Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
PERSEPSI PELAJAR TERHADAP PROSES PENGAJARAN PENSYARAH
BAGI PROGRAM SIJIL SERVIS KENDERAAN RINGAN (SKR) KOLEJ
KOMUNITI KELANA JAYA
Mohd Sapawi Bin Mohd Isa1, Ahmad Tarmizi Bin Md Nor2 dan Mohd Husharilamri Bin Husain3
Kolej Komuniti Kelana Jaya
[email protected]
Abstract
This paper was conducted to examine students' perceptions during their learning process towards lecturer's
teaching. The study took a sample of 2 classes in March 2018 Session namely the SKR 3A class and the
SKR class 4. A total of 38 male students were involved in the study. This study was conducted in a
questionnaire where the questionnaire was distributed to students. The results of the questionnaire found that
the highest average score was 76.3% and the lowest average score result was 68.4%. Hopefully this paper
will benefit lecturers in improving the quality of their achievement during the teaching and learning process.
Key words : Perceptions of Students, Lecturers
Abstrak
Kertas kerja ini dijalankan untuk meninjau persepsi pelajar semasa proses pembelajaran mereka terhadap
pengajaran pensyarah. Kajian ini mengambil sampel dari 2 kelas Sesi Mac 2018 iaitu kelas SKR 3A dan
kelas SKR 4. Seramai 38 orang pelajar lelaki terlibat di dalam kajian ini. Kajian ini dijalankan secara soal
selidik di mana borang soalan selidik diedarkan kepada pelajar. Hasil soalan selidik didapati purata skor
yang paling tinggi ialah sebanyak 76.3% iaitu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan hasil dapatan purata skor yang
paling rendah ialah sebanyak 68.4% iaitu hasil pembelajaran. Diharap dengan kertas kerja ini akan dapat
memberi manfaat kepada pensyarah di dalam meningkatkan mutu pencapaian mereka semasa proses
pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Kata Kunci : Persepsi Pelajar, Pensyarah
Pendahuluan penyampaian mesej, samada lisan atau bertulis.
Sekiranya mesej yang dihantar oleh penyampai
Kajian ini difokuskan kepada pelajar dapat difahami maksudnya oleh penerima, maka
untuk melihat persepsi pelajar terhadap proses komunikasi berkesan telah pun berlaku. Sebagai
pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang diajar oleh seorang guru, komunikasi lisan berlaku apabila
pensyarah. Aspek yang dilihat adalah daripada guru sedang menyampaikan pelajaran atau
persepsi pelajar terdapat pensyarah yang arahan untuk menjalankan sesuatu tugas amali.
mengajar yang merangkumi kaedah padagogi Ketika guru menulis sesuatu di papan hitam atau
pensyarah. Iaitu aspek permulaan proses lutsinar untuk kegunaan murid-murid, maka
pengajaran dan pembelajaran, semasa proses komunikasi secara bertulis telah diamalkan [3].
pengajaran dan pembelajaran [11]. Aspek
sahsiah pensyarah juga dinilai daripada persepsi Dalam situasi berkenaan, nyata bahawa
pelajar. Kemahiran berkomunikasi boleh kemahiran berkomunikasi amat penting bagi
dikuasai melalui proses pembelajaran (Rosli seorang guru untuk mewujudkan suasana
Abd. Rahman, 1997) [6]. Melalui interaksi, pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang berkesan (Ee
seseorang itu dapat bertukar pendapat dan Ah Meng, 1996). Flanders, 1970 (Edward dan
berkongsi pengalaman dengan individu lain. Westergate, 1987) [5] dalam kajiannya terhadap
Individu yang mempunyai kemahiran interaksi bilik darjah dikenali dengan Sistem
berkomunikasi mempunyai peluang lebih baik Analisis Interaksi Flanders) telah merumuskan
untuk menyesuaikan dirinya dengan bahawa dalam sesuatu proses pengajaran yang
persekitarannya. Komunikasi merupakan proses berlaku dalam bilik darjah, seseorang guru
1 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
bercakap dua pertiga daripada keseluruhan Metodologi
waktu mengajar. Percakapan guru itu secara Borang soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada
langsung mempengaruhi murid-murid seperti pelajar adalah mengikut borang soal selidik yang
dalam menyampai, memberi arahan dan digunapakai oleh pihak Jabatan Pengajian Kolej
mengkritik. Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1991), [1] Komuniti (JPKK) yang telah diubah suai.
meletakkan tanggungjawab utama mencorakkan Borang soal selidik ini mengandungi 10 item
interaksi bilik darjah itu adalah terletak di tangan soalan. Borang soal selidik diedarkan kepada
guru. Motivasi pelajar untuk belajar adalah kelas-kelas yang diajar oleh dua orang pensyarah
sangat berkaitan dengan sikap, perasaan dan bagi Program Servis Kenderaan Ringan (SKR).
kehendak mereka yang mana ianya bergantung Pelajar dikehendaki menjawab borang soal
kepada kualiti perhubungan dan interaksi di selidik tersebut dengan menanda mengikut skor
dalam suasana pembelajaran Ngei Kie Soon yang telah ditetapkan. Skor tersebut daripada 4
(2004) [10]. hingga skor 1. Skor 4 adalah sangat setuju, skor
3 setuju, skor 2 tidak setuju dan skor 1 sangat
Sebagai seorang pemimpin di dalam tidak setuju.
kelas, guru mempunyai tanggungjawab yang
besar untuk mengenalpasti keperluan pelajar dan Hasil dan Perbincangan
untuk menggalakkan interaksi bilik darjah yang Daripada dapatan data didapati bahawa untuk
positif dan berkesan. Wlodkowski item Saya diterangkan dengan jelas mengenai
mencadangkan beberapa strategi untuk hasil pembelajaran bahawa pelajar sangat setuju
menghasilkan interaksi yang berkesan antara pensyarah menerangkan hasil pembelajaran
guru dan murid. Biggs.J.B. (1987) [8] telah sebanyak 68.4%.
menggariskan beberapa ciri komunikasi guru dan
murid yang boleh menghasilkan pengajaran yang Diagram 1: Taburan data bagi item yang
berkesan, antaranya ialah: Mempunyai sifat diedarkan kepada para pelajar
penyabar, penyayang serta suka akan murid-
muridnya. Sifat ini dapat melahirkan kemesraan Ini menunjukkan bahawa pensyarah memastikan
antara guru dengan murid. Pandai menghargai pelajar diterangkan hasil pembelajaran setiap
dan memuji murid-murid [2]. Penghargaan dan kali pensyarah memulakan kelas bagi
pujian yang diberikan hendaklah ikhlas dan memastikan pelajar tahu apa yang mereka akan
jujur. Sentiasa bersikap positif dan bercakap pelajari pada hari tersebut. Manakala pengajaran
tentang perkara yang baik dan benar. Elakkan pensyarah meningkatkan pengetahuan saya
daripada bersikap angkuh atau suka sebanyak 76.3%. Sebagai seorang pensyarah,
melemparkan kritik yang tidak beralasan [4]. Air mereka mestilah memastikan pelajar faham dan
muka, bahasa badan serta pertuturan dan mendapat pengetahuan terhadap proses
tindakan guru harus mencerminkan perhatian
guru dan kejujurannya hendaklah membantu dan
mendidik murid-murid.
Hajah Noraini Haji Omar, (2008) [9]
menggunakan bahasa badan atau gerak geri yang
sesuai dalam pengajaran. Sentiasa mewujudkan
dan mengekalkan hubungan mata semasa
bercakap atau berkomunikasi dengan murid.
Sentiasa mengulang isi-isi penting. Sentiasa
bertolak ansur dengan murid-murid dalam
memberi maklumat atau pengajaran. Sentiasa
memberi peluang kepada murid-murid untuk
mengemukakan soalan atau maklum balas.
Menurut Ab. Rahman Abu Bakar (1992) [7]
faktor-faktor umum yang lain seperti motivasi,
penggunaan sumber, aktiviti kumpulan dan lain-
lain juga merangsang ke arah mewujudkan
interaksi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran
yang berkesan
2 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang telah Diagram 4: Peratusan purata taburan skor
dilaksanakan. Pensyarah hendalah sentiasa bagi dapatan data
bertanya kepada pelajar atau menarik minat
pelajar supaya bertanya supaya berlaku interaksi
uda hala. Dengan interaksi ini pensyarah akan
lebih memahami apa yang telah diketahui oleh
pelajar.
Diagram 2: Purata peratusan skor bagi
persepsi pelajar terhadap pensyarah
ITEM SKOR SKOR SKOR SKOR Bagi item saya berpeluang mengaplikasikan
1.HASIL 1(%) 2(%) 3(%) 4(%) pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang diberikan
PEMBELAJARAN 5.3 26.3 68.4 mendapat 78.9%. Bagi item ini pelaksanaan
2.MENINGKAT 0 5.3 18.4 76.3 kelas secara teori dijalankan semasa sesi
PENGETAHUAN 0 5.3 15.8 78.9 penerangan dan dilakukan secara praktikal bagi
3.APLIKASI 0 2.6 39.5 57.9 memastikan pelajar faham dan boleh laksanakan
PENGETAHUAN 0 7.9 36.8 55.3 apa yang mereka ketahui. Kefahaman pelajar
4.AKTIF DALAM 0 2.6 42.1 55.3 terhadap sesuatu pengajaran yang diberikan oleh
P&P 0 2.6 36.8 60.5 dilihat terhadap hasil praktikal yang dilakukan
5. DORONGAN 0 10.5 36.8 52.6 oleh pelajar. Saya sentiasa belajar dalam suasana
DAN MOTIVASI 0 7.9 28.9 63.2 persekitaran kelas yang selamat,bersih dan
6.KERJA 0 2.6 23.7 73.7 teratur 73.7%. Persekitaran kelas dan makmal
MENCABAR 0 yang bersih dan tersusun akan memberi pelajar
lebih bermotivasi untuk belajar.
7.BBM
8.MENYEMAK
PB
9.PERWATAKAN
POSITIF
10.KELAS
KONDUSIF
Diagram 3: Peratusan purata taburan skor
mengikut item
Kesimpulan
Daripada dapatan data menunjukkan bahawa
pelajar bersetuju pensyarah telah memaklumkan
bahawa setiap kali kelas bermula pensyarah akan
menerang hasil pembelajaran daripada kelas
yang diadakan. Tetapi pensyarah hendaklah
memastikan keseluruhan pelajar di dalam kelas
mendapat hasil pembelajaran yang diajar supaya
tidak ada pelajar yang tercicir bagi proses
pengajaran dan pembelajaran pada ketika itu.
Begitu juga dengan pengajaran pensyarah
meningkatkan pengetahuan dan berpeluang
mengaplikasikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran.
Bagi item pelajar terlibat secara aktif dalam
3 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
pengajaran dan pembelajaran, pelajar berjaya [6] Rosli Abd. Rahman (1997), Kesan Latihan
Kemahiran Berkomunikasi Terhadap
memberi respon yang sesuai atas dorongan dan Konsep Kendiri Pelajar Di Sebuah sekolah
Menengah, Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia.
motivasi daripada pensyarah, kerja kursus dan
[7] Ab. Rahman Abu Bakar (1992), Kearah
soalan yang dikemukan oleh pensyarah Melahirkan Pengajaran Berkesan, Jurnal
Dewan Bahasa, KL: DBP.
mencabar minda, pensyarah menarik minat dan
[8] Biggs.J.B. (1987). Teaching For learning:
membantu kefahaman, pensyarah menyemak dan The View From Cognitive Psychology.
Victoria: The Australian Council For
memberi maklumbalas terhadap Educational Research Ltd.
ujian/kuiz/tugasan/laporan, pensyarah sentiasa [9] Hajah Noraini Haji Omar. (2008). Faktor-
Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian
perwatakan positif yang boleh dicontohi berada Pelajar Dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan
Islam Tingkatan Lima. Jurnal Penyelidikan
dalam situasi yang sangat sederhana. Pendidikan IPTAR
Aspek ini perlulah dititikberatkan oleh [10] Ngei Kie Soon (2004). Faktor-Faktor Yang
pensyarah. Ini kerana item ini yang memberi Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Pelajar Dalam
pelajar pengetahuan daripada proses pengajaran Mata Pelajaran Pengajian Kejuruteraan
yang dipelajarinya. Dengan penekanan aspek ini Awam Di Sekolah-Sekolah Menengah
pelajar dapat mengetahui kelemahan mereka Teknik, Johor Bahru. Universiti Teknologi
berada ditahap mana. Pensyarah hendaklah Malaysia:Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda Serta
mengelak daripada menanda kertas soalan Pendidikan.
dihujung semester. Pensyarah juga hendaklah
menerangkan atau membuat perbincangan setiap [11] Ismail B. Kailani & Khairuzaman Bin
soalan daripada penilaian berterusan setiap kali Ismail. Mengenal Pasti Faktor-Faktor Yang
pemulangan kertas jawapan pelajar. Bagi Menyebabkan Pelajar Kurang Cemerlang
menarik minat pelajar, pensyarah hendaklah Dalam Mata Pelajaran Sains: Satu Kajian
mempelbagaikan alat bantuan mengajar. Tinjauan Di Sebuah Sekolah Menengah
Luar Bandar. Fakulti Pendidikan,Universiti
Pensyarah boleh menggunakan video, dan Teknologi Malaysia.
sebagainya bagi memudahkan pelajar
membandingkan pembelajaran di dalam kelas
dengan di luar kelas. Sehubungan dengan itu
seorang pensyarah yang baik hendaklah
mempunyai ilmu padagogi supaya proses
pengajaran dan pembelajaran dapat berjalan
dengan lancar dan menghasilkan pelajar yang
berguna kepada bangsa dan negara.
.
Rujukan
[1] Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1991), Al Quranul
Karim, Terjemahan Dan Huraian Maksud,
Terjemahan Uthman El-Muhammady,
Kuala Lumpur KL:DBP.
[2] Yahya Don (2005). Siri Pengurusan
Sekolah: Kepimpinan Pendidikan di
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur:PTS Profesional
[3] Zaidarol Akmaliah, Lope Pihie, Foo Say
Fooi. (2005). Memperkasa Pendidikan
Pelajar Berisiko. Malaysia:UPM Serdang.
Cetakan Pertama
[4] Azizi Yahaya, Noordin Yahaya, Zurihanmi
Zakaria. (2005). Psikologi Kognitif.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai.
[5] Edward, A.D. and Westergate (1987),
Investigating Classroom Talk, London and
Philadepia: The Falmer Press.
4 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC PUMP DOWN ON SPLIT UNIT WALL
MOUNTED TYPE AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM
Muhamad Asrul Affendi Bin Mat Nor¹, Ahmad Tarmizi Bin Md Nor² dan Mohd Sapawi Bin Mohd Isa³
Kolej Komuniti Kelana Jaya
Corresponding e-mail:[email protected]
Abstract
Pump down is a process of pumping and storing refrigerant that circulated in an air conditioning system into
the outdoor unit. In normal practice, pump down was done manually before any service or repair being made
on the split unit air conditioning system. This experimental project focused on developing an automatic
pump- down system attached to wall mounted split-unit air conditioning as part of leak prevention effort. A
1hp split-unit was connected with two set of pressure switches and solenoid valves work as stopper to shut of
both lines in the event of leakage. Compressor continue running until all refrigerant were pumped into the
outdoor unit. Few leakage cases was selected to examine the capability of the new automatic pump down
system in term of keeping as much refrigerant from emitted to atmosphere. The system was highly
recommended and sus jested to implemented in all split unit system do prevent leakage refrigerant from
expose to atmosphere. The result show that 99.98% refrigerant were able to recovered.
