Cuộc Chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975 Long Điền Tập 1

9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj FӵX OmQK ÿҥR 9LӋW 1DP ÿҫX WLrQ F{QJ NKDL ÿһW YҩQ ÿӅ
KzD KӧS KzD JLҧL GkQ WӝF[4] ÐQJ FNJQJ ÿm Fy ê NLӃQ FKtQK WKӭF YӟL OmQK
ÿҥR ÿҩW QѭӟF Oj QrQ ÿӕL WKRҥL YӟL QKӳQJ QJѭӡL EҩW ÿӗQJ FKtQK NLӃQ[8],
{QJ QyL ³FKtQK NLӃQ NKiF QKDX ê NLӃQ NKiF QKDX Oj EuQK WKѭӡQJ Yj
ÿLӅX TXDQ WUӑQJ Oj FҫQ SKҧL Fy ÿӕL WKRҥL QyL FKX\ӋQ YӟL QKDX PӝW FiFK
VzQJ SKҷQJ´[9] 9j YӅ YLӋF EҫX Fӱ ÿҥL ELӇX 4XӕF KӝL {QJ FNJQJ Fy QKұQ
ÿӏQK ³0ӝW TXӕF KӝL Fy QJѭӡL Wӵ ӭQJ Fӱ Yj ÿѭӧF GkQ EҫX OrQ PӝW FiFK
Wӵ GR VӁ WӕW KѫQ TXӕF KӝL Ek\ JLӡ´[9].

7URQJ QKӳQJ QăP FXӕL ÿӡL {QJ SKiW ELӇX ê NLӃQ NLӃQ QJKӏ YӟL FiF
Fѫ TXDQ ÿҧQJ Yj QKj QѭӟF GӗQ GұS KѫQ 7ӯ QKӳQJ YҩQ ÿӅ WUӑQJ ÿҥL QKѭ
ê NLӃQ ÿyQJ JyS YӟL ĈҥL KӝL ; KRj KӧS GkQ WӝF ÿӃQ QKӳQJ NLӃQ QJKӏ
JyS ê SKiW ELӇX YӅ QKӳQJ Vӵ YLӋF Fө WKӇ QKѭ TX\ KRҥFK YӅ WKjQK SKӕ
GӑF V{QJ +ӗQJ YLӋF [k\ QKj 4XӕF KӝL 1KӳQJ ê NLӃQ FӫD {QJ ÿѭӧF
WUuQK Ej\ WKҷQJ WKҳQ Yj FKӭD WkP KX\ӃW OӟQ YӟL QѭӟF YӟL GkQ ' ÿѭӧF
FKҩS QKұQ KD\ NK{QJ FiF ê NLӃQ FӫD {QJ ÿӅX UҩW TXê UҩW ÿiQJ WUkQ
WUӑQJ SK KӧS OzQJ GkQ Yj ÿѭӧF QJѭӡL GkQ PRQJ FKӡ ÿyQ QKұQ[10].

9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿm OrQ WLӃQJ WUrQ F{QJ OXұQ Ej\ Wӓ TXDQ ÿLӇP OR QJҥL
YӅ FiF Gӵ iQ QKѭ QKj Pi\ OӑF GҫX 'XQJ 4XҩW[11] WKjQK SKӕ ErQ V{QJ
+ӗQJ[12] YLӋF [k\ GӵQJ WzD QKj TXӕF KӝL PӟL[13] Yj OҫQ JҫQ QKҩW Oj YӅ YҩQ
ÿӅ Pӣ UӝQJ +j 1ӝL[14] ÐQJ YLӃW ³7Kӫ ÿ{ FӫD Fҧ QѭӟF FӫD Fҧ GkQ WӝF Yj
Fҧ FӫD OӏFK Vӱ .K{QJ QrQ Yj NK{QJ ÿѭӧF SKpS ÿѭD WKӫ ÿ{ OjP QѫL WKt
QJKLӋP FKR EҩW Fӭ PөF ÿtFK Ju ´[15].

%rQ FҥQK ÿy {QJ .LӋW FzQ Ej\ Wӓ U} TXDQ ÿLӇP ӫQJ Kӝ Vӵ Wӵ GR FӫD
EiR FKt ÿӕL YӟL FiF Wә FKӭF FKtQK WUӏ Yj FKtQK TX\ӅQ TXDQ ÿLӇP Qj\
ÿѭӧF WKӇ KLӋQ U} ӣ YLӋF {QJ FDQ WKLӋS YjR Vӵ NLӋQ 7KjQK ĈRjQ 7KjQK
SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WKD\ WKӃ FiF Yӏ WUt TXҧQ Oê ӣ EiR 7X͝L 7U̓ QKҵP FjL
FҳP QJѭӡL ÿӇ TXҧQ Oê[16].

ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW TXD ÿӡL O~F JLӡ SK~W JLӡ +j 1ӝL [17] ngày 11
WKiQJ QăP NKL ÿDQJ ÿLӅX WUӏ WҥL %ӋQK YLӋQ 0RXQW (OL]DEHWK
Singapore[3][2] 7KHR 5HXWHUV {QJ TXD ÿӡL GR WXәL FDR Yj Eӏ YLrP SKәL FҩS
tính[2] FzQ WKHR $3 WKu {QJ TXD ÿӡL GR JһS WDL ELӃQ PҥFK PiX QmR[1].

%iR FKt 9LӋW 1DP FKtQK WKӭF WK{QJ EiR YӅ FiL FKӃW FӫD {QJ YjR WӕL
QJj\ K{P VDX VDX NKL FiF KmQJ WK{QJ WҩQ TXӕF WӃ ÿm ÿѭD WLQ Yj QKLӅX
QKj OmQK ÿҥR TXӕF WӃ ÿm JӣL OӡL FKLD EXӗQ[18] JLӡ QJj\ WKiQJ
QăP %DQ &KҩS KjQK 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ ĈҧQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP UD
WK{QJ FiR YӅ FiL FKӃW FӫD {QJ Yj YLӋF Wә FKӭF WDQJ OӉ FKR {QJ YӟL QJKL
WKӭF TXӕF WDQJ WURQJ KDL QJj\ Yj WKiQJ 6[19]. /Ӊ YLӃQJ Yj OӉ WUX\

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 403

ÿLӋX FӫD {QJ ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF ӣ ÿӗQJ WKӡL ED QѫL +ӝL WUѭӡQJ 7KӕQJ 1KҩW
QѫL ÿһW OLQK FӳX FӫD {QJ WKӫ ÿ{ +j 1ӝL Yj WUө Vӣ Ӫ\ EDQ QKkQ GkQ
WӍQK 9ƭQK /RQJ TXr KѭѫQJ {QJ WUѭӣQJ EDQ OӉ WDQJ QKj QѭӟF Oj {QJ
1{QJ ĈӭF 0ҥQK 7әQJ Et WKѭ ĈҧQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP /Ӊ DQ WiQJ
ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF YjR QJj\ WKiQJ WҥL QJKƭD WUDQJ 73 +ӗ &Kt 0LQK[6].

*LD ÿuQK

ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Fy KDL ÿӡL Yӧ 1JѭӡL Yӧ ÿҫX FӫD {QJ Ej 7UҫQ
.LP $QK Fy YӟL {QJ QJѭӡL FRQ 3KDQ &Kt 'NJQJ VLQK QăP
3KDQ +LӃX 'kQ VLQK QăP 3KDQ 7Kӏ ÈQK +ӗQJ VLQK QăP
Yj 3KDQ &Kt 7kP VLQK QăP [20] 1ăP Ej FQJ KDL QJѭӡL FRQ
~W PӝW WUDL PӝW JiL ÿm WKLӋW PҥQJ NKL TXkQ ÿӝL +RD .Ǥ EҳQ FKuP WjX
7KXұQ 3KRQJ WURQJ PӝW FXӝF FjQ TXpW TXD FKLӃQ NKX &ӫ &KL[21] ÐQJ ÿm
PXӕQ NKL FKӃW WUR FӫD PuQK ÿѭӧF UҧL [XӕQJ NK~F V{QJ Pj KDL QJѭӡL
FRQ Yj QJѭӡL Yӧ FӫD PuQK ÿm PmL QҵP OҥL ÿy 3KDQ &Kt 'NJQJ QJѭӡL
FRQ Fҧ FӫD {QJ KL VLQK WURQJ &KLӃQ WUDQK 9LӋW 1DP QăP WXәL WURQJ
PӝW OҫQ ÿL WULQK ViW 1JRjL QJѭӡL FRQ YӟL QJѭӡL Yӧ ÿҫX {QJ FzQ PӝW
QJѭӡL FRQ VLQK QăP ӣ PLӅQ %ҳF WrQ Oj 3KDQ 7KDQK 1DP QJѭӡL ÿm
WKD\ PһW JLD ÿuQK ÿӑF OӡL FҧP Wҥ WURQJ OӉ WDQJ {QJ[20].

1JѭӡL Yӧ WKӭ KDL FӫD {QJ Oj 3Ky *LiR Vѭ 7LӃQ Vƭ +yD KӑF 3KDQ
/ѭѫQJ &ҫP JLҧQJ YLrQ ĈҥL KӑF %iFK NKRD +j 1ӝL Ej &ҫP WӯQJ ÿѭӧF
WUDR WһQJ *LҧL WKѭӣQJ .RYDOHYVNDLD JLҧL WKѭӣQJ FDR QKҩW JLjQK FKR FiF
QKj NKRD KӑF Qӳ 9LӋW 1DP[22][23].

7һQJ WKѭӣQJ
7KiQJ QăP {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿm ÿѭӧF WUDR WһQJ +XkQ
FKѭѫQJ 6DR 9jQJ KXkQ FKѭѫQJ FDR TXê QKҩW FӫD 1Kj QѭӟF &ӝQJ KzD
;m KӝL &Kӫ QJKƭD 9LӋW 1DP 1JRjL UD {QJ FzQ ÿѭӧF WUDR WһQJ QKLӅX
KXkQ KX\ FKѭѫQJ NKiF Yj KX\ KLӋX QăP WXәL ĈҧQJ

1Jj\ WrQ FӫD {QJ ÿѭӧF ÿһW FKR PӝW FRQ ÿѭӡQJ GjL
NP FKҥ\ Wӯ QJm Wѭ %uQK /RQJ FҳW TXӕF Oӝ $ WUrQ ÿѭӡQJ 1JX\ӉQ
+RjQJ TXD QKj Pi\ OӑF GҫX 'XQJ 4XҩW UD FҧQJ 'XQJ 4XҩW 4XҧQJ
Ngãi.

&kX QyL QәL WLӃQJ

“7ә TXӕF Oj FӫD PuQK GkQ WӝF Oj FӫD PuQK TXӕF JLD Oj FӫD PuQK
9LӋW 1DP Oj FӫD PuQK FKӭ NK{QJ SKҧL Oj FӫD ULrQJ FӫD QJѭӡL FӝQJ VҧQ
KD\ FӫD EҩW Fӭ W{Q JLiR KD\ SKH SKiL QjR Fҧ[4] “

³&y KjQJ WUăP FRQ ÿѭӡQJ \rX QѭӟF NKiF QKDX 7ә TXӕF 9LӋW 1DP
NK{QJ FӫD ULrQJ PӝW ÿҧQJ PӝW SKH SKiL W{Q JLiR QjR[8]”

404 LONG ĐIỀN

“.K{QJ DL FK͕Q F͵D Pj VLQK UD [24]””
7KjQK SK͙ VRL WK̭\ W˱˯QJ ODL ṶW ViQJ FͯD PuQK WUrQ Y̯QJ WUiQ FiF HP[25]
http://saigonecho.com/main/tintuc/thoisu/10222-S%E1%BB%B1%20
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6ӵ 5D ĈL FӫD 9} 9ăQ .LӋW

7iF *Lҧ 1JX\ӉQ 4XDQJ

´1JѭӡL WD FK~ ê ÿӃQ FRQ QJѭӡL YӯD FKӃW Yu 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿѭӧF [HP QKѭ
Fy Wѭ WѭӣQJ FӣL Pӣ QKҩW WURQJ Vӕ FiF QJX\rQ WKӫ 9LӋW FӝQJ NK{QJ GR GkQ EҫX
ÿӕL YӟL FiF QKj EҩW ÿӗQJ FKtQK NLӃQ QKѭQJ WKӵF WӃ Km\ [HP QKӳQJ Ju {QJ ҩ\
OjP O~F FҫP TX\ӅQ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿm ÿѭD UD 1JKӏ 4X\ӃW &3 FKR SKpS EҳW
JLDP QKӳQJ QJѭӡL EҩW ÿӗQJ FKtQK NLӃQ ÿӃQ QăP Pj NK{QJ FҫQ [pW [ӱ Yj
WKDP JLD WKjQK WKjQK OұS 7әQJ FөF ÿӇ ÿiQK ÿұS GkQ RDQ WUD WҩQ FiF QKj ÿҩX
WUDQK GkQ FKӫ FzQ YLӋQ Fҧ DQ QLQK 7UXQJ 4XӕF UD GRҥ GkQ OjQK 9LӋW 1DP &KR
QrQ FNJQJ NK{QJ Fy Ju Oҥ NKL {QJ .LӋW LP KѫL OһQJ WLӃQJ WURQJ YҩQ ÿӅ +RjQJ
6D 7UѭӡQJ 6D ViW QKұS YjR 7DP 6D

9j U} FKX\ӋQ QJѭӡL GkQ *LDR &KӍ Qj\ DL FNJQJ ELӃW YӅ Ej &ҫP QJѭӡL Yӧ
WURQJ OLrQ PLQK PD TXӹ ÿӇ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿѭӧF OjP SKz Pm [ӭ %ҳF +j Pj DQ
WkP WUrQ FRQ ÿѭӡQJ WKăQJ KRD WLӃQ FKӭF ± 3KDQ /ѭѫQJ &ҫP Oj FKiX FӫD 7ӕ
+ӳX PӝW WKx YӟL 4X\ӅQ 7Kӫ 7ѭӟQJ Pj PӛL QJѭӡL GkQ 9LӋW WURQJ NKә ÿDX
ÿӅX QKӟ YӅ FKtQK ViFK ³JLi OѭѫQJ WLӅQ´ QyL OrQ Vӵ QJX QJӕF FӫD QKӳQJ FRQ
QJѭӡL GӕW QiW QKѭQJ OX{Q PXӕQ JLjQK TX\ӅQ OmQK ÿҥR ÿҩW QѭӟF ÿӃQ QJѭӡL
FKiX UӉ Oj 9} 9ăQ .LӋW YӟL ÿѭӡQJ Gk\ ÿLӋQ FDR WKӃ %ҳF 1DP ÿѭӧF JӑL Oj
³F{QJ WUuQK QJX QKҩW WKӃ Nӹ´

7Uӣ OҥL YӟL Ej &ҫP DL FNJQJ ELӃW FKX\ӋQ 9} YăQ .LӋW NKL FzQ WҥL FKӭF
ÿm EDR FKH FKR Yӧ FӫD PuQK Oj Ej &ҫP PӝW QKkQ YұW QәL WLӃQJ Oj EX{Q OұX
PyF QӕL WKDP QKNJQJ ÿm WӯQJ ÿѭӧF JLӟL ³FKӍ FKӓ´ FKҥ\ FKӭF FKҥ\ TX\ӅQ JLӟL
JLDQ WKѭѫQJ PyF QJRһF PӋQK GDQK Oj Ej ³'L[ SRXU FHQW´ WӭF Oj Ej /j
FRQ QJѭӡL FӫD FKtQK WUӏ ÿm WӯQJ Oj F{QJ DQ OӁ Gƭ QKLrQ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Fy QKLӅX
PѭX OѭӧF JLDQ KQJ QyL WUҳQJ UD {QJ Oj PӝW QJѭӡL PLӅQ 1DP JLDQ KQJ Yj
PѭX OѭӧF QKҩW WURQJ ĈҧQJ &691 NK{QJ ÿҿ UD FiF FKLӃQ OѭӧF QKѭQJ Oj QJѭӡL
Fy WҫP YyF WKӵF KLӋQ FiF FKLӃQ OѭӧF FNJQJ Oj PӝW WKӫ WѭӟQJ Fy WKӵF TX\ӅQ
QKҩW NӇ Wӯ QăP FKR ÿӃQ QD\ *LD WjL FӫD 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj QKӳQJ OӧL QKXұQ
FӫD FѫQ VӕW ÿӏD ӕF WURQJ QăP TXD 1KӳQJ PҧQK ÿҩW GӑF V{QJ 6jL *zQ
WKXӝF 4XұQ ӣ 3K~ 0ӻ +ѭQJ ÿӅX QҵP WURQJ WD\ FӫD {QJ Yj JLD ÿuQK Ej FRQ
WKkQ WKtFK FKѭD NӇ QKӳQJ ÿҫX Wѭ WURQJ FiF QJkQ KjQJ QJRjL TXӕF GRDQK Yj
FzQ QKLӅX FӫD FҧL QJҫP NK{QJ VDR ELӃW ÿѭӧF

ĈӕL YӟL ÿҧQJ &691 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj QJѭӡL ÿyQJ YDL WUz TXDQ WUӑQJ WURQJ TXi

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 405

WUuQK ÿәL PӟL NLQK WӃ ӣ 9LӋW 1DP Yj WӯQJ ÿѭӧF PӋQK GDQK Oj ³NLӃQ WU~F
Vѭ´ FӫD WLӃQ WUuQK ÿәL PӟL Qj\ 1KѭQJ WKHR TXDQ ÿLӇP GkQ FKӫ WKu 9} 9ăQ
.LӋW YүQ Oj PӝW QKkQ YұW EҧR WKӫ .K{QJ QyL UD DL FNJQJ ELӃW 9} 9ăQ .LӋW OX{Q
NKҷQJ ÿӏQK FKӛ ÿӭQJ FӫD PuQK Oj EҧR YӋ FKӃ ÿӝ ÿӝF WjL ÿҧQJ WUӏ &691

&iR YүQ Oj FiR 9} 9ăQ .LӋW YүQ Oj PӝW FRQ QJѭӡL FӫD JLDQ KQJ Oj ELӇX WѭӧQJ
PӝW WKӡL WӝW FQJ FӫD Ei ÿҥR FӵF iF Yj FNJQJ Oj QKkQ YұW QKұS YDL QKkQ QJKƭD ÿҥW
ÿӃQ PӭF WLQK YL QKҩW Oj ÿӃ OjP QKҽ ÿL FiL iF Pj Fi QKkQ {QJ ÿm WKDP JLD WURQJ
TXi WUuQK SKөF Yө FKR ÿҧQJ &691 ÿӕL YӟL QKkQ GkQ &NJQJ Fy WKӇ YӅ PһW WkP Oê Oj
ÿӇ JLҧL TX\ӃW SKҫQ QjR QKӳQJ UӕL UҳP EҩW DQ WURQJ WkP KӗQ EXәL FKLӅX FӫD FXӝF
ÿӡL PuQK

ÐQJ ÿm Fӕ JҳQJ YӁ UD WURQJ QKӳQJ QJj\ FXӕL ÿӡL FӫD PuQK UҩW FKtQK [iF %ӣL Yu
{QJ WD FKӍ YӁ UD WK{L 0ӝW Vӵ YӁ YӡL JLҧ WҥR 1KѭQJ QKӳQJ WKDQK QLrQ WUҿ QjR
Pj Oӥ GҥL ăQ FiL EiQK YӁ ÿy WKu FRL QKѭ WRL PҥQJ 5ҩW tW QJѭӡL ELӃW Oj {QJ WD
Fӕ ÿyQJ PӝW Eӝ SKLP EXӗQ ³WULӋX QJѭӡL YXL Fy WULӋX QJѭӡL EXӗQ´ Yj JLҧ Yӡ WKѭѫQJ
KҥL JLҧ Eӝ WK{QJ FҧP Yj FKLD Vҿ KRһF OR OҳQJ FKR QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Eӏ KҥL QKѭQJ
YүQ FzQ Fy QJѭӡL WLQ YjR EiQK YӁ FӫD {QJ WD

6RQJ WUѭӟF PҳW {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW YүQ FzQ Qӧ WURQJ YLӋF WLӃQ Fӱ {QJ 1JX\ӉQ 7ҩQ
'NJQJ PӝW QJѭӡL NK{QJ Fy WjL Yj KӑF YҩQ NpP FӓL WKӵF UD Oj GR JӣL
JҳP Wӯ FKD {QJ 'NJQJ WUѭӟF NKL K\ VLQK

/ӡL NrX JӑL KzD KӧS GkQ WӝF FӫD {QJ YүQ JѭӧQJ JҥR WUӏFK WKѭӧQJ NKL {QJ
NK{QJ KӅ Wӓ UD KӕL KұQ YӅ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ WUҧ WK VDX NKL ÿҩW QѭӟF WKӕQJ QKҩW Fy OӁ FKӍ Fy
QKӳQJ QJѭӡL QKѭ 1JX\ӉQ &DR .Ǥ PӟL WKtFK ăQ ORҥL EiQK Qj\ Pj WKұW Vӵ FKѭD
FKҳF QKӳQJ Nҿ Qj\ ÿm FKӏX ăQ EiQK YӁ FӫD QKDX FKӍ ÿiQJ WKѭѫQJ FKR QKӳQJ
QJѭӡL Fy OzQJ YӟL GkQ WӝF Pj Fy NKL YӝL Fҧ WLQ ´

1JX\ӉQ 4XDQJ

&KX\ӋQ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW

http://www.vietnamexodus.org/vne0508/vnenews/bandocviet/vovankiet.
KWP FӫD +RjQJ /RQJ +ҧL

³1JѭӡL [ѭD NKL NKHQ FKr SKr SKiQ PӝW QJѭӡL QjR ÿy Kӑ NK{QJ YӝL NӃW
OXұQ &Kӡ NKL QJѭӡL ÿy TXD ÿӡL WKu QJѭӡL WD PӟL ³FiL TXDQ ÿӏQK OXұQ´ ³&iL
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iF KD\ QKkQ Wӯ UD VDR

1Jj\ QD\ FKX\ӋQ OXұQ ÿӏQK PӝW QJѭӡL WKHR NLӇX {QJ Ej FK~QJ WD QJj\
[ѭD KѫL NKy &XӝF VӕQJ FӫD QJѭӡL [ѭD ÿѫQ JLҧQ NK{QJ TXDQ KӋ QKLӅX YӟL
QJѭӡL FKXQJ TXDQK YӟL WKӃ JLӟL ErQ QJRjL FKR QrQ YLӋF OXұQ ÿӏQK PӝW QJѭӡL
QjR NK{QJ NKy OҳP QKҩW Oj QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FKӍ VӕQJ WURQJ OjQJ NK{QJ TXDQ
TX\ӅQ FKӭF WѭӟF Ju KRһF JLҧ Fy OjP Ju ÿL QӳD FXӝF ÿӡL Kӑ FNJQJ NK{QJ Fy
Ju SKӭF WҥS Pӡ iP 7KұP FKt Fy QJѭӡL WKL ÿә QKѭQJ NK{QJ OjP TXDQ KRһF
OjP TXDQ QKѭQJ [LQ YӅ WUt Vƭ NKL FzQ WUҿ UӗL OjP QJKӅ J} ÿҫX WUҿ WUX\ӅQ WKө

406 LONG ĐIỀN

OӡL JLiR KXҩQ FӫD WKiQK KLӅQ FKR ÿiP KұX VLQK 'R ÿy YLӋF OXұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF
ÿӡL Kӑ FRQ QJѭӡL Kӑ WѭѫQJ ÿӕL GӉ GjQJ &ăQ EҧQ FӫD FKӃ ÿӝ SKRQJ NLӃQ QJj\
WUѭӟF Oj WUXQJ KLӃX $L YҽQ WRjQ KDL FKӳ WUXQJ KLӃX WKu FRL QKѭ ÿӇ ÿѭӧF WLӃQJ
WӕW FKR ÿӡL

1Jj\ QD\ NK{QJ WKӃ FXӝF VӕQJ WURQJ OjQJ [m WURQJ TXӕF JLD ÿm SKӭF WҥS
Pj TXDQ KӋ VLQK KRҥW TXӕF WӃ OҥL FjQJ SKӭF WҥS KѫQ WKu YLӋF OXұQ ÿӏQK FRQ
QJѭӡL WD NKy NKăQ KѫQ UҳF UӕL KѫQ

ĈӕL YӟL QKӳQJ QKkQ YұW OӟQ F{QJ YLӋF OҥL FjQJ NKy NKăQ EӝL SKҫQ

&KҷQJ KҥQ QKѭ FiF {QJ %ҧR ĈҥL {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP {QJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ
7KLӋX {QJ 'ѭѫQJ 9ăQ 0LQK {QJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK YLӋF SKr SKiQ FiL WӕW FiL [ҩX
FӫD Kӑ PһF G QJѭӡL WD FNJQJ Fy tW QKLӅX WjL OLӋX FKӭQJ Wӓ FiL VDL FiL ÿ~QJ FӫD
Kӑ &iL WӕW FiL [ҩX FӫD PӛL QJѭӡL WѭѫQJ ÿӕL U} UjQJ FKӭQJ PLQK ÿѭӧF QKѭQJ
QӃX QKѭ PXӕQ Fy PӝW OӡL NӃW WK~F PӝW ÿӡL Kӑ SKr SKiQ PӝW FkX OҥL NK{QJ
SKҧL GӉ GjQJ QӃX PXӕQ KRjQ WRjQ NKiFK TXDQ WUXQJ WKӵF

7KӵF Yұ\ 7X\ NK{QJ QKLӅX QJj\ QD\ FNJQJ Fy QJѭӡL OrQ WLӃQJ ErQK YӵF
YXD %ҧR ĈҥL Ej\ Wӓ Vӵ WK{QJ FҧP ÿӕL YӟL PӝW QJѭӡL ³OjP YXD PӝW QѭӟF Q{
OӋ´ 7UѭӡQJ KӧS WәQJ WKӕQJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP OҥL SKӭF WҥS NKy NKăQ KѫQ 9ӟL
QJѭӡL PLӅQ %ҳF 9LӋW &ӝQJ JӑL {QJ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP Oj ³7KҵQJ 'LӋP´ JӑL
FKXQJ SKH PLӅQ 1DP Oj ³0ӻ 'LӋP´ &iFK JӑL QKѭ WKӃ NK{QJ Fy FKL SKҧL EjQ
NK{QJ ÿiQJ FKR WD EұQ WkP Ĉy Oj FiFK JӑL WX\rQ WUX\ӅQ TXi NKtFK SKӍ EiQJ
E{L Oӑ NK{QJ FҫQ SKҧL WUiL NK{QJ FҫQ ÿ~QJ VDL Yj Gƭ QKLrQ Kӑ FKҷQJ Fy PӝW
FK~W OѭѫQJ WkP QjR

ĈLӅX ÿiQJ QyL Oj QJD\ WURQJ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL PLӅQ 1DP QJѭӡL NKHQ Nҿ FKr
NK{QJ SKҧL Oj tW 9LӋF NKHQ FKr ҩ\ NK{QJ WKLӃX SKҫQ FKӫ TXDQ WKұP FKt QKLӅX
NKL Fy GөQJ ê Fy ê ÿӗ &y ê ÿӗ QrQ NK{QJ WKӇ NKiFK TXDQ ÿѭӧF

'L FK~F FӫD 1KҩW /LQK Fy FkX ³ĈӡL W{L ÿӇ OӏFK Vӱ [ӱ ´

7UѭӟF KӃW 1KҩW /LQK PXӕQ QyL {QJ 1J{ ĈuQKK 'LӋP NK{QJ WKӇ ÿHP
1KҩW /LQK UD WzD ÿӇ [ӱ Fy WӝL KD\ NK{QJ Fy WӝL ÿѭӧF OҥL FjQJ NK{QJ WKӇ [ӱ
{QJ Oj QJѭӡL \rX QѭӟF KD\ NK{QJ \rX QѭӟF ÿѭӧF

/ӡL ҩ\ NKi FKt Oê &K~QJ WD Fy TX\ӅQ Ju ÿӭQJ WUrQ OұS WUѭӡQJ TXDQ ÿLӇP
QjR Yӏ WKӃ QjR ÿӇ SKiQ [pW QJѭӡL Qҫ\ Fy F{QJ QJѭӡL NLD Fy WӝL 6ӵ SKiQ [pW
ҩ\ WKXӝF YӅ WKXӝF YӅ [m KӝL 1KѭQJ WKұP FKt WURQJ QKLӅX WUѭӡQJ KӧS [m KӝL
KLӋQ WҥL FNJQJ NK{QJ WKӇ SKr SKiQ ÿ~QJ YӅ PӝW DL

ÐQJ TXDQ WzD ÿӭQJ OrQ WX\rQ iQ QJѭӡL Qҫ\ QJѭӡL NLD Oj Fy WӝL NK{QJ Fy
WӝL UӗL FKR QJѭӡL Qҫ\ QJѭӡL NLD ӣ W GjL QJҳQ NKiF QKDX WKұP FKt FKXQJ WKkQ
Wӱ KuQK WKD EәQJ Ҩ\ Oj TXDQ WzD FăQ Fӭ WUrQ OXұW SKiS 1KѭQJ OLӋX OXұW SKiS
ÿy Fy ÿ~QJ NK{QJ Fy KRjQ KҧR NK{QJ Fy VDL OҫP NK{QJ ĈLӅX UҩW U} NKL FiF
{QJ TXDQ WzD ҩ\ Oj QJѭӡL FӫD QKӳQJ FKӃ ÿӝ ÿӝF WjL Fy EDR JLӡ Kӑ WX\rQ iQ
ÿ~QJ ÿkX

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 407

9ұ\ YӅ WUѭӡQJ KӧS {QJ 9} 9DQ .LӋW WKu VDR"

9Ӆ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QJѭӡL NKHQ Nҿ FKr ORҥQ [j QJҫX $L NKHQ ÿ~QJ DL
FKr VDL +ҫX KӃW ÿӅX FKӫ TXDQ 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL &ӝQJ 6ҧQ QKҩW Oj QKӳQJ QJѭӡL
WӯQJ WKHR SKH {QJ .LӋW QKӳQJ QJѭӡL NK{QJ WKXӝF SKH /r ĈӭF $QK Ĉӛ 0ѭӡL
QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WӯQJ Eӏ $QK 0ѭӡL Eӓ W FiFK FKӭF FKR ³QJKӍ KѭX VӟP´ WKu
NKHQ ORҥQ Fҧ OrQ Fҧ /r +ӗQJ +j QJѭӡL WӯQJ Oj QҥQ QKkQ QJKӏ TX\ӃW GR
{QJ .LӋW Nê FNJQJ NKHQ {QJ .LӋW JKr JӟP WKkQ iL JӑL {QJ .LӋW EҵQJ DQK
1KӳQJ Nҿ WKHR SKH $QK 0ѭӡL WKu PLӋQJ FkP QKѭ KӃQ NKHQ WKu NK{QJ ÿѭӧF
Pj FKr WKu NK{QJ GiP FKr F{QJ NKDL 7ӵX FKXQJ Fҧ KDL ÿiP Qҫ\ NKHQ FKr
{QJ .LӋW NK{QJ Y{ Wѭ NK{QJ Yu F{QJ Oê F{QJ EҵQJ Pj Yu SKH SKiL TX\ӅQ OӧL
Y Y 'ƭ QKLrQ QJѭӡL 9LӋW KҧL QJRҥL QKӳQJ DL WӯQJ Oj QҥQ QKkQ 9LӋW &ӝQJ
WKu NKHQ {QJ .LӋW WKӃ QjR ÿѭӧF &KX\ӋQ JLD ÿuQK WDQ QiW O\ WiQ PҩW PiW FKӃW
FKyF JLDQ NKә ÿDX ÿӟQ Oj GR 9LӋW &ӝQJ 7URQJ ÿiP 9LӋW &ӝQJ ÿy OҥL NK{QJ
Fy 9LӋW &ӝQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW KD\ VDR"

7X\ QKLrQ OҥL WX\ QKLrQ QKuQ YҩQ ÿӅ PӝW FiFK WUXQJ WKӵF OѭѫQJ WkP
ÿ~QJ OѭѫQJ WkP FӫD QJѭӡL 9LӋW 1DP NK{QJ PһF FҧP NK{QJ ÿӏQK NLӃQ
NK{QJ Yu DL Fҧ WKu SKҧL QKuQ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW PӝW FiFK NKiF WUѭӟF KӃW Oj QyL YӅ
QKӳQJ FiL ÿiQJ WKѭѫQJ Yj VDX ÿy VӁ QyL WӟL QKӳQJ FiL VDL OҫP Pj VDL OҫP ÿy
FӫD {QJ .LӋW OҥL FKtQK Oj WӝL iF FӫD 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿӕL YӟL GkQ FK~QJ YӟL GkQ
WӝF ӣ PӭF ÿӝ QJKLrP WUӑQJ FKӭ NK{QJ EuQK WKѭӡQJ

