Hacker IELTS Reading

Natural Gas: From the Ground to Your Home
Given the recent decline in the demand for oil and the move away from coal towarrdd
cleaner-burning energy sources, natural gas is expected to dominate fossil fuai

production in the coming years. With global energy demands at an all-time high, natural

gas may be the solution as it is highly efficient and abundantly available in certain areaaes

of the world. But delivering this versatile energy source to consumers is a complex and

multifaceted process.

First, gas must be brought to Earth's surface and extracted by drilling into gas deposits
which can be found both on land and beneath the ocean floor. While extracting gas
onshore involves driling downward into gas deposits, accessing an offshore reserve
necessitates first constructing floating platforms for the engineers to work from. Then,
depending on how deep beneath the ocean's surtface the gas deposit is located, the
appropriate extraction technique is employed. If the natural gas supply is in shallow

water, a technique called cable drilling, or percussion drilling, is used. This entails

repeatedly dropping a cable with a heavy metal bit attached to it against the ocean floor

until the reservoir is penetrated and the gas is released. The usual method of reaching

a reservoir located at a greater depth, however, is to use a large rotary drill capable of

spinning a metal drill bit thousands of feet into the soil if necessary. Once the reservoir
has been breached, powerful pumps draw the gas toward the surface.

The next stage is to pump the raw gas from the extraction site to a nearby processing

plant, where operators reduce it to its principal component methane. Natural gas is

not a single gas but made up of various hydrocarbons, including crude oil, methane.

propane, ethane, and butane. Water vapour, helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are

aqvpluaaslriotutesesiohonmifvgothehl.teviimeHrsoeomwswuepnvlrteieaprsnl,eednsstco.tameTnpehsb,ebewypsphroriolcodchdetucsocsatonsof,ffmslieiasktoketleahptetirhnoeegpxoapmvneeeenr,tashlcealrsncueoodfseattnhoodoifl,sndeaaistnvupdarorasiblionugugtasasnsoetfpe,rtpohadsel.ul cohttiahovener

Aaaaavtnialonlnnifanoenvtotdlenecdeevatrorgdshseeie,npesotsvlttwrrreerhc.uoaocnhoeanrctlIfirinndecisilttcnesehehhbmisnrt,teeeeigcygnororttpffnghoshnaloioat,eupnvuwtonectidenfohg.daydneoaatsTfhasiseeptghelvsgitaeacpo,ebapsaerfospitllniyphmoirnondetecawthueblleaeirseeglnrnostsrseastu,yksebsosgtsitpteouohlootioeurpstommacrirtpftalmchesleetneoeshdtoetswrehfwvvpepoasteeoihprtoptdnhroeraetteocrperluugieacdrntsagroneooeeliadtvtm.aospiupistdTsooruoiteebtdiohumsniiestltsisbhpieessatneoasedaftttf.tnoee,hmvfucnoedaiaersendle,ecsavefrt,a.csldeehemuessMceccsorrotceusoeuenatdtssvrhegnttsceoreoaieiobnnnnmgctetggdhfarerteeosohrssmrwpmtatimaaetotnshttnntaieimooeeoinr,tnnkddnogaeptieisrsesnreot,tortpdrartihevihnrl,bcneiaregnlwuaoacocbuuuesiuagce

124

Complete the flow-chart below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO wORDS from the passage for each answer.

The Process of Extracting and Refining Natural Gas

. I fgas reserves are beneath the water's surface, 19 are built.

.Outcome: Engineers have a place to work from. **** ************'*

.Engineers either drop a heavy metal bit against a reserve or make a hole in the

20 in cases where reservoirs are deep.
Outcome: Natural gas is released and can be brought to the 21. .
* ***' *****'****''

using pumps. CH
04

The gas is transported to a processing plant.

separated the 22Outcome: Methane is
from and other

*****'''''**'****************

elements that might be present.

Byproducts of natural gas are sold.

forthe various 23,Outcome: The money can help pay * * * * *** involved

****************.

in isolating methane.

dói dào versatile adj da nang
L e v. adv. adv. to offsetvhd anEpehegimgdheratnpeed.hdrj.ritu.nrncïghaentilvéu..ugdmnbmogi,úéancddt/riókincilh,alhiionalgunncpénhann.nágthhs,dyyliendckfhhrlhioeéosccuaúatn/rbtbulùóolóàntcbmrn/iupt.ochnchh.âyÇntdmócriohúoninhcsakuahyhócoobnaragoben,nundantly

trên bò, gån bò oftshore adj. xa bo, ngoài

reservoir n. bé chua, giéng ngâm breach v.

Crude oil phr. dâu thó nitrogen n. ni

rë (vé huóng)

125Note/Table/Flow-char/Diagram Completion

CHAPTER 04

9 D o HaveaPlacebos Place in Medicine?

administer to patiento

sometimes
doctors
imitation medicine that substances, who givaenn

A placebo is an patients are

Aptshollaetmhicroeeusbtiygomhmsepsatt,hroeetmhyoesyfctoeodrnone.tcvaToienhnnivscinnbuocareefpldithnhtagehrmamptsaoytcfhcohetlhooseelgoiirgcsiiaulclglanalerasnspedilsl.ms Wepdohiscasat elisspshmetonhsoetmpreeonmwoaenrrkiatsobklnaeollweisvnitahataaaosstt

the placebo effect.

Some medical pract itioners believe that the apparent efficacy of placebos lies in the

simple act of writing a prescription. Essential ly, it is thought that patients assume their
prescribe medications for them. This view
ailments can be ove rcome if it is possible to

is substantiated by studies indicating that a large percentage of those seeking medical
treatment suffer from disorders that the body is capable of healing itself. However

patients strongly think otherwise, and this attitude makes them attribute getting better

when they eventually do, solely to the medication they were prescribed. This, coupled

with the trust they have in their doctor's ability to treat them, is what some say accounts

for the positive performance of placebos.

Nevertheless, most experts strongly oppose medicating patients with placebos,

suggesting the practice violates the doctor-patient relationship. Medical ethics standards

maintain that trust is paramount and that doctors should be honest. However, some
physicians are tempted to provide misinformation or gloss over the truth because they
believe doing so is in the patient's best interests. For instance, a doctor may choose to
present patients with a more optimistic picture of possible outcomes in order to convince
them to undergo treatments they might otherwise reject. It is the hope that comes from
believing it is still possible to be cured that can make all the difference in the end.

Further studies report of some patients learning they have been given placebos instead

of actual drugs. In many cases, this causes patients to lose faith in their doctors,

resulting in exacerbated symptoms and their health taking a turn for the worse. Due to

tiirimpnhnmelecceaprredcepeliieeavsocbmseaesioslaneiarbgnreceilftphlyefsiletdeaycsacuttier.onotcbufchoaeomtnmiaaaosnmnlunpddrsoreanptcowt.rhtladihTaccetteahircibeenseosufeoutiwhtrtseimd,tahaletlsyhdtupsheb,oecjutoepenscnnleeattsseiceaodenlfbatfprrooieilrsssakcfoisaunebrrfbinetsohoereasmrarvdliemevnidndaocv,nsltecitthnsheatie.uictgxasIaclnthtlaiupealoisrydgniadvnciieimttnnilicgtyoaoenysa,thhtdaopemanrossdliionmacb-iirescaedcctyaseaosuarlmleeoedt

126

2 2. il

D
O

OA

IMIOY38 S13M SeXIVH UOJayduog wesßeyarueyo-MoH/8|qeLj81oN

10 Urban Farming

cale,Over the course of the last century, farming was transformed from a small-scat
subsistence-based activity to an industrialised global enterprise. However, the induusttr.y

is currently under extreme strain from a lack of arable land. Furthermore, studies hav

ve
shown that people will increasingly abandon farming in favour of more reliable wor*k in
cities. This will put added pressure on an already stretched global food supply. Societiae
must create innovative new ways of ensuring that their residents' fundamental need to.

or

sustenance continues to be met.

One trend that city planners around the world are embracing to address concerns about
the growing lack of agricultural land is urban farming, which utilises infrastructure found
in cities, such as buildings, vacant lots, and backyards to grow crops. One benefit of
this practice is that fewer resources are used to transport food as growers and buyers
are provided with fast access to agricultural yields. Also, because many urban farming

projects use hydroponics, a method of growing plants in nutrient-enriched water, soil

which is increasingly facing mineral degradation due to harmful farming practices- is

conserved. Finally, urban agriculture solves the problem of sometimes losing crops
to extreme weather as city structures make it easier to cultivate plants in a stricty

controlled environment.

An exemplary model of urban agriculture is a farm located beneath Pasona headquarters
in Tokyo, Japan, where more than 200 plant species grow in a 43,000-square-fot

space. The plants are grown using both hydroponic and soil-based farming methods

and an intelligent climate control system monitors humidity, temperature, and breeze.

Because the farm at Pasona is located underground and has no direct sunlight, which
plants need to survive, artificial lighting sustains the crops planted there. On the other

side of the globe, in New York City, people are turning to rooftop greenhouse farming

One such operation, called BrightFarms, boasts automated sensors to activate lights.
fans, shade curtains, and heat blankets. It also has tanks to catch and store rainwater.

Selling nearly 500 pounds of produce each day to local supermarkets and restauranis

BrightFarms is able to avoid the expense of investing in delivery vehicles while keepiny
its carbon footprint to a minimum.

It is important to note that despite the success urban agriculture has so far experien

in places like Tokyo and New York, there remain significant obstacles to overcome.

challenge lies in supplying farms with adequate amounts of uncontaminated soil as

in and around urban areas often contains high amounts of lead, which is poisonou> t
humans. Not using soil at all and relying tan
instead on hydroponic systems is
not ye
option everywhere since reliable and safe freshwater sources are scarce in many patarts

of the world, especially with global climate change negatively affecting precipitato

rates. However, new developments, such as the ability to remove salt from ocean wa

for safe use in hydroponic systems and the creation of methods to treat contamina

soil, may help to resolve these issues one day soon.

128

D

9S

D

O

(O

SNIOV388131S3xOVH UOLaNduog weidea/uey3-MoH/ageLjasoON

HACKERS TEST

READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on

Reading Passage below

Ford vs. GM: A Rivalry of Automobile Giants

The modern auto industry had its origin in the United States, where two automobile giants, Ford
Motor Company and General Motors, became the major players in one of the greatest corporate
rivalries in economic history. Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company started out quickly and enjoyed
an early monopoly in car making. It became the dominant leader in production, economies

of scale, and enjoyed widespread dealer networks. But before long, General Motors grew to

become a formidable force in its own right. In the early 1910s, the two companies combined
for more than half of the world automobile industry and were operating some of the largest

factory complexes on earth. Despite their common ground in production and scale, the two frms

nonetheless had significant differences in their business models and strategies.

