Hacker IELTS Reading

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HACKERS

IELTS

READING

HACKERS IELTS R EADING

DIAGNOSTIC

TEST

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which aarree

basedon Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.

Questions 1-6

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

belowChoose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings bel

Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

Implications of foreign investors avoiding regulations

ii. Government investment leads to jobs for locals

ii. The impact of tourism on real estate prices
iv. Competition presents challenges for local businesses
v. The problem of unequal income

vi. Non-economic consequences for communities
vii. Tourism as a fast way to grow the economy

vii. Widespread degradation of the environment

ix. Impact of neglecting the development of other industries

Example Answer

ParagraphA vii

1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G

Tourism Development: A Blessing or a Curse?

A In developing countries, collectively referred to as the Global South, tourism is seen as a DT

fast and effective means of economic development. This is especially true for countries
that lack exportable natural resources, but possess plenty of natural attractions, such as

beaches, mountains, lush forests, and jungles. As a means of maximising the economic

benefits for their citizens, such countries are encouraged to capitalise on these attractions

by promoting tourism and developing a suitable tourist infrastructure. Many countries

are taking up this opportunity and there has been a noticeable tendency tor developing
nations to invest heavily in expanding their tourism industries.

B In reality, however, tourism can cause extensive damage to the natural world. It can therefore
bring more harm than good to the communities it is supposed to serve. Ecotourism, for

example, is designed to take advantage of a locale's natural beauty to attract 'green'travellers

but ironically the environment is often sacrificed to accommodate them. Every year, hordes of
tourists flock to St. Lucia to take in its gorgeous scenery, scuba dive among the coral reefs in
its clear waters, and explore the rainforests of the island's interior. While well-managed scuba
diving trips and excursions into the rainforest may not directly disturb the native wildlife and

flora, the resorts built to accommodate eco-tourists have caused significant increases in beach

erosion, and the demand for boating transport has resulted in the loss of mangrove swamps

and increased pollution of the marine environment (Nagle, 1999)

Another problem is the income disparity that almost always occurs as a resut of tourism

in underdeveloped nations. It starts with governments investing heavily in infrastructure

such as roads, airports, public transportation and the like. The money to fund these

projects comes out of taxpayers' wallets, with the idea that the investment will create jobs
and opportunities for the local population, but that is rarely the case. Contracts to build
hotels, resorts, parks, and restaurants are often given to wealthy businesspeople who
exploit local laborers in order to increase profit margins. Then, when the establishments

open, the same pattern occurs with hired staff who work for wages barely above the
minimum wage. Thus, the rich get richer while the increasing wealth gap forces the lower

socioeconomic classes into deeper poverty.

D Moreover, overseas investors make it impossible for small, local businesses to compete.
International chains are the first in line to bid for spaces on beachfront property in almost

every country of the world. They pay premium prices to secure their stronghold in
developing tourist sectors. This has happened in Costa Rica, where foreign individuals

or companies own 65 per cent of hotels in the country. Therefore, although tourism
constitutes around 12.5 per cent of Costa Rica's GDP, local businesses have not benefited

from this thriving industry.

mes popuE These trends affect the private real estate market as well. Once a place becn.

with foreigners, there's a rush to purchase vacation homes, dramaticall,

yoneinwctheoashiatgproperty values and displacing the native inhabitants. This is evident to anvan.

travelled along the coast of Spain or to any of the Greek islands. A San Fran

nt, local priceUniversity study on Belize revealed that as a result of tourism development. In.

have increased overall by around 8 per cent in the past decade alone. Some cos

such as Thailand, have made foreign direct ownership of property illegal, whie

ich har
alleviated some of these effects. However, even with such rigid regulations, Denm

e stü

find a way to evade the laws by coordinating with Thai citizens or businesses to nel

urchaseproperty. In the end, an inflated real estate market is inevitable, as are increases

basic costs such as food, water, clothing, and daily necessities. other

F Regardless of who is making the profits, though, local populations become dependent .

the influx of tourist cash, despite the hazards. In Gambia, for instance, 30 per cent of th
workforce depends directly or indirectly on tourism, and in the Maldives, this figure is

striking 83 per cent. When a substantial quantity of available jobs revolves around tourism
countries often neglect developing other sectors that could decrease that dependency
While this may not seem problematic, it quickly becomes so when unforeseen events
threaten the stability of a country and scare off tourists. This has happened to Thailand
several times
in recessions over the past decade, with both civil unrest and natural disasters resulting
caused by dramatic decreases in tourism.

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HACKERS IELTS READING L

a

READING PASSAGE2

teson ich are14-26, wh ch14.26
Q u e s t l o n sQ u e s t i o n s
on

minutes

20

about

spend 2 below.

should

You Passage

Reading

basedon

Children's EEdtucatiionn.nt iinInvolvement
Children's

Parental

requires people andis a
i tu n d e r t a k i n g . ran..

human

education

level, child's education, the first people whe
hof u n d a m e n t a l
come mingAt the most
When we think of a to
stated. But whatntoraction of te
b eof their role cannot overstate.

i Aude everythinare
and the importance parental involvement can
education? At
schoolteachers, home,

0aran can also lenrole of parents in children's to actively tutoring children. Furthermore,
encouragement school functions. helt
general Does this parental
h as attending the results of their in h schori
support to
administrators. veemrent?

if so, what are
from suc

i n v e . .t h e i r
schools in many ways,

activities or serving as school governors or v o

a measurable effect on student outcomes?

Extensive research has clearly demonstrated the positive benefit of parental involvement.

t comes to academic achievement. Students of parents who engage directly with their chites

e

in the early years of childhood education show especially strong results (Cotton and Wikelund

1989).In other words, the earlier parental involvement occurs, the more likely children are

have tremendous academic success. In the US, the National Head Start Impact Study collete

detailed data on 5,000 children from kindergarten to 3rd grade. The Head Start programme
provided comprehensive early childhood development services to low-income families, and

aaccmrpeccoaaoataurlidnveedriinedsetnleotmyearislinionsectfi,ognntcvphqloooearufeulrnevfergsoeastumrigcymoaheeegndoaane,nrotspcelui,-esvars.reteechenlrTnaeuatthcceandoridldaiautlitigcnalafhsiovtserdossrteliauhcvgfcheciennyhimi,mltldioeavarennesesntgnl.ty-pws'stT,seeeyhrslmslucepthcaaasobcrseteluelfonicdsfsgteosyhaic.gslettcndioivTitnlieaolovnednsocedttslraevsoWdnenmdogisfstelguencseyduotnecrhernhienratalvapldetsraicokothnngnaoooratomwbemldeeletamwdatsncgueeatreseitiv.nnihtgoOeapnvssats,eicrnrbehaueonueeoaend

socio-emiontvioonlvaolepmpfuoennrtctutcniooitnniuiettnrsigDn.gu ldeveloipnmvoelvneengagementinvolvement opportunitiesSbtmtbWcihchsoieoeoomawoahnhnnwtsloiaaatdctleersvvaeurdvocrpiipclooehbyoEttrulu,voe,s,emrridioatot.miihnlmrvuisneTnioesnweithnr-wicsfhvuldigocoimihascerchn,itmhphpacionotnhaiohtepnpdcolcs,oftaoteasriwgfiaoienefntiennanevmardtdstelhayssbtilhsthsgehetethiethhagswrenateehgletpemglcorrieafeogaanwrlatlnhldasitthtsut.tehfehthmocasdraeruhttsomctarseuvtesctsixadavrrtiineopieeteefedonastrprysstilaaiaytoorinofveaudfaentspstiiaanonccrissu1snellatat9cntrlessoo7utsrsano3ctarrltktoocircoowtoiiobonmmohnnnetwrnlbebiiabfenefoesocuhh.hnrhttcaaoSeailvvlpendiiiieaanmoocqrrcuuelpeuyerrsanra,,ontltttlavhhphdpyoleeeee,amianierpan,rccernvihhnriomdneniitllilstdvacdieetrer'riaaseyiamnpsrcnfcaacnshaettnytihcitortooeictietovntShuSruSesodusedum,kerPehpeSaaeaaertngvnihresdsedeee

28

Even though parental involvement is widely encouraged both in school systems and in literature DT

produced by education experts, it is not without controversy. Some educational professionals

question whether it can go too far, and this sentiment is particularly common when it comes to

parental involvement in school governance and administration. David Hart, the general secretary
of the National Association of Head Teachers in the UK, has suggested that governing bodies in
Britain are overloaded with parents, many of whom are unqualified for the job. Hart decilared that
parents were often too focused on the needs of their own children to think of the greater good

when it came to governance. Nevertheless, polls consistently show that many parents would like

to play a more active role in school affairs whether it is through becoming a school governor or

a member of a parental advisory committee or school improvement council.

In contrast, school administrators and teachers tend to support Hart's negative opinion of

parents taking an active role; they continually demonstrate great reluctance to allow parents to
get involved with goal setting, personnel decisions, assessment, and how to allocate funding.
They point out that parents generally 1ack the training and capability to make decisions related

viewto school administration and governance. Educational literature sometimes supports their

some mainstream studies claim that parental involvement in school governance has no obvious

correlation with increased academic achievement or improvements in student attitude and
behaviour. Karen Reed Wikelund has pointed out that in half a dozen studies that addressed
the link between parental involvement in school decision making, none could conclusively prove
a causal relationship between it and student achievement. And Marylin Bruckman has argued
that many early childhood educators have negative views of parental involvement in general,
implying that some educators may have an adverse impact on family involvement.

Still, exceptions exist. In New Haven, Connecticut, the School Development Programme (SDP)
started by James Comer of Yale University revealed that parents could provide meaningful

contributions at all levels whether it be at home, in the classroom, or school administration. He

sought to 'change the ecology' of education by instituting a programme of electing parents to school
planning and management teams, where they made substantial decisions along with teachers, the

principal, and support staf. The SDP helped radically transform two of the worst-performing inner-city

schools in Connecticut, and as mary as 120 other inner-city schools have subsequently tollowed suit
using his model. Comer's example proves that parents can play a constructive role within schools i

an appropriate framework exists, which allows parents and teachers to work together constructively

in getting the best for children.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST 29

Questions 14-17

Look at the following statements and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

14 claimed that parents in administration tend to put

children before others the needs of their own

15 proposed a connection between parental

views on education encouragement and children's

16 argued that there was no evidence linking parental

decisions and student success involvement in school

17 instituted a programme of parental participation in school decision making

List of Researchers

A Karen Reed Wikelund

B Walter Emmerlich

C James Comer
D Marylin Bruckman
E David Hart

Questions 18-21
Complete the sentences below

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.

18 Parents can support schools by becoming school and

** **************

serving on administrative committees.

19 Early parental involvement increases the likelihood of great
among children.

20 The most beneticial approach is for schools to provide diverse

. for parents to participate.

21 A decision school administrators do not want parents to get involved in is tne
allocation of . .

30

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information DT
if the statement contradicts the information
FALSE
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

22 Parental involvement tends to have more of an effect on older students than
younger students.

23 Different types of parental involvement produce different results in attitude

and behaviour.