.KL QJKH QyL Yӧ {QJ Yj EӕQ QJѭӡL FRQ Eӏ EҳQ FKӃW NKL ÿDQJ ÿL WUrQ PӝW
FKLӃF JKH WUrQ V{QJ 6DLJRQ QJDQJ FKӛ Ek\ JLӡ Oj EӃQ ÿz ÿL TXD 'ҫX 7LӃQJ
W{L NK{QJ NKӓL [~F ÿӝQJ Ĉy FKӍ Oj FiL EҧQ WtQK Wӵ QKLrQ FӫD PӝW QJѭӡL 9LӋW
1DP 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL FKӃW WKu ÿm ÿjQK \rQ WKkQ QKѭQJ YӟL P{W QJѭӡL FKӗQJ
QJѭӡL FKD NKL QJKH WLQ Yӧ Yj FiF FRQ PuQK FKӃW WKҧP DL NK{QJ ÿDX ÿӟQ &iL
[~F FҧP ҩ\ Oj EuQK WKѭӡQJ

7X\ QKLrQ YӟL &ӝQJ 6ҧQ WKu NK{QJ EuQK WKѭӡQJ 9u NK{QJ EuQK WKѭӡQJ
QrQ VӁ Fy QJѭӡL FKr WUiFK W{L WURQJ Vӵ [~F ÿӝQJ W{L YӯD QyL ÿҩ\ $L OҥL Fy WKӇ
WKѭѫQJ [yW FKR 9LӋW &ӝQJ " 9LӋW &ӝQJ ÿӕL YӟL FK~QJ WD WjQ iF QKѭ WKӃ QjR
³WULӋW ÿӇ´ QKѭ WKӃ QjR FK~QJ WD TXrQ ÿѭӧF FKăQJ" &KX\ӋQ FK~QJ WD PҩW FiL
³ORRQ´ PҩW FiL JKӃ PӝW FKӭF Yӏ GDQK YӑQJ QyL FKR FQJ FKҷQJ Fy Ju ÿiQJ
NӇ 1KѭQJ YLӋF JLD ÿuQK FK~QJ WD O\ WiQ FKӃW FKyF PҩW FiL QKj ÿӇ ӣ PҩW FiL
[H ÿӇ ÿL FRQ FiL Eӏ WKҩW KӑF FK~QJ WD Eӏ W ÿj\ ÿj\ÿӑD Eӏ QKөF Pҥ PҩW QKkQ
SKҭP WKu NK{QJ WKӇ Oj EuQK WKѭӡQJ NK{QJ ÿiQJ NӇ ÿѭӧF 9LӋW &ӝQJ ÿjQ iS
FRQ FiL FK~QJ WD NKL FK~QJ FzQ WURQJ WUӭQJ QѭӟF 'R ÿy YLӋF Yӧ FRQ {QJ 9}
9ăQ .LӋW FKӃW WKҧP WUrQ V{QJ 6DLJRQ WKu FNJQJ FKӍ Oj ³kQ RiQ´ KҥL QJѭӡL QJѭӡL
KҥL Fy FKL Pj SKҧL [~F ÿӝQJ

Tôi QJKƭ W{L Oj QJѭӡL 9LӋW 1DP W{L Fy QKӳQJ [~F FҧP EuQK WKѭӡQJ
FӫD PӝW QJѭӡL 9LӋW 1DP 7X\ QKLrQ QKѭQJ QJѭӡL NK{QJ ÿӗQJ ê YӟL

408 LONG ĐIỀN

W{L Kӑ Fy FiL Oê FӫD Kӑ NKL JLD ÿuQK Kӑ Eӏ FXӝF ³FiFK PҥQJ WULӋW ÿӇ´ FӫD
9LӋW &ӝQJ ÿjQ iS ÿӃQ PӭF ÿӝ WULӋW ÿӇ QKҩW Oj ÿӕL YӟL FRQ FiL FӫD Kӑ

1KLӅX QJѭӡL FKӃ ÿӝ FNJ Eӏ EҳW ÿL ³W FҧL WҥR´ JLD ÿuQK WUҧL TXD PX{Q
QJjQ JLDQ NKә 1D\ ÿXӧF ÿӏQK Fѭ ӣ 0ӻ FRQ FiL Fy Fѫ KӝL ÿL KӑF WUӣ
OҥL Yj WKjQK F{QJ *Lҧ WӍ JLD ÿuQK Kӑ FzQ WLӃS WөF ӣ OҥL 9LӋW 1DP WKu FRQ
FiL Kӑ UD VDR KӑF KjQK QKѭ WKӃ QjR KD\ YүQ FzQ Eӏ 9LӋW &ӝQJ ÿjQ iS
NK{QJ FҩW ÿҫX OrQ ÿѭӧF WѭѫQJ ODL P PӏW 7URQJ Vӵ WjQ iF ÿy Ki NK{QJ
Fy Vӵ ÿyQJ JyS FӫD 9LӋW &ӝQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW KD\ VDR"

1KuQ YҩQ ÿӅ PӝW FiFK VkX VҳF KѫQ FK~QJ WD WKҩ\ PӝW ÿLӅX UҩW FăQ
EҧQ 9u FKӫ QJKƭD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yu ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yu WKDP YӑQJ FӫD
QKӳQJ WrQ 9LӋW &ӝQJ ÿҫX Vӓ QrQ GkQ WӝF 9LӋW 1DP UѫL YjR PӝW FXӝF
FKLӃQ WUDQK UҩW WjQ iF Pj OzQJ QJѭӡL WKu O\ WiQ FKLD FiFK WK KұQ JKpW
Eӓ QKDX ÿӃQ ÿӝ WiQ WұQ OѭѫQJ WkP WULӋW WLrX Fҧ WҩP OzQJ QKkQ iL WUX\ӅQ
WKӕQJ FӫD GkQ WӝF 7UiFK QKLӋP Qҫ\ ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ 9LӋW 1DP NK{QJ
ÿә Yҩ\ FKR DL ÿѭӧF

9Ӆ Fi QKkQ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW W{L ÿѭD UD PӝW YjL Vӵ NLӋQ Fө WKӇ QKѭ
sau:

.KL OjP FKӫ WӏFK QKkQ GkQ ³WKjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK´ {QJ Oj QJѭӡL
WKL KjQK FKѭѫQJ WUuQK ³.LQK 7Ӄ 0ӟL´ .70 FӫD 9LӋW &ӝQJ

.ӃW TXҧ FӫD FKѭѫQJ WUuQK Qҫ\ QKѭ WKӃ QjR"

%DR QKLrX QJѭӡL Eӏ EҳW EXӝF Eӓ QKj Eӓ FӱD UD ÿL Eӏ ÿj\ ÿӑD WURQJ
FiF NKX NLQK WӃ PӟL ÿyL NKә WKLӃX WKӕQ FKӃW FKyF Yu EӋQK KRҥQ JLD
ÿuQK WDQ WiF QyL VDR FKR KӃW ĈӕL YӟL GkQ FK~QJ 6DLJRQ QKӳQJ DL Oj QҥQ
QKkQ .LQK 7Ӄ 0ӟL FKtQK Oj QҥQ QKkQ FӫD {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW

6DX NKL ³W FҧL WҥR´ YӅ ODQJ WKDQJ ӣ 6DLJRQ W{L ÿѭӧF QJKH FkX
FKX\ӋQ QKѭ VDX

.KL OjP FKӫ WӏFK ӫ\ EDQ QKkQ GkQ 73+&0 WKL KjQK FKѭѫQJ WUuQK
.70 PӝW ÿrP NKX\D 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿL UD FKӛ Kӗ &RQ 5D WKu JһS Pҩ\
FRQ PD ÿyL FRQ PD QjR FNJQJ ăQ PһF UiFK UѭӟL Gѫ EҭQ ÿDQJ QyL FKX\ӋQ
YӟL QKDX 0ӝW FRQ PD KӓL KDL FRQ NLD

³$QK FKӃW KӗL QjR"´

&RQ PD NLD WUҧ OӡL
³7{L FKӃW KӗL FKLӃQ WUDQK WKӃ JLӟL WKӭ KDL ´

³&zQ DQK"´ &RQ PD WKӭ QKҩW WLӃS WөF KӓL

³7{L FKӃW KӗL ³1DP Eӝ NKiQJ FKLӃQ ´

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 409

7Kҩ\ Yұ\ FRQ PD WKӭ ED EqQ QyL

³.K{QJ 7{L NK{QJ SKҧL Oj PD 7{L PӟL Wӯ NKX .LQK 7Ӄ 0ӟL PӟL
WUӕQ YӅ ´

7ҥL VDR NK{QJ SKҧL DL NKiF Pj FKtQK 9} 9ăQ .LӋW UD Kӗ &RQ 5D
O~F ÿrP NKX\D ÿӇ JһS PD 1JѭӡL ÿһW UD FkX FKX\ӋQ PD Qҫ\ PXӕQ QKҩQ
PҥQK ӣ FKӛ FKtQK 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj QJѭӡL ÿm WҥR UD ³1KӳQJ FRQ PD .LQK
7Ӄ 0ӟL ´

6DX NKL WK{L OjP FKӫ WӏFK ӫ\ EDQ QKkQ GkQ WKjQK SKӕ Fy OҫQ 9} 9ăQ
.LӋW PDL PӍD ³.K{QJ SKҧL NKX .LQK 7Ӄ 0ӟL Pj FKtQK Oj NKX .LQK 7Ӄ
.KiF´ &y QJKƭD {QJ WD PXӕQ FKr FKѭѫQJ WUuQK .70 1y NK{QJ Fy Ju
JӑL Oj 0ӟL Fҧ FKӍ Pj PӝW NKX NLQK WӃ NKiF Pj WK{L

ÐQJ WD ELӃW .70 Oj VDL OҫP Yj {QJ WD Fy QyL QKѭ WKӃ FNJQJ FKӍ QyL
WURQJ ÿiP WKXӝF Kҥ FӫD {QJ YӟL PӝW tW WUt WKӭF PLӅQ 1DP ӣ OҥL KӧS WiF
YӟL 9LӋW &ӝQJ &KѭD EDR JLӡ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW F{QJ NKDL [iF QKұQ FKѭѫQJ
WUuQK .LQK 7Ӄ 0ӟL Oj PӝW VDL OҫP OӟQ FӫD ÿҧQJ &6 FKӭ ÿӯQJ QyL 9}
9ăQ .LӋW [iF QKұQ ÿy Oj PӝW WDL KӑD FKR GkQ FK~QJ FKR ÿҩW QѭӟF Oj
PӝW WӝL iF QKѭ FkX QyL FӫD .KәQJ 7ӱ ³/jP FKtQK WUӏ Pj OҫP Oj KҥL
PӝW QѭӟF ´ ÐQJ WD WKLӃX Vӵ WKjQK WKұW KD\ {QJ WD WKLӃX FiL 'NJQJ FӫD
QJѭӡL [ѭD 1yL QKѭ WKӃ ÿӅX VDL &y EDR JLӡ 9LӋW &ӝQJ WKjQK WKұW F{QJ
QKұQ Kӑ ÿm OjP VDL QJKƭ Eұ\ &y EDR JLӡ 9LӋW &ӝQJ QRL WKHR FiL 'NJQJ
FӫD QJѭӡL [ѭD Pj Kӑ WӯQJ SKr SKiQ ÿm NtFK Oj ³3KRQJ NLӃQ SKҧQ
ÿӝQJ ´

.KL WLӃS [~F YӟL WUt WKӭF PLӅQ 1DP ӣ OҥL VDX WKiQJ 7ѭ ± 9}
9ăQ .LӋW PӟL WKҩ\ 9LӋW &ӝQJ GӕW TXi 0LӅQ %ҳF ³FKL YLӋQ´ FiQ Eӝ FKR
PLӅQ 1DP QKӳQJ FiQ Eӝ ÿy L Wӡ TXi NK{QJ ELӃW Ju NK{QJ OjP ÿѭӧF
Ju WURQJ NKL ÿy WKu WUt WKӭF PLӅQ 1DP ӣ OҥL FKtQK Oj QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ³Pӣ
PҳW´ FKR 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Yu Yұ\ {QJ WD \rX FҫX FiQ Eӝ 9LӋW &ӝQJ NK{QJ
ÿѭӧF JӑL Kӑ Oj ³QJө\´ QKѭ ÿѭӡQJ OӕL FKtQK ViFK FӫD ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ
9} 9ăQ .LӋW QyL ³*ӑL Kӑ Oj ³QJө\´ Pj FK~QJ WD SKҧL KӑF KӓL QѫL
Kӑ WKu QJKH NǤ TXi ´ 0ӝW YjL QJѭӡL W{L TXHQ ӣ WURQJ ³+ӝL 7Ut 7KӭF
<rX 1ѭӟF´ Vӕ ÿѭӡQJ 1JX\ӉQ 7Kӏ 0LQK .KDL NӇ FKR W{L QJKH FkX
FKX\ӋQ ÿy Yj Kӑ SKr SKiQ UҵQJ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LrW FNJQJ NK{QJ GiP
F{QJ NKDL QyL WKҷQJ YLӋF ҩ\ UD ÿӇ VӱD ÿәL SKѭѫQJ FiFK WX\rQ WUX\ӅQ FӫD
9LӋW &ӝQJ

1KӳQJ QJѭӡL NKHQ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW FKR UҵQJ {QJ Oj ³NLӃQ WU~F Vѭ´
FӫD FKѭѫQJ WUuQK ÿәL PӟL FӣL WUyL Ju ÿy 0ӝW QJѭӡL KӑF FKѭD TXi EұF
WLӇX KӑF QKuQ Yj WKҩ\ ÿѭӧF WuQK KuQK ÿҩW QѭӟF QKѭ WKӃ ÿәL PӟL QKѭ WKӃ

410 LONG ĐIỀN

WKu FNJQJ JӑL Oj WҥP ÿѭӧF

7ҥL VDR W{L JӑL Oj WҥP ÿѭӧF"
/j EӣL {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW {QJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ /LQK QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FKӫ
WUѭѫQJ ÿәL PӟL FNJQJ FKӍ Oj QJѭӡL ÿL KӑF PyW QJѭӡL WD FKӟ Fy SKҧL
ViQJ NLӃQ WLrQ WUL WLrQ ÿRiQ Ju ÿkX &KҷQJ TXD WKҩ\ ErQ /LrQ ;{ {QJ
*RUEDFKRY ÿәL PӟL FӣL WUyL WKu ³TXê {QJ´ ErQ 9LӋW 1DP FNJQJ OjP WKHR
FKR ÿ~QJ YӟL EjL EҧQ FӫD Vѭ SKө FKӭ NK{QJ SKҧL Wӵ Kӑ WK{QJ PLQK
ViQJ NLӃQ WuP ÿѭӧF FRP ÿѭӡQJ SKҧL ÿL &zQ OzQJ Gҥ Kӑ WKu PӝW PӵF
WUXQJ WKjQK YӟL FKӫ QJKƭD &ӝQJ 6ҧQ FKӫ QJKƭD 0iF %k\ JLӡ QJѭӡL
WD FKӍ QJKH {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QyL FKӫ QJKƭD 0iF Pj NK{QJ QyL 0iF
/r QLQ +ӑ WKҩ\ ÿѭӧF /rQLQ Oj WD\ ³Ei ÿҥR´ UӗL FKăQJ"

9} 9ăQ .LӋW FKӍ WKXӝF EjL Fy QӱD FKӯQJ FzQ QӱD NLD WKu NK{QJ
WKXӝF Yu QKiW JDQ KD\ WӕL Gҥ"

1ӱD NLD Oj QӱD Ju"

*RUEDFKRY WLӃS QӕL Oj <HOWVLQ <HOWVLQ FNJQJ Oj P{W ӫ\ YLrQ WUXQJ
ѭѫQJ ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ /LrQ ;{ QKѭQJ {QJ WD Vә WRҽW YjR FiL ӫ\ YLrQ ÿy
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CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 411

Fy OzQJ WKѭѫQJ QJѭӡL WKѭѫQJ GkQ WKu NӃW TXҧ YLӋF {QJ OjP Fy NӃW TXҧ
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412 LONG ĐIỀN

NK{QJ WKӇ Wӯ Eӓ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Yu FKtQK ÿҧQJ &ӝQJ 6ҧQ Oj QӅQ WҧQJ TX\ӅQ
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NLӃP WURQJ Vӕ QKӳQJ FiQ Eӝ GX NtFK PLӅQ 1DP JLDR OLrQ PӝW Vӕ F{
JiL FzQ WUҿ ÿҽS ÿӇ ÿѭD UD PLӅQ %ҳF SKөF Yө Fө +ӗ Yj FiF Yӏ WURQJ %ӝ
FKtQK WUӏ 7KӡL ÿLӇP ÿy WKu 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿDQJ Oj ӫ\ YLrQ 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ FөF
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SKө WUiFK QKLӋP Yө PD F{ NLӃP JiL ÿһF ELӋW Qj\ 7URQJ Vӕ FiF F{ JiL

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 413

WX\ӇQ OӵD ÿѭӧF O~F ÿy ÿDQJ FKXҭQ Eӏ Eӕ WUt Et PұW ÿѭD UD PLӅQ %ҳF Fy
PӝW F{ FzQ WUҿ Yj UҩW VҳF VҧR Kӑ 3KDQ *LӳD O~F ÿy WKu WuQK KuQK FKLӃQ
Vӵ ÿDQJ GLӉQ UD NKi iF OLӋW QrQ NK{QJ WKӇ ÿѭD FiF F{ ÿL QJD\ ÿѭӧF Yj
UӗL NK{QJ KLӇX WKӃ QjR Pj {QJ .LӋW OҥL TXDQ KӋ GDQ GtX YӟL FKtQK F{ JiL
Kӑ 3KDQ NLD ĈӃQ O~F Vӵ YLӋF Yӥ Oӣ WKu F{ JiL ÿm Fy WKDL ÿѭӧF Pҩ\ WKiQJ
UӗL 7KӃ Oj F{ WD SKҧL ӣ OҥL Yj FiL EjR WKDL ÿy FKtQK Oj Yӏ WәQJ *LiP ÿӕF
Tracodi : Phan Thanh Nam sau này

+j QӝL QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

+RjQJ 'NJQJ &iQ Eӝ 937Ѭ

-9} 9ăQ .LӋW QKұQ ÿӏQK FXӝF FKLӃQ 9LӋW 1DP SKkQ
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KjQJ WULӋX QJѭӡL YXL Pj FNJQJ Fy KjQJ WULӋX QJѭӡL EXӗQ ´ ~

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VDR FNJQJ Oj QJѭӡL 9LӋW YӟL QKDX DL Qӣ FҥQ WjX UiR PiQJ .KҭX KLӋX WUHR
ÿҫ\ ÿѭӡQJ´ĈRjQ NӃW ÿRjQ NӃW ÿҥL ÿRjQ NӃW NLD Pj´ GkQ 0LӅQ 1DP
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6DX Qҫ\ NKL QJKLӋP UD FRQ QJѭӡL &6 FKӍ QyL PӝW ÿjQJ OjP PӝW QҿR

414 LONG ĐIỀN

thì ÿã quá muӝn màng, nhiӅu ngѭӡi mҩt hӃt cҧ tài sҧn ruӝng vѭӡn, nhà
cӱa, cѫ sӣ kinh doanh, gia ÿình, tѭѫng lai con cái v.v....vì thӃ cuӝc
vѭӧt biӇn Tӷ Nҥn bҵng mӑi giá ÿã diӇn ra tӯ sau 1975 ÿӃn 1990 mӟi
tҥm thӡi chҩm dӭt.

Nhѭng ÿó cNJng là nhӳng nәi bҩt hҥnh cӫa toàn dân ViӋt Nam, vì hҫu
hӃt nhӳng lӡi nói,nhұn ÿӏnh có tính phӫ ÿӏnh, kӃt án sӵ sai lҫm cӫa ÿҧng
thҧy ÿӅu rѫi vào nhӳng ngѭӡi ÿã vӅ hѭu, thҩt sӫng, hӃt quyӅn lӵc, hoһc
sҳp chӃt chӭ chѭa hӅ có mӝt ngѭӡi CS nào dám nói và dám làm mӝt
cuӝc cҧi cách, nhìn nhұn sai lҫm trong lúc ÿѭѫng chӭc,ÿѭѫng quyӅn.
Vì lҿ ÿó, sau nҫycó nhiӅu ngѭӡi CS phҧn tӍnh nhѭ:NguyӉn Hӝ, NguyӉn
Trҩn, Trҫn Ĉӝ, NguyӉn Khҧi, Tô Hҧi v.v....cNJng nói lên nhӳng lӡi phҧn
tӍnh, giác ngӝ, sám hӕi mà ít ÿѭӧc ngѭӡi Quӕc Gia tin tѭӣng.

2-“ Tә quӕc là cӫa mình, dân tӝc là cӫa mình, ViӋt Nam là cӫa
mình, chӭ không phҧi là cӫa riêng bҩt cӭ tôn giáo hay phe phái nào
cҧ”.Dù có tin rҵng Võ Van KiӋt ÿã nói thұt lòng mình ,nhѭng khi hành xӱ
chúc vө thӫ tѭӟng Võ Văn KiӋt có làm ÿúng nhѭ ÿiӅu mình suy
nghikhông ? Hay cNJng chӍ là nhӳng câu nói ÿҫy thӫ ÿoҥn chính trӏ, ÿӇ
lҩy lòng mӝt sӕ ngѭӡi MiӅn Nam. Bӡi vì con ngѭӡi CSVN luôn dành
ngӑn cӡ ÿҫu trong phong trào ÿҩu tranh và xem công lao “giҧi phóng”
ÿҩt nѭӟc là cӫa Ĉҧng và ÿҧng phҧi dành ÿiҥ vӏ ÿӝc tôn lãnh ÿҥo ÿҩt
nѭӟc, ÿҧng CSVN ÿӭng trên cҧ Quӕc Hӝi và HiӃp Pháp, ÿҧng viên
phҥm tӝi chӍ có ÿҧng xӱ lý không qua luұt pháp gì cҧ! QuyӅn lӧi cӫa
Tә Quӕc, Dân Tӝc luôn ÿӭng sau quyӅn lӧi cӫa ÿҧng CSVN và CS Quӕc
TӃ. Sӵ tham ô trong nhiӅu công trình xây dӵng mà ÿiӇn hình là Con
ÿѭӡng xa lӝ Tây Trѭӡng Sѫn và ÿѭӡng ÿiӋn cao thӃ 500 KVA Bҳc Nam
và Nghӏ Ĉӏnh 31/CP do Võ Văn KiӋt ký ngày 14-4-1997 cho phép Uy
Ban Hành Chánh các cҩp ÿѭӧc quyӅn bҳt giam không cҫn qua xét xӱ
nhӳng ngѭӡi mà hӑ tình nghi chӕng ÿӕi chính quyӅn, ÿó là mӝt nghӏ ÿӏnh
phҧn Dân Chӫ và dùng ÿӇ trҩn áp dân chúng mӝt cách thô bҥo và thiӃu
Dân Chӫ do chính ông ký ban hành cho thҩy viӋc làm ÿó cӫa Võ Văn
KiӋt chӍ ÿӇ phөc vө cho Ĉҧng cӫa ông mà không hӅ lý gì ÿӃn nguyӋn
vӑng cӫa toàn dân,nhӱng viӋc làm nҫy ÿi ngѭӧc lҥi nhӳng gì mà ông
KiӋt tӯng tuyên bӕ.

3-“ Trên chһng ÿѭӡng mӟi này cӫa ÿҩt nѭӟc, hѫn bao giӡ hӃt cҫn
giѭѫng cao ngӑn cӡ dân tӝc và dân chӫ ”.

Lӡi tuyên bӕ trên cNJng chӍ là lӡi nói mӷ dân,vì ai cNJng biӃt trong
thӡi ÿiӇm làm thӫ tѭӟng Võ Văn KiӋt chѭa làm ÿѭӧc ÿiӅu gì có lӧi cho

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 415

QӅQ 'kQ &Kӫ Yj TX\ӅQ OӧL WKLӃW WKӵF FӫD 'kQ 7ӝF 9LӋW 1DP

1KӳQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK FKR UҵQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj QJѭӡL FKӫ WUѭѫQJ ĈәL
0ӟL Yj NKHQ WһQJ .LӋW Oj ³NLӃQ WU~F Vѭ FӫD SKRQJ WUjR ĈәL 0ӟL´WKӍ Uӓ
UjQJ NKHQ WөQJ TXi ÿiQJ Yu [pW FKR FQJ QKӳQJ ĈәL 0ӟL FӫD .LӋW WӭF
Oj WUӣ YӅ QKӳQJ ELӋQ SKiS NLQK WӃ Fӫ ÿm Fy Wӯ WKӡL 9LӋW 1DP &ӝQJ +Rj
WUѭӟF Pj WK{L 7KӡL ÿLӇP 9} 9ăQ .LӋW OrQ QҳP FKӭF Yө WKӫ WѭӟQJ
Oj O~F Pj /LrQ %DQJ ;{ 9LӃW VөS ÿә Yj NpR WKHR Vӵ
VөS ÿә FiF QѭӟF Ĉ{QJ ÆX FKѭ KҫX FӫD /LrQ ;{ O~F ÿy QѭӟF &ӝQJ
VҧQ FzQ OҥL ÿDQJ UXQ Vӧ FKѭD ELӃW FKӯQJ QjR ÿӃQ OѭӧW PuQK &ӝQJ 6ҧQ
9LӋW 1DP O~F ҩ\ QKѭ WrQ ÿҫ\ Wӟ OҥF FKӫ ÿDQJ ORD\ KRD\ WuP FiFK VӕQJ
FzQ Yu YLӋQ WUӧ FӫD TXDQ WKҫ\ /LrQ ;{ WKu NK{QJ FzQ QӱD Yj 7UXQJ
&ӝQJ FNJQJ ÿDQJ EӕL UӕL Yu NKӫQJ KRҧQJ NLQK WӃ Yj FNJQJ FzQ FăP WK
Vӵ SKҧQ EӝL FӫD 9LӋW 1DP QҥQ ÿyL YүQ FzQ ÿH GRҥ QӃX NK{QJ FҧL Wә
WKu FKӍ FzQ FKӡ FKӃW Yu NK{QJ Fy FҧP WuQK FӫD FiF QѭӟF 3KѭѫQJ 7k\
3KҧL QyL Uӓ UҵQJ ³ĈәL 0ӟL KD\ Oj FKӃW ³SKҧQ ҧQK WKӵF WӃ 9LӋW 1DP YjR
WKӡL ÿLӇP ÿy 7RjQ GkQ VҳS VӱD QәL ORҥQ Yu ÿyL Yj FҫQ 'kQ &Kӫ WӕL WKLӇX
WKHR QKX FҫX FӫD WRjQ WKӃ JLӟL &KұP WUӇ ÿәL PӟL YjL QăP Oj Fҧ FKӃ ÿӝ
VӁ WLrX YRQJ

'R ÿy QKӳQJ ÿӅ [XҩW FӫD 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QKѭ Oj PӝW FiL SKDR FKR WRjQ
ÿҧQJ &691 WUѭӟF Eӡ YӵF WKҭP 1ӃX WKұW Vӵ Yu GkQ Yu QѭӟF O~F ÿy Oj O~F
WKXұQ OӧL QKҩW ÿӇ FҧL Wә WRjQ GLӋQ Yj ÿL WKHR FKӃ ÿӝ 'kQ &Kӫ 7ӵ 'R WKұW
Vӵ WҥR OҥL WuQK ÿRjQ NӃW WRjQ GkQ VDX EDR VDL OҫP FӫD ÿҧQJ &6 QKѭQJ
9} 9ăQ .LӋW FKӍ FҧL Wә QӱD YӡL Yj GQJ PӑL WKӫ ÿRҥQ OѭӡQJ JҥW QJѭӡL
GkQ PӝW OҫQ QӳD 'kQ &Kӫ EiQK YӁ 7ӵ 'R [LQ FKR *iQ JKpS .LQK7Ӄ
7Kӏ 7UѭӡQJ WKHR ÿӏQK KѭӟQJ ;ҧ +ӝL &Kӫ 1JKLm ÿҫX 1J{ PuQK 6ӣ YӟL
PөF ÿtFK GX\ QKҩW Oj FӭX ÿҧQJ Yj EҧR YӋ FiL JKӃ FӫD {QJ WD Pj WK{L
1yL FKXQJ 9} 9ăQ .LrW F{QJ WKu Fy F{QJ UҩW OӟQ ÿӕL YӟL ÿҧQJ &691
Yj WӝL WKu FNJQJ NK{QJ QKӓ YӟL WRjQ GkQ 9LӋW 1DP

7jL OLӋX YӅ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW FӫD +X\ ĈӭF

Tuesday, June 24, 2008

³ĈӃQ QD\ WKu FK~QJ WD ELӃW {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Wҥ WKӃ YjR QJj\
7URQJ NKL ³Fѭ GkQ´ PҥQJ DL FNJQJ ELӃW WLQ Qj\ WKu QJѭӡL GkQ
WURQJ QѭӟF SKҧL ÿӧL ÿӃQ WLӃQJ ÿӗQJ Kӗ VDX PӟL ELӃW NKL EiR FKt 91
ÿӗQJ ORҥW ÿѭD WLQ 7KHR EiR 6WUDLW 7LPHV WKu {QJ 99. TXD ÿӡL
WҥL EӋQK YLӋQ 0RXQW (OL]DEHWK +RVSLWDO 6LQJDSRUH Yu ³SQHXPRQLD´

416 LONG ĐIỀN

(viêm phәi).

Bây giӡ ngӗi tính sә tôi mӟi biӃt ngày 11/6 là ngày tôi tôi bay vӅ
ViӋt Nam thăm Má tôi trong tình trҥng nguy kӏch tҥi BӋnh viӋn Kiên
Giang. Ĉáp xuӕng phi trѭӡng TSN tôi ÿi thҷng mӝt lèo ÿӃn BӋnh viӋn
KG vào lúc 1 giӡ sáng, nóng lòng xem tình trҥng Má tôi. Lúc vào bӋnh
viӋn thҩy có vài bӋnh nhân nҵm cùng phòng, tôi theo thói quen hӓi
thăm, thì mӟi biӃt ngѭӡi nҵm cҥnh giѭӡng Má tôi là bà cө chӏ ruӝt ông
Võ Văn KiӋt cNJng mӟi nhұp viӋn.

Trong thӡi gian tôi còn ӣ VN, tôi cNJng ÿӑc khá nhiӅu bài viӃt vӅ ông
VVK. NhiӅu câu chuyӋn cҧm ÿӝng mà tôi tӯng nghe lúc còn ӣ trong
nѭӟc vào thұp niên 1980s ÿѭӧc kӇ lҥi vӟi nhiӅu tình tiӃt lí thú. Có
lênói không ngoa rҵng tôi cNJng là mӝt ngѭӡi thҫm ngѭӥng mӝ ông
VVK.Tôi thích nhӳng cá tính mang dáng dҩp Nam bӝ cӫa әng: hào sҧng,
dám nói dám làm dám chӏu, thӫy chung (dù có chӭc quyӅn và giàu có
nhѭng vүn không quên bҥn, không quên cӝi nguӗn), biӃt trӑng ngѭӡi trí
thӭc, v.v... Trong mӝt bài phӓng vҩn cӫa VietWeekly ông VVK có nói
mӝt câu mà tôi thҩy rҩt tâm ÿҳc và chính xác: khi cuӝc chiӃn chҩm dӭt
thì có 50% ngѭӡi vui nhѭng cNJng có 50% ngѭӡi buӗn (ÿҥi khái nhѭ thӃ,
tôi không nhӟ chính xác tӯng câu chӳ). Hình nhѭ ông là nhà lãnh ÿҥo
VN ÿҫu tiên nói câu này.

Bài viӃt sau ÿây tôi cӫa Huy Ĉӭc ÿã ÿӑc trên báo Sài Gòn TiӃp Thӏ
lúc còn ӣ VN, nhѭng tôi biӃt là không ÿҫy ÿӫ. Nay lên mҥng thҩy Huy
Ĉӭc in trong trang blog cӫa anh ҩy nên tôi “chôm” vӅ ÿây ÿӇ các bҥn
ÿӑc (sӧ mai ÿây mӕt nӑ Huy Ĉӭc ÿәi ý và xóa bài này thì uәng lҳm).

