Hacker IELTS Reading

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ONIOV38 S1731 S83X3VH uOJeuouj duyojen8

10 The Survival of Coral Reefs

A In the tropical and subtropical regions ofthree major oceans the Pacific, deleanntic

and Indian- there is an abundance of coral reefs of varying sizes. They lie no

than 200 feet below the ocean surface, for corals require sufficient sunlight el

water, the presence of zooxanthelae or algae, and a temperature range of 17t

degrees Celsius in order to thrive. Due to these specific ecological requirementa

coral reefs are mostly found in areas where shallow submarine platforms occ

the Earth's southern hemisphere. in

BWhen the required conditions are met, corals can grow into massive structures

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9NIOV38 SI13I SHIMIVH uOJeusojuj Bujy3jew

O HACKERSTEST

READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on
Reading Passage below

Keeping Time: Clockmaking in Britain,
Switzerland, and America

A Timepieces of various sorts have been in circulation since ancient times, but the history

of the clock industry in the modern sense begins in the 18th century. Prior to then, clocks
and watches were largely confined to the realms of wealthy hobbyists, and were only

IndustriaUsed to tell time in a crude way, but changes in transportation brought on by the

Revolution made timekeeping a necessity and helped cement time consciousness in the
minds of the masses.

B In design, production, and trade, Britain was the frontrunner in the modern clock industry.

The British penchant for producing clocks known for their accuracy and portability was

perfectly suited for the needs of a growing, mobile population, and the early development

of the railroad in Britain provided a catalyst for its market hegemony in the first half of

the 19th century. Because the safe and predictable operation of railways was highly

dependent upon keeping track of time, clocks were posted at intervals throughout the

railway system to allow engineers to synchronise their chronometers, and telegraph

services would periodically wire times to stations throughout the railway system so that

clocks could be continually adjusted for accuracy.

C While this helped prevent accidents and allowed railway companies to keep tighter

schedules, it also helped travellers to anticipate arrivals, departures, and connections

with greater precision. These developments underpinned a burgeoning awareness of the

importance of time throughout society, prompting those with sufficient means to purchase
pocket watches. Thus, train travel increased the demand for timepieces and bolstered ne

overall clock industry in the United Kingdom.

D However, there were drawbacks to the British system that would be exploited y

competitors. Namely, the British market was solely devoted to handmade clocks, a
avaricious craftsmen who profited from their esoteric skills viewed mechanisauo

a threat and actively lobbied against the use of machinery to craft 'fake clocks. As*

result, British timepieces remained extremely costly to produce. But while the Britisnw

antagonistic toward mechanisation, this was not the case in Switzerland, where compa

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HACKERSIELTS READING

hegan to experiment with the automated manufacture of individual components, such as
olates and wheels. By using machines to fashion some parts, Swiss timepieces could be
fabricated more quickly and cheaply than British timepieces.

E But the Swiss did not submit to the allure of fully mechanised production. Instead, they

adopted a flexible system whereby machines were used in the first stage of production
to create semi-finished products, and highly skilled artisans were responsible for the final

touches. This approach afforded the best of both worlds, as Swiss timepieces could be

produced eficiently without sacrificing the diversity and quality of hand craftsmanship.

State-of-the-art machinery and an expert and adaptable workforce allowed Swiss

companies to respond quickly to fluctuations in market demand and consumer

preferences, and Swiss timepieces, especially watches, gradually became synonymous

with 'top quality' in the minds of buyers. Watches under the moniker 'Swiss made' fetched
handsome prices in jewellers and other high-end shops both at home and abroad, and
ultimately the Swiss overtook the British as the recognised industry leader and held that
position for many years. Many Swiss-made timepieces ended up in US markets, where
American clockmakers focused on quantity at the expense of quality.

F Although the United States lacked the sheer numbers of skilled craftsmen of their European 08

counterparts, American artisans paved the way for inexpensive timepieces through
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virtually anyoneT could afford

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and 1970,

nt, and by

sales and

total revenues, respectively.

CHAPTER8 Matching Information 227

Questions 1-8
Reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 contrasts between British and Swiss attitudes toward mechanisation

2 a reference to watches being restricted to one segment of society

3 mention of how an individual tried to legally protect his production process

4 examples of benefits that timekeeping provided for rail travellers

5 a description of changes in global market shares among watch companies

6 reasons why certain watches were recognised for their craftsmanship
7 a statement of how American mass production laid the foundation for cheaper

timepieces

8 how timekeeping was maintained on early railway networks

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9NIOV3H S1731 S83KOVH UOYJewJOjuy Buiyojew

VOCABULARYLIST

Hoc thuoc tù vung Chapter 08 và làm Quiz

vibrantadj. ruc ro validity n. su có cn cú, su hop ly

mimicv. bát chuóc,làm theo pension n. luong huu
nuisance n. su phiên toái
superficially adv. nhin tu bengoai, vèngoài
decimatev. tàn sát, tiêu hao
inevitablyadv. không thé ránh khói
displacev. chiém noi d
in question phr. dang dugc ban luân dén
residue n. phân còn lai
putin place phr. thyc hiên, thi hành
distilvl. chung cát tailorvp. hù hop, dáp úng nhu cáu

vapour n. hoi nuóc, chát lòng9 indigenous adj. bán xú, bån dia

base metal phr. kim loai góc bounty n. su dói dào
combustible adj. dà cháy, dë båt lùa
ignite v. båt lua, bóc cháy ornate adj. trang tri lÙng lay
crustn. lóp vò
supernaturaal dj. siêu nhiên
photosynthesis n. su quang hop
bestow v. tång cho, ban cho
decompose v. phân hoy, làm mon
relinquish v. tù bó
often-overlooked adj. thuòng bi bò qua
appreciate v. ánh giá cao, hiéu duocgiá tri
build-up n. su tich tu
dissolve v. hòa tan eradicate v. nhó t-n góc ré, xóa bò hoan toàn

acidification n. su axit hóa roam v. i rong ruo

workforcen. luc luong lao dÙng expanse n. dài dát rÙng
prolonged adj. kéo dài
come by phr. kiém dugc, ghéqua
sOcial cohesion phr. su gån két x hÙi
sighting n. su trong tháy
cite v. nêu lên demise n. su bién mát

proper adj. phù hãp hastenv. dáy nhanh

context n. bói cành,tinh huóng repurpose v. thay ói muc dich
applicable adj cóthé úng dung bleak adj. àm am, mòmit

eliminate v. loai bó, gim bÛt inbred adj. (ông v-t hoc) lai ông huyét

reversal n. su åo lÙn
commitment n. su cam kët

Quiz loai bó, giám bót 06 inevitably asiêu nhiên
07 bleak khong thétránh khói
Noi tù vói nghía. phân còn lai 08 appreciate
09 relinquish bán xú, bànja
01 build-up su tich tu 10 indigenous
02 context hoàn cånh, tinh huóng a m dam, måmit
03 proper e danh giá cao, hiéu dugc
04 residue d á ra
05 eliminate gia tri
phù hop D tù bo

OL 60 80 DLo 90So 0 EO co
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ONIOV38 S1131I SHIMOVH uOLewiojui 8ujsoJen 9

CHAPTER HACKERS IELTS READING

Matching Headings

Matching headings là dang bài yêu cáu nÑi túng oan trong bài doc vÛi mÙt de muc phu hen
trong danh sách các dà muc cho sán. ay là mot trong nhng dang bli phÑ bi¿n nhát vå xukt
hien &háu het các bài thi lELTS Reading.

HINH THÚC CÂU HÒI

Trong dang bài Matching headings, các dé muc dugc dánh dáu theo ki hiêu s6 Latinh. Yeu cáu

cùa bài là tim dé måc phù hcp vói tüng doan rói dién tên dé muc vào tüung do¡n dó. Danh sách 14

muc thuong dugc liÇt kêtruóc bài oc kèm theo 1-2 ví dy minh hoa. Có truong hop mot vài dan

dudc ghép lai và dánh d¥u chung bàng mÙt cho cái.

Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, -v, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. The excellent source of leather llamas provided to the Incas
ii. Llamas as essential resources to the Incan people
ii. Incan society's heavy dependence on the textile industry
iv. The early domestication of the llama by the Incas
v. Various ways Incan travellers used llamas

Example Answer

Paragraph A ii

Paragraph B
2 ParagraphC
3 Paragraph D

4 ParagraphE

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C

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ONIOV38 S1131 Ss83XOVH SÖuipeaH dujyojew 9

STEP 2 Tim dé muc tuong úng vói nÙi dung chính cça doan.

Kiém tra danh sách é mue cho s¥n và tim câu dién giài lai hoãc cáu tóm tát chinh xác cau c

chu

de vua xác dinh. Trong trudng hop doan vän không có câu chù dé, tim câu tóm tát lai chính v
nÙi dung cå o¡n.

EXAMPLE Cum indispensable

Reading Passage has five paragraphs, A-E. constituenf trong cãu
Choose the correct heading for the paragraph from the list of
chu dé The lama
headings below
was an indispensable
Write the correct number, i-v, in box 1 on your answer sheet.
constituent of Incan
List of Headings society ã uçc di¿n
at lai thành 'essential
i. The excellent source of leather llamas provided to the Incas
resourcesS
ii. Llamas as essential resources tothe Incan people

ii. Incan society's heavy dependence on the textile industry
iv. The early domestication of the llama by the Incas

v. Various ways Incan travellers used llamas

1 Paragraph A

A 'The llama was an indispensable constituent of Incan society.e

The only large animals ever domesticated in ancient America,

llamas provided the Incas with food and materials fortextiles.A

single adult male yielded 100 kilograms of meat, which could be
dried for storage. Lightweight and nutritious, dried llama meat
was a staple of Incan soldiers and travellers. The animals' hides
were transformed into leather for weather-resistant garments.
The soles of the Incan sandal, for instance, were made from
llama leather. in addition, the fur was turned into cloth, which
was used for the clothes worn by common people.

