͓ Q̯\ O̯Q QͷD QK˱QJ ÿ͉X E͓ WKͯ W˱ͣQJ 1J{ ĈuQK
Di͏P QKL͉X O̯Q OrQ WL͇QJ EiF E͗ Yu FKR U̹QJ NK{QJ Fy W͹ GR GkQ FKͯ ͧ
B̷F 9L͏W

7X\ EL͇W E͓ Wͳ NK˱ͣF QK˱QJ {QJ 3K̩P 9ăQ Ĉ͛QJ Y̳Q WL͇S WͭF JͧL
F{QJ KjP ÿ͇Q {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P \rX F̯X W͝ FKͱF W͝QJ WX\͋Q F͵ ÿ͋
FKͱQJ W͗ %̷F 9L͏W PX͙Q WKL KjQK KL͏S ÿ͓QK *HQqYH /̯Q FX͙L FQJ {QJ
Ĉ͛QJ OrQ WL͇QJ Y͉ YL͏F Q̯\ QJj\ Yj {QJ 'L͏P WU̫ OͥL QJj\
U̹QJ ³NKL QjR PL͉Q %̷F FK̭P GͱW NKͯQJ E͙ SKi KR̩L Yj
WK͹F WKL GkQ FKͯ W͹ GR NKL ÿy PͣL Fy WK͋ W͝QJ WX\͋Q F͵ Yj WK͙QJ QK̭W
ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF ´

%̷F 9L͏W W͹ WLQ FK̷F FK̷Q Vͅ ÿ̷F WK̷QJ Q͇X W͝QJ WX\͋Q F͵ ÿ˱ͫF W͝

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 181

FKͱF O~F ÿy Yu WKͱ QK̭W PL͉Q %̷F ÿ{QJ GkQ K˯Q PL͉Q 1DP WKͱ QKu
ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ NL͋P VRiW GkQ FK~QJ FK̿W FKͅ K˯Q PL͉Q 1DP WKͱ ED WU˱ͣF
NKL W̵S N͇W O͹F O˱ͫQJ UD %̷F F͡QJ V̫Q ÿm FK{Q JḼX YNJ NKt Yj FjL FiQ
E͡ ÿ̫QJ YLrQ ͧ O̩L KR̩W ÿ͡QJ Et P̵W W̩L PL͉Q 1DP WKͱ W˱ PL͉Q 1DP
OLrQ WͭF [iR WU͡Q Wͳ NKL {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P Y͉ F̯P TX\͉Q QăP

&KtQK SKͯ 1DP 9L͏W O~F ÿy FK˱D N͓S ͝Q ÿ͓QK WuQK KuQK Q͡L E͡ ÿDQJ
g̿S QKL͉X SKkQ KyD NKy NKăQ WKͱ QK̭W V͹ FK͙QJ ÿ͙L FͯD FiF O͹F
O˱ͫQJ WKkQ 3KiS FͯD %uQK ;X\rQ Yj FͯD FiF JLiR SKiL ͧ PL͉Q 1DP
WKͱ QKu V͹ FK͙QJ ÿ͙L FͯD FiF ÿ̫QJ SKiL ͧ PL͉Q 7UXQJ WKͱ ED JL̫L
TX\͇W FK͟ ͧ FNJQJ QK˱ F{QJ ăQ YL͏F OjP FKR NKR̫QJ WUrQ ÿ͛QJ
EjR Wͳ %̷F GL F˱ YjR 1DP WKͱ W˱ W͝ FKͱF O̩L JX͛QJ Pi\ KjQK FKiQK
VDX QKͷQJ WKD\ ÿ͝L FKtQK WU͓ QăP Yu {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P NK{QJ
Fy P͡W ÿ̫QJ SKiL P̩QK Pͅ Fy W͝ FKͱF TX\ Fͯ QK˱ ÿ̫QJ /DR Ĉ͡QJ ͧ
B̷F 9L͏W 1KkQ WjL ͧ PL͉Q 1DP KR̿F E͓ F͡QJ V̫Q OLrQ WͭF JL͇W K̩L Wͳ
QăP KR̿F E͓ F͡QJ V̫Q E̷W ÿ˱D UD %̷F ÿ͋ F{ O̵S Wͳ QăP
Mi͉Q 1DP FK˱D N͓S ÿjR W̩R QKkQ V͹ QrQ WURQJ WKͥL JLDQ ÿ̯X WKL͇X
QJ˱ͥL ÿL͉X KjQK F{QJ YL͏F QKj Q˱ͣF

6DX FX͡F WU˱QJ F̯X GkQ ê QJj\ {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P
WX\rQ E͙ WKjQK O̵S Q͉Q &͡QJ +Rj Yj OrQ OjP W͝QJ WK͙QJ 9L͏W 1DP &͡QJ
Hoà (VNCH) QJj\ FQJ QăP .KL WK̭\ {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P Wͳ
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FKL͇P PL͉Q 1DP Yu WKDP Y͕QJ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ TX\͉Q O͹F Yj EjQK WU˱ͣQJ
FKͯ QJKƭD F͡QJ V̫Q [X͙QJ FiF Q˱ͣF Ĉ{QJ 1DP È

ĈDQJ O~F ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ E̷W ÿ̯X FKX̱Q E͓ N͇ KR̩FK W̭Q F{QJ PL͉Q 1DP
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7URQJ QJj\ E͇ P̩F Ĉ̩L K͡L Q̯\ Et WK˱ WKͱ QK̭W ÿ̫QJ
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FK͇ ÿ͡ FKtQK WU͓

7KHR FKͯ WU˱˯QJ ÿy YjR ÿ̯X QăP FKtQK SKͯ /LrQ ;{ ÿ͉ QJK͓
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ULrQJ EL͏W &KtQK SKͯ %̷F 9L͏W TX\͇W OL͏W SK̫Q ÿ͙L 9jR JLͷD WKiQJ
.OLPHQW 9RURVKLORY FKͯ W͓FK ÿRjQ &Kͯ W͓FK 7͙L FDR /LrQ ;{
ÿ͇Q WKăP +j 1͡L 6DX FX͡F J̿S Jͩ W̩L +j 1͡L YͣL FiF OmQK Wͭ %̷F 9L͏W
9RURVKLORY WX\rQ E͙ /LrQ ;{ Vͅ JLD WăQJ YL͏Q WUͫ FKR %̷F 9L͏W Yj E̫R
ÿ̫P U̹QJ /LrQ ;{ Vͅ NK{QJ FK̭S QK̵Q FKR 91&+ JLD QK̵S /LrQ +L͏S
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FK͓X WKD\ ÿ͝L FKtQK ViFK Y͉ 9L͏W 1DP 4X̫ WK͹F VDX ÿy YjR WKiQJ
FQJ QăP /LrQ ;{ ÿm GQJ TX\͉Q SKͯ TX\͇W NKL Y̭Q ÿ͉ Q̯\ ÿ˱ͫF ÿ˱D
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182 LONG ĐIỀN

YLrQ WK˱ͥQJ WU͹F
Ĉ̫QJ /Ĉ FK͙QJ O̩L ÿ͉ QJK͓ EDQ ÿ̯X FͯD /LrQ ;{ ÿ˱D KDL PL͉Q %̷F

Yj 1DP 9L͏W 1DP FQJ YjR /LrQ +L͏S 4X͙F Yu ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ TX\͇W WkP
WL͇Q KjQK FKL͇Q WUDQK [kP OăQJ PL͉Q 1DP. Ngày 24-5-1958, Ban Bí
WK˱ 7UXQJ ˱˯QJ ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ UD FK͑ WK͓ W͝ FKͱF K͕F W̵S FKͯ WKX\͇W 0iF Lê
ÿ͋ [k\ G͹QJ FKͯ QJKƭD [m K͡L ͧ %̷F 9L͏W Yj WL͇Q KjQK FiFK P̩QJ GkQ
W͡F GkQ FKͯ QKkQ GkQ ͧ 1DP 9L͏W 9jR FX͙L QăP Q̯\ /r 'X̱Q ÿ˱ͫF Et
P̵W JͧL YjR 1DP ÿ͋ QJKLrQ FͱX WuQK KuQK .KL WUͧ UD %̷F E̫Q EiR FiR
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QJK͓ TX\͇W WK͙QJ QK̭W ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF WͱF ÿiQK FKL͇P PL͉Q 1DP E̹QJ YNJ
O͹F53) Yj ÿ˱D PL͉Q %̷F WL͇Q OrQ [m K͡L FKͯ QJKƭD 1JK͓ TX\͇W ÿăQJ trên
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1JK͓ TX\͇W WUrQ ÿk\ ÿ˱ͫF O̵S O̩L WURQJ Ĉ̩L K͡L ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ NKDL
GL͍Q Wͳ QJj\ ÿ͇Q QJj\ P͏QK GDQK Oj ³Ĉ̩L K͡L [k\ G͹QJ
FKͯ QJKƭD [m K͡L Yj ÿ̭X WUDQK WK͹F KL͏Q WK͙QJ QK̭W Q˱ͣF QKj´ ÿ˱D UD
KDL PͭF WLrX OͣQ FͯD ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ Oj [k\ G͹QJ PL͉Q %̷F WL͇Q OrQ ;m K͡L FKͯ
QJKƭD Yj ³JL̫L SKyQJ´ PL͉Q 1DP E̹QJ Y} O͹F

7U˱ͣF P̿W TX͙F W͇ ÿ̫QJ /Ĉ Yj QKj F̯P TX\͉Q +j 1͡L NK{QJ F̯Q
gi̭X GL͇P Ju ê ÿ͓QK [kP OăQJ PL͉Q 1DP. Trong m͡W FX͡F WL͇S [~F
YͣL OmQK V͹ 3KiS W̩L +j 1͡L {QJ 3K̩P 9ăQ Ĉ͛QJ WKͯ W˱ͣQJ %̷F 9L͏W
WX\rQ E͙ ³ÐQJ QrQ QKͣ Oj FK~QJ W{L Vͅ ÿ͇Q 6ài Gòn ngày mai.” Trong
P͡W O̯Q NKiF YjR WKiQJ FQJ QăP {QJ 3K̩P 9ăQ Ĉ͛QJ QyL YͣL Y͓
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Y͏ 7URQJ ViFK O˱ͫF WRjQ F̯X FͯD +RD .Ǥ FKtQK SKͯ +RD .Ǥ O~F ÿy
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Ĉ{QJ 1DP È Yj FK̵Q ÿͱQJ V͹ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ FX̫ F͡QJ V̫Q +jQK ÿ͡QJ
FͯD +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj %̷F 9L͏W FXQJ F̭S FKR FKtQK SKͯ +RD .Ǥ Oê GR
FKtQK ÿiQJ ÿ͋ WKX\͇W SKͭF TX͙F K͡L Q˱ͣF Q̯\ FK̭S QK̵Q N͇ KR̩FK JͧL
O͹F O˱ͫQJ WU͹F WL͇S WKDP FKL͇Q ͧ 9L͏W 1DP &̯Q FK~ ê Oj FKtQK SKͯ +RD
KǤ FK͑ ÿ͝ TXkQ jR ̩W YjR PL͉Q 1DP Wͳ VDX ³4X\͇W QJK͓ Y͓QK %̷F 9L͏W´
7KH *XOI RI 7RQNLQ 5HVROXWLRQ FͯD O˱ͩQJ YL͏Q 4X͙F K͡L +RD .Ǥ QJj\
QJKƭD Oj VDX NKL F͡QJ V̫Q %̷F 9L͏W E͗ Oͩ F˯ K͡L KDL PL͉Q
B̷F Yj 1DP 9L͏W 1DP V͙QJ FKXQJ KzD EuQK J̯Q QăP ÿ͛QJ WKͥL O~F
ÿy 0̿W WU̵Q 'kQ W͡F *L̫L SKyQJ PL͉Q 1DP 9L͏W 1DP P͡W W͝ FKͱF GR
Hà N͡L O̵S UD Yj ÿL͉X NKL͋Q ÿm KR̩W ÿ͡QJ NKR̫QJ QăP TX̭\ SKi
NK̷S WRjQ F}L 1DP 9L͏W Yj E̷W ÿ̯X Pͧ QKͷQJ WU̵Q ÿiQK OͣQ QK̭W Oj Wͳ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 183

WU̵Q ̬S %̷F NKR̫QJ Fk\ V͙ Wk\ E̷F 0Ϳ 7KR QJj\

Ĉ̫QJ /Ĉ YͣL V͹ YL͏Q WUͫ OͣQ ODR FͯD /LrQ ;{ Yj &͡QJ +Rj 1KkQ
Dân Trung Hoa (CHNDTH), c͙ WuQK G͛Q PL͉Q 1DP YjR WK͇ Et SK̫L QKͥ