NVT

====

HiӋn Tѭӧng Võ Văn KiӋt
Huy Ĉӭc
Chѭѫng I: KÝ ӬC THӠI GIAN
Mӝt chiӅu cuӕi năm 2001, có hai ngѭӡi ÿàn ông tìm ÿӃn nhà ông
NguyӉn Tҩn Phát trên ÿѭӡng Bà Hҥt, Quұn 10: “Thѭa, ÿây phҧi nhà
chú Mѭӡi Ĉѭѫng?”. Nghe nhҳc ÿӃn cái tên ít ai biӃt này cӫa ông Phát,
cҧ nhà lһng ÿi. Con gái út cӫa ông, chӏ Hӗng, không cҫn hӓi hai ngѭӡi lҥ
là ai, mӣ cӱa mӡi vào. Út Khao, tên mӝt trong hai ngѭӡi nói: “Cho anh
gһp ba có chút viӋc”. Hai ngѭӡi hӓi chuyӋn vӟi ông Phát mӝt lúc rӗi xin
phép coi phía sau vai ông Phát. Khi thҩy ӣ ÿó có mӝt vӃt thҽo làm dҩu,
dài bҵng ÿӕt ngón tay, Út Khao và Hӳu, ngѭӡi ÿàn ông ÿi cùng, ÿӭng
dұy, nói: “Thѭa chú Mѭӡi, chúng con là ngѭӡi nhà chú Chín”.

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 417

6iQJ K{P VDX QKLӅX QJѭӡL VӕQJ WUrQ ÿѭӡQJ %j +ҥW 4XұQ 0ѭӡL
73 +ӗ &Kt 0LQK QJҥF QKLrQ WKҩ\ &ӵX 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW WӟL NKX
SKӕ Kӑ Y{ WKăP QKj PӝW QJѭӡL ÿjQ {QJ QJKqR ÐQJ .LӋW FKtQK Oj ³&K~
&KtQ´ QăP WUѭӟF FQJ E~ FKXQJ PӝW EҫX VӳD Pҽ YӟL {QJ 3KiW WӭF
0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ FiL WrQ GR ED Pҽ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿһW FKR 1LӅP YXL KӝL
QJӝ NK{QJ WKӇ QjR NӇ [LӃW {QJ 0ѭӡL Fӭ OXêQK TXêQK WURQJ NKL {QJ
.LӋW QJӗL [XӕQJ JLѭӡQJ WKkQ WKLӃW %ҵQJ OӕL QyL QKѭ Oj ÿm ҩP ӭF Wӯ
OkX OҳP {QJ .LӋW ³PpW´ YӟL KDL QJѭӡL FRQ JiL {QJ 0ѭӡL ³%j 1ӝL QJj\
[ѭD FѭQJ ED Pj\ KѫQ WDR´

ÐQJ 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ Yj {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW FQJ VLQK WKiQJ QăP
Fy KѫQ NpP QKDX tW QJj\ 0ҽ FӫD 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ Oj PӝW SKө Qӳ
[LQK ÿҽS FRQ PӝW QKj NKi JLҧ ӣ 7Uj 9LQK Fy Ej FRQ [D ErQ Pҽ {QJ
.LӋW %j Oӥ Fy EҫX YӟL DQK UӇ Oj PӝW {QJ Fӱ QKkQ FKX\ӋQ ÿӝQJ WUӡL YjR
WKӡL ÿy ӣ QKӳQJ JLD ÿuQK GDQK JLi ĈӇ JLӳ WLӃQJ WURQJ WKӡL JLDQ PDQJ
WKDL JLD ÿuQK ÿѭD Ej ÿL JӱL ӣ QKj PӝW QJѭӡL Ej FRQ 6DQK [RQJ TXD QăQ
QӍ Pi {QJ .LӋW QX{L JLP ÿӭD Ep 0i {QJ .LӋW UiQJ QX{L Yu FNJQJ PXӕQ
JLӳ WKӇ GLӋQ FKR QJѭӡL WURQJ JLzQJ Kӑ

ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW TXr ӣ ҩS %uQK 3KөQJ PӝW ҩS QJKqR WKXӝF [m
7UXQJ /ѭѫQJ KX\ӋQ 9NJQJ /LrP 9ƭQK /RQJ 7URQJ ҩS O~F ҩ\ FKӍ Fy YjL
KѭѫQJ FKӭF Fy QKj QJyL GkQ OjQJ SKҫQ OӟQ SKҧL WKXr ÿҩW WKXr UXӝQJ
&KD {QJ {QJ 3KDQ 9ăQ 'ӵD FNJQJ QJKqR QKѭ Vӕ ÿ{QJ WURQJ OjQJ Wӯ
ÿҩW ӣ ÿҩW UXӝQJ ÿӃQ WUkX Fj\ ÿӅX ÿL WKXr KӃW 7rQ NKDL VLQK FӫD {QJ 9}
9ăQ .LӋW Oj 3KDQ 9ăQ +Rj FRQ ~W WURQJ PӝW JLD ÿuQK Fy QăP DQK WUDL
Yj KDL FKӏ JiL *ӑL WKHR WKӭ EұF WURQJ FiF JLD ÿuQK 1DP %ӝ Oj &KtQ +Rj
0ҽ {QJ Ej 9} 7Kӏ 4XӃ SKҧL QX{L KDL ÿӭD WUҿ GR ÿy EӳD WKu {QJ .LӋW
E~ Pҽ EӳD SKҧL ÿL E~ QKӡ

7URQJ [yP Fy PӝW {QJ FK~ Kӑ WrQ Oj 3KDQ 9ăQ &KL +DL &KL NK{QJ
FRQ NK{QJ Yӧ YӅ JLD FҧQK WKu FzQ QJKqR KѫQ Fҧ JLD ÿuQK {QJ 'ӵD ÐQJ
+DL &KL SKҫQ WKҩ\ FKӏ GkX PuQK YҩW Yҧ SKҫQ FNJQJ OR QJKƭ WӟL WXәL JLj
EqQ VDQJ [LQ &KtQ +Rj YӅ QX{L ÐQJ Ej 3KDQ 9ăQ 'ӵD EҩP EөQJ ÿӗQJ
ê 0ӛL EӳD &KtQ +Rj NKiW VӳD {QJ +DL &KL OҥL F}QJ OzQJ YzQJ NKҳS
[yP DL FKR WKu E~ QJѭӡL GkQ TXr JӑL Oj ³E~ WKpS´ .Ӈ ÿӃQ ÿk\ {QJ 9}
9ăQ .LӋW FѭӡL ³&y OӁ PiX [m KӝL FӫD W{L Fy Wӯ ÿy´ 1Kj {QJ JLj QX{L
FNJQJ ӣ FQJ PӝW ҩS &KtQ +Rj Yj 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ YүQ TXD OҥL FKѫL YӟL
QKDX 0ӛL NKL ÿL FKӧ Pi {QJ YүQ PXD TXj FKR Fҧ KDL ÿӭD WUҿ

7KHR QKѭ QKӳQJ Ju Pj ErQ QKj {QJ .LӋW ELӃW WKu NKL 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ
NKRҧQJ ViX Eҧ\ WXәL ErQ QKj Pҽ UXӝW VDQJ [LQ OҥL 1KѭQJ Yu {QJ Ej
3KDQ 9ăQ 'ӵD ÿm ³PӃQ FKkQ PӃQ WD\´ NK{QJ FKӏX FKR 6DX ÿy Kӑ

418 LONG ĐIỀN

OkQ OD VDQJ FKѫL UӗL ÿiQK FҳS ÿӭD Ep &zQ WKHR 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ WKu FkX
FKX\ӋQ SKӭF WҥS KѫQ QKLӅX /ҫQ ÿy NK{QJ SKҧL FұX ÿѭӧF ÿѭD YӅ QKj
Pj Eӏ JLD ÿuQK Pҽ ÿҿ ÿѭD OrQ WұQ %ӃQ 7UH OѭX OҥF WKrP PѭӡL Pҩ\ QăP
QӳD 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ NK{QJ EDR JLӡ JLҧL WKtFK ÿѭӧF Vӵ ]LF ]ҳF FӫD FkX
FKX\ӋQ ÿy FKӍ ELӃW Qy [ҧ\ UD VDX NKL Pҽ FұX ÿL Oҩ\ FKӗQJ

7KHR {QJ +DL 0ҽR PӝW QJѭӡL FKiX JӑL {QJ .LӋW Oj FK~ QKѭQJ OӟQ
WXәL KѫQ WKu VDX QăP Pҩ\ OҫQ YӅ TXr {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿӅX Fy
QKӡ QJѭӡL WuP 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ QKѭQJ NK{QJ NӃW TXҧ ' YLӋF WuP NLӃP
ÿy Fy ÿӃQ WDL {QJ 0ѭӡL 1ăP NKL {QJ .LӋW WUӣ WKjQK &Kӫ WӏFK
+ӝL ĈӗQJ %ӝ 7UѭӣQJ FăQ Fӭ YjR QKӳQJ WK{QJ WLQ ÿѭӧF F{QJ Eӕ WURQJ
7LӇX Vӱ {QJ 0ѭӡL ELӃW ³9} 9ăQ .LӋW FKtQK Oj &KtQ +Rj´ 0ҩ\ QJѭӡL
FRQ {QJ 0ѭӡL FNJQJ Fy OҫQ ÿm WtQK ÿL WuP ³%iF &KtQ´ QKѭQJ UӗL ÿҳQ ÿR
&Kӏ +ӗQJ QyL ³&y OӁ QӃX %iF NK{QJ SKҧL Oj 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ WKu FK~QJ W{L
ÿm ÿL JһS %iF´

4XmQJ WKӡL JLDQ 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ ӣ WURQJ QKj {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj
NK{QJ GjL QKѭQJ FNJQJ UҩW ÿӫ ÿӇ KuQK WKjQK WuQK PүX Wӱ ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ
.LӋW QKӟ OҥL .KL 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ Eӏ ÿѭD ÿL UӗL Pi {QJ Fӭ QKҳF ÿӃQ Oj
NKyF 0ӛL NKL QKӟ TXi Pi {QJ OҥL VDQJ QKj {QJ +DL &KL [LQ ÿѭD {QJ
YӅ QJӫ YӟL Ej ÒW .KDR 3KDQ 9ăQ ÒW FRQ QJѭӡL DQK WUDL WKӭ %ҧ\ FӫD
{QJ .LӋW NӇ 1ăP WUѭӟF NKL {QJ %ҧ\ PҩW Fy GһQ ³1Jj\ [ѭD
1ӝL OjP PӝW FiL WKҽR GҩX ӣ SKtD VDX Fә FK~ 0ѭӡL´ .KL WuP ÿѭӧF {QJ
0ѭӡL ÒW .KDR WKҩ\ YӃW WKҽR ÿ~QJ QKѭ OӡL WUăQ WUӕL ÿy &KR ÿӃQ WұQ
VDX Qj\ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW YүQ NK{QJ VDR KLӇX ÿѭӧF EҵQJ FiFK QjR
OLQK WtQK FӫD PӝW Ej Pҽ Fy WKӇ PiFK EҧR ÿӇ Pҽ {QJ WLrQ OLӋX ÿѭӧF Vӕ
SKұQ ORQJ ÿRQJ FӫD ÿӭD FRQ QX{L Pj OjP GҩX ÿӇ DQK HP {QJ Fy ÿѭӧF
FXӝF KӝL QJӝ Qj\ &XӝF KӝL QJӝ GLӉQ UD ÿ~QJ YjR NKL {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW
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VӳD Pҽ FӫD PuQK 6DX NKL ³QJKӍ WKHR FKӃ ÿӝ´ {QJ YӅ TXr QKLӅX KѫQ
Yj FKӧW QKұQ UD FiL FKӧ 9NJQJ /LrP ³OӟQ WXәL KѫQ {QJ´ JLӡ YүQ FKӍ
QKӓ QKѭ KӗL WUѭӟF ĈuQK OjQJ [ѭD QD\ YҳQJ OһQJ WLrX ÿLӅX 7UrQ PӝW
FKX\ӃQ ÿL YӅ 9ƭQK /RQJ {QJ QyL ³.KL WҥL FKӭF W{L FKѭD OjP ÿѭӧF Ju
FKR TXr KѭѫQJ FKӍ VDX NKL YӅ QJKӍ PӟL [Ri ÿyL JLҧP QJKqR ÿѭӧF FKR
{QJ 7KjQK +RjQJ´ 1ăP {QJ YӅ TXr [LQ SKpS FKtQK TX\ӅQ
FQJ YӟL FiF Yӏ E{ OmR WUQJ WX OҥL ÿuQK OjQJ

ĈuQK OjQJ %uQK 3KөQJ QѫL OѭX JLӳ QKӳQJ Nê ӭF WXәL WKѫ FӫD {QJ
QѫL YӟL {QJ Fy PӝW Yӏ WUt WLQK WKҫQ ÿһF ELӋW ĈӃQ WұQ Ek\ JLӡ FKR G

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 419

trong suӕt cuӝc ÿӡi mình, ông ÿã ÿһt chân ÿӃn nhiӅu nѫi trên ThӃ giӟi;
cho dù ông ÿã tӯng có mһt trong nhӳng ÿêm diӉn lӟn, trong lòng ông
dѭӡng nhѭ vүn còn rӝn lên, mӛi khi nhӟ lҥi tiӃng trӕng dұp ngoài Ĉình.
Ông kӇ: “Lâu lâu lҥi có gánh hát vӅ xã, hӑ bҳc ÿèn ngoài Ĉình và buәi
chiӅu, khi hӑ nәi trӕng lên là bӑn trҿ tөi tôi không còn thӇ nào nhҩc nәi
chén cѫm lên nӳa”. Nhӳng gánh hát vӅ làng sau mùa gһt là hoҥt ÿӝng
văn hoá thӍnh thoҧng mӟi xҧy ra và là món ăn tinh thҫn ÿѭӧc mong mӓi
nhҩt cӫa nhӳng ngѭӡi dân quê ông. Nhӳng ÿêm hát tiӅu, hát bӝi, hát cҧi
lѭѫng..., ÿã kéo già trҿ, trai gái ÿӃn Ĉình làng chұt kín.

Tӯ năm lên sáu, lên bҧy tuәi, vào mùa gһt, Chín Hoà thѭӡng theo
cha nuôi lênh ÿênh ÿi gһt mѭӟn cho các ÿiӅn chӫ dӑc sông TiӅn, sông
Hұu. Công viӋc cӫa cұu là giӳ ghe hoһc “mót” lúa. Mӛi mùa nhѭ thӃ,
Chín Hoà cNJng kiӃm thêm cho cha nuôi ÿѭӧc vài giҥ. Sông nѭӟc MiӅn
Tây, khҳp Cà Mau, Bҥc Liêu... cұu rành tӯ hӗi ÿó. Năm tám tuәi, cұu
ÿѭӧc ÿi hӑc. Lӟp hӑc do nhӳng gia ÿình trung nông, ÿӏa chӫ, sau ngày
mùa, cҩt trҥi, rѭӟc thҫy vӅ dҥy, dҥy mùa, nên tiӅn hӑc chӍ phҧi trҧ “rҩt
nhҽ”. Ông Hai Mҽo, mӝt trong hai ngѭӡi thҫy “dҥy mùa” cӫa ông, kӇ:
“Năm 1932, lҩy ÿѭӧc cái certificat, tôi vӅ Ĉình, ông chú thҩy tôi có
chӳ, kêu tôi dҥy cho trҿ con lӕi xóm. Chín Hoà, thông minh và ăn nói lӉ
ÿӝ lҳm. Nhѭng dҥy ÿѭӧc hai năm thì tôi cNJng hӃt chӳ, rӗi thôi”.

Mҩy năm sau, Nhӳng ngѭӡi truyӅn giáo cho cҩt mӝt trѭӡng hӑc
nhӓ dӑc theo con ÿѭӡng ÿi qua ҩp Bình Phөng. Ông Hai Chi thҩy
Chín Hoà khát chӳ lҥi nhân có trѭӡng, ông nói: “Cho mày ÿi hӑc tiӃp”.
Nhѭng ӣ nhӳng lӟp hӑc này, các thҫy chӫ yӃu tranh thӫ truyӅn ÿҥo.
Thҩy Chín Hoà “hӑc ÿҥo”, mҩy ông nông dân nhұu mӛi khi có Chín
Hoà ngӗi cҥnh lҥi hҥch hӓi: “Ĉҥo cӫa mày thӃ nào?”. Chín Hoà kӇ chuyӋn
Thiên ÿѭӡng, Ĉӏa ngөc, và giҧi thích: “Ngѭӡi vô ÿҥo hoһc có ÿҥo mà làm
ÿiӅu ác sӁ xuӕng Ĉӏa ngөc, còn ngѭӡi có ÿҥo ÿӃn Thiên ÿàng”. Mҩy
әng hӓi: “Vұy, nghƭa là mày sӁ lên Thiên ÿàng, còn tөi tao xuӕng Ĉӏa
ngөc phҧi hông?”. Chín Hoà hӗn nhiên: “Dҥ”. Mҩy әng cѭӡi, chӑc: “ĈӇ
khi nào tao chӃt, tao kêu vӧ tao cho cái búa vô hòm, mày lên Thiên
ÿàng thì thôi, ÿһng mày xuӕng ÿӏa ngөc nhѭ mҩy thҵng nhұu tөi tao, tao
cho mày biӃt”. Thұt khó ÿӏnh lѭӧng nhӳng gì Chín Hoà hӑc ÿѭӧc trong các
trѭӡng làng. Nhѭng, chính nhӳng lӟp hӑc ÿó ÿã giúp cұu ÿӑc thông viӃt
thҥo, thҳp cho cұu ngӑn lӱa hiӇu biӃt, tҥo nӅn tҧng cho cұu tiӃp tөc con
ÿѭӡng ÿi tìm tri thӭc trong suӕt chһng ÿѭӡng hoҥt ÿӝng vӅ sau.

Năm Chín Hoà 13 tuәi, ông Phan Văn Dӵa thuê ÿѭӧc hai con trâu,
ông Dӵa kêu Chín Hoà vӅ chăn, coi thêm cҧ trâu cho hai ông anh ruӝt.

420 LONG ĐIỀN

1KӳQJ YLӋF NKy QKѭ VӱD FKXӗQJ GӑQ SKkQ {QJ 'ӵD OjP FKR FRQ SKҫQ
&KtQ +Rj FKӍ ÿѭD WUkX UD ÿӗQJ 7ӟL Yө {QJ 3KDQ 9ăQ 'ӵD OҥL WKDQK
WRiQ WLӅQ F{QJ KRһF WUҧ O~D FKR {QJ +DL &KL UҩW ÿҫ\ ÿӫ &KtQ +Rj ELӃW
FiFK Fѭ [ӱ FӫD,FKD Pҽ PuQK %ҧQ WKkQ &KtQ +Rj YүQ QKӟ QKӳQJ OӡL
FKzP [yP NӇ YH FiL WKӡL {QJ +DL &KL F}QJ ÿL FQJ [yP WuP QJѭӡL FKR
FұX ³E~ WKpS´ 7ӯ OkX FұX ÿm QJKƭ VDX Qj\ SKҧL OjP Ju ÿy ÿӇ FKăP VyF
{QJ 'ҥR ÿy NKL QJKH Fy QJѭӡL FKӑF ³Oi UөQJ YӅ FӝL´ {QJ +DL &KL UӗL
FNJQJ FKӍ PӝW PuQK &KtQ +Rj WӭF OҳP Yu FұX UҩW WKѭѫQJ ED QX{L ĈӇ
SKӫ QKұQ QKӳQJ OӡL GqP SKD ÿy Fy NKL Fҧ WKiQJ &KtQ +Rj NK{QJ YӅ
ErQ QKj 0i FұX QKӟ TXi JһS KӓL &KtQ +Rj NӇ WKұW %j {P Oҩ\ FRQ
QyL ³7K{L FRQ Fӭ YӅ FKѫL QJѭӡL WD QyL Eұ\ ÿӯQJ QJKH´ &y WӟL KDL
QJѭӡL FKD Yj FQJ Vҿ FKLD YӟL 0ѭӡL ĈѭѫQJ PӝW QJѭӡL Pҽ &jQJ YӅ
VDX &KtQ +Rj FjQJ QKұQ WKҩ\ WURQJ Vӵ FKLD Vҿ ҩ\ QLӅP GD\ GӭW Yj ÿӭF
K\ VLQK WR OӟQ FӫD Ej 6ӵ WLQK WӃ FӫD Pҽ ÿm JL~S &KtQ +Rj QKұQ UD ӣ Ej
ELӃW EDR WuQK FҧP Pj PӝW ÿӭD WUҿ QKѭ FұX NKDR NKiW .KL FҫQ ÿһW WrQ
PӟL ÿӇ KRҥW ÿӝQJ &KtQ +Rj Oҩ\ Kӑ 9} FӫD Pҽ Yj 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Wӯ ÿy
ÿm ÿѭӧF GQJ QKѭ Oj WrQ FKtQK WKӭF FӫD {QJ 0ӝW FiL WrQ EҳW ÿҫX Yj JҳQ
OLӅQ YӟL PӝW Vӵ QJKLӋS Pj FKҳF FKҳQ VӁ FzQ ÿѭӧF QKҳF WӟL

&NJQJ Wӯ ÿiP WDQJ FӫD Pҽ &KtQ +Rj JһS {QJ +j 9ăQ ÒW UӇ FӫD
PӝW QJѭӡL Ej FRQ F{ FұX ÐQJ ÒW QyL FKX\ӋQ YӟL Pҩ\ DQK OӟQ FKX\ӋQ
iS EӭF FKX\ӋQ EuQK ÿҷQJ Ӣ OjQJ NK{QJ DL QyL FKX\ӋQ QKѭ WKӃ ,Chín
+Rj QJKH Fӭ QKѭ QXӕW WӯQJ OӡL ÐQJ +j 9ăQ ÒW WKҩ\ OҫQ VDX YH WuP
FұX &KtQ +Rj OҥL QJKH Yj OҥL FjQJ WKrP, KӭQJ WK~ 6DX YjL OҫQ JһS
&KtQ +Rj EҳW ÿҫX ÿѭӧF JLDR YLӋF YӯD NHW KӧS JһS FiF DQK FKӏ YӯD
ÿѭD WjL OLӋX &KtQ +Rj UҩW WKtFK Fy NKL ÿL KDL ED QJj\ 7KӍQK WKRҧQJ
DQK HP FzQ NpR YӅ QKj &KtQ +Rj FѫP QѭӟF &KtQ +Rj FNJQJ NK{QJ FzQ
Pҩ\ WKӡL JLDQ JL~S {QJ +DL &KL 0ӝW OҫQ {QJ WKDQ WKӣ ³7DR OӟQ WXәL
UӗL FKӍ QKӡ Pj\ ÿӥ ÿҫQ Pj\ ÿL WKӃ WDR NK{QJ ELӃW UӗL VDR´ &KtQ +Rj
WKѭѫQJ OҳP QKѭQJ OҥL Pr KRҥW ÿӝQJ NK{QJ UӭW UD ÿѭӧF QrQ TX\ӃW ÿӏQK
QyL WKұW YӟL {QJ +DL &KL ÐQJ QyL ³&RQ ÿL YӟL DQK HP Oj SKҧL´ &KtQ
+Rj WKѭD ³&K~ FKR FRQ ÿL ӣ PӝW PD ÿӥ ÿҫQ FK~ 3KҫQ FzQ OҥL FRQ ÿL
OjP YLӋF´ ÐQJ FKӏX ÐQJ +DL &KL KLӅQ OҳP &KtQ +Rj EiR YӟL ³OmQK
ÿҥR´ &iF DQK FNJQJ ÿm ÿӃQ QKj Pҩ\ OҫQ WKҩ\ &KtQ +Rj ÿmL FѫP JҥR
SKҧL ÿL PѭӧQ WӯQJ ORQ NKҥS O~D WKu WUӕQJ WUѫQ ELӃW KRjQ FҧQK &KtQ
+Rj Pҩ\ DQK ÿӗQJ ê 1KӳQJ QJj\ KRҥW ÿӝQJ ҩ\ ÿm ELӃQ &KtQ +Rj WUӣ
WKjQK PӝW FRQ QJѭӡL NKiF

ÐQJ +DL 0ҽR QKӟ OҥL Vӵ WKD\ ÿәL QKDQK FKyQJ Qj\ FӫD &KtQ +Rj
³0ӟL PѭӡL Pҩ\ WXәL FKҧ KӑS GkQ QyL DL FNJQJ Ki KӕF PӗP QJKH &Kҧ
YұQ ÿӝQJ ÿL FѭӟS &KtQK TX\ӅQ QJѭӡL WD [iFK UӵD ÿL KӃW´ 1ăP

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 421

4XұQ Xӹ 9NJQJ /LrP FKӫ WUѭѫQJ OjP PӝW FXӝF PtW WLQ WKұW YDQJ GӝL ÿӇ
EҳW PҥFK SKRQJ WUjR FKXҭQ Eӏ ³NKӣL QJKƭD´ 'LӉQ JLҧ FKtQK WURQJ FXӝF
PtW WLQ Oj FKӏ 1ăP +ӗQJ %t WKѭ 4XұQ Xӹ 1ăP ÿy FKӏ PӟL KDL PѭѫL
WXәL WKHR Nê ӭF FӫD {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW FKӏ +ӗQJ Oj ³PӝW QJѭӡL WuQK FҧP
Pj ÿҫ\ EҧQ OƭQK´ &Kӏ +ӗQJ QyL YӅ UXӝQJ ÿҩW QyL YӅ WѭѫQJ ODL PӛL Q{QJ
GkQ VӁ Fy ÿѭӧF PӝW PҧQK UXӝQJ FӫD PuQK 1JKH DL Qҩ\ ÿӅX Y{ FQJ
VXQJ VѭӟQJ ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW O~F ÿy Oj %t WKѭ [m ÿѭӧF SKkQ F{QJ KӑF
WKXӝF PӝW EjL GR WUrQ JӱL [XӕQJ YӅ ³7KDQK QLrQ SKҧQ ÿӃ´ .KL QyL ÿӃQ
³ÿiQK ÿXәL ÿӃ TXӕF WKӵF GkQ ÿiQK ÿә SKRQJ NLӃQ ÿӏD FKӫ JLjQK EuQK
ÿҷQJ Wӵ GR ´ WKDQK QLrQ EұW Gұ\ K{ WR NKҭX KLӋX 4XҫQ FK~QJ FҧP WuQK
ĈҧQJ Yj QKӳQJ ÿҧQJ YLrQ WUҿ KiW YDQJ ³%jL FD ;tFK YӋ´ 6DX FXӝF PtW WLQ
ÿy WӅ [m EiR OrQ 4XұQ 4XұQ [XӕQJ OQJ Y{ ĈuD &KҧR WKҩ\ ³Pҩ\ PѭѫL
F{QJ ÿҩW Fӓ OiF Eӏ JLүP QiW´ &KtQK TX\ӅQ VӱQJ VӕW WUѭӟF FXӝF PtW WLQ
'kQ FK~QJ WKu [{Q [DR YӅ Yө ³&ӝQJ VҧQ GLӉQ WKX\ӃW TXӕF Vӵ´

6DX ÿy FNJQJ FKtQK {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj PӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL
FKӍ KX\ FXӝF Gҩ\ ELQK ÿrP ӣ 9ƭQK /RQJ ĈrP ³&ӝQJ 6ҧQ
Gұ\´ WKHR FiFK QyL FӫD GkQ FK~QJ O~F ÿy Yj ³1DP .Ǥ .KӣL 1JKƭD´
WKHR FiFK JӑL FӫD /ӏFK Vӱ ĈҧQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ VDX Qj\ ĈrP ÿy &KtQ +Rj
GүQ OӵF OѭӧQJ KDL [m JҫQ WUăP QJѭӡL ÿL ³Oҩ\´ ÿӗQ %ҳF 1ѭӟF [Ri\ $QK
HP WRjQ WKDQK QLrQ WURQJ WD\ FKӍ Fy JLiR PiF Jұ\ JӝF Yj PӝW ӕQJ ORD
OjP EҵQJ WKQJ VҳW ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QKӟ OҥL ³7URQJ ÿҫX FKӍ Fy PӝW
FiFK ÿiQK WK{ Vѫ KӃW VӭF ҩX WUƭ Yu FKӍ WtQK Fy PӝW WuQK KXӕQJ Oj WKҳQJ´
ĈRjQ TXkQ ÿL FѭӟS ÿӗQ Pj QKѭ ÿL KӝL OӝL Eӝ NP Fӭ WKҷQJ ÿѭӡQJ
FiL Pj ÿL ĈӃQ ErQ Eӡ FRQ V{QJ 0ăQJ 7KtW WURQJ [DQK ÿӗQ OtQK ӣ ErQ
NLD WKXӝF TXұQ 7DP %uQK SKҧL TXD EҵQJ SKj 9ӯD O~F Fy PӝW FKLӃF [H
GX OӏFK Wӯ 9NJQJ /LrP OrQ [H FӫD PӝW {QJ &KiQK WәQJ QKѭQJ NK{QJ Fy
FKӫ QJӗL ĈRjQ TXkQ FӫD &KtQ +Rj FKһQ [H EҳW NrX SKj TXD UѭӟF ;H
UӑL ÿqQ SKj TXD QJD\ &ҧ WUăP QJѭӡL WKHR FKLӃF [H FRQ [XӕQJ ³EҳF´
/rQ Eӡ ÿqQ [H UӑL Y{ WKҩ\ WURQJ ÿӗQ OtQK QJӫ OD OLӋW ErQ QJRjL YjL
WrQ ÿӭQJ JiF Oӟ QJӟ 7RjQ Eӝ OӵF OѭӧQJ [iS Y{ OtQK QJӫ WUӣ WD\ NK{QJ
NӏS FKҥ\ WiQ ORҥQ ĈRjQ TXkQ Yk\ EҳW OҥL WѭӟF V~QJ SKkQ F{QJ QJѭӡL
[XӕQJ ÿөF FKuP SKj WKҧ WKHR QѭӟF OӟQ 0ӝW Vӕ DQK HP NKiF WKu OHR OrQ
Oҩ\ JLiR PiF FKһW ÿӭW KӃW Gk\ WKpS FҳW ÿѭӡQJ WK{QJ WLQ OLrQ OҥF 5ӗL
{QJ .LӋW WUqR OrQ FәQJ ÿӗQ EҳF ORD NrX JӑL ÿӗQJ EjR ³1әL Gұ\ ÿiQK ÿә
iFK WKӕQJ WUӏ FӫD WKӵF GkQ ÿӃ TXӕF SKRQJ NLӃQ ÿӏD FKӫ´ /ҩ\ [RQJ ÿӗQ
%ҳF 1ѭӟF ;Ri\ ÿӝL TXkQ FӫD {QJ .LӋW XQJ GXQJ OҳP ÿLQK QLQK JLӡ ÿy
6jL *zQ WKӏ [m 9ƭQK /RQJ FNJQJ ÿӅX ÿm NKӣL QJKƭD [RQJ

1KѭQJ ÿrP ҩ\ 6jL *zQ NK{QJ ³.KӣL QJKƭD´ 9ƭQK /RQJ FNJQJ
NK{QJ 6DX Qj\ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FzQ VӕQJ QJKH QyL ³7UXQJ ѭѫQJ SKkQ

422 LONG ĐIỀN

WtFK WuQK KuQK UD OӋQK QJӯQJ FXӝF NKӣL QJKƭD´ 1KѭQJ FKtQK {QJ 4XҧQJ
7UӑQJ +RjQJ %t WKѭ /LrQ 7ӍQK Xӹ FNJQJ NK{QJ ELӃW NKL ÿy {QJ +RjQJ
ÿm WѭӣQJ ÿrP ҩ\ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL &ӝQJ VҧQ VӁ ³FѭӟS ÿѭӧF FKtQK TX\ӅQ´
ÐQJ .LӋW QKӟ OҥL .KL WUӡL YӯD KӱQJ ViQJ ÿm WKҩ\ [H Wӯ 9ƭQK /RQJ FKҥ\
[XӕQJ FKӣ WRjQ OtQK +ӃW [H Qj\ ÿӃQ [H NKiF %LӃW 9ƭQK /RQJ KӓQJ
$QK +RjQJ QyL ³7D NK{QJ ÿӕL SKy QәL UӗL´ &iF QJKƭD ELQK EҧR QKDX
FK{Q Pҩ\ NKҭX V~QJ YӯD Oҩ\ ÿѭӧF KRi WUDQJ WUӣ UD /~F ÿy NKҳS [yP
OjQJ Gұ\ OrQ WLӃQJ WUӕQJ WLӃQJ P} NrX ³EҳW FӝQJ VҧQ´ $QK +RjQJ EҧR
³0ӑL QJѭӡL YӅ QKj WuP FiFK EҳW OLrQ OҥF VDX´