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BNIOV3H S1131 S83XOVH Sôupeay dujyssew

-o HACKERS PRACTICE

1 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

List of Headings

i. Opposing views on microfibres

ii. The need to expand the uses of microfibres
ii. The development of a new manmade material
iv. The future applications of a new product

ParagraphA

2 ParagraphB

A In the 20th century, a pioneer in Japan made a technological breakthrough in the

production of soft, and extremely thin, synthetic fibres. These microfibres are finer
than a silk thread, or one hundred times thinner than a human hair. Industrialist
Miyoshi Okamoto first produced these fibres by squeezing two kinds of plastic
threads, polyester and nylon, through a small pipe and heating them so that they
weave together. Subsequently, microfibre technology took hold in the United States
and Sweden, where refinements continued to be made, expanding its potential
uses. Today, a wide variety of materials, including rayon and acrylic, have been
used to produce microfibres, which are used in a tremendous number of practical
applications, such as apparel, cleaning cloths, and vehicle upholstery.

B However, this synthetic technology has also become the source of tremendous

controversy. On the one hand, many people have praised its virtues. For example,

cleaning cloths weaved from these fibres can absorb up to seven times their weight

in liquid, and most do not even require cleaning chemicals. Animal rights activists

have even embraced it for limiting dependence on silk and wool. On the other hand,

some people believe that microfibres are damaging our environment and shouid

be banned. This is because the fine fibres are entering our water systems in great

quantities. In fact, nearly 16 per cent of the plastic recovered from Lake Michigan

was in the form of these petroleum-based plastic filaments.

microfibren. mÙt loai soi tóng hop có cáu trúc nhó pioneer n. nguoi tiên phong, nguoi mÛudng o tien
adj tóng hop, nhân tao fine adj nhó, månh weave v. dan vào take hold v. thâm nhâp refinement n . n t n
apparel n. trang phuc upholstery n. thám, boc virtue n. diém manh, uu diÃm embrace v. nåm layua

sqi nho

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9NIOV3H SI13I S83X3VH SØUIpeay dujyajew

3 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

List of Headings

Reasons for the rise in automobile sales

ii. Changes in automobile use in the United States

ill. The history of transportation in America

iv. Problems with car ownership
V. Seeking solutions for a transportation problem
vi. The impact of the automobile on America

5 Paragraph A
6 Paragraph

7 Paragraph C

A WtcsAatDhhylamleuiemmotrhweisbeAnruteogihmbtcdloeiauesAinrresrAbmisycisfmmnear.bcrneeboiFrercouedoilalgicaroinfsashemmeensthtds.ayittsnhhlCtmetyeeooam,orrt'yAboh,e,oiwalmaiwtnptshnyeineii,lrnstyreihghAcrecsaamhtanaprgiuasepsrDsvrouieenwrbcbdleoaeutathncrhamasbaicnoam'grw.gfnoreeesphhrasaeetoarssmratsiohtbheehneilfiaeaowrtdlftiiotnipchsmaaumdarsmceoshyomevaawngearosdenngoeeruaariatmnsnnphdodahmiftpiiawceto.shsnnheTsimtiehnecaoeinritptnidehaiefceuslakutcnoeeacadtmnonmucdfomeneebntiornicoylrtteeooen.

B wimsteitnHhonhviciidcesodseoyuiewdremrs-lmteaeipcyenvnaoreceacynalrranee,ssevd,disadseaesaoeleuuisnwnrmmrpdbgohpoeafoeumnlplrtidrekhroa.edicericeelnWenaclactisosaneiahtstynnieoe.aicnsfcnsneeidtactediihuevuzretoeiptodhncpoupmeosnparseeolwatadvbsuuphi.iotltorcoeTouoamssmhbcnlilooymeosubmmblalmidielk,aledeekeasinetatftotfsithhotoohaeranadmesbedmedgpehrlcraaeasielvdraiuvgnbatbeeetuaunesrryiidnmbtnmmreavaatnbonajne.oorxsserlftpFlmrioogouenrrefhvnetntagaemftftnradsifeotuo.roiesavenrdtidFe,noaaupemntbreidhtmdlho.eeepcp.crIiloana,teWivcu,eftefussharteeaicholodlltneelf,

C faaatasoIhncrnosreedcetmyege'prmmeoseewssoaactbevkiitaennrionerltgicagelaoiaybvnfw,rfeeibo.nfnaworgtecTdrhirketahasha.bihtsilcineOmtpahtbonroeapaertsulteoitcbhcoooleafgtituclhhelnticayhtsthtinrertyeiampern2mus.eh5s.boap0alinsWosctsrmitrttcaheritolthaaliminaocothtsnhnmip.esAoodcAnrmartlefrawyetusterihrriocbcacnicatuat,oennrpdrmsimesrnoaparattfaenrlieyroeaysinsnsto,gooArannrmcvtsihePttehelifhlrzoeiiiernlccngaortGsnhsosotilassehodshadsiosavswfveobitepnfhyuiabnrAtcrecceagmhrpferuaeeeasrortssihipnecaiaguteno,

immense adj. to lón symbolise v. tuong trung cho rite of passage phr. dáu móc quan trong demograp nO
su di chuyén drain v. bòn rút, tiêu ha o income
nhan kháu hoc mobility n. tinh luu dÙng, level phr. múc thu
tinh trang suy tàn forego v. tù bó
tax revenue phr. tién thu thuédecay n.

238

4 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

List of Headings

i. TTATCChnhhoueeenrerdxcednionpeteinlvteoatednvrnlisiaobettopuwirometdsiqnoeeunavnoibertfooelfoedouafpttrhtaloaenyenssIwletunaywcdblemcuosesuaocterrfnhdiaambelguminoeRsvemibeneuvfemeoosnsreiltsunnwtestaiootssdysrnmlkemptisonlaaibcsnteuaragsotieinromgenasensnitsation

iii.

iv.

.

vi.

ParagraphA

9 Paragraph B
10 Paragraph C

A The Industrial Revolution caused a great shift in manufacturing from the late 18th to CH

early 19th centuries. During this time, manufacturing moved from small home-based 09
enterprises to large factories with many employees working with machines. Unfortunately
this change was not accompanied by a shift in management styles to maximise the new
systems' efficiency. It was soon clear that mismanagement was resulting in financial
losses that reduced the benefits of the increased output. Therefore, there was a pressing
need for a new way of management.

B One of the first people to address this problem was American engineer Frederick

Winslow Taylor, whose experiments brought about a new way to direct the

workforce 'scientific management'. This new management style sought toorganise

companies in a more efficient and rational way. Through his work, Taylor identified

several problems with management styles of the time. The lack of knowledge of the

entire production process was the most basic of these. By giving managers more

knowledge, Taylor felt they could better understand all aspects of the business and

dciiibnddaeaeelvswcnaieutlchillfsoiarycioptzhilenetehdgsoeouffftpohaisenreurmsepvhfmufeiosilrvocaoveissreiltssfntuoeoccflriofsedoinscfewtitdreoeaoinfrsrlttmlseiamonidnncmedoeeaermtnrphesmepecaltaoso.knfpyHueedefemeoeadsipcpn'trglaueortrofyitewlhneerhegresemi,cdeph.mfrafToeiecwcmhtiheiehpsosnildstcioeesyn-y,scce.bloaueylnHsdladseesrtdhutmaoiddmluyaselneoitdn.eagrgtmFmhetuoorairuivnstageihklnheswgsrtt,ahyttnelhhhedneee.

pushing a wheelbarrow.

C Tdswtoayaylnsleooetlrxe'ssaaucwdgtsolgyretkosthtldeetedhshaetutotmfhaeiaesmnliwiniscgaerssdoamtahpanaondtsalidgetiidevsdsetaohotiiuwsetfrcoiaoerrdmkcehewry.soTormfkheeporyovswec. mleAarie,nmndbttusththaiecntyoTtnahatyleeslmooerapp'sroolmryianart1yn9oaou0gpt0eistnmhiaaoentnndistt

brought about the first labour unions.

i ion n. s u quàn tri, quá n lý scheme n. chién lugc, kë ho¡ch worktorcen. luc lu ong lao dÙng rational
supervi white-collar adj. (thuÙc) công chúc, v phòng wheelbarrow
xe kéo sor n. quán li, nguài giám sát n
kiém soát tùng chi fiet nhó hierarch hê thóng cap b-c
micromanage d adj. quan li, y
ndxae n.unistrat

hop ly
dáy,

dehumanise v. ha tháp nhân pham

CHAPTER 9 Matching Headings 239

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

List of Headings

i. Explanation of unique aspects of human language
i. A description of less common language development theories
ii. Various theories based on one idea of language origin
iv. Difficulty in determining the birth of language

V. Discovery of physical evidence of early human communication
vi. Methods used to communicate with non-verbal species

11 Paragraph A
12 Paragraph B
13 Paragraph C

A Researchers have tried to understand the origin of human language for millennia.
However, this job is quite difficult as there is litte physical evidence to be studied.