Key words : Refrigerant Recovery, Leak Prevention, Environment
Abstrak
‘Pump down’ adalah proses mengepam dan menyimpan bahan pendingin yang beredar di dalam sistem
penyaman udara ke dalam unit luar. Dalam amalan biasa, ‘Pump down’ telah dilakukan secara manual
sebelum sebarang perkhidmatan atau pembaikan dilakukan pada sistem penyaman udara unit pisah. Projek
eksperimen ini memberi tumpuan kepada membangunkan sistem ‘Pump down’ automatik yang dipasang
pada penyaman udara jenis pisah sebagai sebahagian daripada usaha pencegahan kebocoran. Penghawa
dingin berkapasiti 1hp dihubungkan dengan dua set suis tekanan dan injap solenoid berfungsi sebagai
penyambung untuk menutup kedua-dua garisan dalam keadaan kebocoran. Pemampat terus berjalan
sehingga semua bahan pendingin telah di pam ke dalam unit luaran. Sistem ini sangat disyorkan dan dapat
dilaksanakan dalam semua sistem unit pisah bagi mengelakkan bahan pendingin yang mengalami kebocoran
daripada terdedah kepada atmosfera. Hasil daripada eksperimen ini menunjukkan bahawa 99.98% bahan
pendingin dapat tersimpan dalam unit luar.
Kata kunci : Pemulihan Bahan Pendingin, Pencegahan Kebocoran, Alam Sekitar
Introduction connection cause by poor installation or wear
and tear process. Refrigerant loss also
The air conditioning system must be free contributes to the reduction of the operating
leakage conditions to operate due to refrigerant efficiency of the system, leading to increased
only acts as a heat transfer agent, a close cycle power consumption and greenhouse gas
system is needed to control the pressure and emissions, higher maintenance costs and
avoid operating system in abnormal conditions. eventual system failure according to Grace,I.N
The leakage may happen between pipes and DAtta,D.& Tassou,S.A.2005 Sensitivity of
component refrigerantion System Performance to charge
levels and parameters for on-line leak
1 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
detection[1].Leakage refrigerant will cause less HCFC type refrigerants. Refrigerants leaks have
efficiency in air conditioning systems. adverse effects on the climate of the earth.
Refrigerant loss also contributes to the reduction
of the operating efficiency of the system, leading Increasing financial costs for repairing the air-
to increased power consumption and greenhouse conditioning system on the user’[4]. Indirectly
gas emissions, higher maintenance costs and effect by the leakage of the refrigerant affect the
eventual system failure. According Rodrigurez efficiency of the air conditioning system‘. It also
1995 An undercharged condition creates a higher provides comfort to the user incompetence. Also
than normal superheat as well as lower sub argue that ‘Preventing the leakage of refrigerants
cooling. This can have an adverse effect on is a fundamental of good system design, service
compressor motor winding .Refrigerant and maintenance‘. There must be means to
undercharging also decreases the system prevent leakage of refrigerant. Fabricated
capacity’[2]. This can have an adverse effect on Automatic Pump down is a device to prevent
compressor motor winding.If the system is
having a leakage, the compressor will be refrigerant from leakage.
jammed and the ampere will be high. Due to lack Refrigerant leakage effects to the
of gas, compressor work harder which causes the
compressor jammed. This can have an adverse environment such as ozone depletion and climate
effect on compressor motor winding .Refrigerant change. Global climate change will complicate
undercharging also decreases the system the daily activities of the world. Grace et al.2005
capacity’. This can have an adverse effect on state that ‘The impact of refrigeration systems on
compressor motor winding. The loss of the the environment can be reduced by operating at
refrigerant in the compressor will cause the
compressor operate high vibration and noise, and higher levels of energy efficiency and by
become to be damaged. This matter should be reducing refrigerant leakage’[5]. The greenhouse
aware by everyone who involve in air- effect determines the Earth's climate and
conditioning or refrigerant industries. Chemical
reactions on the surfaces of ice crystals in the improve emissions greenhouse gases associated
clouds release active forms of CFCs. Ozone with human daily activities and affect the current
depletion begins, and the ozone “hole”
appears[3].The emission of the refrigerant such climate.
as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydro Mixing of chemicals contained in the
chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) used in air-
conditioning split unit due to leakage, may cause refrigerant is a big contribution to ozone
depletion of ozone layer. The aim of this project
is to build system trigger leakage and depletion and climate change in the world.
automatically pump down the refrigerant in ASHARE Board et al.2017 Stated that ‘a broad
system.
range of fluids has been used as refrigerants over
Objective the years, and current usage is dominated by a
range of fluorinated chemicals, known as HFCs,
In order to archive this aim 3 objective were
set. There are firstly, To design and select in addition to hydrocarbons and several
fabricated automatic pump down system that is inorganic compounds, including ammonia and
attached to wall mounted AC split unit secondly,
To install automatically pump down as a carbon dioxide (CO2). An earlier generation of
solutions for refrigerant leakage and save refrigerants, the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
refrigerant in the system lastly, To analyze
capability of the system in different condition. hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) contained
chlorine, and environmental impacts related to
Literature Review ozone depletion resulted in the scheduled phase
According Cowan et al.2010 state that out of the CFC and HCFC refrigerants under the
‘Presidential Address highlighted the significant Montreal Protocol’[6]. Concern of global climate
problems associated with leakage of HFC and
change by the world community has focused on
the HFC the refrigerant. There are some
countries that give attention to HFC and provide
sanctions against the adoption of the refrigerant
According ASHARE Board et al.2017
to, State that ‘Global warming is mainly the
problem of too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in
the atmosphere. Refrigerant leakage can also
cause global warming. The energy that
refrigeration systems consume is often produced
from fossil fuels which results in emissions of
CO2, a contributor to global climate change’[7].
The amount of energy contained in material that
causes CO2 refrigerant air released into the
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Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
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Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
atmosphere when there are leaks in the system. switch, solenoid wave and compressor will
When CO2 emission into the atmosphere, combine for to get electricity supply from indoor
contributing to global climate change and global unit. Neutral from fan, solenoid valve,
warming world. Ozone depletion causes global compressor and pressure switch will be combined
warming all at once. When pressure setting in the low
pressure switch will detect changes in refrigerant
Methodology pressure, the solenoid valve will operate.
Solenoid valve in the discharge will blocked the
Flowchart refrigerant. At the time, the compressor operates,
First sections is Selection design, secondly is compressor suck up all refrigerant to outdoor
unit. When pressure at suctions zero, pressure
Fabrication and lastly is Analysis. Contents on switch will operate send signal to solenoid wave.
Design selections has System selection, Purpose Solenoid will operate and block the refrigerant
design, Bill of material and Material selection. out from outdoor unit. Besides that, low pressure
Contents on Fabrications are Assemble outdoor switch can shut off the power supply outdoor
unit, Wiring connections, Installations, Vacuum, unit. At the same time, indicator light (red) can
Refrigerant charging and Test leakage. In operate show finish process pump down. Figure 2
analysis sections has set up experiment, show modification wiring out door unit
experiment running, Analysis experiment and
Obtain data.
Proposed design
Low pressure switch and solenoid valve will
be attached at after 3 way wave suctions and
before suctions pipe compressor. Another low
pressure switch and solenoid wave will be
attached at after capillary tube cooper pipe before
discharge 3 way wave. Figure 1 show the
modification of part on outdoor unit.
Figure 1: Schematic drawing for modification Figure 2: Wiring diagram of modification of
of Outdoor unit outdoor unit
Control system and wiring is modified by Set up experiment
replenishing wiring pressure switch and solenoid Provide equipment and materials according to
wave. Sources of supply electric fan, pressure
the planned. Make sure equipment and material
complete. Run the unit until 15 minute for
current and pressure refrigerant stable. .Make
sure unit operation.
Run the experiment
Set the first low pressure suction pipe at 0 psi.
Next, set a second low pressure switch in the
discharge pipe at 110 psi. After that, run the unit.
Next, observe the readings of electric current and
the pressure refrigerant at the low site, with used
clamp meter and manifold gauge attached on
outdoor unit. , observe the solenoid valve
operation with reading low pressure either
achieve to 0 psi or not. Observe operations
outdoor unit shut off or not after complete
process pump down.
3 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Testing experiment / project Result Current, Time process pump down,
Set on the low pressure switch in reading l10 Amount refrigerant balance versus Pressure
switch setting
psi, 105 psi, 100 psi, 95 psi, 90 psi, 85 psi and 80
psi. This graph shows the relationship between
current, time taken process pump down,
Obtain the data refrigerant amount and pressure switch setting.
Record data for result experiment and The obtained results consist of a set of pressure’s
switch setting value. The value obtained from
analysis this data. Analysis data time process graph.
pump down, Analysis data can discuss on
chapter 4. Analysis data time process pump 1. Pressure switch set at 110 Psi
down, total amount refrigerant balance, total less Refer to plotted graph, when the
refrigerant amount and current electric
pressure’s switch is set to 110 Psi, the result
Result And Discussion shows that the electric current is 3.8 amps,
the time it takes the pump down is 13.62 sec
Data analysis and the weight of the refrigerant stored in the
This data analysis is based on the pressure’s outdoor unit of 600g. The content of the
refrigerant according to manufacturers
switch setting during the experiment and the data recommended specification 0.6kg. The
is collected from amount refrigerant balance that content of the refrigerant is directly
can be store in outdoor unit, time process pump proportional to the pressure refrigerant
down and current operations system Table 4.5 2. Pressure switch set at 95 Psi
shows that the summary data results from the
amount refrigerant balance, time process pump When the pressure’s switch is set to 95
down and current during experiment 1 to 7. Psi, the result shows decreased current of 3.5
amps, decreasing time taken process pump
Table 1: Summary Data from the experiment down of 10.75 sec and decreases content of
1-7 conducted refrigerant is 599.74 g. This occurrence is due
to the decreases of current because current is
Experiment Pressure Amount Time Current directly proportional to pressure refrigerant.
switch refrigerant (Sec) (Amp) 3. Pressure switch set 80 Psi
1 setting
2 (Psi) Balance 13.62 3.8 When the pressure’s switch is set to 80
3 (Gram) 13.00 3.7 Psi, the result shows decreases current of 3.2
4 110 12.20 3.6 amp, decreasing time taken process pump
5 105 600 10.75 3.5 down of 8.96 sec and decreases content of
6 100 599.97 10.29 3.4 refrigerant 599.15 g. The relationship
7 95 599.88 10.23 3.3 between the content of refrigerant, current
90 599.74 8.96 3.2 and pump down process times taken closely
85 599.57
80 599.35
599.15
4 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
related 0.85 g from 600 g to lack of Besides that, this project also expected to reduce
refrigerant in the system, 4.7 amp current loss and control refrigerant leakage from air
will cause a variety of possible effects on the conditioning of 1 horse power wall mounted split
system. An advantages, when pressure’s unit type. based on the objective stated, the
switch is set at 80 Psi, the time needed to system was develop to fulfil the criteria needed
process fast pump down takes only 8.96 sec in order to solve the problem, design and select
entire refrigerant stored in the outdoor unit. fabricated automatic pump down system that is
Refrigerant and current content of decreases. attached to wall mounted ac split unit and
The range of effects on the system. analyse capability of the system in different
condition
4. Time at pressure switch set 90 Psi 85 Psi
Table 2: Table of comparison pressure switch
Not much different in the time taken from setting
10.75 sec to 10.23 sec. This is because the
refrigerant released is stored inside service Pressure Amount Time Current
tank. Most probably the refrigerant in service switch refrigerant (Sec) (Amp)
tank is partially full. If refrigerant were setting
released to the surrounding, the time taken (Psi) Balance 13.62 3.8
will probably show significant reading. 110 (Gram) 10.75 3.5
95 8.96 3.2
Reduction of refrigerant, if due to the 80 600
leakage of refrigerant on the system. The 599.74
possibility of a leak occurs in the system 599.15
caused installations of AC split unit system.
Refrigerant leakage impact on the system From the table above, as conclusion that
such as the temperature inside the rooms not pressure switch setting at 110 Psi setting is the
achieve as required best to be use when reduce and control
refrigerant leakage from air conditioning one
Limitation horse power wall mounted split unit type this
because From the table above, as conclusion that
However, this project also is limitation and at 110 Psi pressure switch setting is the best.
has constraints in certain ways. This project only Option because the amount of refrigerant that
use Acson brand. One horse power of air can be saved as much as 600 grams. Although
conditioning split unit constant type, for the time taken to process pump down is 13.62
experiment. Only hardware and not simulation. seconds, the amount of refrigerant does not
The refrigerant will only store from outdoor unit diminish the capacity of the system in needed.
only. If leakage refrigerant occurs at any joint The amount of current that is need is of 3.8 amps
pipe in outdoor unit such as coil condenser, pipe till the amount of the system is compatible. It
compressor and any parts of outdoor unit, the can protect and reduce the risk of damage to
refrigerant expose surrounding. Beside that compressor. The advantages of the other
limitations, cost to buy air conditioning another pressure switch setting is faster that it is timing
brand , type, capacity horse power it is because differences that need to process pump down.
over budget. Even though it can take a less time, the amount
of refrigerant and the current system is not
Conclusion compatible with the system capacity. It is
important for the user to reduce the damage of
Fabrication of automatic pump down system the air conditioning system. It is also important
on split unit wall mounted type air conditioning to reduce ozone depletion and global warming.
was designed to solve the problem that had been
identified. Nowadays many leakage may happen This project had archived the objective where the
between pipes and component connection which observation to reduce and control refrigerant
is caused by poor installation or wear and tear leakage from system. If damage system is
process. A prevention system need to be design reduced, it can save the money, ozone and global
to avoid the refrigerant leakage because warming.
refrigerant leakage may create several problem
to the environment and the people directly and
indirectly.
5 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
References Using Pipeline Pump-Down Techniques
[1] ASHRAE 2014, ASHRAE POSITION To Lower Gas Line Pressure Before
DOCUMENT ON Refrigerant and Their
Responsible: Atlanta Maintenance Using Pipeline Pump-
[2] Bachmann, S., Refrigeration, D. & Down Techniques To Lower Gas Line. ,
Conditioning, A., 2008. Pressure pp.1–9.
Controls. , (April), pp.1–4.
[3] David Cowan, Jane Gartshare, Issa
Chaer, Christina Francis and Graeme
Maidment, 2010. THE INSTITUTE OF
REFRIGERATION. , pp.1–16.
[4] Emerson Electric Co 2007. Solenoid
Valves and Their Importance in
Refrigeration Systems. , (October).pp.1-
16
[5] Grace, I.N., Datta, D. & Tassou, S.A.,
2005. Sensitivity of Refrigeration
System performance to charge levels and
parameters for on-line leak detection. ,
25, pp.557–566.
[6] Guechi, A., Chegaar, M. & Aillerie, M.,
2012. Environmental effects on the
Performance of Nano crystal line silicon
solar cells. Energy Proscenia, 18,
Pp.1611–1623.Availableat:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.
05.096.
[7] Kaur, R. & College, R.S.D., 2015.
Ozone Depletion : Its Causes, Effects
&Protective Measures. , 4(8), pp.12–16.
[8] MITSUBHI ELECTRIC: Refrigerant
Detection System. Air Conditioning
2014.Pp.1-4 Viewed 4 May 2016.
[9] Rodriguez, A.G., 1995. EVAPORATOR
FLOW ON THE HIGH
TEMPERATURE. , (August).pp.1-50
[10] Ron Walker, 2015.’HAVC Training
Solution’. Basic Operation of Automatic
Pump down Medium Temperature
Walk-in Coolers. Viewed 14 March
2016.
http://www.hvactrainingsolutions.net/ba
sic-operation-of-automatic-pump-down-
medium-temperature-walk-in-coolers/
[11] The news, 2001’automatic pump down
system’ view 14 March
2016.http://www.achrnews.com/articles/
87415-automatic-pumpdown-systems
[12] Thomas leguko and Michael Taylor
2000, Carrier Corporation Industry
report. Split System. Viewed 3 April
2016
[13] United States Environment Protection
Agency report 2006. Lessons Learned
6 KOPPIS 2018
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19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Exploring Design,Comfort and Fit for Obese ChildrenVia Innovative Right Easy
Design
Norain binti Abdul Rashid1 dan Dr.Rosita binti Mohd. Tajuddin2
Kolej Komuniti Raub , Universiti Teknologi Mara
[email protected]
Abstract
Primary School Assessment Reporting or PPSR (2017), reported that 58,294 of standard six students
recorded an excessive body mass index. The National Physical Fitness Standards Test for Malaysian Schools
or SEGAK, showed that 27,031 students were physically less active and 3,644 were physically inactive. The
data showed that children under 12 years old significantly contributed to obesity problems. This study
focused on designing clothes for obese children aged between 7-11 years in which this group often face
challenges in finding plus size clothes that are suitable for their age and size. This study was aimed to
identify types of clothing suitable in terms of using the right material, to feel pleasant, to increase self-esteem,
to allow freedom of movement and to allow ease of wearing. Thus, resolving limitation among obese kids in
relation to clothing. Elements such as designs, lines, fabrics, colours, pattern, motif, and silhouette were the
main design attributes, and are important as these attributes provide comfortable clothing. Face-to-face
interview using structured questionnaire on both parents of obese children and obese children themselves
were conducted to investigate the children’s preference in clothing. Street observation was done to examine
existing trends in relation to children’s clothing in the market. The data was analysed using SPSS version 23
and formulated descriptive statistics. This research found that elements such as fasteners and detailing of
pleats and gathers could provide comfort for obese children. Minimal design using appropriate fabric such as
cotton and denim were also essential towards producing good clothing design for obese children.