24 Polls show that mothers are generally more likely to play a part in school
affairs than fathers.

25 Research suggests that educators may have a negative effect on parental
participation in schools.

26 The School Development Programme helped to revolutionise some urban
schools.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST 31

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are

based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The Snowball Earth Hypothesis

Analysing the theory that Earth was once a giant ice-covered snowball

A debate has been raging among scientists Australia in the mid-20th century, which

Earthabout the plausibility of the 'snowball he took as evidence of global glaciation,.

hypothesis, which posits that the Earth was However, this theory was superseded by

once completely covered in ice and snow. the idea of continental drift, which more

If this theory is true, it could explain many readily explained the existence of glaciers
in Australia and other landmasses. The
geological mysteries, but some claim the snowball Earth theory was revived in the
1960s by W. Brian Harland who suggested
planet could not have recovered from such that glacial sediments in Greenland were
actually deposited nearer to the tropics.
a deep freeze. According to Harland, the only thing that
could account for these deposits was an
Imagine an Earth entirely covered by
extreme, worldwide ice age.
ice, from the poles to the equator, where
It was not until the 1990s that Joseph
little to no life survives and temperatures
Kirschvink, a Professor of geobiology, coined
are perpetually far below zero. That is the term 'snowball Earth' to describe this
ice age. Kirschvink also proposed an ultra
the proposition of the 'snowball Earth'
hypothesis. This is a contentious theory that greenhouse effect as a way in which the Earth

suggests that the Earth was entirely frozen may have escaped from this glacial condition.

for at least one period in its history, and Kirschvink's ideas were taken up by Franklyn
scientists are divided on how to interpret Van Houten, who stated that phosphorus
the geological record and the debate over
the hypothesis is ongoing. deposits and banded iron formations proved

According to proponents of the theory this that the Earth had once been ice-covered.
deep freeze occurred over 650 million years
ago in at least one of three periods, the According to proponents of the snowball

Neoproterozoic, the Palaeoproterozoic or Earth hypothesis, there are several ways
in which both the geological record and
the Karoo lce Age. Scientists are however
climate models support the theory. The
divided on both the geological evidence
most persuasive is perhaps the evidence
and the likelihood of Earth reviving, and
of palaeomagnetism, a recent development
fostering life, after such a period, as well as
in geology which can show when and
when exactly this could have taken place.
where geological deposits were made,
Proponents nevertheless suggest that the whilst taking into account continental drift.
theory explains some of the mysteries of
Through palaeomagnetism it has been
the geological record.

The first geologist to put forward the idea of
a snowball Earth was Douglas Mawson who
discovered glacial sediments in southern

32

HACKERS IELTS READING

CO

Questions 27-31

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3

In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

27 Scientists agree the snowball Earth occurred in the Palaeoproterozoic era.

28 Climate models developed in the 20th century led to theories about

paleomagnetism.

29 Some experts believe that if Earth had been totally enclosed in ice, life would

have been permanently erased.

30 The 'slushball Earth' hypothesis shows how life evolved on Earth.

31 Linda Sohl showed that the snowball Earth model can teach us about climate

change.

34

Questions 32-36 DT

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

32 In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that the 'snowball Earth' hypothesis
A has changed how geologists understand the formation of glaciers.

B is an experimental theory that has caused widespread confusion.

C has changed how scientists understand the origins of the planet.

D is a theory which has prompted extensive debate.

33 The writer says that scientists oppose the snowball Earth theory because

A it shows that climate change is not man-made.

B banded iron formations disprove it.
C there are other reasonable explanations.
D the theory of continental drift explains the evidence better.

34 The Zipper rift hypothesis suggests that

A continents moving apart created conditions for glaciers to appear.
B the snowball effect extended to every area of the planet.

C extremely high plateaus allowed life to survive during the snowball period.
D earthquakes caused the formation of glaciers.

35 What confirmed that the snowball Earth was warmer than some maintain?

A A new climate model developed at a university

for aBAn absence of evidence mass extinction

C Carbon dioxide samples taken from sea ice

D Vegetation patterns in the geological record

36 The writer suggests that Richard Peltier's climate model proves

A the Earth was a mud ball rather than a snowball.

B the equator remained frozen throughout the snowball Earth period.
C life on Earth survived in spite of a negative feedback reaction.
D the water close to the tropics remained unfrozen.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST 35

Questions 37-40
Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO wORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

The History of the Snowball Earth Theory

The snowball Earth hypothesis was first put forward by Douglas Mawson, who found

37 in southern Australia. This prompted him to theorise that the

entire planet had at one point been covered in ice. However, 38
******'*'****"***************** *...

was proposed to explain existence of glaciers in Australia and other landmasses and

Mawson's ideas were forgotten. W. Brian Harland brought the snowball Earth hypothesis

back to prominence when he proposed that glaciers found in Greenland were originally

deposited in the 39. due to a global freeze. This was reiterated
**********
* * *. ...

by Joseph Kirschvink, who invented the term 'snowball Earth', and Franklyn Van

Houten, whose discovery of phosphorus deposits and banded 40

formations provided evidence for the hypothesis.

Dáp án-Dich nghia-Chú giäi trang 304

36

HACKERS

IELTS

READING

CAAPTER HACKERS IELTS REAOING

Multiple Choice

Multiple choice là dang bài yêu cdu lua chon áp án úng trong các phuang án
cho sån. ay là mot trong nhüng dang bai phó bién nhát và xuát hiÇn trong háu
hét các bai thi IELTS Reading. Dang bai nay cüng co thé xuát hiÇn trong cá ba
phán cua IELTS Reading.

HINH THÚC CÂU HÖI

Dang bài Multiple choice yêu câu chon dáp án dúng dé hoàn thành mÙt câu chua hoàn chinh,

hoãc chon câu trå lôi dúng cho câu hôi. Vi kiéu bài thú hai có thé yêu cáu chÍn nhiéu áp án

dúng cho cùng mÙt câu hôi nên truóc khi làm bài phåi ki¿m tra thât k+ sÑ lugng áp án uoc yêu

cau chon.

Chon dáp án é hoàn thành câu

Day là kiéu bài yêu cåu lya chÍn mÙt dáp án úng e hoàn thành câu. Ví då duói có bÑn phudng án

duoc dua ra.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

A firstborn child's mentoring and assistance of their siblings can lead to
A sharing of attention from parents.

B greater brain development.
C similar personalities among siblings.
D their siblings' poorer performance in school.

Chon dáp án dé rà loi câu hói

Day là kieu bài yêu cáu chon câu trå ldi dúng cho câu höi. Trong truong hãp à bài yêu câu chÍn nhiÃu
dúng, có thé án dúng, và hgp ó án dudc dua ra.
dáp án có tù 2-5 dáp trong truong së có tu5-10 phuong

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1 What is said about The Land Bridge Theory?

A It ignores the earlier presence of the Clovis people.
It century.
B It originated in Spain during the 16th
C
D is not supported by the archaeological record.
It is rejected by the majority of modern experts.

38

CHIEN THUAT LÀM BÀ CH
01
STEP 1 Kiém tra só lugng dáp án phåi chon rói xác dinh cum tu khóa
và noi dung câu dua ra.

(1) Dang bài Multiple choice có th¿ yêu câu chÍn nhiéu dáp án dúng nên cán oc ki dé bài và kiém

tra chính xác sQ lugng dáp án phâi chÍn.

(2) Tim cum tù khóa và xác dinh nÙi dung câu ua ra.

EXAMPLE (1) Doc é bài é xác
nhan yêu câu chon
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. mot dáp án úng.

Write the correct letter in box 1 on your answer sheet. 2) Xác inh cum tu
khóa là A firstborm
1 A firstborn child's mentoring and assistance of their siblings
child's mentoring
can lead to
and assistance và nôoi
A sharing of attention from parents. dung câu ua ra
B greater brain development.
Cum tù khóa này së
C similar personalities among siblings.
dan dén iéu gi.
D their siblings' poorer performance in school.

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 39

STEP 2 Tim trong bài dÍc nÙi dung liên quan dên cym të khóa vua
xác dinh.

Ap dung k+ thu-t scanning d¿ tim trong bài doc nhïng nÙi dung lién quan dên cum të khóa vça xán
dinh. Kiém tratoàn bÙ phân nÙi dung liên quan dó détim ki¿m goi ý cho câu trå löi.

EXAMPLE Tim nÙi dung liên

Some believe that these differing personality types occur because of quan den Cum tu
differences in families over time. Firstborn children join families with
few other distractions and they receive their parents' full attention khóa A firstborn
until their next sibling arrives. Later, children do not get to experience child's mentoring and
a similar period of undivided attention from their parents. This may
make it seem that the benefits of higher birth order decrease when a assistance trong bai
second child is born, but this is not true. While they must now share
doc. Goi ý cho áp án có
parental attention with another child, 'the mentoring and assistance thé tim thay ß câu có liên
quan dên cum tù khóa
that firstborn children provide to their younger siblings can lead to là 'the mentoring and
more substantial development of the brain- likely the cause of their assistance that firstborn
higher IQs. Furthermore, this helps younger siblings achieve better children provide to their
grades in academic coursework. younger siblings can

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. lead to more substantial

Write the correct letter in box on your answer sheet. development of the brain'.

1 A firstborn child's mentoring and assistance of their siblings can lead to

A sharing of attention from parents.

B greater brain development.

C similar personalities among siblings.
D their siblings' poorer performance in school.

Bai dich trang 322

TIPS

Dang bài Multiple choice cüng có thé hõi vê nÙi dung chính cça bài Íc và yêu cáu xác dinh chù dé/
bài yêu cåu nÙi dung chính thuong có các câu hôi sau dây.
muc dich/tiêu dé. 6i vÛi tim

The main topic discussed in the text is Chç Ã chính cça bài oc là
-What is the writer's
(overall) purpose in Reading Passage 1? Muc dich chính cüa tác giå trong
Reading Passage 1
là gi?

c-hNWóiuènthhadéntÙéciisábdntàhuienpyghêbäuetioscátàápntuitdbexuàfáino.cgrCdRcüiànenahgkd+incntÙóhgiutdPr-uutaönssngksgaimcghhemíãnp1ihn?gcc.âçTu(aKiêc+buhàotidhéÍuÃc-pthnsùtàkhmiìhmoppm0hái1nin-hgv2á:utktahchÑhÍacomkRhkváehçcaådaoninthitmgaraunPcgcaàüsu1sa8acb)hgàoei 1 là gi?
é th¿
dÍc nên

40

STEP 3 Lua chon dáp án phù høp.

Dáp án dúng chinh là câu di¿n giåi lai phán/ cau mang nÙi dung ã tim tháy trong bài doc. Cán doc
tát cà các phuong án d¿ lya chon chinh xác câu dién d¡t lai dúng ý ó. Sau khi dién dáp án vào

phiéu trå li, kiÃm tra lai dáp án dã viét chính xác chua.

EXAMPLE CH

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 01
Write the correct letter in box 1 on your answer sheet.

1 A firstborn child's mentoring and assistance of their siblings can lead to

A sharing of attention from parents.
B greater brain development.
C similar personalities among siblings.
D their siblings' poorer performance in school.

1 Cau goi ý trong bài oc the mentoring and assistance that firstborn children provide to their

younger siblings can lead to more substantial development of the brain' nghía là 'su dinh
huóng và hÑ tro mà dua trè sinh ra dâu tiên trong gia dinh dành cho em cça chúng së giúp ich

rát nhiÃu cho su phát trién não bÙ cça dúa tré ó' nên phuong án B greater brain development
là dáp án düng. oan 'more substantial development of the brain' dã ugc dién gii lai thành

greater brain development.