Because of this, linguists must use modern languages, theories of language
acquisition, and studies of language systems to infer information about how, when,

and why human linguistic communication began. Using these techniques, two

main theories have been developed. These are continuity theory, which states that
language evolved from previous forms of communication and appeared gradually

over time, and discontinuity theory, according to which human language is a unique
form of communication and probably appeared suddenly.

BContinuity theories are often divided into vocal, gestural, and social origin theories.

Under vocal theory, language originated from primates mimicking natural sounds
and using them to identify objects. Gestural theories, on the other hand, posit that
as humans became bipedal they developed a form of sign language, but over

time this was replaced by sounds. Although both theories have their merits, many

sociolinguists believe that language developed as a survival mechanism along with

societal complexity. By spreading information about other society members. eary

humans could form alliances and identify friends and foes.

C Conversely, the relatively fewer discontinuity theories point to a sudden development

of language. This is most commonly seen to be the result of divine intervention.
Many traditional stories explain how language was given to humans by gods or one

supernatural deities. However, other proponents of a genetic discontinuity tneo
have come to believe that humans have an innate capacity for language. i

according to Noam Chomsky, means that language likely appeared instantly due to a

evolutionary mutation. Many linguists originally dismissed this theory, but mounu
evidence of the relationships between languages is increasing its populariy

bang lo

physical adj. (thuÙc) v-t chát acquisition n. su tiép nh-n, su thu duoc vocal adj. bàng ldi, ugc noi rd co hai

primate n. dÙng v-t linh truong mimic v. båt chuóc posit v. án dinh, cho ràng bipedal adj. (dóng vo deity

chan alliance n. liên minh foe n. ké thù divine adj. thiêng liêng, thân thánh supernatural adj sieu nni

n. thán proponent n. nguoi üng hÙ mutation n. su bién Õi, ôt bi¿n dismiss v. gat bó, phú inh moun

täng lên, thêm nhiéu

240

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings

il. TTTTEEwhhhvxeeeiopdlceieakmfonnefcnyapeectsasitceototqnohffusoatftehgfnoecehrlocairmegvaesrepaalrotpoloewefhddcihucrhucetoamptlinorotaocghnnadeetuioitoocfnunnttaiaevttoraeshvnpreearenaa'tcsntutiieoaesantsunarrivmaivaallgroup
iv.

v.

vi.

14 Paragraph A

15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D

A Recently, researchers from the University of Otago made a surprising discovery. They
remains of eggs from
found the the tuatara on New Zealand's South Island. This was

important because tuatara had not reproduced on either of New Zealand's two main

islands in over a century. The new discovery has conservationists excited because

it shows that efforts to reintroduce breeding populations on the mainland have been

successful.

B These small reptiles have a crest of triangular skin folds down their backs and can CH

grow to approximately 75 centimetres. They are the only living species of the order 09
Rhynchocephalia, which flourished over 200 million years ago. This may be attributable
to living on remote islands with no large predators. These islands have large seabird
populations that produce guano, which attracts the parasites that the tuataras eat.
Both of these factors allowed them to flourish for hundreds of millions of years.

Unfortunately, human activity greatly affected the tuatara populations. This is because

non-native animals, such as rats, that ate the tuataras' eggs were introduced when
humans arrived on the islands. This devastated the population due to their low
reproductive rate. It is estimated that around 25 per cent of the Tuatara died due to

these rats.

D Surprisingly, climate change also has a strong influence on the numbers of the tuatara.

Tuatara gender, like that of some other reptiles, is dependent upon nest temperature.

When nests are 21°C or below, the hatchlings will be female but even a 1° increase in

temperature will produce males. Rising temperatures are now reducing the likelihood
of new hatchlings being female. Because of this, researchers must find innovative

conservation techniques to save this ancient species.

phr.alara n. thàn làn tuatara reproduce v. sinh sån breeding n. su s inh s án, su nhân giöng crest n. mào, bòm skin
der Rhynchocephalia phr. bÙ bò sát
nép g åp, nép nhan ß da or b òs át gai lung (bÙ gióng thàn làn)
thuc vat ki sinh hatchling n. c
nphân chi m parasite n. Ùng, o nn on

CHAPTER 9 Matching Headings 241

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

List of Headings

i. Various types of care for PTSD patients
il. Some symptoms of PTSD

iii. The difficulty of detecting PTSD

iv. The meaning and origin of the term PTSD

V. The effect on families

vi. Why meditation helps PTSD

vii. Causes of trauma that can lead to PTSD

18 Paragraph A
19 Paragraph B
20 Paragraph C
21 Paragraph D

242

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder CH
09
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a clinical mental illness that was first observedin war

A

veterans. The condition results from trauma that is either life threatening. the cause of
a serious injury, or something that the affected person responded to with intense fear,

helplessness or horror. In the 1970s, in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, a behavioural
pattern was observable in many of the returning American soldiers. They were emotionally
distant, irritable, had trouble sleeping and were prone to severe fits of anger. Anti-Vietnam
War activists advocating the troubled veterans coined the term 'post-Vietnam Syndrome

to describe their array of severe psychological symptoms.

B The type of trauma that leads to PTSD is almost always unexpected, and leaves the
person involved feeling powerless to stop the traumatic event. Situations that are likely

to result in such trauma are varied. Accidents, serious crimes, combat experience

and the sudden death of loved ones can all lead to PTSD. However, not everyone who
experiences trauma develops PTSD, and researchers are still trying to figure out why

some people are more susceptible to this condition.

C Symptoms of PTSD can include persistent memories or nightmares about a traumatic

event, dissociation from the surrounding world, avoidance of anything related to the trauma
and increased anxiety or 'hyper arousal'. People with PTSD are constantly on guard for
danger even when there is no indication of threat in their immediate environment. This

heightened state of anxiety or irritability has other consequences as well, such as being
prone to outbursts of anger or violent aggression, having difficulties concentrating, and
having trouble sleeping.

D Contrary to common belief, PTSD is a treatable disorder, and there is a range of

treatments available to PTSD sufferers. Once a patient is diagnosed with PTSD, they are
almost always put on some form of anti-anxiety or anti-depressant medication, which will

often be used in conjunction with some form of therapy. The most effective therapeutic
models for PTSD sufferers are exposure therapy, eye movement desensitisation and
reprocessing (EMDR), and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). As the name suggests,
exposure therapy involves exposing the patient to their trauma in a safe environment so
that they can become desensitised. EMDR combines exposure therapy with guided eye
movements that help individuals process traumatic memories. CBT, on the other hand,
teaches patients skills such as relaxation and mindfulness techniques that help them
deal with their memories of trauma more effectively. Although these treatments can be
highly effective, many victims of PTSD will experience painful relapses during the course
of their lives; ensuring the long-term availability of care and support is thus of paramount

importance.

post-traumatic stress disorder phr. h-u chán tâm lý war veteran phr. cuu chién binh aftermath n. h-u quà
urritable adj, dé cáu kinh prone adj, có xu huóng advocate v. úng hÙ susceptible adj, dé bi ành huóng, dë bË tón
thuong dissociation n. su cô l-p anxiety n. su lo láng, su lo âu hyper arousal phr. kinh ông quá ô on guard
phr. cánh giác dé phòng heighten v. täng cao irritability n. tinh dé cáu, tinh d bi kich thich outburst n. su bùng
no, su bÙc phát desensitise v. làm gi£m su nhay c£m mindfulness technique phr. ki thu-t chánh niÇm (tap trung

noan foàn vào mÙt su viec) relapse n. su tái phát bÇnh paramount adj tói quan tron9

CHAPTER9 Matching Headings 243

8 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below
List of Headings

Evidence that eye makeup can attract a partner

ii. Eye makeup for beauty rather than celebration

ii. Eye makeup in Egyptian hieroglyphics

iv. The use of eye makeup in Greece to keep evil away

V. The development of mascara

vi. A superstition and its connection to the origins of eye makeup

vii. Changes in the types of pigments used for cosmetics

vii. Cosmetics from the theatre to mainstream society

22 Paragraph A
23 Paragraph B
24 Paragraph C
25 Paragraph D

244

The Folkloric Roots of Eye Makeup

The 'evil eye' is an element of many folklore traditions throughout the world, and

A

while the exact nature of its meaning varies from one culture to another, it is generally

thought to represent the sin of covetousness, or jealousy. According to many legends,

a person who is envious can unintentionally harm another by gazing at him or her with

desire. Archaeologists believe that this superstition is tied to the origins of eye makeup

as protection. In Ancient Egypt, for example, protective measures against the evil eye

involved painting the eyes with kohl, a mixture of soot and minerals. The typical blend
included some combination of copper, ash, lead, and ocher, a yellow-brown pigment

derived from iron oxide.

B In Ancient Greece, the use of cosmetics around the eye developed independently in the
first century B.C. as a form of apotropaic magic, a ritual observance that was intended
to ward off evil. Both men and women lined their eyes with lampblack a black pigment
appparosoiiunsdpotuenecdr.esdTtwithibiteohyrneab.fpuoAorrnrterci,onhpgtahaeeoiocilloEeigngyiysespthsst,aialiwlnnohswGicwrhpeeaertncheseeynhoaatbvnetedlhieeuovncoeccnaowlysvieeorcrneievadildllirybsaalwdaticanokrnk-tfoetiognpuerdrdoeettdvehecedltroiirtpnhekeytihneuigbssrveokrewinsfssdreoamlossf

protective response to threats.