ÿ͇Q YL͏Q WUͫ TXkQ V͹ FͯD +RD .Ǥ ÿ͋ FK͙QJ ÿͩ FX͡F W̭Q F{QJ FͯD %̷F

9L͏W U͛L %̷F 9L͏W O̩L SKiW ÿ͡QJ FKL͇Q G͓FK J͕L Oj ³FK͙QJ 0Ϳ FͱX Q˱ͣF´

P͡W O̯Q QͷD QK̷P JLjQK O̭\ FKtQK QJKƭD Y͉ SK̯Q PuQK ÿ͋ W̭Q F{QJ PL͉Q
Nam. Chính vì c͡QJ V̫Q %̷F 9L͏W ÿm W͹ EL͇Q WKjQK QJ˱ͥL OtQK WLrQ SKRQJ

FͯD 4X͙F W͇ &͡QJ V̫Q ÿ͋ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ F͡QJ V̫Q [X͙QJ Ĉ{QJ 1DP È QrQ

TXkQ ÿ͡L +RD .Ǥ PͣL KL͏Q GL͏Q ͧ 1DP 9L͏W 1yL WKHR QJ{Q QJͷ G͓FK K͕F

TX͙F W͇ F͡QJ V̫Q Yj TX͙F W͇ W˱ E̫Q Oj KDL WK͇ O͹F W˱˯QJ NK̷F QK˱QJ W˱˯QJ

VLQK 9u FӝQJ VҧQ EjQK WUѭӟQJ QrQ +RD .Ǥ PӟL ÿѭD TXkQ ÿӃQ 9LӋQ
cӟ TXkQ ÿӝL +RD .Ǥ WLӃQ YjR 9LӋW 1DP FӝQJ VҧQ OҥL EjQK WUѭӟQJ

KѫQ Qѭm

Ĉ̪1* &691 '͸$ 9¬2 1*2̨, %$1* Ĉ͊ 7+͘1* 75͒

Ĉ̬7 1˰͢&

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PLQK E̩FK NK{QJ FKH JḼX '͹D YjR Oê GR QJ˱ͥL +RD .Ǥ YL͏Q WUͫ FKR

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VDL FͯD +RD .Ǥ 9L͏F WX\rQ WUX\͉Q Q̯\ OjP FKR QKL͉X QJ˱ͥL KL͋X O̯P

FKtQK QJKƭD FͯD FKtQK SKͯ TX͙F JLD Yu KuQK ̫QK TXkQ ÿ͡L Ĉ͛QJ PLQK

TXi OͣQ Yj TXi O͡ OL͍X ErQ F̩QK TXkQ ÿ͡L 4X͙F JLD WURQJ NKL K͕ NK{QJ

WK̭\ EyQJ GiQJ QJ˱ͥL QJR̩L TX͙F ErQ F̩QK E͡ ÿ͡L F͡QJ V̫Q %̷F 9L͏W

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ÿ͙L Q͡L FNJQJ QK˱ ÿ͙L QJR̩L

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NKLrX NKtFK FKR +RD .Ǥ N̓ WK V͙ P͡W FX̫ /LrQ ;{ QK̫\ YjR YzQJ FKL͇Q

1͙84 ̯ LONG ĐIỀN

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WUDQK FK̭P GͱW QăP Y˱j WU̫ Qͫ E̹QJ KjQJ KRi E̹QJ VͱF ODR
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FͯD ÿ̫QJ &67+ 7KiQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK F͵ QJ˱ͥL ÿ͇Q 'LrQ $Q
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WU͙Q VDQJ ELrQ JLͣL 7UXQJ +RD NKL E͓ TXkQ ÿ͡L 4X͙F *LD 9L͏W 1DP Yj
TXkQ ÿ͡L 3KiS WUX\ ÿX͝L WURQJ FX͡F FKL͇Q WUDQK

7KiQJ &+1'7+ E͝ QKL͏P F͙ Y̭Q Wͳ F̭S WL͋X ÿRjQ FKR
TXkQ ÿ͡L 9L͏W 0LQK F͡QJ V̫Q FͯD +͛ &Kt 0LQK 1Jj\ 0DR
7U̩FK Ĉ{QJ JLDR FKR SKiL E͡ F͙ Y̭Q &+1'7+ ͧ 9L͏W 1DP KDL QKL͏P

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 185

vͭ chính: 1) giúp Vi͏t Minh thành l̵p quân ÿ͡i chͯ l͹c; 2) giúp quân
ÿ͡i Vi͏t Minh trong vi͏c thi͇t l̵p k͇ ho̩ch hành quân cùng tham chi͇n.
Vào cu͙i tháng 7 năm n̯y, B͡ t˱ l͏nh c͙ v̭n quân s͹ Trung C͡ng
chính thͱc ÿ˱ͫc hình thành, lúc ÿ̯u g͛m 79 ng˱ͥi, do t˱ͣng Vi Qu͙c
Thanh (Wei Guoqing) làm t˱ l͏nh, vͣi hai phͭ tá là Mai Gia Sinh (Mei
Jiasheng) và Ĉ̿ng Tͻ Phàm (Deng Yifan). Ngoài ra còn có c͙ v̭n chính
tr͓ CHNDTH là La Quý Ba (Luo Guibo). Tͳ ÿó, các c͙ v̭n CHNDTH
quy͇t ÿ͓nh m͕i vi͏c, và ch͑ huy tͳng chi͇n d͓ch m͡t, ví dͭ chi͇n d͓ch
Hòa Bình năm 1951, chi͇n d͓ch năm 1953, chi͇n d͓ch Ĉi͏n Biên Phͯ.
(11) Ĉi͉u rõ nét ai cNJng bi͇t là dàn cao x̩ m̩nh mͅ ṱn công Ĉi͏n Biên
Phͯ là do các c͙ v̭n CHNDTH h˱ͣng d̳n và ch͑ huy.

HiӋp ÿӏnh Genève ngày 20-7-1954 chia hai nѭӟc ViӋt Nam ӣ vӍ
tuyӃn 17. ViӋt Minh cӝng sҧn ӣ phiá Bҳc, Quӕc gia ViӋt Nam ӣ
miӅn Nam. Ngày 4-9-1958, Châu Ân Lai công b͙ ranh giͣi bi͋n 12 h̫i
lý tͳ bͥ bi͋n. Ĉ͋ tr̫ ˯n CHNDTH và ÿ͋ ÿ˱ͫc ti͇p tͭc vi͏n trͫ quân s͹,
xâm lăng mi͉n Nam, Ph̩m Văn Ĉ͛ng, thͯ t˱ͣng B̷c Vi͏t, ÿ˱˯ng nhiên
vͣi s͹ ÿ͛ng ý cͯa H͛ Chí Minh và B͡ chính tr͓ ÿ̫ng CSVN, ÿã ký qu͙c
th˱ ngày 14-9 nhìn nh̵n ranh giͣi bi͋n nói trên cͯa CHNDTH, nghƭa
là gián ti͇p công nh̵n chͯ quy͉n cͯa CHNDTH trên hai qu̯n ÿ̫o
Hoàng Sa và Tr˱ͥng Sa. Nh˱ th͇ H͛ Chí Minh và ÿ̫ng CSVN ÿã dâng ÿ̭t
cho CHNDTH mà t͝ tiên ÿã dày công xây d͹ng và b̫o v͏.

Lúc c̯n d͛n quân xu͙ng ÿánh mi͉n Nam, B̷c Vi͏t ÿã mͥi quân
CHNDTH vào ÿóng giͷ tͳ khu Vi͏t B̷c xu͙ng tͣi Hà N͡i, và giao cho
CHNDTH in b̫n ÿ͛ ÿ͓a lý Vi͏t Nam lo̩i chi ti͇t vͣi tͽ l͏ 1/ 1000.(12)
Ĉi͉u n̯y ch̻ng khác gì là dâng hi͇n toàn b͡ ÿ͓a hình ÿ͓a v̵t n˱ͣc ta
cho nhà c̯m quy͉n CHNDTH. Vi͏c ÿ̫ng CS mͥi quân CHNDTH vào
ÿ̭t Vi͏t cNJng gi͙ng nh˱ Lê Chiêu Th͙ng (tr͓ vì 1787-1788) mͥi quân
Thanh vào năm 1788, ch͑ khác ͧ ÿo̩n k͇t là Lê Chiêu Th͙ng ch˱a
dâng ÿ̭t cho nhà Thanh nh˱ H͛ Chí Minh dâng ÿ̭t cho CHNDTH, và
khi quân Thanh rút v͉ thì không còn gì tác h̩i, trái l̩i s͹ giúp ÿͩ cͯa
CHNDTH không ph̫i là không có ÿi͉u ki͏n.

Nhͷng ÿi͉u ki͏n m̵t ˱ͣc giͷa CSVN và CSTH không ÿuͫc ti͇t l͡ ra
ngoài. G̯n ÿây, trong bài vi͇t “M͙c mͣi trong quan h͏ Vi͏t Nam – Trung
Qu͙c”, ÿăng trên t̩p chí C͡ng S̫n, s͙ T͇t Canh Thìn (2000), ông VNJ
Khoan, B͡ tr˱ͧng B͡ Th˱˯ng m̩i Hà N͡i, cho bi͇t ngay tͳ 1949, ÿã
có “m͡t s͙ l̯n ... trao ÿ͝i y ki͇n, ÿàm phán v͉ v̭n ÿ͉ biên giͣi.”(13)
Lúc c̯n d͛n quân xu͙ng ÿánh mi͉n Nam, B̷c Vi͏t ÿã mͥi quân
CHNDTH vào ÿóng giͷ tͳ khu Vi͏t B̷c xu͙ng tͣi Hà N͡i, và giao cho
CHNDTH in b̫n ÿ͛ ÿ͓a lý Vi͏t Nam lo̩i chi ti͇t vͣi tͽ l͏ 1/ 1000.(12)
Ĉi͉u n̯y ch̻ng khác gì là dâng hi͇n toàn b͡ ÿ͓a hình ÿ͓a v̵t n˱ͣc ta
cho nhà c̯m quy͉n CHNDTH. Trong thͥi gian x̫y ra cu͡c tranh ch̭p
biên giͣi, t̩i m͡t cu͡c h͕p

186 LONG ĐIỀN

báo ͧ B̷c Kinh ngày 30-7-1979, m͡t viên chͱc ngo̩i giao CHNDTH
cho bi͇t tͳ 1954 ÿ͇n 1971, 300.000 binh sƭ CHNDTH ÿã chi͇n ÿ̭u bên
c̩nh binh sƭ B̷c Vi͏t, trong ÿó hàng ngàn ng˱ͥi ÿã t͵ tr̵n và hàng
chөc ngàn ngѭӡi ÿã bӏ thѭѫng. Ông ta còn xác ÿӏnh sӕ lѭӧng vNJ khí
CHNDTH viӋn trӧ cho CSVN tӯ 1950 ÿӃn 1977 lên ÿӃn 2.000.000
súng h̩ng nh́, 27.000 ÿ̩i pháo, 270 tri͏u băng ÿ̩n, 18 tri͏u ÿ̩n ÿ̩i
pháo, 179 máy bay và 145 chi͇n h̩m.(14) S͙ l˱ͫng vi͏n trͫ n̯y ÿ˱ͫc
˱ͣc tính theo thͥi giá lúc ÿó là 20 tͽ MͿ kim. M͡t tài li͏u khác cho
th̭y “năm 1962 Trung Qu͙c ÿã giúp riêng cho nhân dân mi͉n Nam
[M̿t Tr̵n Gi̫i Phóng Mi͉n Nam] chín v̩n kẖu súng tr˱ͥng và súng
máy ÿ͋ phát tri͋n chi͇n tranh du kích, v͉ sau cu͡c ÿ̭u ranh cu̫ nhân
dân mi͉n Nam càng phát tri͋n thì s͙ l˱ͫng vi͏n trͫ cu̫ Trung Qu͙c
l̩i càng ngày càng nhi͉u h˯n”.(15)

...Ngoài ra, trong cu͡c chi͇n 1954-1975, bên c̩nh các c͙ v̭n
và chuyên viên Liên Xô, CHNDTH, còn có các chuyên viên c͡ng s̫n
Cuba, B̷c Hàn tham d͹. Vào ÿ̯u năm 2000, nhà c̯m quy͉n Hà N͡i
thú nh̵n quân lính B̷c Hàn ÿã sang B̷c Vi͏t chi͇n ÿ̭u giúp ch͇ ÿ͡
c͡ng s̫n Hà N͡i, b͓ ch͇t và chôn ͧ B̷c Giang.(17)

Vì bi͇n c͙ 30-4-1975 là ti͉n ÿ͉ cu̫ s͹ c͙ Nam Quan, nên n͇u ng˱ͥi
Vi͏t Nam mu͙n ki͇m cách ÿòi l̩i ̫i Nam Quan, thì cNJng ph̫i ÿi theo
ti͇n trình n̯y, tͱc là ÿ̯u tiên ph̫i gi̫i th͋ h͏ th͙ng ÿ̫ng quy͉n c͡ng
s̫n toàn tr͓ t̩i Vi͏t Nam, ÿ͋ thi͇t l̵p m͡t ch͇ ÿ͡ t͹ do dân chͯ th̵t s͹,
ÿoàn k͇t n͡i l͹c cu̫ toàn dân, mͣi có th͋ ÿ̿t v̭n ÿ͉ th˱˯ng thuy͇t ÿòi
l̩i ̫i Nam Quan vͣi CHNDTH.