Phân tichcácphuongánsai

Cau trà loi sai có so dung lai các tu ho·c cum tù ã xust hiÇn trong bài Íc
phuong án A, cum tu 'parental attention' trong bài doc dã dugc dién giäi thành 'attention ftrom

parents (thành phán dé dánh lüa ngui doc). Tuy nhiên, bài doc khong chi ra ràng viÇc dúa tr sinh

ra dáu tien trong gia dinh dinh huóng và ho trg các em së dán dén viÇe phài chia së tinh càm cça
bo me vói các em.

Cau trå loi sai là câu không xu¥t hiÇn trong bài oc

Phuong án C có nÙi dung không xuát hiÇn trong bài Íc nên sai.

Câu trå loi sai là câu mang nÙi dung trái nguoc vói thông tin xuat hiÇn trong bài oc

Trong phudng án D, doan 'this helps younger siblings achieve better grades in academic coursework'
ngh+a là 'néu dúa tré sinh ra dáu tiên trong gia dinh dinh huóng và hÑ trg các em thi chung sê d¡at thành

tich tót hon trong hoc t-p' có ý nghía trái ngugc lai vÛi nÙi dung trong bài dÍc.

TIPS
Trong truong hop dé bài yêu cáu chon nhiÃu áp án dúng, mói áp án dugc tinh nhu mÙt câu trå lài
cùa mÙt câu hoi riêng biÇt. Vi vây, khi di¿n dáp án vào phi¿u trå lôi cán chú ý dién móQi áp án vào
mot 6. Néu dién t¥t cå các áp án vào cùng mÙt ô s¿ bij tính là câu trå löi sai.

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 41

-o HACKERS PRACTICE

GIven that the Mediterranean Sea is in an extremely dry area of the worid and that it
receives the water from the Atlantic of Gibraltar, it is actuall
Ocean via the narrow Strait

very vulnerable to evaporati on. In fa ct, archeological evidence shows that global cooling
about five million years ago
caused parts of the Atlantic Ocean to freeze, resulting in the
sea level dropping about 70 metres.
This stemmed the flow of water from the Atlantic into

the Strait of Gibraltar, thereby greatly reducing the amount of water the Mediterranean
received. At the same time, the movement of tectonic plates resulted in Europe and
Africa drawing closer to one another. This raised the land high enough to further block the
Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean. It was not long before the warm water remaining

in the Mediterranean Sea began to vanish, leaving behind nothing but salt.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, Cor D.

1 What is said about the Strait of Gibraltar?

A It has a maximum depth of about 70 metres.

B It froze over during an era of global cooling.

C It evaporated due to tectonic plate movement.
D It conveys water from the ocean into the sea.

2 What diminished the amount of water the Mediterranean Sea received from the
Atlantic Ocean?

A A period of dry weather
B A sea level reduction

A blockage of ice

D A rise in temperature

Mediterranean Sea phr. bchihéién-nmi,atetcótnoTnrtuhicnugopnlHagtåeievpvahiapr.opkrrai¿etnipo. ntatohnô.mnsgaynqgbuayva ahnSoitisr,hasituv.
Vulnerable adj dé
bi nguy of Gibraltar phr. eo bién Gibraltar
kháo có hoc stem
v. ngan, làm khó archeological adj (thuoc

bién måt

42

D

D

9NIOVI8 SI13I S83NOVH831043 ajdignN 9 9

with an estimated 440 million consumers worldwide now spending appOdiEy S1 2
3 on a year on top-of-the-line products like
watches, jewellery, clo thing, handbags, an
cars, the luxury goods retail market is steadil
y expanding. Yet, as a large portion of thes
Consumers is not among the very wealthy, it
has become clear that people are spendinn

beyond their means. What then, is driving them to do so?

forAosofpassghoufirhnaceimrbgsrodcnmthushpopeitiimcelrcrpagsydiiscesncpahtiebernkat-sqbiedsegnea.ulsrntiotaasttdTeeahonulvishnteidttheteypmdtoeoyhrwtnmuaohtiifhsfnglafaseleeetdheieardpsrlt'leeyssrelmtbsoaootahauhsymu.roatlasmtrPtobgttetaNhoiepesinrsoetoupaitrunisnlsrwoculccit,sogihrchSfspngnoaoeaeaigiiftrsvslnnfefsiciyiatg-ncsfnosoncutagsn.uooaniltns.tnnatlFphoufntRosaaliahxcadareynneuetvetirit,anraihoyiidntcnilnsesgeietdtmtutm.she-hrdTNemetaooryhrahnanansaasewttsptothhwyrthyhntaeerohooha,nprnuestaahotteelPvihhdmtadreeweawdtohaymnieihtnestr,vouhaetlbdpecsclruewunteheyxraxtneehinpcmuitnrpnedoelregyolmyinnanhrgsdeacegtieigunfee,vnoohrcdmmeemfertegraeedasidaaedstnelnedtoaltmamayeyrntchesraasscheoienbuoraliiasanedrlrpntrtyvdpisseftoieaoauycpnymiioam.lnsrsufthitThooehcrttoirhenhaehrnsnsetgsdee

long run.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

The main topic discussed in the text is

A worldwide production of luxury goods.
B the growth of a wealthy consumer class.
c factors influencing reckless spending.
D the role psychology plays in retail marketing.

Buying a luxury item instead of a similar, cheaper one can

A boost the economy.
B lead to people buying multiple luxury items.
C save money that would have been spent fixing it.
D increase demand for other affordable items.

tbuoáprne-tolaéf-tihntehd-ielcrianatpeoyradnpj.h. rt.hsåulinöÇcupdphohá,mápdácmuauohaiÇcs¥uåpmsuhbsàpnsgltuarndgtâeiuatve.luvvxu.uncrgyhútginêognodgmseinnphehrihrc.igxahad-je.xnlcdhpuhanádmgj. retail market phr. thi truon y

cao cáp consolation n. su

chung, không có thuong hie

44

4 Ttthntoamhhhloihrlsaeoegtetnswoafftdonrhlaeiyiyrtimisssscdtmtaaooooeitfdurivrihno.ynsteiihngrnACoyemhgsfoow,ifsomnmittaNftianyhiwsntemgeteivoafnaoascNcgtsr,dhkaseaatimitvnLhtvh,awepeooNdasdosSats.eeeuiiv.llclTTdvvhaeIehenederrprretaaratrid,hdoiStrnoiebeanntrappaigympctbiodekolsijtyniudoinbtias-nsto1ntmssfuo8,letquewgt0auxtdhr0ohhicctseaotkhy,hvfiltteyeetswfphaoeorwr'armSoscaiacsgalhylvpraodaieeneelteideranvcnrttVeo.SotoihndtitrraatsgbChsttieetenawaa'i,lntasioUefdeiuohsnCplriodsnoasitoenoiyrbatdat.etiwtlnehceuIitdenrotnehs.tmrim1tlswrIe8nieodl5isvsenNf9utecae,elrcdaftvtaehd,mamdwoedwiwsionatihneueelrwdsvaettethhaeoirenesirf,t CH

01

In the east, the American Civil War was brewing. Lincoln, realising the area's great
mineral wealth could help the Union, and needing another state to support
his proposed
anti-slavery amendment to the Constitution, encouraged the territory to seek admission

to the Union. Even though Nevada boasted only about one-fifth of the 127,381 people

required for statehood, with the motto 'Battle Born', it was admitted as the 36th state

in 1864. Since then, mining's impact on Nevada's economy has remained immense,
both in the influx of money it has brought in boom times and in the noticeable economic

downturns during periods of low demand.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

7 The writer mentions the Comstock Lode in order to illustrate

A the reason that miners began moving westward.
B a unique resource found in the region.
C one of the sources the state used for building infrastructure.
D the importance of mineral wealth in Nevada's statehood.

8 Lincoln encouraged the Nevada territory to join the union in order to

gain additional support for his anti-slavery proposals.

3 raise more tax revenues for the country.

C create a direct connection to the California gold mines.
D increase the population of the state.

According to the writer, since 1864 mining in Nevada
A has failed to generate money during economic downturns.
B has become the leading employment sector in the state.

C has had a diminished role in the state's economy.

D has continued to have a significant economic influence.

ad).intertwine v. quan vrksÙàhuonogdánónlháganbuÙc,n,holtáirtêtàincanemqvauàebaonlnedpdmardoéejns.npátnenhcng.atousrucsnhtsaúutnaeýghdudoóòooiiwdtthnhnetåu.mCrcnoudnonò.snttgsieturuvyritiittmoohnroÙyátpinhn.ru.láâhcnihédnethppóoh, sákipth n . lop trâm tich, lóp
v. chuán
láng dong influx n. u vuc brew
a n. su két
bi nó ra mineral n. dmission

nap immense

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 45

Some pet owners claim that, borefoirme palyn treyarttohqruunakaew, atyh.eiTrhpise ts beco mmeanreysttplleeesospleantdo

agitated, whine for no reason, has led

Delieve that animals have an additional sense that warns them of tneseu g events

S , however, is not a new idea. in fact, the belief that animals can predict earthquakes
appears as far back as the 4th century B.C., in the historical records of the Greek city

OT Helike These records state that animals abandoned the city all at once just days

before a major earthquake destroyed it, causing people to believe that the animals had

been forewarned of the event. Given the existence of these types of anecdotal stories

one might begin to wonder if animals could possibly have a sixth sense that helps them

predict seismic activity. Well, if we're to believe the U.S. Geological Survey- the agency

charged with studying Earth the answer is no. According to their studies, no credibla

evidence has been discovered to show that animals are able to predict earthquakes at

all. But if this is correct, what explains the regular reports of strange behaviour before

earthquakes? One theory is that animals simply have more highly effective senses than

humans. With theirsuperior hearing, dogs and cats - in addition to other animals can

perceive the infrasonic sounds produced by tectonic movement over long distances

However, without understanding what the sound is, they simply want to flee from it

causing them to act much differently than they normally would.

Choose the correctletter, A, B, Cor D.

10 Why does the writer mention the ancient Greek town of Helike?

A To show how far back the theory stretches

B To suggest a flaw in a historical record

C To provide an example of a documented disaster
D To explain the source of a common idea

11 Why are studies that have been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey

mentioned?

A The writer wants to
The wants
3 The writer wants to
The writer wants to
C writer to

accurateD
show that seismic activity is purely random.
provide more information about animal senses.

disprove a commonly held belief about animals.

suggest that an ancient story was

12 What does the writer suggest about the animals and
detect it only from short distances.
A They can their response to infrasonic sound?