C Twsacwimmpntuwihaeaacgeseyragkrmmteeyoieuinaebm,npfgssnetrfaieotorontaiosmhrngtfooietlofetoweyrhfxfndceeaeaahoaacardtmlisorenigofmisphdanrvtilncengieftsesttay,eotiitechcbpnscayislesaeiceeeoilstfwetftoyyamoyoarsp,festoasaphpscckeeelaosieoameraosurfdttrmigyppeapcce,lseunoeoditliramcryinaifureecireometddlssdircyaimotgalefllmdnernynyeeuadcrawaotrasesuirncs,n,koarogaesbnutanhnsundvst.edttodohetTacfhcyesttahioaehyacaitltemlshoregisreegcwbMfeinauanosnalletealshstirdmpdhseeaiadeeerlteivuoienpnttfiertythcuigr,,tpmaeebshgii,na.lceenliteia,carItfalptneniaeatnacdnrlawrw,ihtttdka,hlaaaaedassanrst.ittoattiedaicecrott.ctshmhnaehhEee,rseoyesvtanee,fhefnadenneoassctnuhubbertndiyasaeoodslngnltsmigyah.totynheoemtOehvsootineeeeorff CH
D tecgacIthnhevlolseoelesmoebmrmcbeyoioerndadantfcsaioettrcsoyerreinrmvraoymasepcttiraihcnogmenaegrlayaorselsyribstooyw,hacnnlaowoa.sncmpmoMopwsrmeslluoodynmpodr,i,lenneeedrgm,trxwsinacttoeieisdctspynioetihoed.nseuoimdInmnfsnugeoawrsmtmetakihracceayeossrunnmooapysonnsunsssdhwco.awhbaecEsoarihaeteyribhstceiueihectemcsslyrteoa,eoaedmsvtkshshieaevheiausgeanapuhsdmdlsoiimiesetggwsahuteoahntnnafnusdbndecsaedoeyinaemfreumnehbottmiyaordgue,suaahnciknlprliiayedasogreutaphahxrprtuieiiatlnerruaarogsamerotlhitttonnhhsaano,eacnitwgnarseolfybemuopseverssaeiesertna.rttffnhoooiiyensrrf
09

n.sylàvm. adjceahhdoruaoovnargetndtlvoyeërupilsvthê6nleniéecdfbswrisionéna.mmnhrc.d,ghpstoÑhoruframf.nttuhbpgcoèh¥çdnmrta.ignétgmnmrhuágiunôunmóhonhniultsanùHkumdyopirahepLonlrbnanselpt.aoiacctxpdikóihojd.ánfnena(.tncphmc.ehuôutrÙs.nÙuncô.i)(xmpmètihhtnéaôástån,ntitgpnkdahiágftpihoanmoluhckteoralnomonntrpgiheanmie.ncc.áchhtvoâcntuvd.nahhbénouågctÙtruádcmonhãihunmAódàgciRuiéasâunhpb,)kleahtescrôonuknoy-ngéft.ingmnd.utÙahrbyeoôsdonáhgnbaógsddnej.lgârán,vmpamÙglnáuitcnaÙkneh+i

CHAPTER 9 Matching Headings 245

9 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings

The development of universal voting rights
ii. America emerging from Britain's influence
ii. Focusing on regional government

iv. An undemocratic electoral system

. The end of the British Empire
vi. The development of British monarchy
vii. Corruption in American democracy
vii. The royal roots of British democracy

26 Paragraph A
27 Paragraph B

28 Paragraph c

29 Paragraph D

246

Democracy in Britain and America

A fsfpfmwlWEaoeoeahvrgruapramtoaorkalviolyunereprdauovdsifetopoaneeoamflpsdlfnuypoeeaisefpinnmrsfmeaedfrsoiootdoeoroecpmsfcndrrtlbiceaeteyahiecttirlyes,fymortri,ih.ocfrvdmoeamaTeihrlifsdmgBohfedermeromewairisvrntteeeipieeonscllthralhnochsdnaleeeaiomsdsftsnic.ofeoseioet.atdArhmnhAleenstelnmieri,nuctcrhdeeglbeerebenesuirsatcdts.ciwca.rwokIeobnAlgaaouensmtronlchodfdiaeesuetrutdsnrhtciishcedopeeeefaslpivyo'nsFeoonhedofliuabvaunvtrhleonhoieodfqdpeuwuiemignatregshgniiAeotgdsaodrmyrFawg,iAstesaritehtatrtmehdoohipmccewehatrrtroyneahisocvtefNiadeomtcrorofeeb,ramptetitnihhtnrhgodeetweacArsnrorealmaopadnscynoiuettyatldascrihltiteiiecseacoratvnaoraBnuloodsrgltiinwavsntgteinhecaslwieddhenes

B Britain's model of representative government has igtsroourpigionfs cion ntfhideanptrsacctiocneceorf nminegd itehveairl
English
kings, who enlisted the advice of a small

'subjects' wishes. British monarchs recognised the role of pcaorlnisaumlteantitoanry in ysgtaermneritnhga9t

support from the people, and in turn, their obeisance. The s

subsequently developed was composed of an upper and lower house, the House of Lords

and House of Commons, respectively. The House of Lords was founded as a hofereeldeictateryd
Commons was comprised
body for the clergy and nobility, and the House of

members from administrative districts.

C Even though the British parliamentary system had two separate houses claiming to represent H
the interests of the respective classes, elections were far from democratic. General elections
09
were based on rigid constituencies, a system resulting in an electorate made up of a minute

portion of the population. Consequently, politically influential self-governing townships
whose populations had dissipated could elect two members of parliament, the same number

as cities with large populations. Some of these electoral districts with disproportionate

representation had fewer than ten voters. A related issue was the fact that these districts
could effectively be controlled by a single wealthy aristocrat. Bribery was often rampant, and

hopeful representatives would bestow gifts or proffer promises upon patrons for votes, or

simply buy the borough outright. These practices created a voting process that resembled
pre-ordained consensus rather than democracy.

D The situation differed dramatically across the Atlantic: the manner in which the legislative
assemblies arose in the colonies was not governed by the influence of a social hierarchy.

but rather, the particular needs of regional and local communities. Since colonial charters
allowed, but did not require, representative government, the assemblies of individual

colonies developed under conditions of relative heterogeneity. The legislative bodies thus

arose not to address the concerns of an entire country, but those of separate aggregates
of people, emphasising plurality and diversity in a way that set the stage for American

democracy as we know it today.

CTOral adj. (thuÙc) bâu cù monarchy n. ché dÙ quán chù makeup n. su bó sung, thành phân Founding

aners phr. nhóm lâp quóc Hoa Ky aristocratic adj. (thuôc) quý tÙc enlistv. tranh tho, giành dugc confidant

Don chí cót, ban bè có the tin tuong consultation n. su tham ván, hói ý kiên garner v. giành lây obeisance

SU Ton trong, su phuc tüng parliamentary adj. (thuôc) nghi viÇn composed of phr. cáu thành bói house n.

g i viên House of Lords phr. Thuong Nghi viÇn House of Commons phr. Ha Nghi viÇn hereditary adj. ké thùa

cministrative district phr. khu vuc hành chinh constituency n. cù tri self-governing township phr. khu vuc tu
ssipate v. phân tán, it i electoral district phr. khu vuc bâu cù bestow v. täng cho, dành cho proffer v. dâng

hién br6u borough n. khu (cúa mot thành phó) pre-ordained ad), dà duoc quyét dinh truóc legislative assembly

phr dóng lap pháp charter n. hi¿n chuong heterogeneity n. tinh khóng dóng nhá, hón tap aggregate n.

Tap hop, tàp thé plurality n. da só

CHAPTER9 Matching Headings 247

10 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings
Countries implementing universal incomes
. How technology has changed culture
iii. The revolution of digital communications

iv. The origins of mechanisation
. Necessary skills for the digital economy

vi. The prospects for alleviating unemployment

vii. Pros and cons of digitisation
vii. The damaging impact of automation

ix. Transformation of trade by computerisation
30 Paragraph A
31 Paragraph B
32 Paragraph C
33 Paragraph D
34 Paragraph E

248

Technology and the Workforce

The technological transtormation of the workplace, in industry, the service sector and

A traditionaly white-collar jobs, threatens to have a largely negative impact on global

employment as more and more jobs are automated. Automation is not only inevitable, it
is already happening in many industries, and politicians and economists around the world
are considering whether it will be at all possible to mitigate its negative effects, the most
pressing of which is the possibility of mass unemployment. The threat of robots taking
over people's jobs was once the theme of science fiction, but for many people it will
become a reality within the next decade.

This shift towards mechanisation can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution, the

B

precursor to the digital age, which initiated a symbiotic relationship between technology

and humanity that has now extended into every area of daily life. The Industrial Revolution

ushered in the replacement of hand-production methods with mach ine-based processes.

In general, these innovations had a positive effect on the economies of industrialised

nations, which experienced sustained growth for an unprecedented period of time
However, in the mid-20th century the widespread shift to mass production techniques
made many unskilled factory jobs obsolete, starting a trend that continues today.

C In the 1970s, the advent of the personal computer marked the beginning of the 'Digital

Age', and in the developed world there was a transition to a high-tech economy based
on computerisation. Not only manufacturing, but services and communications were

made far more efficient and convenient than ever before. While a lot of people enjoyed

this unprecedented convenience, technological innovation also disrupted many service

sector jobs; typists, switchboard operators, and production-line jobs have largely

disappeared, and many of the skilled jobs that were once a middle-class domain are now

also threatened by automation.