Ch͑ có vi͏c gi̫i th͋ ch͇ ÿ͡ c͡ng s̫n hi͏n nay ͧ Hà N͡i, thi͇t l̵p
m͡t ch͇ ÿ͡ dân chͯ th͹c tâm tôn tr͕ng dân quy͉n, lo l̷ng cho ÿͥi s͙ng
dân chúng, cho ti͉n ÿ͛ dân t͡c, mͣi có th͋ ÿͯ sͱc ch͙ng l̩i cu͡c xâm
lăng cu̫ CHNDTH, nh̭t là khi n˱ͣc n̯y th͹c hi͏n k͇ ho̩ch tàm th͹c
(30) ÿ͋ tͳ tͳ ḽn chi͇m Vi͏t Nam. Nhͷng cu͡c ṱn công vNJ b̫o cͯa vua
chúa Trung Hoa ngày tr˱ͣc cNJng nh˱ cͯa Ĉ̿ng Ti͋u Bình năm 1979
không m̭y thành công b̹ng k͇ ho̩ch tàm th͹c r̭t tinh vi, ̱n náu trong
lͣp v͗ b͕c chͯ nghƭa qu͙c t͇ c͡ng s̫n. K͇ ho̩ch tàm th͹c r̭t nguy hi͋m,
vì sau ̫i Nam Quan, CHNDTH sͅ tͳ tͳ ḽn xu͙ng ÿ͇n m͡t lúc nào ÿó sͅ
nu͙t tr͕n t͑nh L̩ng S˯n r͛i xu͙ng châu th͝ H͛ng Hà.

Mu͙n ch͙ng k͇ ho̩ch tàm th͹c cu̫ CHNDTH, ng˱ͥi Vi͏t Nam ch͑
còn cách duy nh̭t là ph̫i theo ph˱˯ng l˱ͫc mà Ĉͱc H˱ng Ĉ̩o Ĉ̩i
V˱˯ng Tr̯n Qu͙c Tṷn (1226-1300) ÿã ch͑ ra cách ÿây h˯n 700 năm.
Khi Ngài s̷p tͳ tr̯n năm 1300, vua Tr̯n Anh Tông (tr͓ vì 1293-1313)
ÿ͇n thăm và h͗i r̹ng: “Th˱ͫng phͭ [ch͑ Ĉͱc Tr̯n H˱ng Ĉ̩o] m͡t mai
khṷt núi, ph͗ng có quân b̷c l̩i sang thì làm th͇ nào?” Ngài tr̫ lͥi

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 187

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O̩L G͍ FK͙QJ 1͇X Qy GQJ FiFK ăQ G̯Q Gj QK˱ W̹P ăQ Oi WKRQJ WK̫ Pà
NK{QJ KDP FX̫ GkQ NK{QJ F̯Q O̭\ PDX YL͏F WK͇ ̭\ PͣL NKy WU͓ WKì ta
QrQ NpQ GQJ QJ˱ͥL JL͗L OL͏X [HP TX\͉Q EL͇Q Yt QK˱ ÿiQK Fͥ SK̫L WXǤ
F˯ Pj ͱQJ EL͇Q GQJ ELQK SK̫L ÿ͛QJ OzQJ QK˱ FKD FRQ P͡W QKj WKu PͣL
Fy WK͋ ÿiQK ÿ˱ͫF &iFK ̭\ F͙W SK̫L W͹ O~F EuQK WKu NKRDQ VͱF FKR GkQ ÿ͋
làm N͇ VkX U͍ E͉Q J͙F ÿy Oj FiL WKX̵W JLͷ Q˱ͣF KD\ K˯Q F̫ ´ >QJ˱ͥL
YL͇W LQ ÿ̵P @ 7URQJ NKL ÿy O~F ³EuQK WKu´ WKͥL EuQK &691 ÿm ÿjQ iS
Yj E̹QJ P͕L FiFK EyF O͡W GkQ FK~QJ QJKqR NK͝ ÿyL UiFK WKu OjP WK͇ Qào
Fy WK͋ WK͹F KL͏Q ³N͇ VkX U͍ E͉Q J͙F´ Pj JLͷ Q˱ͣF ÿ˱ͫF"

&X͙L FQJ YL͏F 9L͏W 1DP QJj\ QD\ P̭W ̫L 1DP 4XDQ Yà 10.000
Fk\ V͙ YX{QJ WUrQ Y͓QK %̷F 9L͏W NK{QJ SK̫L FK͑ Oj WK̭W E̩L FX̫ ULêng
9L͏W 1DP Pj FzQ Oj V͹ ÿH GR̩ ÿ͙L YͣL FiF Q˱ͣF Ĉ{QJ 1DP È Yà là
P͡W EiR ÿ͡QJ FKXQJ FKR WRjQ WK͋ È &KkX FNJQJ QK˱ WK͇ JLͣL

1JRjL YL͏F WL͇Q KjQK FKL͇P ̫L 1DP 4XDQ Yj K˯Q .P Y͓QK
B̷F 9L͏W WURQJ WK̵S QLrQ TXD &+1'7+ ÿm Wͳ Wͳ O̭Q FKL͇P Yj [k\ G͹QJ
QKL͉X F˯ Vͧ TXkQ V͹ ͧ FiF ÿ̫R WUrQ TX̯Q ÿ̫R 7U˱ͥQJ 6D 1ăP K̫L
TXkQ &+1'7+ W̭Q F{QJ Yj FKL͇P P͡W V͙ Y͓ WUt WURQJ TX̯Q ÿ̫R 7U˱ͥQJ
Sa tͳ OkX WKX͡F 9L͏W 1DP Ĉ̯X QăP &+1'7+ FKL͇P ÿ̫R ÿi QJ̯P
Mischief Reef, cách CHNDTH kho̫QJ K̫L Oê WURQJ NKL FK͑ FiFK
3KLOLSSLQHV G˱ͣL K̫L Oê WU˱ͣF V͹ SK̫Q ÿ͙L Y{ KL͏X FX̫ Q˱ͣF Q̯\ U͛L
EL͇Q QKͷQJ F˯ Vͧ ͧ ÿk\ WKjQK QKͷQJ FăQ Fͱ TXkQ V͹ YjR QăP

&+1'7+ Y͙Q Oj P͡W F˱ͥQJ TX͙F ÿ̯\ WKDP Y͕QJ Ei TX\͉Q 9L͏F
FKL͇P ̫L 1DP 4XDQ Yj K˯Q Fk\ V͙ YX{QJ Y͓QK %̷F 9L͏W Oà
QKͷQJ YL͏F OjP VRQJ KjQK YͣL P˱X ÿ͛ WL͇Q FKL͇P +Ràng Sa và
7U˱ͥQJ 6D WUrQ FRQ ÿ˱ͥQJ WK͹F KL͏Q ˱ͣF P˯ OjP Ei FKͯ Ĉ{QJ 1DP
È Ĉk\ Oj ˱ͣF P˯ FX̫ &+1'7+ QK˱QJ O̩L Oj iF P͡QJ FX̫ FiF Q˱ͣF
W̩L YQJ Q̯\ Yj F̫ WK͇ JLͣL.

.KL G˱ OX̵Q QJ˱ͥL 9L͏W ÿDQJ U͡ OrQ Y͉ Y̭Q ÿ͉ &691 QK˱ͫQJ ÿ̭W Yà
QK˱ͫQJ EL͋Q FKR &67+ WKu ÿ{ ÿ͙F 'HQLV %ODLU W˱ O͏QK O͹F O˱ͫQJ +RD .Ǥ
W̩L 7KiL %uQK '˱˯QJ JKp ÿ͇Q +j 1͡L YjR ÿ̯X WKiQJ ÿ͉ QJK͓ EL͇Q
&DP 5DQK WKjQK P͡W ³FăQ Fͱ Pͧ F˱̫´ FKR SKpS WjX Eq FX̫ W̭W F̫ FiF
Q˱ͣF WUrQ WK͇ JLͣL JKp O̩L 3K̫L FKăQJ +RD .Ǥ TXDQ QJ̩L GR KL͏S ˱ͣF
9L͏W +RD Y͉ Y͓QK %̷F 9L͏W ÿ˱ͫF F{QJ NKDL WL͇W O͡ KD\ +RD .Ǥ TXDQ QJ̩L
FKXQJ Y͉ Y̭Q ÿ͉ %L͋Q Ĉ{QJ Pj &+1'7+ J͕L Oj ³Q͡L K̫L´ FX̫ K͕"

1JD\ VDX ÿy YjR QJj\ {QJ *LDQJ 7U̩FK 'kQ FKͯ W͓FK
&+1'7+ NLrP W͝QJ Et WK˱ ÿ̫QJ &67+ ÿ͇Q YL͇QJ WKăP 9L͏W 1DP Pj

188 LONG ĐIỀN

WKHR V͹ JKL QK̵Q FX̫ K̫QJ WK{QJ W̭Q 5HXWHUV QK̷P ³OjP K͇W VͱF mình
ÿ͋ WKD\ ÿ͝L QKmQ TXDQ FX̫ QJ˱ͥL 9L͏W Y͉ 7UXQJ 4X͙F´ Ĉ͛QJ WKͥL
WURQJ FX͡F WK̫R OX̵Q YͣL {QJ 7U̯Q ĈͱF /˱˯QJ FKͯ W͓FK &+;+&191
Yj {QJ 1{QJ ĈͱF 0̩QK W͝QJ Et WK˱ ÿ̫QJ &691 {QJ *LDQJ 7U̩FK
'kQ PX͙Q WṶQ DQ FiF Q˱ͣF WURQJ YQJ QrQ ³KDL SKLi >9L͏W 1DP và
Trung Qu͙F@ WiL [iF ÿ͓QK ê PX͙Q SKiW WUL͋Q TXDQ K͏ JLͷD 7UXQJ 4X͙F
Yj +L͏S K͡L FiF Q˱ͣF Ĉ{QJ 1DP È $6($1 Yu KRj EuQK Yj ͝Q ÿ͓QK
FX̫ PL͉Q ´

1J{Q QJͷ QJR̩L JLDR Oj P͡W YL͏F KjQK ÿ͡QJ WK͹F W͇ Oj P͡W YL͏F
NKiF 7U˱ͣF YL͏F &+1'7+ WK͹F KL͏Q N͇ KR̩FK WjP WK͹F WUrQ E͡ Yj Y͇W
G̯X ORDQJ WUrQ EL͋Q K\ Y͕QJ U̹QJ WURQJ W˱˯QJ ODL J̯Q FiF Q˱ͣF WUên
WK͇ JLͣL Vͅ FQJ QKDX W̵S WUXQJ ÿ͙L SKy Yj FK̵Q ÿͱQJ V͹ EjQK WU˱ͣQJ
FX̫ &+1'7+ QK˱ FiF Q˱ͣF ÆX 0Ϳ ÿm WͳQJ W̵S WUXQJ ÿ͙L SKy YͣL /Lên
;{ WURQJ WK̵S QLrQ Ĉ̯X WK̵S QLrQ NK{QJ DL QJKƭ U̹QJ NK͙L /Lên
;{ Yj Ĉ{QJ ÆX KQJ P̩QK KRjQ WRjQ VͭS ÿ͝ YjR FiF QăP 1991,
QrQ QJj\ QD\ FK˱D DL Fy WK͋ WLrQ ÿRiQ ÿ˱ͫF QKͷQJ Ju Vͅ [̫\ UD WURQJ
W˱˯QJ ODL QJR̩L WUͳ P͡W ÿL͉X Pj DL FNJQJ WLQ W˱ͧQJ là b̩R TX\͉Q NK{QJ
WK͋ W͛Q W̩L OkX GjL ͧ ḘW Fͱ Q˯L QjR WUrQ WK͇ JLͣL ͧ 7UXQJ +RD FNJQJ
QK˱ ͧ 9L͏W 1DP

&K͑ NKL QjR KuQK WKjQK P͡W FKtQK TX\͉Q th̵W V͹ GkQ FKͯ W̩L 9L͏W
Nam, W̵S K͕S ÿ˱ͫF P͕L WKjQK SK̯Q GkQ W͡F F̫L W͝ FKtQK WU͓ SKͭF
K˱QJ NLQK W͇ [k\ G͹QJ ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF JLjX P̩QK PͣL Fy WK͋ QyL ÿ͇Q
FKX\͏Q WK˱˯QJ O˱ͫQJ ÿ͋ ÿHP ̫L 1DP 4XDQ P͡W ÿL̩ GDQK YDQJ OͳQJ
FKL͇Q V͵ GkQ W͡F WUͧ Y͉ YͣL W͝ TX͙F NtQK \rX. ”.