Keyword : Obese children, Clothing, Plus size, Design
Introduction According to Santrock (2008), ‘development’ in
human development can be interpreted as a
This research is to understand (1) the children’s change in the pattern of biology, cognitive, and
behaviour during early child development, (2) socio-economy of a human individual starting
obesity in children, and (3) how parents deal from germination stage in early human life until
with select and purchase appropriate clothing for the end of human life. Here, ‘development’ can
their obese children. In understanding the also be identified as orderly, gradual and
children’s behaviour during child development, constant changes in human beings beginning
the term ‘development’ can be defined as the from cell proliferation until the end life of an
changing phases faced by children in accordance organism. These changes involve aspects of
to time. There are other opinions expressed physical, emotional, mental, and social growth,
about the concept and definition of which are influenced by a combination of factors
‘development’. Hamzah Jill and Joy N. Samuel ranging from the input of education, experience,
in the book Child Development (2009), says that and maturity. As such, there are uncountable
‘development’ in child development refers to a variables when focusing in the growth of early
qualitative change that cannot be measured child development. The ‘development’ is
quantitatively, but it can be seen from the new qualitative in the nature and cannot accurately be
properties different from the earlier ones. measured quantitatively. However, quantitative
method can indicate the changes at the early
stage of child development.
1 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Disclosures about healthy lifestyles to children different and free to choose the style according
and promote positive body image is very to their body shape. Developing and refining
important in this day and age. Obesity has silhouette is important to the whole process of
become an epidemic worldwide, and effects the design and it is something that is essential to
children even at a very young age. According to the development of a collection. Therefore aimed
a report from Centres for Disease Control (2008), to develop clothing for the needs of obese
13.9% of preschool children are obese in 2004, children in terms of size using the right material
an increase of 5% per cent in 1974. Furthermore, and design that will give an added value to this
18.8% of school children were obese in 2004, an segment of market. Design for obese/plus-size
increase of 4% on the year 1974. Obesity in children can make the children feel pleasant and
children can lead to diabetes, and increased risk comfort, but at the same time can increase self-
for serious health problems such as esteem, freedom of movement and ease of
cardiovascular diseases much later in life. wearing. Opportunities to give the obese children
Children’s excessive weight may face problems be fashionable and stylish with current trend and
such as bully, lowered self-esteem, depression, a chance to fulfill the needs also give them
mental illnesses, many more. Harvard School of knowledge to thinks more positive to boost their
Public Health Obesity Prevention (2016), confidence in the selection of clothing . Clothes
reported obesity or overweight describes a do not simply cover the body and protect from
person having excessive body fat. The most the element they make a visual statement.
commonly used measure of weight status today Therefore selection clothing of obese children
is the body mass index (BMI) or quetelet index need to be wise in making choices that are
which is derived from comparing weight to appropriate in the circumstances the body by
height ratio of an individual. The BMI is defined knowing the advantages and disadvantages of
as the body mass divided by the square of the certain parts body shape and the right styling
body height, and is universally expressed in units way.
of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and
height in metres. Method
Objective There are several research methods that have
been used by researchers to obtain the data
Nowdays were lots of clothes on offer for collection including sampling methods and data
children wear whether local or international analysis. To answer the research questions, this
brands in the market such as in shopping research used quantitative approach and the data
complex or through shopping online as an option collected based on the surveys question on
to buyer and parents. However, the problem of identified target group. The target groups in this
clothing suitable for obese children is limited in research are parents who have obesity children.
the market. The frequency of changing the The aim is to identify the parent’s problems
garments per year due to the growth factor is when buying clothes for their obese children and
already expected to be frequent but when added to identify the fashion tendency when shopping
with factors obesity, parents need to exchange for plus-sized clothes for their children.
their clothing collection more frequently because Observation is an early method used by
of the added factor of horizontal expansion (or researchers to get an overview in some places
growth) of obese children. This lead to some and also study based on forecast trends by taking
problems for parents. For example, children some design criteria. A preliminary study on 30
clothing style and choice becomes limited due to samples of parents who have a child between 7-
size unavailability. Another example, obese 11 years old and categorized as obese was
children need larger sized choices which are conducted. A survey technique was conducted to
more expensive. According to Delia (2013), collect the data for this study. The questionnaire
development of plus size teen clothing on the and survey instrument is used to get better
market for that reason plus size clothing for understanding of children plus-sized parents’
children also began to receive attention in the inclinations in terms of fashion sense and
market in view of these problems can be clothing choices for their children. The
detected in early childhood. It can be seen that questionnaires were multiple choice and
clothes for obese children are necessary and very distributed to 30 respondents among parents in
important. As a human each individual was government sector, private sector, entrepreneurs,
2 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
and housewives in Selangor. The selected Result
respondents were parents aged between 25 to 45
years old. Quantitative method was used for the This study examines types of clothing suitable
data collection and the data is used for analysis, for plus-sized children who are overweight with
synthesis, design process, post-test, an emphasis on comfort, ease of wearing, and
recommendation and conclusion. The research pleasantness. Elements of design attributes such
method involved several phase that included as lines, fabrics, colour, pattern, motif design,
observation at shopping streets, at, shopping and silhouette are also included in the design.
malls, and from trade reports and magazines. The final design silhouette is an A-line and loose
Questionnaire about obesity children clothing shape with the used of detailing panel and
problems and latest design clothes for obese gathers into the design for skirt, blouse, pants,
children was given to parents who have obese dress and jacket. Types of fabric selection used
children to identify the real problems. The aim of are from natural material such as cotton medium,
conducting these research methods is to ensure cotton heavyweight, combination of lycra stretch,
comprehensive design of an attire that would be and printed fabric – all based on trends of
suitable for obese children. children fashion forecast Spring Summer 2018
and 2019.
Designs are to be durable and flexible. The
garment can be mixed and matched to help
obesity children look confident in their attires.
The range of clothing attire that is appropriate
for obesity children concept focuses on both
design elements and principles of design. These
could eventually create pleasant look and
increase self-esteem for wearer with the new
design concept and make obesity children look
slimmer, stylish, fashionable, functional, and
free.
Refer to diagram 1.0: Conceptual Framework of
Clothing for Obese Children Study
Timelines As shown in diagram 3.0: Conceptual framework
Developing a proper timelines for this study is to clothing for obese children (Norain 2017)
essential for the further process.Timelines need
to be realistic and represent the entire duration of Post Test Findings
the study clothing for obese children.
Based on the post-test finding, majority of the
Refer to chart 2.0 : Timelines clothing for obese respondents (parents and children) agreed with
children study the design looked on the final product. Most of
the respondents also agreed with the final design
product produced as the designs make them feel
comfortable, easy to wear , stylish, fashionable,
look slimmer, look pleasant and trendy. They
also agreed with the functional features of the
design can used in different styles or it can be
mix and match.
3 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Image Of Obese Children Before Wearing The Image Of Obese Children Before Wearing
Final Collection ( Respondent 1 ) The Final Collection ( Respondent 2 )
Nur Hani Insyirah binti Hairi Izwan Aien Sofia Ilhani binti Mohd.Redza
Age 11 years Age 8 years
Weight 69 kg Weight 50 kg
Height 150 cm Height 138 cm
BMI : 30.67 ( Obese ) BMI 26.25 (overweight)
Image 4.0 : Image Of Obese Children After Wearing The Image 5.0 : Image Of Obese Children After Wearing The
Final Collection Final Collection
FEEDBACK FROM MODEL FEEDBACK FROM MODEL
Question 1 Question 1
How do you feel about this design ? How do you feel about this design ?
Nur Hani Insyirah : Nice clothes especially I Aien Sofia Ilhani : Easy to move because of
love the blouse designs, clothes are easy to wear loose clothes , easy to wear and quick to wear it.
and comfortable fabrics. I do not feel hot and Movement is unlimited and can move freely.
sweat despite doing a lot of movement while Comfortable and I like the design of the pants.
wearing it. Unlimited movement due to minimal
and simple design. Question 2
Question 2 Do you feel confident when wearing this
clothes ?
Do you feel confident when wearing this
clothes ? Aien Sofia Ilhani : I have the opportunity to be
trendy in the current trends like other children. I
Nur Hani Insyirah : I have a high self confidence like my new image and my confidence increased
when wearing the clothes. My bodies illusion when wearing the clothes also can follow the
looks slimmer. My image is completely different current trends even if I am overweight children.
from before and my appearance looks pleasant. I
like all the designs. I can be fashionable.
4 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Conclusion trend on colour. Pattern for design clothing is use
loose and comfortable cut and emphasize critical
In this study, it was all about proposed right and parts like the abdomen , chest, arm, armholes
easy design clothing for obese children and the and hips. The next use of motifs on fabrics is the
ranges of design are solution on their fashion and inspiration of the latest trend patterns. The use of
style. This product could also make obese motifs that suit the size of obese children and
children feel confident, enhance the self- does not appear to be excessive in terms of
esteem ,look pleasant and fashionable, this is motifs use and a vertical stripe motifs gives
because a range of product is simple, stylish and effect to the slim and high. Lastly the silhouette
follow the latest trend in the market. This study it is one important part on design because it is
has examined problems related to clothing total look for the design of clothing. The cutting
among obesity children where parents need to is loose and easy to wear for any occasion. It
exchange their clothing collection more makes obese children look slimmer and taller
frequently , children clothing style and choice than before. Silhouette for final design are A-line
becomes limited due to size unavailability and loose. Design detail on clothes used
difficulty finding properly fitting apparel in the fastening such as open ended zipper , button and
market and obese children need larger sized elastic band and the detailing of the design using
choices which are more expensive. Plus-size the element of pleat , gathers and yoke .
market for obese children are still marginalized
also the lack of apparel in terms of desired styles Overall , this research conclude that obese
and sizes for obese children is an issue in the children can be fashionable with the latest
current industry. fashion and trends by styling from the right the
materials and fabrics selection, suitable fabric
Therefore, design a range approaches of pattern also silhouette. The right design cuts can
clothing attire that are appropriate for the obese emphasize confidence to this group and obese
children are design which based on criteria of children can comparable to other children in
elements and principles of design. Design which they are free to dressed properly and also
process requires , acceptance of the situation and the clothing are easy to wear according to the
search for a resolution in terms of size using the suitability of obese children body shape.
right material and silhouette. Focused about
design and fabrics that suitable for the children. Recommendations
Taking into account certain parts of comfort of
certain body parts in the children context; neck, Through this study, for the next
upper arms, midriff, bust, and hips, may not be recommendations are the right and easy clothing
proportionately larger than the shoulder length, for obese children is important on the design.
arms, and leg, as one does and not automatically The illusion such as lines, motifs, colours and
become taller as they increase girth size. It is silhouette can gives effect to user bodies and
make wearers feels confident in appearance, then give impact of slimmer. Indirectly build
to create pleasant look ,comfort and freedom to confidence for obese children to explore the style
movement , the design can be functional to and dare to be stylish. The use of bright colors
wearer with the new design concept and finally such as white and pastel colors can be
to make wearer look fashionable, stylish and implemented on the selection of obese children's
slimmer. clothing to be able to highlight cheerful, bold
and vibrant images as well as to highlight
Types of design attributes suitable for obese stunning images with the requirement to be
children are element of line, the application of smart in order to combine bright and dark color
line using for the design to give of illusion combinations to give a balance to their illusion.
slimmer. The choice of fabric in this study is Dark color stigma only suitable and safely styled
given comfortable, stretchable and does not fit to by individuals who have large of body image
the body. Types of fabric used are cotton, cotton should be changed along with the diversity of
heavyweight, stretchable shirt and denim . styles and fashion today.
Element of colour on design are from dark
colour such as dark blue, blue, orange and brown. However, further studies could focus on the plus
It is give new look for obese children and size for obese children in several clothing types
enhance confident and up to date clothing with such as school uniform, sportswear, uniforms for
5 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
school activities and formal wear. It can give 2 to 20 (Reg and Slim) and girls plus”,
more varieties of choices for clothing based on available at: www.astm.org (accessed May
occasion or purpose. This is because apart from 3, 2012). , [Google Scholar]
clothing for casual activities, school uniforms [4] Brock, M. K., Ulrich, P. V., & Connell, L. J.
and uniforms for activities is one of the most (2010). Exploring the apparel needs and
important clothing for obese children because preferences of tween girls and their mothers.
children spend more time in school. Formal wear Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,
is as their contribution to the next phase when 28(2), 95-111.
growing teenagers. In addition, underwear can [5] Connell, L., & Ulrich, P. (2006). Apparel
also be taken into account to specialize in obese product development for the plussized
children, that is underwear and bra where is the tween and teen market. In Poster presented
time to childhood development of body limbs at the annual meeting of the National
and certain parts of the body. Selection the right Textile Center, Hilton Head, SC.
of underwear is important thing. [6] Dilea, A. (2013). Plus size clothing the
fastest growing segment in the fashion
Therefore, designer needs to consider designing business. Article Rich.
a range of plus-size design for obese children [7] Hamzah,H. , Samuel, J.N., & Kastawi, R.
that is appropriate with the image as a children
in terms of colour selection , comfortable fabric, (2009). Perkembangan Kanak-kanak. Kuala
motifs and silhouette. Types of fabric should Lumpur: Kuala Lumpur: Kumpulan
give more effect of comfortable and combination Budiman, , hlm. 10.
of colours should be suitable to mix and match [8] Kincade, D. H. (1995). Quick response
with other attire to save on the cost of the management system for the apparel
industry: Definition through technologies.
purchase. If adult women have their own plus Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,
size brand such as Mrs. Read , Lane Bryant / 13(4), 245-251.
Avenue, Torrid, Forever 21 and others this are [9] Lamb, J. M., & Kallal, M. J. (1992). A
not possible if the brand plus size for children
can be created. conceptual framework for apparel design.
Clothing and Textile Research Journal,
Lastly, the design collection can be developed to 10(2), 42-47.
adjustable designs also can be considered for [10] Santrock, J. W. (2007). A topical approach
producing obese children clothing. Besides
providing comfort, the length of time they wear to life-span development. McGraw-Hill.
the clothes can be extended when designs can be [11] (2013). Bigger clothes for overweight kids
adjusted according to suitability and
requirements. In addition to the waist , other is not the answer, doctors say. Retrieved
parts like arms, armholes ,shoulders, neck, hips , 20th February 2013 from
thigh and length it should be noted that this part http://www.ahchealthenews.com/2013/02/2
of the body also contributes to the problem of 0/bigger-clothes-for-overweight-kids-is-
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provide comfort to wearer but also give added [12] (2016). Defining Childhood Obesity.