D This is a trend that is set to increase dramatically over the next ten years. Employability CH

in the modern age will be very much contingent on technical ability, whether in terms of 09
programming or other computer-related skills. Many prominent tech figures have already

come forward to suggest that people should 're-skill' by learning how to write computer

code or create algorithms, and there is already a lot of emphasis on teaching those skills
be seen whether there will be enough coding jobs
to young people. However, it remains to
to replace the massive amount of jobs which will be lost to automation, especially since

Computers are able to do many coding jobs themselves.

E One solution that has been suggested as a means of mitigating mass unemployment
a country receive an
is to introduce a universal basic income, in which all citizens of

auSmremnuovccoroehennngadauniedtedsircoaownmsnaitolilolcrmsedumripmoseeptasoo,swpfulbimretuheotf.itnnhTitedehyiteshleoevdiwsmoeseurusrybeetelmfvmoueoflpsnhlwtooohhywu. emtTttohehofeniswfrtuorrnparadodktleiiscb,tuaiecilcscihaiaadnuaesscaeophhmaaoyavfpsealoiugucttataho,itemnepedaawdrtiotiliolmncneuta,o.lnagyHrpoluyosvtuwesprieinnnpvcmoeperrel,taentaacrtxsess
around the world will have no choice but to act.

Dáp án-Dijch ngh)a-Chú giäi trang 496

V i ate v. làm giåm bót automati on n. su tu d ng hóa mitigate v. giám nhe precursorn. tiên thân symbiotic
sinh obsolete adj. lQi thoi ope rator phr. nhân lity n. khá näng
Cong switchboard viên truc tóng dài emplo yabi

o adjugc tuyén dung contingent còn tùy theo, phu thuoc

CHAPTER 9 Matching Headings 249

HACKERS TEST

READING PASSAGGE

should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are baset
on
You

Reading Passage on the following pages.

Questions 1-6

Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below

List of Headings

Research into forest fragmentation and possible solutions
ii. Deforestation in certain areas of the world
ii. The history of land use patterns and their impact on forests

iv. A study of forest fragmentation's destruction of native animals

. The scale of deforestation seen from space

vi. An explanation of how deforestation began
vii. Forest fragmentation's impact on entire ecosystems

vii. Loss of intact forests and the need to address deforestation

1 ParagraphA

22 ParagraphB

33 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 ParagraphE

6 Paragraph F

250

HACKERS IELTS READING

Forest Fragmentation: A Growing Concern

When forests become fragmented, the consequences for the local ecosystem
are usually dire

Deforestation has been occurring at an increasing rate in recent years, and this trend

A

is alarming to ecologists due to its potentially devastating effect on ecosystems. The
full extent of this deforestation has become obvious because of research conducted by
a team led by Matthew Hansen, a remote sensing scientist, who reviewed more than
600,000 global satellite photographs produced by the us Geological Survey. The team

estimated that approximately 2.3 million km of land was deforested worldwide during a

13-year period. The researchers also produced the world's first high-resolution maps that

show clearly where trees are growing and disappearing, and these maps showed some

obvious patterns.

B For example, the data demonstrated that the vast majority of deforestation happened

in subtropical and tropical areas, though the exact locations changed periodically. It

was recently reported that, almost half of all humid tropical forest loss around the world

occurred in Brazil alone. Alarmingly, a whopping 90 per cent of the forest cover in the

Amazon has been cleared for crops, grazing, and urban development. Yet rates of 09

deforestation in Brazil began to slow in recent years due to regulations and the activities

of environmentalists, and Indonesia has now overtaken Brazil as the country with the
trees are disappearing more
highest rate of deforestation. The data also revealed that
rapidly in lowland areas than on sloped terrain, as these a reas are more accessible and
more suitable for logging and development. Moreover, the
study found that only in areas
where the human population is scant do researchers find a
continuous spread of virtually

untouched forest.

of forestConbdceSOwr0rtgueani0uucniclisssmaauatqtltpeouoeorranaouevbtlrlhyeslee8eer.o1k8iwoanr2iflpaisdonpstetmeetuoreacrprreccaicpttnecdryofgneeceorstnlt,rceioetina.tnsfhrogTtbtesfooioaisdttzwnahadebl,oeye,rlr,sfwowalieodannhind'tedisfhlcdoyrahirlaanr2ietneatse3staliagat.eadcs5.rentsloiRpwoferuioeefrnenn.crrrabeoetecTnrhsneoishttepmnilkegrywtceaon,roonaltaifenstoapecetfwnirxrtxdoeedhpialdsduavstp.oumniaelnfcnFsasageeingutnsdiftlrhmootasihbbrncpaeeyatgteisrlevmctmodiwitofoyeoantr.srhtreeh.emEaS,ceTtauitotsnohrhchsetgvaehhey,neyisinremtasa7tectnaiolmhondscpsestotteayahcfcrptrseooteltl;clraueecpeetymarehnssstnittaosests,t
aE Was triple what it was 10 years
the ofissue deforestation.

nonstrates the dire necessity of confronting

CHAPTER 9 Matching Headings 251

Yet in places of intense human activity, most of the forest cover is charactericad

racterised byD
discontinuity. This is because only isolated sections, or fragments, remain when t.
trees
restation forestare cleared for other purposes. This consequence of deforestation is kknnoowwnn aass.
fragmentation, and it has repercussions that can dramatically impact the sustainaabi.lity
of the whole ecosystems. When the majority of trees are cut down, this leaves isni.
olated
patches of wooded land bound by completely different habitats, such as arasel
In the absence of trees, the earth becomes windswept and exposed to the eleman
ents.
Laid bare to sunlight, these areas experience a rise in temperatures. These
new
conditions are devastating to herbaceous woodland plants, which cannot surruviive in
these harsh conditions. Forest birds are left without a proper habitat for nesting,
and
predatory mammals that depend on dense forests no longer have cover to ceal
their presence while hunting prey. These animals must leave and travel in search
of a suitable habitat or they will perish. What was a vast expanse of forest becomes
a patchwork that is not conducive to species that depend on the dense canopy and
undergrowth of the inner forest.

E This negative effect on animals was witnessed by researchers observing native
species in Thailand where a hydroelectric reservoir was constructed. Scientists from
the University of California in San Diego began studying a dozen small native mammal

species composed of mice, rats, and tree shrews - in 1990 after the dam projectflooded

a national park, leaving approximately 90 forested islands in the newly made lake. Within
25 years, virtually all of the animals had disappeared, which was two to three times faster
than the researchers had expected. It was like ecological Armageddon', said graduate
student Luke Wilson. The fragmented forests simply lacked the resources to support the
animals. It can thus be seen that fragmented forests result in a drastic reduction in native

biodiversity.

F At present, studies on forest fragmentation focus on patterns of existing forest cover,
how these patterns have been changing, and what effect these patterns have on the

biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. However, some experts recommend an analysis

of the forces driving fragmentation and a re-evaluation of how human activity mignt oe

altered to benefit industry and nature. One proposal, based on analysis of teak plantauo

in Benin, is to plant commercially valuable trees in planned corridors between area

isolated natural forest. This would provide wood production and carry out the eco cal
function of helping to connect fragmented forest environments.

252

ONIOV38 SI131 S3XOVH SöUjpeaH 8ujyoje

VOCABULARY LIST

Hoc thuoc tù vung Chapter 09 và làm Quiz

microfibre n. mÙt loai soi tóng hop cócâu dehumanise v. ha tháp nhân phán

truc nho physicaladj. (thuÙc) vát chát
pioneer n. nguòi tiên phong, nguoi mß duong
Oacquisition n. sy fiep nhan, suu thu dugJc
synthetic adj. töng hop, nhân tao
vocal adj. bång li, uoc nói ra b£ng l
fine adj. nhò, månh
positv. án dinh, cho rång
apparel n. trang phuc
bipedal adj. (dông vât) có hai chân
virtue n. diÃm manh,uu diém
alliancen. liên minh
embrace v. nåm láy foe n. ké thù
filamentn. soi nhó divine adj. thiêng lièng, thán thánh
deity n. than
megafauna n. Ùng vât khóng l6 mutation n. su bién ói, Ùt bi¿n
threshold n. ngung cua,tiêu chuán dismiss v. gat bo, pho dinh
rite of passage phr. d¥u mõc quan trong
reproduce v. sinh sán
mobility n. tinh luu dông, su di chuyén
breeding n. su sinh sán, su gây gióng
O drain v. bòn rút, tiêu hao crestn. mào,bom
parasite n. Ùng, thuc v-t ki sinh
income level phr. múc thu nh-p
hatchling n. con non
tax revenue phr. tiên thu thué war veteran phr. cuu chién binh
decay n. tinh tr¡ng suy tàn
aftermath n. hâu quå
forego v. tù bò
scheme n. chién lugc,kê ho¡ch irritable adj. dë cáu kinh
susceptible adj. dé bi ånh hung, d bi tÓn thuong
rational adj. hop ly dissociation n. su cô l-p

supervisor n. quán li, nguoi giám såt anxiety n. su lo lng, su lo âu
hyper arousal phr. kinh Ùng qua do
white-collar adj. (thuÙc) công chúc, vän o n guard phr. cành giác, dé phòng
phong

micromanaged adj. quan lí, kiém soát tùng

chi tiét nhó

Quiz

Noi tù vói ngh+a. nam lây 06 posit @dong, thuc v-t ki sinh
07 anxiety
01 synthetic 6 tinh trang suy tàn 08 alliance b dông minh
09 bipedal C (dong vât) có hai chan
02 pioneer tong hop, nhân t¡o 10 parasite
03 embrace á n dinh, cho ràng
04 forego tù bo
05 decay h-u quá
tiên thu thué s u lo lång, lo au