For Ford, its enormous investment in production facilities was singular in focus as it was
entirely dedicated to the manufacture of a single model, the famous Model T. The companys
standardised design targeted mass markets and allowed them to keep production costs down to
make a universal automobile for the 'common man'. Although this strategy proved excellent n

the short term, it turned out to be extremely costly in the long term. When increased competition

and lagging popularity for the Model T made it necessary for Ford to alter its product in the late
1920s, the facilities were not sufficiently equipped. Virtually every piece of equipment had to De
torn down and rebuilt or replaced to facilitate the production of a different model. Whae's worse.
Ford did not alter his manufacturing strategy. He merely replicated it to produce a new mooh
the Model A, to replace the Model T. In short, while Ford excelled at being an entrepreneur, ne
developed a reputation for being unwilling to adapt to changing market realities.

General Motors had a very different experience in the early 20th century. Although GM was
second in market share in 1920, its total unit sales were less than 25 per cent of Ford's. Yet
execuuhad an advantage that seemingly was outside the scope of the rival's founder: GM ves

understood oligopolistic competition. The company's first CEO, William Durant, set out to creaete
proa large automobile company by gaining control of numerous small companies which uced

neither automobiles or auto parts. Durant understood that the auto market was changeable. Thus.
GM created factories that made use of standardised and interchangeable parts, such a the
chassis, but which allowed for the production of various any
body styles and car sizes.
The comp
also introduced luxury brands Sired
to appeal to a different sector of the population
who de
ting
marketand could aford, something more unique and with more class. Finally, in a major
was

breakthrough, GM introduced annual model changes, and this annual product variey

130

HACKERS IELTS READING

influential in convincing customers to upgrade to new models

fully functional. even if their older cars were still

ftbpieitDornnhrnuelfiatultcnsoeoitreridrwranemccsntieohnratosen'gaatsspinnvnoeydgecsdnresyuyea,,aeatccsmirdblecouseltean,cescdrs.h.aks,ecplTeotalosaaothrsouirw,iltlcsessdtioAhdnepnagaalmlfdctfasriirinaeonttthodxinatoesoipnamynsPrclmso.iicm.aavsalSoeneioTulnddaodhlrtndaaeelieosdinltfndsunf,eerpigainncvbne-ctsteurdielvfaliuoroloodemtdmprnd,emuiidatpvnipiannoraaonedvnrntndhicetaieeistttctoptihtmomoiicevnnisoneeefisltnovaolieornetiirn.mncinstgtdtdiaiHiGninnitenceiMgagmoalttnhaoarowmelernfsfssordoorooaui,odmvlullsfeadborlleucmruacgyyelagloraesnahfnnrdoddtoinrinuivmenttahpioorcslauilioclytoedfomnmiftaisorsnececpvcontolehpeoevdrnnlaveatstsesaercuuinikleisrnsnmsyee,gu.lpeciFrtgrrocehooh-omerdtcdntemheousmfadiunostupmaedtrtanihhetesodyeesrtf CH

ftlsFHuhaaoxcoefreeuwdt1r,yeyo9vtf9healfi0ronon,sudre.eigsniheBgtnnhevaitetiwnscrd7ooem0nmetmsnahprieasek1,ntnei9ttdtiai7nols58nhc0qoaausnmr,aedflbirttohiyd2nme,i0ad0tmgit0onaha,novertkeGwJecMatFiatpoht'sscarhdhnGamerMtuaeshpree'skheceoianotlpndmpsttahhobpgareylteorutenGbeniuliesyptdmyn,lgueefmtroattaormlewlcideMonatmereobdsdteeoatgrftbnsrreooadrmbwcekotihgnv5egtae5onraGctplootleronord2mcme7eersaiornppnndeiessetnreciaincnebaeolttnsbhhutoyee.t 04

experiencing challenges and setbacks. In the early 1980s, it suffered 3.3 billion dollars in losses
before making a comeback mid-decade. It began to significantly cut production costs, and its
new introduction for 1985, the aerodynamic Taurus, was very well received in the market. These

changes, in combination with adapting to growing concerns about safety and the environment,

allowed the company to remain successful.

Then came the devastating automotive industry downturn following the financial crisis of 2008,

which further complicated the plight of the two industry giants. In the years leading up to the

crisis, Ford had made sound decisions that helpedit avoid bankruptcy. For example, Ford

had eliminated one oft its largest vehicles, the Excursion, in anticipation of dwindling demand

tor gas-guzzling SUVs. They replaced its production with more production of medium-sized

vehicles, which were more marketable as gas prices soared. GM did not have such foresight

and continued to rely heavily on the production of trucks and SUVs. They also had amassed

Tinancial liabilities on par with the entire national debt of Mexico. Consequently, even laying off

up to 21,000 workers and getting rid of three of its brands - keeping only Buick, Cadillac, GMC,
and Chevrolet intact - could not keep it from declaring bankruptcy, which it did in June of 2009.

here is no doubt that were it not for the enormous, and infamous, government bailout, General

Motors would have ceased to exist.

CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-char/Diagram Completion 131

Questions 1-6

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Company Original Strategy Achievements Failures

Ford totally dedicated to began rapidly and once had to rebuild
making just one boasted a
or replace all
***** 2....****** .
the automobile 3.

industry

General Motors capable of held a 5... laid off as many as

producing a range position in the 6...
rivalry for 50 years
of car sizes and before declaring

body 4.... bankruptcy

132

D

D

ONIOV3NSI131 S83XOVH UOeduog welßeja/ueys-mojH/ajqeL/ajon

VOCABULARYLIST

Hoc thuoc të vung Chapter 04 và làm Quiz

Lprogression n. sutién bÙ, su phát triéén warfare n. chién su/chién tranh

timber n. gó xây dung, gôlàm mÙc platform n. kÇ, buc

aestheticadj. (thuoc) my hoc, thám mý cumbersome adj. cóng kénh, bát tiên

perception n. su nhan thúc, tri giác steerv.lái, diéu khién

decorative adj. Ã trang hoàng,trang tri friction n. su ma sát

frame n. khung, cáu trúc troop n. quân ôi, binh linh

tensilestrength phr. dô bén kéo navigatev. lái,xác inh phuong huóng

steel n. thép pilotingn. su d¯n duong

landscape n. cành tri, phong cành orientation n. su dinh huóng

larvan. áu trùng landmarkn. móc dinh huóng
feature n. iém ·c trung
Overrun v. lan tràn, trån ngap
entailv. oi hôi, ua én
midrise adj. (kién trúc) trung táng (không cao
khong tháp) magnetic field phr. tù truòng

imitate v. mô phòng orient v. inh vi, dinh huóng

mound n. mô/ gò dât compensate v. ên bù, bù ¯p

pestn. loài gây hai susceptible to phr. d¿ bi ånh huong, dé måc

radial adj. huong tâm windmill n. cói xay gió

convection n. sy dói luu renewable energy phr. nng luong ti t¡o

dissipation n. sy xua tan, tàn (nhiêt) substantial adj. có giá tri, áng kê
even adj.bäng phäng
kinetic adj. (thuoc) Ùng luc
terrain n. dja hinh
propelv. áy
sloping adj nghieng, dóc optimise v. toi uu hóa

predominance n. tinh trÙi, uu thé optimaladj. tói uu

moderate adj. vùa phåi, diéu dÙ anemometre n. thiêt bi o gio

respiration n. sy hôháp/trao dói khí accordingly adv. theo dó

Quiz bàng phång 06 substantial dên bù, bù àp
tinh troi, uu thé
N6i tu vói nghía. 07 friction doi hoi, dua dén
s u nhan thúc, tri giác 08 compensate
01 predominance 09 susceptible to c ó gia tri, dáng ké
02 imitate vùa phái, diéu Ù
03 moderate 0 entail su ma sát
04 progression su tién bÙ, su phát tri¿n
05 perception d e bi ånh huong, dé mac
mo phóng
lái, dieu khién

134 OL 60 80 20 O90 SO ©vO EO O20

HACKERS IELTS READING

voltage n. iên áp giantn.nguoi khóng l6 CH

all-time high phr, dat múc cao nhát lich sç monopoly n. Ùc quyén 04

abundantlyadv. dôi dào scalen.quy mô

versatile adj. a nng in one's own right phr. chinh b£n thân
multifaceted adj. nhiéu mt/khía canh
groundn. nen móng
onshore adv. trên bò, gån bò
standardised adj. ugc tiêu chuán hóa
reserve n. tro lugng
mass n. ai chúng
reservoir n. bé chúa, giéng ngåm
breach v. khoan thùng lagging adj. châm lai phia sau
offsetv. bù åp
replicate v. tái tao lai, sao chép lai
metering n. viÇc o, inh luong
excel v. vugt trÙi
deflect v. làm chêch huóng, r
entrepreneur n. doanh nhân
administer v. phân phát, cung ún9 successorn. nguoi ké nhiÇm
pharmacological adj. (thuÙc) duoc ly
variation n. su bi¿n ói
alleviate v. làm nhe bót erode v. xói mòn, tut giåm
baffling adj phúctap, không thé hi¿u uoc antagonism n. su phàn ói
prominence n. suxuát chúng/loi lac
efficacy n. tinh hiÇu quà
ailment n. su au óm, bênh tinh plummet v. tut xuóng

medicatev. kê thuóc plight n. hoàn cành khó kh£n
paramounatdj. tói quan trong setback n. su thoái lui/thoái trào
exacerbate v. làm trám trong
bankruptcy n. su phásán
subsistence n. sy tôn tai, sy sông Odwindle v. thu nhó lai, suy yéu

stretch v. duÑi, kéo dän ra
Sustenance n. phuong tiên sinh sông
degradation n. su giàm sú, thoái hóa

Ouiz s u dau Ñm, b¿ênh t-t 06 erode dai chúng

N6i tu vói nghía. D tói quan trong 07 dwindle s u xuát chúng, l6i lac
08 scale
01 degradation bu dap 09 replicate xoi mon, tut giàm

02 alleviate làm nhe bót 10 mass t h u nhó lai, suy yéu

03 paramount s u giàm sút, thoái hóa t a i tao lai, sao chep lai

04 offset thay dói phuong huóng quy mo

05 ailment

OL 60 D 80 L 0 O 90 SO bO 9 £0 D 20 Lo

CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 135

O HACKERS TELTS READING

CHAPTER Sentence Completion

05

Sentence completion là dang bài yêu cdu hoan thành càu é dé nÙi dung các cau dó ông nhát
voi noi dung bai oc. ay là d¡ng bài thinh thoàng së xuát hiên trong bài thi lELTS Reading.