B They awdloearnnttoottothhreeuranranaitwimuanaytlilsdaeafsbtpeoriutetantnhoeetarpktenhnoqdwuianinkggedwbahengagtienrist..is.
C They
D
They

dbrieáaostlylteruMssói csaudapjn.eerbciôodnrotcaahdljó.andc,jakohgôicanáipgt,hyovêuaniotasgetrÙiitsiamtienidcfraaasddojj..n(bitcáhtuaÙdanjc.)whdahiaiânmechvá(.n<r2êU0n.SHri.za)Gbtaeenocdtlooognniiccva.lardàSji.ud(rdiv,iearyoily)pbhó(rt.hfuovÙrieecnw) ancrgánhuiévtnaoccànn

46

We often take air travel for granted today. but it is actually the result of centuries of CH
experimentation. Since our earliest days. people have attempted to fly like the birds that
01
they observed in the sky. These rudimentary attempts flight included everything from

jumping off ledges with simple feather-covered wings to elaborate flying machines like

the one designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Unfortunately. none of these were ever able to

overcome the inherent problem with flight getting and keeping an object that is heavier
than air aloft. This would remain the case until the mid-1800s, when George Cayley

ascertained the fundamentals of aerodynamics. Using his newtound knowledge. Cayley
was able to produce a rudderless glider that could lit a human 100 teet into the air.

Cayley's work brought atbout even greater experimentation in aerodynamics. Amongst

those whose interest was piqued were Orville and Wilbur Wright. These American
brothers used a rudimentary air tunnel to perform tests on model wings. Using this device

and Cayley's principles, the Wright brothers observed how winds affected planes and
developed accurate mathematical formulas for flight Eventually. they devised a way

to change the wing configuration to control the plane's balance, in much the way that
ailerons do today, and a rudder system, which allowed for lateral steering of the vessel.
Their main problem was then figuring out a way to power the plane. Although steam
engines of the day could've pushed the plane fast enough to provide lift, they were

incredibly heavy. Luckily, the internal combustion engines developed for the burgeoning
automobile industry were both powerful and light enough for the task. The Wright brothers

attached one of these engines to a propeller on their aircraft and made the first controlled,
self-propelled flight at Kittyhawk in 1903. This type of engine configuration became the

standard in the aviation industry until the late 1930s, when the jet engine was developed.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

13 Leonardo da Vinci's aircraft design was very complex, but

it relied too heavily on the use of feathers.
it weighed too much to become or remain airborne.
it suffered several problems during its first flight.

it did not have enough space to carry cargo.

14 The writer mentions that George Cayley

A invented the first powered aircraft.
B was inspired by da Vinci's work.

C worked with pilots like the Wright brothers.

D discovered the basics of aerodynamics.

15 Experiments by the Wright brothers allowed them to

A perform the calculations necessary for flight.
B develop an engine that could power aircraft and automobiles.
C invalidate some of the theories presented by Cayley.
D reduce the weight of steam-powered motors.

rudimentary adj. thó so as certai n v. xác dinh chac chån rudderless adj. không có b ánh lái configurati on n. hinh
ateral ó bên, h ång (áp luc tác dÙng
thé aileron n. cá nh liêng l adj. uóng bên steering n. thiét bi lái lift n. súc n burgeonv. phát trién
máy bay dang bay) internal combustion engine phr. dông co ót
vào phia duói khi trong

nhanh chóng

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 47

7Attribution Theory
le's ackteninoiontewnhetRhheseodrTDofihornorettwhererehxnoapauitsllraiosanorawruteeinnsxoiptnaveonerwnnrdssialialltblholcoenfatseufeeoensrdeomtsfht,oatohdnsseeieefpeepaeskecntotdijipoutisnlsneegtslif.fwoiPacneasstyetiahcnoehnctoosecluniaorndngctedieunsrmtec,syxsantpnatolodnatecnateathtsttheri.aiorbtTenufshsotuiesrfcoehbtreetopanhneaddoveeipInntOlecheurye'msrreitisnonte
wn

as attribution theory.

thaFtsihniirtadsutitavaptilidlroounhapsulosmasereaexdnpsiebnoremi1he9ean5vtci8iemobuaeyrsdAiipsmuemsirntcorieistaiihvnveeapdtdsesydaecsnbhysobeleioinongtfgeisrrtenbsFaeplryoitoonzrnsHidebxeiailtidetperynre.,arFasl otoftrarniic'bnstuoscttriaoso.nnntcIrtneoh,lte,hifoemraynelaapetnrtmeeinspruigcomamovoyaaee.as.eet

arrives to work late due to heavy traffic, the tendency is to project accountability outware
On the other hand, people tend to feel responsible when they can impact outcomes
Studying hard, training diligently, and doing one's best to be a good parent, for exampia
are viewed as stemming from personal motivations. In such cases, people describe ther

own efforts as the cause of their behaviours.

While it is easy to attribute unexpected events to external forces, the line between an

internal and an external cause is often unclear. In a situation where a person is engaged
in a heated argument and is behaving aggressively, an observer will likely think that
person is prone to anger or mean-spirtedness. Such an attribution often happens without
knowing how the argument arose in the first place, with the observer assuming the
behaviour is due to the person's personality. This tendency for observers to focus on the

internal reasons for behaviour, rather than the external, is known as 'correspondence

bias'. In the same scenario, however, the person behaving aggressively may feel as if he

or she has been the victim of some injustice and that such a reaction is therefore justified

gAWaotwlahosuhcechsatkewirlem,pinnboaeiftrelrphdaicaener,deboydipttipsihletvialnteiaeiyopyrdd,nepueuaopannoriilecnfsdneoycettpmalhhrilbcgneaeealoevmenndmetnstobaetetpoogelgbovnealsseaiatxifeisstymtvieseveaonertesnhcetaieihnevxalxieftpctfeasphaetceiecermttirtoheeoirsreexner.sinstacre.ccoereotRsunis,wotaa,slntntihhdslfieeaekeprcefbetfttohoiohgarerpasetsislnrtetfiioscawnrohsgiinsatnthhitvvgraeeoenitrlrhip.ttneoemrgBiodrtimy,hsfsfaeoacouiintalrricudsotucrotneinewtnhsetgnoeossyr.retaehaxnaIscenpprdhieeoricrnemfoilsvaeinaikunibitenlnrciltlgaysteiastsynottof

aOUnpaltrunlltootrmliviywmbibdusabeittyneirnulgyogsu,fjnuostidotsuitetriusrfeeassicmttueaaimconpticndohsesinan.sstgshifsoeaerstthooaeoufnufrdrerornfilenepaggiolatsuhtiiritanveivttseeeercangaacaontslipowaaennencsddt,mssweaekaxhlfneti-cedphrcnehrbapaclorneeopgrvseteetiasosnsnttosoonuuutsrhnsecfsfooerwrnolfamso-yceuisofwretueeebseleilmanyhcga,tpvliigwnaouyuhiailrnlys

48

Choose the correct letter, A, B, Cor D.

16 The writer suggests that people are driven to explain why things happen because

A they feel as though i is possible to learn from past mistakes.

B they possess an innate urge to assign responsibility to someone or something.
they for explaining why circumstances change.
C are accountable to others

D they have a natural fear of things that are beyond their control.

17 According to the writer, individuals who feel they have no control of a situation H

have a tendency to blame themselves for perceived failures. 01

B believe they are less responsible for the outcome of an event.

Care more likely to draw negative conclusions about people.

D consider behaving poorly toward others to be justifiable.

18 The writer says that 'correspondence bias' occurs when people

A fail to understand an individual's true personality.
B interpret a person as a victim without justification.
C attempt to change circumstances after reaching an outcome.
D conclude that behaviour is determined by a person's personality.

19 The writer mentions that when people succeed, they tend to

A magnify the extent of their accomplishments.
overlook the contribution of natural talent.

C attribute their results to internal factors.

D become less able to handle future disappointments.

attribution n. su quy két justification n. su biÇn hÙ inherent adj có hu, vón di manifest v. bréu hiÇn, biéu ló
presume v. cho là diminished adj bi giám di accountability n. trách nhiem, nghia vu stem from phr. bát nguón
tu correspondence bias phr. phàn úng thién vi invert v nghich chuyén, dào nguoc ascribe v. gån cho magnity
v. phong dai, thói phóng self-esteem n longtutrong egon. cái tô, bán ngå selt+-perception n su tu nhán thuc

vé ban thân

CHAPTER01 Multiple Choice 49

Population in Europe: The Great Transformation

Throughout the Late Middle Ages, Europe's population was declining due to

pOor

harvests, war, and most significantly, the Black Death, a devastating strain of plar

plaguethat spread throughout the continent. The constant threat of death from this pandar

emic

created panic among the people, of the sort described by Giovanni Boccaccio in

Decameron in 1348. Reflecting how many Europeans felt at the time, Boccaccio creaatTeth.e

lasta fictional world where citizens ignored laws and lived every day as if it were their laes

He was essentially attempting to depict the behaviour of people who believed the woe

was ending, which was not so far from what many may have thought at the time.

At its destructive peak in the 14th and 15th centuries it is estimated that the Black Deah
reduced Europe's population by between 30 to 60 per cent, but it did not end there. a

resurgence of the plague occurred in the 17th century, and this - in conjunction with

decades-long wars resulted in millions of deaths. As a result, Europe's population
increased only gradually from 1300 A.D. to 1800 A.D. This growth dramatically increased
between 1800 and 1914, when the number of people in Europe surged from 188 million

to 458 million.

Historians refer to this period as the 'Great Transformation', and credit major
improvements in agricultural production, including the development of farming machinery

and the cultivation of higher-yielding, more nutritious plants from the Americas, for this
momentous population growth. With more nutritious food to eat, infants began surviving

in far greater numbers than ever before, and the average life expectancy rose by about

two decades. A further contribution to the declining mortality rate was an improved

understanding of disease and infection.

However, the rapid increase in population was worrisome to some. In his 1798 paper, 'An

Essay on the Principle of Population', economist Thomas Malthus suggested that Europe

was becoming overcrowded. In a complete reversal from earlier writers who wrote about

the chaos caused by Europe not being populated enough, Malthus emphasised that the

number of births needed to be controlled. His paper gave rise to the popular concept of

family planning and his views were used extensively by later proponents of the idea that
giving birth should always be voluntary. In the 19th century women did begin limiting the
number of children they had, and in a matter of decades, the fertility rate had decreased

by 30 per cent.

In the 20th century, Europe's population was profoundly impacted by medical advances
and improved nutrition to the extent that, with the exception of the
world wars, longer lives became the norm. The birth rate continued period during the two

the population is experiencing negative growth for the first time in to decline, and today.

is expected to continue the modern era. This

legalisation of abortion. indefinitely, aided iNn aptaiortnsbyPospuuclhatciohnanDgievsisitoonlepgriesdlaictitosnthaast the

In fact, the United the

population of Europe, measured at approximately 728 million in 2005, will dip below 66

million by 2050.

50

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. CH
01
20 The writer mentions The Decameron because

A it was distinct from most writing of the time.

B it was the first piece of literature to emerge about the Black Plague.

it emphasises the importance of population control.

D it illustrates the fear of Europeans in the early modern period.

21 What does the writer suggest about Thomas Malthus' essay?

A It inspired a population control movement.

B It directly contradicted popular opinion.

C It extensively promoted women's rights

D It was first published in the 19th century.

22 The writer says that the European population in the 20th century

A reached its highest level during the first decade.

3 was characterised by high birth rates.

C was affected by better medicine and nutrition.