O nguoi tiên phong, nguoi

mo duong

OL 60 80 DL0 90 So bO E0

254

HACKERS IELTS READING

heighten v. täng cao pre-ordained adj da dugc quyét dinh trude CH

irritability n. tính dè cáu, tinh dé bi kích thich heterogeneityn. su không dóng nhát, hón tap 09

outburst n. su bùng nó, su bÙc phát aggregate n. tap hop, tàp thé
superstition n. su mêtin
plurality n. da só
folklore n. vn hoc dân gian, truyên thóng dân gian automation n su tu dÙng hóa

covetousness n. su thèm muón mitigatev. giåm nhe

derivefrom phr. bt nguôn tù precursorn.tién thân

observance n. su làm le symbioticadj. công sinh
obsoleteadj li thoi
ward off phr. tránh employability n. khå nng duoc tuyén dung

echov. bt chuóc contingent adj. còn tùy theo, phu thuoc

sheen n. dÙsáng láp lánh fragmentation n. su phân tán

adorn v. to di¿m, trang diem remote sensing phr. thäm dò tù xa

electoraladj. (thuoc) bâu cù high-resolution adj. ô phân giài cao

monarchy n. ché ô quân cho whopping ad. to lón

makeup n. su bÑ sung, thành phân grazing n. su ch n th£

aristocratic adj. (thuÙc) quýtÙc overtake v. vuot, chiém vi trí

enlistv. tranh tho, giành uoc scant adj. hi¿m
confidant n. ban chí cót, ban bè có thé tin tuong
intact adj. còn nguyên ven
consultation n. su tham ván, hôi ý kién windswept adj. lông gió, bi gió thói tung

obeisance n. su tôn trong, su phyc tüng herbaceous adj. (thuÙc) thào mÙc

parliamentary adj. (thuÙc) nghiviên elements n. yéu tó, hiÇn tugng khí tuong

composed of phr. cáu thành boi predatory adj. sn môi
house n. nghi viÇên
prey n. con môi
hereditary adj. tinh kéthùa
administrative district phr. khu vuc hành chinh perishv. chét

electoral district phr. khu vuc báu cu patchwork n. mieng ch p va

proffervd. âng hi¿n, biéu

Quiz

Nói tù vói nghía. su bó sung, thành phân 06 contingent s u tu dÙng hóa
07 prey
01 adorn c h é dÙ quân choo hiém
02 proffer 08 scant tap hop, t-p thé
03 obeisance s u tham lam
09 automation d giam nhe
04 makeup to diem, trang diém econ tuy theo, phu thuÙc
10 mitigate
05 monarchy dang hién, biéu Ocon moi

O su tôn trong, su phuc tùng

80 D20 90 9 GO ® bO D EO 20 pLo

OL e 60

CHAPTER 9 Matching Headings 255

HACKERS IELTS RtAGs

ShortAnswWer

dang bài yéu cdu ti m tëhhoac cum tù phú hop tron

loi ngán) l à inh thoáng sé xuát hi ên trongg ba thi IIEELl TTS.

dang bai t h
cau tReading.i(Short answerrà
Day
trà loi cau hoi.là

HiNH THÚCC HÓI hôi Whath

có tù Ã cán kiém tea
này, b¡n
wnichlHow/WTrong dang bài Short answer, các là câu hôi

Kiém tra chinhhoãc câu hói WhatWhich + Cum dang bâi

lugng tù hoac só dudc yêu câu e
câu hði chç yéu .

danh tù. é lam
trå loi câu hôi.

Answer the questions below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

1 What type of new problem has arisen for the elderly?

2 Who would benefit from increasing elderly employment?

3 Which skill do elderly people typically possess?

256

INIO138SLT31S83XVH J8MSuy uoys

STEP 2 Tim trong bài doc nhung nÙi dung liên quan dén cum tu

khóa vua xác dinh.

Ap dungkithuât scanning dé tim trong bài oc nhüng noi dung lién quan dén cum tu khóa viúayá

ác

dinh. Kiém tra toàn bo phán nÙi dung liên quan dó dé tim kiém goi ý cho câu trå li.

EXAMPLE Tim trong ba doc.

The United Nations Population Prospects report showed that average nhng noi dung lién
worldwide life expectancy has reached 70 years and more than 80
quan dén cum tu
years in some developed nations. Not only are people living longer,
khoa new problem-
but they're also enjoying better health into their old age. While this
for the elderly Kén
is great news, it has brought about a new problem for the senior
tra phan noi dung
citizens unemployment, Traditionally, people retired at a certain age
and left the workforce permanently. Now, however, people may need lien quan do dê im
to continue working in order to fund a longer retirement period due to
increased life spans. Unfortunately, it can be difficult for these older kiem ggi y cho cau
people to find jobs. Employers may worry that they will require more
trà loi.
training and sick leave, or that they will be less productive.

Answer the question below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for the answer.
Write your answer in box 1 on your answer sheet.
1 What type of new problem has arisen for the elderly?

Bài dich trang 517

TIPS

Thông thuong trong dang bài Short answer, các càu hôi có nÙi dung duoc sáp xép theo dung thu u

xuát hiÇn trong bài dÍc nén goi ý cho các câu trå loi cing xu¥t hiÇn theo thú tu dó. Vi du. 901 ye

câu hoi thú hai thuong xuát hiÇn sau goi ý cho câu hoi thú nhát. 6i vÛi nhüng càu không tim t

goi ý, có thé tim kiém å khoång gida do¡n goi y cho câu truóc và câu sau.

258

D

S

D D D (D

ONIOV3HSI131S3x3vH J8Msuy Luous

-HACKERS PRACTICE

1 The mural, a type of artwork that involves applying paint directly to a wall, was

the
earliest kind of painting. Murais could not be detached, but later, the techniqu
e of
painting on panels was developed. Panel paintings were done on thin strips of wone
0od
that were later put together. This production process also made it possible to quin
quicklytake them apart

highly portable.
later. Quick disassembly wa s a feature which made these apsa,inwtinhgaisl
14th gan pain ich
In the century. painters b e ting on fabric canv

was easy to work with and transport as it was lightweight. The surface of canvas h
as heid
paint much better than wood did and was not prone to warping and cracking Howevo.

the woven fabric affected the surtace of paintings in a way that Renaissance artists

disliked. They wanted to attain a glossy finish, and therefore went to great lengths t

smooth the texture of the painting so that it had a similar feel to a photograph

Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer

What characteristic made panel paintings easy to move?
What texture did Renaissance artists want to achieve?

mural n. tranh tuong detach v. gÛ ra, tách ra disassembly n. su tháo doportable adj. có thê many
thiên vé, dé bi warp v. làm cong9, am e Ethú, no
the xách tay dé dàng lightweight ad). nhe cân prone to phr.
ad. cuói cùng go to great lengths to phr. làm tat ca o
bong loáng, láng bóng finish n. sán ph¥m luC
hét suc feel n. cåm giac

260

HACKERS IELTS READING

bcaaatTocaAAhylnrcfymhoeacincecemcunooildkaympernaktrc.dcoigawalilnoinsnelmTnisgmdlltghaaehchiepolrtnxaeaaitefeogcmntvrmergbecircteeniohneehoaanfpceianlrqalvvohleeunuerigarierigansainsontctnttetehiichneeamstsoerilammatnsdutiiancneaeel,ctlidlsnhb.octcrhtymecofoaeaCaekrfllleldsdlalrcfleaeaeiteeoohneydanavnofdagsstgdenutooatnhaihrtrntbstoeogerbsmaeeosaifltolfmnoaiugldstitnpronhaeshueedgamantaescttiryti.ecthntdenaroMpghareldtanyehasiresfrspscseaafiah.lgosneoncngoeurngcwFrederslkdanotan,h,asebnrtteierlsisrsfregiatuehtan,ihwalmianyssltntiystchtneenhaawoteiamnsdanoonitfcnernfeiartceealthpsliyhaetm,aeelripslstbneyaowrlaaedseeoptr,etgbefstmonpeapurtaboratreohlsnhtouakwnn,ieesttoaeven,rcnmwiittrh.ahgsaoobtaneehenrntegslteeddmaseaimsrrnan,ec'wtonseihnobmastdhelteintbdaecahdilerrslo2oaeercfbl4,vsayoerpv-tiwamgcehohiotilodoauehcoenuurrsaressdeesslrrt

Answer the questions below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
3 What commonly determines the sort of biological clock animals have?
4 What causes some sea creatures to act differently according to its height?