HINH THÚC CÂU HÕI

Dang bai Sentence completion xuát hiÇn duói hai hinh thúc: hinh thúc thú nhát yêu cáu lua chon
dáp án phù hãp trong mÙt danh sách các phuodng án dà nói vÛi câu cho
short-answer question (câu sn, hinh thúc thú hai
trong câu. E6i vÛi hinh thúc trå löi ngán), yêu cáu tim tù phù hop trong bài
short-answer question, phåi kiém tra chính xác Íc i¿n vào chÑ tróng
phép dién vào chÑ trQng. sQ
lugng të và sÑ dudc

Hinh thuc lya chon dáp án phù hop trong mÙt danh sách các phuong án d¿
Kiéu bài yêu câu lya án
chon dáp án phù hop trong mÙt danh sách các phuong
hoàn
thành cåu.

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.

1 Last-born children are likely to

2 First-born children learn how to

A mak e outrageous statements about family members.
B disputing with their family.
use jokes to avoid

G develop more serious personalities than other people.

Hinh thúc tim tù phù hãp trong bài dÍc dé diÃn vào chÑ trÑng

KiÃu bài yêu cáu tim tu phù hop trong bài dÍc e diên vào chð

Complete the sentences below. trÑng trong câu cho sån.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.

Last-born children make

2 First-born children learn how ... about family members.

to develop more serious.

than other people.

136

CHIEN THUÂT LAMBAI

STEP 1 Xác dinh cum të khóa và nÙi dung cça câu cho sån.

a& tam dang bài Sentence completion, dau tiên cán xác dinh

cau cho san. cum tu khóa và noi dung chính cça

EXAMPLE Xac dinh cum tù khóalà

Complete the sentence with the correct ending, A-D, below. Last-born children và noi

Write the correct letter, A-D, in box 1 on your answer sheet. dung câu cho sån hói vé

Last-born children are likely to nhung ua tré sinh ra
sau cung thuong co Xu
make outrageous statements about family members
huóng làm gi.
B use jokes to avoid disputing with their family.
assume the responsibilities of their older siblings. CH

D develop more serious personalities than other people. 05

TIPS

1. Trong dang bài Sentence completion, tát cå các câu chua hoàn chinh thudng dugc dua ra cung

mot lúc. Tuy nhiên, néu xác dinh cum tu khóa cça mÙt câu và hoàn thành câu dó truóc rói chuyén

sang các câu tiép theo së tÑt hdn viÇc xác dinh tü khóa cça tát cå các câu cùng mÙt lúc.

2. D6i vói hinh thúc lya chÍn ááp án phù hop trong mÙt danh sách các phudng án cho sn trong bài

Sentence completion, só lugng phudng án së nhiéu hdn sÑ lugng câu cán hoàn thành nên së có

nhung phuong án không su dung tói. Vi vây, chúng ta chi cán dÍc toàn bÙ các phudng án mÙt lán

dé khi tim dáp án së giúp ti¿t kiÇm thoi gian.

CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 137

STEP 2 Tim trong bài doc nhung nÙi dung lién quan dén cum tëu
khóa vua xác dinh.

Ap dung ki thuât scanning dé tim trong bài doc nhüng noi dung liên quan dén cum tu khóa vüa xác
dinh. Kiém tra toàn bô phán nÙi dung liên quan dó dé tm kiém goi ý cho câu trà lei.

EXAMPLE Tim trong bai doc

For siblings born later, their personalities may be highly influenced nhung nÙi dung liên
by their order of birth. Since they are unlikely to benefit from a familial
system that is clearly more advantageous to their older siblings, quan dén cum tù khóa
they must find a way to equalise the playing field. One way that this
happens is through the use of humour, which last-born children Last-born children. Goi

often rely upon to keep from getting in trouble or arguing with other y cho câu trå li có thé
family members. This can lead to funnier or more outrageous tim tháy & câu é câap
personalities amongst last-born children. Firstborn children, on
the other hand, tend to be more responsible and mature even at den cum tù khóa dó
a young age, since they are expected to provide guidance to their
l: "the use of humour,
younger siblings. which last-born children
often rely upon to keep
Complete the sentence with the correct ending, A-D, below.
from getting in trouble
Write the correct letter, A-D, in box 1 on your answer sheet. or arguing with other

1 Last-born children are likely to family members

A make outrageous statements about family members.
B use jokes to avoid disputing with their family.
C assume the responsibilities of their older siblings.
D more serious personalities than other people.
develop

Bài dich trang 408

TIPS

Thông thuong trong d¡ng bài Sentence thé tintctchlroöuauimoócncphihlnvoeâgàntti,.ocxnnDâuê,uQáncitsávnahcÛéuiiÇuc.nnâthuitmkhdneugáopgccthâdúuáuntkayhcrôhóa.nogthcVetâiomíu ddttåhúh,únággyhçaitgihoýúsiýactyhucoxóduocáâatunhtgineu
trong bài doc nên goi ý cho các câu trá
hai thuong xuát hiÇn sau goi ý cho câu
ycho câu thú nhát thì khå näng tim tháy

kiem o khoàng gida doan goi ý cho câu

138

STEP 3 Chon dáp án phù hop dién vào chÑ tróng và kiém tra dÙ chinh

xác cùa dáp án.

(1) Doc tùng phudng án và lya chon dáp án phù hop. Dáp án là câu dien giài lai o¡n ggi ý cho
cau trà ldi dâ xác dinh d buóc thú hai.

(2) Sau khi iÃn câu trå löi, ki¿m tra xem câu dä hoàn thiÇn chua và có óng nh¥t vÛi nÙi dung bài
doc không.

EXAMPLE (1) Doan goi ý cho câu CH
trå loi 'use of humor,
For siblings born later, their personalities may be highly influenced which last-born children 05

by their order of birth. Since they are unlikely to benefit from a - rely upon to keep from

familial system that is clearly more advantageous to their older arguing with other
siblings, they must find a way to equalise the playing field. One way family members' uoc
dien giài lai thành 'use
that this happens is through "the use of humour, which last-born jokes to avoid disputing
with their family.
children often rely upon to keep from getting in trouble or arguing
(2) Sau khi lya chon
with other family members. This can lead to funnier or more phuong áán B, kiém tra
outrageous personalities amongst last-born children. Firstborn lai nÙi dung cça câu vùa
hoàn thieÇn là: 'Nhkng
children, on the other hand, tend to be more responsible and dua tré duoc sinh ra sau

mature even at a young age, since they are expected to provide cung thuong dun9 cac

guidance to their younger siblings. càu nói ùa dé tranh
tranh cãi vói gia dinh
Complete the sentence with the correct ending, A-D, below

Write the correct letter, A-D, in box 1 on your answer sheet.

1 Last-born children are likely to use jokes to avoid disputing

with their family. B

make outrageous statements about family members.
Buse jokes to avoid disputing with their family.
C assume the responsibilities of their older siblings.
D develop more serious personalities than other people.

TIPS

Tuy hinh thúc short-answer question trong d¡ng bài Sentence completion cho yéu yêu câu diÃn

danh tù, ckng có truöng hop dáp án là Ùng tù, tinh tù ho·c tr¡ng tù. Vi v-y doi voi hinh thúc

short-answer question nhát thiét phâi ki¿m tra të lo¡i. Truong hop dáp án là danh tù cán kiÃm tra

dang só it-só nhiêu, truöng hop dáp án là dÙng të cán kiém tra lai thì và d¡ng só it-sÑ nhiÃu cça

dong tu.

CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 139

-o HACKERS PRACTICE

.1 A statue of Shakespeare,

Square in London's West
the world's most renowned playwright, stands in Leicesteer
End. Rather appropriately, to0, as the VWest End is a maajionr

attraction, boasting about 40 venues that show some of the highest quality theatre iin
the world. The area also known as Theatreland has a rich history, with many oftha

theatres dating back to the Victorian and Edwardian periods. These historic buildinas

now coexist with contemporary shops and offices in what is now one of London's busiest

districts. The oldest of these West End theatres is Theatre Royal Drury Lane which

opened in 1663, although it has been rebuilt several times due to fire. West End theatres

continue to put on an array of shows including contemporary productions, revivals of

classics, and, most famously, musicals. The latter draw the most viewers, and have been

known to run for decades. This is the case with the Les Misérables and The Phantom ot

the Opera, which both opened in the mid-1980s and are among the highest grossing of

all West End productions.

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.

A lot of the theatres in the West End

The most popular West End plays

A are set to be modernised soon.

B have been running for decades.

C do not show contemporary productions.
D are located alongside modern structures.

E are revivals of classics.

playwrightrevival n. nhà soan kjch venue n. dia diêm coexist v. cùng tón tai contemporary adj. tho, tho
nhuan kiém duoc
n. sy trß lai, su hôi sinh gross v. tóng lgi duong

140

M D

D

ONIOV38 SA131 S83XOVH uO!Jajdwog aouajuas

While companies were established to produce a product or perform a service for a
a

profit, there is a general consensus that they should give back to the community as

well. Many corporate owners and managers share this belief and feel that they have

a responsibility to improve conditions for the disadvantaged. Some of these, such:

as

Toms Shoes, were actually established with this in mind. Since its foundation, Toms
has given one pair of shoes to a person in need for every pair sold. To date, this
has resulted in the donation of more than 50 million pairs of shoes. The cosmetics

company NuSkin is another example of a socially responsible company. They set up an

initiative called Nourish the Children, which allows customers to donate healthy meals
to impoverished children when making a purchase. These types of programmes are
praiseworthy for their impact on poverty, but they also help the bottom line of companies
who undertake them. By advertising these types of socially responsible programmes,
companies boost profits. This is because the programmes make customers who are
concerned about social issues feel that they are doing good in the world by patronising
the company. Overal, these types of corporate programmes have a positive impact on
everyone involved and should be an example for other companies to follow.

