Hacker IELTS Reading

Shaping America: The Erie Canal Atlantic Ocean via Naeww
works projects of its tima
The Erie Canal, which connects the Great Lakes to the credited with dramaticalh,
York's Hudson Ri
ver, was one of the most influential pu blic atonal port, and spurrina
First opened in 1 825 after eight years of constructio
n, it is
increasing trade, turning New York into a thriving
in tern

westward expansion.

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making it the busiest port in America.

WsAttoghhrbhftiooieofeltpuhavrttnphteeshet;istr,ieAnaoncsgltmmisheOkmecieeepvctornaoNimeemntcaniayqemonanungpmoigttaacediooklrntriloaoalitdEyloitdlFeinusisofsanrinlldwotlldeesospnoeri.letntrwilsCnea.eanrrtocDisiWconnoaooftsgnlafhileoanelsaqnelghNrtucsgite.ntoeshewtugnoaAhdrttdeolimwYysontbE,onoa,sern,sNakaeegswenvnatCwideoctChiruhttyYhytosto,eeoahoprrdsfomirkttotu,tthaqhfmsotiirueaontkaiacngcetbdmodkshtlen,lseeayps,nttsotWhabybrepkeueuneuiaccntsslmrtagatretmithroIvhaennfsiedeondeivrrtgaiyceeeaatstvsnfwhon,retepeaaaanaillgsgnuod,sehednettusatgoosstadtif,eencihttddhraeahntoletlleopito'stoowcscsnfsaaiutpnttnnaothnagaoarpy9ealtrl

to flock into New York each year.

New York's ever-growing prosperity, coupled with the fact that travelling there

within

no longer difficut, saw the population increase from 124,000 to nearly 800,000 W

York

the first few years of the canal's use. While a great many people moved to Ne

f boom

City, some disembarked a other stops along the canal route, where a number o
been established. This helped to populate areas of New York like Rochest
towns had beyond the Appalach

and Buffalo. Furthermore, because the canal went west Great

the

Mountains, it encouraged people to venture further, to the states surtrounding
ihese areas

Lakes: Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Ilinois. Many of those who settled in ity of

were new European immigrants who had been lured to America by the &vaished

inexpensive arable farmland. Within a matter of decades, this area had e
lying wheat
suppyitself as the heart of America's agricultural industry - the breadbasket
to the nation.

174

ONIOV38 SIT31 SAHxJVH UOLOJduogkiewun

10 Dark Matter

A Curious Observation

The existence of invisible matter in the universe was first suggested by Duteh

astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort in 1932 when he observed that the stars at the outer edaa

of the galaxy were moving much faster than they should be given the weak gravitational
spe ed was being influenced byVa
pull at the en ds of galaxies. Oort be liev ed that their
eri al with se gravitat fo rce, which he ca lled "d ark m atter because it c ould
mat int en ional

not be seen. Substantiating this discovery a year later was Swiss astronomer Fritz

Zwicky who, after a similar observation, maintained that hidden masses lay amona

invisible ones. However, neither claim was accepted by the scientific community

because it was unheard of for a substance with mass to be invisible.

An Invisible Web

By the 1950s, technology had progressed enough to confirm that outlying stars actually

have the same velocity as the stars at the center of a galaxy. Scientists surmised that

galaxies must contain significant amounts of dark matter for this to be possible, so

they set about learning as much as they could about the elusive material. Aided by

computer-generated models, they speculated that filaments of dark matter comprising

up to 85 per cent of the universe's total mass formed a web and that woven into this

web was all the visible matter of the universe. Some have compared dark matter to

connective tissue in that its apparent function is to bind the various components of the
universe together. In other words, without it, galaxies would simply break apart and

float away.

Theories on the Composition of Dark Matter

But just what is dark matter made of? Many cosmologists believe that it may be

composed of a subatomic particle that has not yet been identified. Meanwhile, some

astronomers consider massive compact halo objects, or MACHOS, a possibility

MACHOS are believed to reside in the halos of galaxies but defy detection because

of their low luminosities. Other astronomers think that WIMPs, or weakly interac

massive particles, are strong candidates. WIMPs are hypothetical at this point but are a

popular choice because scientists believe that they formed shortly after the Big bau
Being massive, slow-moving, and incapable of emitting light, it is theorised that tne

particles clumped together to form the structure of the universe. Unsurprisingly,ane npts
to prove their existence
have been determined, and state-of-the-art Such

technologies,
as the Large Hadron Collider, are currently being used to try to produce them.

Mapping Dark Matter

Although there remains a lack of solid evidence, support for the theory matter

has grown extensively. It is now the conse nsus baemdoentgecstecdie.nTtihsitss that it of dai*
tand
that, despite its inability to produce light, it can is due
dtooethseex"

176

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Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below.

What is Dark Matter?

There are several theories about what comprises dark matter. Some say it is made up of an

undiscovered 30 . *****'*.'°.°." while others think that dense halo objects are more likely
candidates. WIMPs are yet another possibility. This is because their 31.*.*. *****°'**°.

may have begun immediately following the Big Bang. The 32... of these particles

is something that scientists are currently trying to prove using the Large Hadron Collider.

Scientists now believe that even though dark matter produces no 33 . i t willbe

possible to detect it somehow. They are studying dark matter's impact on the light emitted CH

by galaxies to judge its 34. ..... and chartit on a map.

A light B force C formation
D velocity
E presence F position
G particle
H illusion

Dáp án-Djch nghla-Chú giäi trang 428

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làp biéu dô, vë ô thi
CHAPTER 06 Summary Completion 177

HACKERS TEST

READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on

Reading Passage below

The Speech Chain

ofAn overview theprocess through which communication is possible

It is possible to argue that the complexity and versatility of human language systems
is what distinguishes us from other animals. Language is however a recent phenomenon
in evolutionary terms, having arisen only over the last 200,000 years, and it is one that is

grounded in basic biology. This biological basis is largely cognitive; studies of primates show
no significant difference between them and humans in their anatomical capacity for speech. It

is our cognitive capacity for language, working in conjunction with our physical apparatus for

speaking and listening, that therefore distinguishes humanity.