7ӕL K{P ÿy YӅ OjQJ PӟL ELӃW DQK HP ÿL ÿiQK %ҳF 1ѭӟF ;Ri\ FKӍ
Oҿ Wҿ Fy ÿ{L ED QJѭӡL YӅ WӟL QѫL 6ӕ ÿ{QJ Eӏ EҳW Eӏ JLӃW WURQJ ÿy Fy
QJѭӡL DQK WKӭ ED FӫD {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW 7KHR {QJ .LӋW Ej FRQ KRDQJ
PDQJ Gӳ OҳP QKLӅX QJѭӡL RiQ WUiFK QKҩW Oj VDX NKL 4XұQ UD OӋQK ÿӕW
KӃW ҩS %uQK 3KөQJ Yu QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Eӏ EҳW NKDL %uQK 3KөQJ Oj ³ә FӝQJ
VҧQ Gұ\´ &iF ҩS Pj 4XұQ FKR Oj ³OjP ORҥQ´ NKiF ÿӅX OҫQ OѭӧW Eӏ ÿӕW
ÐQJ .LӋW WKX PuQK QJӗL VX\ QJKƭ %j FKӏ 'kX WKӭ ED WKDQ ³0ҩ\ {QJ
OӟQ WXәL ÿL QJKH OӡL WKҵQJ FRQ QtW´ 1JKH Pj ӭD QѭӟF PҳW 7URQJ NKL
ÿy 4XұQ WLӃS WөF WUX\ WuP QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FӝQJ VҧQ /tQK 4XұQ EҳW DQK
WUDL {QJ .LӋW SKҧL ÿL OQJ EҳW WKҵQJ HP OjP ORҥQ 0ӝW WӕL {QJ .LӋW YӅ
QKj %D {QJ NK{QJ QyL Ju FKӍ OһQJ OӁ PjL ÿL PjL OҥL PӝW OѭӥL PiF OһQJ
OӁ OLӃF ÿiP O{QJ WUrQ ӕQJ TX\ӇQ WKӱ GDR 7UѭӟF NKL {QJ .LӋW ÿL ED {QJ
WUDR FKR {QJ Fk\ PiF QyL ³7KҵQJ DQK Pj\ Qy Vӧ Qy GRҥ EҳW Pj\ 0j\
FҫP FiL PiF ÿӭD QjR EҳW WKu Fӭ ÿkP FKR WDR´ ÐQJ 3KDQ 9ăQ 'ӵD FKӍ
Oj PӝW Q{QJ GkQ NK{QJ ELӃW FKӳ WRjQ Eӝ WKiL ÿӝ FӫD {QJ YӅ KjQK ÿӝQJ
WKHR FiFK PҥQJ FӫD FRQ WUDL ~W {QJ FKӍ WKӇ KLӋQ QKѭ Yұ\ ÐQJ .LӋW KLӇX
FKD Yj KLӇX WtQK NKӕF OLӋW FӫD FXӝF GҩQ WKkQ Qj\ ËW OkX VDX &Kӏ 1ăP
+ӗQJ ELӃW {QJ .LӋW FzQ WuP FiFK QKҳQ {QJ Y{ ĈuD &KҧR WұS KӧS OӵF
OѭӧQJ OҥL $QK HP WUDR ÿәL YӟL QKDX QKұQ ÿӏQK ³7KҩW EҥL Oj WҥP WKӡL´
0ҩ\ QJѭӡL WUҿ GӭW NKRiW &iFK PҥQJ FKѭD WKjQK TX\ӃW NK{QJ YӅ [ӭ
5ӗL /LrQ 7ӍQK Xӹ Fy FKӫ WUѭѫQJ JRP FiF Fѫ Vӣ FNJ YjR UӯQJ 8 0LQK
7ӍQK Xӹ FKR QJѭӡL Y{ ĈuD &KҧR ÿyQ QKyP {QJ .LӋW ĈҫX QăP
JLӳD UӯQJ 8 0LQK {QJ .LӋW FQJ FiF ÿӗQJ FKt FӫD PuQK QKұQ ÿѭӧF WLQ
ĈҧQJ ÿm WKjQK OұS 0һW 7UұQ 9LӋW 0LQK &NJQJ WҥL ÿk\ OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ {QJ
QKuQ WKҩ\ Oi Fӡ ÿӓ VDR YjQJ FӫD 0һW 7UұQ OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ {QJ QJKH FiL WrQ
9LӋW %ҳF [D [{L

1ăP {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW UD 9LӋW %ҳF ÐQJ O~F Eҩ\ JLӡ Oj 3Ky %t
WKѭ 7ӍQK Xӹ %ҥF /LrX FQJ ĈRjQ ÿҥL ELӇX 1DP %ӝ UD %ҳF Gӵ ĈҥL KӝL
ĈҧQJ OҫQ WKӭ ,, VDX ÿy Gӵ OӟS ³+RD 1DP´ WҥL WUѭӡQJ 1JX\ӉQ ÈL 4XӕF
,,, NKRi WKiQJ 7UѭӡQJ ÿyQJ WҥL [m .LP %uQK KX\ӋQ &KLrP +Ri

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 423

WӍQK 7X\rQ 4XDQJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK WUӵF WLӃS FKӍ ÿҥR OӟS 7UѭӡQJ &KLQK
9} 1JX\rQ *LiS 1JX\ӉQ &Kt 7KDQK WUӵF WLӃS JLҧQJ JLҥ\ 0ӝW Vӕ
FiQ Eӝ YӯD WұS KXҩQ ӣ +RD 1DP 7UXQJ 4XӕF YӅ WKDP JLD KѭӟQJ GүQ
WKҧR OXұQ WKҩ\ Oê OӏFK 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj %ҫQ Q{QJ Fy ÿL ӣ ÿӧ UҩW ³FӕW
FiQ´ WKtFK OҳP &iF WKҫ\ FKӑQ {QJ WKDP JLD PӝW WLӃW PөF NӏFK {QJ
YjR YDL ÿӏD FKӫ ĈrP GLӉQ Yӣ NӏFK ÿy Fy 7әQJ %t WKѭ 7UѭӡQJ &KLQK
Gӵ ÐQJ .LӋW QKӟ OҥL 0һF G ÿѭӧF OLӋW YjR ORҥL ³JDQ WR´ QKѭQJ Fy {QJ
7UѭӡQJ &KLQK {QJ FNJQJ WKҩ\ ³ӟQ´ OҳP 7UѭӟF NKL EҳW ÿҫX {QJ .LӋW
SKҧL [XQJ SKRQJ OjP PӝW PjQ P~D OkQ FKR QyQJ QJѭӡL ÿӇ Oҩ\ FDQ ÿҧP
+ӃW Yӣ NӏFK FiF NKiFK PӡL ÿӅX NKHQ ÿӝQJ YLrQ ÐQJ 7UѭӡQJ &KLQK
EҳW WD\ {QJ ³ĈӗQJ FKt GLӉQ NKi OҳP QKѭQJ ÿҩ\ Oj ÿӏD FKӫ 1DP %ӝ FKӭ
NK{QJ SKҧL ÿӏD FKӫ %ҳF %ӝ´

ÐQJ .LӋW O~F ҩ\ NK{QJ WKӇ KLӇX KӃW ê QJKƭD OӡL QKұQ [pW FӫD {QJ
7UѭӡQJ &KLQK 1KѭQJ WUѭӟF VDX TXDQ ÿLӇP YӅ JLDL FҩS FӫD {QJ FNJQJ
EҳW ÿҫX Wӯ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿӏD FKӫ WUt WKӭF Pj {QJ ELӃW WUt WKӭF ÿӏD FKӫ
1DP %ӝ 1KӳQJ QJj\ ÿL ӣ ÿӧ {QJ WKҩ\ JLjX KD\ QJKqR WKu FNJQJ Fy
QJѭӡL WӕW QJѭӡL [ҩX QJѭӡL JLjX FNJQJ Fy QJѭӡL UӝQJ UmL QJѭӡL NHR
NLӋW Wi ÿLӅQ FNJQJ Fy QJѭӡL QJD\ WKҷQJ Fy QJѭӡL QӏQK Eӧ WRQ KyW KҥL
QKDX ÐQJ ÿӏD FKӫ VDX FQJ &KtQ +Rj ӣ {QJ 0ѭӡL 3KiL QJѭӡL ÿӭQJ
ÿҫX KӝL EyQJ ÿi WURQJ [m QѫL &KtQ +Rj PӝW WKDQK QLrQ SKҧL ÿL ӣ ÿӧ
FNJQJ Oj PӝW WKjQK YLrQ KăQJ KiL ÿL Ey Oi FKXӕL OjP EDQK 0ӛL NKL &KtQ
+Rj [D\ O~D JLm JҥR ³ÿӏD FKӫ 0ѭӡL 3KiL´ FzQ OrQ SKө

7URQJ Vӕ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL .KiQJ FKLӃQ ӣ 1DP %ӝ {QJ .LӋW ELӃW Fy
QKӳQJ ÿӏD FKӫ UҩW JLjX Fy QKѭ Yӧ FKӗQJ {QJ %L 7KLӋQ /ӝF FNJQJ ÿm
UD %ѭQJ WKHR .KiQJ FKLӃQ &ӵX %t WKѭ %ҥF /LrX {QJ 1JX\ӉQ 7KjQK
1KѫQ FNJQJ Oj PӝW ÿӏD FKӫ 1ăP NKL {QJ /r ĈӭF 7Kӑ {QJ /r
7RjQ 7Kѭ Wӯ ;ӭ Xӹ 1DP %ӝ [XӕQJ 7ӍQK Xӹ EjQ YӟL {QJ .LӋW YӅ TX\ӃW
ÿӏQK ÿӇ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW OjP %t WKѭ WKD\ {QJ 1KѫQ FKӍ Yu {QJ 1KѫQ
Oj ÿӏD FKӫ {QJ .LӋW ÿm NK{QJ FKӏX ÐQJ /r ĈӭF 7Kӑ QyL ³+RһF Oj FұX
OjP %t WKѭ KRһF Oj FұX FKӏX Nӹ OXұW"´ ÐQJ .LӋW ÿm FKӑQ QKұQ Nӹ OXұW
ĈҧQJ FҧQK FiR FKӭ NK{QJ WKӇ QjR ÿӗQJ ê YӟL Oê GR Nӹ OXұW {QJ 1KѫQ
ÐQJ ELӃW O~F ÿy Fҧ YӅ KӑF YҩQ OүQ NKҧ QăQJ OmQK ÿҥR {QJ 1KѫQ ÿӅX Fy
QKLӅX PһW KѫQ PuQK 7UѭӟF NKL WKHR NKiQJ FKLӃQ QKӳQJ Q{QJ GkQ QKѭ
{QJ .LӋW FKӍ Fy FiL ³TXҫQ ÿL´ .KiL QLӋP YӅ 7ә TXӕF O~F ÿy FӫD {QJ
FNJQJ KӃW VӭF ÿѫQ JLҧQ 7KӡL ҩ\ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL GkQ TXr {QJ WKҩ\ DL QyL
JLӑQJ ĈjQJ 1JRjL ÿӅX FKR Oj ³ĈiP QJѭӡL +XӃ´ 6DX Qj\ Gӵ QKӳQJ
FXӝF KӑS FӫD 8ӹ %DQ .KiQJ FKLӃQ 1DP %ӝ QJKH QKӳQJ EұF WUt WKӭF
QKѭ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +ѭӣQJ 8QJ 9ăQ .KLrP 3KҥP 1JӑF 7KXҫQ QyL
{QJ WKҩ\ Fy PӝW NKRҧQJ FiFK UҩW U} JLӳD PuQK Yj QKӳQJ EұF WUt WKӭF

424 LONG ĐIỀN

ÿy ÐQJ ELӃW QӃX PuQK Fy Ju KѫQ Kӑ WKu FNJQJ FKӍ KѫQ FiL ³FҩS Xӹ´ FKӭ
NK{QJ WKӇ KѫQ Kӑ YӅ OzQJ \rX QѭӟF Vӵ KLӇX ELӃW Yj NKҧ QăQJ WKX K~W
TXҫQ FK~QJ ÿѭӧF 7UѭӟF NKL JһS ³&iFK PҥQJ´ ѭӟF Pѫ OӟQ QKҩW FӫD
{QJ Oj WKRiW NKӓL ÿӗQJ UXӝQJ ODP ONJ W W~QJ &y O~F {QJ FKӍ PRQJ
ÿѭӧF OjP DQK Oѫ [H ÿѭӧF OjP DQK WKӧ FҳW WyF ÐQJ ³Fy ê NLӃQ´ YӟL Pҩ\
WKҫ\ WUӧ JLҧQJ ӣ OӟS +RD 1DP ³7{L ELӃW ÿӏD FKӫ 1DP %ӝ Ӣ 9LӋW 1DP
NK{QJ Fy %ҥFK 0DR 1ӳ´

0ӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ WKҫ\ WUӧ JLҧQJ FӫD OӟS FKӍQK KXҩQ YӅ Wӯ +RD 1DP
JLiR Vѭ ĈjR QJX\rQ &iW KLӋQ Oj 7әQJ %LrQ WұS 7KӡL EiR .LQK WӃ 9LӋW
1DP QKӟ OҥL 7{L ÿѭӧF SKkQ F{QJ JL~S DQK .LӋW WuP ³7ѭ WѭӣQJ &Kӫ
ÿҥR´ 7KHR QKӳQJ Ju W{L ÿѭӧF KӑF ӣ OӟS ³&KӍQK 3KRQJ´ ErQ 7UXQJ
4XӕF WKu YjR ĈҧQJ SKҧL JLiF QJӝ OұS WUѭӡQJ JLDL FҩS F{QJ QKkQ 'R
ÿy PӛL QJѭӡL SKҧL WuP [HP ³OұS WUѭӡQJ FNJ´ FӫD PuQK Oj Ju ÿӇ Pj Wӯ
Eӓ .KҭX KLӋX YLӃW WUrQ WҩP EăQJ ÿHQ FӫD OӟS FKӍQK KXҩQ QKҩQ PҥQK
7KjQK NKҭQ EӝF Oӝ NKX\ӃW ÿLӇP FӫD PuQK Oj WKѭӟF ÿR ÿӝ WUXQJ WKjQK
YӟL ĈҧQJ .ӃW TXҧ DQK .LӋW ³WKjQK NKҭQ´ QKұQ .KL YjR ĈҧQJ DQK PӟL
FKӍ Yu ÿӇ ³JLҧL SKyQJ GkQ WӝF´ FKӭ FKѭD SKҧL Yu ³JLDL FҩS´ FNJQJ Fy O~F
DQK ³GDR ÿӝQJ´ ³1KұQ WKӭF NK{QJ U} UjQJ YӅ WӝL iF FӫD ÿӏD FKӫ´ Oj PӝW
Yt Gө 1rQ W{L NӃW OXұQ 7ѭ WѭӣQJ &Kӫ ÿҥR FӫD DQK .LӋW Oj ³7LӇX Wѭ VҧQ´
G DQK Oj FRQ FӫD PӝW QJѭӡL EҫQ Q{QJ 1KӳQJ PjQ ³ÿҩX Wӕ´ ³FăP WK
ÿӏD FKӫ´ ÿѭӧF GLӉQ WұS ӣ OӟS +RD 1DP OjP {QJ .LӋW QKӟ OҥL KӗL ӣ QKj
KӑF Y} QKӟ FKX\ӋQ ³7ә QKұS´

+ӗL ҩ\ Fy QKӳQJ {QJ WKҫ\ Gҥ\ Y} YӅ ҩS %uQK 3KөQJ Yj FiF OjQJ OkQ
FұQ Pӣ Oz ĈrP ÿrP &KtQ +Rj WKѭӡQJ UD FiF Oz Y} KӑF OyP 0ҩ\ {QJ
WKҫ\ WKҩ\ KӓL ³0j\ WKtFK j"´ &KtQ +Rj NK{QJ FKҫQ FKӯ ³'ҥ KDP
OҳP´ 0ҩ\ {QJ EҧR ³9ұ\ Pj\ WKӱ ÿL´ &KtQ +Rj WKӱ Yj FiF {QJ WKҫ\
WKҩ\ FұX P~D Y} FzQ KD\ KѫQ Fҧ KӑF WUz FӫD Pҩ\ әQJ WKӃ Oj FKR &KtQ
+Rj Y{ KӑF &QJ Gҥ\ Y} Fy Pҩ\ {QJ WKҫ\ Gҥ\ ED +ӑ QyL &y ED
³7j EәQ WKkQ´ WKRiW UD ³7ә QKұS´ WKu Eӏ ÿzQ NK{QJ ÿDX QӳD &KtQ +Rj
WKtFK OҳP UD VӭF KӑF JӗQJ KӑF ³Y{ 7ә´ 1KѭQJ NK{QJ KLӇX VDR QKLӅX
EҥQ Y} WX\rQ Eӕ ÿm ÿѭӧF ³7ә QKұS´ Pj &KtQ +Rj OX\ӋQ ULӃW ³7ә´ YүQ
NK{QJ YjR &XӕL FQJ Pҩ\ {QJ WKҫ\ ED QyL ³7j EәQ WKkQ Pj\ QһQJ
TXi JLӡ FKӍ FzQ FiFK ăQ EyQJ ÿqQ PӟL PRQJ JLҧL ÿѭӧF´ 1JKƭ WӟL YLӋF
FKR FiL EyQJ ÿqQ Y{ PLӋQJ ӟQ WӟL [ѭѫQJ VӕQJ QKѭQJ &KtQ +Rj SKҫQ
Yu PXӕQ WKjQK WjL SKҫQ Yu PXӕQ WKHR ÿӃQ FQJ ÿӇ ELӃW Vӵ WKұW QrQ EҵQJ
OzQJ ÐQJ WKҫ\ Oҩ\ EyQJ ÿqQ ÿһW WUrQ PӝW FiL ÿƭD ÿѭD UD WUѭӟF PһW
&KtQ +Rj KѫL UXQ EҧR ³1ӃX WKҫ\ FҳQ EӇ ÿѭӧF FiL EyQJ ÿqQ WKu FRQ
OjP´ ÐQJ WKҫ\ FҳQ FiL EyQJ ÿqQ EӇ UD UӗL QJӗL ÿӑF WKҫQ FK~ WURQJ NKL
&KtQ +Rj FKR KӃW Y{ PӗP QKDL ĈrP YӅ +Rj NӇ OҥL FKR Pҽ QJKH Ej

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 425

JLj Vӧ FRQ OӫQJ UXӝW NKyF ҫP OrQ 1KӳQJ PҧQK WKXӹ WLQK WURQJ EөQJ
&KtQ +Rj VDX ÿy NK{QJ KӅ Jk\ KҥL Ju FzQ ³7ә´ WKu NK{QJ ELӃW Fy QKұS
NK{QJ Pj PӛL NKL Eӏ ÿiQK FұX YүQ FzQ WKҩ\ ÿDX OҳP 6DX Qj\ &KtQ
+Rj KӓL ÿiP EҥQ ÿѭӧF ³7ә QKұS´ WK~ QKұQ WKӵF UD Kӑ FNJQJ FKӍ ³JӗQJ´
OrQ Ӣ OӟS WұS KXҩQ 9LӋW %ҳF QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WұS ÿҩX Wӕ FNJQJ Yұ\ Kӑ FNJQJ
WKҩ\ QKӳQJ ÿӏD FKӫ QKѭ 0ѭӡL 3KiL Yj WKӵF UD Kӑ FNJQJ SKҧL ³JӗQJ´ OrQ
QKѭ Pҩ\ DQK EҥQ ³7ә QKұS´ WURQJ OӟS KӑF Y} FӫD &KtQ +Rj 6DX OӟS
KӑF ӣ 9LӋW %ҳF 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ Fy ê ÿӏQK ÿѭD {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿL ÿjR WҥR
ӣ 7UXQJ 4XӕF QKѭQJ Oҩ\ Oê GR YӯD SKҥP NKX\ӃW ÿLӇP YӅ TXDQ KӋ WURQJ
WKӡL JLDQ UD %ҳF {QJ .LӋW [LQ WUӣ OҥL 0LӅQ 1DP

1ăP {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW OҥL ÿL Eӝ WUӣ OҥL 0LӅQ 1DP ĈӃQ 7DP
.Ǥ 4XҧQJ 1DP YjR ĈRjQ *LҧL SKyQJ QJKH QyL {QJ /r 'XҭQ %t WKѭ
;ӭ Xӹ 1DP %ӝ YӯD UD %ҳF ÿL TXD ÿҩ\ ÐQJ .LӋW UҩW WLӃF ÐQJ .LӋW JһS
{QJ /r 'XҭQ OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ YjR FXӕL QăP WURQJ +ӝL 1JKӏ ;ӭ Xӹ
Pӣ UӝQJ Wә FKӭF WҥL ĈӗQJ 7KiS 0ѭӡL /ҫQ JһS ÿy {QJ .LӋW Fy PӝW
ҩQ WѭӧQJ PҥQK YӅ {QJ 'XҭQ ҩQ WѭӧQJ YӅ PӝW FRQ QJѭӡL ÿҫ\ VӭF VӕQJ
X\rQ EiF Yj Fy VӭF WKX K~W PҥQK PӁ &NJQJ WURQJ +ӝL QJKӏ ÿy {QJ /r
'XҭQ Yj {QJ /r ĈӭF 7Kӑ ELӃW {QJ .LӋW +DL QKkQ YұW YӅ VDX VӁ WUӣ
WKjQK QKӳQJ QJѭӡL Fy ҧQK KѭӣQJ OӟQ WURQJ ĈҧQJ Qj\ Wӯ ÿҩ\ EҳW ÿҫX
FK~ ê Yj ÿiQK JLi FDR YӅ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW 1ăP VDX +LӋS ÿӏQK
*HQHYH {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW OҥL Fy WKrP QKLӅX Nӹ QLӋP YӟL {QJ /r 'XҭQ
1ăP ÿy WUrQ &ӱD 6{QJ ĈӕF &j 0DX FKX\ӃQ WjX WұS NӃW FXӕL FQJ ÿӧL
VҹQ {QJ .LӋW FNJQJ FKLD WD\ PӑL QJѭӡL UD ÿL 1KѭQJ FKLӅX ҩ\ {QJ NK{QJ
[XӕQJ EӃQ Pj pP FKӡ {QJ /r 'XҭQ ÐQJ /r 'XҭQ O~F FKҥQJ YҥQJ WӕL
FQJ YӟL {QJ /r ĈӭF 7Kӑ WUѭӟF PһW EiR FKt Yj 8ӹ EDQ *LiP ViW ÿm
OrQ WjX ÿӇ UӗL O~F JҫQ QӱD ÿrP PӝW FKLӃF [XӗQJ FRQ Et PұW ÿyQ {QJ
TXD\ OҥL .KX\D {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿѭD {QJ 'XҭQ YӅ PӝW FăQ Fӭ ӣ %ҥF
/LrX QѫL {QJ 'XҭQ UҩW WKtFK PӝW FiL WUҥL QҵP JLӳD ÿӗQJ [XQJ TXDQK
Oj V{QJ QѭӟF ĈrP ҩ\ Ej FKӫ QKj WKҩ\ {QJ .LӋW O~F ÿy Oj %t WKѭ 7ӍQK
Xӹ %ҥF /LrX TXD\ YӅ FQJ PӝW {QJ ³Fӥ {QJ .LӋW Pj FzQ SKҧL FKăP
VyF´ Ej QJKƭ FKҳF WR OҳP

6iQJ {QJ .LӋW UD JL~S Ej FKӫ QKj QKә O{QJ YӏW OjP FѫP Ej KӓL
³&y SKҧL {QJ 'XҭQ"´ ÐQJ .LӋW JLӵW PuQK QKѭQJ SKҧQ ӭQJ PDX Oҽ
³ĈkX Fy әQJ ÿL KӗL K{P UӗL´ %j GӭW NKRiW ³ÐQJ 'XҭQ &ұX NK{QJ
WLQ W{L Oҩ\ KuQK FKR FRL´ 1yL UӗL Ej OrQ WUDQJ WKӡ Oҩ\ KuQK {QJ 'XҭQ
[XӕQJ ÐQJ .LӋW WKҩ\ NKy OzQJ FKӕL PmL EqQ GһQ ³7Ku {QJ Qj\ JLӕQJ
{QJ 'XҭQ QKѭQJ FKӏ NK{QJ ÿѭӧF QyL YӟL EҩW Fӭ DL QKp´ %XәL ViQJ K{P
ҩ\ {QJ .LӋW Fӭ SKkQ YkQ QKѭQJ UӗL {QJ TX\ӃW ÿӏQK SKҧL WK~ WKұW YӟL
³$QK %D´ ÐQJ NrX {QJ 'XҭQ UD YѭӡQ QyL ³%j JLj SKiW KLӋQ UD DQK´

426 LONG ĐIỀN

ÐQJ KӓL ³$L QyL"´ ³.K{QJ Ej FzQ JLӳ KuQK DQK WUrQ WUDQJ´ ÐQJ
'XҭQ OҳF ÿҫX ³/ҥL 7UҫQ %ҥFK ĈҵQJ ´ +ӗL ÿy {QJ 7UҫQ %ҥFK ĈҵQJ
OjP WK{QJ WLQ FKR FKөS KuQK {QJ /r 'XҭQ UӗL Fѫ TXDQ QjR FNJQJ WUHR
ÐQJ .LӋW JLҧL WKtFK ³1KѭQJ Ej JLj Fy ê WKӭF OҳP DQK Fӭ \rQ WkP´
ÐQJ 'XҭQ VX\ QJKƭ UҩW FăQJ UӗL QyL ³&KӍ FҫQ Eҧ PӯQJ Eҧ QyL YӟL FRQ
Eҧ Oj ÿӫ Oӝ´ 5ӗL {QJ OӋQK ³&KXҭQ Eӏ WӕL ÿL´

Ĉy Oj QKӳQJ QJj\ FӵF NǤ FăQJ WKҷQJ FӫD ³&iFK PҥQJ 0LӅQ 1DP´
1KӳQJ QKj OmQK ÿҥR .KiQJ FKLӃQ QKѭ {QJ 'XҭQ {QJ .LӋW YӯD SKҧL
ÿӕL SKy YӟL Vӵ UXӗQJ Eӕ JҳW JDR FӫD FKtQK TX\ӅQ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP YӟL
FiL FKӃW WURQJ WӯQJ JDQJ WҩF YӯD FKӏX VӭF pS OӟQ Wӯ SKtD Fѫ Vӣ Yj QKӳQJ
QJѭӡL GkQ ӫQJ Kӝ &iFK PҥQJ 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL GkQ WURQJ YQJ NKiQJ
FKLӃQ WKҩ\ &KtQK TX\ӅQ 1J{ ĈuQK 'LӋP ³WUX\ OQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ´ Pj &iFK
PҥQJ YүQ NK{QJ GiP SKҧQ ӭQJ Ju QKLӅX QJѭӡL WuP JһS OmQK ÿҥR KӓL
³9ұ\ %iF +ӗ Fy ELӃW NK{QJ"´ 7ӯ FiF ÿӏD SKѭѫQJ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL &ӝQJ
VҧQ YLӃW WKѭ FKR ;ӭ 8ӹ ³Ӣ ÿk\ FKӍ FzQ PӝW Vӕ tW Fѫ Vӣ QӃX NK{QJ FKR
FK~QJ W{L ÿiQK KRһF U~W UD WKu FK~QJ W{L [LQ YƭQK ELӋW ĈҧQJ YƭQK ELӋW
FiF ÿӗQJ FKt´ &KR SKpS Kӑ Qә V~QJ O~F ÿy Oj Fy WKӇ EQJ SKiW PӝW FXӝF
FKLӃQ WURQJ NKL ĈҧQJ FKѭD Fy FKӫ WUѭѫQJ ÐQJ .LӋW QKӟ OҥL ³1KӳQJ
DQK HP YLӃW WKѭ Qj\ VDX ÿӅX K\ VLQK KӃW´ ÐQJ 'XҭQ FNJQJ Fy O~F Eӏ EұW
UD ÿҧR +zQ .KRDL 1ăP Wӯ %ӃQ 7UH {QJ OrQ 6jL *zQ WҥL ÿk\ Fѫ
Vӣ WLӃS WөF EӇ WKrP PӝW Vӕ 8ӹ YLrQ 7KѭӡQJ Yө ;ӭ Xӹ Eӏ EҳW ÐQJ 'XҭQ
TX\ӃW ÿӏQK ÿѭD ;ӭ Xӹ 1DP %ӝ VDQJ 3KQRPSrQK 1ăP {QJ 'XҭQ
UD %ҳF WҥP JLDR TX\ӅQ OmQK ÿҥR ;ӭ Xӹ FKR {QJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ /LQK 7ӯ
0LӅQ Wk\ {QJ .LӋW OrQ WKD\ {QJ /LQK OjP %t WKѭ .KX Xӹ 6jL *zQ

7ӯ &DPSXFKLD {QJ .LӋW YӅ 7k\ 1LQK UӗL OҫQ Pz WLӃS FұQ YӟL 6jL
*zQ +ҫX KӃW QKӳQJ Fѫ Vӣ FNJ Pj {QJ QKұQ ³EjQ JLDR´ ÿӅX Yӥ KӃW
1KLӅX .KX Xӹ YLrQ YӯD QӕL ÿѭӧF OLrQ OҥF ÿm Eӏ EҳW ÐQJ .LӋW TX\ӃW ÿӏQK
[k\ GӵQJ KRjQ WRjQ Fѫ Vӣ PӟL UD OӋQK NK{QJ ÿѭӧF PyF QӕL YӟL Fѫ Vӣ
FNJ SKzQJ ÿӏFK ÿӇ OҥL FjL Eү\ &NJQJ WURQJ JLDL ÿRҥQ Qj\ {QJ ÿѭD UD PӝW
ÿӅ QJKӏ ÿѭӧF ;ӭ Xӹ FKҩS QKұQ Oҩ\ *LD ĈӏQK OjP EjQ ÿҥS WKkP QKұS
6jL *zQ &Kӧ /ӟQ WKjQK OұS .KX Xӹ 6jL *zQ *LD ĈӏQK 6jL *zQ *LD
ĈӏQK Wӯ Vӵ OLrQ NӃW Fy ê QJKƭD NKiQJ FKLӃQ ÿy VDX WUӣ WKjQK PӝW NKX
YӵF KjQK FKtQK FKXQJ 7URQJ VXӕW QKӳQJ QăP ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ
.LӋW O~F WKu QҵP GѭӟL ÿӏD ÿҥR &ӫ &KL O~F YjR KҷQ WURQJ 7KjQK SKӕ
YӯD [k\ GӵQJ FiF SKRQJ WUjR ÿҩX WUDQK ӣ 1ӝL 7KjQK YӯD [k\ GӵQJ OӵF
OѭӧQJ YNJ WUDQJ FKLӃQ ÿҩX 9QJ YHQ Ĉ{ ÐQJ /r ĈӭF $QK QKӟ YӅ JLDL
ÿRҥQ Qj\ FӫD {QJ .LӋW 1ăP {QJ /r ĈӭF $QK ÿѭӧF Fӱ YjR 1DP
YӅ %ӝ &KӍ KX\ 0LӅQ VDX NKL {QJ EiR FiR YӟL 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ &өF ê NLӃQ
FKӍ ÿҥR Pj FKR WӟL K{P QD\ {QJ $QK YүQ FK~ ê QKҩQ PҥQK Oj ³é NLӃQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 427

FӫD DQK /r 'XҭQ Yj DQK 9ăQ 7LӃQ 'NJQJ´ WKHR ÿy 3KҧL [k\ GӵQJ OӵF
OѭӧQJ FKtQK WUӏ Yj YNJ WUDQJ Fҧ WURQJ ÿ{ WKӏ Yj YQJ YHQ 7ѭӟQJ 7UҫQ
9ăQ 7Uj 7ѭ OӋQK 0LӅQ QyL ³9ҩQ ÿӅ ÿ{ WKӏ SKҧL PӡL DQK 6iX .LӋW´
ÐQJ .LӋW NKL ÿy ÿDQJ ӣ &ӫ &KL ÿѭӧF PӡL QJD\ OrQ 0LӅQ ÿӇ QJKH FKӫ
WUѭѫQJ PӟL Ĉy Oj FXӝF WLӃS [~F ÿҫX WLrQ JLӳD {QJ /r ĈӭF $QK Yj {QJ
9} 9ăQ .LӋW {QJ .LӋW NӇ Wӯ ĈҥL KӝL ,,, QăP ÿm Oj 8ӹ YLrQ Gӵ
NKX\ӃW 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ ĈҧQJ ҨQ WѭӧQJ FӫD {QJ /r ĈӭF $QK YӅ {QJ .LӋW
Oj ³7{L WKҩ\ DQK QyL FiF NӃ KRҥFK PӟL YӟL PӝW QLӅP WLQ YӳQJ FKҳF
Yj W{L FNJQJ UҩW WLQ DQK´ 7KHR {QJ /r ĈӭF $QK {QJ .LӋW Wӯ WUѭӟF ÿy
ÿm OmQK ÿҥR .KX Xӹ [k\ GӵQJ FiF Fѫ Vӣ WURQJ QӝL WKjQK [k\ GӵQJ OӵF
OѭӧQJ ELӋW ÿӝQJ Yj PӝW SKҫQ OӵF OѭӧQJ ÿһF F{QJ FKR NK{QJ FKӍ 6jL
*zQ Pj FKR Fҧ 0LӅQ 7URQJ FRQ ÿѭӡQJ Vӵ QJKLӋS FӫD PuQK {QJ .LӋW
Yj {QJ $QK FzQ JһS QKDX QKLӅX WURQJ QKӳQJ QăP VDX ÿy