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.

5 Some corporate leaders think that it is important to

Corporate giving programmes can

7 Many consumers feel better when they

A make companies more successful.

B provide free items during economic depressions.
C distribute profits to employees.

D advertise changes in company policies.
E support businesses with charitable programmes.
F reduce the impact of customer purchases.
G make better conditions for people in need.

consensus n. su dóng tâm, sy nhát trí the disadvantaged phr. nguài chju thiÇt thòi, nquoi yéu thé trong
hoi initiative n. sáng kién, su nghèo khó
khói xuóng impoverished adj. bottom line phr. loi nh uân, két quà kinh
doanh sau thué undertake v.
thuc hiÇn patronise v. báo tro

142

D

D

ONOV38SI131 SH3X3VH uOJajduog 8ouajuas

Cinderella, Snow White, and Sleeping Beauty are all considered animated classiiecs,

but all three are actually based on stories published by two German writers commonls

known as the Brothers Grimm. Although Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm are often referrrreadd

to as the authors of these fairy tales, they did not actually come up with the storiae

themselves. The stories had been passed down through the oral tradition from ona

generation to the next in Germany and the surrounding regions long before tho
Brothers Grimm. However, the brothers, seeing that the stories were at risk of being
lost, started documenting them. In order to do this, they interviewed friends, relatives
storytellers and aristocrats to learn the stories of the culture. After they had collected
the stories, the Brothers Grimm set about puting them to paper. During the writing and
editing processes, they combined differing versions of the same tales and edited them
to impart a stylistic consistency and to improve the basic plots, thereby making them
their own. When it was finally published, their book Nursery and Household Tales was

a blockbuster. It went on to be reprinted repeatedly and eventually had its title altered

to Grimm's Fairy Tales. Even though this is still the name we use for the book, the
stories it contained were not exactly the same as the ones that we know today. Most of

the brothers original stories had more adult themes, as they had not been written for

children. ver time, the stories were edited to make them more appropriate for younger

audiences and became staples of childhood libraries worldwide. In fact, their works

have been translated into more than 100 languages.

Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO wORDS from the passage for each answer

11 The stories the brothers used were handed down by the ********* ********** ***

12 The brothers put together many different. o f the same story.

13 The book Nursery and Household Tales' original... was
*******************
changed after its first publication.

for young reaoe14 The.********* . in the brother's works show that they were not

oral tradition phr. truyén miêng dan gian documentv. ghi chép lai, dan chúng tu liêu aristocrat n. nha C toc
tac
impartv. truyên dat, phó bién stylistic adj. (thuÙc) ván phong consistency n. tinh nhát quán blockbuste

phám bom tán, bán chay staplen. sån phán chú yéu

144

6 ttitwSSEnohhOOitdeateDhtuccnpiricteeeatlatMythdarit,eieleu.osnacSncbntal.osiatdkiniRsseootiafornoctvinhsAboesweeuiskndtiaoiUibalofselnensnytr-iehstgAeres.e,edsmcqmeIionsueSnnoridttrfitsaieacauattcdaceelitntm,stttw,ooospfetioodtugsdhrriuodmutsatrotechievndnnaeritcttviisritcenAsitcsgstmeiouiuznalmteeetchurnstheeihrscteaaehaiplrdmniospwda,pe.profuaseiprrUlslssreadstonctn,ehfaecldobeacorducshtubyuetaeyrnnsaiwtaEsgbttoeaeloeeecrlleysaietdeo,hndittfeohuiifaenmreiclcslau.eolRttaldwoitIroot.ugssonpTceis.rtahtoehtqFimvviseuoo,eimuirdnlealtetaitclinslyt-ccosc,vloptuaaalremliidlntmosuuaitcpnreeekelagnsdee,l 05

of their cultures. This stands in stark contrast to the importance of classroom discussion

and eye contact instilled in most European and American students. This problem can
be magnified by the differing ways that cultures view the role of the teacher in the

classroom. European or American parents often see the teacher as a participant in
educating their children with whom they work. Many Hispanic cultures, on the other
hand, regard teachers as experts and defer to them on nearly all aspects of educational

decision-making. Unfortunately, not understanding these cultural differences can have

a major negative impact on students. Teachers who have been trained in the European
and American style of education may see the active participation of students of that

culture as superior to that of others. They may also see the involvement of European or

American parents as a sign of greater concern for their children's educations. However,
they could simply be misunderstanding cultural norms. In order to avoid these kinds of

problems and to more effectively teach in a multicultural seting, teachers are trained to
recognise cultural differences and to adapt their lessons and evaluation styles to reflect
them. in other words, they attempt to implement uniform education standards which

allow for cultural diversity.

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

15 Education provides essential knowledge and the opportunity to make

16 Failing to understand. '*****'" . . . may have a significant negative effect on

students.

17 Teachers are trying to put in place. which respect different

..

backgrounds.

citiz nsl eamnent v. tu cáchn. công dân populacen. công ch ún g, quan chung In stark cont rast to phr.
phr. chi nOrm n. pham,
nrráái gud cho th¥m nhuán defer to éu th eo, la m theo quy tieu
chhuuáánn n
q uyén công dân, or phr. tinh dén, chú ý dê
vÛi instil v.
toan thi hanh all làm

ow f

CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 145

Environmental Conservation Through Urban Density

The first image that comes to mind when considering environmental sustainability

is
usually not a densely packed urban landscape. However, since Compact City: A Plan

for a Liveable Urban Environment was released in 1974 by authors George Dantzin
and Thomas Saaty, most urban planners agree that the most effective way to keen
the planet green is to pack as many people as possible into compact cities. The

he

most important reason to contain people in cities, they say, is to decrease sprawi, tho
expansion of urban areas into surrounding land. Not only does the infringement at

human populations into undeveloped areas destroy arable soil and ecosystems, but

ut

it also creates suburbs that are energy inefficient and automobile dependent. Buildinn

cities upward rather than outward is the best way to avoid this.

If everyone lived in cities, the need for automobiles would be greatly reduced, which
would minimise the pollution they cause and conserve the fossil fuels they require to

operate. Studies show that people who live in densely populated cities, like New York,

are 40 per cent less likely to own cars and use far less gasoline because public transit
is readily available and walking or cycling is often an option. The fact that driving in
cities has become increasingly difficult also contributes to people giving it up. With

parking restrictions and expensive toll fees to contend with, not to mention the glut of

other vehicles that, sadly, remain on the road, many city dwellers simply choose not to
drive when there are far more attractive transportation alternatives available.
But the environmental sustainability of cities has to do with more than just

transportation: it's also about housing. The vast majority of people in high-density cites

live in apartment buildings, which are the most energy-efficient residential structures

in the world. The shared walls of apartment buildings mean that less heat is lost and
thus, less fuel is used to generate it. In addition, because apartments are usualy

smaller than, say, a typical single-family home in the suburbs, far less electricity s

cainorhenaasbsu,imtaaenctdtusapilsleyra. rhoItou'sunstdhehu3os0lndpoearsucsrepnmrtisusecmhtahlaalestrt5ht0heapcnaetrrhbceoengnltfoobloeatslpsrainvthtearonafgmien.osspt ahrisgehly-depnospituylatCeIdy

ttUufipohrnnolldeftapmiramcalyreesearatsetsarseupotraloeyclunat,rlctufic,avirwnreeeighst.firilotsdehmtioatebhtsepemesielnaubrgfkfbeleeesscseetthtu,qsworubbuaweuaylnidtntthtethorcgah-othyetombnaj-urnemsihsddrautoletnauminoiltodednieuaessrernlwseenwvciotliltehttrrhain-octgenmrtoleohyindwlelerimitosenonogtisorsseupousrtfospvilupdilovsuatatelthaai.niletonigrTotanhtbpaherelawecotchphbiacitlluiieaecetn,spmaibnrtlaehseeyosfafdeticonrseiveeiexceueiensrt

146

Complete the sentences below. ... and save

anSe ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

18 The primary reason for containing people in cities is to limit

19 A majordecrease in the need for cars would reduce.

*****''''

fossil fuels.

20 Due totheir smaller size, urban apartments use less.... ...... than

suburban homes.

21 Living in densely populated cities is the best way to protect resources for future

CH

05

densitysprawl n. do Susta ina bi lity n. tin h bên vüng pack v. teshnmuáhiéeqtrnuaátcnhmm.áóstúiucnfxírscauphmóancrgpso)ehmlaTypmeaecattrnaa.bdthjld.euocaàahndtâhjÛttàctn,uói,cráthdhi,Ùérciáthcmreócnánaygrcbbhtorauonyct
rÙng x ôon,
archaics ad). cóTO0tprint om o lÙônn dÑ ng n gón ngang infring
vüngdu rông adv."
n phr. chi¿n dáu vÛi glut n. su tràn ngáp,

chan cacbon (luong cacbon con nguoi

CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 147

8 Gene Therapy
A revolutionary treatment

spent on medical research each year, and although new technin.

and important discoveries are being made at an unprecedenttoed

a number of life-threatening diseases, like cancer and
niquesMillions of

are being

Ainerate, the
dollars are

developed

cures for

continue to elude scientists. But there may be hope in the form of a treatment knowwnn .as
gene therapy, which involves using genetic material to manipulate a patient's cells TThhe
idea was first proposed in 1972 by Theodore Friedmann and Richard Roblin in Gena
ne

Therapy for Human Genetic Disease? This article cited US physician Stanfield Rogers

early notion that healthy DNA could be used to replace defective DNA in people with

genetic disorders. Building off Roger's idea, Friedmann and Roblin suggested ways i

which healthy DNA could be used to fix, replace, or supplement a faulty gene to make

it function properly. Researchers quickly latched onto this innovative new concept, and

the first gene therapy case was approved in the United States in September of 1990.

Although gene therapy has successfully cured patients with diseases such as

leukaemia, haemophilia, and Parkinson's disease in the years since then, it is not

without its problems. The most difficult part of administering healthy DNA to a patient

is getting the unhealthy cell to accept it. While techniques that involve directly injecting
the healthy DNA into the recipient cell have shown some success, the more commonly

employed method is through the use of a vector a DNA molecule that serves as a

vehicle to carry foreign genetic material into another cell.