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[13] (2017). What is Obesity?. Retrieved 2017
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prevention-source/obesity-definition/
[1] Abdullah, N. N., Mokhtar, M. M., Bakar, M. [14] Malay Mail Online (2016 ). Separuh rakyat
H. A., & Al-Kubaisy, W. (2015). Trend on Malaysia obesiti, menteri runsing.
Fast Food Consumption in Relation to Retrieved 3th February 2016 from
Obesity among Selangor Urban Community. http://www.themalaymailonline.com/projek
Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, mmo/berita/article/separuh-rakyat-
202, 505-513. malaysia-obesiti-menteri-
[2] Ahmad, M. S. (2004). Psikologi kanak- [15] World Healt Organization .(2017). Obesity
kanak. Pahang: PTS Publication and and overweight. Retrieved October 2017
Distributors Sdn. Bhd. from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/
[3] ASTM International (2007). “Standard fs311/en/
tables of body measurements for girls. Sizes
6 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
MEDIUM PROMOSI PENGAMBILAN PELAJAR DI KOLEJ KOMUNITI
BENTONG
Lukman Nul Hakim Bin Md Terasid1, Ratna Dewi Binti Halifi2 dan Anizawati Binti Mukhtar3
Kolej Komuniti Bentong
[email protected], [email protected] & anizawati@ kkben.edu.my 3
Abstract
Promotion is one of the requirements of each institution of higher learning in introducing their brand
to the general public. Bentong Community College does not miss out on various promotional ways to
introduce Bentong community college to the public. Previously, various methods were used and various
programs were organized in promoting the Bentong Community College to be better known but the college
could not know which promotion method would attract students to check in to the Bentong Community
College. Hence, this study was developed to identify suitable promotion medium based on the intake of
students at Bentong Community College. This study was conducted on new Bentong Community College
students during the July 2016 Session Student Registration Day. The quantitative approach was used in this
study where online questionnaire sets using SurveyMonkey were given to students. Based on the findings of
the study the students continue their studies are on their own accord and the majority of students follow their
own choice courses. Whereas, information about Community College is obtained through the website of the
Student Admissions Management Division (UPU), parents or guardians and peers. They are more
comfortable choosing the online application system (UPU) followed by directly attending college to register.
Overall, the college has to devise an effective promotional method that can be featured for secondary
schooling. In addition, the information channel to disseminate information and the development of the
college should be specifically designed to attract students to enroll in Bentong Community College such as
continuously delivering information to nearby schools about the success of alumni and employment
opportunities offered to college leavers. Additionally, colleges need to further promote the promotion of their
students' special parents through a PIBG meeting or an open day of school. The approach through parents
and guardians is necessary to explain clearly about community colleges as a whole and the latter is to
continuously and consistently disseminate information about college online. All the success of alumni,
infrastructure, programs and student activities can be featured on facebook, twitter or Instagram sites where
these mediums are closest to the current generation of the millennium.
Keyword : writing format, proceedings, abstracts, 2018
Abstrak
Promosi merupakan salah satu keperluan setiap institusi pengajian tinggi dalam memperkenalkan
jenama mereka kepada masyarakat umum. Kolej Komuniti Bentong tidak ketinggalan mengadakan pelbagai
cara promosi untuk memperkenalkan Kolej komuniti Bentong kepada umum. Sebelum ini, pelbagai kaedah
digunakan dan pelbagai program dianjurkan dalam mempromosikan Kolej Komuniti Bentong supaya lebih
dikenali akan tetapi pihak kolej tidak dapat mengetahui kaedah promosi yang manakah dapat menarik minat
pelajar untuk mendaftar masuk ke Kolej Komuniti Bentong. Justeru itu, kajian ini dibangunkan untuk
mengenalpasti medium promosi yang sesuai berdasarkan kaedah pengambilan pelajar di Kolej Komuniti
Bentong. Kajian ini dijalankan terhadap pelajar baru Kolej Komuniti bentong semasa Hari Pendaftaran
Pelajar Sesi Julai 2016. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan dalam kajian ini di mana set soal selidik secara atas
talian menggunakan SurveyMonkey diberikan kepada pelajar-pelajar. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian para
pelajar menyambung pengajian adalah di atas kemahuan diri sendiri dan majoriti pelajar mengikuti kursus
pilihan masing-masing. Manakala sumber informasi mengenai Kolej Komuniti diperoleh melalui laman
sesawang Bahagian Pengurusan Kemasukan Pelajar (UPU), ibu bapa atau penjaga dan hubungan rakan
sebaya. Mereka lebih selesa memilih sistem permohonan atas talian (UPU) diikuti dengan menghadirkan diri
terus ke kolej untuk mendaftar. Secara keseluruhannya pihak kolej perlu merangka kaedah promosi berkesan
yang boleh diketengahkan untuk lepasan menengah. Di samping itu saluran informasi bagi menyampaikan
1 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
maklumat dan perkembangan kolej perlu dirancang secara khusus bagi menarik minat pelajar untuk
mendaftar ke Kolej Komuniti Bentong seperti menyampaikan maklumat secara berterusan ke sekolah-
sekolah yang berdekatan mengenai kejayaan alumni dan peluang pekerjaan yang di tawarkan kepada lepasan
kolej. Selain itu, pihak kolej perlu mempergiatkan lagi promosi kepada ibu bapa pelajar khasnya melalui
mesyuarat PIBG ataupun hari terbuka sekolah. Pendekatan melalui ibu bapa dan penjaga adalah perlu bagi
menerangkan secara jelas tentang kolej komuniti secara keseluruhan dan yang terakhir adalah dengan
menyebarkan maklumat berkenaan kolej secara atas talian dengan berterusan dan konsisten. Segala kejayaan
alumni, prasarana, program dan aktiviti pelajar boleh dipaparkan di laman facebook, twitter mahupun
Instagram di mana medium-medium ini adalah yang paling hampir dengan generasi alaf baru masa kini.
Kata kunci : pengambilan, pendaftaran, promosi
Pendahuluan lawatan pelajar sekolah, media sosial, media
elektronik, sistem pesanan ringkas (SMS),
Kolej Komuniti Bentong telah ditubuhkan hebahan di radio, promosi ke sekolah-sekolah
pada Mac 2003 dan beroperasi di premis menengah dan sebagainya.
sementara di Sekolah Menengah Teknik Tengku
Ampuan Afzan, Bentong Pahang. Pada Jun 2004, Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti
Kolej Komuniti Bentong telah berpindah ke keadah pengambilan pelajar yang digunakan di
kampus tetap yang terletak di Karak Setia, Karak, Kolej Komuniti Bentong. Melalui kajian ini,
Pahang. Punubuhan Kolej Komuniti Bentong gambaran secara langsung mengenai senario
adalah selaras dengan hasrat kerajaan untuk kemasukan pelajar lepasan Sijil Pelajaran
menyediakan keperluan dan kemahiran pada Malaysia (SPM) dapat dikenalpasti dan sejauh
semua peringkat umur dan memberi peluang mana promosi yang dilakukan dapat menarik
kepada lepasan menengah sebelum ke pasaran minat pelajar untuk menyambung pengajian
tenaga kerja atau melanjutkan pendidikan ke mereka di Kolej Komuniti Bentong.
peringkat lebih tinggi.
Kajian ini diharapkan dapat membantu pihak
Sehingga kini, Kolej Komuniti Bentong pengurusan, unit pengambilan dan unit
menawarkan empat program pengajian iaitu Sijil penerangan untuk menambahbaik aktiviti
Pengoperasian Perniagaan, Sijil Teknologi promosi yang dijalankan di Kolej Komuniti
Maklumat, Sijil Teknologi Elektrik dan Sijil Bentong supaya dapat meningkatkan norma
Teknologi Pembinaan Bangunan. Selain itu pengambilan pelajar pada setiap semester.
kursus-kursus pendek dalam pelbagai bidang
turut ditawarkan untuk masyarakat umum. Pernyataan Masalah
Bermula tahun 2013 pengambilan pelajar di Promosi merupakan salah satu keperluan
Kolej Komuniti Bentong dilaksanakan sebanyak setiap institusi pengajian tinggi dalam
tiga kali setahun. Pengambilan pelajar dilakukan memperkenalkan jenama mereka kepada
pada bulan Mac, Julai dan November setiap masyarakat umum. Kolej Komuniti Bentong
tahun. Hampir semua kolej dilihat mempunyai tidak ketinggalan mengadakan pelbagai cara
enrolemen yang rendah bagi sesi Mac dan promosi untuk memperkenalkan Kolej kepada
November berbanding sesi Julai (Mohamad et.al, umum. Sebelum ini, pelbagai kaedah digunakan
2015). Oleh itu, bagi memastikan kemasukan dan pelbagai program dianjurkan dalam
pelajar yang ramai dan enrolmen pengambilan mempromosikan Kolej Komuniti Bentong
pelajar dipenuhi, strategi promosi perlulah supaya lebih dikenali akan tetapi pihak kolej
dirancang dengan baik untuk menarik bakal tidak dapat mengetahui kaedah promosi yang
pelajar yang berpotensi untuk menyambung manakah dapat menarik minat pelajar untuk
pengajian mereka di Kolej Komuniti Bentong. mendaftar masuk ke Kolej Komuniti Bentong.
Sehubungan dengan itu, pelbagai kaedah dan Justeru itu, kajian ini dibangunkan untuk
program telah dilaksanakan untuk mengenalpasti medium promosi yang sesuai
mempromosikan Kolej Komuniti Bentong berdasarkan kaedah pengambilan pelajar di
supaya lebih dikenali dan peratus kemasukan Kolej Komuniti Bentong. Kajian ini penting
setanding dengan Institusi Pengajian Tinggi untuk menilai sejauh mana relevennya
Awam yang lain. Di antaranya ialah pameran, penggunaan kaedah promosi yang dilaksanakan
sebelum ini dan seterusnya dapat membawa
2 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
kepada pembangunan kaedah-kaedah promosi Sorotan Kajian
yang terbaru supaya norma pengambilan dapat
dicapai. Kajian ini juga boleh dijadikan sebagai Menerusi kajian oleh Julinawati Suanda dan
panduan pihak pengurusan untuk menambahbaik rakan-rakan (2010) berkaitan keberkesanan dan
semua aktiviti promosi yang dilakukan sehingga hala tuju promosi Universisti Malaysia Perlis
kini serta merancang aktiviti atau program yang (UNIMAP), mereka mendapati bahawa promosi
dapat menarik dan meningkatkan lagi yang dijalankan oleh universiti terbabit
kemasukan pelajar mengikuti kursus yang memerlukan peningkatan yang agresif untuk
ditawarkan di Kolej Komuniti Bentong. memastikan impak yang lebih besar di masa
akan datang. Mereka juga menekankan kaedah
Objektif dan Persoalan Kajian sedia ada yang dijalankan perlu mempunyai
sasaran tersendiri bagi memastikan jumlah
Kajian ini dilaksanakan untuk mencapai objektif kemasukan pelajar lebih baik dan tidak terjejas
dan menjawab beberapa persoalan kajian:- walaupun terdapat khabar angin yang tidak baik
mengenai universiti terbabit. Kumpulan sasaran
1. Mengenalpasti faktor pelajar mendaftar yang ditetapkan diharap dapat mencapat target
di Kolej Komuniti Bentong dengan baik dan berkesan sepertimana yang
dirancang melalui kaedah promosi sedia ada dan
a) Siapakah pendorong pelajar untuk perancangan promosi yang akan dibangunkan.
menyambung pengajian?
Dalam konteks institusi kemahiran, kajian
b) Adakah kursus yang diikuti memenuhi oleh Wida Yanti dan rakan-rakan (2015)
kehendak pelajar? mendapati bahawa pengaruh dan peranan media
elektronik terutamanya media sosial sangat besar.
c) Apakah matlamat pelajar menyambung Jadi, strategi pengiklanan dan promosi secara
pengajian? aktif dan agresif melaluinya sangat perlu
diutamakan kerana penggunaan telefon pintar
2. Mengenalpasti kaedah pengambilan yang bersandarkan teknologi media sosial
pelajar bagi menambahbaik medium promosi di semakin kuat pengaruhnya. Norhayati dan Intan
Kolej Komuniti Bentong Junizah (2014) juga berpendapat kaedah promosi
yang mendapat rating yang tinggi adalah
a) Apakah saluran informasi yang dapat menerusi media elektronik. Ini diikuti oleh
menarik minat pelajar untuk mengetahui media cetak, pameran dan sebagainya. Dalam
mengenai Kolej Komuniti Bentong? konteks hari ini, media elektronik bukan lagi
berfokuskan tv dan radio sahaja, bahkan media
b) Apakah medium utama pelajar elektronik pada masa kini sudah melangkaui
mendaftar ke Kolej Komuniti Bentong? sempadan teknologi dunia media sosial seperti
facebook, telegram, whatsapp, website dan
Kajian Literatur seumpamanya yang berlatarbelakangkan
penggunaan telefon pintar.
Definasi Promosi
Sesetengah pelajar yang memilih universiti
Promosi mengikut Kamus Dewan (2005) berdasarkan pengiklanan dan promosi yang
bermaksud segala usaha dan kegiatan untuk dijalankan bertujuan untuk aktiviti pemasaran
menggalakkan atau mempertingkatkan jualan (Goldgehn, 1989). Sebaran maklumat iaitu
barang. Promosi adalah apa jua usaha dan teknik strategi pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh institusi
yang berkesan yang direka bentuk untuk menjual pengajian tinggi menjadi antara faktor penarik
produk dan merupakan bentuk usaha pemasar pelajar memilih kursus pengajian yang
mengkomunikasikan maklumat tentang ditawarkan oleh institusi tersebut. Kenyataan ini
produknya kepada pengguna (Susan Dann et. al. disokong oleh Norziha (2006) bahawa mendapat
2004). Menurut Aini Hayati Mohamed dan sumber maklumat yang tepat membantu
rakan-rakan (2007) promosi atau juga dikenali pemilihan sesebuah IPT dan promosi yang
sebagai komunikasi pemasaran ialah satu proses dilaksanakan oleh pihak yang terlibat menarik
untuk mempengaruhi seseorang dengan minat pelajar untuk melanjutkan pengajian di
berkongsi idea, maklumat dan perasaan. Bagi tempat tersebut. Maklumat IPT yang lengkap
pihak pengurusan di Kolej Komuniti Bentong, seperti kemudahan kolej, pembiayaan serta
promosi adalah satu kaedah untuk
memperkenalkan Kolej Komuniti Bentong dan
mempengaruhi bakal pelajar untuk memilih
Kolej Komuniti Bentong sebagai tempat untuk
menyambung pengajian.
3 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
promosi yang menarik antara faktor penting selidik. Penyelidik membuat analisis melalui
dalam keputusan pelajar untuk memilih IPT graf dan peratus yang diperolehi melalui soal
(Joseph Sia, 2010). selidik yang diserahkan kepada responden.
Metodologi Dengan menggunakan soal selidik ini,
responden mudah menjawab soalan dan
Kajian ini dijalankan secara kuantitatif memudahkan penyelidik untuk menyemak.
dengan menggunakan kaedah soal selidik Menurut Mohamad Najib (1999), instrument
berbentuk tertutup dimana responden hanya menentukan jenis data yang diperolehi dan ini
memilih jawapan yang ditentukan sahaja. akan mempengaruhi jenis analisis data. Colombo
Setelah pelbagai maklumat dan data-data Plan (1984) pula menyatakan bahawa soal
diperolehi daripada soal selidik yang telah selidik merupakan instrumen kajian yang sering
dijalankan, semua data-data ini diproses dan digunakan oleh penyelidik dalam kajian
dianalisa. deskriptif. Manakala Syed Arabi (2002) telah
menyatakan penggunaan soal selidik lebih
Bab ini membincangkan mengenai kaedah praktikal, berkesan dan menjimatkan
yang digunakan oleh penyelidik untuk perbelanjaan. Selain itu, ianya mengelakkan bias
melaksanakan kajian. Dalam sesebuah kajian kepada pihak penyelidik serta memberi peluang
atau penyelidikan yang dijalankan, ianya kepada responden berfikir ketika menjawab.
memerlukan metod atau kaedah dalam
mendapatkan data atau dapatan kajian. Dengan Perisian SurveyMonkey digunakan untuk
data yang mencukupi, barulah sesebuah kajian menghasilkan set soal selidik dan diedarkan
itu dapat dijalankan dengan baik. Untuk kepada responden secara atas talian. Perisian ini
mendapatkan data yang baik ini, kaedah memudahkan penyelidik dalam penganalisaan
penyelidikan kajian tersebut haruslah sempurna data kerana setiap soal selidik yang dijawab oleh
dan mengikut prosedurnya yang tersendiri. Ia responden akan dianalisis oleh perisian
bagi menjamin dapatan kajian yang dihasilkan SurveyMonkey. Hasil penganalisaan akan
nanti benar-benar terjamin mutunya. Seseorang dipaparkan dalam bentuk graf dan peratus.
penyelidik yang cermat mesti memastikan metod
ataupun kaedah yang digunakan dalam Soal selidik terbahagi kepada tiga bahagian di
mendapatkan data, sesuai dengan jenis mana Bahagian A dibangunkan oleh penyelidik
penyelidikan yang dijalankan. Menurut Ruhizan untuk mengetahui maklumat demografi
Mohammad Yasin et.al (2010), data yang baik responden yang mengandungi item seperti
diperolehi daripada penyelidikan yang dirancang jantina dan kursus. Bahagian B pula
rapi berdasarkan reka bentuk yang bersesuaian, mengandungi persoalan mengenai faktor pelajar
iaitu pendekatan yang digunakan dalam proses mendaftar di Kolej Komuniti Bentong. Akhir
mendapatkan data penyelidikan. sekali Bahagian C persoalan kajian yang
berkaitan iaitu mengenalpasti kaedah
Instrumen Kajian pengambilan pelajar di Kolej Komuniti Bentong.