D declined between the two world wars.

phr. adv. ofcmstlorthaarouainr,áitsnatnfuloianntr.nymeggkraiaatt¿tituuioe,vdnpeleohnpagr.ii.rcso(ttuwidvôl.tÇthhnmagtùyôtdvhtáoouincti,ängnbvcpâigo¿tr,nnotrbjpuhuéoóónnnnachegttinthoââtnemtn)w.BpiinlnltaghadcuegkpòfuhiiDner.éinetkea.létyxbht uÇhápnothhprf.edvvrCÛitôciiálhiishtuyapcnrhargénadettdienevDhp.methnlàirecn.dggnteii.svvlloadéatsatstimiiaondtohniimncnnhgeonnargtmdoàtj nhunhtseà n pha, phà hoy

sort phr cùng

adj quan trong
quy pham, héu

láp phap, phap

luat legalisation n. su hop pháp hóa

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 51

Unravelling African History

Although the history of Ancient Egypt and Roman North Africa is relatively wieseillla

isdo

majorin
cu mented, the dearth of primary source s related to sub-Saharan African antiquity
nformation has led to considerable dificut
de challenge for histori ans. This lack i
ried societies that existed in this vast redinnn
veloping an accurate picture of the v a

prior to colonisation by Arab and European powers.
certain areas, written materials do exist which offer insight
Tinhtooutghhe lpaorlgiteilcyalcaonndfinseodcitaol
development of sub-Saharan Africa. These are often texyte

wTnaItposboarrliatrocatrtdmktuhaeeetdeinrdcrersnebdwrfgyoorSiiotmuovuhmtnidiesrsnasieAta,noloinnafgrcacgsisineoruewiudnbcoshtuf-totShlENhteaugreoihreyrmrecaptthoretar,aarsnAdnf,ddofeesrrAtdosihcefmertawxhicaeeieenamxira.rettpreWhielnrmeeehso,cp8iiflvoforteiheefrctdsmietcasernelaiadondnntntroyisuansc-rvoSuyEfefo,amlgtrlhohyeetafdpenhfristteacs'sesinoabcuthlseeotilrnhxenaeerttvcasoafeoiligtaonrltrndoyirenagfspgdhtpitheinhiocneelwAifesrohmcNrranirimciibalcpheitatciit.tAvniowoeFrtnaNoeosblrunloroeeberwcluikaaaiilteneenepigrnddts

instituted during this period.

From the 15th century onwards written material in European languages about sub-Saharan
Africa also began to appear in larger quantities. The earliest Europeans to arrive were

explorers who aimed to take possession of the lands they were visiting. Conveying social and

cultural information about indigenous peoples to European societies, they described local

customs, ceremonies, and ways of life, often in stunning detail but their accounts were

marked by a pejorative attitude. European explorers, and the Christian missionaries who also

began to visit sub-Saharan Africa during this period, viewed themselves as superior due in

part to the natives' substandard weaponry and their ignorance of Christianity.

The lack of historical accounts from the viewpoint of indigenous societies is mostly

because of the lack of a written form for many early African languages. Consequently

the extant historical information about sub-Saharan Africa has been gleaned largely from
oral accounts passed down through the generations, often in the form of epic historical
narratives. Since oral records are subject to differ somewhat each time a story is told,

they are not considered to be as reliable as written sources.

Despite their pitfalls, oral records do have intrinsic value. Not only do they illuminate

tawcEmhItplnhoipesetaemiohsocdchpcmepuioluonlrerufotlfettuofn,uswSrriertwetmieaeinlehnnaoatsiatmnftliheneaowAaiddbnswkhftoraohoroiut,ircihxtstywatataeothtenhairinrteydniaessiedarloesorcaute,fihcinvrfscwosrctdeouuiseirucmtebryshcan-adetaSoneaWtnaylndhoydheeiscelasaitrnlatrvoreeartecrfaeAensilhtrae.fhtafnrcaAoeeitsicrironfavrttli,iseoohnctagergllo,aiiosfckpwostaietkhnaloonigyvsraee'sitestvroe.sritsrfdhFiltcaoeheguarcniervlepktcehsbadeteisaoguartiplmlndsyrtfdoorodoovelremhfiiefdtoae,asew.ninhsldeeFoaepwdopmoemrhnoecaeeieplnnrruelgedsoepetlsvisaegcwenslsarii,oncmbarteboheprh,ueueesstiretndhfntiihhneolnitlnoegheetwyd9eso

52

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

23-24 Which TWO effects of the Muslim dominance of North Africa are mentioned by the writer

A Religiously themed literature was distributed.
3 The trans-Saharan slave trade began.
C Documents in African languages were produced.
D Resources started being traded for agricultural goods.
E Official documents about sub-Saharan Africa were kept.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, Cor D.

25 According to the writer, what was the goal of the first Europeans to arrive?

A The expansion of European culture

B The acquisition of land

C The education of indigenous peoples

D The spread of Christianity

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

26-27 Which TWwO aspects are mentioned about orally transmitted historical accounts?
A They are reflective of archeological evidence.
B They include descriptive details of life in the past.
C They provide historians with new perspectives.

D They are prevalent among agricultural communities

E They contain artistic and entertaining pictures.

aduhpcnw(thónaghernur.unaayocgpvcêchhàoen)éiulnabbvrhcá.xyáihyánetnuhu,r.dyo,átàévogàmnnüilgiyÇlltkôipiÇathc,hunhítlihnàecgsimexçóamdtdcapsjiani.ásstdntfs(uatigjabholdlu-sntjSnóao.a.mcarhd)nyhi,eÇgcaarnunhrár.yaotmc(hnphótuhinnéagáo.ådmlinnjse.c,ggyaùc(nhkgtahdihlmvnuiia.Ùhmnnlbcupupáh)goóysimpcl,e¿ehmnknmilh.gaaópitoccnráàekiaiaipmh)dmnnijacnh.rgixcayniuadónosjtt.mhtoiriiocnutanróhárcsunciyctcSgeiêhnaanáqhpdhthujgac.rlair.uhá(a-táo(hnntausgnacuohthnicbiiqhe)ésunntbhia,£tcünyknúndhugncai.êhdrcuátdiahték,òauhhindiiÙtsccjrtihóaod)trpauxniieducghjiaaouletrcóirnaêodnatuniirntvfcràigeahintulaeiiavêdvnuei.

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 53

10 The Various Relationship Attachment Styles

thinkOur ability to form strong emotional bonds as adults may be based on much more than wet

How people feel when they are in relationships varies, and this variation is somethin
that psychologists have long attempted to understand. In the 1960s and 1970

developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth's found from her research into motha

and children that emotional attachment is estalished in infancy. She also speculantears

that attachment styles vary quite a bit among children, who all fall into one of se

era

different attachment classifications.
The first is referred to as secure attachment and describes a relationship where a chil

feels safe with his or her caregivers. Secure attachments comprise an estimated 65h.ild

cent of infants, and these attachments are formed by children who feel comfortable mpesr

of the time. Specifically, they feel at ease as long as their caregivers are around. The

careaivabecome upset when their caregivers leave but are content again when their

return. Essentially, they form a secure attachment with their caregivers because all o

their needs are consistently met.

AlIinttislneescweumorreothtai,otctnahciwlhdhmreeennnttwshi,ethysutdhceihspalarestveoalrnoxrfieoatuuttrsan/ca, hvaomnidednadnt otavanototitadcsohermeikegnnttho,reeamltshooeuietrxwcisahtr.eengAicvceorrsd,inshgowto

distressedTadcFhsihusiirtltsthdrheerteesyyrnspmdewwooiirottewhhf,iatacihptnatafratatehchngehytiimsrvaecwenranisdtrthe,wdtaacihnrokoexmeciartopsrau.reitsstR/ueiannanvgttrhoieoeisandrpbaotoanhnwutastaaniyvt1tfe5aafrcctopihonmemgtrhteehcrnieeertjinerantccuettoineofftdnuhsi,lenf.itflsahlaenedmtsse,deeciwsshiairclyedorwmfeoinrmthcomlsnotarssaeaknnmgetohesnersigs.r
tucuadAhlnppieifsoxnsfiterenigrcoteic.tnutisanhsesTrge/eseahsdgacmeipaaswvbprneeeihrdvrgoecsaxinhrvlieepimeltnsrdhroiatsresvte'ateinactdrltyn,aeeatrccuweteihhrgnhnmeicto,vooseetaannhtrhrmstee.eliseeicWtrnahepveiicntlaeehdatrrsrlctleyrheaeegvinnssiievdimtlsalesetgprrsveseooem.faslostraFtofieeibfoninslrnaeptftiueotoatapxnnnocsatshsemfpirtmviaopswecmelinaefhnny,eithl,,seiaismncbachsetlhoeioholicrdlantduhrhveereeeemniwrrtiaidaghtnthenhitemsadteacdwobhtshsneamt.rucsyatoesnrnmbagrteeteeecmcraa,avbullieobesnrtudyhest
wcCcgIthaehaiisrnylleldeesgrraideaminvnlldpeyulirwnisssoo,rhteifrocsfgsisuucateciolnathsltiteshcaemifnasrdoktpemweatgihrttotahasarmtiyctfauhoeleamlsnxttcteieaiohrsnlnitltscsdr,hertetoisihlnnpdicosrlfweaannclshsls.lieaciinfshyitssoifccioihnhcniiaclledtodironroeefnsnnitshiteshrexeanghevtiievbcweiatineittnhexggtpohoeomrrtwiihieexensethcdsoeemfydabattealsalhreceapvhveetmirrroecaerael,ntnetwtpdasrh.tgiyimceTlheahsyioIss

Uinocnonhltt,waimbnbauegaytteseasblbytyhl,neaueattnctotedcasaedcsnrohasmtralayenenayndtvtotihentifhgnothegrmwoeirahrybyhosepwiuagrtleonthtvibhfyiieedcherawesanlvataayetoicotwtlhhneeeesarhrawsirepaefxsyrputarlwseastenaraataedtntediood,an,aditsuafmlontbr.gaaywrbyhib,eyesosrpbooycmsotsenhibfopulseeseoetdpwol.eemWdbaKeeenpEnaevethe

54

Choose the correct letter, A. B. C or D.

28 What is the writer's overall purpose in writing this article?
A To describe the innate ability of some infants to form strong bonds
B To explain the different forms of childhood attachment and its importance
To stress the importance of setting a good example for children
D To suggest that attachment theory is based on common sense

Choose THREE letters. A-H.

29-31 Which THREE of the following statements are true of secure attachment?

A It is present in the majority of infants.
B It is rarely seen in very young children.

C It results in comfort in the presence of caregivers.

D It is characterised by little emotional expression.

E It creates temporary stress when caregivers leave.

F It occurs with both strangers and parents.

G it causes extreme attachment in 15 per cent of cases.
H It leads to confident independence in children.

Choose the correct letter, A. B. Cor D.

32 What strategy do babies with anxious/avoidant attachment employ?

A They resist attempts to have their needs met.
B They seek out attention from strangers.
C They pretend that they do not care.

D They refuse to make eye contact.

Dáp án-Dich nghia-Chú giäi trang 322

danppthihgtsaoautnncroeghusdmnsdiegseoodnáarntmagdssabt)enyi.cvildesuaaelruedpenhakarthttattóakadcicmjéhhucammó/sdkeemannnvtåtguppchhhtthrhre.úuggcgáååángnnutår,bbnocoónhbgheaónôtkunihtnoTuÙfauaánnóntncacgytope,namnltote.phlnteäyhtnronagadmcskj yuleitnnhlåtagómanailhnanmdedgasäjumsnatnh,a.á(vst1thuo-ò1tidh2doeuatoonuhntanbganrádegmjspd(potáahunucsÙifdivcyo)vei ).da¡sldanp)m.gekcynhueéôlnant,gtreláàncmhó

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 55

HACKERSTEST

READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage below.