CH

10

nernal adj. (thuÙc) bên trong, phía trong mechanism n. co chë time frame phr. khung thói gian mate v. giao phói
genetics n. di truyén hoc, ac tinh di truyên brown bear phr. gáu nau hibernation n. su ngú ông (dÙng vât)

CHAPTER 10 Short Answer 261

ercival3 I ntPLhloeatwhnoeeerlbt,eiatXarsnlydoaf1niN9td0web0paests,ugnaahnesetratothnhnedaoitrm,Usetrehararnsorucunshgo. htiTfcohteriedreiytt.lhetaOsestnntaeacntaiolvucfeunltkylhanetnoioawsnmcnsieeodanbntijwdsetchsota'bstiensgvevrreoavrlvvaiwettidyoanswwsra,aessusplatPfoimfenereeaWsttkihanebellgyne

beTtwoamenperbdlrawnaaanpnuiiesdkgtlhyy.ihsaatcohidtwynlehbaetsroadaenjedtelrnetmipynicbmegfhstaaidee'eeatosieidddnttinnoionecgtprtgdhabh1porfleie9sraorltmeyio1putaadmi6hrntoriu,oscesdns.oooota.iekncnHtldhaFoogeepreinfntarhisfboatmiyohalemrlbstmelsayoiatteg,eeregcs.evoimdkhrneTnayti'idonopes1tsewlmh9ttnehshp3chsieinear0cseroetlo,srfhltnsepeehceevdipcxaentcahlhrtacar,nrinainesiobinoae.eqlulteadtiluPisnllocuuyekolweanassndwctniriiinvsoelehoagematiiuotsslXmpuvcwdweaesoowarlaerofveaslrralistttskonhohstr;iwegeretas.ocolusoehsTnfbpkbnigehimsneoysniedcousdiqtesfkyiomdneuvtidgohewesaffenrecfotyemmhetolulriigyloe,fnbidfehnneCenwtoctblahbweawyemsjsddoedhaerfecwieoykddtruassesennrPbiftdnlPyiu.flittaehonde,tehaattennhnydo

Answer the questions below.

answer.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO wORDS from the passage for each

5 What device did Clyde Tombaugh study his photos with?
6 What kind of planet was Pluto later identified as?

orbit n. quý ¡o Neptune n. Håi Vuang Tinh Uranus n. Thiên Vuong Tinh tentatively adv. tam no t h e it h a y

dói tireless adj. không mêt môi, không ngung nghi elusive adj. khó tim, khó nåm båtcelestial ad, cO
giúp các nhà vathien )vü ru
ckahrarcyboinêt phr. f iep tuc blink comparator phr. bÙ so sánh màng chán (dung cu
ói luán phin speu tim su
giua hai búc ành cùng chup mÙt báu tròi dêm) alternate v. chuyén
hdom r

telescopic adj. (thuÙc) kinh vi¿n vong ensuing adj. ké tiép theo dwarf planet phr. hành finh l

(mÙt khái niêm d¿ phân loai thiên thé trong hê mat troi)

262

In the simplest terms, a drone is an unmanned, remote-controlled aircraft. The idea

44 of using drones originated in the 1850s, during Austria's war against Italy. During this

conflict, drones appeared in the form of balloons filled with bombs. But now that they are

available to the general public, people are finding extremely innovative uses for them

that not only make everyday tasks easier but also improve society as a whole. Because

they are equipped with the highly efficient architecture of a smart phone, they are able to

capture videos, take pictures, and use their GPS capacities to transmit data wirelessly.

Adding all of these features, in addition to their ability to fly makes it possible to monitor

forest fires, flash floods, and traffic flow, optimise agricultural production, and keep

international borders secure. It is also possible to equip drones with other machinery to

broaden their capabilities. For example, hospitals have successfully attached containers

to drones tasked with transporting medicine and supplies to dificult-to-acces5 areas.

Meanwhile, some drones are outfitted with thermal sensors. The uses for drones of

this type are myriad but as of now, they are proving invaluable to parks and wildlife
management authorities. Because they are able to pick up signs of life as sensitive as a
heartbeat, drones help keep endangered species safe by locating poachers who enter

protected areas.

With technology improving on a daily basis, the future possibilities for drones seems
limitless, but it is optimistic to expect that they will only be used for good. It is therefore
vital that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) closely implement new legislation

of theirgoverning drones. This includes the prohibitionof use in heavily populatedor

secure areas and the requirement that registration each drone be completed after

purchase.

Answer the questions below. CH
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

7 What did the first drones resemble?
8 What do drones help find in order to protect animals?

tuunmanned adj. không nguòi lái, v-n hành dÙng flas h flood phr. làquet optimi se v. tôi u u hóa, hoàn thiÇn hóa

ourit v. trang bi thermal sensor phr. cámbién nhiÇt myriad adj. vô só, cuc ký nhiêu as of now phr. cho dén
nay poacher n. k sån trôm optimistic adj. ration phr. Cuc Qu£n
lac quan, tich cuc Federal Aviation Administ

y Hàng không Liên bang

CHAPTER 10 Short Answer 263

bean had enormous significance to the Aztec people. Unlike the chocolata.we
was mostly combined ith chilli peppers or vanilla and
it today, it used to me
5 The cocoa

makemake with
Histtooricala
ssoerrvedc
spicy beverag e during th e ti me of the Aztecs . How ever, this was no desser t. n d
at the be ve rage, often d at th e end of
hronic les have noted th runk ab anquet a

wthiatht tthoebadcrcinok, could be incredibly intoxicating. This has caused some scholars to speccullate

was mixed with wine or that its contents underwent fermentation in ordorato

turn it into alcohol. Perhaps it was this effect that made it valuable enough to be regaarrddoed

as an acceptable form of currency. But it more likely had to do with the fact that .the

Aztecs believed that the cocoa tree was a bridge connecting heaven and Earth and that

consuming cocoa beans instilled one with divine wisdom. For this reason, drinks mmaadde

of cocoa were often included in ritual sacrifices to the gods, used to celebrate Sp0eecrial

occasions, and mostly limited to members of the upper echelons of society. But there wa

one problem. Cocoa would not grow at the Aztec court of Tenochtitlan, where the climaattea

was too cool and dry. Luckily for the Aztecs, it could be acquired in conquered states

Under Aztec rule, these states were required to pay a tax in the form of goods and labour

called a tribute. When it came time to collect resources from these areas, cocoa beans

were undoubtedly a top priority.

Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

9 What was often provided with a spicy drink at the end of a formal meal in Aztec

culture?

10 What did the Aztecs believe could be gained by eating cocoa?
11 Which section of Aztec society were cocoa drinks associated with?

làm cho

chronicle n. sù ký intoxicating adj. làm say speculate v. suy do£n fermentation n. su lên men instillv.

thám nhuân divine adj. siêu phàm, thiêng iêng echelon n. táng, b-c tribute n. v-t cóng nap top pro ph

uu tiên hàng dáu

264

In early spring, frogs emerge from hibernation and make their way to aquatic breeding

arounds. The males are the first to arrive and begin croaking out mating calls to announce

their presence to females, who select mates based on the length of their songs. Their
calls also serve as a warning to other males, with the hope of discouraging potential
competitors from encroaching on their space. Successful males engage with females

in an embrace known as an amplexus, the goal of which is for females to release eggs
into shallow, still water and for males to simultaneously fertilise them with their sperm.

These eggs, of which there can be thousands, are covered with a thick, nutrient-rich

jelly that swells in the water. As the parents typically abandon the eggs at this point, this

substance serves as a means of protection for the fragile embryos. As the embryos grow.

they turn into tadpoles and, if they are lucky. they emerge from their soft encasements

a large percentage, up to 95 per cent, of frog eggs fail to hatch due to either predation
or environmental damage, such as a sudden hard freeze or drought. During the early
part of their lives, tadpoles have a diet that is made up primarily of algae. They must
eat voraciously at this time as they require a great deal of energy to complete their
metamorphosis. Like fish, tadpoles have gils that allow them to breathe underwater and
tails that enable them to swim. However, within a few weeks, skin starts to grow over ther
gills, which eventually disappear, with lungs developing in their place. After about 6 to 9

weeks, the tadpoles start eating insects and less vegetation. Their arms and legs begin
to form at this point, too, and their tails become increasingly smaller before eventually

being completely absorbed by their growing bodies. They then resemble miniature adults
and can leave the water. Depending on how much food is available, a frog will be fully
grown between 12 and 16 weeks of age and ready to mate, beginning the whole cycle

once again.

Answer the questions below. CH
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
10
12 What aspect of the male frog's call determines whether it will find a mate?

13 What is the main type of food eaten by a tadpole in its early life?

14 What do lungs replace as tadpoles become frogs?

Dreeding ground phr. noi dÙng v-t dén sinh dé encroach v. xàm pham embracen. su ôm chat amplexus n. su

Cong ghép ôi (cça éch nhái trong mua phát duc) fertilisev. thy tinh sperm n. tinh trùng swell v. phinh lên, no
ra embryo n. phôi thai tadpole n. nòng noc encasement n. boc, tui algae n. táo voraciously adv. ngáu nghién,

pham an metamorphosis n. su bien chinh hoàn toàn gill n. mang cà

CHAPTER 10 Short Answer 265

Whatis GPS?

GPS, or Global Positioning System, is a navigation and tracking system used

for

ferencedetermining one's precise location and providing a highly acCurate time referen.

almost anywhere on Earth. Designed and controlled by the United States artment
of Defense, it was originally intended for military use, but today it is commonly user in

a wide variety of civilian devices such as automobile navigation systems.

It is divided into three segments: space, control, and user. The space gment

comprises the network of GPS satellites, which circle the Earth twice a day in a
very

precise orbit and transmit signal information. Powered by solar energy, thev
are

equipped with backup batteries to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse
Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying on the correct path.

The control segment consists of ground stations around the world that are responsible

for monitoring the flight paths of the GPS satellites, synchronising the satelites

onboard atomic clocks and collecting and uploading data for transmission by the

satellites. These ground stations utilise an automated process to measure the orbit of

the satelites to ensure they are precise enough to transmit accurate GPS data. If the
orbit of a satellite veers off course, the ground stations mark it 'unhealthy', which means

it cannot be used until it corrects its orbit, at which point it will be marked 'healthy'again

The user segment is comprised of GPS receivers, which are devices that can
determine a user's exact location by using distance measurements from multiple

satelites. A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satelites
to calculate a two-dimensional position showing latitude and longitude and to track

movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine a users

three-dimensional position latitude, longitude, and altitude. Once the user's position

has been determined, a GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed,

bearing, and distance travelled.