QJѭQJ WUtFK
/RQJ ĈLӅQ WyP OѭӧF FiF QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD Vӱ JLD 7UҫQ *LD 3KөQJ:

1- 7ӯ QJj\ WKjQK OұS QăP ÿҧQJ &691 ÿm UD WD\ ViW KҥL QKӳQJ
QKkQ YұW NKiF FKtQK NLӃQ &691 Fy WUiFK QKLӋP WURQJ Yө FѭӟS ÿRҥW
OѭѫQJ WKӵF FӭX WUӧ Jk\ UD QҥQ ÿyL

2- &691 Yj +ӗ &Kt 0LQK KLӃX FKLӃQ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ [kP OăQJ 0LӅQ
1DP EҵQJ PӑL JLi ÿL QJѭӧF OҥL FiF QJX\ӋQ YӑQJ KzD EuQK FKtQK ÿiQJ
FӫD WRjQ GkQ 91

3-&691 NK{QJ WKҩ\ ÿѭӧF FiF ê ÿӗ [ҩX FӫD 7UXQJ &ӝQJ Oà sau khi
WKӵF KLӋQ FiF QKLӋP Yө FKR 47&6 WKu 7UXQJ &ӝQJ TXD\ VDQJ WK{Q WtQK

OX{Q ÿҩW QѭӟF 91

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 189

1Kj 1JKLrQ &ӭX 0LQK 9}

7LӇX 6ӱ 0LQK 9}:
7rQ WKұW 9NJ ĈӭF 0LQK 6LQK WҥL 1DP ĈӏQK QăP %ӏ ÿӝQJ
YLrQ NKyD SKө WUѭӡQJ 6ƭ 4XDQ 7Uӯ %ӏ 7Kӫ ĈӭF 0mQ NKyD {QJ ӣ OҥL
WUѭӡQJ OjP KXҩQ OX\ӋQ YLrQ 1JX\rQ WUѭӣQJ SKzQJ OLrQ
WUѭӡQJ 9} .KRD 7Kӫ ĈӭF 1JX\rQ WәQJ WKѭ Nê QJX\ӋW
VDQ 7LQK 7KҫQ QKD WX\rQ ~\ &{QJ *LiR 4XkQ OӵF 91&+
NguyrQ WUѭӣQJ SKzQJ 3KiW 7KDQK TXkQ ĈӝL %ӝ 4XӕF SKzQJ
1JX\rQ SKy WәQJ JLiP ÿӕF NLrP JLiP ÿӕF FKѭѫQJ WUuQK KӋ
WKӕQJ 7UX\ӅQ 7KDQK 4XӕF *LD 91
7ӯQJ SKө WUiFK WURQJ Eҧ\ QăP PөF ³9LӉQ ҦQK 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ &Kӫ
&ӝQJ +zD´ SKiW WKDQK KjQJ WXҫQ FӫD ÿjL 7LӃQJ 1yL +RD .Ǥ 92$
WKHR OӡL PӡL FӫD %DQ 9LӋW 1Jӳ ÿjL Qj\ Wӯ ÿӃQ
'ӏFK JLҧ FӫD QKLӅX WiF SKҭP $QK 3KiS YӅ JLiR GөF Yj FKtQK WUӏ
7URQJ Vӕ ÿy Fy ³5qQ &Kt 6J ³ÏF 7ѭӣQJ 7ѭӧQJ´ 6J
³+LWOHU Yj WXӟQJ OmQK FӫD {QJ´ 6J 1;% 6{QJ .LrQ ³+LWOHU
WUѭӟF WKӡL ÿҥL +LWOHU´ 6J 6{QJ .LrQ
*LҧL QJNJ 1JӗL W &6 Wӯ JLӳD ÿӃQ ÿҫX ĈӏQK Fѭ WҥL
6DQ 'LHJR &DOLIRUQLD +RD .Ǥ Wӯ FXӕL
+LӋQ WUҥQJ JLD ÿuQK *yD Yӧ Wӯ FRQ JiL WUDL WURQJ ÿy Fy
190 LONG ĐIỀN

JLD ÿuQK FzQ ӣ 9LӋW 1DP

7iF JLҧ FXӕQ ViFK YӅ FKtQK WUӏ

´6iFK /ѭӧF ;kP /ăQJ &ӫD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ´ WiF JLҧ Wӵ [XҩW EҧQ
Yj WiL EҧQ WҥL 6DLJRQ

´1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP /ӡL .KHQ 7LӃQJ &Kr´ 7K{QJ 9NJ [XҩW EҧQ WKiQJ
Yj WiL EҧQ WKiQJ FQJ QăP

´3KҧQ WӍQK 3KҧQ .KiQJ 7KӵF +D\ +ѭ´ 7K{QJ 9NJ [XҩW EҧQ WKiQJ
10-1999.

´7kP 6ӵ 1ѭӟF 1RQ $L *LӃW +ӗ &Kt 0LQK"´ 7ӫ 6iFK 4Xr +ѭѫQJ
;XҩW %ҧQ WKiQJ QăP

´1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP Yj &KtQK 1JKƭD 'kQ 7ӝF´ WUDQJ
1;% 1JX\ӋW 6DQ 'LӇQ ĈjQ *LiR 'kQ &DOLIRUQLD +RD .Ǥ

6DX ÿk\ Oj QKұQ ÿӏQK FӫD QKj YăQ 0LQK 9} YӅ FXӝF FKLӃQ 91
1930-1975 :

http://www.danchimviet.com/php/modules.php?name=News&fi
OH SULQW VLG &KLӃQ WUDQK ê WKӭF KӋ , 1Jj\ FXҧ
Minh Võ .

7KHR {QJ 0LQK 9} WKu FXӝF FKLӃQ 91 EҳW QJXӗQ ³tӯ
Yu FKR EҵQJ é WKӭF KӋ &ӝQJ VҧQ´ ÐQJ ÿm FKӭQJ PLQK QKѭ VDX 54:

³&K~QJ W{L OX{Q FKR U̹QJ FX͡F FKL͇Q 9L͏W 1DP Oj P͡W E͡ SK̵Q
QK͗ FͯD FX͡F FKL͇Q WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ WRjQ F̯X E̷W QJX͛Q Wͳ ê WKͱF K͏
Mác-xít.
&KLӃQ WUDQK ê WKӭF KӋ Oj FXӝF FKLӃQ GR KD\ EҳW QJXӗQ Wӯ PӝW ê
WKӭF KӋ Ĉy Oj ê WKӭF KӋ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 1y Oj QJXӗQ JӕF FKLӃQ WUDQK
ý thӭF KӋ

7̩L VDR O̩L E̫R ê WKͱF K͏ 0iF [tW Oj QJX͛Q J͙F FͯD FKL͇Q WUDQK ê
WKͱF K͏" 7U˱ͣF K͇W Yu Qy FKͯ WU˱˯QJ ÿ̭X WUDQK JLDL F̭S K{ KjR F͝
Y} JLDL F̭S Y{ V̫Q ÿ̭X WUDQK QK̹P WLrX GL͏W JLDL F̭S W˱ V̫Q Yà các giai
F̭S NKiF KzQJ ÿ˱D Y{ V̫Q OrQ Q̷P TX\͉Q FKX\rQ FKtQK ÿ͡F WjL WX\͏W
ÿ͙L é QL͏P ÿ̭X WUDQK Oj QJX\rQ QKkQ Yj NKͧL ÿL͋P FͯD FKL͇Q WUDQK
7Kͱ ÿ͇Q Yu Qy WX\rQ FKL͇Q YͣL WRjQ WK͋ QKkQ OR̩L E̹QJ WX\rQ QJ{Q F͡QJ
V̫Q WURQJ ÿy ÿzL Kͯ\ E͗ TX\͉Q W˱ KͷX Oj F͡L QJX͛Q P͕L TX\͉Q W͹ GR FăQ
E̫Q FͯD &RQ 1J˱ͥL 7URQJ NKL 0iF FRL TX\͉Q W˱ KͷX Oj QJX͛Q J͙F FͯD
W˱ E̫Q Yj Yu Qy Pj Q̫\ VLQK V͹ WtFK ONJ\ W˱ E̫Q E̹QJ FiFK EyF O͡W VͱF
ODR ÿ͡QJ FͯD JLDL F̭S F{QJ QKkQ WKu WURQJ WK͹F W͇ Yj Wͳ QJX\ên nhân
FKtQK TX\͉Q W˱ KͷX O̩L Oj QJX͛Q J͙F P͕L TX\͉Q FRQ QJ˱ͥL NK{QJ SKkQ
EL͏W W˱ V̫Q KD\ Y{ V̫Q

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 191

2. Chi͇n tranh ý thͱc h͏ là cu͡c chi͇n vì ý thͱc h͏ Mác-xít.
Các ng˱ͥi C͡ng S̫n, kh͙i c͡ng toàn th͇ giͣi th˱ͥng tr͹c ͧ trong
tình tr̩ng chi͇n tranh toàn di͏n ÿ͋ truy͉n bá ý thͱc h͏ này b̹ng m͕i
cách. Th͇ giͣi t͹ do không th͋ không chi͇n ÿ̭u b̹ng nhi͉u hình thͱc
khác nhau ÿ͋ t͹ v͏. Nh˱ v̵y h͏ t˱ t˱ͧng Mác-xít chính là lý do có chi͇n
tranh ý thͱc h͏. Ĉ͋ t͹ v͏ và b̫o v͏ quy͉n t˱ hͷu, nhân lo̩i không có
còn ÿ˱ͥng nào khác h˯n là ph̫i ch͙ng l̩i ý thͱc h͏ ÿó. B̷t ÿ̯u là m͡t
cu͡c chi͇n t˱ t˱ͧng (5). R͛i tͳ sau th͇ chi͇n II là cu͡c chi͇n toàn di͏n
toàn c̯u b̹ng ÿͯ m͕i hình thͱc. Lác ÿác ͧ m͡t vài n˯i trên hành tinh
còn có c̫ ti͇ng súng, ti͇ng bom. Nh˱ chúng tôi ÿ˱ͫc bi͇t, thì có ít nh̭t
8 nhân v̵t uy tín thu͡c nhi͉u lãnh v͹c khác nhau ÿã g͕i ÿó là th͇ chi͇n
III.(6)
Vì có ý thͱc h͏ C͡ng S̫n nên th͇ giͣi t͹ do th̭y có b͝n ph̵n tham
chi͇n không ph̫i b̹ng m͡t ý thͱc h͏ nào khác. Mà vì m͡t lý t˱ͧng.
Phân tích tӯ ngӳ gӕc Latinh nhѭ các tiӃng Ý tiӃng Tây Ban Nha, Bӗ
Ĉào Nha, và cҧ tiӃng Anh tiӃng Pháp, thì chӳ ý thӭc hӋ (ideologie)
bҳt ngu͛n tͳ chͷ idea (idée) là ý hay ý ni͏m. Thì chͷ lý t˱ͧng (ideal)
cNJng b̷t ngu͛n tͳ chͷ idea (idée). Lý t˱ͧng là m͡t ý t˱ͧng cao c̫, phͭc
vͭ m͡t mͭc ÿích cao c̫. Lý t˱ͧng cͯa th͇ giͣi t͹ do trong mͭc ÿích t͹ v͏
ch͙ng l̩i ý thͱc h͏ C͡ng S̫n là gì? Ĉó là lý t˱ͧng t͹ do dân chͯ, hòa
bình công lý, hòa hͫp hòa gi̫i, th͓nh v˱ͫng, phú c˱ͥng... Ṱt c̫ nhͷng
gì t͙t ÿ́p nh̭t cho Con Ng˱ͥi, cho dân t͡c, cho nhân lo̩i.
3. Chi͇n tranh ý thͱc h͏ C͡ng S̫n là cu͡c chi͇n cho ý thͱc h͏
Mác-xít.
Mác chͯ tr˱˯ng phá b͗ quy͉n t˱ hͷu, chͯ tr˱˯ng ÿ̭u tranh giai
c̭p, chͯ tr˱˯ng cách m̩ng b̩o l͹c... nh̹m mͭc ÿích gì? Nh̹m mͭc
ÿích ÿ˱a giai c̭p vô s̫n lên n̷m quy͉n chuyên chính tuy͏t ÿ͙i, bi͇n
xã h͡i loài ng˱ͥi thành m͡t thiên ÿ˱ͥng (sic) ͧ tr̯n gian, trong ÿó
không còn giai c̭p, không c̯n chính phͯ, hay nhà n˱ͣc. Th͇ giͣi sͅ là
th͇ giͣi ÿ̩i ÿ͛ng. Chính cái thiên ÿ˱ͥng ͧ tr̯n gian ÿó, trong ÿó m͟i
ng˱ͥi làm tùy sͱc mà ÿ˱ͫc h˱ͧng tùy theo nhu c̯u (Nh͓ Các = các t̵n
sͧ năng, các thͯ sͧ nhu), nghƭa là nói m͡t cách nôm na, mu͙n gì ÿ˱ͫc
ṋy. Ĉ̭y là cùng ÿích, là cͱu cánh cͯa cu͡c chi͇n ý thͱc h͏ mà Mác
chͯ tr˱˯ng. Vì cái cͱu cánh “cao c̫” ÿó các ng˱ͥi C͡ng S̫n t͹ cho
mình có quy͉n dùng ṱt c̫ m͕i ph˱˯ng ti͏n, b̭t k͋ ph˱˯ng ti͏n nào, dù
chính ÿáng hay không, ÿ͋ ti͇n hành cuôc chi͇n ý thͱc h͏. Ĉ͙i vͣi h͕
“cͱu cánh bi͏n minh cho ph˱˯ng ti͏n.”
4. Chi͇n tranh ý thͱc h͏ là cu͡c chi͇n b̹ng ý thͱc h͏.
V͇ thͱ t˱ trong ÿ͓nh nghƭa này (b̹ng ý thͱc h͏) nói lên ph˱˯ng ti͏n,