Viruses are the most commonly used vectors because they naturally invade cells. When

ttwsDiihnhmaNoeemcmyrAekveu,reatnbacrateiseutimontrushet.ycs.hosaTepTetdsheehe,idmvisss.is,rtopuTrwlmirsehcio'lakiselcsdseskottitisfsorchsukteodhccruetipanugenavrataaniitpnlreorundfsoasttedh'i'fsslqiueugucrcDhefeeetNa.lnclaAosctnfefitinihstnsthaotfrateleayamtmvlshliooemriwvurneasetit,nadoicgsrktayilinaatlirdlnntweogdsrapeeystpnohseltneraetsvcrhte,eehesdebwrucaiawtthshpiaiiettntnhuhdcttetoihehcee"estbhpgatnhaeecteonikretpeabnaapottlae,iwnteuaaneetyitocss

twwaaABphnneaaleetddryycestraorbnettueonooavastt'egsitehrvmnoeetbocehltbofyeanede,irttvyfghFote,sheeorateessofiotedemtvhiirseaoerreiannyrsstledohkeuursvaoDc,gnereuchcrdglguhtleoeghstronrsistAetpehcadoanlanitrmuktnhdteeliedicrlnriyaitalmpilpspitatsootayrthiatioensectiinnusoostptpnniroaseiptnitltaaoilnelymnlsnuadeteccidcamotalulhinuennteeossdtiifc,ieilNdfcaeilaefadnculrtctitierrossptldiuhneargdaelaa.eercilsnxnteDiIgbpcenroeeosetoc.rtnahiitnmktceouetrerhteassenrpisonttysahutsoilailgfcldthaHaehnsaneardtanvhealaretenhvehpeeaeedmaaeaolloateotnindhmnelaenygyt

148

Tm

ONIOV38SL131ISU3XOVH UOajduog aouajuas

9The Psychology of Emotion

encompass such a wide spectrum of human behaviour, emotions haavve

n a central site of psychological study. One of the first figures to e
emotion was the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who thought that they
to appetites. This idea held sway for centuries, until Charles vere
Since they
rwin
introdtoalways bee
wara theory of
Darwconnected
formulated an evolutionary concept of emotions. Darwin suggested that emotions ha

evolved through natural selection and therefore must have a purpose. However, his

ideas were supplanted as the field of psychology became more prominent.

A highly influential theory of how emotions work was developed independently by two

scholars, William James and Carl Lange, in the late 19th century. This theory, which has
came to be known as the James-Lange theory, suggested that physiological arousal
leads to the experience of emotion. This was a reversal of the conventional conception

that emotion was primarily mental in character. In James and Lange's conception

the body was the source of the emotional response. James suggested that the sense
organs are the first part of the body to experience the stimulus of an outside object, and
that the information from these is then passed to the brain.

As the James-Lange theory became the dominant conceptualisation of emotion in the
early 20th century, it inspired criticism from other researchers. One critical response

came from the Harvard physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon and his student Philip

Bard in the 1920s. Cannon and Bard believed that emotional responses were the

result of cognitive reactions within the hypothalamic structures of the brain, with the

thalamic region being the centre of emotional response. According to Cannon and

Bard, the physical responses to emotion could be considered separate from the mental

responses, and did not always precede them.

forward misattribuosTsampcaWtrheuoisrrhreeilhegmicoaynsiwgltrlfteeeeioaecthtsdhilrsafe,stmoetnhenleitortadeoemdrbussdyteeJsorhltoaoeeimlhesfmimmpnatebspotgaeuseorh.nsatletnyt-taiTmhiLnsetbcoai,haeootfetlnctalheiotrogrtoheeeghonenlfeiiutsotscawisdrtalnhateaoelbuhle,sr-yb.eeaoefawa.ararwStcoypnchettuithoaetiefsoyhnonromavslntrleiheans,oecyreogatapioalwronSerocrnydhsrcelu.esyehnotoamTtbahdfhrnchaeepeehiscndmrteseotoxeitdomctnthprhtaiseiesseonoaeyrninnninoboesdsfoocntteuwhdcfcaaJsfeyaneoere,scxsrremieohifomaeadaimnntncnteyadhdater,olegelmoryitibmEsrhrnu:o.egotretrheSntepiseCbvwoihubneianbyilragltnt,ooshileenidniaitcnrnvyohnmaeencliptnsey-ehsBnadyattitrhtchanoaheeirefutpodmmoia1sprllato9rolhtooylhu6giaen10accoegnb8nareeyl

150

.

D

ONIOV3YSI131 S83XOVH uOLJa|duog aouajuas

10 Speaking Pidgin

It has long been said that 'necessity is the mother of itnhvaenntiitoins',foarnpdidngoinwlhaenrqeuiasatethhiis

sentiment more applicable in the context of linguistics

Found throughout Africa, the Caribbean, Hawaii, and parts of Southeast Asia, pidoin

languages are simple dialects that evolve when two or more groups must communicat

for a prolonged period of time but their members do not share a common tongue.

Historically, pidgins arose due to the colonial encroachment of European powers into

Portuguesethe New World during the 17th and 18th centuries. As the British, French,

tScwphoopeomiaynrndtmiswsauhwocn,rueiolcradsaenstde,cleobavDmurenutrebtepcadihelnloyatocp.noldeIclnoouiantnsiriateesladleycdi,tntontwvhafaeiatterychiliyolmiuntiasaanttyeciavlriahenecaeatpvdisveeiototoiupfeslsleteahsdlniekgweauAiabtfmhgeaweretwreiahrhcciaoanqnsmgu,d.isititghtieewosynatuswareniensdreevteoivtuaegnbnaeltbteulatehlthleyaitort

Tditpnubshipoaheraergreoltasaestupshncwgeleotahcosiftvrioratwtdefhhlerlieteeflysrrllrooyaecmwmrdoeoseenspns,topthloinwotanokhevndeheiessn,inlcisatcbuh,.notlnhgeInnsnsruaevtofoarwwoeuugrrygdceimsthntehluorgahielruvleteitoftroedhuensceArsdotawfhmimnroaeiedfoclrmreasAedactuafetwbonrnvaiafiodcectssearlaiodnntbcthpesefieamrcneaobfaxltmeloauepnarnlsomtalgte,ronouattfeothpauidptoegenhyinoedtdepogrewbtlihrepnelesealcrtyanwtaaeongnmeuntfudarosgeaetreiugcondpseeeenoesdimsis.ttzhshtoAiieoeenbsdrsrtalte.ehdat.fhreaaogEepnmArivtred,emancvpptteaaiuecrpmroaikitclopoailanlnuyresgsys,,

cokwiiWmh1gsonno9ononhogwtrodhvicwedlrieeonsfeaclyi,eneeeprdvttdnltaeihigehdktlneureleegsytyripiyrcnopowoyosfrmnnAonoottlvauhvnyarmiadneeonnresagnuey.rptmioniidcpcofusEohrearnsooisnasallmstysxdsnefi.idoombnnmgflutHdkrpiaitlaolgitreaosleuenhlnprdypptoiages,otltcunatssomoanssoCimtagpduighboeefcrmatol.naohheruksuuleFn,emepnwodsrp,iirosconaLtratrthireohdntetoe.essalfsyt.athtonaapeSfddnsniipoprd,scdegpeeassci,aelnpnhilekfoeraipcecaerlihrraatcedeshlnhglgeaycgi,anrro,eureftrdhtatlthhaahegpaeyniifiegnondgsrhgp,rulfieirygnenaloyhracgnafaotellmuvuaearsnlixprnmnmeciogsgbsiarooual.arestua,tai,tAignonaoenedcsgrxfcusetcopseofleiarunfutmdrensnwinciibinlvtdceaoigoeirrntydoogtso

Of

as

decathe
course, pidgin languages bfdaoomthniloigetrsoouofptfesnpiwdligallisnthalsovpneega.lkeGearresnn,eedroanlaleyn,gerwwouithcpionmwiamll ofhenawvlea es.

children are born into the n g uaar n e d

language of the other or iea

btdiiaaiSttonnriseoaseadccmltasioeoan.scemmndtttFtrhc,ieuemomeepscrsisureteoiuannwsnmri,dspfhecoteoeadtearhnottnm,nheecpcweeplweroenii,tfdiehittgndhcmociouaennot1lrsghlfissod9uneutillq5goitelyryyu4e,tiishadmroiatleeesfnptuvsiudFensrpervprrvlneieotieaaeevhnaprldceeicikesah,htidbntFmlorokgyrvucneeolscnoaeeppcunwcrviaesphdionbangailkugnitvlaniileeonastafsrhtngi,yasapttoitoctdarhfhcregneheVebmidrinoieeirlelodcseFtyvpronw.erresmaenitadmmensemoca,wfhrnimythn.oohecaWfenrlnlgaeoyhnanrnoaeesgVgnmxniuneetimagreVggtlgaeinyaeernraots.snnem.uUtraeapaemeItntnsiidlmdeoedtnaanTleaevOrecataaldirlasrynotareh,epertdieddst

152

5

iii

O

(O

ONIOV3H S1731 SHIXOVH UOIJa|duo3 8suayuas

HACKERS TEST

READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on

Reading Passage below.

3D Printers and Human Tissue

Is 3D printing the future of medicine?