1ăP {QJ .LӋW ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX WUӣ OҥL 0LӅQ 7k\ OjP %t WKӭ .KX
Xӹ .KX ,; 7uQK WKӃ FKLӃQ WUѭӡQJ 0LӅQ 1DP NKL ÿy KӃW VӭF NKy NKăQ
6DX &KLӃQ GӏFK 0ұX 7KkQ .KX Xӹ .KX ,; NLӇP ÿLӇP 'R ³FKăP EҹP
YjR NKҧ QăQJ JLҧL SKyQJ KRjQ WRjQ ÿ{ WKӏ´ .KX Xӹ ÿm WұS WUXQJ WRjQ
OӵF WҩQ F{QJ YjR ÿҫX QmR ÿ{ WKӏ WURQJ NKL \ӃX Wӕ EҩW QJӡ NK{QJ FzQ
ĈӏFK TXkQ OҥL OҥL WLӃQ KjQK ³%uQK ÿӏQK ÿһF ELӋW´ ³%uQK ÿӏQK FҩS WӕF´
JRP GkQ YjR ҩS FiQ Eӝ ÿҧQJ YLrQ Eӏ GҥW UD NKӓL GkQ 4XkQ ÿӝL 6jL *zQ
ÿyQJ WKrP ÿӗQ EyW 7URQJ Vӕ [m 0LӅQ 7k\ 1DP %ӝ FXӕL QăP
Fy [m ÿҧQJ YLrQ SKҧL O\ KѭѫQJ [m NKiF FKӍ FzQ PӝW KRһF
KDL ÿҧQJ YLrQ &iF WUXQJ ÿRjQ FKӫ OӵF FNJQJ Eӏ ÿiQK GҥW YjR VkX YӅ 7Uj
9LQK 8 0LQK 7URQJ NKL Vӕ OѭӧQJ GX NtFK VөW WkQ ELQK OҥL NK{QJ WX\ӇQ
ÿѭӧF QJD\ Fҧ WURQJ QKӳQJ ³[m JLҧL SKyQJ´ ÐQJ .LӋW KLӇX ÿѭӧF WuQK
WUҥQJ ÿy 7URQJ &KLӃQ GӏFK 0ұX 7KkQ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ӣ 6ӣ FKӍ KX\
7LӅQ 3KѭѫQJ YjR ViW FӱD QJ} 6jL *zQ 7LӅQ SKѭѫQJ FӫD 6jL *zQ FNJQJ
QKұQ ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ OӋQK OLrQ WLӃS WұS NtFK YjR ÿ{ WKӏ ÿӇ ³JLjQK WKҳQJ OӧL
WӕL ÿD´ 0ұX 7KkQ TXҧ Oj ÿm Jk\ ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ WLӃQJ YDQJ FKtQK WUӏ WURQJ
OzQJ QѭӟF 0ӻ QKѭQJ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WUӵF WLӃS ӣ FKLӃQ WUѭӡQJ QKѭ {QJ ÿm
SKҧL FKӭQJ NLӃQ Vӵ K\ VLQK TXi OӟQ ÐQJ QyL ³/~F ÿy W{L ÿDX ÿӃQ PӭF
QKLӅX OҫQ EұW NKyF´ +ѫQ YҥQ TXkQ JLҧL SKyQJ ÿm K\ VLQK WUrQ WRjQ
FKLӃQ WUѭӡQJ 3KҫQ OӟQ FăQ Fӭ ÿӏD 4XkQ *LҧL SKyQJ ӣ Q{QJ WK{Q ÿm WUӣ
WKjQK ³ÿҩW WUҳQJ´

1KѭQJ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW NK{QJ TXi OR OҳQJ YӅ WuQK KuQK ÿm TXD
0LӅQ 7k\ Oj ³ÿҩW´ FӫD {QJ ÐQJ VӁ ÿѭӡQJ KRjQJ ÿӃQ .KX ,; EҵQJ FRQ
ÿѭӡQJ EҩW QJӡ QKҩW ÐQJ [XӕQJ &KkX ĈӕF WKHR ÿѭӡQJ Et PұW Yj OӋQK
FKR FKӏ 6iX 7UXQJ JLDR OLrQ F{QJ NKDL OrQ 6jL *zQ NrX 6iX +RD PDQJ
[H [XӕQJ 7ӯ &KkX ĈӕF {QJ QJӗL WUrQ FKLӃF [H GX OӏFK FӫD {QJ 6iX

428 LONG ĐIỀN

+RD Fѫ Vӣ FӫD {QJ ӣ 6jL *zQ YӅ 5ҥFK *Li {QJ ӣ FKѫL QKj Ej FRQ ErQ
Yӧ Pҩ\ QJj\ WUѭӟF WDL PҳW FӫD FKtQK TX\ӅQ 6jL *zQ UӗL PӟL UD %ѭQJ
7KHR QJX\rQ WҳF PӛL OҫQ GL FKX\ӇQ ÿӏD EjQ KRҥW ÿӝQJ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL
OmQK ÿҥR QKѭ {QJ OҥL FKӑQ PӝW WrQ PӟL 7UrQ ÿѭӡQJ ÿL {QJ Fy FҧP
JLiF PӑL YLӋF Fy Yҿ WKXұQ {QJ WLQ WuQK KuQK UӗL VӁ WӕW OrQ Yu WKӃ {QJ Oҩ\
Et GDQK PӟL FKR PuQK Oj 7iP 7KXұQ ĈҥL Wi /r ĈӭF $QK FNJQJ ÿm ÿѭӧF
ÿLӅX YӅ OjP 7ѭ /ӋQK .KX ,; WURQJ GӏS ÿy 7UѭӟF NKL ÿL ĈҥL Wi Oҩ\ Et
GDQK PӟL Oj &KtQ +Rj .KX ,; GѭӟL Vӵ OmQK ÿҥR FӫD {QJ VDX ÿy QKDQK
FKyQJ NK{L SKөF VӭF FKLӃQ ÿҩX Yj ÿӃQ +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV QăP WKu
{QJ .LӋW EҳW ÿҫX PDQJ GDQK ³7ѭӟQJ ;p UjR´

6DX +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV QăP WuQK KuQK FKLӃQ Vӵ 0LӅQ 1DP ÿѭӧF
7KѭӧQJ WѭӟQJ 7UҫQ 9ăQ 7Uj P{ Wҧ WURQJ FXӕQ +ӗL Nê .ӃW 7K~F &XӝF
&KLӃQ 7UDQK 1ăP ³Ӣ FiF &KLӃQ WUѭӡQJ NKiF WD Eӏ OҩQ PҩW ÿҩW PҩW
GkQ UҩW QKLӅX ULrQJ ӣ 4XkQ NKX ,; 4XkQ NKX 0LӅQ 7k\ 1DP %ӝ QѫL
O~F Eҩ\ JLӡ ÿӏFK WұS WUXQJ TXkQ ÿ{QJ QKҩW WD YүQ JLӳ ÿѭӧF FiF YQJ
FӫD WD 6ӣ Gƭ ÿѭӧF QKѭ Yұ\ Yu .KX Xӹ .KX ,; O~F ҩ\ GR ÿӗQJ FKt 9}
9ăQ .LӋW OjP %t WKѭ ÿm WKӕQJ QKҩW YӟL %ӝ 7ѭ OӋQK 4XkQ .KX GR ÿӗQJ
FKt /r ĈӭF $QK OjP 7ѭ OӋQK QKұQ ÿӏQK UҵQJ Nҿ ÿӏFK NK{QJ EDR JLӡ
FKӏX WKL KjQK +LӋS ÿӏQK FKLӃQ WUDQK YүQ Oj FKLӃQ WUDQK PӑL KRҥW ÿӝQJ
YүQ QKѭ FNJ NK{QJ Fy Ju WKD\ ÿәL Fҧ´ 1KѭQJ FNJQJ WKHR 7ѭӟQJ 7Uj ³eR
OH WKD\ KjQK ÿӝQJ Fө WKӇ ҩ\>FӫD .KX ,;@ OҥL QJѭӧF KҷQ YӟL PӝW ORҥW FKӫ
WUѭѫQJ O~F ҩ\´ &Kӫ WUѭѫQJ O~F ҩ\ YӅ 7KL KjQK +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV ÿѭӧF
WKӇ KLӋQ WURQJ 1JKӏ 4X\ӃW FӫD %ӝ &KtQK WUӏ Yj ÿѭӧF 7ӕ +ӳX YjR WұQ
0LӅQ 1DP SKә ELӃQ Oj ³+Rj KӧS GkQ WӝF Yj WKL ÿXD KRj EuQK´ ÿӗQJ
WKӡL FRL ³ÿҩX WUDQK FKtQK WUӏ Oj FKӫ \ӃX´ WUDQK WKӫ WKӡL Fѫ ³Jz FѭѫQJ Yӛ
EpR´ OӵF OѭӧQJ YNJ WUDQJ 7ӯ WLQK WKҫQ 1JKӏ TX\ӃW Pj {QJ 7ӕ +ӳX SKә
ELӃQ ÿy +ӝL QJKӏ %LQK YұQ 0LӅQ WKiQJ WULӇQ NKDL ³QăP FҩP
FKӍ´ &ҩP WҩQ F{QJ ÿӏFK FҩP ÿiQK ÿӏFK ÿL FjQ TXpW FҩP EҳQ SKiR YjR
ÿӗQ ÿӏFK FҩP EDR Yk\ ÿӗQ EyW FҩP [k\ GӵQJ ҩS [m FKLӃQ ÿҩX ÐQJ
.LӋW Yj 7KѭӡQJ Yө .KX Xӹ UD OӋQK %LQK YұQ .KX NK{QJ SKә ELӃQ FKӫ
WUѭѫQJ Qj\ FӫD %LQK YұQ 0LӅQ

7KӵF WӃ OX{Q OX{Q ÿѭD OҥL FKR {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QKӳQJ FҧP QKұQ
FKtQK [iF Yj {QJ ÿm FQJ YӟL 7KѭӡQJ Yө Yj ĈҥL Wi /r ĈӭF $QK ÿѭD UD
³.Ӄ KRҥFK 7KӡL Fѫ´ QJD\ NKL +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV ÿDQJ ÿѭӧF FKXҭQ Eӏ Nê
NӃW NӏS WKӡL Eҿ Jm\ &KLӃQ GӏFK ³7UjQ QJұS OmQK WKә´ FӫD 7әQJ WKӕQJ
9LӋW 1DP &ӝQJ +Rj 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7KLӋX 0ӝW NӃ KRҥFK Pj {QJ 7KLӋX
Gӵ ÿӏQK VӁ FKLӃP ÿҩW ÿDL Yj NLӇP VRiW GkQ FK~QJ 0LӅQ 1DP
JLӡ WUѭӟF NKL +LӋS ĈӏQK 3DULV Fy KLӋX OӵF 1Jj\ WӭF Oj
QJj\ VDX NKL Nê +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV {QJ .LӋW WULӋX WұS +ӝL QJKӏ 7KѭӡQJ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 429

Yө .KX Xӹ [iF ÿӏQK ³.K{QJ Pѫ Kӗ ҧR WѭӣQJ´ Yj ³.LrQ TX\ӃW JLӳ YӳQJ
WKjQK TXҧ FiFK PҥQJ´

1Jj\ 4XkQ ÿӝL 6jL *zQ GQJ WLӇX ÿRjQ ÿiQK YjR
&KѭѫQJ 7KLӋQ Gӵ NLӃQ WURQJ QJj\ VӁ FKLӃP [RQJ FiF PөF WLrX EӏW
FӱD QJ} 8 0LQK 1KѭQJ FiF PNJL WLӃQ F{QJ ÿӅX Eӏ FKһQ ÿӭQJ .KX ,;
QJD\ VDX ÿy Wә FKӭF WҩQ F{QJ WUrQ WRjQ ÿӏD EjQ 4XkQ .KX 1KLӅX QѫL
FKR UҵQJ ³.KX Xӹ 7k\ 1DP %ӝ [p +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV´ 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ &өF
ÿLӋQ \rX FҫX ³.KX ,; SKҧL WKҩ\ WuQK KuQK PӟL´ %ӝ 7ѭ OӋQK 0LӅQ SKr
EuQK Yj WK{QJ EiR WRjQ 0LӅQ 7ѭӟQJ 7UҫQ Ĉӝ WKD\ PһW %ӝ 7ѭ OӋQK
0LӅQ UD OӋQK FKR ĈҥL Wi $QK U~W KDL WUXQJ ÿRjQ FKӫ OӵF YӅ SKtD VDX UqQ
OX\ӋQ QӃX NK{QJ VӁ ³ÿѭD ÿҥL Wi /r ĈӭF $QK UD 7Rj iQ ELQK´ ĈҥL Wi $QK
FӭQJ WUҧ OӡL %ӝ 7ѭ OӋQK ³&KR SKpS 4XkQ NKX ,; WKL KjQK FKӫ WUѭѫQJ
FӫD 7KѭӡQJ Yө .KX Xӹ´ /~F ÿy {QJ .LӋW WX\rQ Eӕ 0ӋQK OӋQK WӕL FDR
O~F Qj\ Oj SKҧL JLӳ ÿҩW JLӳ GkQ ÐQJ ÿLӋQ FKR 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ &өF Yj %ӝ
&KtQK WUӏ 1ӃX NK{QJ FKӕQJ ÿӏFK OҩQ FKLӃP ÿӇ PҩW ÿҩW PҩW GkQ O~F Qj\
Oj PҩW WҩW Fҧ %ӝ &KtQK WUӏ VDX ÿy ÿm WULӋX WұS ÿҥL GLӋQ FiF .KX ÿҥL GLӋQ
7UXQJ ѭѫQJ &өF ÿҥL GLӋQ %ӝ 7ѭ OӋQK 0LӅQ UD +j 1ӝL 6DX QKLӅX WXҫQ
WUDQK OXұQ &KLӃQ WUѭӡQJ .KX ,; ÿm Oj PӝW WKӵF WӃ Fy VӭF WKX\ӃW SKөF
FDR FKӫ WUѭѫQJ VDX +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV ÿѭӧF %ӝ &KtQK WUӏ [iF ÿӏQK OҥL
7LӃS WөF FRQ ÿѭӡQJ EҥR OӵF FiFK PҥQJ 7URQJ WKӡL JLDQ ÿy ĈҥL Wi /r
ĈӭF $QK ӣ OҥL FKLӃQ WUѭӡQJ FKӍ KX\ .KX ,; FKһQ ÿӭQJ FXӝF WҩQ F{QJ
WKӭ ,, YjR &KѭѫQJ 7KLӋQ FӫD WLӇX ÿRjQ 4XkQ OӵF 9LӋW 1DP &ӝQJ
+Rj ÐQJ NK{QJ QKӳQJ NK{QJ SKҧL ³UD 7Rj iQ %LQK´ Pj FzQ ÿѭӧF YLQK
WKăQJ YѭӧW FҩS TXkQ KjP OrQ 7UXQJ WѭӟQJ 0ҩ\ FKөF QăP VDX Vӵ NLӋQ
Qj\ {QJ /r ĈӭF $QK QKӟ OҥL ³$QK .LӋW O~F ÿy Oj FKӛ GӵD FKR FiF
TX\ӃW ÿӏQK FӫD FK~QJ W{L´ 7ӯ QăP {QJ .LӋW Oj 8ӹ YLrQ FKtQK
WKӭF 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ ĈҧQJ 7URQJ +ӗL .ê FӫD PuQK 7ѭӟQJ 7Uj ÿiQK JLi
UҩW FDR YDL WUz FӫD .KX ,; {QJ YLӃW ³1ӃX QKѭ Wӯ QăP FK~QJ WD
WLQ UҵQJ EҵQJ FiFK Qj\ KD\ FiFK NKiF +LӋS ÿӏQK 3DULV VӁ ÿѭӧF WKL KjQK
JLӕQJ QKѭ FK~QJ WD ÿm WLQ KDL QăP VӁ Fy 7әQJ WX\ӇQ Fӱ KӗL +LӋS ÿӏQK
*HQHYH WKu WuQK KuQK ÿm NK{QJ QKѭ Ek\ JLӡ´ ³%k\ JLӡ´ Pj 7ѭӟQJ
7Uj ÿӅ FұS WUrQ ÿk\ Oj ³&KLӃQ WKҳQJ ´

6DX QJj\ Wӯ PӝW QKj OmQK ÿҥR NKiQJ FKLӃQ [XҩW VҳF
{QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW O~F Eҩ\ JLӡ WXәL WUӣ WKjQK QJѭӡL ÿӭQJ ÿҫX FKtQK
TX\ӅQ GkQ Vӵ FӫD 7KjQK SKӕ 6jL *zQ ÐQJ VӁ SKҧL EҳW ÿҫX ӣ ÿk\ QKLӅX
F{QJ YLӋF Pj {QJ FKѭD WӯQJ ÿѭӧF ELӃW ÿӃQ ÐQJ ÿm WӯQJ Oj PӝW QJѭӡL
KăQJ KiL iS GөQJ QKӳQJ FKXҭQ PӵF FӫD WKӡL ³&ҧ 1ѭӟF ÿL OrQ &Kӫ
QJKƭD [m KӝL´ ĈӇ UӗL EҵQJ Vӵ PүQ FҧP FKtQK WUӏ FӫD PӝW 9} 9ăQ .LӋW
OX{Q Fy PһW ӣ QѫL FXӝF VӕQJ WKӵF WӃ ÿDQJ GLӉQ UD {QJ QKұQ UD QKӳQJ

430 LONG ĐIỀN

UjR FҧQ FӫD Fѫ FKӃ ÐQJ WUӣ WKjQK FKӛ GӵD FKR FiF GRDQK QJKLӋS ³[p
UjR´ YѭӧW TXD Fѫ FKӃ TXDQ OLrX EDR FҩS

&ѫ FKӃ ÿѭӧF FRL QKѭ Oj QJX\rQ QKkQ FKtQK OjP FKR QӅQ NLQK WӃ 9LӋW
1DP Eӏ NLӋW TXӋ YjR FXӕL QKӳQJ QăP ÿҫX ³;p UjR´ WURQJ VҧQ
[XҩW NLQK GRDQK ӣ 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK YjR FXӕL QKӳQJ QăP Oj
NKӣL ÿҫX FӫD KjQJ ORҥW QKӳQJ FXӝF ³[p UjR´ NKiF WURQJ Q{QJ QJKLӋS
WURQJ SKkQ SKӕL OѭX WK{QJ JyS SKҫQ OjP WKD\ ÿәL Wѭ GX\ FӫD ĈҧQJ YӅ
NLQK WӃ Yj Oj Fѫ Vӣ Oê OXұQ FKR ÿѭӡQJ OӕL ÿәL PӟL WURQJ ĈҥL KӝL ĈҧQJ
&ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW 1DP OҫQ WKӭ 9,

.KL WUӣ YӅ 7KjQK SKӕ VDX {QJ .LӋW PDQJ WKHR PӝW YӕQ OLӃQJ
FKtQK WUӏ ÿҫ\ ҩQ WѭӧQJ QKѭQJ {QJ ÿm NK{QJ FKӍ Vӱ GөQJ Vӕ YӕQ ÿy
7URQJ P{L WUѭӡQJ PӟL {QJ ÿm WұQ GөQJ QKLӅX Fѫ KӝL ÿӇ WUL WKӭF ÿӇ Wӵ
KRjQ WKLӋQ PuQK 7KiQJ {QJ ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX UD +j 1ӝL OjP 3Ky
&Kӫ WӏFK +ӝL ÿӗQJ %ӝ WUѭӣQJ NLrP &Kӫ 1KLӋP 8ӹ EDQ .Ӄ +RҥFK
1ăP ÿy {QJ ÿm WXәL WKӃ QKѭQJ WKHR {QJ 9LӋW 3KѭѫQJ PӝW ³Vӻ SKX´
Fy WLӃQJ FӫD ³%ҳF +j´ QJѭӡL QKLӅX QăP OjP 7Uӧ Oê FKR 7Kӫ WWѭӟQJ
3KҥP 9ăQ ĈӗQJ Yj VDX ÿy Oj 7әQJ %t WKѭ /r 'XҭQ ³.KL ÿy VӭF EұW
FӫD {QJ YүQ PҥQK ÐQJ OjP .Ӄ KRҥFK FKӍ VDX PӝW WKӡL JLDQ DQK HP WUt
WKӭF ;m +ӝL &Kӫ 1JKƭD UҩW FKӏX´

0ѭӡL QăP VDX NKL UD +j 1ӝL QăP {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW WUӣ WKjQK
&Kӫ WӏFK +ӝL ÿӗQJ %ӝ WUѭӣQJ QJѭӡL ÿӭQJ ÿҫX &KtQK SKӫ WKHR FiFK
JӑL FӫD +LӃQ 3KiS ĈѭӡQJ KѭӟQJ SKiW WULӇQ NLQK WӃ O~F ÿy YүQ
ÿDQJ FzQ SKҧL Pz PүP 7ӕF ÿӝ WăQJ WUѭӣQJ UҩW WKҩS OҥP SKiW YүQ FzQ
ӣ PӭF &NJQJ QăP ÿy /LrQ ;{ WDQ Um QJXӗQ QJkQ ViFK PҩW Wӯ
YLӋQ WUӧ FӫD /LrQ ;{ Yj FiF QѭӟF Ĉ{QJ ÆX FNJ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ WUX\ӅQ WKӕQJ
PҩW 7KұW NKy ÿiQK JLi Vӵ NLӋQ /LrQ ;{ Yj FiF QѭӟF Ĉ{QJ ÆX VөS ÿә
O~F ÿy Oj PӝW EL NӏFK KD\ WKӡL Fѫ .KӕL 6(3 WDQ Um QѭӟF ;+&1 7UXQJ
4XӕF NKL ÿy YүQ FKѭD EuQK WKѭӡQJ KRi TXDQ KӋ YӟL 9LӋW 1DP 0ӻ Yj
3KѭѫQJ 7k\ YүQ FzQ FҩP YұQ /ҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ 9LӋW 1DP SKҧL Wӵ PuQK
TX\ӃW ÿӏQK PӑL F{QJ YLӋF Yj TX\ӅQ OӧL FKR FKtQK ÿҩW QѭӟF PuQK 7Kӫ
WѭӟQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿm ÿyQJ PӝW YDL WUz UҩW OӟQ ÐQJ WtFK FӵF [Ri TXDQ
OLrX EDR FҩS WtFK FӵF [k\ GӵQJ QKӳQJ WKӇ FKӃ SKiS Oê WKHR KѭӟQJ WKӏ
WUѭӡQJ 9j YӟL PӝW JѭѫQJ PһW KӃW VӭF WKkQ WKLӋQ YӟL PӝW Qө FѭӡL
KӃW VӭF FӣL Pӣ {QJ PDQJ UD 7KӃ *LӟL QKӳQJ WK{QJ ÿLӋS PӟL YӅ 9LӋW
1DP PӝW 9LӋW 1DP FҫX WKӏ Yj NKiW NKDR SKiW WULӇQ 1ăP 0ӻ
Eӓ FҩP YұQ QăP 0ӻ EuQK WKѭӡQJ KRi TXDQ KӋ QăP 9LӋW
1DP JLD QKұS $6($1 .KL {QJ WK{L 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ WӕF ÿӝ WăQJ WUѭӣQJ
*'3 ӣ PӭF 9LӋW 1DP KX\ ÿӝQJ ÿѭӧF Wӹ 2'$ Yj Wӹ ÿҫX Wѭ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 431

QѭӟF QJRjL ÐQJ 9LӋW 3KѭѫQJ NӇ /~F VLQK WKӡL QKLӅX OҫQ {QJ 3KҥP
9ăQ ĈӗQJ QJѭӡL FKtQK WKӭF Fy QăP OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 9LӋW 1DP QyL
³ĈiQK JLi ÿ~QJ PӭF Yj NKiFK TXDQ WKu WURQJ FiF ÿӡL 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ FӫD
9LӋW QDP NӇ Fҧ W{L 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Oj QJѭӡL OjP ÿѭӧF QKLӅX
YLӋF Yj OjP ÿѭӧF QKLӅX YLӋF WӕW QKҩW´

4Xҧ WKӵF {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿm ÿӇ OҥL QKLӅX GҩX ҩQ WUrQ NKҳS PLӅQ
ÿҩW QѭӟF 1KӳQJ GҩX ҩQ Fy WKӇ Wӯ QKӳQJ F{QJ WUuQK OӟQ Pj {QJ ÿm
TX\ӃW ÿӏQK ÿҫX Wѭ Wӯ QKӳQJ SKRQJ WUjR Pj {QJ ÿm NKӣL [ѭӟQJ Yj ÿһF
ELӋW Wӯ QKӳQJ ³QJXӗQ FҧP KӭQJ SKiW WULӇQ´ Pj {QJ ÿm NKѫL Gұ\ JLHR
PҫP ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QyL ³&y WKӇ Yu W{L OjP 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ YjR PӝW WKӡL
ÿLӇP Pj ÿҩW QѭӟF ӣ WURQJ PӝW WuQK WKӃ EXӝF &KtQK SKӫ SKҧL QKDQK
FKyQJ KjQK ÿӝQJ WuQK KuQK 7KӃ *LӟL FKR SKpS 9LӋW 1DP WLӃS FұQ UӝQJ
UmL YӟL FӝQJ ÿӗQJ 4XӕF WӃ KѫQ´ 1ӃX FKӍ [pW QKӳQJ Ju ÿҥW ÿѭӧF WURQJ
7KұS QLrQ 9LӋW 1DP Fy WKӇ ÿѭӧF ÿiQK JLi FDR Yj {QJ .LӋW Fy WKӇ
EҵQJ OzQJ SKҩQ NKӣL 1KѭQJ ÿm Fy PӝW WKӡL JLDQ UҩW GjL WKHR {QJ
.LӋW 1KӳQJ NKy NKăQ GR &KӃ ÿӝ FNJ ÿӇ OҥL NKy QKѭQJ FKӍ YjL QăP
Oj JLҧL TX\ӃW ÿѭӧF QKѭQJ QKӳQJ YѭӟQJ PҳF GR FiF FKtQK ViFK PӟL
Jk\ UD WKu SKҧL PҩW QKLӅX QăP Pz PүP Ey WD\ 7URQJ FXӕQ ³+ӗL .ê´
FӫD PuQK &ӵX 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 6LQJDSRUH {QJ /ê 4XDQJ 'LӋX YLӃW ³1ăP
7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Fy WKӇ FҥQK WUDQK QJDQJ YӟL %ăQJNRN
FzQ QăP W{L QJKƭ Fy OӁ Qy ÿm WөW KұX QăP´ 7X\ {QJ /ê 4XDQJ
'LӋX FKӍ GQJ Wӯ ³Fy OӁ´ NKL ÿѭD UD QKұQ ÿӏQK Qj\ QKѭQJ QKӳQJ VR
ViQK FӫD {QJ ÿm OjP FKR {QJ .LӋW QKӭF QKӕL ³7{L ÿDX NK{QJ WKӇ WѭӣQJ
ÿѭӧF´ 6DX QăP WKHR {QJ .LӋW ³0uQK Fy PӝW WKӡL Fѫ Y{ FQJ
OӟQ QKѭQJ PuQK ÿm Eӓ PҩW´ &y OӁ WөW KұX VR YӟL .KX YӵF Oj PӝW WURQJ
QKӳQJ ÿLӅX Pj {QJ GD\ GӭW QKҩW 1KѭQJ QăP {QJ ÿm WXәL ÿm
ÿӃQ NKL {QJ Wӯ JLm FKtQK WUѭӡQJ

.KL ÿDQJ FzQ ÿѭѫQJ FKӭF {QJ .LӋW KD\ QyL YӟL PӝW QJѭӡL EҥQ JLj
ӣ +j 1ӝL ÿҥL Wi 7UҫQ 7ҩQ 1JKƭD ³7DR WKqP ÿѭӧF QKѭ Pj\ OkX OkX UD
ÿҫX SKӕ ăQ W{ SKӣ XӕQJ FKpQ FKq QyL GyF TXi´ ĈҥL Wi 7UҫQ 7ҩQ 1JKƭD
Oj QJѭӡL SKi Yө iQ ³6ӕ ÐQ 1Kѭ +ҫX´ KӗL QăP Yj Oj QJѭӡL
KQJ WURQJ Yө ³+RҥW ÿӝQJ SKӍ Yj SKҧQ ORҥQ ӣ ĈӗQJ 9ăQ´ KӗL QăP
ÐQJ 1JKƭD WӯQJ OjP 4XұQ WUѭӣQJ &{QJ DQ ĈһF ELӋW EҧR YӋ $Q
7RjQ .KX>$7.@ KӗL {QJ .LӋW UD 9LӋW %ҳF UӗL FQJ Gӵ ĈҥL KӝL ĈҧQJ
OҫQ WKӭ ,, FQJ KӑF 7UѭӡQJ ĈҧQJ 1JX\ӉQ ÈL 4XӕF ,,, YӟL {QJ 7KӍQK
WKRҧQJ NKL FҫQ QJKH QKӳQJ OӡL QyL WKұW {QJ OҥL JӑL ĈҥL Wi 1JKƭD WӟL
KӓL ³1JRjL 3Kӕ Kӑ QyL WDR WKӃ QjR Pj\"´ ÐQJ .LӋW FNJQJ FKӍ PӟL JһS
OҥL ĈҥL Wi 1JKƭD YjR PӝW QJj\ FXӕL QăP