Infant Cognition: Acquired or Innate?

finfants are born with cognitive abilities, genetics may play a more significant role

in development than emvironmental factors

Throughout history, psychologists have debated whether people are more strongly influenced

by genetics (nature) or their environment (nurture). Because newborns are as close to 'nature
as a human can be, they have often been the object of study by experts attempting to better

understand the origins of human cognition. According to Jean Piaget's famous theory of early
human cognition, infants acquire intelligence only through the physical actions they perform
with objects around them. To him, cognitive ability is not innate but is acquired over time

through interaction with the phenomenal world. Newborns practise reflex behaviours and
slowly gain control over them through repetition. Over the course of their first few months

they learn to perform actions over and over again, such as sucking their thumbs, which give
them some sort of pleasure or satistaction. In this stage, he maintained, they are still unable
to fully anticipate or predict events. From around four to eight months, infants begin to use
what Piaget called secondary circular reactions. These are secondary because they involve
combining more than one process, e.g. shaking a rattle and hearing it make noise.

Through such actions, infants learn cause and effect and begin to realise that their own actions

can create subsequent reactions. To Piaget, these were no more than conditioned responses
to the connections between newly acquired actions and their effects on objects, and because
these actions are undifferentiated, he believed that they were not goal-directed activities and,
thus, they are not intentional. Therefore, only gradually do babies begin to realise that objects
have an independent existence outside of their own perception. Piaget argued that infants
have extremely limited cognitive ability until around nine months of age but reasoned that, by

then, they have usually acquired the ability to recognise object permanence

Piaget used object-hiding tasks to demonstrate this acquisition. For example, he would show

babies an object and then hide it under a cloth or cup and analyse whether infants perceived

that the object had disappeared or was merely hidden from view. Piaget based his conclusions
on whether the infants responded by removing the cloth or cup to find the concealed item.
If they did, he surmised that
they had at least a limited apprehension of object permanence
however, he also suggested this
that ability was immature and limited because if the object

was moved to another location, the infant would still try to find it by removing the original
item that obscured it. Nonetheless, according to Piaget, this stage represented the first truly
intelligent behaviour in human cognitive development, and he believed it was the basis for a
future problem solving.

56

HACKERS IELTS READING

Still, not everyone thought that Piaget's analysis was entirely correct. Canadian-born CH

psychologist Renée Baillargeon's studies of cognitive development in infants challenged 01
Piaget's beliefs. She pointed out the importance of conducting experiments and tests that
are appropriate for the developmental level of infants, arguing that the limited motor skills of
young infants may be responsible for their perceived lack of cognitive abilities. In other words,
Baillargeon disagreed with Piaget and accused him of confusing motor skill limitations with
cognitive limitations. To test this hypothesis, she focused her studies on visual tasks rather

than manual tasks.

In one experiment, Baillargeon showed three-month-old infants a toy truck rolling down a track

before getting obscured behind a screen, letting the infants focus on this process several

times until they were habituated to it. Baillargeon then introduced a box which was positioned

so that it looked like it would block the truck's journey down the track. However, when the

truck was sent down again, it passed the box apparently unimpeded. Bailargeon discovered

that infants would look for far longer at this unexpected event than they did at the normal

progress of the truck befo the box was placed on the track. Baillargeon concluded from

this that they knew the truck should have been blocked, and were confused when it wasn't.

She thus believed that they had an understanding of the properties of objects, including their
permanence and their trajectory when in motion. This contradicted Piaget, who believed these
abilities only developed at around nine to twelve months.

Herfindings rest on the assumption now widely accepted and supported by various studies
longer on events are novel or surprising, whereas events that are
-that infants focus that

familiar to them capture their attention for a shorter period. This presumption has come to be
known as the violation of expectation (VOE) paradigm. She reasoned that, to the infant, the
mpossible'. According to Baillargeon, this means that
novel event was surprising and even 'i
to distinguish between events that are possible and
very young children have the capacity
not possible, suggesting that they have far more inborn cognitive ability than Piaget thought.

ThereforeacctamYhhrddeuueiuotlccdllitihteoansdslntcdesfahevaaotenecyedtclsoo'toeparhp.ermaeimsntI-enwenhinnoiutwrthftmiaainpmsnyagstney'sstacehoccnhnfaoaotsgtntlhehnNo,eaicgtotoiiihavtsntmuehtgcsmeeodybCiaeevunvshaeielolwbtwlomoruafiaptsypihomknsoobyneujrm'nestetctauhs.stssaestSotuytniwdiicnlnliooi,gentnrsthkthttiehhnoeoaefupfetehlxsPayeaptinsxomaeigpgrcdueieaemearltvmigeeaweennanlotoncdarsepnlcd,oerqfteruohieBniarrnsoasitenuithlriuagloegdarhnitrususglcaerrteheedsmo,i.vnletodrhlaheuewnomtdaoifaoiydeionnlttidashshneaeidadntr

linguistics.

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 57

Questions 1-8

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1 According to Piaget, infants gain knowledge solely through

A observing the world around them.
interacting with things close to them.
learning to repeat actions.

D interacting with other people.

2 Why did Piaget believe infants have some understanding of object permanence?
obje ct.
A They had no difficulty determining what was hiding an
B They recognised when an object was moved rent location.
They to a diffe
were not deceived when an object was with another.
replaced

DThey uncovered the objectthat had been hidden.

3 According to Baillargeon, it is important to carry out experiments that are

A easily repeatable and objective.

B focused on innate rather than acquired skills.

C suitable for infants' stage of development.
D undertaken with infants of varying ages.

What was Baillargeon's criticism of Piaget?

A His assumptions were founded on insufficient research.
B His research was not backed by experimental evidence.
C He put too much emphasis on visual tasks in his studies.
D He mistook a lack of motor skills with a lack of cognitive ones.

5 In the experiment involving a truck, Baillargeon

A showed infants the same process numerous times.

3 moved a screen in front of the infants.
C observed infants playing with a toy truck.

D tested the motor functions of infants.

6 In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that infants' ability to conceive of objecis

A reveals how the human brain develops through childhood.

Bshows they can reason at the same level of adults.

C demonstrates that their cognitive ability is not innate.

D does not mean they are able to reason like adults.

58

7 The writer refers to Noam Chomsky to compare
A tBtBhhaaeeiilldvllaaiafrrlfggueeeerooenonnf'cswleiiwsnthgoburseiksottwmwiceietehronentshetehaaeetrlcosdhfeisatwwniniohtchotthpemarscayacdcdhheeiolmdaloidmcgeiacvgjaeoollraolrsape.cmsaeedanertcmhpi.csyccohnotlroibguistti.on.

B

C

D

8 What is the writer's overall purpose in writing this article? CH

A To show that infant development relies on both nature and nurture 01
B To that birth
prove cognitive abilities develop before

C To explain how cognitive abilities affect infant development
To prove that nature is more important than nurture in development
D

Questions 9-11
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

9 Recently born babies will try to master their movement through

10 Infants only gradually understand the independent existence of

11 in the experiment, Baillargeon positioned a . which appeared to
obstruct the vehicle.

Questions 12 and 13
Choose TwO letters, A-E.

12-13 On what points do Baillargeon and Piaget disagree?

A the importance of education in cognitive development

B the age that infants become aware of object permanence
C how infants learn to distinguish between objects
D the extent to which infant cognition is inborn
E when infant cognition equals to that of adults

Dáp án-Dich ngh+a-Chú gidi trang 339

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 59

VOCABULARY LIST abandon v.rài di, roi bó

Hoc thuoc tù vung Chapter 01 và làm Quiz forewarn v cánh báo truóc

via prep. thông qua anecdotal adj giai thoai

vulnerable adj dé bi nguy hiém, tón thuong seismic adj. (thuÙc) dia chán
evaporation n. su bay hai, su làm khô
superior adj cao cáp,vugt trÙi
archeological adj (thuÙc) khào có hoc
rudimentary adj.thô sa
stem v. ngn, chan
ascertain v. xác dinh chácchán
vanish v. bi¿n mát
lateral adj. &bên, huóng bên
illustrious adj. lung lay, rang rð
priest n.linh muc burgeon v. phát trién nhanh chóng

secular adj. thé tuc, trân tuc justification n. su biÇn hÙ

refinement n. su tinh ché, su loc inherent adj. có hou, vón có

substantiate v. chúng minh manifest v. biéu hiÇn,biéu lÙ
high-end adj. cao cáp
presume v. cho là
consolation n. su an úi
splurge v. vung tiên diminished adj. bi giám di

intertwine v. quân vào/liên quan én nhau accountability n. trách nhiÇm, nghia vu

statehood n. cuong vi mÙt nuóc stem from phr. bát nguôn tu

deposit n. lóp trâm tich, lóp láng ong invert v. nghich chuyên, dão ngugc
influx n. sy o bÙ, su tràn vào
territory n. länh thó, khu vuc ascribe v. phóng ¡i, thói phông

O brew v. chuán bi nó ra magnity v. phóng dai

mineral n. khoáng chát self-esteem n. lòng tu trong

amendment n. su sça d6i ego n. cái tôi, bån ngã
admission n. su két nap
transformation n. su thay dói, bién hóa
immense adj. rônglón
t h e Black Death phr. Cai chét Den
noticeable adj. áng chúý
devastating adj. phá hoy,tàn phá
downturn n. suy thoái
strain n. ki¿u, loai (dong thuc v-t, bÇnh tå)
restless adj. bôn chôn, khôrng yên
plague n. bênh dich
agitated adj. bát an pandemic n. ai dich

depict v. mô tà

Quiz sy sua ói 06 rudimentary phát trien nhanh chông
Noi tu voi ngh+a. 07 superior
dáng chú ý vü khí
01 immense 08 invert
02 influx rong lón tho sa
03 secular sy an i 09 burgeon
04 amendment 10 diminished bi giàm di
05 consolation su dó bÙ
cao cáp, vuot trÙi
60 thé tuc, trân thé
O nghich chuyén, dåo ngu