Secara umumnya kajian ini adalah kajian Responden
kuantitatif dimana instrumen utama yang
digunakan dalam kajian ialah borang soal selidik Responden adalah pelajar-pelajar Kolej
berbentuk tertutup. Pendekatan kuantitatif ialah Komuniti Bentong ambilan Julai 2016 yang
penyelidikan yang menekankan kepada terdiri daripada pelajar-pelajar program Sijil
fenomena-fenomena objektif dan dikawal Teknologi Pembinaan, Sijil Teknologi Malumat,
melalui pengumpulan dan analisis data (Fraenkel, Sijil Pemasangan Elektrik dan Sijil
2017). Dalam kajian ini, untuk mengenalpasti Pengoperasian Perniagaan. Soal selidik diberikan
keberkesanan promosi pengambilan pelajar di kepada responden semasa Hari Pendaftaran
Kolej Komuniti Bentong, soal selidik dibuat Pelajar Sesi Julai 2016 di Kolej Komuniti
menggunakan laman soal selidik atas talian Bentong.
SurveyMonkey. SurveyMonkey digunakan supaya
responden boleh melengkapkan borang soal
selidik secara atas talian, dimana cara ini lebih
mudah dan efektif untuk mengumpul data soal
4 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Analisis Kajian
Bagi mendapatkan maklumbalas daripada
pengguna mengenai keberkesanan medium
promosi bagi pengambilan pelajar, satu kajian
awal telah diadakan. Beberapa orang responden
telah dipilih untuk menjawab soal selidik yang
disediakan. Responden adalah terdiri daripada
para pelajar.
Demografi Responden
Bahagian ini telah dibangunkan oleh pengkaji Pendorong pelajar untuk menyambung
untuk mengetahui maklumat demografi pengajian
responden yang mengandungi item seperti
jantina dan kursus. Data yang diperoleh Bagi persoalan “Anda menyambung
dianalisis dan diringkaskan dalam carta pai. pengajian di Kolej Komuniti Bentong kerana?”.
Majoriti responden menjawab kerana kemahuan
Jantina diri sendiri iaitu seramai 53 orang (61.63%),
mengikut kemahuan keluarga / penjaga pula
Berdasarkan Carta 1.1, didapati jumlah seramai 15 orang (17.44%), manakala tiada
pelajar lelaki adalah 72.73% iaitu 64 orang pilihan (Tawaran UPU) seramai 13 orang
manakala pelajar perempuan pula adalah 27.27% (15.12%) dan mengikut nasihat dan pandangan
iaitu 24 orang. Ini menunjukkan bahawa jumlah guru serta dorongan dari rakan sebaya pula,
pelajar lelaki adalah lebih ramai berbanding masing - masing seramai 3 orang (3.49%) dan 2
pelajar perempuan. orang (2.33%).
Kursus Kursus yang diikuti mengikut pilihan pelajar
Berdasarkan Jadual 1.2, didapati responden Bagi persoalan “Adakah kursus yang sedang
dari kursus Sijil Pemasangan Elektrik adalah diikuti mengikut kemahuan anda?”, majoriti
seramai 35 orang (39.77%), manakala Sijil menjawab YA iaitu seramai 86 orang (97.73%)
Teknologi Maklumat seramai 23 orang (26.14%), dan TIDAK iaitu seramai 2 orang sahaja (2.27%).
Sijil Teknologi Pembinaan Bangunan seramai 17
orang (19.23%) dan Sijil Pengoperasian
Perniagaan pula adalah seramai 13 orang
(14.77%).
5 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Matlamat pelajar menyambung pengajian di
Kolej Komuniti Bentong
Bagi persoalan “Tujuan anda menyambung
pengajian di Kolej Komuniti Bentong adalah
untuk?”, kebanyakkan responden memilih untuk
menyambung pengajian ke peringkat lebih tinggi
iaitu seramai 61 orang (69.32%). Terdapat 25
orang (28.41%) responden yang mengatakan
tujuan menyambung pengajian ini adalah untuk
mendapat peluang pekerjaan. Manakala hanya
terdapat 2 orang (2.27%) responden yang tidak
pasti.
Saluran informasi yang dapat menarik Medium utama pelajar mendaftar ke Kolej
minat pelajar untuk mengetahui mengenai Komuniti Bentong
Kolej Komuniti Bentong
Bagi persoalan “Bagaimana anda mendaftar
Bagi persoalan “Bagaimana anda mengenali ke Kolej Komuniti Bentong?” pula,
kolej komuniti bentong?” pula, terdapat 20 kebanyakkan responden memilih melalui
pilihan dimana responden boleh memilih lebih permohonan UPU iaitu seramai 55 orang
dari 1 pilihan. Majoriti responden menjawab (64.71%). Terdapat 24 orang (28.24%)
mendapat tawaran pendidikan melalui UPU iaitu responden yang mengatakan datang sendiri ke
seramai 56 orang (64.37%), melalui ibu bapa Kolej Komuniti Bentong sendiri (Walk In) dan
atau penjaga seramai 46 orang (52.87%), melalui seramai 4 orang (4.71%) responden mengatakan
rakan sebaya pula seramai 33 orang (37.93%), melalui laman sesawang Jabatan Pengajian
manakala melalui laman web kolej komuniti Pendidikan Tinggi. Manakala hanya terdapat 2
bentong seramai 29 orang (33.33%). Bagi orang (2.35%) responden yang memilih melalui
responden yang mendapat penerangan dari panggilan telefon.
kaunselor sekolah adalah seramai 20 orang
(22.99%) dan melalui hebahan masyarakat
setempat dan laman sesawang Jabatan Pengajian
Pendidikan Tinggi pula masing – masing
seramai 17 orang (19.54%).
6 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Kesimpulan i. Pihak kolej perlu menyampaikan
maklumat secara berterusan ke sekolah-sekolah
Berdasarkan analisis data secara yang berdekatan mengenai kejayaan alumni dan
keseluruhannya, terdapat dua kesimpulan yang peluang pekerjaan yang di tawarkan kepada
dapat dibuat berdasarkan dua objektif utama lepasan kolej. Hal ini boleh dilakukan dengan
kajian ini. Pertama sekali, mengenalpasti faktor melalui cetakan banting, artikel, majalah ataupun
pelajar mendaftar di Kolej Komuniti Bentong. poster sebagai bahan bacaan di ruang kaunseling
Hal ini dapat di lihat melalui tiga aspek iaitu dan kerjaya.
menerusi persoalan kajian pertama dan kedua
iaitu siapakah pendorong pelajar untuk ii. Menghalakan medium promosi kepada
menyambung pengajian di Kolej Komuniti ibu dan bapa pelajar khasnya. Hal ini boleh
Bentong dan adakah kursus yang diikuti dilakukan semasa mesyuarat PIBG ataupun hari
memenuhi kehendak pelajar. Pelajar terbuka sekolah. Pendekatan melalui ibu bapa
menyambung pengajian adalah di atas kemahuan dan penjaga adalah perlu bagi menerangkan
diri sendiri dan majoriti pelajar mengikuti kursus secara jelas tentang kolej komuniti secara
pilihan masing-masing. Bagi persoalan kajian keseluruhan.
apakah matlamat pelajar menyambung pengajian
pula, rata-rata mereka memilih kolej sebagai iii. Menyebarkan maklumat secara atas
batu loncatan untuk menyambung pengajian ke talian secara berterusan dan konsisten berkenaan
peringkat lebih tinggi. kolej. Segala kejayaan alumni, prasarana,
program dan aktiviti pelajar boleh dipaparkan di
Bagi objektif kedua pula, mengenalpasti laman facebook, twitter mahupun instagram.
kaedah pengambilan pelajar di Kolej Komuniti Medium-medium ini adalah yang paling hampir
Bentong terdapat dua persoalan kajian dengan generasi alaf baru.
diutarakan. Pertama adalah saluran informasi
yang dapat menarik minat pelajar untuk
mengetahui mengenai Kolej Komuniti Bentong
adalah melalui laman sesawang Bahagian
Pengurusan Kemasukan Pelajar (UPU), yang
kedua pula melalui maklumat yang disampaikan
oleh ibu bapa atau penjaga mereka dan ketiga
menerusi hubungan rakan sebaya. Manakala bagi
persoalan kajian yang kedua mengenai medium
utama pelajar mendaftar ke Kolej Komuniti
Bentong, mereka lebih selesa memilih sistem
permohonan atas talian (UPU) diikuti
menghadirkan diri terus ke kolej untuk
mendaftar.
Secara keseluruhannya pihak kolej perlu
merangka kaedah promosi berkesan yang boleh
diketengahkan untuk lepasan menengah. Di
samping itu saluran informasi bagi
menyampaikan maklumat dan perkembangan
kolej perlu dirancang secara khusus bagi
menarik minat pelajar untuk mendaftar ke Kolej
Komuniti Bentong.
Cadangan
Terdapat beberapa cadangan terhadap
dapatan kajian yang boleh dipertingkatkan.
Berikut adalah cadangan tindakan yang boleh
diambil oleh pihak kolej.
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Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
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Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Rujukan Ruhizan Mohammad Yasin & Maizam Alias
Aini Hayati Mohamed, Faridahwati Mohd (2010). "Latar Belakang Penyelidikan", dIm.
Noraini Idris (ed.), Penyelidikan Dalam
Shamsudin, Hasni Che Ismail, Lim Kong Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill
Teong, Mohammad Basir Saud, Nasruddin (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
Zainurin, Norsiah Mat & Norli Yaacob
(2007). Pengajian Perniagaan 1. Teks Pra-U: Susan Dann & Stephen Dann (2004).
Pearson Malaysia. Introduction to Marketing. Milton Qld: John
Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.
Fraenkel, JR & Wallen NE (2007). How to
Design and Evaluate Reseach in Education Syed Arabi Idid (2002). Kaedah Penyelidikan
(6th). Singapore: McGraw Hill. Komunikasi dan Sains Sosial. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Goldghen, Leslie (1989). Admissions standards
and the use of key marketing techniques by Wida Yanti Binti Mohammad Zen Umar, Zaini
United States colleges and universities. Bin Haji Ahmad & Roslinda Binti Othman
College and University, 65, 44-55. (2015). Keberkesanan Program dan Aktiviti
Promosi di Kolej Komuniti Jasin 2015
Joseph S.K.M. 2010. Institutional factors
influencing students college choice decision
in Malaysia: A conceptual framework.
International Journal of Business and Social
Science 1(3): 53-58.
Julinawati Suanda, Prof. Madya Che Mohd.
Ruzaidi Ghazali, Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri
Abdullah, Zuber Haji Mohamad, Ruzalina
Ibnu Ruslan & Nor azmah Abd. Karim
(2010). Promosi UniMAP: Keberkesanan
dan Halatuju
Kamus Dewan (2005). Edisi Keempat. Kuala
Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
Mohamad, S.N.M, Intan, S.S. dan Azlan. M
(2015). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
tren kemasukan pelajar ke Kolej Komuniti,
Prosiding Persidangan Pendidikan
(Penyelidikan dan Inovasi) Dalam
Pendidikan Dan Latihan Teknikal Dan
Vokasional 2015 (Cie-Tvet 2015).
Mohammad Najib, A.G. (1999). Penyelidikan
Pendidikan. Johor: Penerbit Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
Norhayati Othman & Intan Junizah Abu Samah
(2014), Pengaruh Pemilihan Pengajian ke
Kolej Komuniti dan Cadangan Promosi,
Kolej Komuniti Selayang.
Norziha Jusoh (2006), Kajian Mengenai Faktor-
faktor Pemilihan Pelajar Matrikulasi ke
Universiti Tempatan (IPTA) dan Kursus
Pendidikan, Tesis Sarjana UTM.
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19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Requirements Engineering (RE) Practices and Problems
in a Software Company in Malaysia
Noraniza Mat Rasdi 1, Siti Normazila Abdul Aziz 2 dan Syamimah Salmi A. Wahab3
Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat, JPPKK, Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
This study investigates the current state of Requirement Engineering (RE) in a software company in
Malaysia. The survey is done online via self-administered questionnaires. Questions were distributed to 40
randomly selected participants from a well-known software development company located in Cyberjaya.
Selection of company is made on the capacity of the company have more than 40 staff involved directly and
indirectly in this requirements engineering process. Even so, only 12 participants who are interested to
participate in this survey. The result shows, the pattern of RE problems found are similiar to the anchor paper,
thus this does not deny the fact that software companies are still facing problems in implementing the RE
process.
Keyword : Software Engineering, Software Development, Malaysia
Abstrak
Kajian ini mengkaji keadaan semasa Kejuruteraan Keperluan (RE) di sebuah syarikat perisian di Malaysia.
Soal selidik dijalankan secara atas talian menerusi borang soal selidik-kendiri. Soalan telah diedarkan kepada
40 orang peserta secara rawak daripada sebuah syarikat pembangunan perisian yang terkenal yang terletak di
Cyberjaya. Pemilihan syarikat dibuat berdasarkan kapasiti syarikat yang memiliki lebih daripada 40 staf
yang terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung di dalam proses kejuruteraan keperluan ini. Walaupun
begitu, hanya 12 peserta sahaja yang berminat untuk menyertai kajian ini. Keputusan menunjukkan, bentuk
masalah RE yang mirip kepada kertas teras, oleh itu tidak dapat dinafikan fakta bahawa syarikat-syarikat
perisian masih lagi menghadapi masalah dalam melaksanakan proses RE.
Kata kunci : Kejuruteraan Perisian, Pembangunan Perisian, Malaysia
I. INTRODUCTION these process we called Requirement
Engineering (RE).
Every system that we decide to develop must be
referring to customer requirement by followed Ideally, when go through the process to defined
the description that has been written before system requirement, customer must be clear
development process. All the description about their purpose, complete information and
contains the services that system provides, task consistent with the requirement. Unfortunately,
and the limitation or constraint of the system. in some cases, there is leaking during the
The entire requirement decided by needs of conversation on understanding the service that
customers in the system is such that the system the user need in the system. Therefore, the
can provide service for stock checking, searching system is developed should be evaluate whether
for information, provides feedback per customer needs are met to avoid stakeholder
transaction, and so on. To meet their needs, team interpret the requirement in different ways or
developer must make an analysis, documentation, inconsistencies in the requirement.
finding relevant information and identify
constraints that may be encountered during the As known by many system developers, one of
development process of these systems. All of the factors in determining the quality of a
software laying in the success of achieving the
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client’s requirements. The process by which the administered questionnaires as their main
client’s requirements are determined is called approach.
requirement engineering (RE) [1]. Ever since The study carried out by [4] revealed that
1960s, the development of system and software software companies involved in their study are
projects have never been freed from problems still facing a lot of problems in obtaining their
and dissatisfactions from their users [2]. There is
no denying on agreeing the importance of RE, needs properly due to technical and
however, the various problems in the organizational factors. Apart from that, they also
development of the system is said to be derived found that organizational maturity in certain
therefrom [3]. Due to afore mentioned problem, standard does not guarantee better performance
the RE has attracted wide attention as a major in implementing the RE processes. These
research in the field of software engineering [4]. findings demonstrate that in implementing the
Researchers never stop to try to find out where RE processes, emphasis on both human and
the loop hole in the RE processes are, in order to technical issues can not be taken for granted with
streamline the process as it has vital importance more focus should be given to matters relating to
in assuring the satisfaction and the objective of the technical.
the system developed would be achieved.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
System that they required sometime not achieves Failure to satisfy the needs of the stakeholders
user target and very differences when they want will result in a delay in the completion of system
to apply to real industry. We believe that many development projects, waste of time, waste of
software which is their task mostly involve in energy, waste of resources and also it may cause
software development are not followed the RE the quality of the final product produced is not
documentation that has been deal with the within the satisfactory level [3]. In the context
stakeholder. of industrial development, the issue is often
The objective of this study is to determine areas raised a discussions of conversation in finding
in RE process that leads to the problems in RE. the cause of the problems that have arisen.