192 LONG ĐIỀN

YNJ NKt Pj NK͙L F͡QJ GQJ ÿ͋ WL͇Q KjQK FX͡F FKL͇Q WUDQK FK͙QJ QKkQ
OR̩L 1yL P͡W FiFK Fͭ WK͋ FKtQK FKͯ QJKƭD &͡QJ 6̫Q KD\ ê WKͱF K͏
&͡QJ 6̫Q ÿm ÿ˱ͫF GQJ OjP SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q ÿ̭X WUDQK 1JKƭD Oj FiF FiQ
E͡ &͡QJ 6̫Q OX{Q GQJ QKͷQJ ÿL͉X ³W͙W ÿ́S WL͇Q E͡ NKRD K͕F´ VLF
FͯD WKX\͇W &͡QJ 6̫Q ÿ͋ FKLrX Gͭ FK̻QJ QKͷQJ JLDL F̭S Y{ V̫Q JLͣL
QJKqR WURQJ F͡QJ ÿ͛QJ QKkQ OR̩L Pj FKLrX Gͭ W̭W F̫ P͕L QJ˱ͥL ÿL WKHR
K͕ 0j TX̫ WK̵W WURQJ P͡W WKͥL JLDQ NKi GjL NK{QJ WKL͇X QKͷQJ QKj WUt
WKͱF ÿ̩L WUt WKͱF E͓ O̯P KD\ E͓ OͳD ÿL WKHR FD WͭQJ F͝ Y} FKR WKX\͇W
0iF [tW 1KL͉X QKj GX\ Y̵W FzQ FKR U̹QJ ORjL QJ˱ͥL ÿm Wͳ OkX E͓ [L͉QJ
[tFK FͯD W{Q JLiR NuP KmP NK{QJ WL͇Q OrQ ÿ˱ͫF 1D\ WKX\͇W F͡QJ V̫Q
FKͯ WU˱˯QJ Y{ WK̯Q FRL W{Q JLiR Oj WKX͙F SKL͏Q 9̵\ WKX\͇W ÿy ÿm JL̫L
SKyQJ FRQ QJ˱ͥL 'X\ Y̵W EL͏Q FKͱQJ FͯD 0iF FKR QKL͉X QJ˱ͥL ÿ˱ͫF
W͹ GR WX\͏W ÿ͙L NK{QJ FzQ E͓ UjQJ EX͡F EͧL VͫL JLk\ ³OXkQ Oê ÿ̩R ÿͱF
F͝ Kͯ´ QjR 7KD\ YjR ÿy FK͑ Fy ³ÿ̩R ÿͱF FiFK P̩QJ´ K˱ͣQJ G̳Q VLQK
KR̩W [m K͡L 7K̵P FKt Fy QJ˱ͥL FzQ GiP QJKƭ W̭W F̫ P͕L V͹ ÿ͉X Oj FͯD
FKXQJ WKu Yͫ DQK FNJQJ Oj Yͫ W{L

9{ W{Q JLiR Y{ JLD ÿuQK ÿL OL͉Q YͣL Y{ W͝ TX͙F 9u WKHR ê WKͱF K͏
0iF [tW WURQJ W˱˯QJ ODL NKL ÿm WRjQ WK̷QJ WUrQ WRjQ F̯X WK͇ JLͥL ÿ̩L
ÿ͛QJ Vͅ NK{QJ F̯Q FKtQK SKͯ QKj Q˱ͣF NK{QJ FzQ ELrQ JLͣL TX͙F JLD
QͷD

'ƭ QKLrQ NK{QJ SK̫L DL FNJQJ WiQ WKjQK P͡W WK͇ JLͣL ÿ̩L ÿ͛QJ NL͋X
ÿy 9j NK{QJ WKL͇X WUL͇W JLD FiF QKj [m K͡L K͕F OrQ WL͇QJ SK̫Q EiF
WKX\͇W GX\ Y̵W Y{ WK̯Q 1K˱QJ SK̫L F{QJ QK̵Q WURQJ QKL͉X WK̵S QLrQ
Qy ÿm ÿ˱ͫF QKL͉X QJ˱ͥL WiQ WKjQK F͝ Y} TX̫QJ Ei ĈL͉X ÿ˱ͫF WiQ
WKjQK KRDQ QJKrQK QK̭W WURQJ K͕F WKX\͇W FͯD 0iF Oj WtQK [m K͡L FͯD
Qy 0iF ErQK GkQ QJKqR 0iF NrX J͕L Y{ V̫Q JLDL F̭S E͓ EyF O͡W WRjQ
WK͇ JLͣL Km\ ÿRjQ N͇W FK͙QJ W˱ E̫Q JLDL F̭S EyF O͡W

1K˱QJ YͣL W˱ FiFK Oj SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q KD\ YNJ NKt ê WKͱF K͏ &͡QJ 6̫Q
FK͑ Oj P͡W P̿W FͯD FKL͇Q WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ 0̿W NKiF Pj FK~QJ W{L PX͙Q
QKҩQ PҥQK ӣ ÿk\ Oj ê WKӭF KӋ ,nói chung chӭ NK{QJ SKҧL PӝW ê WKӭF
KӋ Fө WKӇ QjR é WKӭF KӋ ÿѭӧF KLHX PӝW FiFK FKXQJ FKXQJ Oj PӝW KӋ
WKӕQJ FiF ê W˱ͧQJ 1K˱QJ WURQJ WU,˱ͥQJ KͫS Qj\ YNJ NKt KD\ SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q
FKL͇Q WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ FzQ Fy WKH Oj P͡W FKX͟L FiF ê W˱ͧQJ G Fy WKjQK
K͏ WK͙QJ KD\ NK{QJ 7X\rQ WUX\͉Q FKtQK WU͓ KD\ Y̵Q ÿ͡QJ TX̯Q FK~QJ
FKtQK Oj P͡W WKͱ YNJ NKt FKͯ VRiL V͵ GͭQJ FiF ê W˱ͧQJ ÿ͋ ÿ̭X WUDQK KD\
WL͇Q KjQK FKL͇Q WUDQK 7X\rQ WUX\͉Q KL͋X WKHR QJKƭD U͡QJ QK̭W FzQ EDR
g͛P FKL͇Q WUDQK WkP Oê FKL͇Q WUDQK FkQ QmR YͣL P˱X WUt NK{QJ JLͣL K̩Q
FͯD FiF FKL͇Q O˱ͫF JLD
ĈӇ WyP WҳW SKҫQ , YjR PӝW FkX WD ,Fy WKӇ QyL é WKӭF KӋ &6 FKҷQJ
QKӳQJ Oj QJXӗQ JӕF QJX\rQ QKkQ ÿRQJ WKӡL Oj FӭX FiQK FӫD FKLӃQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 193

WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ Pj FzQ Oj SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q Oj YNJ NKt GQJ WURQJ FX͡F
FKL͇Q ´

9j {QJ 0LQK 9} ÿm N͇W OX̵Q Y͉ FX͡F FKL͇Q W̩L 9L͏W 1DP
QK˱ VDX

³7yP O̩L FK~QJ W{L [LQ QKͷQJ DL FK̭S QK̵Q ÿ͓QK ÿ͉ FK~QJ W{L ÿ˱D
UD Km\ WL͇S WͭF WKHR U}L QKͷQJ O̵S OX̵Q N͇ WL͇S Y͉ WiF K̩L FͯD ê WKͱF
K͏ &͡QJ 6̫Q Yj FiFK QJăQ FK̿Q ÿiQK SKi Yj Kͯ\ GL͏W FiL ÿ̩L K͕D FͯD
QKkQ OR̩L Qj\ FzQ U˯L UͣW O̩L ͧ 9L͏W 1DP

.KL ÿm FK̭S QK̵Q ÿ͓QK ÿ͉ &͡QJ 6̫Q Oj V͹ iF Yj WDL K͕D FͯD QKkQ
OR̩L U͛L WKu ÿ˱˯QJ QKLrQ SK̫L FK̭S QK̵Q FX͡F SK̫Q NKiQJ FͯD QKkQ
OR̩L FK͙QJ ê WKͱF K͏ &6 Oj FKtQK ÿiQJ Yj Oj QKL͏P Yͭ FDR TXê
'͹D YjR ÿ͓QK ÿ͉ QyL WUrQ ÿ͉ ÿ˱D UD QKͷQJ WL͉Q ÿ͉ KͫS Oê FKͱQJ PLQK
FX͡F FKL͇Q Pj +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿ̫QJ &͡QJ 6̫Q 9L͏W 1DP FKͯ WU˱˯QJ
Yj WL͇Q KjQK WURQJ K˯Q ED WK̵S Nͽ Oj P͡W SK̯Q FͯD FX͡F FKL͇Q ê WKͱF K͏
WRjQ F̯X FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q 7K͇ *LͣL

/ê GR 9u {QJ +͛ FNJQJ QK˱ SK̯Q OͣQ FiQ E͡ FDR F̭S 9L͏W 1DP EDQ
ÿ̯X ÿ͉X GR /LrQ ;{ ÿjR W̩R Yj FK͑ KX\ ÿ͋ SKͭF Yͭ 4X͙F 7͇ &͡QJ 6̫Q
&K͑ F̯Q Pͧ FiF WjL OL͏X FKtQK WK͙QJ FͯD &6 QK˱ 9ăQ .L͏Q Ĉ̫QJ +͛
&Kt 0LQK 7RjQ 7̵S Yj FiF WiF SḴP GR FKtQK FiQ E͡ FDR F̭S F͡QJ
V̫Q YL͇W FNJQJ WK̭\ Y{ V͙ FKͱQJ Wͳ NK{QJ WK͋ FK͙L FmL

9u FiF SK˱˯QJ SKiS Pj &691 GQJ WURQJ FKL͇Q WUDQK Oj QKͷQJ
SK˱˯QJ SKiS E̩R O͹F PDQJ ÿ̯\ ÿͯ QKͷQJ WtQK FK̭W FͯD FX͡F FKL͇Q
WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ WRjQ F̯X FͯD 47&6

9u VDX NKL FKL͇Q WK̷QJ QăP U͛L QăP &691 OL͉Q FKR
iS GͭQJ ÿ~QJ QKͷQJ FKtQK ViFK Yj FK͇ ÿ͡ WKHR J˱˯QJ FiF Q˱ͣF
ÿjQ DQK 9j ÿy Oj QKͷQJ FK͇ ÿ͡ ÿL QJ˱ͫF K̻Q YͣL WUX\͉Q WK͙QJ GkQ
W͡F 1y OjP ÿ̫R O͡Q WU̵W W͹ [m K͡L 9L͏W 1DP Yj EăQJ KR̩L ÿ̩R Oê ´

/̵S OX̵Q FͯD 0LQK 9} WURQJ SK˱˯QJ FiFK OjP WK͇ QjR JL̵W V̵S FK͇
&6 ÿ͡F WjL

3K̫L JL̵W VkS WK̯Q W˱ͫQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK 9u &647 VͭS ÿ͝ &691 F͙
EiP YtX YjR F͡W WUͭ FX͙L FQJ Oj +͛ &Kt 0LQK

3K̫L FKͱQJ PLQK +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj Ĉ̫QJ &691 NK{QJ Fy F{QJ Ju
WURQJ F{QJ FX͡F JLjQK ÿ͡F O̵S YD WK͙QJ QK̭W 91

+͛ Oj WD\ VDL OmQK O˱˯QJ WU͹F WL͇S FͯD &647 ÿ͋ FK͑ WK͓ ÿ̫QJ
&691 WKL KjQK FiF FK͑ ÿ̩R FX̫ &647 WURQJ FKL͇Q WUDQK ³é 7KͱF +͏
WRjQ F̯X´ &K~QJ NK{QJ Fy F{QJ Ju Pj FzQ Jk\ WDL K̩L NK{Q O˱ͥQJ FKR
'kQ 7͡F91