Astotfithceoifmoloefrcthelmhplecdooenlxrsmni-uoecpdggsaualoihoutmntnitgecoihetetihnanychnlstitaesvaislaioe3sooltfDlebnayhtecrhra,xeuhpcilacmnwshrkiiosititnattteoelhehntodclecrigh.rdovttsynuiiursorogtsbeulfbhuoo,eaj.rgeleccl,ycyaoW3tmnaDsfehonsveirtodlrpeefubwrrpiciyamonitodlittmstoeoeeeelcnrsnyocsht,tstintoapaihonlvreaalldyoaonsouipgyflselaybttevrbhseiaelhaeeeennlanxdepdcpcweaoemeormhscnoeifotgrodmulonteimnmhce,darayocaltraisneagr3idaelnadDlsgynciage.eesepia,rtTrrratioctlhihnoshsetempi.fnwia1poBgnhc9drduaea8ewttc,,wl0otfiihsanuhec,aylweafdssaistcocttbthosfoh,eianenptasshrcpunimoepsed'detleeauyfdtbruacbiikliclettinhheeatyiigennns

technology programmetTFaulocoanoronhyrcmdeoearetrtdbehphsrdaiserenittotrtaeehiglvnmsaaraedtasattm3hbtphetD2eemroors0coiwaieeocmlcyme,tlratehsaefhegasiryaesoe,retntmsreihi,sonsesftpmlwtthtiobhohceehlrseedupiesbcsieriedchobop-etatlddrhttselioihueni,mmrecrteieedetfdp'siusnogrterpsihiiianttimaeetotrthlomecnpferhioaobnuelblrupaatsriljrayliesidnbnnsscgithtthotidnhtaaliaooogepnvwgtecgeomis.onrctabmoaahssldeguuppeeenculns.dhcttfeorrTereeurwoshx-dmcsaepsti3iuvedDaaorreeciersdmptsleuearrediayvninlefeeetotsirsnpirnisngrgoigtnonfmhfwtcoiwesnloruoidgioqrstfiukshtcawisisands.wl,asdaTeraspcecphyohtueosiwioferfpdnvtihoeorseosr.sdtr,ueiIzpstsustoaee.sneuptetshies

AjSavtbsrurciekiisaastnhsistbnnusciiseolaleopiatvotssfylnetna..hddwnlueSaTtinmitusshnhgmriueggtghsainaedcinttinsoy-lfhy2edpinetc0eesosa0cshetnih0hhentonsaeatt,fooirvsrstluehbhsomcuuiugmaocameymlttuesseeaaossccrnncsiihanablmetltpei,ofinsaiees,ratsnlmipanoueabrsudenasootbtd,hsrttlwahu.heamtceaevotlitererlonedyhgbitaicaymasaavkhnlpeeeuvilnmnramatenghlaasvtuiulennepsssaseo,retthfmchiarasahirevssnebuebdrioqeosefupsleeoerttnhvhogstioehtdiscisnuauoaubtgcnlcihea.copsdtep,trIhsrneruwsouisnfvcmeohutetnryeluarvlldwynryen*ehostapeectiralsemsolfrslaeu.lduiywcnuefeEhugcrXyniealyeipcdvneasuiioniionm9snsciselttcauuinhevndeetlesdely?s

bioprint: to 3D print a biological structure (a tissue, an organ, etc.) using a bioprinter

154

HACKERS IELTS READING CH

otototwoatoOifhWiffonnshusnptbsthirrmhuhueeceieeienerlheoagevanrlpawieibkatotvtrlhcylilhedvoeediee.vearninbnltetstudeSoykito.evny'incstedcbcmUiiearlnarerpeesdebeeanntidoahayvainndtotpetkigauiipsouyntntntfftihrlghtagssciahgrneacsetoieoitntutssoiuutethnonerngrsleawgeaaeeyhnirmsfsttsespiarhbutrpaameersaefekntlotmnfltnaaiiesctHden3chdprevnDOstarteal.sheeeas,rufsyesnvrpDrtpeyoaatarhtin,moneirhngandwovdntaitthinuestetecoistlgiUgdsrhohbat,eherhlpnelclokneteoiioahnonvitvrwdubieixgefarcnlol3serydesresDutcgckiyytlobtfteuhtioyiidmpnelleimt'tnanrsimecpsiartearnraosliyJteetnlsueeeitmasxygfoenddutesgsaenir-otpbo.stvcoeitrrleaafhirmeoigRevlangaroaprestnesardnroeesgnoLb.fsu,wemisxonenTyaiwhtiwtagcmesihrhiliicoacietnsaahmhhiurttslhsleJmcl.edmeaetarpadubsnraSranaibecjincinonlouahnaisirytnmtlfncilaoeeneettcs,prragehcbheldgeaaebleeaLyirvrsxrnlafeoilolaasnautewtuueavnbesgnnnrgirtacdsngrywdchioeuaaleattnaimlc,tet1fmhbootta0omuheelremetkrnsirphsamgepetueeicaasenehiprclhlnpcbollfcilisioowprnpoeaeotsdanleseihfnmetlyrossssheyttr.r 05

than a decade.

Aside from organ replacement, bioprinted tissue can also be used for medical research and

drug development. For example, scientists have found that bioprinted slivers of the liver

although extremely tiny, respond to drugs in ways that are very similar to the full-grown human
liver. This has allowed researchers to test the toxicity of new drugs before approving expensive

cinical trials with patients. The potential to save billions of dollars in clinical research each
year has caught the attention of investors. There are other possibilties on the horizon as well.

Several laboratories are currently developing bioprinters that could apply skin cells directly

onto wounds. Working in conjunction with a laser, the printer would scan the size and depth
of an injury and then produce a topological 3D map of the wound that would be used to

determine how much material to deposit on the wound site. The same technology couldbe

used to close wounds of the elderly or people with diabetes, whose bodies don't heal well. t
could even eventually be a solution to simple surgeries such as stitches for large cuts. With
tne ways that the bioprinting of tissues could be useful, it's no wonder that it's taking the

medical community by storm.

CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 155

Questions 1-5

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
1 Medical researchers have been conducting tests to

2 The eventual goal of bioprinting technology is to
3 A difficult task is making organs with sufficient oxygen until they can

Harvard researchers developed a process for creating structures that can
5 A laser and printer could possibly scan an injury and then

A make medical equipment.
keep tissues alive.

perform surgery unassisted.
D provide organs for transplants in humans.
E make 3D biological structures for use in medicine.

F fuse with the body.

G create a 3D map of the wound.

156

Questions 6-10

Complete the sentences below

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6 In recent years, the practice of creating various 3D objects based on a

***'******* * . . has exploded.

7 Before printing, a computer programme makes a blueprint by cutting a 3D image into

numerous

**********

8 In a short time, biotech firms made human tissues that maintained the

***'** and viability of cells.

9 A team at Harvard aims to produce a complete. ***** ************* ** ** in the near

future. CH

05

10 Researchers can now test the ****°'°** *°°*°*******°** of drugs prior to human trials.

Questions 11-14

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

Write if the statement agrees with the information
if the statement contradicts the information
TRUE if there is no information on this
FALSE
NOT GIVEN

11 MOst people understand the usefulness of 3D printing for medical research.

12 ests of bioprinted tissue in animals have shown promising results.
Sing 3D printed organs could reduce the cost of transplantation within 10 years.

14 DDTruUgs affect small bioprinted pieces of liver as they do a whole liver.

Dap án-Dich nghia-Chú giåi trang 422

CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 157

VOCABULARY LIST

Hoc thuoc tù vung Chapter 05 và làm Quiz

playwright n. nhà soan kich instivl. làm cho thám nhuân

dabv. chám nhe the disadvantaged phr. nguoi chju thiÇt thoi

venue n. ja diém nguoi yéu thétrong x hÙi

bind v. nói lai,buÙc lai deferto phr. chiéu theo, làm theo

coexist v. cùng tón tai initiative n. sáng kién, su khdi xuóng

accommodate v. chúa dung implementv. thi hành

contemporary adj. uong thoi, hiÇn thÝi praiseworthy adj. áng khen ngoi

oral tradition phr. truyén miÇng dân gian allow for phr. tinh én, chú ý én

revival n. su trò ai, su hôi sinh botom line phr. ki nhuân, két quå kinh doanh sau thué

documentv. ghi chép lai, dán chúng tu liÇu density n. mât dÙ

gross v. tóng loi nhu-n kiém duçc undertake v. thuc hiên

aristocrat n. nhà quýtÙc sustainability n. tinh bén vüng
companion n. ban dóng hành
patronise v. båo tro
impartv. truyên dat, phÑ bién
pack v. nhét chât ních
empathy n. su tháu càm
revolve around phr. t-p trung,quay xung quanh
consistency n. tinh nhát quán
attribution n. su quy két compact adj. chât ních, chen chúc
clutch n. ótrúng áp
stylistic adj (thuÙc) vän phong
infringement n. su xâm pham
anthropomorphism n. phép nhân hóa
collaboration n. su hop tác
blockbuster n. tác phám bom tán,bán chay
arable adj. cóthétrông trot duoc
trait n. dac diém
reachv. vÛi láy
staplen.sån phám chùyéu
demonstrable adj. cóthéchúng minh duoc contend with phr. chién áu vói
citizenship n. quyén công dân,tu cách công dân prompt v. xúi giuc

value n. ý ngh+a, giátri sparsely adv. thua thót, råi rác

populace n. công chúng,quán chúng unprecedented adj. chua tùng tháy, không co

consensus n. su ông tâm, sy nhát trí tiênk

eludev. lång tránh,tránh né

Quiz

Noi tù vói nghia. bao tro 06 implement atinh nhát quán
07 accommodate
01 trait s u hop tác 08 compact chat nich, chen chuc
09 archaic
02 prompt thyc hiÇn 10 consistency thi hành

03 patronise dac diém tinh bên vkng

04 empathy su tháu cåm chúa dung
05 undertake
Oxui giuc có

158 OL D60 80 L090 So

O
DA

8

9NIOV3HSI731ISHIXVH UOLayduo3 aauajuas

CHAPTER HACKERS IELTSREADING

Summary Completion

Summary completion là dang bài yêu cáu hoàn thành bán tóm tåt nÙi dung bai doc. ay la

mot trong nhang dang bài phÑ bién nhát và xuát hiÇn ó háu hét cdc bài thi IELTS Reading9.,

HINH THÚCCÂU HOI

dDthtruáaoapinvn, ggàáshnstbrooàoprinhtd-gSùuauçnbhcmsàownpymêettaurórromyqcnuágcteuåosmtm.tiÃiÙoQpntniledta(vivconàÛânhoiuhxsctiáuhrnåc¥ÑhhttlrothÑhciiÇúánnccngg.åpsdnhhu)ouó,roityn-hêagauniáschnwâinuechrhtoiqtmhusúeåctsnù:tioéhpìhnnù,hdcihtêáhãnnpúcvktàirtéoohmnúcghtnÑrbhaàárictÑhdyníonêgchu, câu lya chon

hinh thúc th
dién vào ch

xác só luong

Hinh thuc lya chon dáp án phù hop trong mÙt danh sách các phudng án cho sn é dién

Kiéu bài yêu cáu lya chon dáp án phù hãp trong mÙt danh sách các phuong án cho sn

vào bàn tóm tåt.

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below.

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.

Llamas in the Incan Empire

tALhlemaymermaicsaadd, ietshaietpympewuacerhreededa.f.osr.o.imemarenstdNotiobccrauattihrledrdyAin.mtghLeilmnraigmacstaaefsrdoiuarblreslionc.ngaAgmtlht2eheiomulagpshtorithctaeenyatgfwoee.rrdBeeunltiovitnerviSenorgyu1tfhast,

A shipments B travellers C food products D other animais
E natural resources F villagers G distances
H depths

Hinh thúc tim tu phù hãp trong bài dÍc diên vào chÑ trÑng tt.
diÃn
Kiéu bài yêu câu tim tu phù hãp trong bài doc dé vào bån tóm

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.