This area then have to be given proper attention Problem in RE is commonly known as the cause
in order to make the RE process becomes better. of the collapse of software quality [5] and it is
The study has been done through a self- estimated to rectify this problem later can cause
administered questionnaires published online via the costs to rise 200 times higher than rectifying
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1d7Z-- it much earlier that is possible to be done during
Sl2X0JQrVoRxtqKis43V5kQSurefd11yKnIX74/ the requirements phase [6]. Most of the system
viewform url to one selected reputable software project has failed due to be based on a set of
development company situated in Cyberjaya, weak requirements document [7] and in a study
Malaysia. done by [ 8 ] found that most low requirements
II. BACKGROUND OF THIS STUDY achievement are caused by analysts who have
limited knowledge in the area of the problem
This study was based on an anchor paper titled causing the problem in needs, poor quality
“Requirements Engineering Problems and product and excessive costs .
Practices in Software Companies: An Industrial Assessments made by [4] in related studies on
Survey” done by Badariah Solemon, Shamsul
Sahibuddin and Abdul Azim Abd Ghani which the latest findings revealed that, at least two
has been publish by the Springer Link in the studies have been done that examine the
journal of Advances in Software Engineering problems in RE that has been experienced by
Communications in Computer and Information organizations in two different parts of the
Science Volume 59, page 70-77 in year 2009. continent. The first study was a study conducted
This paper was referred as reference number 4 in by [9][10], where they performed a study on the
our reference list at the bottom of this report. RE problems experienced in twelve software
development companies in the UK. What they
In their study the researches have conducted a revealed from their study is that most of the
survey across several software development requirements problem faced by these companies
companies in Malaysia through mailed, self- is related to organizational. And also, the study
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found that the higher levels of maturity the through her email address
company obtained, the smaller the frequency of [email protected] . We are very grateful
the requirements problem they faced. to her because fortunately she has granted us the
permission to do so and sent us the softcopy of
A second study also undertake similar studies the questionnaire.
covering eleven software development
companies situated in Australia [5]. Through the We constructed back the questionnaire using
research they conducted, however, they obtained Google Drive Survey Monkey, because we want
a finding that companies that is not mature in RE to perform the survey via online. Our online
process will face technical problems, where else questionnaires can be accessed through
companies that is mature in RE processes will https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1d7Z--
face problems that are more organizational Sl2X0JQrVoRxtqKis43V5kQSurefd11yKnIX74/
related. viewform. A copy of a printed version is also
attached here in the Appendix A for reference.
While study from [15] revealed that, most of the
company in their research experienced the We constructed back the online questionnaire to
problem in delivering their product late and 50% follow exactly as the original version except for
from the companies of their survey face problem question Section A : Part 1 : No. 4 :
with over-spent budget. So they claimed that, the
companies whether possesses a CMMI-DEV 4. Over the last 5 years, which of the following
certification or not having any certificate does accreditations have been attained by your
not affect much in most of these problems. In the company? (tick all that apply)
research done also they found that, more than
half of the requirements problems faced by this □ SEI’s CMMI (specify level and version no.):
companies were technical based rather than __________________________________________
organizational based. □ ISO/IEC 15504 (SPICE)
□ Other (specify):
Software engineering group have analysed the __________________________________________
requirements engineering that are being □ In the process of getting the SEI ’ s CMMI
implemented in a medium and large-sized (specify): _________________________________
organizations deeply, and they have obtained an □ In the process of getting other certification
attractive and appropriate solutions. Nevertheless, (specify): __________________________________
some software engineering researchers have □ No certification
proven that the practice of the most recent
requirements engineering processes are not Whereby, we are not able to put the (specify
practical for small and very small software level and version no.): statement for the first
development companies. Thus, [16] claim that option answer as well as (specify): statement
the discussion between customers and companies for the fourth and fifth option answer. This was
is weak and does not give attention on the proper due to the limitation of the Survey Monkey
issues, this leads to an incomplete specification, features.
the scope of which is not clear and will
eventually give rise to dissatisfaction to the A. Questionnaire Design
customer with the outcome of the project. The
study also found that even large companies or Based on [4], the questionnaire was segmented
not, they are still faced with the same issues in into four parts. Part A contains two segments
the RE industrial perspective. which are 1 and 2. Segment 1 consists of
questions which seek the respondents’ company
IV. DATA GATHERING profiles. Part 2 consists of question with the
intention to gather the respondents’ background
For data gathering, we seek courtesy from the information. Part B will gather information
researcher of [4] to re-use back their regarding problems that are related to project,
questionnaire. We contacted Dr. Badariah binti organizational and technical. Part C intended to
Solemon who is now a lecturer at College of IT, investigate on the practices that are being carried
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Km 7 Jalan Kajang- out by the respondents in any software
Puchong, 43009 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, development project that they involved recently.
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B. Population Determination They [4] claimed that, their results shown 60%
of RE problems experienced by the companies in
In this study, a software development company their study came from the RE process-based
is selected based on the requirement from the itself. This finding is an opposite of the RE
assignment question that require us to collect the problems experienced by companies in the study
data from at least 40 respondents. For that reason, by [9],[10]. Our results give 51.5% of the RE
we have identified one reputable software problems came from the RE process-based as
company that is based in Cyberjaya which well. Where the balance 48.5% is the RE
employs more than 40 staff. Nevertheless, problems that are contributed from the
despite of the number of staff that exceed more organizational-based. From the 51.5% of the RE
than 1000, we failed to gather all the 40 process-based portion, the detail segmentation of
responses that were required by this assignment. the percentage are as follows :
After several request for answering the
questionnaire were made, only 12 participants Undefined RE process = 8.7%
responded. Although with that constraint, we Not the Actual Requirements = 14.5%
decided to continue doing the data analysis. This Poor User Understanding = 14.5%
is with the support from our anchor paper [4] Incomplete Requirements = 15.9%
reference to [17] and [18]. Inconsistent (changing) Requirements = 15.9%
Inadequate Requirements Traceability = 15.9%
V. RESULTS Ambiguous Requirements = 14.5%
The below part is the analyses performed on the Where else, for the 48.5% of the organizational-
information gathered from 40 respondent. based problem portion, the detail segregation of
the percentage are as follows:
A. Demographic of Respondents
Lack of customer and user communication = 16.9%
The survey is being done at a selected reputable Lack of developer communication = 12.3%
software development company which is situated Lack of training = 12.3%
in Cyberjaya. The company’s target market is Inappropriate skills = 15.4%
“domestic and international sales / development” Lack of defined responsibility = 13.8%
and it is a “100% locally owned” type of Unstable workforce (low staff retention) = 13.8%
company. It hires approximately more than 1000 Poor time and resource allocations = 15.4%
employees and it acquires SEI’s CMMI and
ISO/IEC 15504 (SPICE) certifications. The Our study agrees with the result from our anchor
SEI’s CMMI level is different based on the paper [4] where by the company that we studied
division that handles different projects. This also have an RE problem due to within the RE
survey involved 12 respondents which comprises process itself. In term of organizational issues
of multiple possession in the company. Among that contribute to RE problems also shows that
them 3 (25%) are Business Analysts, 3 (25%) are they are diverse as the detail segmentation
Programmers, 3 (25%) are Project Managers, 1 tabulated.
(8.3%) Software Engineers, 1 (8.3%) System
Analysts and 1 (8.3%) Technicians. From the 12 VI. DISCUSSION
respondents, 1 (8.3%) of them “never” have
experience in the RE processes, 1 (8.3%) have The results of our research show that the
“less than 1 year” experiences, 7 (58.3%) of pattern of RE problem experienced by this
them have mainly between “1 to 5 years”, 2 software development company is comply with
(16.7%) are between “5 to 10 years” and only 1 the result of our anchor paper, but the result is
(8.3%) have “more than 10 years” experiences. contrary to the results reported in [9], [10]. Our
results indicate that the RE problem experienced
B. Size of RE Problems by the company in our study was due to the
factors inherent in the RE process rather than the
Based on our anchor paper [4], they classified external factors of the RE process. This means
the RE related problems into two categories that that problems, such as changing requirements,
are: organizational-based and process-based. incomplete requirements, unclear requirements,
and weak user understanding, are still the
challenges faced by software development
companies in addition to common human
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organizational problems. A possible explanation [5] Niazi, M., Shastry, S.: Role of
for this problem is that the ability to adapt to
rapid and unpredictable changes is still one of Requirements Engineering in Software
the challenges faced by the 21st century
organization mentioned by Boehm in [19]. Development Process: An Empirical
Study. In: IEEE INMIC 2003, pp. 402–
407 (2003).
VII. CONCLUSION [6] Boehm, B. W., Software Engineering
Economics, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice
In this paper, the results of a study done on Hall, 1981.
investigating the current state of RE problems
and practices in a software company in Malaysia. [7] K. El Emam and H.N. Madhavji, “ A Field
The study was performed through a survey that Study of Requirments Engineering
is conducted online via self-administered Practices in Information Systems
questionnaires as our main approach to Development”, Second International
investigate those RE problems and practices. It Symposium on Requirments Engineering,
was distributed to 40 respondents at random but 1995, pp. 68-80.
only 12 are interested on contributing the data
for the study. Regardless of the low response rate [8] B. Solemon, S. Sahibuddin, and A. A.
(30%), we still have to continue with the data Abd Ghani, “Requirments Engineering
analysis. Analyses performed are being Process Improvement: A Review and
compared to findings from our anchor paper [4]. Research Agenda”, Proceedings of the 3
Even though, the RE problems patterns that were Malaysian Software Engineering
been observed from the study are not all the Conference’07, Dec 3-4, 2007, Malaysia,
same, they still prove that software companies pp. 1 – 5.
are still not freed from facing great challenges
currently in getting their requirements right due [9] Beecham, S., Hall, T., Rainer, A.:
to whether what are categorised as Software Process Improvement Problems
organizational and technical factors. in Twelve Software Companies: An
Empirical Analysis. Empirical Software
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[2] Kotonya, G., Sommerville, I.: [11] Young, R.R.: Effective Requirements
Requirements Engineering. Processes and Practices. Addison-Wesley, Boston (2001)
Techniques. John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester (1997) [12] Sommerville, I., Sawyer, P.: Requirements
Engineering. A Good Practice Guide. John
[3] Juristo, N.; Moreno, A.M.; Silva, A., "Is Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1997)
the European industry moving toward
solving requirements engineering [13] Hofmann, H.F., Lehner, F.: Requirements
problems?," Software, IEEE , vol.19, no.6, Engineering as a Success Factor in
pp.70,77, Nov/Dec 2002 Software Projects. IEEE Software, 58–66
(2001)
[4] Solemon, B., Sahibuddin, S., & Ghani, A.
A. A. (2009). "Requirements engineering [14] Naz, H. ; MS. Comput. Sci., Shaheed
problems and practices in software Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Critical Requirement
companies: An industrial survey." Engineering Issues and Their Solution,
Advances in Software Engineering. Inst of Sci. & Tech., Islamabad ; Khokhar,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. 70-77. M.N. (2009)
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[15] Badariah Solemon, Shamsul Sahibuddin,
Abdul Azim Abdul Ghani, Requirement
engineering Problem in 63 Software
Companies in Malaysia, 978-1-4244-
2328-6/08/IEEE (2008).
[16] Alcides Quispe, Maira Marques, Luis
Silvestre, Sergio F. Ochoa, Romain
Robbes , Requirements Engineering
Practices in Very Small Software
Enterprises: A Diagnostic Study
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[17] Lethbridge, T.C., Sim, S.E., Singer, J.:
Studying Software Engineers: Data
Collection Techniques for Software Field
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[18] Sison, R., Jarzabek, S., Hock, O.S.,
Rivepiboon, W., Hai, N.N.: Software
Practices in Five ASEAN Countries: An
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[19] Boehm, B.W.: Making a Difference in the
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28. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos
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PERUBAHAN PENGETAHUAN, AMALAN DAN SIKAP PELAJAR KOLEJ
KOMUNITI KUALA LANGAT SELEPAS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM
KESIHATAN PERGIGIAN WARGA KOLEJ KOMUNITI
Mornizawati Binti Abdullah 1
Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract
This study was conducted to look at the changes in knowledge, practice and attitude of Kuala Langat
Community College students before and after participating in Community College Community Dental
Health Program. A total of 150 students who were involved with program was chosen to be respondents.
This study was conducted quantitatively by using questionnaires consisting of 3 parts and 15 items as the
instrument of study. The questionnaire was obtained from the Community College Community Health
Dental Program Guidelines in 2016. The Pre-Test and Post-Test study respondents answered the same
question before and after 2 weeks participating in the program. The study found that respondents gave
positive feedback on changes in terms of knowledge, practice and attitude of students about Oral Health
before and after participating in the Oral Health Program. A total of 12 items of questions from 15 items of
questions indicate a change of improvement from before and after participating in the program. There are
only 2 items of questions showing a decrease and 1 item of questions indicates no change. It can be
concluded from this study that the Community College Community Dental Health Program has a positive
impact and gives a change to Kuala Langat Community College students in terms of knowledge, attitudes
and practices. However, dental health education activities at community colleges can be further strengthened
to enhance student knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dental health.
Keyword : Community College Dental Health Dental Program, Dental Health, knowledge, attitude
and practice
Abstrak
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat dari segi perubahan pengetahuan, amalan dan sikap pelajar Kolej
Komuniti Kuala Langat sebelum dan selepas menyertai Program Kesihatan Pergigian Warga Kolej Komuniti.
Seramai 150 orang pelajar yang terlibat sewaktu program tersebut telah dipilih untuk menjadi responden.
Kajian ini dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan soal selidik yang mengandungi 3 bahagian dan
15 item sebagai instrumen kajian. Borang soal selidik di dapati daripada Garis Panduan Program Kesihatan
Pergigian Warga Kolej Komuniti tahun 2016. Kajian dijalankan secara Pre-Test dan Post-Test dimana
responden menjawab soalan yang sama sebelum dan selepas 2 minggu menyertai program tersebut. Kajian
mendapati responden memberi maklumbalas positif terhadap perubahan dari segi pengetahuan, amalan dan
sikap pelajar tentang Kesihatan Pergigian sebelum dan selepas menyertai Program Kesihatan Pergigian.
Sebanyak 12 item soalan dari 15 item soalan menunjukkan perubahan peningkatan dari sebelum dan selepas
menyertai program tersebut. Terdapat hanya 2 item soalan yang menunjukkan penurunan dan 1 item soalan
menunjukkan tiada perubahan. Dapatlah disimpulkan daripada kajian ini bahawa Program Kesihatan
Pergigian Warga Kolej Komuniti memberi kesan yang positif dan memberi perubahan kepada pelajar-pelajar
Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat dari segi pengetahuan, sikap dan amalan. Walaubagaimanapun , aktiviti
pendidikan kesihatan pergigian di kolej komuniti boleh diperkukuhkan lagi untuk meningkatkan
pengetahuan, sikap dan amalan pelajar mengenai kepentingan kesihatan pergigian.