³7U˱ͣF NKL N͇W WK~F [LQ ÿ˱ͫF WUͧ O̩L YͣL FiFK WKͱF OjP WK͇ QjR

194 LONG ĐIỀN

FKͱQJ PLQK +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿ̫QJ &6 9L͏W 1DP NK{QJ Fy F{QJ JLjQK
ÿ͡F O̵S Yj WK͙QJ QK̭W

1K˱ WUrQ ÿm WUuQK Ej\ WKu Q͇X FK͑ QKuQ YjR QKͷQJ V͹ NL͏Q GL͍Q UD
WKu WK̵W Oj NKy 1K˱QJ Q͇X ÿ̿W FX͡F FKL͇Q 9L͏W 1DP YjR WURQJ E͙L F̫QK
FKL͇Q WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ WRjQ F̯X FͯD &6 WKu Vͅ WKjQK F{QJ ĈL͉X Qj\ ÿm
ÿ˱ͫF FK~QJ W{L QK̷F ÿL QK̷F O̩L QKL͉X O̯Q WURQJ KjQJ OR̩W EjL YL͇W J̯Q
ÿk\ Ĉ͇Q Q͟L Fy QJ˱ͥL OD WRiQJ OrQ U̹QJ ³%L͇W U͛L NK͝ O̷P QyL PmL´

1KѭQJ ELӃW UӗL Pj YүQ FzQ SKҧL QyL Yu SKҫQ ÿ{QJ QJѭӡL WD YүQ
Fӭ FKӍ WLӃS WөF NӇ WӝL iF FӫD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Pj TXrQ UҵQJ &6 OX{Q Oҩ\
F{QJ WUҥQJ Yj FKtQK QJKƭD JLҧL SKyQJ GkQ WӝF ÿӇ Wӵ EjR FKӳD FKR
WӝL iF 7KұP FKt Fҧ QKӳQJ Gѭ OXұQ WKӃ JLӟL FNJQJ YjR KD YӟL FK~QJ
ÿӇ ÿә FKR SKH TXӕF JLD Yj ÿӗQJ PLQK ÿm Jk\ UD QKӳQJ WKҧP WUҥQJ
ҩ\ Pj Kӑ EҧR Oj ³WӝL iF FKLӃQ WUDQK´ SKҫQ OӟQ GR Nҿ ³[kP OăQJ´
0ӻ 3KiS Jk\ UD

³&y ÿL͉X ÿ̿W FX͡F FKL͇Q 9L͏W 1DP YjR WURQJ E͙L F̫QK FX͡F FKL͇Q ê
WKͱF K͏ WRjQ F̯X FͯD &͡QJ 6̫Q Oj ÿL͉X ṶW SKͱF W̩S

7Kͱ QK̭W SK̫L KL͋X Oê WKX\͇W 0iF ;tW Y͉ ÿ̭X WUDQK JLDL F̭S &y KL͋X
ÿL͉X Qj\ WKu PͣL KL͋X WK͇ QjR Oj FKL͇Q WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ &6 ĈL͉X Qj\
QJj\ QD\ tW QJ˱ͥL PX͙Q QJKH QK̷F O̩L &ͱ E̫R Qy ÿm O͟L WKͥL U͛L QK̷F
O̩L OjP Ju

7Kͱ KDL F̯Q QrX U} PͭF WLrX FX͙L FQJ FͯD ÿ̭X WUDQK JLDL F̭S Oj
ÿ˱D JLDL F̭S Y{ V̫Q VLF Pj WK͹F UD Oj FiF QJ˱ͥL OmQK ÿ̩R NK͙L &͡QJ
WRjQ WK͇ JLͣL WURQJ ÿy FKͯ \͇X Oj QJ˱ͥL 1JD QJ˱ͥL 7̯X OrQ Q̷P TX\͉Q
FKX\rQ FKtQK WX\͏W ÿ͙L &iL WrQ K̭S G̳Q Oj FKX\rQ FKtQK Y{ V̫Q Ĉ͇Q
NKL ÿy WKu WK͇ JLͣL Vͅ WUͧ WKjQK WK͇ JLͣL ÿ̩L ÿ͛QJ .K{QJ FzQ JLDL F̭S
NK{QJ FzQ F̯Q FKtQK SKͯ ;m K͡L ORjL QJ˱ͥL Vͅ Oj [m K͡L WK̯Q WLrQ
7KLrQ ÿjQJ G˱ͣL WK͇

&X͡F FKL͇Q Pj .K͙L &͡QJ WRjQ WK͇ JLͣL FKͯ WU˱˯QJ QK̷P ÿ˱D ORjL
QJ˱ͥL ÿ͇Q FiL ̫R W˱ͧQJ ̭\

9̵\ Pj K͕ ÿm JL͇W K̩L WUrQ P͡W WUăP WUL͏X FRQ QJ˱ͥL ÿ͋ F͙ ÿL WͣL
ÿy 7L͇S ÿ͇Q SK̫L FKͱQJ PLQK E̹QJ FKtQK W˱ OL͏X FͯD SKH &͡QJ FͯD
ÿ̫QJ &691 E̹QJ KjQK ÿ͡QJ WL͋X V͵ FͯD FKtQK +͛ &Kt 0LQK U̹QJ {QJ
WD Oj N̓ OjP YL͏F Fy ăQ O˱˯QJ FͯD 4X͙F 7͇ &͡QJ 6̫Q ÿ͋ ÿL͉X NKL͋Q P͕L
KR̩W ÿ͡QJ FͯD ÿ̫QJ QK̷P PͭF WLrX SKͭF Yͭ FKR FX͡F FKL͇Q WRjQ F̯X
FͯD NK͙L &͡QJ

1JRjL UD FzQ F̯Q QrX U} PͭF WLrX ViFK O˱ͫF FͯD FX͡F FKL͇Q WRjQ
F̯X Oj WLrX GL͏W FKͯ QJKƭD WK͹F GkQ ÿ͇ TX͙F NK{QJ SK̫L Yu OͫL tFK FͯD
FiF GkQ W͡F E͓ WU͓ Pj Oj FKR PͭF WLrX W͙L K̵X FͯD V͹ FKL͇Q WK̷QJ FX͙L
cùng cͯD FKͯ QJKƭD &͡QJ 6̫Q 9̵\ 9L͏W &͡QJ YͣL V͹ WL͇S YL͏Q G͛L Gào

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 195

FͯD F̫ NK͙L &͡QJ WK͇ JLͣL QK̭W Oj Y͉ P̿W WX\rQ WUX\͉Q WuQK EiR ÿm
ÿiQK 3KiS NK{QJ SK̫L Yu FKͯ QJKƭD GkQ W͡F Pj Yu FKͯ QJKƭD TX͙F W͇
FͯD NK͙L &͡QJ

&KtQK Yu QKͷQJ NKy NKăQ SKͱF W̩S WUrQ Pj P͡W V͙ QJ˱ͥL ÿ̭X
WUDQK KL͏Q QD\ F͙ WUiQK Qp NK{QJ GiP WU͹F GL͏Q YͣL KX\͉Q WKR̩L WK̯Q
W˱ͫQJ +͛ &Kt 0LQK +͕ FKͯ WU˱˯QJ ³ĈiQK V̵S QJ{L ÿ͉Q WKu W˱ͫQJ
WͱF NK̷F V̵S WKHR´ 1K˱QJ WL͇F U̹QJ WK̯Q W˱ͫQJ +&0 O̩L Oj FiL F͡W WUͭ
FK͙QJ ÿͩ QJ{L ÿ͉Q FK͇ ÿ͡ &y WK͋ SKi E͗ FK͇ ÿ͡ Pj NK{QJ ÿ͙Q QJm F͡W
WUͭ FK͙QJ ÿͩ Qy WU˱ͣF NK{QJ"

7̷W P͡W OͥL EDR OkX FK˱D FKͱQJ PLQK ÿ˱ͫF +͛ &Kt 0LQK NK{QJ Fy
F{QJ ÿiQK ÿX͝L WK͹F GkQ 3KiS JLjQK ÿ͡F O̵S WKu YL͏F N͋ W͡L iF FͯD &6
Vͅ FK̻QJ tFK OͫL EDR QKLrX 9u NKL ÿy ÿ͙L SK˱˯QJ Y̳Q FzQ ͧ WK͇ P̩QK
ÿ͋ Fy WK͋ FDQJ F͝ QyL QJ˱ͫF O̩L U̹QJ QKͷQJ W͡L iF ÿy Oj GR 3KiS Yj WD\
VDL WK͹F GkQ 3KiS Jk\ UD WU͹F WL͇S KD\ JLiQ WL͇S

0j PX͙Q FKͱQJ PLQK +͛ NK{QJ Fy F{QJ ÿy WKu FK͑ Fy FiFK ÿ̿W
FX͡F FKL͇Q 9L͏W 1DP YjR WURQJ E͙L F̫QK FKL͇Q WUDQK ê WKͱF K͏ &6
WURQJ ÿy 9& FQJ YͣL &6 4X͙F 7͇ Oj N̓ W͡L ÿ͛ FͯD QKkQ OR̩L55”

7yP OҥL WKHR QKj QJKLrQ FӭX 0LQK 9} WKu FXӝF FKLӃQ 91
NK{QJ SKҧL Oj 1ӝL &KLӃQ Pj ÿy Oj FXӝF FKLӃQ é 7KӭF +Ӌ
JLӱD 3KH 7ӵ 'R Yj &647

196 LONG ĐIỀN

/XұW Vѭ /kP /Ӊ 7ULQK

76 /kP /Ӊ 7ULQK &ҫQ 7Kѫ

7LӇX Vӱ :

/kP /Ӊ 7ULQK VLQK QăP WҥL &ҫQ 7Kѫ KӑF VLQK WUXQJ KӑF /\FpH
&KDVVHORXS /DXEDW 6DLJRQ Fӱ QKkQ /XұW NKRD +j 1ӝL FDR KӑF /XұW
NKRD ÿҥL KӑF 3DULV 3KiS WLӃQ Vƭ OXұW NKRD WLӃQ Vƭ JLiR GөF WҥL +RD
.Ǥ +ӝL WKҭP WRj 7KѭӧQJ 7KҭP 6jLJzQ WUѭӟF NKL WKDP FKtQK YӟL FKӭF
Yө %ӝ 7UѭӣQJ 1ӝL 9ө WURQJ FKtQK SKӫ1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP
ĈҥL Vӭ 91&+ WҥL 7XUTXLH 6\ULH -RUGDQLH /LEDQ ,UDQ ,UDN Yj é ĈҥL
/ӧL /XұW Vѭ 7Rj 7KѭXӧQJ 7KҭP 6jL JzQ

*LҧQJ Vѭ WUѭӡQJ 4XӕF *LD +jQK &KtQK 6jL JzQ 7UѭӡQJ &KtQK
7Uӏ .LQK 'RDQK ĈҥL +ӑF Ĉj /ҥW 7ӷ QҥQ FKtQK WUӏ WҥL &DOLIRUQLD QăP
7KDP YҩQ &KѭѫQJ WUuQK JLiR GөF OLrQ EDQJ 1086' &Kӫ QKLӋP
NLrP FKӫ E~W +XPDQ 5LJKW 'URLW GH O¶+RPPH Wӯ ÿӃQ QD\ &ӕ
9ҩQ PҥQJ OѭӟL 1KkQ 4X\ӅQ WҥL 9LӋW 1DP 7әQJ ĈҥL GLӋQ WҥL +RD
.Ǥ FӫD Wә FKӭF 2,) +ӝL YLrQ FӫD 9LӋW 1DP &HQWHU 7H[DV 7HFK XQLYHUVLW\
/XEERFN 7H[DV 7iF JLҧ TX\ӇQ ViFK 9Ӆ 1JXӗQ 6LQK Oӝ FKR 4Xr
+ѭѫQJ 7KӭF 7ӍQK 4XӕF *LD &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LHWQDP $
Paintful Transition 2007 và Témoignages.