The Hibernatlon of Black Bears

Like some other mammals, black bears hibernate during winter to avoid the extre

cold, and this allows them to remain 1, . for months. During

the hibernation period, the 2 . . ...Of black bears slows consideraoy

allowing them to conserve energy.

160

CHIEN THU LÀM BÀI

STEPL Xác dinh nÙi dung chính cça bi tóm tåt, tim cum tu khóa và
nÙi dung
do¡n cán dién tu.

A)Nhanh chóng kiém tra tiêu à và nÙi dung cça bàn tóm tát dé nám ug¢ ván dé chính.
cán
21 Xác dinh tù khóa và nÙi dung chinh cça doan dién tü.

EXAMPLE (1) Kiêm tra tiêu dé và nÙr
dung bài tóm tát é zác
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-E, below.
dinh day là bán tóm t
Write the correct letter, A-E, in box 1 on your answer sheet.
vé cách sú dung lac a
Llamas in the Incan Empire
không buÓu & é ché
Llamas disappeared from North America during the last ice
age. But in South America, they were domesticated. Llamas Incan.
became importantfor delivering 1.
****** .and building (2) Thong qua cum tù khóa

materials. Although they were not very fast, they made it much cua doan cán dién t
Llamas important for
easier to carry things for long distances. delivering é xác dinh 06
noi dung cúa oan nay
A shipments travellers C food products
E villagers là tam quan trong cua
D other animals
lac dà không buÛu trong

viÇcv-n chuyén.

TIPS

Trong trudng hop bån tóm tát khöng có tiêu dé, doc luôt cå bài à xác dinh nÙi dung co bàn.

CHAPTER 06 Summary Completion 161

eSTTEEDP 2 Tim trong bài doc nhkng nÙi dung liên quan dén cum tu khóa

vua xác dinh.

Áp dung ki thu-t scanning de tim trong bai dÍc nhïng nÙi dung liên quan dén cum tu khóa vua txááec

dinh. Kiêm tra toàn bÙ phân nÙi dung liên quan dó d¿tim kiém goi ý cho dáp án.

EXAMPLE

The camel-like llama once inhabited North America, but disappeared

during the last ice age. However, it survived in South America, where

the Incas used it for various purposes. They domesticated the llama
as early as 6,000 years ago and developed close ties with the animal.
By 600 A.D., "the animals had become essential as
beasts of burden Tim frong bai doc
for farmers and villagers to transport food products nhung nÙi dung lien
and construction
Ttommrfahaaiecntteaearrrbliiglaaiaolllimssty.2aa0Asmcrklaoagidlrsrogesemeatstehilmygternameliseafilmcilaneanovniaritmeaddtaseailudysci.ttaoeTtnudhhcledoetosucbgtabhhuryrerydththeaaaensnpkdpp.oratofhcxaeicnmawraarantyseyilnynogot3th0egorrrkeaialnhotai,gmurtalhaimnelsgis.r quan dên cum tu khoa

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-E, below. Llamas important

Write the correct letter, A-E, in box 1 on your answer sheet. for delivering Gy

cho dap án có thé tim

thay & câu liên quan

den cum tù khóa: the

animals had become

Ssential as beasts of
burden to transpo
food products

Llamas in the Incan Empire
Llamas disappeared from North
America during the last ice age.
But in South America, they were
domesticated. Llamas became
importantfor delivering 1
. and building
materials. Although they were not very fast, made it much
easier to carry things for they
long distances.

A shipments B travellers C food products
E villagers
D other animals

Bài dich trang 428

162

D

D

8

ONIOY38 S173M S&3XOVH uOILaNduo3 Aiewuns 7

-o HACKERS PRACTICE

In 1879, the Canadian government enacted the National Policy, an economic programme

that sought to safeguard Canadian manufacturers and promote settlement of Canaaddaa's
western frontier. A primary goal of the programme's leading advocate, Prime Ministor

John Macdonald, was to decrease Canada's reliance on imported products. To achniiaeuvee
this, he instituted a high tariff on all manufactured goods that were imported. He ued

that the tariff would lead to a higher standard of living and greater employment seciurh,

for Canadians, and it did for those in the manufacturing sectors of the East, whero

Canada immediately experienced increased production and profits.

However the ambition of western settlement was slow to be realised. Despite aggressive

immigration campaigns, which tried to lure farmers from abroad with free or cheapland

Canada witnessed a decline in immigration in the 1880s. According to economist Ken

Norrie, this shows that the influence of the National Policy on settlement of the West was
mediocre. In fact, external factors, such as the development of improved agricuitural
techniques, and favourable economic conditions globally, were largely responsible. The

price of wheat, for instance, quadrupled between 1891 and 1921, and this brough

profit-seeking agriculturists to Canada's fruitful wheat-growing regions in droves.

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

The National Policy was designed to protect the manufacturing industry and encourage economic

growth and western settlement. By using a high tariff, the prime minister increased living9

standards and job 1.. i n the eastern part of the country. But the goal of westerm

settlement did not happen quickly. Actually, the National Policy had a modest effect on

this. Better 2 .. . in agriculture and a good world economy were of greate

importance.

enactv. ban hành National Policy phr. chinh sàch quöc gia economic programme phr. chuong trinh kinh te
nuong
ruoactofsafeguard thuv. bào hÙ frontiern. khu vuc bièn giói advocate n. nguòi úng hÙ prime minister phr.
solivingphú institute thông sóng,n.
inh uc v. qua tariff n. thuà xut nhap khau standard of có phr. múc tiêu chuan gáp tbón
lo, thuán Ioi quadruple v. tang
mediocre adj, tám thuong, binh thuong favourable ad),

agriculturist n. nhà nông hoc fruitful adj. sinh loi, mau mÛ in droves phr. dám dông, nhiÃu nguoi

164

9. 3

D CD

C D

9

O

9NIOV38 S113I SH3XOUH uOJayduog Aieumuns 9

It may be tempting to put on a false face or stretch the truth at times, but it turns os

3 out
that even the most convincing among us may be incapable of pulling off an act
deception that leaves no one in doubt. This is because muscles in the human face rreeaact
involuntarily to emotions. The scowls, smirks, and frowns that can betray how ali
ar
truly feeis may only flash across his or her face for a brief moment - so brief, in fact, that
a
research psychologist Paul Ekman called these emotional displays 'microexpressions
but they do occur, and they are detectable. According to Ekman, there are seven
universal micro expressions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise, and
contempt. When we feel any of these emotions, they are beyond our control for at least
one twentieth of a second. Videotaping a person who is providing a false statement
and then going through the tape frame by frame can reveal these expressions, even in
people who seem very genuine in person. Of course, this may not always be an option
In such cases, keeping an eye out for hand gestures that obscure the face is advisable.
People who move their hands toward their eyes or their mouths - the most expressive
parts of the face may be trying to avoid being caught in the split second that micro
expressions occur.

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO wORDS from the passage for each answer.

aomcDfeguircseotroaooitmdoneeitxehodmpeneraoeeatsutiwosotiohnowomsn,aasitst,tchighceciavfrpnoieneragrbcfheetaaiconr6tnedlsvie*e.7o*amf*..l*.eoa.*duy*r*nb*f*yo*a.tcaib*anela.5l*.py..os.si..*n.sIignb*.clte.ha...esTte*hishn*aed*twsi'hv*ehii*.eddrrueeeaatlcthhtfeiiroswafnmaihssc,eeenns.wowhtofipceoha esxvsaipirbdeeelreoci,etaanlitpecidese

quác betrapyhông, involuntarrialyfiash phrcnevcohwendeceptionrnpfaa.ullsmslueiocfffraopceherx.mppthhráret.u,scmsvih-oitÇcnnanuapt,hhcrbàó.ÙnbhsmmiécåuiôrtnkhggiinÇá.(nvdciÇtuohcoioiskàtthnruóegtmkcqhanuànanv,.)n(pnhhhéóucnnhggmdbéaiipê,utnh.hóisiÇunra la
thêu dê t (su th-t) turn out hoa
lùa dói khóng chu oh ah i en
khuo adv. va
c uv.c tinéht ól6,t rên t mÙt cách v
lö n må
dé across phr.

theo cam xúc thât) disgust n. su ghê thúc

that keep an eye out phr. chú ý dén, töm contempt n. su coi thuong, khinh cna
dé ý d¿n obscure v.
che khuát miÇt genuine adj. thänn i

166

ffTiionshuhteenndinbsletuinhesagftturiletdlhsyhieswbmoyanatelweeriolcdlfaalitkrfheeeessbmfaioonroldosthgtepiepsotoonspfdfufssolp.rarrTiinthgsgia,sumtnrhieunelsagubtialvfuilesehlmygiailnstiminNsgaoullrnhtihiaqsbuhAietmsh.ineaWrstihchbaaietleeasnnosdimmtheiieslamfsrrueatbqloejuesoectnuthtsleoyerf

deception and mimicry to inseminate eggs meant for a different, larger male. Around 20

per cent of bluegill males attempt to enter the mating process through trickery before
fully grown. These fish, known as
they are cuckolds or sneakers, will seek out a clhaorgoel
parental male, hide in the weeds adjacent to the male's grounds, and wait for a
s

of female fish to pass over. Once a female chooses a partner, she will tilt her body and

release roughly 30 eggs. Normally, the resident male would shower these eggs with his

seed, but before he has a chance to reach them, the diminutive cuckold will leave his

safety zone and dart into the nest of the larger male to inseminate the eggs himself,

quickly returning to his point of origin without being caught.

With this tactic, the cuckold can fertilise as many of the eggs as possible before they CH
settle into the hole, and then use his undersized body to escape undetected. This
technique is only available to younger bluegills, however, since the size of adult bluegills 06
precludes the agility required for this operation. Nonetheless, older cuckolds do adopt

another method to achieve their goals. An adult cuckold is still smaller than most male
bluegills and can easily be mistaken for a female. As they age, the cuckold will acquire
a set of shaded areas and stripes on its body that is similar to that on females, which
completely disguises them from other males and allows them to easily slip into schools
of female fish unnoticed. In this fashion, they wait until a nearby female decides to
release her eggs before swooping down and inserminating them. If a good selection is

fertilised, then the cuckold has accomplished his reproductive duties.