432 LONG ĐIỀN

+{P ÿy &Kӫ WӏFK +ӝL ĈӗQJ %ӝ WUѭӣQJ PӟL QKұQ FKӭF 9} 9ăQ
.LӋW ÿDQJ FKXҭQ Eӏ ÿL ÿyQ PӝW Yӏ NKiFK TXӕF WӃ WKu EҧR YӋ ÿѭD FKR {QJ
PӝW Oi WKѭ 0ӣ UD ÿӑF {QJ WKҩ\ FiL JLӑQJ WKѭ NK{QJ OүQ YjR ÿkX ÿѭӧF
³7DR ELӃW Pj\ ӣ ÿk\ 1JѭӡL [ѭD QyL µJLjX ÿәL EҥQ VDQJ ÿәL Yӧ¶ .K{QJ
ELӃW Pj\ Fy WKӃ NK{QJ 7DR YӅ KѭX UӗL NK{QJ WuP Pj\ ÿӇ QKӡ Yҧ NLӃP
FKiF Ju QӳD 7DR JLj QJѭӡL JLj WKtFK JһS EҥQ FNJ WKӃ WK{L 0j\ ELӃW WDR
µ*LDQJ Kӗ TXHQ WKyL Yү\ YQJ¶ UӗL´ .ê WrQ 1JKƭD 7UҫQ 7ҩQ 1JKƭD
.qP WKHR Oi WKѭ Oj PӝW WҩP KuQK QKӓ FKөS PӝW {QJ .LӋW WKӡL WUҿ WURQJ
Eӝ TXkQ SKөF ³%iW /ӝ 4XkQ´ 3KtD VDX WҩP ҧQK JKL QҳQ QyW ³0ӃQ WһQJ
1JKƭD ÿӇ Nӹ QLӋP QKӳQJ QJj\ KӑF WұS ӣ 7UѭӡQJ ĈҧQJ Yj FNJQJ Oj QKӳQJ
QJj\ NK{QJ WKӇ TXrQ QKDX 9%>9LӋW %ҳF@ QJj\ ´ .ê WrQ
³.LӋW .LӋW 1DP %ӝ´ ³7KҵQJ 1JKƭD ´ ÐQJ NrX OrQ Yj JLDR FKR EҧR
YӋ ÿL ÿyQ {QJ 1JKƭD FKӣ QJD\ WӟL QѫL {QJ WLӃS NKiFK 9ӯD WLӉQ NKiFK
YӅ QѫL QJKӍ {QJ FKҥ\ UD JһS EҥQ KDL QJѭӡL {P QKDX ³ӗQ jR´ YjL FkX
UӗL OҥL ³WKHR FKѭѫQJ WUuQK WURQJ QJj\ FӫD QJѭӡL ÿӭQJ ÿҫX &KtQK SKӫ´
UD +jQJ Ĉү\ Gӵ PӝW WUұQ NKDL PҥF EyQJ ÿi *һS TXDQ NKiFK WUrQ NKiQ
ÿjL {QJ JLӟL WKLӋX ³Ĉk\ Oj {QJ EҥQ 9LӋW %ҳF FӫD PuQK´ 7ӕL K{P ÿy
YӅ QKj Ej 3KDQ /ѭѫQJ &ҫP ÿm FKXҭQ Eӏ PӝW EӳD WLӋF QӱD FiL ÿL Er
QRQ WKXL FKҩP WѭѫQJ Fi WKX NKR ÐQJ .LӋW EҧR ³0j\ Fӭ EӕF WD\
QKѭ GҥR WUѭӟF´ 5ӗL QKkQ O~F Yӧ {QJ Ej &ҫP ÿL [XӕQJ EӃS {QJ Kҥ
JLӑQJ ³0j\ QKӟ F{ +ҥ TXiQ &k\ ĈD 1ѭӟF &Kҧ\ NK{QJ"´ ÐQJ 1JKƭD
³&{ +ҥ µ0i\ &KpP¶ FKӭ Ju 7DR QKҳF Pj\ Oj Fә Ek\ JLӡ Fy FKҳW UӗL
ÿҩ\ QKp´ &ҧ KDL FQJ FѭӡL WKRҧL PiL VӕQJ OҥL QKӳQJ QJj\ FӫD QăP
FNJ 1Jj\ ÿy FҥQK WUѭӡQJ 1JX\ӉQ ÈL 4XӕF Fy PӝW TXiQ QѭӟF F{ +ҥ
FKӫ TXiQ UҩW [LQK QKѭQJ JLi EiQ WKu PҳF QKѭ ³Pi\ FKpP´ +ӑF YLrQ
WRjQ Oj FiQ Eӝ FDR FҩS YүQ KD\ ³OѭӧQ Oӡ´ ӣ ÿҩ\ G FKҷQJ DL Fy QKLӅX
WLӅQ 1Jj\ Eҧ\ QăP VDX QJj\ JһS OҥL Yj QJj\ Pj {QJ .LӋW
QyL YӟL ÿҥL Wi 1JKƭD ³7DR WUҧ FiL FKӭF 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ UӗL Pj\ ҥ´ {QJ 9}
9ăQ .LӋW Uӫ ÿҥL Wi 7UҫQ 7ҩQ 1JKƭD YӅ OҥL 9LӋW %ҳF +ӑ FQJ JKp ³&k\
ĈD 1ѭӟF &Kҧ\´ FQJ JKp QѫL QJj\ [ѭD Fy Ej 0p KD\ FKR VҳQ Yj KӓL
{QJ .LӋW ³0j\ Oj QJѭӡL GkQ WӝF ӣ WURQJ 1DP j"´ +DL QJѭӡL {Q OҥL
UҩW QKLӅX Nӹ QLӋP 9LӋW %ҳF 5ӗL {QJ .LӋW EҧR ÿҥL Wi 1JKƭD ³0j\ QKӟ
QKӳQJ Ju KӑF KӗL ӣ 7UѭӡQJ NK{QJ" 7KӃ JLӟL QJj\ QD\ SKҧL ÿѭӧF KLӇX
WKHR FiFK PӟL Pj\ ҥ´

&XӕL QăP {QJ .LӋW OjP ÿѫQ WUҧ OҥL QJ{L ELӋW WKӵ F{QJ Yө WUrQ
SKӕ 3KDQ ĈuQK 3KQJ +j 1ӝL 1ѫL {QJ ÿm ӣ ÿy Wӯ QKӳQJ QăP ÐQJ
EjQ YӟL Yӧ Ej 3KDQ /ѭѫQJ &ҫP YӅ VӕQJ ӣ 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK
QѫL JLD ÿuQK QJѭӡL FRQ JiL FӫD {QJ 9} +LӃX 'kQ Yj JLD ÿuQK QJѭӡL
FRQ WUDL FӫD {QJ 3KDQ 7KDQK 1DP ÿDQJ VӕQJ Yj OjP YLӋF 1ѫL WURQJ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 433

WKҷP VkX FӫD Nê ӭF Fy PӝW KuQK ҧQK PmL PmL NK{QJ SKDL YӅ QJѭӡL Yӧ
\rX GҩX 7UҫQ .LP $QK ÿm WӯQJ FKXQJ WKXӹ FKӡ ÿӧL {QJ ÿm WӯQJ WҫQ WҧR
QX{L FiF FRQ Yj ÿm K\ VLQK FQJ YӟL KDL ÿӭD FRQ QKӓ QăP WUrQ
ÿѭӡQJ OrQ FăQ Fӭ .KX Xӹ WKăP FKӗQJ

5ӡL QJ{L ELӋW WKӵ F{QJ Yө WUrQ SKӕ 3KDQ ĈuQK 3KQJ +j 1ӝL {QJ
QKұQ UD Oj PuQK VӁ ÿӇ OҥL PӝW NKRҧQJ WUӕQJ QKR QKӓ QѫL DQK OiL [H DQK
EҧR YӋ FKӏ EӃS QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ³OjP QKLӋP Yө 1Kj QѭӟF´ QKѭQJ FXӝF
ÿӡL ÿm Pҩ\ FKөF QăP JҳQ Ey YӟL {QJ ÐQJ WKX [ӃS ÿӇ Kӑ ÿѭӧF Eӕ WUt
PӝW F{QJ YLӋF PӟL әQ ÿӏQK ÐQJ YӅ TXr QKӳQJ Vӻ TXDQ FұQ YӋ QKӳQJ
QJѭӡL ÿm ÿL YӟL {QJ KjQJ FKөF QăP FҧP ѫQ QKӳQJ ³JLD ÿuQK ÿm VLQK
UD Kӑ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FRQ WұQ WXӷ YӟL {QJ YӟL F{QJ YLӋF´ 7KHR %iF Vӻ
ĈLQK 7UҫQ 1KѭQJ EiF Vӻ ULrQJ FӫD {QJ ÐQJ VӕQJ YӟL QKyP SKөF Yө
QKѭ YӟL QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WURQJ JLD ÿuQK ÐQJ FKLD Vҿ PӑL WKӭ YӟL Kӑ WUӯ
³FKӭF Yө´ 7ӯ NKL OjP %t WKѭ .KX Xӹ .KiQJ FKLӃQ FKR WӟL QJj\ OjP
7Kӫ WѭӟQJ FKѭD Fy DL WURQJ ³JiQK SKөF Yө´ ÿѭӧF {QJ ³ÿҭ\ OrQ FDR´
1KѭQJ Kӑ FKR ÿӃQ Ek\ JLӡ YүQ QKѭ QKӳQJ ³QJѭӡL QKj FK~ 6iX´ YүQ
Wӵ KjR Yu ÿm WӯQJ ÿѭӧF OjP YLӋF FKLӃQ ÿҩX ErQ {QJ +ӑ JLӡ ÿk\ FNJQJ Oj
PӝW PӕL TXDQ WkP FӫD {QJ NKL WUӣ OҥL 6jL *zQ

/ҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW OrQ 6jL *zQ Oj QăP VDX 1DP
.Ǥ .KӣL 1JKƭD /ҫQ ÿy NKL QJѭӡL FKӍ KX\ FӫD {QJ %t WKѭ /LrQ .KX Xӹ
4XҧQJ 7UӑQJ +RjQJ QyL YӟL QKӳQJ ÿӗQJ ÿӝL VӕQJ VyW ³7K{L WөL Ek\ YӅ
QKj´ 7URQJ QKӳQJ QJj\ FKѭD EҳW ÿѭӧF OLrQ OҥF YӟL 7ә FKӭF {QJ .LӋW
WKHR JKH Fi OrQ %ӃQ %uQK Ĉ{QJ 6jL *zQ UӗL Wӯ ÿy WKHR QKӳQJ QJѭӡL EiQ
Fi OrQ 7Kӫ 'ҫX 0ӝW /ҫQ WKӭ KDL YjR NKRҧQJ QăP O~F {QJ .LӋW
ÿDQJ Oj ;ӭ Xӹ YLrQ NLrP 3Ky %t WKѭ /LrQ 7ӍQK Xӹ +ұX *LDQJ {QJ ÿѭӧF
;ӭ Xӹ JӑL OrQ 6jL *zQ OjP YLӋF 7KD\ PһW ;ӭ Xӹ {QJ /r 7RjQ 7Kѭ Yj
{QJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ /LQK>0ѭӡL &~F@ WLӃS {QJ /jP YLӋF [RQJ {QJ 0ѭӡL
&~F JLDR QKLӋP Yө FKR QJѭӡL SKө WUiFK JLDR OLrQ FӫD ;ӭ Xӹ FKӣ {QJ .LӋW
EҵQJ [H +RQGD ÿL WKDP TXDQ 7KjQK SKӕ Ĉy Oj OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ {QJ [XӕQJ
ÿӃQ %ӃQ %ҥFK ĈҵQJ UD 1Jm 7ѭ +jQJ ;DQK YjR 7UXQJ WkP 7KjQK SKӕ
+{P ÿy OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ WURQJ ÿӡL {QJ .LӋW ÿѭӧF ăQ PyQ WKӏW Er QRQ WKXL
FzQ WѭѫL UyL FKҩP YӟL QѭӟF WѭѫQJ JӯQJ Gұ\ PL ӣ SKӕ WKӧ PӝF QѫL Fѭ
QJө FӫD QKӳQJ Ej FRQ QJѭӡL %ҳF 0yQ Er WKXL GR {QJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ /LQK
QJѭӡL QăP VDX ÿy WUӣ WKjQK 7әQJ %t WKѭ ĈҧQJ &ӝQJ VҧQ 9LӋW QDP
ÿmL 0ҩ\ QăP VDX {QJ .LӋW ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX YӅ OjP %t WKѭ .KX Xӹ 6jL *zQ
WKD\ {QJ 0ѭӡL &~F 7ӯ &ӫ &KL {QJ ÿL WKҷQJ Y{ 7KjQK EҵQJ PӝW FKX\ӃQ
[H GX OӏFK VDQJ WUӑQJ GR {QJ 6iX +RD OiL FKҥ\ WKHR ÿѭӡQJ F{QJ NKDL
/ҫQ ÿy {QJ .LӋW ӣ OҥL 6jL *zQ ED WKiQJ ÿyQJ YDL WKѫ Nê FKR QKj WKҫX
NKRiQ 6iX +RD 1Jj\ {QJ Fy PһW ӣ 6jL *zQ Yj VDX ÿy WUӣ

434 LONG ĐIỀN

WKjQK QJѭӡL OmQK ÿҥR FDR QKҩW FӫD PӝW 7KjQK 3Kӕ NӇ Wӯ ÿy PDQJ WrQ +ӗ
&Kt 0LQK PӝW WKjQK SKӕ NӇ Wӯ ÿy OѭX OҥL NK{QJ tW GҩX ҩQ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW
PӝW WKjQK SKӕ NӇ Wӯ ÿy WUҧL TXD QKӳQJ QăP WKiQJ ÿҫ\ ELӃQ ÿӝQJ ÿѭӧF
JKL VkX WURQJ Nê ӭF FӫD PӛL FRQ QJѭӡL ´

===

“Anh Sáu Dân”

6iQJ &ӵX 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QKұS YLӋQ ÿӇ UӗL ÿL PmL
%XәL OjP YLӋF FKLӅX JLӡ ÿk\ ÿm Oj ³EXәL OjP YLӋF FXӕL FQJ´ FӫD
{QJ +{P ҩ\ WURQJ FѫQ PѭD NK{QJ GӭW {QJ VD\ VѭD QyL YӅ YDL WUz FӫD
QJѭӡL WUt WKӭF WUѭӟF QKӳQJ YҩQ ÿӅ FӫD ÿҩW QѭӟF 1KӳQJ DL ÿm WӯQJ ELӃW
ÿӃQ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QJѭӡL FKӭQJ NLӃQ PӝW ÿӝL QJNJ WUt WKӭF WUѭӟF QăP
KăP Kӣ ӣ OҥL 6jL *zQ ÿӇ UӗL VDX ÿy OһQJ OӁ UӡL Eӓ 6jL *zQ 0ӟL
KLӇX Yu VDR {QJ Fy WKӇ ÿӇ OҥL GҩX ҩQ VkX ÿұP Yj ÿѭӧF FiF EұF WUt WKӭF
TXê WUӑQJ

³ĈӇ 7{L ĈѭD $QK ĈL ĈӯQJ 9ѭӧW %LrQ 1JX\ +LӇP´

1ăP WURQJ NKL *6 &KX 3KҥP 1JӑF 6ѫQ ÿDQJ ÿL F{QJ WiF ӣ /LrQ
;{ PӝW QJѭӡL FRQ FӫD {QJ ³YѭӧW ELrQ´ NK{QJ WKjQK 3KҧL VӕQJ ӣ 6jL
*zQ WKӡL ҩ\ PӟL FҧP QKұQ ÿѭӧF Vӵ Gӳ GӝL FӫD KDL Wӯ ҩ\ ³YѭӧW ELrQ´
7Uӣ OҥL 6jL *zQ {QJ .LӋW QyL YӟL JLiR Vѭ 6ѫQ ³ĈӇ FKiX ÿL QKѭ Yұ\
Fy Ju W{L YӟL DQK Fy WӝL´ 9ӧ *6 &KX 3KҥP 1JӑF 6ѫQ Oj PӝW GѭӧF Vӻ
ÿDQJ OjP ӣ PӝW EӋQK YLӋQ OӟQ ³JLҧL SKyQJ´ Y{ Ej ÿѭӧF [ӃS YjR WKjQK
SKҫQ ³EyF OӝW´ Eӏ WKD\ WKӃ EӣL PӝW QJѭӡL \ӃX NpP YӅ FKX\rQ P{Q &RQ
JiL {QJ VDX Qj\ WUӣ WKjQK PӝW EiF Vӻ JLӓL ӣ 0ӻ QKӳQJ QăP ҩ\ WKL Y{
Gӵ Eӏ \ NKRD NK{QJ ÿұX &KR G {QJ YүQ TX\ӃW WkP JҳQ Ey YӟL FKӃ ÿӝ
PӟL OzQJ WLQ FӫD Yӧ FRQ {QJ YѫL GҫQ

%LӃW FKX\ӋQ ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW WKӍQK WKRҧQJ TXD OҥL WUz FKX\ӋQ YӟL
JLD ÿuQK JLiR Vѭ &KX 3KҥP 1JӑF 6ѫQ QKѭQJ {QJ QKұQ UD PuQK EҩW OӵF
ÐQJ .LӋW QyL YӟL JLiR Vѭ 6ѫQ ³7K{L DQK Fӭ ÿӇ FKR F{ ҩ\ Yj Pҩ\ FKiX
ÿL ÿL FKtQK WKӭF %rQ ÿy Fy ÿLӅX NLӋQ FKR FiF FKiX KӑF KjQK 6DX Qj\
QӃX FiF FKiX WUӣ YӅ WKu WӕW QӃX NK{QJ W{L YӟL DQK FNJQJ ÿѭӧF OjP WUzQ
EәQ SKұQ´

&NJQJ WURQJ QKӳQJ QăP ҩ\ {QJ .LӋW FKR JӑL 7әQJ WKѭ Nê +ӝL 7Ut
WKӭF <rX QѭӟF +XǤQK .LP %iX OrQ GһQ ³$QK QJKH QJyQJ DQK HP WUt
WKӭF Oӥ µÿL¶ QӃX Fy Eӏ EҳW ӣ ÿkX DQK SKҧL OmQK YӅ´ ÐQJ +XǤQK .LP
%iX QKӟ OҥL ³0ӝW OҫQ QKұQ ÿѭӧF WLQ F{QJ DQ %uQK 7KXұQ EҳW JLDP Nӻ
Vѭ 'ѭѫQJ 7ҩQ 7ѭӟF YӅ WӝL µYѭӧW ELrQ¶ {QJ .LӋW FҩS JLҩ\ FKR W{L UD
%uQK 7KXұQ µGL iQ¶ YӅ 73 +&0 WKө Oê´ ÐQJ %iX NӇ NKL EѭӟF Y{ WUҥL

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 435

JLDP DQK 7ѭӟF WKҩ\ W{L PӯQJ TXi ÿӏQK NrX OrQ W{L SKҧL JLҧ Yӡ OjP
PһW OҥQK EѭӟF WӟL FzQJ WD\ DQK 7ѭӟF 'ӑF ÿѭӡQJ W{L Fӭ SKҧL OjP
WKLQK PһF FKR Nӻ Vѭ 'ѭѫQJ 7ҩQ 7ѭӟF QJѫ QJiF 4XD NKӓL %uQK 7KXұQ
W{L PӟL Pӣ FzQJ Yj JLҧL WKtFK ³&{QJ DQ %uQK 7KXұQ Pj ELӃW QJѭӡL WD
FKөS ÿҫX Fҧ W{L´

ĈtFK WKkQ {QJ .LӋW QKLӅX OҫQ ÿӃQ FiF WUҥL JLDP ÿӇ EҧR OmQK FiF WUt
WKӭF 7KHR {QJ 3KҥP 9ăQ +QJ Yj 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +XҩQ KDL QJѭӡL JL~S
YLӋF WKkQ FұQ WKӡL ÿy FӫD {QJ KuQK WKӭF ³[ӱ Oê´ ÿӕL YӟL QKӳQJ WUt WKӭF
YѭӧW ELrQ FӫD ³$QK 6iX 'kQ´ Oj NrX WөL W{L ÿtFK WKkQ ÿL OjP OҥL Kӝ NKҭX
Yj Vә JҥR FKR Kӑ 0ӝW WURQJ QKӳQJ WUt WKӭF Pj {QJ .LӋW UҩW TXê WUӑQJ Oj
Nӻ Vѭ QJjQK GӋW 3KҥP 9ăQ +DL .KL {QJ +DL YѭӧW ELrQ Eӏ EҳW {QJ .LӋW
YjR WUҥL JLDP QyL ³.KL QjR NK{QJ ӣ OҥL ÿѭӧF QӳD Km\ QyL YӟL W{L DQK
ÿӯQJ ÿL QKѭ WKӃ QJX\ KLӇP OҳP´

³1ѭӟF ĈkX 3KҧL /j &KX\ӋQ &ӫD 7Ut 7KӭF´

ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW QKLӅX OҫQ WkP Vӵ {QJ KLӇX SKҫQ OӟQ QKӳQJ WUt
WKӭF FKӑQ ӣ OҥL VDX QJj\ NK{QJ SKҧL Yu Kӑ Eӏ ³NҽW´ ÐQJ ELӃW QKLӅX
QJѭӡL Fy WURQJ WD\ Fҧ PӝW FKLӃF Pi\ ED\ ÿm FҩW FiQK QKѭQJ NK{QJ WKӇ
QjR UӡL Eӓ 9LӋW 1DP ÿѭӧF 1KLӅX QJѭӡL QKѭ JLiR Vѭ &KkX 7kP /XkQ
ÿm WӯQJ Oj PӝW ³Nҿ FKӕQJ ÿӕL´ WURQJ FKӃ ÿӝ FNJ .ӃW WK~F FKLӃQ WUDQK Oj
PӝW Fѫ KӝL Pj SKҫQ OӟQ QJѭӡL GkQ PLӅQ 1DP O~F ҩ\ K\ YӑQJ VӁ QKDQK
FKyQJ WKӕQJ QKҩW ÿѭӧF OzQJ QJѭӡL ÿӇ [k\ GӵQJ PӝW ÿҩW QѭӟF ҩP QR
KҥQK SK~F 1KѭQJ {QJ KLӇX Yu VDR FKtQK QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿy YӅ VDX ÿm
³YѭӧW ELrQ´

ÐQJ ĈһQJ $QK 9} PӝW FKX\rQ JLD WURQJ QJjQK YLӉQ WK{QJ GR
WӯQJ SKөF Yө WURQJ TXkQ ÿӝL VDX SKҧL ÿL ³KӑF WұS´ PӝW WKӡL JLDQ
&NJQJ QKѭ QKLӅX WUt WKӭF O~F ÿy {QJ 9} SKҧL OjP ÿӫ QJKӅ ÿӇ NLӃP VӕQJ
ÐQJ PӝW QJѭӡL OmQK OѭѫQJ JҫQ Fk\ YjQJ WKiQJ KӗL WUѭӟF NӇ
OҥL FXӝF VӕQJ YӅ VDX WURQJ WұS ViFK ³1KӳQJ 7UDQJ ĈӡL´ GR +ӝL 1JKLrQ
FӭX 'ӏFK WKXұW [XҩW EҧQ WDQ Vӣ ÿӃQ 7UXQJ WkP QJRҥL QJӳ
YӅ ăQ TXD ORD UӗL SKө Yӧ JӑW WKѫP JӑW әL ÿӇ ViQJ FzQ NӏS ÿL Eӓ
PӕL 1KLӅX K{P Gҥ\ UD EiQK [H Eӏ [ҽS SKҧL GҳW Eӝ NP YӅ QKj
Wӵ Yi ÿӇ WLӃW NLӋP ÿӗQJ 1KѭQJ Vӵ NKӕQ NKy FӫD FXӝF VӕQJ NK{QJ
SKҧL Oj WҩW Fҧ

ÐQJ +XǤQK .LP %iX NӇ QăP NKL Fy QKLӅX WUt WKӭF Eӓ QѭӟF UD
ÿL {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW ÿm JһS Jӥ WUt WKӭF 7KjQK SKӕ NrX JӑL Kӑ ӣ OҥL ÐQJ
QyL ³$QK HP Fӕ JҳQJ ӣ OҥL WURQJ YzQJ QăP QӳD QӃX WuQK KuQK YүQ
NK{QJ WKD\ ÿәL W{L VӁ ÿѭD DQK HP UD SKL WUѭӡQJ´ /~F ÿy *6 1JX\ӉQ
7UӑQJ 9ăQ ÿӭQJ OrQ WUҧ OӡL {QJ ³&K~QJ W{L VҹQ VjQJ ӣ OҥL QKѭQJ QӃX

436 LONG ĐIỀN

QăP QăP QӳD Pj WuQK KuQK NK{QJ WKD\ ÿәL WKu W{L FKR UҵQJ QJѭӡL UD ÿL
NK{QJ SKҧL Oj FK~QJ W{L´ &kX QyL FӫD *6 1JX\ӉQ 7UӑQJ 9ăQ Jk\ U~QJ
ÿӝQJ 7ӕL K{P ҩ\ WҥL YăQ SKzQJ 7KjQK ӫ\ Fy PӝW FXӝF KӑS +XǤQK
.LP %iX ÿѭӧF PӡL Gӵ &iF ê NLӃQ SKr SKiQ *6 9ăQ KӃW VӭF JD\ JҳW
Fy QJѭӡL ÿӅ QJKӏ ³EҳW´ ÐQJ %iX NӇ 6iX 'kQ OjP WKLQK QKѭQJ FһS
PҳW ÿăP FKLrX &XӕL FQJ {QJ QyL ³6DX NKL QJKH DQK 9ăQ QyL W{L
FNJQJ Eӏ VӕF UҩW VӕF 1KѭQJ UӗL VX\ QJKƭ W{L WKҩ\ DQK 9ăQ ÿm SKiW ELӇX
UҩW QJKLrP W~F 7{L FKR UҵQJ QӃX QăP QӳD Pj WuQK KuQK NK{QJ WKD\
ÿәL WKu U} UjQJ QJѭӡL UD ÿL NK{QJ WKӇ Oj FiF DQK ҩ\´ .ӃW OXұQ FӫD ³6iX
'kQ´ NKLӃQ FKR PӑL QJѭӡL LP OһQJ Yj QKӡ NӃW OXұQ ÿy *6 1JX\ӉQ
7UӑQJ 9ăQ ÿm NK{QJ Eӏ EҳW

1ăP PӝW OҫQ KӋ WKӕQJ QѭӟF Pi\ FӫD 7KjQK SKӕ Eӏ ÿөF {QJ
9} 9ăQ .LӋW PӡL FiF QKj WUt WKӭF WӟL KLӃQ NӃ 1KLӅX QJѭӡL SKiW ELӇX
ULrQJ {QJ 3KҥP %ӱX 7kP QJӗL LP ÐQJ .LӋW KӓL ³6DR Yұ\ DQK 7kP"´
ÐQJ 3KҥP %ӱX 7kP Oj PӝW QKj JLiR GөF UҩW ÿѭӧF NtQK WUӑQJ ÐQJ 7kP
FNJQJ UҩW TXê {QJ .LӋW QKѭQJ Fy OӁ Oj ÿm GӗQ QpQ OkX OҳP {QJ ÿӭQJ Gұ\
QyL ³7ӯ QJj\ Pҩ\ DQK YӅ FiL ÿҫX WUt WKӭF NKӓH Yu FiL Ju FNJQJ ÿm Fy
Pҩ\ DQK QJKƭ KӃW 1ѭӟF Oj FKX\ӋQ Pҩ\ DQK ÿkX SKҧL FKX\ӋQ WөL WXL´

1KӳQJ FkX QyL QKѭ Yұ\ NK{QJ OjP FKR {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW O~F ÿy
ÿDQJ QҳP ³TX\ӅQ VLQK TX\ӅQ ViW´ WҥL 7KjQK SKӕ ÿӇ EөQJ ÐQJ QKұQ
WKҩ\ ӣ ÿҩ\ Vӵ ÿDX ÿӟQ FӫD JLӟL WUt WKӭF ÐQJ ELӃW QKӳQJ QJѭӡL QKѭ
Nӻ Vѭ 3KҥP 9ăQ +DL NK{QJ FKӍ WLӃF QKӳQJ WjL VҧQ Eӏ ³FҧL WҥR´ Pj FzQ
NK{QJ FKӏX ÿѭӧF NKL QKuQ QKӳQJ QKj Pi\ NKL ³UѫL YjR WD\ FӝQJ VҧQ´
Eӏ TXҧQ Oê FҭX WKҧ FKҩW OѭӧQJ VҧQ SKҭP [XӕQJ FҩS 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL QKѭ
*6 &KkX 7kP /XkQ 'ѭѫQJ .tFK 1KѭӥQJ WKu [yW [D YӅ PӝW YҩQ ÿӅ
NKiF OӟQ KѫQ ÐQJ .LӋW NӇ $QK 'ѭѫQJ .tFK 1KѭӥQJ QyL YӟL W{L ³é
FӫD FiF DQK UҩW WӕW QKѭQJ FiF DQK NK{QJ OjP ÿѭӧF´ 7{L KӓL Yu VDR DQK
1KѭӥQJ QyL ³ĈҩW QѭӟF SKҧL ÿѭӧF TXҧQ Oê WKHR OXұW FKӭ NK{QJ WKӇ WKHR
WLQK WKҫQ QJKӏ TX\ӃW´ &KR WӟL KjQJ FKөF QăP VDX NKL QKӟ OҥL WKӡL ÿLӇP
Qj\ {QJ .LӋW QyL ³ĈDX OҳP ÿӇ Kӑ UD ÿL Oj ÿDX OҳP 1KѭQJ PuQK ELӃW
FiL FiFK FӫD PuQK O~F ҩ\ NK{QJ WKӇ QjR JLӳ ÿѭӧF Kӑ´

.KiW .KDR 7UL 7KӭF

6LQK UD WURQJ PӝW JLD ÿuQK Q{QJ GkQ QJKqR ÐQJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW FKѭD
EDR JLӡ ÿѭӧF ÿӃQ WUѭӡQJ PӝW FiFK FKtQK WKӭF 7ӯ QăP OrQ ViX OrQ Eҧ\
WXәL {QJ .LӋW NKL ҩ\ Fy WrQ Oj 3KDQ 9ăQ +zD &KtQ +zD WKѭӡQJ WKHR
FKD QX{L OrQK ÿrQK ÿL JһW PѭӟQ FKR FiF ÿLӅQ FKӫ GӑF V{QJ 7LӅQ V{QJ
+ұX &{QJ YLӋF FӫD &KtQ +zD Oj JLӳ JKH KRһF ³PyW´ O~D 1ăP WiP WXәL
&KtQ +zD PӟL ÿѭӧF ÿL KӑF /ӟS KӑF GR QKӳQJ JLD ÿuQK WUXQJ Q{QJ ÿӏD

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 437

FKӫ VDX QJj\ PD FҩW WUҥL UѭӟF WKҫ\ YӅ Gҥ\ QrQ WLӅQ KӑF FKӍ SKҧL WUҧ
³UҩW QKҽ´ ÐQJ +DL 0ҽR PӝW WURQJ KDL QJѭӡL WKҫ\ ³Gҥ\ PD´ FӫD &KtQ
+zD NӇ ³1ăP Oҩ\ ÿѭӧF FiL FHUWLILFDW W{L YӅ ĈuQK {QJ FK~ WKҩ\
W{L Fy FKӳ NrX W{L Gҥ\ FKR WUҿ FRQ OӕL [yP &KtQ +Rj WK{QJ PLQK Yj ăQ
QyL OӉ ÿӝ OҳP 1KѭQJ Gҥ\ ÿѭӧF KDL QăP WKu W{L FNJQJ KӃW FKӳ UӗL WK{L´
/ӟS KӑF WKӭ KDL FӫD {QJ Oj GR QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WUX\ӅQ JLiR WӟL ҩS %uQK
3KөQJ TXr {QJ Pӣ ÐQJ KӑF ӣ QJ{L WUѭӡQJ Qj\ NKRҧQJ PӝW QăP 7X\
QKLrQ FRQ ÿѭӡQJ WuP NLӃP WUL WKӭF FӫD {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW NK{QJ GӯQJ
OҥL ӣ ÿҩ\

.KL WKDP JLD FiFK PҥQJ ÿѭӧF Gӵ QKӳQJ FXӝF KӑS FӫD 8ӹ %DQ
.KiQJ FKLӃQ 1DP %ӝ QJKH QKӳQJ EұF WUt WKӭF QKѭ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +ѭӣQJ
8QJ 9ăQ .KLrP 3KҥP 1JӑF 7KXҫQ QyL {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW WKҩ\ Fy
PӝW NKRҧQJ FiFK UҩW U} JLӳD PuQK Yj QKӳQJ EұF WUt WKӭF ÿy 1JD\ Wӯ
WURQJ NKiQJ FKLӃQ {QJ ÿm PLӋW PjL ÿӑF ViFK Yj KӑF KӓL Wӯ QKӳQJ EұF WUt
WKӭF FKR G Fy QKLӅX QJѭӡL FKӍ Oj FҩS GѭӟL FӫD {QJ

6DX QJj\ {QJ NK{QJ PDQJ QJX\rQ FiL ³WKӃ´ FӫD PӝW
QKj OmQK ÿҥR NKiQJ FKLӃQ [XҩW VҳF Wӯ WURQJ UӯQJ WUӣ YӅ ÐQJ NK{QJ
QJҫQ QJҥL KӑF KӓL Wӯ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL WUt WKӭF 6jL *zQ FNJ 7URQJ ÿy Fy
QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿm WӯQJ Oj TXDQ FKӭF FDR FҩS WURQJ FKӃ ÿӝ 6jL JzQ QKѭ
WLӃQ Vӻ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +ҧR WLӃQ Vӻ 1JX\ӉQ ;XkQ 2iQK ÐQJ QKuQ WKҩ\
ӣ Kӑ SKҭP FKҩW FӫD QKӳQJ QJѭӡL \rX QѭӟF Yj UҩW Wӵ WUӑQJ +ӗL ÿy PӝW
Yӏ OmQK ÿҥR WKҩ\ {QJ JҫQ JNJL YӟL QKӳQJ TXDQ FKӭF FDR FҩS FӫD FKӃ ÿӝ
FNJ PXӕQ JLӳ FKR {QJ UD OӋQK ³Ĉy Oj &,$ ÿҩ\´ ÐQJ WUҧ OӡL ³/~F QjR
DQK ÿӫ EҵQJ FKӭQJ Kӑ Oj &,$ Km\ ÿѭD W{L FKtQK W{L VӁ EҳW Kӑ´ 1KӳQJ
NLӃQ WKӭF YӅ NLQK WӃ WKӏ WUѭӡQJ FӫD FiF {QJ QKѭ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +ҧR
1JX\ӉQ ;XkQ 2iQK QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿm WӯQJ Oj SKy WKӫ WѭӟQJ WURQJ FKӃ
ÿӝ 6jL *zQ Yj FӫD QKLӅX EұF WUt WKӭF 6jL *zQ NKiF Pj {QJ Fy GӏS WLӃS
FұQ UҩW VӟP WX\ QJD\ O~F ÿy FKѭD GQJ ÿѭӧF QKѭQJ YӅ VDX ÿm UҩW KӳX
tFK YӟL {QJ

1ăP NKL {QJ ÿDQJ Oj 3Ky &Kӫ WӏFK WKӭ 1KҩW +ӝL ÿӗQJ %ӝ
WUѭӣQJ ÿѭӧF JLDR FKӫ WUu F{QJ WiF FҧL FiFK KӋ WKӕQJ QJkQ KjQJ {QJ
.LӋW ÿm WKLӃW OұS PӝW QKyP FKX\rQ JLD EDR JӗP Fҧ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿm WӯQJ
KRҥW ÿӝQJ WURQJ KӋ WKӕQJ QJkQ KjQJ 6jL *zQ +DL ³WiF JLҧ´ FKtQK FӫD
3KiS OӋQK 1JkQ KjQJ WKӡL ÿy FKtQK Oj KDL FKX\rQ JLD ÿѭӧF {QJ PӡL Wӯ
6jL *zQ UD {QJ +XǤQK %ӱX 6ѫQ Yj {QJ /kP 9} +RjQJ

1ăP NKL ÿҥL GLӋQ 9LӋW 1DP OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ WKDP Gӵ 'LӉQ ÿjQ
.LQK WӃ 7KӃ JLӟL WҥL 'DYRV 7Kө\ 6ӻ {QJ NӇ ³7{L NK{QJ \rQ WkP
YӟL EjL SKiW ELӇX GR DQK HP YăQ SKzQJ FKXҭQ Eӏ $QK HP JLӓL QKѭQJ

438 LONG ĐIỀN

KLӇX ELӃW YӅ SKѭѫQJ 7k\ FKѭD QKLӅX´ ÐQJ ÿm NK{QJ QJҫQ QJҥL ÿѭD
EjL SKiW ELӇX FӫD PuQK YjR 6jL *zQ QKӡ WLӃQ Vӻ 1JX\ӉQ ;XkQ 2iQK
ÿӑF OҥL ĈӗQJ WKӡL {QJ FKR Ej 7{Q 1ӳ 7Kӏ 1LQK OLrQ KӋ PӡL WLӃQ Vӻ
1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +ҧR O~F Qj\ ÿDQJ ӣ QѭӟF QJRjL ED\ ÿӃQ 'DYRV 1Kѭ Yұ\
WURQJ FKX\ӃQ ÿL WӟL SKѭѫQJ 7k\ OҫQ ÿҫX WLrQ ҩ\ {QJ Fy NK{QJ FKӍ Oj
PӝW QJѭӡL EҥQ Pj FzQ Oj PӝW ³Fӕ YҩQ´ ӣ ErQ 7UѭӟF FKX\ӃQ ÿL {QJ
FNJQJ QKӡ Ej 7{Q 1ӳ 7Kӏ 1LQK Wѭ YҩQ YӅ WUDQJ SKөF Ĉy Oj WKӡL ÿLӇP
9LӋW 1DP EҳW ÿҫX ÿәL PӟL Yj 7KӃ JLӟL EҳW ÿҫX QKuQ WKҩ\ PӝW QKj OmQK
ÿҥR ³FӝQJ VҧQ´ Wӯ WURQJ FiFK ăQ PһF SKiW ELӇX KӃW VӭF WKkQ WKLӋQ Yj
NK{QJ Fy QKLӅX NKiF ELӋW YӟL WKӃ JLӟL ErQ QJRjL

6ӵ 7UkQ 7UӑQJ &KkQ 7KjQK

7LӃQ Vӻ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ +ҧR NӇ FiFK ÿӕL [ӱ FӫD {QJ 9} 9ăQ .LӋW
JҫQ QKѭ NKiF KҷQ YӟL QKLӅX QKj OmQK ÿҥR 7KjQK SKӕ O~F ÿy ÐQJ QKӟ
QKӳQJ QăP VDX {QJ ӣ OҥL QKѭQJ UӗL NK{QJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ ÿ{L NKL
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WUt ÿҫ\ TX\ӅQ OӵF Yj OӟQ WXәL KѫQ NKL QjR {QJ .LӋW FNJQJ JӑL WLӃQ Vӻ
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WLӃS QyL FKX\ӋQ ÿLӋQ WKRҥL Yj EDR JLӡ FNJQJ KӓL WUѭӟF ³{QJ WLӃQ Vӻ UҧQK
vào lúc nào?”