Kata kunci : Program Kesihatan Pergigian Warga Kolej Komuniti, Kesihatan Pergigian, pengetahuan,
sikap dan amalan
1 KOPPIS 2018
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1. PENGENALAN 3. SOROTAN KAJIAN
Golongan belia merupakan bakal generasi Program Perkhidmatan Pergigian di Malaysia
pemimpin Negara pada masa hadapan. Oleh itu, bermula dari awal tahun 1970 dimana
belia mestilah mempunyai kesihatan fizikal dan diperkenalkan perkhidmatan pergigian sekolah
mental yang terbaik. Kesihatan pergigian adalah (Portal Rasmi Program Kesihatan Pergigian,
sebahagian dari kesihatan tubuh badan. Pada Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia). Pemeriksaan
tahun 2017, Kolej Komuniti telah bekerjasama pergigian kepada pelajar sekolah rendah dan
dengan Bahagian Kesihatan Pergigian, menengah diadakan secara berjadual oleh pihak
Kementerian Kesihatan Pergigian bagi Klinik Pergigian. Walaubagaimanapun golongan
menjalankan Program Kesihatan Pergigian belia iaitu lepasan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
Warga Kolej Komuniti. (SPM) tidak terlibat dengan pemeriksaan gigi
berkala setelah mereka tamat pendidikan sekolah
Objektif am program ini adalah memperkasakan menengah. Kajian menunjukkan 30% daripada
pengetahuan pelajar-pelajar Kolej Komuniti golongan dewasa termasuk belia menghadapi
terhadap peningkatan taraf kesihatan pergigian masalah kesihatan pergigian (Dr. Shahrol, 2016).
mereka dan sekaligus menjadi role model di
kalangan warga Kolej Komuniti itu sendiri. 3.1 PENYAKIT PERIODONTAL
Selain itu, antara objektif program ini adalah:
Penyakit periodontal, termasuk gingivitis dan
i) Meningkatkan pengetahuan mereka periodontitis, dianggap sebagai salah satu yang
penyakit paling biasa di kalangan penduduk dan,
tentang kepentingan penjagaan kesihatan jika dibiarkan tidak dirawat, boleh menyebabkan
kehilangan gigi (Sunil Kumar Nettemu, Sowmya
pergigian. Nettem, Vijendra Pal Singhet al, 2017) . Oral
Health Survey of Adult 2010, 7 dari 10 rakyat
ii) Pendedahan tentang aspek-aspek Malaysia pernah mengalami penyakit pergigian
tetapi malangnya mereka tidak mengetahui
penjagaan kesihatan pergigian yang relevan mereka mempunyai masalah tersebut. Ini
disokong oleh kajian dari kajian yang dibuat oleh
secara langsung, interaktif dan menarik. Mohd Dom et al (2013), dapat disimpulkan
bahawa 9 dari 10 orang dewasa di Malaysia
iii) Membina kemahiran dalam mengalami beberapa bentuk penyakit
periodontal dan mereka tidak tahu mempunyai
mengamalkan penjagaan kesihatan pergigian keadaan ini. Tambahan lagi, berdasarkan kajian
Zamirah, Shahida, Imara & Mohd Yufi (2005),
yang berkesan. 81.9% responden kajian hanya akan berjumpa
dengan doktor gigi hanya apabila dirasakan perlu.
iv) Memastikan diri mereka mempunyai
3.2 TEORI KAP (PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP
kesihatan pergigian yang optimum sepanjang DAN AMALAN)
hayat. Menurut Mohd Hilmi & Kamaliah Hj. Siarap
(2013), asas kepada model KAP ialah
v) Membudayakan kesihatan pergigian pengetahuan. Apabila pengetahuan seseorang itu
bertambah, maka pengetahuannya akan menjadi
yang baik dalam membentuk budaya hidup sihat. pendorong kepadanya untuk berubah sikap.
Perubahan yang berlaku akan menyebabkan
Salah satu aktiviti di dalam program ini adalah berlakunya perubahan tingkah laku (amalan)
melantik penyelaras dan Ikon Gigi Remaja manusia.
(iGGR) dan mengadakan Hari Kesihatan
Pergigian kepada warga Kolej Komuniti. Kolej Pengetahuan
Komuniti Kuala Langat adalah diantara 12 buah
Kolej Komuniti yang terpilih untuk mengadakan Pengetahuan didefinisikan sebagai kapasiti untuk
Program Kesihatan Pergigian dalam tahun 2017. memperoleh, mengekal dan menggunakan
Antara aktiviti yang terdapat di dalam Program
Kesihatan Pergigian adalah perlantikan Ikon
Gigi Remaja (i-GGR), pemeriksaan gigi dan juga
ceramah mengenai kesihatan mulut.
2. OBJEKTIF KAJIAN
Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk melihat
keberkesanan Program Kesihatan Pergigian
Warga Kolej Komuniti dengan melihat
perubahan pengetahuan, amalan dan sikap
pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat.
2 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
maklumat; campuran kefahaman, pengalaman, 4.1 TEMPAT KAJIAN
kearifan dan kemahiran (Jamilah, Hasrina, & et
al, 2011). Pengetahuan penjagaan kesihatan Lokasi kajian berpusat di Kolej Komuniti Kuala
pergigian dapat memperbaiki kebersihan mulut Langat dan responden yang dipilih dalam
seseorang dan sekaligus mencegah penyakit kalangan pelajar yang telah menghadiri Program
pergigian daripada berlaku. Kesihatan Warga Kolej Komuniti. Pemilihan
lokasi adalah berdasarkan tempat pengajian
Sikap penyelidik dan mempermudahkan penyelidik
untuk mengumpul data.
Sikap pula boleh ditakrifkan sebagai pandangan 4.2 PERSAMPELAN
dan perbuatan berdasarkan sesuatu pendapat
(Kamus Dewan dan Pustaka, 2005). Seseorang Populasi kajian ini terdiri daripada 150 pelajar
pelajar itu boleh mempunyai sikap yang positif yang telah menyertai Hari Kesihatan Pergigian
untuk mengekalkan tahap kesihatan pergigian di Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat pada tahun
yang sempurna. Ini boleh dilakukan dengan 2017. Menurut Mohd Majid (2009), populasi
menjalankan pemeriksaan pergigian secara didefinisikan sebagai satu set ciri-ciri yang
berkala dan mencari sumber-sumber untuk menunjukkan cerapan atau ukuran yang tertentu
mendapatkan maklumat tentang kesihatan ke atas sekumpulan individu atau objek. Sampel
pergigian. Dengan adanya pengetahuan tentang adalah contoh daripada populasi dan merupakan
penjagaan kesihatan pergigian, masalah sumber untuk mendapatkan data Mohd Najib
pergigian dapat dikurangkan. (1999). Beliau menyatakan bahawa lebih besar
peratusan sampel adalah lebih baik kerana
Amalan penyelidik mempunyai lebih kemungkinan untuk
memilih sampel yang mempunyai ciri-ciri
Amalan pula bermaksud sesuatu yang dilakukan populasi. Sampel yang dipilih adalah seramai
dan menjadi kebiasaan (Kamus Dewan dan 150 pelajar mewakili 211 orang pelajar yang
Pustaka, 2005). Amalan adalah seperti hadir menyertai program tersebut. Rasional
memberus gigi dua kali sehari, penggunaan ubat pemilihan pelajar yang telah menyertai Program
gigi berfluorida, penggunaan floss, penggunaan Kesihatan Pergigian untuk melihat perubahan
ubat kumuran dan mendapatkan pemeriksaan dari segi pengetahuan, amalan dan sikap pelajar
kesihatan mulut dan gigi secara berkala. sebelum dan selepas menyertai Hari Kesihatan
Pergigian di Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat.
4. METODOLOGI KAJIAN
4.3 INSTRUMEN KAJIAN
Kajian yang dijalankan adalah berbentuk kajian
tinjauan dan dilakukan dengan cara soal selidik Penyelidik menggunakan instrumen kajian
serta pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan untuk berbentuk soal selidik kerana ia dapat membantu
menganalisa data secara deskriptif. Kajian mempertingkatkan ketepatan dan kebenaran
menggunakan soal selidik sesuai digunakan yang diberikan oleh sampel kerana ia tidak
dalam penyelidikan bagi mengkaji sikap, dipengaruhi oleh penyelidik (Mohamad Najib,
persepsi, dan pandangan, selain latar belakang 1999). Penggunaan borang soal selidik sebagai
malah data yang diperolehi juga dapat diproses instrumen kajian dikukuhkan lagi dengan
dengan mudah untuk dianalisis (Mohd Najib, pendapat Mohd. Majid (1998), yang menyatakan
2003). Kajian deskriptif melibatkan bahawa soal selidik merupakan alat ukur yang
pengumpulan data dalam usaha untuk menguji digunakan di dalam penyelidikan untuk
hipotesis atau menjawab persoalan kajian dengan mendapat maklumat berkenaan fakta-fakta,
melihat status semasa terhadap perkara yang kepercayaan, perasaan, kehendak, dan
dikaji (Gay, 1996). sebagainya. Soal selidik merupakan satu
instrumen yang lazim digunakan dalam sesuatu
Kajian ini bertujuan melihat perubahan penyelidikan. Instrumen kajian ini mengandungi
pengetahuan, amalan dan sikap pelajar Kolej 3 bahagian item soalan iaitu bahagian A,
Komuniti Kuala Langat bagi kesihatan pergigian. bahagian B dan bahagian C.
Penyelidik telah menggunakan set soal selidik
untuk memperoleh dapatan kajian. Penyelidik Borang soal selidik Pre-Test ini diedarkan
telah menggunakan set soal selidik dari Buku kepada 150 pelajar yang dipilih secara rawak
Garis Program Kesihatan Pergigian Warga Kolej sebelum menyertai Hari Kesihatan Pergigian di
Komuniti edisi tahun 2016. Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat bagi melihat
3 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
perubahan tahap pengetahuan, amalan dan sikap Jadual 1: Perubahan Pengetahuan Responden
mereka sebelum menyertai Hari Kesihatan
Pergigian. Selepas 2 minggu perlaksanaan NO. PRE TEST POST TEST ULASAN
program tersebut, borang soal selidik Post-Test SOALAN Jawapan Peratus Jawapan Peratus
diedarkan kembali kepada pelajar yang telah
menjawab borang soal selidik Pre-Test sebelum Betul Betul
ini. Borang Soal Selidik ini adalah untuk (n) (n)
melihat perubahan pengetahuan, amalan dan
sikap pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat 1 106 77.7 135 90.0 Peningkatan
selepas perlaksanaan Hari Kesihatan Pergigian.
2 111 74.0 139 92.7 Peningkatan
5. ANALISIS DAN KEPUTUSAN 3 52 34.7 62 41.3 Peningkatan
4 24 16.0 42 28.0 Peningkatan
5 67 44.7 62 41.3 Penurunan
Analisa data dibahagikan kepada 3 bahagian 5.2 BAHAGIAN B
iaitu Bahagian A mengandungi soalan yang
berkaitan dengan pengetahuan responden. Bahagian B adalah soal selidik untuk melihat
Bahagian B mengandungi soalan yang berkaitan
dengan amalan responden. Manakala bahagian C perubahan dari segi amalan responden berkaitan
mengandungi soalan berkaitan dengan sikap
responden. Analisa adalah berdasarkan borang dengan kesihatan mulut. Terdapat 5 soalan yang
soal selidik bagi pre-test yang diedarkan sebelum
responden menyertai Hari Kesihatan Pergigian perlu dijawab oleh responden. Responden
dan borang soal selidik post-test diedarkan
kepada responden selepas 2 minggu hendaklah menjawab setiap soalan. Soalan yang
perlaksanaan Hari Kesihatan Pergigian.
sama terdapat di dalam soal selidik pre-test dan
Analisa data adalah berdasarkan jumlah dan
peratus responden menjawab dengan jawapan post-test. Berdasarkan Jadual 2, responden
yang betul bagi setiap soalan bagi 3 bahagian
yang terdapat di dalam borang soal selidik. menunjukkan perubahan dari segi amalan
mereka dalam penjagaan kesihatan mulut dengan
melihat 4 soalan menunjukkan peningkatan.
Walaubagaimanapun, soalan ketiga
menunjukkan tiada perubahan antara pre-test dan
post-test. Soalan ketiga adalah Saya
menggunakan flos gigi untuk membersihkan
makanan di celah gigi.
5.1 BAHAGIAN A Jadual 2: Perubahan amalan responden
Bahagian A adalah soal selidik untuk melihat NO. PRE TEST POST TEST ULASAN
perubahan dari segi pengetahuan responden SOALAN Jawapan Peratus Jawapan Peratus
berkaitan dengan kesihatan mulut. Terdapat 5
soalan yang perlu dijawab oleh responden. Betul Betul
Responden hendaklah menjawab setiap soalan. (n) (n)
Soalan yang sama terdapat di dalam soal selidik
pre-test dan post-test. Berdasarkan Jadual 1, 1 96 91.4 109 72.7 Peningkatan
hasil dari pre-test dan post-test menunjukkan 86.0 Peningkatan
terdapat peningkatan mengenai pengetahuan 2 112 74.7 129 42.0 Tiada
responden berkaitan asas kesihatan mulut.
Walaubagaimanapun, terdapat penurunan 3 63 42.0 63 perubahan
peratus yang menjawab betul bagi soalan ke 5 32.0 Peningkatan
iaitu sebanyak 3.34%. Soalan ini adalah 4 35 23.3 48 70.0 Peningkatan
berkaitan menguji pengetahuan responden 5 100 66.7 105
mengenai Plak gigi yang keras adalah Karang
Gigi. 5.3 BAHAGIAN C
Bahagian C adalah soal selidik untuk melihat
perubahan dari segi sikap responden berkaitan
dengan kesihatan pergigian. Responden perlu
menjawab 5 soalan yang berkaitan dengan sikap
terhadap kesihatan pergigian. Jadual 3
menunjukkan bilangan dan peratus responden
yang menjawab 5 soalan yang terdapat dalam
borang soal selidik pre-test dan post-test. Dari
jadual tersebut, ia menunjukkan terdapat
peningkatan bagi soalan 1 hingga 4 yang
4 KOPPIS 2018
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menunjukkan terdapat perubahan dari segi sikap Kesihatan Pergigian memerlukan pengetahuan,
responden terhadap penjagaan kesihatan mulut amalan dan sikap seseorang individu bagi
setelah menyertai Hari Kesihatan Pergigian yang memastikan tahap kesihatan pegigian mereka.
terdapat didalam Program Kesihatan Pergigian Dari segi pengetahuan, pelajar Kolej Komuniti
Warga Kolej Komuniti di Kolej Komuniti Kuala Kuala Langat telah mempunyai pengetahuan
Langat. Manakala soalan 5 menunjukkan asas di dalam kesihatan pergigian. Amalan
penurunan sebanyak 20.06%. Soalan 5 adalah pelajar-pelajar di dalam kesihatan pergigian juga
saya rasa fluoria berlebihan membahayakan meningkat setelah mrnyertai program ini. Selain
kesihatan itu juga, sikap pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kuala
Langat di dalam kesedaran menjaga kesihatan
Jadual 3: Perubahan sikap responden pergigian dapat diperbaiki dengan adanya
pelbagai aktiviti kesedaran mengenai
NO. PRE TEST POST TEST ULASAN kepentingan penjagaan kesihatan pergigian.
SOALAN Jawapan Peratus Jawapan Peratus Dengan ini, ianya mampu melahirkan graduan
Betul (n) kolej komuniti yang holistik dan berdaya saing.
Betul
(n)
1 134 89.3 138 92.0 Peningkatan Daripada hasil kajian yang dijalankan ini,
2 99 orang pengkaji mencadangkan beberapa cadangan
3 93 penambahbaikan yang boleh dijalankan bagi
4 95 66.0 111 74.0 Peningkatan meningkatkan lagi pengetahuan, amalan dan
5 104 orang sikap pelajar-pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kuala
Langat terhadap Kesihatan Mulut. Antara
62.0 114 76.0 Peningkatan aktiviti-aktiviti yang boleh dicadangkan adalah
orang seperti :
63.3 77 51.3 Peningkatan 1. Kempen Kesihatan Pergigian kepada semua
orang pelajar melalui Ikon Gigi Remaja (i-GGR) yang
telah dilantik.