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below

Techniques of Bluegill Cuckolds

Bluegill cuckolds cheat their way into fertilising eggs that are not meant for them. They
near another male's into it at just
do this by hiding 8 .. and darting

**"******"***|

the right moment. Because a cuckold has a much smaller 9 * * **************

than most males, it can easily get out of danger quickly. Older cuckolds have another
so they swim with female bluegills and
method. They are still not as big as most males, can avoid being noticed because they

wait for one to release its eggs. These cuckolds
that looks like the one on females.
take a 10.on
***°*'*'*'**''* ''***''***

A hole B colour C nest D pattern

E seed F tail G body

Conmeo cai de ception n. m uu mo gian dói mimicry n. su bât chuoc insemi nate v. thu tin h trickery n.
school n. nhóm, b «dar
ent to phr. gán ké, liên sá ay diminutive adj. nhó xiu, bé t v. phóng én ,
én v. thu hai preclude ngn ngua, loai bó agilty n anh nh
chi luoc fertilise . su nh en swoop v.
a"mmuuuudjac t
cuc v.nha t
n.

UOng, lao vào reproductive adj. (thuÙc) sinh san

CHAPTER 06 Summary Completion 167

Whilst often considered a modern invention, zoos are actually embedded in a histe
5 istoryof animal captivity th

near Hierakonpolis,
at spans back thou sands of years. A discovery ldeuprhinagntesx,cbaavvbaaottiioons
Egypt, uncovered the r emnants of hippos, e
and wildcats buried in the city's cemetery. Dating back to around 3500 B.Coo.n.s
the
remnants point to the existence of a menagerie, a private collection of animals
by the wealthiest members of society to demonstrate power, to intimidate enemikaecpt

to entertain rulers and their guests, and even to hunt. Menageries remained pona

in Egypt and elsewhere for quite some time. Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt, who ruled

around 1500 B.C., kept a menagerie of animals acquired during expeditions to Punt i

present-day Somalia. Around the same time in China, Emperor Wen Wang founded the

1.500-acrGarden of Intelligence, which inctuded a huge collection of animals kept on a e

property.

Menageries were also a central part of the Aztec culture of central Mexico between the

14th and 16th centuries. When Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés reached the New World

in 1520, he wrote about his discovery of a massive collection of animals at Tenochtitlan,

the capital of Aztec ruler Montezuma. More than 300 people were assigned to the care
of the extensive royal menagerie, reputed to be the largest assortment of animals in

history. The complex in which the animals were housed was impressive enough in its

own right, with two main houses, a botanical garden and an aquarium. Unfortunately.
the facilities and the animals kept
within them were subsequently destroyed by the

Spanish during an attack. Zoos began to replace menageries in Europe during the

18th century, when the Age of Enlightenment ushered in a new belief in science and
reason, which extended to the field of biology. Therefore zoos were created to facilitate
the scientific observatio n of animals in something similar to their natural habitat. They

were open to the public, for a fee, to ensure they had the necessary funding. The first of
the Tiergarten Schonbrunn, opened in Vienna, Austria in 1752,
these modern zoos was of zoology and consigning the menagerie to ancient history.

inaugurating a new age

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.

From Menageries to Zoos

TSooAffchnaymeraeeara1cnre2hysna.aesepgmo.oelio.cegiTsei.hcsiasolfwdaiangsimienvat.lih,WdeewnOEhcigecuyhlopdfhtiaaa undmsbceeietnyesaunogcfebhrHuireaii,eercdaaokpwlloreiintcvhptaiiontoelnitshceotroelclvesietchyatoi'lsowendceottmhhfeeeeixrte1oart1uyic.thtchororeiuatystuarnaendsds

fZE1o3onr olitsghheaitser.nwaTmneihemknentaolsswsp,erteshzoaeodmothsaatnottrdtiiahneyedteybrteoecsgotcaurinlnedatsotbceeiaepssnoptcumeedaeirttehhddriou.nurgignhglioktuehteaE1un8ratohtupcreae, lnwt1uh4riyc,h when

includ

A environment B army C garden D biology
remains
E elite G architecture

embed v. ân vào, gån vào ccuaopctivtihtyámn. hsiuémgi,amcuÙccâmvieénxccahvianthiornepnu. tseudkhaadij. qduu-ot cuncchoovelàr, nópi htaiétnhgiÇlnà ruasmi enagerie
n.
n. báy t hú exped ition mÛ ra consignv. ·t vào, gùi di v. phát hiÇn ra in oh

dánh dáu su khoi åu inaugurate v.

168

D

C

(D

.

D

9NIOV3H SI731 S83XOVH uOjajduoj Aiew uns 92

7How Steam Power Drove the Industrial Revolution

Prior to the industrialisation and urbanisation that fuelled spectacular growth in Britaaiinn's

economy over the course of the 19th century, most work was performed by manuat

labour and animals, heat was provided by the burning of organic materials, and enero

needs were satisfied by watermills. While waterpower offered abundant and cheeaapr

energy, its geographical constraints made it inconvenient. The steam engine, however,
faced no such limitations. It would not be long before it became the icon of the Industrial
Revolution and the driving force behind the fundamental changes that all of Western
civilisation would ultimately undergo.

As commercial enterprises began to equip themselves with steam-driven machines, the
manufacturing industry was transformed. Textile machines running on steam power, for
example, could spin multiple threads with the turn of a single wheel and coordinate
precise movements using levers, cams, and gears. The mining industry also benefitted
because, for these machines to effectively produce mechanical power, water had to be
heated in a boiler, which required a cheap and reliable fuel source coal.

In transport, high horsepower steam engines gave life to ships and locomotives, greatly

improving their reliability, precision, and speed. Consequently, urban industrialists were

able to deliver tons of finished products to previously unreachable areas in relatively

little time, while raw materials from distant British colonies zoomed into the massive

and more cost-effective factories that had replaced smaller production plants. These

mega factories, although initially built on the outskirts of residential areas, expanded

into cities as more than half of the English population, lured by the job opportunities

manufacturers were offering, moved away from the countryside. Adjusting to life in
cities would prompt eye-opening lifestyle shifts for the majority of British people.

Among these is that people learned to read, with the literacy rate skyrocketing.
Books had previously been a rare and tightly-controlled resource because they were

quite time-consuming and expensive to produce, but millions of pages of text could

be churned out in a single day thanks to the efficiency of these new machines. With

printing presses and literacy, new forms of thought in the fields of politics, philosophy

and science began to spread among the people.

Utimately, the age of the steam engine had drawn to a close by the end of the 1
century, when it was replaced by a new form of power called electricity. Althoug
electricity is a vital part of contemporary existence, it
is questionable whether it ev
would have been possible without the technological breakthrough - and the sOCa

intellectual, and cultural advances it spurred that was the steam engine.

170

S

D»

9NIOV3H SI131ISH3XOVH UOLJajdwog kieuuns8

Our Vanishing Rainforests

mmiilte.sfctwpeFrhoovoooanlemurlttrulnidylnttdii'hvuosyeeanperlrtalaplhiyriemle.navprafnTeueorel,himrstlee'ybspsasutteiristnnabaaatioanLlrrsyfeeatoohtaibruensteyonsaoAdttatfshembmtreashoeroseEsreiripeabwcdhgriaotineehsrg,rbalediuplttosttphasheeerialrnfaeol.mgrsuiiTonngabhdhgseeisisxttasiwhipvtiseseeetainednbnasnuugimareb4lnlioa6netiruon,mangatnnitrhonosdeefgtao5fjfsofrua8ascscotsttteaifhl,rttohobAftuahuostetehsnilayavesnd.eaafigdBlornoeexsedrtiaaqcldteauAeiasuoanfshsrrndiueeacmkhafcteaireaAaaeetennutnaphtneossea

perform this vital ecological service, thereby speeding up climate change and makina
the global implications associated with it an inevitable reality.

The factors driving the widespread devastation of the world's rainforests through

deforestation are numerous but all are related to industrial development and population

growth. One way rainforest resources are exploited is through unsustainable commercial

logging practices. Loggers are only permitted to cut down trees that are fully grown
and are supposed to avoid causing excess damage when doing so. However, massive

trees cannot help but tear down numerous other forms of vegetation in the process of
collapsing. Cutting down trees also creates holes in the canopy. These holes, which
take hundreds of years to revive naturally, will likely remain permanently unfilled as
the heavy machinery used to penetrate the forests causes irreversible harm to the
soil. Meanwhile, higher global demand for meat products has led to the burning down
of vast areas of forests in order to grow soybeans, which is an ingredient for livestock

feed. This saps nutrients from the soil, making it only a matter of time before crop yields

decrease and more areas are cleared

Also causing soil erosion and, by extension, the loss of trees are mining and oil projects.

The extraction of gold from the Amazon, for instance, requires high concentrations of

mercury, which leaks into the soil and renders it barren. Likewise, since the discovery of

oil reserves in the region, there have been a number of oil spills. It is well known that oi

rainforestrl4Mpgcae0oornmaonsdkmwsotiainsvbemgbpetleraedienccm.sakauattloitiaaonfttlenlora,rorsfctsafrh,edweacwetotnhsehrgdasometessa,uiesrtsrehtaboaecuabstid.eipltvs,rMicotduoipoeetpersveedretonaoilevlwossetponhreo,ettfrefosoernarcasdiroaantnctchfortos,iitvrfrmreieiuctsseicetuesatsl6ntru0iionikpn0agedlstasotqmh;rugaiiilneattlieriintsgaegaireskelasiautlnlsinoomdlmgoikgaofeeitetlvlerryedseeg,xsfeottshrotraeafacattttintloifeyoonrtrnhsb,ienetvogalenrbydteo

sfiiUmimonnlapmufnootiecrrodittaunailnan. tcaaeOetsensplclyiyrsa,otnbabtnlyhwecemeceosnblflraeteotghcmiiaotninnvwsetpoleyrawselastahhevceyrekrvenciwnoogwhruaanlittentrrdrefieogeemrissne,adgsitloniskteshesaaomrthfeetotlhhupfeeo,nutbfrinunaudtgitunriftdeaoiersreobesfstototasmhf.nteeednwpplhoafaavntceeeorttdfyia.s with m "

Recev
'band id
of utmo

172

m

D

2D

9NIOV3N SI131IS83XOVH uOLJajduoj Auewuns