0ӝW OҫQ {QJ .LӋW PӡL NLӃQ WU~F Vѭ 1J{ 9LӃW 7Kө FQJ {QJ ÿL
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1J{ 9LӃW 7Kө YӁ

/j PӝW QKj OmQK ÿҥR KӃW VӭF TX\ӃW ÿRiQ QKѭQJ ÿӗQJ WKӡL {QJ 9}
9ăQ .LӋW FNJQJ Oj QJѭӡL KӃW VӭF WKұQ WUӑQJ {QJ WKѭӡQJ OҳQJ QJKH UҩW
QKLӅX ê NLӃQ NKiF QKDX WUѭӟF NKL EDQ KjQK FiF TX\ӃW ÿӏQK FӫD PuQK
ÐQJ QyL ³.LQK QJKLӋP FӫD PӝW QKj OmQK ÿҥR Oj SKҧL QJKH UҩW Nӻ ê NLӃQ
FKX\rQ JLD Yj ÿһF ELӋW ÿm QJKH FKX\rQ JLD WKu SKҧL QJKH WUӵF WLӃS FKӭ
NK{QJ EDR JLӡ QrQ QJKH WK{QJ TXD QKӳQJ QJѭӡL JL~S YLӋF´

&KR ÿӃQ QKӳQJ QăP FXӕL ÿӡL {QJ YүQ ÿӑF UҩW QKLӅX ÿӑF Fҧ QKӳQJ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 439

ê NLӃQ FKӍ WUtFK {QJ JD\ JҳW 1KLӅX OҫQ {QJ GһQ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL JL~S YLӋF
QӃX QKѭ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL FKӍ WUtFK {QJ YӅ QѭӟF Km\ PӡL Kӑ WӟL JһS {QJ
ÐQJ WUkQ WUӑQJ Yj PXӕQ WUDR ÿәL VkX WKrP YӅ QKӳQJ NKiF ELӋW YӟL Kӑ

%ҵQJ Vӵ WUkQ WUӑQJ WUL WKӭF Yj FiF EұF WUt WKӭF PӝW FiFK FKkQ WKjQK
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NLӃQ WҥR ÿѭӧF UҩW QKLӅX PӕL TXDQ KӋ Eq EҥQ YӟL FiF QKj WUt WKӭF Ĉy Oj
Oê GR Pj QJѭӡL WD Fy WKӇ WuP WKҩ\ ӣ {QJ NK{QJ FKӍ Oj X\ OӵF Pj FzQ Oj
Vӵ WK{QJ WXӋ 9j ÿһF ELӋW {QJ Fy ÿѭӧF Wӯ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿm JһS Yj OjP
YLӋF NK{QJ FKӍ Oj Vӵ NtQK WUӑQJ Pj FzQ Oj Vӵ WKkQ WKLӋQ 6ӵ WKkQ WKLӋQ
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ÿӡL QKuQ OҥL

http://www.danviet.com.au/details.php?nid=463

16/06/2008

&ӵX 7Kӫ WѭӟQJ &691 9} 9ăQ .LӋW YӯD TXD ÿӡL ӣ 6LQJDSRUH K{P
WKӭ 7ѭ YӯD TXD VDX PӝW WXҫQ ÿѭӧF FKӳD WUӏ NKҭQ FҩS Yu EӋQK
SKәL WҥL %ӋQK YLӋQ 0RXQW (OL]DEHWK KѭӣQJ WKӑ WXәL
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7URQJ FXӝF FKLӃQ 91 .LӋW FKӍ OR KѭӣQJ WKө Fi QKkQ NK{QJ Wӯ Eӓ PӑL
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WjL VҧQ FӫD QJѭӡL GkQ 0LӅQ 1DP QKѭQJ O~F QjR FNJQJ OjP UD YӁ Oj FRQ
QJѭӡL Fy OzQJ QKkQ Wӯ ÿӝ OѭӧQJ 4XD PӝW Vӕ KjQK YL Fi QKkQ JL~S ÿӣ
EҥQ Eq WKkQ TXHQ QKLӅX QJѭӡL OҫP WѭӣQJ Pj PDQJ ѫQ {QJ WD
1JKӏ 4X\ӃW GR 9} 9ăQ .LӋW Nê GQJ ÿӇ Eӓ W NK{QJ FҫQ [pW [ӱ
QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿӕL OұS YӟL ÿѭӡQJ OӕL FӫD ÿҧQJ FӝQJ WKrP Ej Yӧ 3KDQ
/ѭѫQJ &ҫP Oj QJѭӡL ÿjQ Ej QәL WLӃQJ WKDP QKNJQJ ÿzL KӓL KӕL Oӝ ÿ~W
OyW F{QJ NKDL %j &ҫP Fy ELӋW GDQK Oj Ej ³GL[ SRXU FHQW´WӭF Oj ÿzL KӕL
Oӝ FKӳ Nê FKR FiF F{QJ WUuQK QrQ WӝL iF FӫD .LӋW UҩW ÿәL QһQJ QӅ
WURQJ OӏFK Vӱ FұQ ÿҥL
9} 9ăQ .LӋW PDQJ QKLӅX Qӧ PiX YӟL WRjQ GkQ GR ÿy OXұQ ÿLӋX NrX
JӑL ³KRj KӧS KRj JLҧL´ FӫD .LӋW FKӍ Gө ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ QJѭӡL QKҽ Gҥ KRһF
FKѭD ELӃW QKLӅX YӅ ÿӡL Wѭ Y{ FQJ ÿHQ WӕL FӫD .LrW Yj Eq ONJ 9*&6 WURQJ
FKӃ ÿӝ ÿӝF WjL WKӕL QiW

440 LONG ĐIỀN

7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_
Gi%C3%A0u TrҫQ 9ăQ *LjX tài liӋX FӫD &691 Wӯ :LNLSHGLD

*LiR 6ѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX(1911-2010 [2] Oj QKj KRҥW ÿӝQJ FiFK PҥQJ
QKj NKRD KӑF QKj QJKLrQ FӭX OӏFK Vӱ,WULӃW KӑF Yj Oj QKj JLiR 9LӋW 1DP
ÐQJ PҩW YjR O~F JLӡ SK~W QJj\ WKiQJ QăP WҥL %ӋQK
YLӋQ 7KӕQJ 1KҩW 73 +ӗ &Kt 0LQK

6ӵ QJKLӋS FiFK PҥQJ

7KӡL WKDQK QLrQ V{L QәL

ÐQJ VLQK QJj\ WKiQJ QăP TXr TXiQ WҥL [m $Q /өF /RQJ
KX\ӋQ &KkX 7KjQK, WӍQK 7kQ $Q QD\ Oj WӍQK /RQJ $Q VLQK WUѭӣQJ
WURQJ PӝW JLD ÿuQK ÿLӅQ FKӫ JLjX Fy 7URQJ JLD ÿuQK {QJ Fy WrQ Oj 0ѭӡL
Ký[3] WX\ QKLrQ QKLӅX QJѭӡL ELӃW {QJ YӟL WrQ Sáu Giàu.

'R ÿLӅX NLӋQ JLD ÿuQK QăP {QJ OrQ 6jL *zQ WKHR KӑF WҥL

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 441

WUѭӡQJ &KDVVHORXS /DXEDW 1ăP VDX NKL WӕW QJKLӋS 7~ WjL {QJ
ÿѭӧF JLD ÿuQK FKR VDQJ 3KiS GX KӑF WҥL ĈҥL KӑF 7RXORXVH YӟL OӡL KӭD
³PDQJ YӅ KDL EҵQJ WLӃQ Vƭ´ [3]

7KiQJ QăP {QJ [LQ JLD QKұS WUӣ WKjQK ĈҧQJ YLrQ ĈҧQJ
&ӝQJ VҧQ 3KiS Yj WKDP JLD WtFK FӵF FiF SKRQJ WUjR F{QJ QKkQ Yj SKRQJ
WUjR ÿҩX WUDQK FӫD GX KӑF VLQK Yj F{QJ QKkQ QJѭӡL 9LӋW ӣ WKjQK SKӕ
7RXORXVH 7KiQJ QăP {QJ ÿѭӧF F{QJ QKkQ Yj GX KӑF VLQK 9LӋW
1DP ӣ 7RXORXVH Fӱ OjP ÿҥL ELӇX OrQ 3DULV WKDP JLD ELӇX WuQK WUѭӟF
GLQK WәQJ WKӕQJ 3KiS ÿzL Kӫ\ iQ Wӱ KuQK ÿӕL YӟL FiF WKӫ OƭQK FXӝF .KӣL
QJKƭD <rQ %iL 'R YLӋF Qj\ {QJ Eӏ FҧQK ViW EҳW JLDP WҥL QKj W /RD
5RTXLOOLV VDX ÿy {QJ Eӏ &KtQK SKӫ 3KiS WUөF [XҩW YӅ QѭӟF [4]

7Uӣ WKjQK QKj FiFK PҥQJ FKX\rQ QJKLӋS
7Uӣ YӅ QѭӟF FKD {QJ FKӍ QyL ³7ұQ WUXQJ FNJQJ Oj WұQ KLӃX´[3]. Ông
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1ăP {QJ EҧR YӋ WKjQK F{QJ ÿӅ WjL, WӕW QJKLӋS ³9ҩQ ÿӅ UXӝQJ ÿҩW
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7Uӣ YӅ 6jL *zQ {QJ WKDP JLD Wә FKӭF OҥL ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ WKDP JLD
[XҩW EҧQ Wӡ EiR ³&ӡ ÿӓ´ Yj Eӝ ViFK ³&ӝQJ VҧQ 7QJ WKѭ´ 1әL WLӃQJ YӟL
WjL GLӉQ WKX\ӃW FQJ NLӃQ WKӭF VkX UӝQJ FNJQJ QKѭ NLQK QJKLӋP KRҥW ÿӝQJ ӣ
3KiS /LrQ ;{ {QJ QKLӅX OҫQ WKDP JLD FiF EXәL GLӉQ WKX\ӃW WUѭӟF KjQJ
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FjQJ WăQJ WURQJ TXҫQ FK~QJ Yj Fҧ WURQJ JLӟL QKkQ Vƭ WUt WKӭF 1DP .Ǥ
9ӟL QKӳQJ KRҥW ÿӝQJ FKӕQJ FKtQK TX\ӅQ WKӵF GkQ F{QJ NKDL FӫD
PuQK {QJ ÿѭӧF FKtQK TX\ӅQ WKӵF GkQ OѭX WkP Wӯ NKL {QJ GX KӑF WҥL
3KiS 9u Yұ\ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP {QJ Eӏ WzD iQ 3KiS WҥL 6jL
*zQ NӃW iQ QăP W Yj QăP TXҧQ WK~F Yu WӝL KRҥW ÿӝQJ OұW ÿә FKtQK
TX\ӅQ .KL Eӏ JLDP ӣ .KiP /ӟQ 6jL *zQ YӟL Vӕ W PSS {QJ ÿѭӧF
FiF W QKkQ Fӱ OjP 7әQJ ÿҥL GLӋQ QKLӅX OҫQ ÿҩX WUDQK YӟL &K~D QJөF
ÿzL FҧL WKLӋQ FKӃ ÿӝ VLQK KRҥW FӫD W QKkQ 9u Yұ\ ÿӇ FiFK O\ QJj\
WKiQJ QăP {QJ FQJ PӝW Vӕ ÿӗQJ FKt Eӏ ÿѭD YjR ELӋW JLDP WҥL
%kWLPHQW 6 FKR ÿӃQ NKL PmQ KҥQ W [5]
1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP {QJ PmQ KҥQ W ÿѭӧF WKD QKѭQJ Eӏ EҳW
OҥL VDX Pҩ\ QJj\ Yj Eӏ ÿѭD ÿL DQ WUt ӣ WUҥL 7j /jL &QJ FKXQJ FKX\ӃQ

442 LONG ĐIỀN

iS JLҧL YӟL {QJ FzQ Fy 7jR 7ӷ QKj EiR 1JX\ӉQ &{QJ 7UXQJ Yj PӝW
QJѭӡL OtQK iS WҧL Oj 7UѭѫQJ 9ăQ *LjX 7ҥL 7j /jL {QJ PӝW OҫQ QӳD ÿѭӧF
Fӱ OjP 7әQJ ÿҥL GLӋQ

&XӕL QăP {QJ WKDP JLD FKӍ ÿҥR PӝW Vӕ DQK HP W FKtQK WUӏ Wә
FKӭF YѭӧW QJөF 7j /jL %ҧQ WKkQ {QJ WKDP JLD FKX\ӃQ YѭӧW QJөF ÿӧW
YjR ÿҫX WKiQJ QăP JӗP QJѭӡL FQJ YӟL FiF {QJ &KkX 9ăQ
Giác, 7UҫQ 9ăQ .LӋW 'ѭѫQJ 9ăQ 3K~F 7UѭѫQJ 4XDQJ 1KkP 1JX\ӉQ
&{QJ 7UXQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ ĈӭF Yj 7{ .ê &XӝF ÿjR WKRiW WKjQK F{QJ
VDX ÿy SKkQ WiQ WKjQK QKLӅX KѭӟQJ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX VDX QKLӅX OҫQ GL
FKX\ӇQ WuP FiFK EҳW OҥL OLrQ OҥF Yj WUӣ OҥL KRҥW ÿӝQJ WҥL 6jL *zQ [6]
/mQK ÿҥR FKӟS WKӡL Fѫ

7ӯ QJj\ ÿӃQ WKiQJ QăP PӝW Vӕ ÿҥL ELӇX FiF Wә FKӭF
&ӝQJ VҧQ FiF WӍQK WKjQK 1DP .Ǥ KӑS KӝL QJKӏ ӣ &Kӧ *ҥR, WӍQK 0ӻ
7KR TX\ӃW ÿӏQK WiL OұS ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX Yu NK{QJ ÿӃQ
WKDP Gӵ ÿѭӧF KӝL QJKӏ EҫX {QJ 'ѭѫQJ 9ăQ 3K~F OjP Et WKѭ WX\ QKLrQ
{QJ 3K~F WX\rQ Eӕ FKӍ WҥP QKұQ FKӭF Yj VӁ WUDR OҥL FKӭF Yө Qj\ FKR {QJ
*LjX +ӝL QJKӏ ÿӗQJ ê [7]

7UrQ FѭѫQJ Yӏ %t WKѭ ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ WURQJ KRjQ FҧQK NK{QJ OLrQ
OҥF ÿѭӧF YӟL 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ QJRjL %ҳF NK{QJ KD\ ELӃW YLӋF 1JX\ӉQ ÈL
4XӕF ÿm YӅ QѭӟF WULӋX WұS +ӝL QJKӏ 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ OҫQ WKӭ Yj WKjQK OұS
9LӋW 0LQK {QJ ³.K{QJ ÿjQK FKӏX QJӗL FKӡ EҩW ÿҳF Gƭ EӑQ W{L SKҧL Wӵ
YҥFK UD PӝW ÿѭӡQJ OӕL FiFK PҥQJ´ FKR 1DP .Ǥ[8] 7URQJ PӝW WKӡL JLDQ
QJҳQ {QJ FQJ FiF ÿӗQJ FKt WtFK FӵF KRҥW ÿӝQJ [k\ GӵQJ Fѫ Vӣ QKҵP
Fy WKӇ WұS KӧS OӵF OѭӧQJ OӟQ FKӟS WKӡL Fѫ ÿm ÿѭӧF QKұQ ÿӏQK JҫQ NӅ
ÐQJ FKӫ WUѭѫQJ ³7D SK̫L P̩QK K˯Q W̭W F̫ FiF FKiQK ÿ̫QJ Yj JLiR
SKiL WKkQ 1K̵W F͡QJ O̩L WKu PͣL PRQJ ÿHP FKtQK TX\͉Q Y͉ WD\ QKkQ GkQ
ÿ˱ͫF´[9] 7UrQ Fѫ Vӣ ÿy ;ӭ ӫ\ ÿm

x 1KDQK FKyQJ NK{L SKөF KӋ WKӕQJ Wә FKӭF ĈҧQJ FiF FҩS ÿһF ELӋW
YӟL FiF Fѫ Vӣ WҥL 6jL *zQ &Kӧ /ӟQ ĈtFK WKkQ {QJ SKө WUiFK %DQ
FiQ Vӵ WKjQK SKӕ 6jL *zQ &Kӧ /ӟQ

x 3KөF KӗL Wә FKӭF F{QJ ÿRjQ WKjQK OұS 7әQJ F{QJ ÿRjQ 1DP .Ǥ
WKiQJ QăP WURQJ QӱD QăP SKiW WULӇQ QKDQK FKyQJ
F{QJ ÿRjQ Fѫ Vӣ YӟL ÿRjQ YLrQ

x 7ұS KӧS QKLӅX WUt WKӭF VLQK YLrQ QKj F{QJ WKѭѫQJ YjR PӝW Vӕ Wә
FKӭF QKѭ ³7kQ GkQ FKӫ ÿRjQ´ +ӝL WUX\ӅQ Ei TXӕF QJӳ QKyP EiR
Thanh Niên...

x ;XҩW EҧQ EiR 7LӅQ 3KRQJ Yj FiF ViFK Eӓ W~L QKѭ ³9LӋW 1DP WUrQ
ÿѭӡQJ ÿӝF OұS´ ³5ҥQJ ÿ{QJ FӫD GkQ WӝF´ Pӣ FiF OӟS KXҩQ OX\ӋQ

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 443

FKtQK WUӏ GR FKtQK {QJ WUӵF WLӃS Oj JLҧQJ YLrQ [10]

ÐQJ QKұQ ÿӏQK ³&iFK P̩QJ Oj V͹ QJKL͏S FͯD QKkQ GkQ ULrQJ
O͹F O˱ͫQJ FͯD Ĉ̫QJ NK{QJ OjP Q͝L FiFK P̩QJ SK̫L Fy V͹ WKDP JLD
V͹ Q͝L G̵\ FͯD KjQJ WUL͏X ÿ͛QJ EjR´[9] ĈһF ELӋW YӟL YLӋF KұX WKXүQ
WKjQK OұS Yj QҳP FKҳF Wә FKӭF 7KDQK QLrQ 7LӅQ SKRQJ WK{QJ TXD PӝW
Vӕ ÿҧQJ YLrQ Et PұW QKѭ 3KҥP 1JӑF 7KҥFK ,1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7Kӫ ,+XǤQK
9ăQ 7LӇQJ ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ ÿm WҥR ÿѭӧF PӝW EuQK SKRQJ FKR FiF ÿҧQJ
YLrQ &ӝQJ VҧQ KRҥW ÿӝQJ QKDQK FKyQJ WұS KӧS ÿѭӧF PӝW OӵF OѭӧQJ OӟQ
YѭӧW TXD FiF Wә FKӭF FKtQK WUӏ NKiF WKӡL Eҩ\ JLӡ NӇ Fҧ PӝW QKyP QKӳQJ
ÿӗQJ FKt &ӝQJ VҧQ FӫD PuQK WURQJ ;ӭ ӫ\ *LҧL SKyQJ

³7U̯Q 9ăQ *LjX FK͑ WK͓ FKR ÿ̫QJ YLrQ F͡QJ V̫Q JLD QK̵S 7KDQK
QLrQ 7L͉Q SKRQJ ͧ P͕L F̭S GQJ 7KDQK QLrQ 7L͉Q SKRQJ OjP Y͗ E͕F
KͫS SKiS ÿ͋ NK{L SKͭF QKͷQJ P͙L OLrQ O̩F Et P̵W Yj OjP SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q
PyF Q͙L YͣL FiF QKyP FK͙QJ WK͹F GkQ NKiF 1KͷQJ ÿ̫QJ YLrQ F͡QJ
V̫Q WKDP JLD 7173 ÿm OͫL GͭQJ ÿ͓D Y͓ KͫS SKiS FͯD K͕ ÿ͋ WL͇Q KjQK
QKͷQJ F{QJ YL͏F Et P̵W FͯD Ĉ̫QJ QK˱ O̵S O̩L FiF P͙L TXDQ K͏ YͣL FKL
E͡ ÿ͓D SK˱˯QJ N͇W Q̩S QKͷQJ ÿRjQ YLrQ 7173 ÿiQJ WLQ F̵\ QK̭W YjR
QKͷQJ ³ÿ͡L [XQJ SKRQJ´ KD\ WKjQK O̵S FiF ÿ˯Q Y͓ &ͱX TX͙F FͯD 9L͏W
Minh”.

—David Marr [11]

³9jR JLͷD Kq SKRQJ WUjR 7KDQK QLrQ 7L͉Q SKRQJ N͇W Q̩S P͡W
V͙ OͣQ ÿRjQ YLrQ WURQJ YQJ 6jL *zQ Yj ODQ W͗D ÿ͇Q FiF OjQJ [m 1y
ÿ˱ͫF GQJ QK˱ P͡W SK˱˯QJ WL͏Q ÿ͋ SKiW WUL͋Q K͏ WK͙QJ FͯD Ĉ̫QJ F͡QJ
V̫Q Ĉ{QJ '˱˯QJ 1KͷQJ QJ˱ͥL F͡QJ V̫Q Q̷P JLͷ QKͷQJ Y͓ WUt Fy FKͱF
WUiFK ͧ P͕L F̭S WURQJ SKRQJ WUjR Yj QKͥ Y̵\ Fy WK͋ GL FKX\͋Q Yj OLrQ
O̩F P͡W FiFK NK{QJ JLͣL K̩Q 5} UjQJ U̹QJ FKL͇Q O˱ͫF 7KDQK QLrQ
7L͉Q SKRQJ ÿm JL~S QKͷQJ QJ˱ͥL F͡QJ V̫Q Fy YDL WUz OmQK ÿ̩R SKRQJ
WUjR JL̫L SKyQJ GkQ W͡F´.

—Stein Tønnesson[12]

³;ͱ ͯ\ 1DP %͡ ÿm Q̷P TX\͉Q NL͋P VRiW P͡W W͝ FKͱF WKDQK QLrQ
ÿ˱ͫF WKjQK O̵S G˱ͣL V͹ E̫R WUͫ FͯD 1K̵W J͕L Oj 7KDQK QLrQ 7L͉Q
SKRQJ 7KDQK QLrQ 7L͉Q SKRQJ ÿyQJ YDL WUz Y͗ E͕F FKR QKͷQJ Q͟ O͹F
FͯD Ĉ̫QJ Y̵Q ÿ͡QJ WKDQK QLrQ \rX Q˱ͣF SKͭF Yͭ V͹ QJKL͏S FiFK P̩QJ
WURQJ W˱˯QJ ODL 3KRQJ WUjR Qj\ ODQ U͡QJ WURQJ JLDL ÿR̩Q PD [XkQ
Yj PD Kq W̩L FiF WU˱ͥQJ K͕F QKj Pi\ Yj OjQJ [m Ĉ͇Q WKiQJ
7KDQK QLrQ 7L͉Q SKRQJ ÿm Fy V͙ K͡L YLrQ WUrQ P͡W WUL͏X ͧ K̯X K͇W FiF
W͑QK 1DP %͡´.

—William J. Duiker[13]

444 LONG ĐIỀN

%D OҫQ KӝL QJKӏ WҥL &Kӧ ĈӋP

6DX NKL 1KұW WX\rQ Eӕ ÿҫX KjQJ ĈӗQJ PLQK QKұQ WKҩ\ WKӡL Fѫ ÿm
ÿӃQ 7KѭӡQJ Yө ;ӭ ӫ\ WKjQK OұS Ӫ\ EDQ NKӣL QJKƭD ÿrP WKiQJ
QăP Yj WULӋX WұS KӝL QJKӏ ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ Pӣ UӝQJ EjQ YӅ NKӣL
QJKƭD YӟL Gӵ ÿӏQK VӁ NKӣL QJKƭD YjR QJj\ K{P VDX QKkQ Fѫ KӝL /Ӊ
WX\rQ WKӋ FӫD 7KDQK QLrQ 7LӅQ SKRQJ WҥL 6jL *zQ +ӝL QJKӏ KӑS WҥL &Kӧ
ĈӋP WӕL WX\ QKLrQ YӟL NLQK QJKLӋP .KӣL QJKƭD 1DP .Ǥ PӝW Vӕ ÿҥL
ELӇX WUDQK OXұQ JD\ JҳW YӅ WKӡL ÿLӇP[14] +ӝL QJKӏ ÿӗQJ ê WLӃS WөF FKXҭQ Eӏ
FKX ÿiR FKӡ WLQ Wӯ +j 1ӝL GӡL QJj\ NKӣL QJKƭD ÿӃQ QJj\ [15]

1Jj\ OӉ UD PҳW FӫD ÿRjQ YLrQ 7KDQK QLrQ 7LӅQ SKRQJ
ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF WҥL 6jL *zQ PӝW KuQK WKӭF ELӇX GѭѫQJ FiF OӵF OѭӧQJ GR
;ӭ ӫ\ NLӇP VRiW 7X\ Yұ\ FiF WKjQK YLrQ ;ӭ ӫ\ ÿӗQJ ê KRmQ OҥL WKӡL
ÿLӇP NKӣL QJKƭD 7KD\ YjR ÿy QJj\ FiF OmQK ÿҥR 0һW WUұQ 9LӋW
0LQK ÿѭӧF ;ӭ ӫ\ Wә FKӭF ³UD F{QJ NKDL´ ÿm ÿѭD {QJ OrQ Yӏ WKӃ QKҥF
WUѭӣQJ FXӝF NKӣL QJKƭD JLjQK FKtQK TX\ӅQ FKӍ YjL QJj\ VDX ÿy [16]

6DX NKL QKұQ ÿѭӧF WLQ +j 1ӝL NKӣL QJKƭD WKҳQJ OӧL QJD\ ViQJ QJj\
WKiQJ KӝL QJKӏ &Kӧ ĈӋP OҫQ WKӭ KDL WLӃS WөF EjQ YLӋF NKӣL QJKƭD
Gӵ ÿӏQK VӁ NKӣL QJKƭD QJD\ FKLӅX K{P ÿy 7X\ QKLrQ YүQ Fy ÿҥL ELӇX
YүQ Fy ê H QJҥL YLӋF TXkQ 1KұW YүQ FzQ PӝW OӵF OѭӧQJ Fy WKӇ WUҩQ iS WҥL
Sài Gòn[17] ÐQJ *LjX ÿӅ QJKӏ FKӑQ 7kQ $Q OjP WKt ÿLӇP NKӣL QJKƭD Yj
Fӱ ÿҥL ELӇX WUӣ YӅ WӍQK SKiW ÿӝQJ NKӣL QJKƭD

.KӣL QJKƭD ӣ 7kQ $Q WKjQK F{QJ WӕL QJj\ WKiQJ +ӝL QJKӏ &Kӧ
ĈӋP OҫQ WKӭ ED WӕL QJj\ WKiQJ ÿm OұS WӭF FKӍ ÿӏQK OұS Ӫ\ EDQ +jQK
FKiQK OkP WKӡL FKR WRjQ 1DP %ӝ JӑL WҳW Oj /kP ӫ\ 1DP %ӝ YӟL 7UҫQ
9ăQ *LjX OjP &Kӫ WӏFK &KLӅX WKiQJ OӵF OѭӧQJ 7KDQK QLrQ 7LӅQ
SKRQJ YNJ WUDQJ GѭӟL TX\ӅQ OmQK ÿҥR FӫD ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ ӣ 7kQ $Q
%LrQ +zD 7Kӫ 'ҫX 0ӝW 7k\ 1LQK NKӣL QJKƭD JLjQK FKtQK TX\ӅQ Yj Yj
VDX ÿy GӗQ YӅ 6jL *zQ 1Jj\ WKiQJ ÿӃQ OѭӧW 6jL *zQ Qә UD FXӝF
ELӇX WuQK OӟQ Yj KҫX KӃW FiF Fѫ Vӣ TXҧQ WUӏ OӑW YjR TX\ӅQ NLӇP VRiW FӫD
/kP ӫ\ 1DP %ӝ

1KҥF WUѭӣQJ 1DP %ӝ
7ҥL /Ӊ ÿjL ĈӝF OұS QJj\ WKiQJ QăP /kP ӫ\ 1DP %ӝ ÿm Wә
FKӭF EXәL WLӃS VyQJ ĈjL 7LӃQJ QyL 9LӋW 1DP Yj SKiW WKDQK OӡL &Kӫ WӏFK
+ӗ &Kt 0LQK ÿӑF 7X\rQ QJ{Q ÿӝF OұS TXD KӋ WKӕQJ ORD SKyQJ WKDQK
QKѭQJ GR Nӻ WKXұW YLӋF WLӃS VyQJ NK{QJ WKjQK %iF Vƭ 3KҥP 1JӑF
7KҥFK 7Kӫ OmQK 7KDQK QLrQ 7LӅQ SKRQJ %ӝ WUѭӣQJ < WӃ WURQJ &KtQK
SKӫ &iFK PҥQJ OkP WKӡL 9LӋW 1DP 'kQ FKӫ &ӝQJ KzD ÿӑF WX\rQ WKӋ
FӫD &KtQK SKӫ 1Kj EiR 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 1JX\ӉQ WKD\ PһW ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ
Yj .Ǥ Eӝ 9LӋW 0LQK NrX JӑL ӫQJ Kӝ 9LӋW 0LQK 9j 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX WKD\

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 445

PһW FKR /kP ӫ\ 1DP %ӝ ӭQJ NKҭX EjL GLӉQ YăQ FKjR PӯQJ QJj\ OӉ
ĈӝF OұS .KL ÿy {QJ PӟL YӯD WXәL

7UѭӟF ÿy VRQJ VRQJ YӟL ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ ÿѭӧF WKjQK OұS OҥL Wӯ WKiQJ
QăP GR {QJ OjP %t WKѭ FzQ Fy PӝW Wә FKӭF FӫD ĈҧQJ &ӝQJ
VҧQ Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ NKiF KRҥW ÿӝQJ ÿӝF OұS ĈӇ SKkQ ELӋW FiF QKj QJKLrQ
FӭX OӏFK Vӱ WKѭӡQJ JӑL Oj ;ӭ ӫ\ *LҧL SKyQJ Yu Fѫ TXDQ QJ{Q OXұQ FӫD
Wә FKӭF Qj\ Oj EiR *LҧL SKyQJ KRһF 9LӋW 0LQK FNJ FzQ ;ӭ ӫ\ GR {QJ
*LjX OjP Et WKѭ WKѭӡQJ JӑL Oj ;ӭ ӫ\ 7LӅQ SKRQJ Yu Fѫ TXDQ QJ{Q OXұQ
FӫD Qy Oj EiR 7LӅQ SKRQJ FzQ JӑL Oj 9LӋW 0LQK PӟL.