69.3 73 48.7 Penurunan
orang 2. Perancangan yang strategik dalam merancang
program yang bersesuaian dengan Kesihatan
Hasil dari kajian ini, terdapat 12 item soalan dari Pergigian dan menjalankan aktiviti-aktiviti yang
15 item soalan yang menunjukkan peningkatan, dirancang secara berterusan.
1 item soalan menunjukkan tiada perubahan dan
1 item soalan menunjukkan penurunan. Dapat 3. Kerjasama yang kukuh dan strategik di antara
disimpulkan bahawa program ini membuktikan pihak Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat dan juga
dapat membuat perubahan dari peningkatan pihak Pejabat Kesihatan Pergigian Daerah Kuala
pengetahuan, sikap dan amalan pelajar dalam Langat.
kesihatan pergigian.
7. KESIMPULAN
6. PERBINCANGAN
Berdasarkan kajian yang telah dijalankan, dapat
Program Kesihatan Pergigian Warga Kolej disimpulkan bahawa Program Program
Komuniti adalah program kesinambungan dari Kesihatan Pergigian Warga Kolej Komuniti telah
Program Kesihatan Pergigian Sekolah dimana berjaya dan menunjukkan kesan yang positif
pelajar yang telah menamatkan pengajian apabila dapat meningkatkan tahap pengetahuan,
sekolah menengah dan selepas itu menyambung amalan dan sikap pelajar KKKL. Ini
pengajian di Kolej Komuniti dapat terus menunjukkan program ini berjaya dilaksanakan
menerima pemeriksaan gigi dan pendidikan dan telah mencapai objektif program iaitu
kesihatan pergigian. Bagi kes yang perlu dirujuk memperkasakan pengetahuan pelajar-pelajar
kepada klinik pergigian bagi rawatan lanjut, kolej komuniti terhadap peningkatan tahap
pelajar Kolej Komuniti akan dirujuk bagi kesihatan pergigian sekaligus dapat
tindakan susulan. Dengan ini dapat melahirkan menghasilkan graduan yang holistik seiring
pelajar yang mempunyai kesihatan pergigian dengan dengan Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan
yang optimum selepas tamat pengajian di Kolej Malaysia 2015-2025 (Pendidikan Tinggi).
Komuniti. Selain itu juga, program ini dapat
memberi maklumat yang tepat dan spesifik
mengenai penjagaan kesihatan pergigian bagi
memantapkan lagi pengetahuan warga Kolej
Komuniti tentang kepentingan amalan penjagaan
kesihatan pergigian.
5 KOPPIS 2018
Prosiding Kolokium Pembentangan dan Pertandingan Inovasi Selangor (KOPPIS) 2018
19 September 2018, Kolej-kolej Komuniti Negeri Selangor
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Rujukan [14] Portal Rasmi Program Kesihatan Pergigian,
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
[1] Dr. Robert B, Dr. Poul E.P., (2005). Global
facts on Tobacco or Oral Health. [15] URL:
http://ohd.moh.gov.my/v3/index.php/ms/the
[2] Dr. Shahrol Lail Sujak (2016) Garis -dental-services/primary-oral-healthcare4
Panduan Program Kesihatan Pergigian
Warga Kolej Komuniti, (2016). Bahagian
Kesihatan Pergigian, Kementerian
Kesihatan Malaysia.
[3] Gay, L.R (1996)." Educational Research:
Competencies for analysis and application."
Ed.New Jersey: Prantice hall,Inc.
[4] Jamilah Hj. Ahmad, Hasrina Mustafa,
Hamidah Abd Hamid & Juliana Abdul
Wahab (2011) Pengetahuan, Sikap dan
Amalan Masyarakat Malaysia terhadap Isu
Alam Sekitar
[5] Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (2005)
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
[6] Mohd Dom TN, Mohd Aljunid S, Abdul
Muttalib K. Economic burden and cost-
effectiveness analysis of periodontitis
management in Malaysia [dissertation];
2013.
[7] Mohd Hilmi Mahmud & Kamaliah Hj.
Siarap (2013) Kempen Pencegahan H1N1:
Kajian Tentang Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan
Amalan Penduduk Di Timur Laut Pulau
Pinang, Universiti Sains Malaysia
[8] Mohd Majid Konting (2009). Kaedah
Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur:
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
[9] Mohd Najib Abdul Ghafar (1999).
―Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Skudai:
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
[10] Mohd Najib Abdul Ghafar (2003). ―Reka
bentuk tinjauan: Soal selidik pendidikan.
Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
[11] National Oral Health Survey of Adults
2010 (NOHSA 2010), (2010). Kuala
Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia
[12] Sunil Kumar Nettemu, Sowmya Nettem,
Vijendra Pal Singhet al (2017) Assessment
of Level of Knowledge on Gingival and
Periodontal Diseases among Patients
Attending Klinik Pergigian, Melaka-
Manipal Medical College, Malaysia Indian
Journal of Mednodent and Allied Sciences
Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2017, pp- 51-59
[13] Zamirah Hj. Zainal Abidin, Shahida Mohd
Said, Irma Shida Abu Samah, Mohd Yufi
Ariandi Mohd Yusoff (2005) Oral Health
Awareness and Status Among Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia First Year Dental
Students.
6 KOPPIS 2018
PESERTA INOVA
19 September 2018
SENARAI PESERTA IN
Bil. No. Ruj. Tajuk INOVASI
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Fabrication Of Automatic Pump Do
Split Unit Wall Mounted Type
Airconditioning System
Ke Arah Revolusi Perindustrian 4.0
Kolokium Penyelidikan & Inovasi Negeri Selangor 2018
RASHIDAH BINTI SARASWATHY A/P ASMALILA BINTI
ABU DHANALINGAM ALIAS
MUHAMMAD KASWATI BINTI MOHAMAD
FIRDAUS BIN SALLEH SHABUDIN BIN
HARUN MOHAMAD NOR
an @ SITI ZAINE BINTI NURUL HUDA BINTI -
ran Dan ZAINAL ABIDIN ABDUL TALIB
NURUL AISHAH
NURIMA AISHAH NURFETTYLIANA BT RAHMAT
BINTI ZAINAL FITRIA BINTI ADNAN RASITA A/P
ABIDIN JEEVAGAN
AIMAN HAQEM BIN
MUHAMAD FAUZI JAILANI
BIN ZUBRI
I AKADEMIK
SITI RAFIDAH BINTI BAZLINA BINTI RAZALI BIN
SADELI
ABDUL SAREF BASARAHIM
m HANIMASTURA MAIFUZA BINTI -
own On BINTI HASHIM MOHD AMIN
NOORULHUDA NORLAILATULAZMILA SITI KHADIJAH
BINTI MD TOLAH BINTI NURUL ZAMAN BINTI OTHMAN
MUHAMAD ASRUL AHMAD TARMIZI BIN MOHD SAPAWI
AFFENDI BIN MAT
NOR MD NOR BIN MOHD ISA
5 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/6/KKKJ Easy 4 Stroke Cycle
6 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/7/KKKS
7 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/8/KKKS WebD Fun Book
8 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/9/KKKL
Extrovert Vs Introvert
Magnatic Smart Note V2 (Komenta
Pelancongan Bandar)
9 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/10/KKKL Sistem Rubrik Pentaksiran
10 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/11/KKKL Amazing Network Color Guider Kit
11 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/12/KKSB VR2AR@CC
12 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/13/KKSB Smart Cutting Mat
13 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/14/KKSB Bag Laptop Serbaguna
14 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/15/KKSY Escape Me!!!
Ke Arah Revolusi Perindustrian 4.0
Kolokium Penyelidikan & Inovasi Negeri Selangor 2018
NURUL SHAHIRA FARHAN BIN MAT -
BINTI MOHD NASIR
KASSIM
AZLILAWATI BINTI NANTINI A/P
ISHAK ANPALAKAN -
MARINA BINTI ZAILAH BINTI -
SAEDEN SALAMON
ar MASTURA BINTI
MAHMUD - -
MOHD KASWATI BINTI RIZALINA BINTI
NAZARUDDIN BIN SALLEH MOHD RADWAN
HANAPIAH
RIZALINA BINTI KASWATI BINTI MUHAMMAD
MOHD RADWAN SALLEH FIRDAUS BIN
HARUN
NOR RUSLI BIN MUHAMAD BUKHARI
ABU BAKAR
BIN OTHMAN -
MUHAINI BINTI NORMALIS BINTI -
OSMAN MASUD
ZULAIKHA BT - -
MOHD AZMAN
NOR HUZANI BINTI SAKINAH BINTI MUHAMMAD
NAZMI BIN OMAR
KHAMIS MAZUKI
15 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/16/KKSY My erGO Data
16 KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/17/KKSY Cake Decor Kits
KOPPIS/2018/INOVASI/A/18/KKTK iNTERACTIVE EDU
17
Ke Arah Revolusi Perindustrian 4.0
Kolokium Penyelidikan & Inovasi Negeri Selangor 2018
ALIMATUZAKIAH SULIANAH BINTI SANI -
BINTI BOKHARI
ZURAIHAH BINTI AB SALMAH BINTI
RAHAYU BINTI
TAHA RAHIM ISMAIL
MOHD SHAHRIN WAN ENA SUZIRA -
BIN ABDUL BINTI WAN
ABDULLAH
LAPORAN INOVASI
KOLEJ KOMUNITI AMPANG
WOBLE APPS
DISEDIAKAN OLEH
Siti Rafidah Binti Abdul Saref
[email protected]
Razali Bin Sadeli
[email protected]
Bazlina Binti Basarahim
[email protected]
ABSTRAK
Aplikasi mudah alih WoBLe (WoBLe Apps) di bina untuk memudahkan pelajar, pensyarah,
jurulatih industri dan penyelaras Work-Based Learning Kolej Komuniti Ampang yang boleh
digunakan sebagai medium pengajaran dan pembelajaran (pdp) tanpa sempadan, sistem
penilaian berterusan (PB) yang efisyen serta medium komunikasi dan perhubungan diantara
pelajar, penyarah dan jurulatih industri. Berkonsepkan aplikasi mudah alih, WoBLe Apps
mampu memudahkan pelajar, pensyarah, jurulatih industri serta penyelas Work-Based
Learning berbanding kaedah terdahulu . WoBLe Apps berkebolehan untuk menjadi rujukan
kepada pelajar mengenai pengajaran dan pembelajaran (pdp), merekod aduan/ maklumbalas
pelajar, merekod penilaian pensyarah dan jurulatih industri dan memudahkan Penyelaras
WBL untuk menguruskan dan menyelaras program Work-Based Learning secara holistik.
Dengan adanya WoBLe Apps, program Work-Based Learning dapat di laksanakan dengan
lebih baik dan teratur. Secara kesimpulannya WoBLe Apps tidak hanya dapat membantu
pelajar dalam menjalani latihan Work-Based Learning dengan berkesan malah dapat
memudahkan semua pihak yang terlibat dengan program Work-Based Learning secara
keseluruhan.
1.0 PENGENALAN
Pengunaan teknologi di masa kini tersebar luas dengan wujudnya
pelbagai aplikasi dicipta untuk kegunaan harian. Perkembagan aplikasi mudah
alih juga merupakan bonus tambahan yang mana ianya memudahkan
penggunamencapai aplikasi menerusi telefon bimbit. Kemajuan teknologi ini
bukan sahaja memudahkan proses sesuatu sistem dan meningkatkan kualiti
dan kuantiti penghasilan, bahkan ia mempercepatkan lagi aliran kerja. Di
samping itu, penggunaan teknologi juga dilihat lebih menarik dan efisien.
Melalui perkembangan sihat ini, pelbagai pihak mula mengambil perhatian
serius terhadap teknologi dan dikaitkan kepada pelbagai bidang.
Teknologi juga difahami sebagai satu produk atau bahan yang terhasil
daripada proses-proses teknologi itu sendiri, seperti perkakasan dan perisian.
Dapat disimpulkan bahawa teknologi bukan sekadar melibatkan penggunaan
sesuatu perkakasan atau perisian yang canggih dan terkini, tetapi teknologi
juga berkait rapat dengan cara atau teknik atau proses yang berkesan dalam
penggunaan perkakasan atau perisian itu sendiri. Melalui pendekatan ini,
WoBLe Apps di hasilkan bagi memudahkan perlaksanaan Work-Based
Learning di Kolej Komuniti Ampang selain itu, ianya juga menepati keperluan
teknologi masa kini yang mudah di akses dan tiada sempadan.
WoBLe Apps dibangunkan adalah kegunaan pelajar, pensyarah dan
jurulatih industri bagi menyalurkan maklumat, bahan rujukan pelajar, sistem
penilaian Work-Based Learning dan saluran aduan permasalahan yang di
hadapi tentang program Work-Based Learning. Tujuan utama pembagunkan
WoBLe Apps ini adalah sebagai satu pembaharuan dalam menyampaikan
pengajaran dan pembelajaran (pdp) Work-Based Learning serta medium
penilaian berterusan (PB) atas talian bagi memudahkan pensyarah dan
jurulatih di industri memberikan markah penilaian secara atas talian semasa
sesi penyeliaan di jalankan.
2.0 PENYATA MASALAH
Secara amnya, Work-Based Learning di jalankan di Kolej Komuniti Ampang
bagi program Diploma in Mobile Technology dan Diploma Teknologi
Telekomunikasi berdasarkan sistem ‘Block Realese’ iaitu pelajar berada
sepenuh masa di industri semasa tempoh latihan. Pembelajaran dan
pengajaran (pdp) di lakukan sepenuhnya di industri dan di selia oleh jurulatih
industri. Oleh yang demikian, penyelaras dan pensyarah Workd-Based
Learning (tutor) di Kolej menghadapi beberapa permasalahan dalam
menyampaikan maklumat dan pengendalian Work-Based Learning akan
menjadi sukar dalam memantau perkembangan pelajar di industri. Masalah
yang di hadapi di sempanjang sesi latihan Work-Based Learning adalah
seperti berikut:
1. Menyampaikan maklumat tentang kurikulum Work-Based Learning.
2. Memantau perkembangan pelajar di industri
3. Sukar untuk menyampaikan bahan pembelajaran dan pengajaran (pdp)
kepada pelajar
4. Memantau kehadiran pelajar
5. Penggunaan kertas yang banyak untuk penilaian berterusan (PB) Work-
Based Learning yang di jalankan tiga (3) kali setiap semester yang mana
penilaian di lakukan oleh jurulatih di industri dan pensyarah (tutor).
3.0 CIRI-CIRI INOVASI
WoBLe Apps dibangunkan adalah kegunaan pelajar, pensyarah dan jurulatih
industri bagi menyalurkan maklumat, bahan rujukan pelajar, sistem penilaian
Work-Based Learning dan saluran aduan permasalahan yang di hadapi
tentang program Work-Based Learning.
WoBLe Apps mempunyai ciri-ciri inovasi seperti berikut:
i) Mudah di akses tanpa sempadan. Inovasi atas talian yang boleh di
muat turun oleh telefon pintar Android dan iOS.
ii) Semua keperluan Work-Based Learning di satukan dalam satu aplikasi
mobile mudah alih
iii) Dapat mengurangkan penggunaan kertas dan fail.
iv) Penilaian Work-Based Learning dapat di lakukan ‘on time’ semasa
penyeliaan di jalankan.
v) Maklumat tentang Work Based Learning dapat di salurkan dengan
mudah dan cepat melalui ruangan komunikasi yang telah di sediakan
vi) Boleh dijadikan sebagai online book dan mudah di akses oleh pelajar
sebagai bahan rujukan.
4.0 CARA OPERASI
WoBLe Apps boleh di akses dengan mudah dengan melalukan beberapa
langkah berikut:
i) Muat turun aplikasi
Android
iOS
ii) Selepas memuat turun aplikasi, WoBLe Apps akan di lihat seperti
berikut:
iii) Setiap item yang ada di dalam WoBLe Apps akan di simpan di dalam
database di kendali sepenuhnya oleh penyelaras Work-Based
Learning.
5.0 GAMBARAJAH INOVASI
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