Ol 60 ) 80 L0 90 p GO tvO ) EO c

HACKERS IELTS READING

i n conjunction with phr. két hop vÛi mask v che giáu, che khuát CH

surge v. täng vot apathy n. su länh am, thà a 01

momentous adj. quan trong unresponsive adj không có phàn úng
ambivalent adj. có mâu thuán trong tu tuórig,
mortality rate phr. ti lê tù
proponent n. nguoi ê xuát lo láng

fertility rate phr. ti lê sinh pacify v. làm yên, làm nguôi

norm n. quy pham,tiêu chuán temperamental adj.thát thuàng

indefinitely adv. vôhan inh cognition n. nh-n thúc

legislation n. ngành lâp pháp, pháp lu-t genetics n. di truyén hoc
legalisation n. su hop pháp hóa
phenomenal adj. cóthénhan thúc bång
unravel v. làm cho ra manh mõi, làm sáng tó
giác quan, (thuÙc) hiÇn tuong
dearth n. su khan hiém
subsequent adj. theo sau, tiép sau
primary source phr. (nghiên cúu - diêu tra)
undifferentiated adj. không phân biÇt uoc,
nguon tài liêu ban åu, tài liÇu goc
chua phân hóa
antiquity n. thòi có xua, dô co
goal-directed adj. theo uói muc tiêu
confine v. han ché surmise v. phóng doán, ngo ngo

hieroglyphic adj. (thuÙc) chütugng hinh obscure v. che khu¥t, che ây

pejorative adj. có ngh+a xáu, miÇt thi motor skill phr. ki nng v-n ông

substandard adj. duói tiêu chuán habituate v. quen thuÙcvÛi, làm quen vi

weaponry n.va khí unimpeded adj. không bË ngn trÛ/c£n trß

extant adj. hiÇn có property n. thuÙc tinh, ·c tinh
presumption n. iêu già inh, giåsu
pitfall n. nguy hiém, cam bay, khó khän violation n. su vi pham, can thièp
paradigm n. vât dién hinh, mau hinh
intrinsic adj. (thuÙc) b£n chát, nÙi tai

infancyn. thça ám ngùa (1-12 tháng dáu oi)

speculate v. phông doán
content adj. thoa män, bång lòng

avoidant adj. (thuoc) dang nétránh

distressed adj. dau khó

Quiz thoi có xua, dÕ có 06 content su lanh am, thò o
07 property
Noi tu voi nghía. han ché thát thuòng
nguoi ê xust 08 apathy
01 confine 09 speculate hài lòng
02 norm d (thuoc) chu tuong hinh 10 subsequent
03 antiquity tiep theo, sau dó
04 depict quy pham, tieu chuán
05 proponent phong doán
mo tà
O thuoc tinh, dac tinh

OL 6 0 8 0 )20 9 0 GO O +O £O 20 Q LO

CHAPTER 01 Multiple Choice 61

CHAPTER HACKERS IELTS READINE

12 T/F/NG (True/False/Not Given)

Ttlàr/oFmn/NgoGtbtàlràionddogacnngkhhbïônàniggy.dêahunogcaáccuanÙunihhadónui npdghinóchâbuci¿áunca câu dua ra có dông nhát vói thông tin

ra khóng tim tháy trong bai oc. ay

nhát và xuát hiÇn trong háu hét các bai

thi TELTS Reading.

HINHTHCCÁU HÒI bài oc là True, néu ói l-p
câu dua ra trong bài doc là
Trong dang bài T/F/NG, néu câu dua ra óng nhát vÛithôngtin trong
voi thông tin trong bài doc là
False, n¿u không tim tháy thông tin cça

Not given.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this

1 Firstborn children have higher 1Q scores than second children.
2 The role of birth order requires further study.
3 Last-born children are not as socially outgoing as their older siblings.

62

CHIEN THUAT LÀM BAI

STEP 1 Xác dinh cum tù khóa và nÙi dung cça câu dua ra.

De làm dang bài T/F/NG, dáu tiên cán xác dinh cum tu khóa và nÙji dung chinh cça câu ua ra.

EXAMPLE Xac dinh cun tü khóa D2
là Firstborn children và
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading noi dung cáu là dúa tré
sinh ra áu tiên có lO
Passage?
cao hon
In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write
Xåc dinh cum tu khoa
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
if the statement contradicts the information là The role of birth order
FALSE if there is no information on this và noi dung câu là can
thêm nhiêu nghiên cuu
NOT GIVEN dé xác dinh ugc vai

1 Firstborn children have higher lQ scores than second children. trò cua thú tu sinh.

2 The role of birth order requires further study. - Xåc inh cum tù khóa
3 Last-born children are not as socially outgoing as their older siblings. là Last-born children và
noi dung câu là úa tré
sinh ra sau cùng không
coi mo, de tinh nhu

anh/chi cùa chúng.

TIPS néu xác dinh tù
viÇc xác tu
Trong dang bài T/F/NG, tát cå các câu së uçc giói thiÇu cùng mÙt lúc. Tuy nhiên, hon cum
truóc rói chuy¿n sang các câu tiep theo së tÑt
khóa cùa mÙt câu và trå löi câu ó dinh

khóa cça tát cå các câu cùng mÙt lúc.

CHAPTER 02 T/F/NG (True/False/Not Given) 63

Tim trong bài doc oan có nÙi dung liên quan den cum tu

STEP 2 khóa vua xác dinh.

Ap dung ki thudt scanning dé tim trong bài doc nhüng noi dung liên quan dén cum tiu khóa vviüea x:

dinh. Kiem tra toàn bÙ phán nÙi dung liên quan dó dé tim ki¿m gdi ý cho câu trå li.

EXAMPLE Tim trong bai doc doa

According to social psychologist Robert Zajonc, firstborn children có noi dung liên quan dé
tend to be measurably more intelligent. In fact, studies by
cum tù khóa cça câu thi
Norwegian researchers have shown that "firstborn children score
nhát Firstborn children
three points higher on the IQ scale than second children. This type
of gap was also found, to a lesser extent, between the second and Goi ý cho áp án có th

third child tim tháy & câu é câp dén

However, intelligence is not the only difference attributed to birth cum tù khóa ó là: firstbom

order. Firstborn children also tend to do better in school, receive children score three points
better pay in adulthood, and bear more familial responsibilities.
higher on the IQ scale than
Last-born children, on the other hand, are more likely to be second children'

humorous, less disciplined, less risk averse, and more sociable Tim trong bai oc oan
có noi dung liên quan
than their older siblings.
dén cum tù khóa cua câu
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
thu hai: of birth order. Xac
Passage? dinh không thé tim tháy
thông tin liên quan én
In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write noi dung cùa câu thú ha
c á c câu xung quanh
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information cum tù khóa.

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information LTim trong bài oc doan

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this có nÙi dung liêèn quan dén

1 Firstborn children have higher 1Q scores than second children. cum tù khóa cça câu thu
ba: Last-born children. Go
2 The role of birth order requires further study. y cho câu trå loi có thà tim

3 Last-born children are not as socially outgoing as their older siblings. tháy &câu é câp dén cum

Bài dich trang 346 tù khóa dó là: 'Last-born
children more sociable

than their older siblings

TIPS

gocdcxTóoauhuaátônhtntehhggiútoÇitimhnhuýatokirconith¿nhgmogutocrßbnoâàgnukighotxohcudåúáanntngnghhêi¥gnÇbtinàkgtiahosiTiad/kuýFoha/cåNgnhoGnoign,ogýcinácÙcýhitoiccdmâhucuonâthgutcráâåyctuhçlôcúatiaruncocóhkáhc¥cnotg,vcnàâ.xnuuêEc6ánâdituunhavésiÇóuarinuatn.itdmhhuïegnáocpgtshcåúâápuntyxkc¿dhhpóôo.nthcgVâeíuotidmåúth.ntéghgoahyiathiyusCa

64

STEP 3 Xác dinh xem doan goi ý cho dáp án và câu dua ra có dóng

nhát không.

Xác dinh xem doan goi ý cho áp án và câu dua ra có ông nhát không và dién câu trå ldi.

EXAMPLE

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information CH

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information 02

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Firstborn children have higher 1Q scores than second children. True
The role of birth order requires further study. Not given
3 Last-born children are not as socially outgoing as their older siblings. False

1 Cum tù khóa cça câu ua ra là (Firstborn children) và nÙi dung liên quan d¿n cåm tù khóa

trong bài Íc là firstborn children score three points higher on the 1Q scale than second
children' ngh+a là 'dúa trè sinh ra âu tiên có chi sÑ IQ cao hon 3 diém so vÛi úa tré sinh ra
thú hai'. oan này dông nh¥t vÛi nÙi dung cça câu dua ra nên dáp án là True.

2 Cum tù khóa cça câu ua ra là (The role of birth order) và nÙi dung liên quan dén cym tù
khóa trong bài doc là inteligence is not the only difference attributed to birth order nghia là
tri thông minh không phài là su khác biÇt duy nhát do thú tu sinh gay ra'. Tuy nhiên, thöng
tin này không liên quan d¿n nÙi dung cça câu dua ra nên dáp án là Not given.

3 Cum tù khóa cça câu ua ra là (Last-born children) và nÙi dung liên quan d¿n cum të khóa
trong bài Íc là Last-born children more sociable than their older siblings' nghia là 'déa tre
sinh ra sau cùng hòa óng hon anh/chi cça chúng'. Thông tin doan này ói l-p vÛi nÙi dung
cça câu dua ra nên áp án là False.

TIPS

Phân biêt gika False và Not given
False: cáu dua ra có chúa các tu hoâc cum tù gióng trong bài doc nhung nÙi dung lai hoàn toàn

dói lap.

ex) bài doc Day là búc tranh rát nói ti¿ng ß th¿ ki 17.

câu dua ra Day là búc tranh hoàn toàn không ugo bi¿t d¿n ð th¿ ki 17.

bài dÍc cho bi¿t dây là búc tranh r¥t nQi ti¿ng ß thà ki 17, nhung câu ua ra lai nêu rång dây

là búc tranh không dugc biét én. Vi vây nÙi dung hai câu trái nguoc nhau và dáp án là False.

Not given: câu dua ra có chua các tù ho·c cum tu gióng trong bài Íc nhung nÙi dung câu không

dugc dê câp d¿n trong bài oc.

ex) bài doc Day là búc tranh r¥t nói ti¿ng ô th¿ kl 17.
Vi day là mÙt búc tranh vô cùng nói ti¿ng ß th¿ ki 17 nên nó vån dugc bào
câu dua ra

ton cho dén ngày nay. phán dugc båo tón

trong bài oc có é câp ây là búc tranh nói ti¿ng vào thé kl 17 nhung
cho dén ngày nay không dugc dé câp én glven.
nên dáp án là Not

CHAPTER 02 T/F/NG (True/False/Not Given) 65

-oHACKERSPRACTICE

he Pueblo Indians were a major cultural influence in the United States' Four Corners

region for over one thousand years. Initially, the civilisation was based in individual

homesteads in the Colorado Plateau's highlands, where its members farmed and

developed various handicrafts, such as pottery and blankets. However, during the

11th and 12th centuries the Pueblo moved into the neighbouring canyons and built the

massive multifamily dwellings from which their names are derived. Archaeologist Kristen

Kuckelman believes this occurred after persistent droughts made farming on plateau

lands impossible. She believes that the region's inhabitants moved into the valleys

because they were less impacted by the droughts. After they migrated, they had to

learn how to produce food more effectively on less land, so they implemented a system

of agricultural cooperation that eventually led to specialism. Once they settled in the

canyons, the civilisation became increasingly more communal in order to maximise the

returns on its labour.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The Pueblo got their names from their style of housing.