6DX NKL ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ FNJ Eӏ FKtQK TX\ӅQ WKӵF GkQ EҳW Eӟ OjP Y{
KLӋX KyD Wӯ JLӳD FXӕL QăP PӝW Vӕ ÿҧQJ YLrQ &ӝQJ VҧQ JӗP 7UҫQ
9ăQ 9L /r +ӳX .LӅX /r 0LQK ĈӏQK 7UҫQ 9ăQ 7Uj &KӃ WKӧ JLj\
%L 9ăQ 'ӵ WURQJ QKyP [XҩW EҧQ Et PұW Wӡ EiR *LҧL SKyQJ KRҥW
ÿӝQJ ÿӝQJ OұS Yj YүQ PDQJ GDQK QJKƭD .Ǥ Eӝ 1KyP Gӵ ÿӏQK Wә FKӭF
OҥL ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ YӟL WKu WUө Vӣ WҥL 6jL *zQ WX\ QKLrQ GR KRjQ FҧQK
FiF WKjQK YLrQ FKӫ FKӕW Eӏ WUX\ EҳW SKҧL OLrQ WөF GL FKX\ӇQ QrQ WKѭӡQJ
Eӏ PҩW OLrQ OҥF NK{QJ WULӋX WұS ÿѭӧF

6DX NKL WKjQK OұS ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ PӟL {QJ *LjX ÿm PӡL Ej 1JX\ӉQ
7Kӏ 7KұS PӝW WKjQK YLrQ FӫD QKyP *LҧL SKyQJ FQJ WKDP JLD ;ӭ ӫ\
7X\ QKLrQ GR Vӵ NKiF QKDX YӅ FiFK WKӭF Wә FKӭF QrQ YLӋF WKӕQJ QKҩW
OmQK ÿҥR NK{QJ WKjQK 1KyP *LҧL SKyQJ YүQ WLӃS WөF KRҥW ÿӝQJ ÿӝF OұS
Yj [k\ GӵQJ Fѫ Vӣ ULrQJ 7KiQJ QăP KҫX KӃW WKjQK YLrQ FӫD
QKyP *LҧL SKyQJ ÿӅX Eӏ FKtQK TX\ӅQ WKӵF GkQ EҳW JLDP QKj LQ FNJQJ Eӏ
SKi Yӥ 6DX NKL 1KұW ÿҧR FKtQK 3KiS WҥL Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ QKLӅX WKjQK YLrQ
OӧL GөQJ Fѫ KӝL WKRiW NKӓL QKj JLDP 1Jj\ WKiQJ QăP QKyP
*LҧL SKyQJ KӑS WҥL ;RjL +ӝW (0ӻ 7KR Yj OұS ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ OkP WKӡL
Yj EҫX 'kQ 7{Q 7ӱ WӭF 7UҫQ 9ăQ 9L OjP Et WKѭ 7KiQJ QăP
;ӭ ӫ\ OkP WKӡL KӑS WҥL %j ĈLӇP (+yF 0{Q OұS UD ;ӭ ӫ\ FKtQK WKӭF
JӑL Oj %DQ FiQ Vӵ 1DP .Ǥ GR /r +ӳX .LӅX OjP Et WKѭ [18]

1ӅQ ÿӝF OұS FKӍ FKѭD WUzQ WKiQJ Yj OӵF OѭӧQJ GѭӟL TX\ӅQ NLӇP
VRiW FӫD /kP ӫ\ WX\ ÿ{QJ QKѭQJ NK{QJ Fy QKLӅX NLQK QJKLӋP TXҧQ Oê
7uQK WUҥQJ Y{ FKtQK SKӫ [ҧ\ UD ӣ QKLӅX QѫL &iF Wә FKӭF FKtQK WUӏ NKiF
FNJQJ ÿӝF OұS SKiW WULӇQ WKӃ OӵF ULrQJ 9LӋF Fy FQJ O~F Wә FKӭF ;ӭ
ӫ\ ӣ 1DP %ӝ GүQ ÿӃQ YLӋF JLҧP ÿL NKҧ QăQJ Yj X\ WtQ FӫD ĈҧQJ &ӝQJ
VҧQ WҥL 1DP %ӝ WKұP FKt ÿm Fy QKӳQJ PkX WKXүQ Yj [XQJ ÿӝW JLӳD Wә
FKӭF Qj\ 7URQJ NKL ÿy Wӯ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP TXkQ 3KiS OLrQ
WөF ÿә YjR 6jL *zQ WKѭӡQJ [X\rQ NKLrX NKtFK KRһF ÿһW UD FiF ÿLӅX NLӋQ
EҩW EuQK ÿҷQJ PӝW PһW NtFK ÿӝQJ [XQJ ÿӝW JLӳD FiF Wә FKӭF WuP Fӟ FDQ
WKLӋS YNJ WUDQJ 7UѭӟF WuQK KuQK ÿy FKtQK TX\ӅQ /kP ӫ\ QRQ WUҿ \ӃX ӟW
FKӍ FzQ FiFK WUu KRmQ ÿӇ FKXҭQ Eӏ NKiQJ FKLӃQ

446 LONG ĐIỀN

ĈrP WKiQJ TXkQ 3KiS Qә V~QJ FKLӃP WUө Vӣ /kP ӫ\ 1DP %ӝ
4XӕF JLD 7ӵ YӋ FXӝF Yj PӝW Vӕ Fѫ Vӣ FKtQK TX\ӅQ /kP ӫ\ NKiF 0ӝW
PһW GR FKXҭQ Eӏ Wӯ WUѭӟF FiF OmQK ÿҥR FӫD /kP ӫ\ OұS WӭF WKRiW NKӓL
Vӵ WUX\ EҳW Yj FKӍ ÿҥR FiF ÿӝL YNJ WUDQJ SKҧQ F{QJ 1Jj\ WKiQJ
QăP WURQJ KӝL QJKӏ WҥL QKj Vӕ ÿѭӡQJ &k\ 0DL QD\ Oj ÿѭӡQJ
1JX\ӉQ 7UmL {QJ ÿѭӧF Fӱ OjP FKӫ WӏFK Ӫ\ EDQ .KiQJ FKLӃQ 1DP %ӝ
SKiW OӡL NrX JӑL 1DP %ӝ NKiQJ FKLӃQ

³Ĉ͛QJ EjR 1DP %͡

1KkQ GkQ WKjQK SKӕ 6jL *zQ

$QK HP F{QJ QKkQ WKDQK QLrQ Wӵ YӋ GkQ TXkQ ELQK Vƭ

ĈrP TXD WKӵF GkQ 3KiS ÿiQK FKLӃP WUө Vӣ FKtQK TX\ӅQ WD ӣ WUXQJ
WkP 6jL *zQ 1Kѭ Yұ\ Oj 3KiS EҳW ÿҫX [kP FKLӃP QѭӟF WD PӝW OҫQ QӳD

1Jj\ WKiQJ ÿӗQJ EjR ÿm WKӅ TX\ӃW K\ VLQK ÿӃQ JLӑW PiX FXӕL
FQJ ÿӇ EҧR YӋ ÿӝF OұS FӫD 7ә TXӕF

ĈӝF OұS KD\ Oj FKӃW
Hôm nay

Ӫ\ EDQ NKiQJ FKLӃQ NrX JӑL

7ҩW Fҧ ÿӗQJ EjR JLj WUҿ WUDL JiL Km\ FҫP Y} NKt [{QJ OrQ ÿiQK
ÿXәL TXkQ [kP OѭӧF

$L NK{QJ Fy SKұQ Vӵ GR Ӫ\ EDQ NKiQJ FKLӃQ JLDR SKy WKu Km\ OұS
WӭF UD NKӓL WKjQK SKӕ 1KӳQJ QJѭӡL FzQ ӣ OҥL WKu

.K{QJ OjP YLӋF NK{QJ ÿL OtQK FKR 3KiS

.K{QJ ÿѭD ÿѭӡQJ NK{QJ EiR WLQ NK{QJ EiQ OѭѫQJ WKӵF FKR 3KiS

+m\ WuP WKӵF GkQ 3KiS Pj GLӋW

+m\ ÿӕW VҥFK SKi VҥFK FiF Fѫ Vӣ [H Fӝ WjX Eq NKR WjQJ QKj Pi\
FӫD 3KiS

6jL *zQ Eӏ 3KiS FKLӃP SKҧL WUӣ WKjQK PӝW 6jL *zQ NK{QJ ÿLӋQ
NK{QJ QѭӟF NK{QJ FKӧ E~D NK{QJ FӱD WLӋP

+ӥL ÿӗQJ EjR

7ӯ JLӡ SK~W Qj\ QKLӋP Yө KjQJ ÿҫX FӫD FK~QJ WD Oj WLrX GLӋW JLһF
3KiS WLrX GLӋW WD\ VDL FӫD FK~QJ

+ӥL DQK HP ELQK Vƭ GkQ TXkQ Wӵ YӋ +m\ QҳP FKһW YNJ NKt WURQJ WD\
[{QJ OrQ ÿiQK ÿXәL WKӵF GkQ 3KiS FӭX QѭӟF

&XӝF NKiQJ FKLӃQ EҳW ÿҫX

6iQJ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP
&+Ӫ 7ӎ&+ Ӫ< %$1 .+È1* &+,ӂ1 1$0 %Ӝ”

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 447

&QJ YӟL FiF ÿӗQJ FKt FӫD PuQK {QJ ÿm OjP KӃW VӭF PuQK UD FiF
ELӋQ SKiS ÿӇ WұS WUXQJ OӵF OѭӧQJ OLrQ KLӋS FKӕQJ 3KiS FӭQJ UҳQ WUҩQ
iS FiF QKyP FKtQK WUӏ YNJ WUDQJ Fy [X KѭӟQJ O\ NKDL /kP ӫ\ &KtQK Wӯ
QKӳQJ FKӍ WKӏ Qj\ {QJ WKѭӡQJ Eӏ QKӳQJ QJѭӡL ÿӕL OұS [HP Oj WjQ EҥR
OҥQK OQJ Yj Y{ FҧP

6ӵ QJKLӋS JLiR GөF
*LӳD WKiQJ 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ ÿLӅX ÿӝQJ {QJ Yj EiF Vƭ 3KҥP 1JӑF
7KҥFK UD +j 1ӝL ÐQJ ÿӅ ÿҥW QJX\ӋQ YӑQJ FKR SKpS {QJ WUӣ OҥL FKLӃQ
WUѭӡQJ 1DP Eӝ QӃX NK{QJ ÿѭӧF WKu FKR {QJ VDQJ &DPSXFKLD Yj 7KiL
/DQ OұS PӝW FăQ Fӭ KұX FҫQ FKR 1DP %ӝ 1JX\ӋQ YӑQJ WKӭ KDL FӫD {QJ
ÿѭӧF FKҩS WKXұQ 7ӯ QѭӟF QJRjL {QJ YӯD YұQ ÿӝQJ QKLӅX WKDQK QLrQ
9LӋW NLӅX YӅ 1DP Eӝ FKLӃQ ÿҩX YӯD PXD VҳP YNJ NKt WLӃS WӃ FKR TXkQ
GkQ 1DP %ӝ
&XӕL QăP 7UXQJ ѭѫQJ ÿm Fӱ /r 'XҭQ YjR 1DP %ӝ WKӕQJ
QKҩW FiF QKyP &ӝQJ VҧQ 7LӅQ SKRQJ Yj *LҧL SKyQJ YjR PӝW Wә FKӭF
Oҩ\ WrQ JӑL ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP %ӝ &iF Wә FKӭF 7LӅQ SKRQJ Yj ÿѫQ Yӏ YNJ WUDQJ
ÿӅX ÿѭӧF ViW QKұS YjR 9LӋW 0LQK GQJ GDQK [ѭQJ WKӕQJ QKҩW WUrQ WRjQ
TXӕF 6ӵ SKkQ ELӋW 9LӋW 0LQK FNJ Yj 9LӋW 0LQK PӟL Eҩ\ JLӡ PӟL FKҩP
GӭW KRjQ WRjQ
ĈҫX QăP {QJ ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX WUӣ YӅ 9LӋW %ҳF ÿӇ ÿҧP QKұQ FKӭF Yө
7әQJ JLiP ÿӕF 1KD 7K{QJ WLQ 1ăP {QJ WKDP JLD %ӝ *LiR GөF,
[k\ GӵQJ QJjQK Gӵ Eӏ ÿҥL KӑF Yj Vѭ SKҥP FDR FҩS

7KiQJ QăP ĈҥL KӑF 6ѭ SKҥP 9ăQ NKRD Yj ĈҥL KӑF 6ѭ
SKҥP .KRD KӑF ÿѭӧF WKjQK OұS {QJ WUӣ WKjQK %t WKѭ ĈҧQJ ӫ\ ÿҫX WLrQ
FӫD ĈҧQJ Eӝ WUѭӡQJ NLrP JLҧQJ Gҥ\ FiF P{Q NKRD KӑF &KtQK WUӏ 7ULӃW
KӑF /ӏFK Vӱ WKӃ JLӟL Yj /ӏFK Vӱ 9LӋW 1DP ÿѭӧF FRL Oj QJѭӡL ViQJ OұS
QKӳQJ QJjQK NKRD KӑF Qj\ FӫD QӅQ .KRD KӑF 6ѭ SKҥP 9LӋW 1DP KLӋQ
ÿҥL

1ăP KӑF {QJ ÿѭӧF 1Kj QѭӟF SKRQJ KӑF KjP *LiR Vѭ
ÿӧW ÿҫX WLrQ *LӳD QăP 7UѭӡQJ ĈҥL KӑF 7әQJ KӧS +j 1ӝL ÿѭӧF
WKjQK OұS {QJ ÿѭӧF Fӱ JLӳ FKӭF Yө %t WKѭ ĈҧQJ ӫ\ 7UѭӡQJ ĈҥL KӑF
7әQJ KӧS +j 1ӝL QKѭQJ YүQ WKDP JLD ÿjR WҥR ӣ ĈҥL KӑF 6ѭ SKҥP +j
1ӝL

1KӳQJ QăP {QJ F{QJ WiF WҥL 9LӋQ 6ӱ KӑF WKXӝF Ӫ\ EDQ
.KRD KӑF ;m KӝL 9LӋW 1DP QD\ Oj 9LӋQ .KRD KӑF ;m KӝL 9LӋW 1DP

7ӯ QăP ÿӃQ QD\ {QJ WLӃS WөF QJKLrQ FӭX WURQJ OƭQK YӵF NKRD
KӑF [m KӝL

*6 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿm EiQ QJ{L QKj FӫD PuQK Oҩ\ OѭӧQJ YjQJ

448 LONG ĐIỀN

JӱL QJkQ KjQJ ÿӇ OjP 4Xӻ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX 7ӯ OmL VXҩW FӫD OѭӧQJ
YjQJ Qj\ KjQJ QăP *LҧL WKѭӣQJ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿѭӧF WUDR FKR FiF F{QJ
WUuQK QJKLrQ FӭX ӣ WUrQ KDL OƭQK YӵF /ӏFK Vӱ Yj /ӏFK Vӱ Wѭ WѭӣQJ OLrQ
TXDQ ÿӃQ FӵF 1DP 7UXQJ Eӝ WӍQK %uQK 7KXұQ Yj 1DP Eӝ 9LӋW 1DP [20]

ÐQJ TXD ÿӡL O~F JLӡ SK~W QJj\ WKiQJ QăP WҥL EӋQK
YLӋQ 7KӕQJ 1KҩW 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK

*LD ÿuQK Yj KӑF WUz
7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX PӝW ÿӡL KRҥW ÿӝQJ FiFK PҥQJ NK{QJ FRQ FiL 9Ӆ
JLj {QJ QKұQ PӝW QJѭӡL KӑF WUz Oj ĈLQK 7KX ;XkQ OjP FRQ QX{L[3]. Tuy
Yұ\ WURQJ Vӵ QJKLӋS JLiR GөF FӫD PuQK {QJ ÿm ÿѭӧF [HP Oj WKҫ\ FӫD
QKLӅX QKkQ YұW QәL WLӃQJ

· +RjQJ 1Kѭ 0DL
· ĈһQJ +X\ 9ұQ

'DQK KLӋX Yj *LҧL WKѭӣQJ
· +XkQ FKѭѫQJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK Yj QKLӅX KXkQ FKѭѫQJ FDR TXê
khác.

· Nhà giáo Nhân dân (1992).

· $QK KQJ /DR ÿӝQJ WKӡL Nu ÿәL PӟL
· 7RjQ Eӝ F{QJ WUuQK YӅ /ӏFK Vӱ 9LӋW 1DP JӗP Eӝ WұS

FӫD *LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿѭӧF 1Kj QѭӟF WUDR
*LҧL WKѭӣQJ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK ÿӧW QăP

7iF SKҭP
· 7ULӃW KӑF SKә WK{QJ

· %LӋQ FKӭQJ SKiS

· 9NJ WUө TXDQ
· 'X\ YұW OӏFK Vӱ
· 6ӵ SKiW WULӇQ FӫD Wѭ WѭӣQJ 9LӋW 1DP WKӃ Nӹ ÿӃQ &iFK PҥQJ

tháng Tám.

· *Li WUӏ WUX\ӅQ WKӕQJ FӫD GkQ WӝF 9LӋW 1DP

· 6ӵ NKӫQJ KRҧQJ FӫD FKӃ ÿӝ QKj 1JX\ӉQ WUѭӟF
· /ӏFK Vӱ FKӕQJ [kP OăQJ
· *LDL FҩS F{QJ QKkQ 9LӋW 1DP

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 449

· /ӏFK Vӱ FұQ ÿҥL 9LӋW 1DP
· 0LӅQ 1DP JLӳ YӳQJ WKjQK ÿӗQJ

· ĈӏD FKt YăQ KyD 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK
Chú thích

1. A1 75,͈8 ³9ƭQK ELӋW *LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ´ E̹QJ WLӃQJ 9LӋW).
http://tuoitre.vn 7UX\ F̵S 05-12-2010.

2. A *LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX TXD ÿӡL WKӑ WXәL
3. ^ abcd 3KҥP 9NJ ³*LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX 7UăP QăP YXL JLӳD QKkQ

gian”.

4. ^ ab 7Ut WKӭF 1DP %ӝ 1;% ĈҥL KӑF 4XӕF JLD
TP.HCM.

5. A1JX\rQ +QJ ³1DP %ӝ 1KӳQJ QKkQ YұW PӝW WKӡL YDQJ EyQJ´
NXB Công an Nhân dân, 2003. Tr. 84.

6. A1JX\rQ +QJ ³1DP %ӝ 1KӳQJ QKkQ YұW PӝW WKӡL YDQJ EyQJ´
NXB Công an Nhân dân, 2003. Tr. 93.

7. A3KDQ +RjQJ ³%t WKѭ ;ӭ ӫ\ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX Yj &iFK PҥQJ WKiQJ
7iP ӣ 1DP %ӝ´

8. A7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ³+ӗL Nê ´ EҧQ ÿiQK Pi\ 73 +ӗ &Kt
0LQK WU 'үQ WKHR 3KDQ +RjQJ ³%t WKѭ ;ӭ ӫ\ 7UҫQ 9ăQ
*LjX Yj &iFK PҥQJ WKiQJ 7iP ӣ 1DP %ӝ´

9. ^ ab 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ³+ӗL Nê ´ EҧQ ÿiQK Pi\ 73 +ӗ
&Kt 0LQK WU 'үQ WKHR 3KDQ +RjQJ ³%t WKѭ ;ӭ ӫ\ 7UҫQ
9ăQ *LjX Yj &iFK PҥQJ WKiQJ 7iP ӣ 1DP %ӝ´

10. A9u Yұ\ Eҩ\ JLӡ {QJ ÿѭӧF FiF VLQK YLrQ WһQJ ELӋW GDQK Oj ³*LiR Vѭ
Ĉӓ´

11. AVietnam 1945 - The Quest for Power, University of California
Press, Berkeley - Los Angeles - London, 1995, tr.218.

12. AThe Vietnamese Revolution of 1945, Nxb Sage, London, 1991,
tr.384.

13. A +R &KL 0LQK D /LIH 1[E +\SHULRQ 1HZ <RUN EҧQ GӏFK
FӫD %ӝ 1JRҥL JLDR 9LӋW 1DP +j 1ӝL WU

14. A *ӗP %L &{QJ 7UӯQJ Yj 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 1JX\ӉQ

15. A1JX\rQ +QJ ³1DP %ӝ 1KӳQJ QKkQ YұW PӝW WKӡL YDQJ EyQJ´
NXB Công an Nhân dân, 2003. Tr. 100.

450 LONG ĐIỀN

16. ^ $QK .LӋW ³.KӣL QJKƭD YӟL WҫP Y{QJ YҥW QKӑQ´

17. ^ *ӗP %L &{QJ 7UӯQJ 1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 7ҥR,1JX\ӉQ 9ăQ 1JX\ӉQ,
WӭF Oj QKӳQJ ÿҧQJ YLrQ NǤ FӵX

18. ^ 7UҫQ 7UӑQJ 7kQ FKӫ ELrQ ³/ӏFK Vӱ ĈҧQJ Eӝ ĈҧQJ FӝQJ VҧQ
9LӋW 1DP WKjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK´ 1;% 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK
WұS , WU

19. ^ ĈӏD FKt YăQ KyD 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ &Kt 0LQK 1;% 7KjQK SKӕ +ӗ
Chí Minh, 1987. Tr. 356

20. ^ 1JѭӡL EiQ QKj GjQK OѭӧQJ YjQJ FKR QJKLrQ FӭX OӏFK Vӱ
EjL YLӃW FӫD 7UҫQ +RjQJ 1KkQ WUrQ EiR 7KӇ WKDR YăQ KyD

/LrQ NӃW QJRjL
· *LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX 0ӝW KӑF JLҧ OӟQ WUrQ EiR 6jL *zQ
*LҧL 3KyQJ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

· *LiR Vѭ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX +DL FKX\ӋQ &ө +ӗ ³FKӍQK´ W{L WUrQ
EiR 6jL *zQ *LҧL 3KyQJ QJj\ WKiQJ QăP

· Thông tin trên BKTT VN

· 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX 1Kj FiFK PҥQJ WLrX ELӇX KӑF JLҧ OӟQ PӝW
QKkQ FiFK OӟQ WUrQ :HEVLWH FӫD ĈҥL KӑF 4XӕF JLD +j 1ӝL

· *LDQJ VѫQ QKӓ OӋ NKyF $QK KQJ WUrQ :HEVLWH FӫD ĈҥL KӑF
4XӕF JLD +j 1ӝL

· *LiR Vѭ 1Kj JLiR 1KkQ GkQ $QK KQJ /DR ÿӝQJ 75Ҫ1 9Ă1
*,¬8 1JX\rQ %t WKѭ ĈҧQJ ӫ\ ÿҫX WLrQ FӫD ĈҧQJ Eӝ 7UѭӡQJ
Ĉ+63 +j 1ӝL ÿm YƭQK ELӋW FK~QJ WD ´

7LӇX Vӱ 75Ҫ1 9Ă1 *,¬8 WKHR WjL OLӋX FӫD TX\ӇQ
7Ut WKӭF 1DP %ӝ 1;% ĈҥL KӑF 4XӕF JLD 73 +&0

http://my.opera.com/alwayssomewhere/blog/show.dml/1628185

7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX VLQK QăP WҥL [m $Q /өF /RQJ KX\ӋQ &KkX

7KjQK WӍQK 7kQ $Q QD\ Oj WӍQK /RQJ $Q

1ăP VDX NKL WӕW QJKLӋS 7UѭӡQJ WUXQJ KӑF &KDVVHORXS /DXEDW
ӣ 6jL *zQ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿѭӧF JLD ÿuQK FKR VDQJ 3KiS GX KӑF WҥL ĈҥL
KӑF 7RXORXVH

7KiQJ QăP 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX [LQ JLD QKұS Yj WUӣ WKjQK ĈҧQJ
YLrQ ĈҧQJ &6 3KiS /j PӝW QJѭӡL &6 \rX QѭӟF ÿҫ\ QKLӋW KX\ӃW

CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 451

{QJ ÿѭӧF DQK HP GX KӑF VLQK Yj WKӧ WKX\ӅQ 9LӋW 1DP ӣ WKjQK SKӕ
7RXORXVH Fӱ OjP ÿҥL ELӇX OrQ 3DULV WKDP Gӵ FXӝF ELӇX WuQK ÿzL [yD
DQ Wӱ KuQK FKR WKӫ OƭQK 4XӕF GkQ ĈҧQJ Eӏ 3KiS EҳW WURQJ FXӝF
NKӣL QJKƭD <rQ %iL 'R Yұ\ {QJ Eӏ FҧQK ViW EҳW JLDP WҥL QKj W
/RD 5RTXLOOLV Yj VDX ÿy {QJ Eӏ &KtQK SKӫ 3KiS WUөF [XҩW YӅ QѭӟF
6DX NKL YӅ QѭӟF 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX WKDP JLD Gҥ\ KӑF WҥL 7UѭӡQJ Wѭ WKөF
+XǤQK &{QJ 3KiW ÿӗQJ WKӡL WKDP JLD KRҥW ÿӝQJ FiFK PҥQJ ӣ 6jL *zQ
± &Kӧ /ӟQ &NJQJ WURQJ WKӡL JLDQ Qj\ {QJ ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF ĈҧQJ NӃW QҥS Yj
WUӣ WKjQK ÿҧQJ YLrQ ĈҧQJ &6Ĉ' ÿӗQJ WKӡL {QJ ÿѭӧF SKkQ F{QJ FQJ
+ҧL 7ULӅX SKө WUiFK %DQ +ӑF VLQK Yj %DQ 3KҧQ ÿӃ FӫD ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ
6DX FDR WUjR ;{ YLӃW 1JKӋ WƭQK ÿѭӧF Wә FKӭF ĈҧQJ ÿӗQJ ê 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX
VDQJ /LrQ ;{ KӑF WҥL 7UѭӡQJ ĈҥL KӑF Ĉ{QJ 3KѭѫQJ 1ăP NKL EҧR
YӋ WKjQK F{QJ ÿӅ WjL WӕW QJKLӋS ³9ҩQ ÿӅ UXӝQJ ÿҩW ӣ Ĉ{QJ 'ѭѫQJ´ 7UҫQ
9ăQ *LjX QKұQ EҵQJ ĈҥL KӑF Ĉ{QJ 3KѭѫQJ UӗL UӡL 0DW[FѫYD YӅ QѭӟF
7Uӣ YӅ 6jL *zQ 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX WLӃS WөF KRҥW ÿӝQJ FiFK PҥQJ ÿһF
ELӋW {QJ WKDP JLD Wә FKӭF OҥL ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ ÿӗQJ WKӡL WKDP JLD
[XҩW EҧQ Wӡ EiR &ӡ ÿӓ Yj Eӝ ViFK 7QJ WKѭ /j PӝW QJѭӡL \rX QѭӟF
X\ WtQ FӫD {QJ QJj\ FjQJ WăQJ WURQJ JLӟL QKkQ Vƭ WUt WKӭF 1DP .Ǥ
FKtQK Yu WKӃ {QJ Eӏ WKӵF GkQ 3KiS EҳW JLDP QKLӅX OҫQ NӇ Fҧ Eӏ ELӋW
JLDP WҥL &{Q ĈҧR 7j /jL QăP 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX OmQK ÿҥR DQK
HP W FKtQK WUӏ Wә FKӭF YѭӧW QJөF 7j /jL ĈӗQJ 1DL WKjQK F{QJ
ĈӃQ QăP 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿѭӧF Fӱ OjP %t WKѭ ;ӭ ӫ\ 1DP .Ǥ
1Jj\ &iFK PҥQJ WKiQJ 7iP WKjQK F{QJ WҥL 6jL *zQ
&KtQK TX\ӅQ FiFK PҥQJ ÿѭӧF WKjQK OұS 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿѭӧF Fӱ OjP
&Kӫ WӏFK Ӫ\ EDQ +jQK FKtQK /kP WKӡL QDP Eӝ 1Jj\
NKL WLӃQJ V~QJ NKiQJ FKLӃQ ӣ 1DP %ӝ EQJ Qә Ӫ\ EDQ NKiQJ FKLӃQ
1DP %ӝ ÿѭӧF WKjQK OұS Yj 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX ÿѭӧF Fӱ JLӳ FKӭF &Kӫ WӏFK
7ӯ QăP ÿӃQ QăP 7UҫQ 9ăQ *LjX JLӳ FKӭF 7әQJ JLiP ÿӕF
1KD 7K{QJ WLQ 1DP %ӝ Yj VDX ÿy {QJ ÿѭӧF ÿLӅX ÿӝQJ UD FKLӃQ NKX
9LӋW %ҳF WKDP JLD [k\ GӵQJ SKiW WULӇQ JLiR GөF ÿҥL KӑF Yj WUXQJ KӑF
FKX\rQ QJKLӋS

&iF WiF SKҭP QәL WLӃQJ

http://www.phahe.vn/Knowledge_Detail.aspx?ContentID=5353

a. 7X\rQ WUX\ӅQ SKә ELӃQ WULӃW KӑF 0iF /rQLQ 1ăP QKj
[XҩW EҧQ ;k\ GӵQJ LQ ED FXӕQ ViFK Fy ê QJKƭD WULӃW KӑF QKұS P{Q %LӋQ
FKӭQJ SKiS 9NJ WUө TXDQ Yj 'X\ YұW OӏFK Vӱ 6DX QJj\ WRjQ TXӕF
NKiQJ FKLӃQ ӣ 9LӋW %ҳF FiF WUѭӡQJ ĈҧQJ JLҧQJ Gҥ\ WULӃW KӑF 0iF
/rQLQ FiF KӝL QJKLrQ FӭX FKӫ QJKƭD 0iF FNJQJ Wә FKӭF QKLӅX EXәL QyL
FKX\ӋQ YӅ WULӃW KӑF

b. /ӏFK Vӱ FKӕQJ [kP OăQJ %ӝ ViFK Qj\ JӗP TX\ӇQ Gj\ JҫQ

452 LONG ĐIỀN