* 6 /kP /Ӊ 7ULQK ÿm QKұQ ÿӏQK YӅ &XӝF &KLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP
QKѭ VDX :

7URQJ EjL ³%¬, +Ӑ& 7Ӯ 0Ӝ7 6Ӵ 78Ҭ1 7,ӂ7´ /kP /Ӊ 7ULQK
http://www.centralstation.net/lamletrinh:

³1JD\ Wͳ ÿ̯X FX͡F FKL͇Q +RD NǤ Yj 91&+ TXDQ QL͏P NKiF QKDX
P͙L OLrQ K͏ ÿ͛QJ PLQK JLͷD KDL Q˱ͣF 7ͳ ÿy VLQK UD QKͷQJ ḘW ÿ͛QJ G̳Q
ÿ͇Q ḘW KzD Yj N͇W WK~F E̹QJ V͹ EͱF W͵ FͯD 0L͉Q 1DP Ĉ~QJ Y̵\ TX\͉Q

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 197

lͫi cͯa MͿ và VN chênh l͏ch: Chính phͯ Sàigòn ch͙ng B̷c Vi͏t ÿ͋ b̫o
toàn dân chͯ và ÿ͡c l̵p, trong khi Hoa kǤ dùng VNCH nh˱ con cͥ thí
trong k͇ ho̩ch quân bình th͇ l͹c t̩i Á châu, ch͙ng B̷c kinh bành tr˱ͥng
và gây chia rͅ giͷa Nga – Tàu. Qu͙c h͡i MͿ không bao giͥ tuyên chi͇n
công khai vͣi Hàn͡i, tránh né b̫o ÿ̫m an ninh cͯa VNCH b̹ng m͡t hi͏p
˱ͣc nh˱ t̩i Nam Hàn, không cho Quân d͡i mi͉n Nam v˱ͫt vͿ tuy͇n 17,
khóa tay Hành pháp b̹ng ÿ̩o lu̵t War Power Act và, cu͙i cùng, không
b̵n tâm thông qua theo thͯ tͭc hi͇n ÿ͓nh Hi͏p ˱ͣc ÿình chi͇n Paris. “

...“Tr˱ͣc h͇t, m͡t qu͙c gia không có thân hͷu, ch͑ có quy͉n lͫi.
Không m͡t xͱ nào li͉u ch͇t b̫o v͏ quy͉n s͙ng còn cͯa m͡t n˱ͣc
khác. Không th͋ ͯy quy͉n yêu n˱ͣc cho ngo̩i bang. Các ÿ̩i c˱ͥng
dùng chiêu bài Dân chͯ, T͹ do và Nhân quy͉n ÿ͋ m̿c c̫ và gây áp
l͹c. Không t͹ l͹c tranh thͯ kiên trì, qu̫ c̫m và có k͇ ho̩ch thì không
h˱ͧng ÿ˱ͫc Dân chͯ và nhân quy͉n th̵t s͹.

Bài h͕c thͱ hai là b̭t lu̵n s͹ liên minh nào vͣi m͡t th͇ l͹c bên
ngoài, dù m̩nh ra sao, r͛i cNJng sͅ ÿ˱a ḓt n˱ͣc vào ngõ cͭt, n͇u
không có nhân dân h̵u thu̱n. Cái th͇ dân t͡c vô ÿ͓ch và vô song.
Không tin t˱ͧng, không t̩o ra và t̵n dͭng “th͇ dân t͡c” thì th̭t b̩i
ÿ˱˯ng nhiên. Th̭t b̩i thê th̫m. Chͯ thuy͇t, ch͇ ÿ͡, quy͉n l͹c..., ṱt c̫
ÿ͉u là phù du, r͙t cu͡c sͅ tan bi͇n vͣi thͥi gian. H˱ danh, m͕i vi͏c ch͑ là
h˱ danh! Ch͑ có Dân t͡c mͣi tr˱ͥng t͛n và vƭnh c͵u .Dân t͡c b̭t di͏t!”

-TuyӇn Tұp Thӭc TӍnh Quӕc Gia & Cӝng Sҧn, cӫa Lâm LӉ
Trinh NXB Thӫy Hoa Trang năm 2007

Chѭѫng 1 LӏchSӱ và Chính Trӏ
TiӇumөc:Tҥothӡicѫ,xoay vұnnѭӟc(trang5-14):
“Sau ĈӋ nhӭt thӃ chiӃn, nhà nghiên cӭu hӑc quӕc tӃ Tibor Mende
ÿã tiên ÿoán quyӅn lӵc thӃ giӟi trong thӃ kӹ 21 sӁ di chuyӇn tӯ Mӻ
châu qua Ĉông Nam Á là vùng s̷p v˱ͫt lên hàng ÿ̯u v͉ kinh t͇. N˱ͣc
Vi͏t Nam may m̷n – hay b̭t h̩nh? - có m͡t v͓ trí ÿ͓a d˱ chính tr͓ t͙i h͏
vì n̹m ͧ trung tâm vùng này. Các ÿ̩i c˱ͥng trên th͇ giͣi thèm thu͛ng
th͙ng tr͓ xͱ ta ch̻ng nhͷng vì nhu c̯u chi͇n l˱ͫc quân s͹ mà còn vì tài
nguyên t̩i ÿây r̭t d͛i dào. VN b͓ xích hóa năm 1975 nh˱ng thuy͇t
domino không th͋ hi͏n nh˱ Hoa kǤ d͹ ÿoán. Tͳ trên ba th̵p niên, C͡ng
s̫n không ÿ˱a n͝i ÿ̭t n˱ͣc ra kh͗i vNJng l̯y ch̵m ti͇n và v̳n l͏ thu͡c
ng͕ai bang. Tuy͋n t̵p “THͰC T͐NH, Qu͙c gia và C͡ng s̫n” không
nh̹m mͭc tiêu t͙ C͡ng mà cNJng không có cao v͕ng ÿ˱a ra m͡t thông
ÿi͏p chͯ quan. Tác gi̫ c͙ g̷ng phân tích m͡t cách trung th͹c nhͷng sai
l̯m ph̩m ph̫i cͯa phe Qu͙c gia l̳n C͡ng s̫n, ÿ͛ng thͥi nhͷng c˯ h͡i
b͗ lͩ ÿ͋ th͹c hi͏n th͙ng nhͱt và ÿ͡c l̵p mà không c̯n x͵ dͭng ÿ͇n
chi͇n tranh.

198 LONG ĐIỀN

Nhӳng tài liӋu và,nhұn xét trong sách không ra ngoài chӫ ÿích trҧ
lҥi sӵ thұt cho lích sӱ hҫu phá vӥ nhӳng huyӅn thoҥi nuôi sӕng
Ĉҧng Cӝng s̫n cho ÿ͇n nay trong tâm t˱ cͯa m͡t s͙ ÿ͛ng bào còn mê
mu͡i h˱ͣn,g v͉ Xã h͡i chͯ nghƭa ÿang gi̳y ch͇t. Nh˱ th͇, mͣi tiêu hͯy
ÿ͹ͫc vƭnh vien m̿c c̫m th̷ng, b̩i trong cu͡c huynh ÿ͏ t˱˯ng tàn, do Ĉ͇
qu͙c MͿ, Nga, Tàu gi͹t giây trên hai chͭc năm ÿ͋ r͛i ṱt c̫ ÿ͉u b͗ r˯i
chúng ta.

Trong chiӃn tranh ӫy nhiӋm vӯa qua, Nam lүn Bҳc ViӋt ÿӅu làm
bia ÿӣ ÿҥn cho ngoҥi bang. Khi thұt sӵ thӭc tӍnh, chúng ta mͣi có
th͋ b̷t tay nhau xây d͹ng quê h˱˯ng, không hoang phí nhͷng
tài nguyên thiên nhiên và kh͙i óc quý báu. “ Ph̩m vi bài này giͣi
h̩n nên ch͑ ÿ͉ c̵p ÿ͇n ba ÿi͋m c͙t y͇u: Ng˱ͥi c͡ng s̫n VN còn là ng˱ͥi
Vi͏t nam th̵t s͹ hay không? V̭n ÿ͉ VN c͙t lͯy là gì? T̩i sao c̯n m͡t
cu͡c cách m̩ng dân t͡c ÿ͋ thay th͇ c͡ng s̫n?

Ng˱ͥi CSVN thu̯n thành còn là ng˱ͥi Vi͏t Nam th̵t s͹ hay không?

M̿c dù xem tôn giáo nh˱ ch̭t nha phi͇n ÿ̯u ÿ͡c qu̯n chúng,
là ÿ͛ng minh cͯa t˱ b̫n b͙c l͡t, Mác Lê xây d͹ng Xã h͡i chͯ nghƭa
(xhcn) – ÿ̿c bi͏t sau khi ÿ̫ng Bolchevick c˱ͣp ÿ˱ͫc chính quy͉n ͧ
Nga tháng 11.1917 - theo mô thͱc m͡t tôn giáo, có giáo chͯ (là T͝ng
bí th˯),giáo lý (duy v̵t bi͏n chͱng) , giáo ÿi͉u ( chͯ thuy͇t Mác-Lê là
chân lý; T͝ng bí th˯ là hi͏n thân cͯa Chân, Thi͏n, MͿ; Ĉ̫ng lúc nào
cNJng ÿúng ). Ĉ͋ ÿào t̩o con ng˱ͥi xhcn mͣi hành ÿ͡ng theo l͏nh giáo
chͯ, các tay phù thͯy CS dùng kͽ thu̵t ṯy não. Tinh th̯n và ṱt c̫ các
m͙i tình c̫m cNJ b͓ xóa b͗; tͳ nay, ÿ̩o ÿͱc cách m̩ng cͯa con ng˱ͥi
CS mͣi g͛m có nhͷng ÿ̿c tính nói láo không bi͇t ng˱ͫng, luôn luôn
nu͙t lͥi cam k͇t, l˱u manh l̵t l͕ng và gian ác. Ai không ph̫i là CS ÿ͉u
là k̓ thù giai c̭p, ph̫i tiêu di͏t b̹ng m͕i cách.

Ph˱˯ng châm chi͇n ÿ̭u là “cͱu cánh bi͏n minh phu˱˯ng ti͏n”,

phu˯ng ti͏n nào cNJng t͙t mi͍n tiêu di͏t ÿ˱ͫc k̓ thù. Nói tóm t̷t, các
tay CS thu̯n thành là nhͷng con ng˱ͥi máy ho̩t ÿ͡ng theo ch͑ th͓
Ĉ̫ng và hoàn toàn thi͇u m̭t qu̫ tim. Ṱt c̫ ÿ͉u m̷c hai b͏nh hoang
t˱ͧng (paranoia) và ích kͽ (egomania).

T̩i VN, nhái lͥi Kh͝ng T͵, H͛ Chí Minh tuyên b͙ “tr͛ng ng˱ͥi
nh˱ tr͛ng cây”. Vͣi khuôn máy ÿúc Mác Lê, H͛ ÿã s̫n xṷt con ng˱ͥi
xhcn VN mͣi, vô th̯n, vô pháp, vô luân, khác bi͏t vͣi ng˱ͥi VN th̵t s͹.
H͕ xem Liên xô là t͝ qu͙c, ch͙i b͗ l͓ch s˱ c͝ truy͉n, m˯ ˱ͣc xây d͹ng
m͡t thiên ÿ˱ͥng vô s̫n h̩ giͣi và c͝ võ cho m͡t n͉n văn hóa xây d͹ng
trên h̵n thù và t˱ lͫi trong khi c͙t tͯy cͯa văn hóa Vi͏t là tình th˱˯ng.

Sau 30.4.1975, quân CS tͳ B̷c tràn vào Mi͉n Nam. Chúng hành
ÿ͡ng d˱ͣi vƭ tuy͇n 17 nh˱ m͡t ÿoàn binh vi͍n chinh ngo̩i quͣc chi͇m

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 199

ÿyQJ WKX͡F ÿ͓D 1RL J˱˯QJ 7KiL WK~ 7jX Yj WK͝ SK͑ 3KiS O~F [˱D E͕Q
WK͙QJ WU͓ WK͹F GkQ &6 Y˯ YpW YjQJ E̩F FKkX EiX Pi\ PyF ÿ͛ TXê FKͧ
Y͉ %̷F ÿ̵S SKi FiF GL WtFK O͓FK V͵ Kͯ\ GL͏W ViFK Yͧ E̷W GkQ K͕F W̵S
P~W PD ÿj\ ÿL YQJ NLQK W͇ PͣL ÿ̵S SKi QJKƭD WUDQJ P͛ Pm WKD\
ÿ͝L WL͉Q E̩F WKD\ OX{Q WrQ WKͯ ÿ{ 6jLJzQ QK˱ &6 OjP ErQ 1JD V{