2 The Pueblo people moved into neighbouring communities with more farmland.

homestead n. nhà cça vuon tunc.ohctði,ênôá,plonith,raàiiémßplpaetelrosaiiusthteunn. vtcêaaodj.ngkiuêynêng handicraft n. ô, nghê thù công canyo nn

hem núi, hém vuc dwelling n. an, bén bi communal adj. chung, cóngwcóng

maximisev. tói da hóa return

66

HACKERS JELTS READING

We now know that trees and other vegetation play an invaluable role in reducing

air pollution in cities. Not so long ago, in the early 1980s, chemists discovered that

trees produce emissions. This prompted the then U.S. President Ronald Reagan to

faisely declare, 'Trees cause more polution than automobiles do.' This, of course,

caused people to speculate that trees were harmful, despite the facts that the words

emission' and 'pollution' are not synonymous and that the president's remark was

not accurate. While it is true that trees and plants, like all living things, emit chemical 02

substances as byproducts of their metabolisms, these emissions are not a threat,

but instead include the oxygen we breathe and the various chemical compounds that

give flowers and shrubs their fresh and fragrant scents. It is only in the presence
amounts of pollution, like that caused by the emissions of
of significant man-made

automobiles, that plants and trees release volatile organic hydrocarbons. But when
they do, they can become participants in the formation of such ground-level ozone

pollution as photochemical smog.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write if the statement agrees with the information
if the statement contradicts the information
TRUE if there is no information on this

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

3 A politician in the 1980s incorrectly blamed plants for air pollution.
Plants contribute to photochemical smog as much as automobiles

adj. ôngsynonymous nghia
v. n. du doán adjbóemissionn.
speculate phóng doán, bui volatile dé bay hoi hydrocarbon
su trao dói chát shrub cây
khi thái declare v. công

metabolism n.

Oyproductn. sán ph¯m phu (thuÙc) quang hóa
a d .p h o t o c h e m i c a l
n hydrocacbon

CHAPTER 02 T/F/NG (True/False/Not Given) 67

3 naustrialisation and corporate growth in the late 19th century created an environment in
which business correspondence increased monumentally, calling for a way to transcribe
The first device capable
messages more quickly and legibly than handwritten script. However, before it would
Glidden typewriter.
of fulfilling this need was the Sholes and

become a commercial success, certain issues needed to be remedied. For instance,
the type bars in their earliest typewriters moved very sluggishly, and the keys and other
. To fix this problem, Sholes - the designer rearranged
at the letters in subsequent versions of his machine no

order. Instead, he placed the keys with the intention that

combinations in the English language, like ST and
components tended tojam often

the layout of the keyboard so th

longer appeared in alphabetical

THthe most commonly used letter
would be spread far apart from one another. This modification caused a dramatic decline
in mechanical jams and typing errors because the new arrangement increased the time
it took for users to locate letters. Thereby it ensured that each key had enough time to
fall back into its position before the next one was struck. These seemingly small changes

were key to making typewriters a useful transcription and correspondence device.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write if the statement agrees with the information
if the statement contradicts the information
TRUE
if there is no information on this
FALSE
NOT GIVEN

5 Industrialisation created a need for a writing method that was faster than handwriting
6 The type bars on early typewriters had to be replaced often.

The redesign made locating letters more time-consuming.

correspondence n. trao dói thu tù monumentally adv. cuc ki, tÙt b-c call for phr. kêu goi transcribe v Saol

chép/ghi lai remedyv sua chua sluggishly adv. ch-m chap subsequent adj sau dó, tiép ationr

sy sua dó1, thay dól, diéu chinh seemingly adv vé bê ngoài, có vé theo modifica

68

gtwageWsodAhaunnrrahceaashlrdbiycnpipkiclslohhyhetdrcmiaiidnrttawtnadeeaihmnwcirurefkgimnes.yeft.ieoenaWrst,Iitcgrentnoaokunibittltunoschtuiltailetkhtayeluedlstenysixetttr,iors'inebiiasstnwqlglhtttlsgaoheusehcroenaiyhoyrkocea,srbpreudveolirestesootaaewtsootdfhddshbfmtiue'egee,socirseteeofuectpnftodsowahtEeuaewdbrrlnffradaarrgoatdparleollsuvwipiaessdnenedachwarddbopyrahtrvkrlssnaoeaeeyeihndsenrarreedyo,scltp,ilsueeoliahoynsnbnofasdedeundnbrrsatpdat.etiihtwrqhstlIheafaeunteonsoriiocrygtsrdaynameuldrl,imiserndtevooegtdgideehptorusieatontcihipootanne,apfhctc,rnoefkiertointohiatetstuscselshtniwoiismledsbcdeaetkramhdasipwststanhoteiltpatawtstehhnotaitnuaehtldsnietietsnaiskkyinuktllbsnnhels,olcofoeteetyhowwdaneugbtnseloreitstdita1oyhttpih5etilbmcowunher6lkdarasdoir0taiecsrestooyskeeea,.ff CH

02

which could be done with lead or charcoal. It was not long before people began gluing
wood, thereby creating the much sturdier
bits of graphite into grooves cut into strips of

wooden pencil we are now familiar with.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 Writing with graphite sticks required more pressure than other writing tools.

9 Users could not see graphite marks after they had been inked over.

into existence phr. xuat hiÇn, tôn fai graphite phr. quang graphit
n. n.utensil dung cu antiquity thoi có xua come tinh giòn, tinh de
phr. n.Drand dáu sát nung transcription n. bán sao,
gay n. n. n.aloyn. hop kim stylus bút trâm groove
bán ghi black lead chi den brittleness

duong r nh sturdy ad) dai, chãc chán

CHAPTER 02 T/F/NG (True/False/Not Given) 69

5 TaSivfarhIotiebteemhiowsieanueyfbshttoiitealrhmihlrtotleyeehwsnsiwitstmotlbohyreprmeelslayddyoasictkffoshfeieainarecwollautuclhatuggrabtesohtoo,aotuhtiihdntnuiesotrioeemowtrrhsrdpapeehdryrrerreeswtirstvoueseoexinwdnotalrenencybtstyeolustyronnaminiwapqdipthneuehpaeoeseetiphlaropleeorertn.whitsvioUes,aorncacitfpmonyhoendeproontrofpupeprtnelchteeoaateotnptwiephrtlleilyiotteno,htwkeevomnnviotedfeahtwrrnuetuyoyrsusso.snt.one,IoftHeditwtuowbsisowoseeucaesvliesvodaenmelrhbcrycueo,eitmudriitecmniacalrtenaseeessnvsrt

necessary to rely on our metaperceptions.

A metaperception is how a person views others' perceptions of him or herselt

Metaperceptions are usually fairly accurate in individuals who have a strong sense of

self because these sorts of people are easily able to pick up on how others respond

to their words or actions. This enables them to know whether they are liked or not.
Individuals with a good sense of who they are tend to have no problems adjusting their

behaviours to better suit the situation - if, that is, being liked is their end goal. People with
a weak sense of self, on the other hand, are often wrong about how others see them

This is because they often lack self-confidence in the first place and therefore have

numerous personal biases. They might, for example, not really like themselves for any

number of reasons and therefore think that everyone else hates them, too, when this is

not necessarily the case. Conversely, others might believe that they are witty and fun

to be around when the reality is that they are rude and burdensome. Unfortunately for
people like these, social exclusion and all the negative consequences associated with it
sometimes occur as a result.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
NOT GIVEN if the statement contradicts the information

if there is no information on this

10 People are generally honest about how they perceive others.
11 Those with a strong sense of self usually knovw how others see them.

12 Individuals with weak self-perception fail when they try to adjust their behaviours.

inherently adv. von dà metaperception n. nh-n thúc bán thân qua läng kinh cça nguoi khác sense of selt pni
sua bias n. t
thúc ban thàn pick up phr. bát duoc, nåm bát dugc adjust v. chinh exclusion n. hàn h kién conversely adv. ngu
lai, trái lai witty adj.
hóm hinh burdensome adj. n·ng né, phién toài su ngoai trù, su loai bó, suco 13F

70

wfcsattmtvsaciiASaohnhhtiouloodaiegratnseeaegrdumonvmoynsiitanitmterfatahtmasniatcdodnlrrrlhacelseessreiecololteyst,isasst,eernnbcuittddsgwbogotocueruohnni,euvefastersiemaosaieenesnntihlhsrk.rogsltdbeaaoieeaicnnntgwteUrlwdtheoioivaghwphenknawofsleieregsitiissdtnesvendqutytsbthencgeuthmaahhsrhaiotaenlvo,ahotlrrauedliefedekatienrrslrtam.ainkidiytetesnngrdvrhoigFyangsonceaeeewenrnpbguyleafvoooasosbe.nnelsmoeorftncleed,efaelnItadchesrnlorusstshstoanirihiaihsmonibinggm.ntofnesehiydndtngtpegduiebhHaraosbtatrwieeluilwwennieolssorstnfiatafiieheinsythmftgnatatseheasolsoieayglngoiratrosnlescicmclcnoftemttcmhyohfoeshthboaepeu,drhamanrta,ernmeolileatiiodohhsfmrttiafn.eoitnraeootcnehicvcfrhuvnoaBtdiyafeoteeenimfdlootorssro,mmrihouyrtcuaoaohewvindtg,amolrdnthnadsiiiaotnnbsdsssaeteutrutoetsathmhitnbiarebawmheifpKriktltayesnooarsc,hia.aeritatrouaihntrktaaTrneptlbotgtsggshenkdheoohhptv,.iedwhsr.nenueoertfefgstaheo.snncoMotihearfeerirrdOenemahcFawaiwctnsitnodnrrireniolioyhlniineeursehsssteetrrgcemhthctasignehaaaytseee.vorpn.nnibrtrneacegrhs.cicPeDatoimnaeeefesdetIeonronan,.seasfrrslievdamhvlsmiraxhsbodpan.uaedaaynaeendblpdUimoourlrcrsfsifiFrpststleon.puchioierseorgntlbaieciTmdehsngignbiancvheranithohaintintsawofosschirigmilgcwglnmilhetcoiothhenonhseaaoasluinoasygeensselnnsftlt 02

TaftnwhorhnfauhoiettoemMmhiutrrhaagraplnenirelvariesars(cas1eiltomste8n,mCr7tpamshm1amoa)naruu.rotnicalnmuIednhninscatlttiialhtkqDs,tao,iueDaofterhhnaswsie.urotnwiimmfnocAoionnlreacut:mhnodlgodDsnaiiu.tbsdoingcobueohunocstsnthsehssteehidegdluapnubttialsaltbilaiislmsmuniienctiiamglmtanreraoeculilytstossiieicenfcaescseartlaclbttinhthesutahtotctwieaunotbentmaoaeldabnmltsnyahgnafuiosbnugnriiauitrmcocgdaaopegastiuleceasrd?t'rfisueosahNstruiiitpnndaohuggititeasguodnhrisbsdyit1ohgc9otsenooikdtaghmlsn-sDihcpgaueeelnrsnmstaaictiltauaiseonnrebnyndysst

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
if there is no information on this
NOT GIVEN

13 Sounds are one of many communication mechanisms used by animals.

14 Scent marking conveys less information about teritories than other forms of animal signalling.

15 Similarities between animal signalling and human communication caused Darwin t
believe it was a basic language.

uanory ad). (thuÙc) thinh giác tactile adj. düng xúc giác waggle dance phr. vo diÇu loài ong (vü diÇu hinh só
o Cua ong mât) forage v. ki¿m án pollen n. phán hoa defecatev. tóng chát thái ra khôi co thétuft n. búi, chùm

ump n. bui, cuc dissipate v. xua tan, làm tieu tan constitute v. cáu tao, thiét l-p naturalist n. nhà tu nhiên hoc

gibbon n. con vuon courtship n. su tán tinh

CHAPTER 02 T/F/NG (True/False/Not Given) 71