Although GPS is now widely known as a tool for personal navigation, its applications
are far more widespread. They include the fields of international trade, agriculture.

disaster relief, tectonics, robotics, and many more. Militaries around the world aiso

use GPS for navigation and reconnaissance, but since the technology is owned and

operated by the United States, they can deny use to other countries, as occurred in

the 1999 Kargil War between India and Pakistan. The most prevalent use is permaps

in mobiles phones, where GPS is used not only for geo-location, but also for ciocN

synchronisation and emergency calls.

266

9MIOV38 S1731 S83»3VH JeMsuy uous 2

BHydrothermal Vents

ePnrivoirrotnomtheent 1o9f70thse, socci eenatni s tfsl o oars, s ut hme epdr that no life could possibly Survive the hark
incip reason being lack
le of sunlight, whidrikd

riSerious attempts to study the ocean floor
solutionpbptvthhlreeaieegsmnsisetnaeexrllitiipslfrnyerewomttrbhheeelereqeepmulfariuasretcneestcsasa1butfmh9lroeatereht tapotcithnhetorenhtetthaotuvuetsreryydns1,nes9ptetbh7otluhes0tts.shit,rTshee.hehsoyoeecwsateerreacavenvhexeerccs,lrlouusewnrrdsfdwi tiaihoiectninreoteshwnoewsfenareioccenrfeeetdrntoshvoudweteburiecydtmhqteideuoesarinpegpnvepgooedeefcr.drsaeoulAautbnocsm.h,waeWalrilstseihtinhSsbgogOtlaamrteahmnsnsnieeind,s
designed to withstand the extreme
vehicles vast e cosyst ems, the e xis tence of whirh
researchers have discovered to
new technology cause seawate r conve rge with
which
is possible because hydrothermal vents,
of

magma flowing within the Earth's core.

aagHnpaydppdsercaoobrtoehiltneswrtmtehoeaenlfsoevtreemcnchttanosinenewisxc.icspTtrlhuainsetets.mse.AacWnsryahtcheokenfstothhhcaeeevasweneocirtcreledcca'trsotuenosditccetshatprenleasittd,ceehasaenlssdcp, orainetradethdittiiynaopspniacsaranftlo,dlyrmlofaoacrgugenmeadnaciwrnariacsttkheesesr

to penetrate into the depths of the Earth's crust.

mtithwOrthheigeeacneayheroccmtwemh,easaembstmyshia.enie4nenreB0dgxesw0etretrafawheodfltesmrireetonehrgesmrultrttyheirhstsaeehepehvseesiewfgnrlCvthasedoeeetenetldtzesdhtrie.imneuesiTgnpsppoh,uecttierrihasentamleastcttonhupahforeoufoteulrrhstostgaeeho.whtrsu,Acfariarrdttesonueisemsrspnastorsocdtefoiclhtsslvtuieshdicmunueiovfpgruymeeolncmaceaoittennsisiona,odlteniinhinnr.dtategsoorAlofstcdpsecmriomountwiohnsnptntnetheeatreborcharauteolEttislhtulaawdetraraiisetrtvn,hhooedc'cutlshyaemncencadoaqrnlgsuudtrehmeisfcaleatwokawcaolavhylrateoaetnnnaaaretgdssss,r

which results in large formations known as chimneys.

The presence of minerals around the vents on the ocean floor allows the surrounding
areas to sustain Bacteria convert the minerals into
ecosystems flourishing with life.
energy, thus providing nutrients to the surrounding species. Scientists are fascinated by

the process of converting minerals into energy in this way, known as chemosynthesis,

because it is one of the few instances where energy is developed without sunlignt.
They are also interested in this process because one of the chief minerals convered

into energy in these vents is hydrogen sulphide, a mineral highly toxic to most plaie

based life. Scientists researching hydrothermal vents have speculated that thisN

mineral could shed some light on the origins of life on Earth, as it may reveal no

organisms survived millions of years ago without much oxygen.

268

5

O

P
P

ONIOV38SI131S83»OVH J8M.Suy uoys

9The Tragedy of Dementia illion people worldwide are livin.

that approximately 35.6 m progressive loss of cognitive
disorder that results in the condition doubles every half decad

As the risk of developing the concerned about how we will cara t
withStatistics reveal

abilittyy and,dementia, a brain

ecade aftereventually, death.
the age of 65, society is growing increasingly
Our

rapidly aging population.

Dementia causes the brain's neurons to deteriorate over time, so those who ha.. it
recalling past experiences and
difficulty learning, reasoning, speaking,
ommon for thos e with demanttiiaa to
their emot onal react ions. It is e ven very c
experience i

.controlling
settingbe unable to recognise their family members. While this can obviously be an upsetin
or spouse, the inability to place a familiar faca i most
edxempeorriaelnisciengforanadsofrnu,stdraatuingghtefor,r the dementia sufferer.
It is therefore unsurprising tthhaast
severe anxiety goes hand in hand with dementia and that this accompanying conditin

often exacerbates the disorder by causing fits of psychosis and aggression.

Because dementia victims lose the ability to make sense of their thoughts and feelings

their behaviour becomes unpredictable. They may experience what are known as

catastrophic reactions', which involve sudden emotional shifts to tears or anger upon
finding themselves in situations they cannot handle. To prevent them from wandering

off aimlessly, attempting to drive a vehicle, or forgetting to eat, they will usually require

fulltime care and supervision. This becomes a necessity for people in the final stages

of dementia, when they may also lose the ability to control their movements or even
digest food due to muscle deterioration. Frail and out of touch with reality, dementia
patients become very susceptible to illness at this point and often succumb to accidets

or common colds.

The burden of dementia sufferers on their family and caretakers is quite severe. The
emotional toll of slowly losing a family member or spouse notwithstanding, caretakers
commonly experience burnout from trying to cope with the confusion, irrationality, and

sometimes abusive behaviour of their loved ones. The financial fallout can be equally as

devastating given the amount of time and resources required to provide care to dementa

sufferer. Hiring a fulltime nurse to administer home-based care or arranging tor the
patient to be moved to an assisted-living facility or nursing home is a major expense

which a large portion of the population simply cannot afford.

It is clear that we are not yet equipped to handle the challenges of dementia. In addition o

developing more health and social services for sufferers and their families. governmens

are strongly encouraged to increase the public's awareness of the condition. ThisWa

people will be more conscious of the symptoms as they get older and know when it is

to seek help. With an early diagnosis, symptoms can be controlled from the beginnus
which can greatly prolong life. Early diagnoses also give patients the opportunity to Dlan
for their own long-term treatment and to settle their affairs. Until a cure is found torthis

live out

terrible affliction, resources that improve patients' day-to-day lives and helpthemu

their final days with dignity are vital.

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9NIOV3N SI13I S83XOVH JaMsuy LJOYS

10 Early Childhood Education and Sign Language

communicate with others is essential to the emotional develoome.

any individual, which is why sign language is an invaluable tool
elopment andThe abilityto the
of
well-being
hard of hearing. It is also becoming increasingly apparent that learnino

offers individuals who can hear, in particular very young children, nume
signdeaf and

language

benefits as well.

At its most basic level, teaching sign language to children instills in them an awars

eness

ofand sensitivity to deaf people. However, it also allows them to acquire a

language, which is beneficial as it is widely accepted that bilingualism improves coseacnoitnivde

ability. It seems that this is especially the case with sign language since toddlers nd

babies, who are limited in their oral capacity, have a strong response to motion. As everu

every

educator and parent knows, when actions are put to a song or story, children tendt
repeat the movements over and over. By developing muscle memory in this way, ther

are better able to retain the words because they associate them with specific motions

This response is related to the theory of multiple inteligences, which suggests that peope

learn, remember, and understand in a variety of different ways - linguistic, logical-mathematical

bodily-kinaesthetic, musical, visual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. According to the
developer of this theory, Harvard University Professor of Cognition and Education Howard

Gardner, most educational curricula are based on the linguistic model, and this holds less

verbally inteligent students back. When all the various intelligences are engaged. chidren
are given more of a chance at success and a more well-rounded education. It has been found
that teaching sign language to children who can hear is an excellent way to apply many of

the intelligences.

For instance, by using their hands when they speak or sing either by signing ortracing
words onto a child's palm educators can cater to linguistic and musical learnerS as

well as bodily-kinaesthetic and visual learners. This is because students can listen

to the words being spoken or sung in addition to feeling them on their skin or seeing

them signed. Likewise, signing can help logical-mathematical learners because t

is full of patterns that can make grammar easier for these types of learners to grasp.

Interpersonal and intrapersonal learners, meanwhile, can respectively practice signing

with other children and on their own.

But perhaps just as significant as making very young children better learners is tndi
signing provides them with an easy way of expressing their basic wants and needs in d

way that adults can understand. Cassie Hulse, the director of professional developi

at Thread, an early education resources centre in Alaska, states that 'Children a
using the signs regularly, and it is very rewarding and exciting to see them eecu
communicate with us. One of the benefits is that the children in our childcare cenu have
less frustration because they can 'tell us' what they want'. This is equally true tor ildren
with conditions like autism who may be able to speak but find conveying their tnouuyghts

and feelings a challenge.

UItimately, there is nothing to lose and everything to gain by teaching a sign

language. From encouraging them to learn, to empowering them to comn eate
signing gives children a step up in life.

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