7URQJ FXQJ FiFK FDL WU͓ Q˱ͣF QJ˱ͥL &6 F͗Q ÿ͋ O͡ W˱ FiFK QJR̩L
TX͙F NKL K͕ E̫R Y͏ ˱X WLrQ TX\͉Q OͫL FͯD TXDQ WK̯\ 1JD 7jX ḘW
FK̭S V͹ WKL͏W WKzL FͯD GkQ 9L͏W 6DX ÿk\ YjL WKt Gͭ ÿL͋Q KuQK

a) +͛ ÿm Pr PX͡L WXkQ O͏QK 0DR FKR WKL KjQK WjQ E̩R N͇ KR̩FK F̫L
FiFK UX͡QJ ÿ̭W Wͳ ÿ͇Q ViW K̩L J̯Q P͡W WUL͏X Q{QJ GkQ Y{ W͡L

b) %̷F 9L͏W FkP PL͏QJ K͇Q QăP WU˱ͣF F̫QK +̩P ÿ͡L 7UXQJ
F͡QJ ÿq ÉS +̫L TXkQ 91&+ ÿ͋ F˱ͧQJ FKL͇P +zDQJ 6D &K̻QJ QKͷQJ
WK͇ 7Kͯ W˱ͣQJ 3K̩P 9ăQ Ĉ͛QJ FzQ QKuQ QK̵Q E̹QJ F{QJ YăQ FKͯ
TX\͉Q %̷F .LQK WUrQ ÿ̫R Qj\

c) +j 1͡L ÿm \rX F̯X 7UXQJ &͡QJ JͧL TXkQ WURQJ JLDL ÿ͕DQ
TXD JL~S &691 WKHR WL͇W O͡ FͯD 7K{QJ W̭Q [m 1K͹W .\RGR
Yj ' FKL͇Q WK̷QJ 3K̩P 9ăQ Ĉ͛QJ O̩\ OͭF N̓ WK FNJ Oj 0Ϳ WUͧ O̩L
91 WURQJ WK̵S QLrQ

7U˱ͣF NKL QK̷P P̷W OuD ÿͥL +͛ NK{QJ QJ˱ͫQJ PL͏QJ WX\rQ E͙ VXQJ
V˱ͣQJ ÿ˱ͫF Y͉ FK̯X {QJ FKD Oj &iF 0iF Yj 0DR V˱ SKͭ

Ĉ͋ FͱX FK͇ ÿ͡ +j Q͡L ³ÿ͝L PͣL´ NLQK W͇ QăP QK˱QJ Y͉ FKtQK
WU͓ FK~QJ Y̳Q ÿjQ iS GkQ FK~QJ QK˱ P͡W W̯QJ OͣS PDILD ÿ͗ YͣL ÿ̿F
TX\͉Q ÿ̿F OͫL Ĉ͇ TX͙F /LrQ ;{ VͭS ÿ͝ QăP FKͯ WKX\͇W 0iF /r
P̭W K͇W K̭S O͹F Yj E͓ WK͇ JLͣL [HP QK˱ P͡W Wj JLiR

'˱ OX̵Q FKR U̹QJ 91 'kQ FKͯ &͡QJ KzD Vͅ NK{QJ W͛Q W̩L TXi P͡W
WK̵S QLrQ WK͇ Pj FK~QJ Y̳Q FzQ ÿy 7̩L VDR" Ĉ͋ ͝Q ÿ͓QK OjP ăQ %̷F
Kinh l̳Q +RD 7K͓QK Ĉ͙Q NK{QJ PX͙Q Fy V͹ [iR WU͡Q ͧ 91

+˯Q QͷD ÿD V͙ GkQ 9L͏W FKiQ JKpW ÿ͝ PiX Yj FKR U̹QJ FKL͇Q O˱ͫF
KD\ QKͱW Oj FKX\͋Q EL͇Q FK͇ ÿ͡ &6 E̹QJ EL͏Q SKiS {Q KzD Ĉk\ FK͑ Oj ê
PX͙Q FKͯ TXDQ FzQ V͹ WK͹F NKiFK TXDQ WK͇ QjR" 7KL͋Q QJKƭ F̯Q EuQK
W͑QK QK̵Q ÿ͓QK P͡W V͙ ÿL͋P

1) 1J˱ͥL &6 FK͑ OL E˱ͣF NKL K͕ \͇X WK͇ K˯Q ÿ͙L SK˱˯QJ 7X\ G͙W
FiF WD\ OmQK ÿ̩R &6 Oj E͹F V˱ WURQJ WU˱ͥQJ WUDQK ÿ̭X K͕ NK{QJ G̩L
Nê YjR E̫Q iQ W͵ KuQK FͯD PuQK NKL EL͇W NK{QJ WK͋ Wͳ FK͙L U~W OXL WU˱ͣF
OjQ VyQJ FiFK P̩QJ

2) &iFK P̩QJ NK{QJ OX{Q OX{Q E̷W EX͡F ÿ͝ PiX
3) 9̭Q ÿ͉ GkQ FăP WK &6 FzQ QJX\rQ ͧ 91 QK˱ WK͇ FiL P̯P FiFK
P̩QJ Y̳Q WL͉P WjQJ

200 LONG ĐIỀN

1͇X FK~QJ WD NK{QJ PX͙Q Pj KRjQ F̫QK FiFK P̩QJ FKtQ PL WKu
WuP FiFK QJăQ O̩L FNJQJ NK{QJ ÿ˱ͫF 91 KL͏Q ͧ WURQJ JLDL ÿ͕DQ FKyW FͯD
WL͇Q WUuQK FiFK P̩QJ GkQ W͡F ÿm SKiW NKͧL FiFK ÿk\ P͡W WK͇ Nͽ NKL WK͹F
GkQ 3KiS FKL͇P ÿyQJ ED W͑QK 0L͉Q Ĉ{QJ 1DP NǤ QăP &X͡F Q͝L
OR̩Q FK͙QJ Ĉ͇ TX͙F NpR GjL +͛ Yj ÿ͛QJ FKt ÿm TXD P̿W FiF ÿ̫QJ SKiL
TX͙F JLD F˱ͣS ÿ͕DW FKtQK TX\͉Q QăP Yj VDX ÿy FK~QJ O{L FX͙Q ÿ͛QJ
EjR %̷F 9L͏W YjR P͡W FX͡F FKL͇Q PͣL P͏QK GDQK ³FK͙QJ 0Ϳ FͱX Q˱ͣF´
Lòng dân trong n˱ͣF ḘW PmQ KL͏Q NK{QJ QJͣW JLD WăQJ 6͹ ÿ͛L WUͭ\ [m
K͡L ÿ̩W OrQ PͱF W͡W FQJ PmL GkP [X̭W F̫QJ SKͭ Qͷ OjP ÿL͇P [u NH
K~W [iFK WK̭W QJKL͏S PXD EiQ YăQ E̹QJ &KtQK TX\͉Q  Ou NK{QJ FK͓X
F̫L FiFK 9m FKăQJ PX͙Q F̫L FiFK FNJQJ NK{QJ ÿ˱ͫF FKR ÿ͇Q QJj\ QjR
ÿL͉X FͯD +L͇Q 3KiS OLrQ K͏ ÿ͇Q ÿ͡F TX\͉Q OmQK ÿ̩R FͯD Ĉ̫QJ
&6 FK˱D E͓ [yD E͗ Ĉ͡F ÿ̫QJ W̩R ÿ̿F TX\͉Q ÿ̿F OͫL Yj ḘW F{QJ ĈL͉X
Oj W͵ KX\͏W FͯD &691 ´

TuyӇQ 7ұS 7KӭF 7ӍQK 4XӕF *LD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 1;% 7Kӫ\
+RD 7UDQJ QăP

&KѭѫQJ /ӏFK6ӱ Yj &KtQK 7Uӏ
7LӇX PөF %¬, +Ӑ& ĈҨ8 75$1+ 7Ӯ 6Ӵ %Ӭ& 7Ӱ &Ӫ$ 0Ӝ7

7,ӄ1 ĈӖ1 7Ӵ '2 WUDQJ
7V /kP /Ӊ 7ULQK
%ҧQ WKX\ӃW WUuQK QJj\ WҥL EXәL +ӝL WKҧR ӣ *HQqYH © 7ѭӣQJ

QLӋP QăP +LӋS ÿӏQK *HQqYH QKkQ GӏS +ӝL QJKӏ 1KkQ
4X\ӅQ /LrQ +LӋS 4XӕF

³*̯Q P͡W WK͇ Nͽ WURQJ O͓FK V͵ F̵Q ÿ̩L 9L͏W 1DP Oj TX͙F JLD ḘW
K̩QK QK̭W ͧ È FKkX %̭W K̩QK Yu GkQ W͡F 9L͏W 1DP SK̫L ÿLrX OLQK FKLͭ
ÿ͹QJ P͡W FKX͟L GjL FKL͇Q WUDQK ÿ̳P PiX K͇W FK͙QJ WK͹F GkQ 3KiS
U͛L 1DP %̷F W˱˯QJ WjQ W˱˯QJ ViW W̭Q F{QJ
&DPE͙W WKiQJ FK̩S Yj [XQJ ÿ͡W YͣL OiQJ JL͉QJ 7UXQJ TX͙F
7ͳ FKR ÿ͇Q QD\ P͡W FX͡F FKL͇Q NKiF ÿm Q͝ OͣQ
Q̿QJ Y͉ ÿ̭X WUDQK FKtQK WU͓ Yj WkP Oê JLͷD FiF WUjR O˱X 'kQ FKͯ Yj
Ĉ͡F WjL +jQ͡L Ĉk\ Oj P͡W KuQK WKͱF FKL͇Q WUDQK O̩QK JD\ JR Yj GDL
G̻QJ &6 KR̫QJ Vͫ J͕L Q{P QD Oj ³&X͡F FKL͇Q +Rj EuQK´ WURQJ NKL
7K͇ JLͣL W͹ GR GQJ GDQK Wͳ ³'L͍Q EL͇Q KRj EuQK´ &6 G˱ EL͇W FK~QJ
Vͅ WKXD Yu [m K͡L FKͯ QJKƭD ÿm NKiQK W̵Q /LrQ ;{ VͭS ÿ͝ Yj F˯Q O͙F
WRjQ F̯X KRi NLQK W͇ WK͓ WU˱ͥQJ ÿDQJ WK̷QJ WK͇

7URQJ FiF FKL͇Q WUDQK YͳD N͋ WUͳ UD Yͭ E͓ Ĉ̿QJ 7L͋X %uQK ViW SK̩W
Yj 'L͍Q EL͇Q +Rj EuQK +͛ &Kt 0LQK Yj ÿ͛QJ FKt ÿyQJ YDL WUz SKiW
ÿ͡QJ 'm WkP FͯD K͕ Oj WK͙QJ QK̭W ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF E̹QJ Y} O͹F K̯X ÿ̱\

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 201

Vi͏W 1DP Yào quͿ ÿ̩R
cͯD &6 Ĉ͏ WDP 4X͙F
W͇ P͡QJ GX Yà phiêu
O˱X 1KͷQJ WjL OL͏X JL̫L
P̵W J̯Q ÿk\ FKR EL͇W
ba cu͡F FKL͇Q FK͙QJ
3KiS 0Ϳ Yj &DP E͙W
NK{QJ F̯Q WKL͇W Yà phi
lý. Th̵W Y̵\ GkQ W͡F
VN – không có CS - v̳Q
thͳD ê FKt Yà kh̫ QăQJ
ÿ͋ WK͹F KL͏Q 7͹ GR Yà Dân chͯ JLͷD P͡W KRàn c̫QK TX͙F W͇ WKX̵Q OͫL
NK{QJ F̯Q ÿ͇Q JL̫L SKiS ÿ̫QJ WU͓

1JRjL WLQK WK̯Q KiR FKL͇Q &691 FzQ FRL WK˱ͥQJ F{QJ SKiS TX͙F W͇
+͕ ÿm YL SK̩P QJDQJ QKLrQ +L͏S ˱ͣF (O\VpHV Nê QJj\ JLͷD
4X͙F WU˱ͧQJ %̫R Ĉ̩L Yj 7͝QJ WK͙QJ 3KiS 9LQFHQW $XULRO F{QJ QK̵Q
FKͯ TX\͉Q Yj V͹ WK͙QJ QK̭W OmQK WK͝ FͯD 91 7U˱ͣF V͹ NKL͇S QK˱ͫF FͯD
7K͇ JLͣL &6 91 FNJQJ ÿm FRL QK˱ P͡W P̫QK JḼ\ O͡Q +L͏S ˱ͣF ÿuQK FKL͇Q
3DULV Pj FKtQK FK~QJ ÿm Nê QJj\ G˱ͣL V͹ E̫R WUͫ FͯD TX͙F W͇
&K~QJ ÿm jR ̩W [XD TXkQ FKL͇P WU͕Q 0L͉Q 1DP 91 YjR WKiQJ W˱
7̩L *HQqYH YͣL +L͏S ˱ͣF Nê N͇W YjR WKiQJ &6 9L͏W 1DP ÿã
FK̭S QK̵Q ÿ͉ QJK͓ FͯD 0HQGqV )UDQFH FKLD ÿ{L ÿ̭W Q˱ͣF 9ƭ WX\͇Q
ÿ˱ͫF FK͕Q OjP O̹Q UDQK W̩P WKͥL JLͷD 1DP Yj %̷F %̫R Ĉ̩L Yj 7Kͯ
W˱ͣQJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'L͏P FNJQJ QK˱ &KtQK SKͯ +RD NǤ W̱\ FKD\ Yj FK͙QJ
ÿ͙L PmQK OL͏W Ĉ͙L YͣL SKLi TX͙F JLD +L͏S ˱ͣF *HQqYH Fy OͫL K˯Q Yì
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202 LONG ĐIỀN