The neurophysiological process for speaking and understanding is complex and requires

multiple organs working in conjunction with our cognitive capacity. This process has been
labelled the 'speech chain' and understanding how it works requires a combination of

linguistics, cognitive science, biology and pragmatics, the study of how language is used
to communicate. The speech chain describes the process by which a piece of speech is

transmitted from the speaker to the listener, breaking it down into multiple stages which reveal

the complex interplay of physical and cognitive processes involved.

The speech chain is useful for researchers who want to understand how the feedback between

influencethe brain, sensory nerves and sound waves, as well as the vocal cords and ear, can
meaning and either enable or disrupt full understanding. Speech science, the experimenta
eshmtmouewdonyttiaaolconofpsur.cosotcimcesmss.ounuRincedassteioarnrec,lhafteoercstuoisneavsrotilocvnueldathtiineontmhiaosnmdfieelnhdot wtwhuhssepnesetulcadhnygsutohauegnesdpsiesecacahnphcvyhasariiycnailtnosrdatytehteersr
an

u

and

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everal

>sad. I

nd

o .b e

The first step of the speech chain is the encoding of the message Sticconcep
the must be put into
which occurs in the brain. In this step message and the
linguisticas a

a linguistic ror

178

HACKERS IELTS READING

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There is one more step in the chain, which is the simultaneous transmission of sound waves
speaker's ears from his vocal organs. This creates a feedback link which
to the or her allows

the speaker to check the coherence or accuracy of their own statement. This is fundamental
to the process of communication since it allows the speaker to compare the quality of their
06

expression with what they intended and make adjustments based on this feedback. The

disruption to this feedback loop caused by deafness can have significant detrimental effects

on the ability to speak coherently.

Overall this speech chain reveals the basis for speech and establishes a framework for the
study of communication. Researchers continue to delve into how exactly the brain encodes
meaning, and how the vocal organs are capable of creating sound waves, as well as the effect
of feedback on the speech process. It is worth noting that whilst this process describes the

cognitive and auditory basis for communication, there is also a very important visualeiement

facial gestures and bodily motions play a key part in the production of meaning. It is also worth
remembering that the process illustrated in the speech chain happens almost instantaneously,
or at least at the speed of sound, a fact that underlines the staggering complexity and capability

of the human body.

CHAPTER 06 Summary Completion 179

Questions 1-7

Complete the summary using the list of words A-l, below.

Researching the Speech Chain

Experts can utilise the speech chain to learn about feedback between the brain and
and

other auditory factors. This feedback can be supportive of or disruptive to completa

They can also gain knowledge about the relationship of acoustie

SOunds to 2 The various stages of the speech chain happen on

different levels that indicate the complicated 3. of different processes.

******* *****************''**

The final 4 ..of the speech chain is to establish a connection betwaen
* *****************"

the brain ofa speaker and listener. An additional phase involves the 5

. ***'"' '****'*****..

of sound between the speaker's vocal cords and ears. Feedback then lets the speaker make
sure that his or her 6
... * .meets******************" the intended quality. Overall, the speech
chain is a of biology which has allowed humankind to develop
fundamental aspect as a
socialcommunicative
species. It is this chain that is behind the foundation of speech, and it sets
up
the 7 for*'***'******** communication research.
*****'** ''

A framework B coordination C sensation
D transmission F expression
G articulation aim
understanding
H perception

Questions 8-10

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
8 The human differs from other primates because it
9 The breaking down of speech into stages

10 The visual component in the production of meaning

A depends heavily on communicative feedback.
B
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D
E
F
G

180

D

ONIOV3H SI131S83XOVH UOLadwog Aewuns

VOCABULARY LIST

Hoc thuoc tù vung Chapter 06 và làm Quiz

institute v. thông qua reproductive adj (thuÙc) sinh sán
disgust n. su ghêtom
armour n. áo giáp (sát)
safeguardv. båo hÙ
embed v. án vào, gån vào
su coicontempt n. thuóng
absortb v. háp thu
advocaten.nguoi ùng hÙ
captivity n. su giam cán
genuine adj. thành thât,chân th-t
bluntadj. cùn
tariffn. thu¿ xuát nhâp kháu
excavation n. su khai qu-t
offspring n. con cái
savage adj. hoang d, hung du
sector n. linh vuc
uncoverv. phát hiÇn ra
mimicry n. su båt chuóc warrior n. chién binh, binh linh
mediocre adj. tám thuòng, binh thuòngg
expedition n. cuÙc thám hiém/vién chirnh
trickeryn. muu m o
intimidation n. sy häm hoa, de doa
D favourable adj. có loi, thu-n lgi
reputed adj. uoc cho là, nói tiéng là
adjacent to phr. gån ké,liên sát canh
live on phr. tiép tuctón tai
fruitful adj. sinh ldi, màu mô
usher in phr. ánh d¯u su khÛi âu
diminutive adj. nhð xíu,bé
in droves phr. ám dông, nhiéu nguoi ferocity n. su hung du

tactic n.chién luoc inaugurate v. mßra
subculture n. vn hóa nhóm,tiéu vn hóa
turn out phr. hóa ra là
fertilise thu thai
practice n. thông lÇ consign v. at vào, é vào

preclude v. ngän ngua, loai bo deception n. su l a dói

exudev. thé hiÇn traverse v.di qua
agility n. su nhanh nhen
involuntarily adv. không chotâm
medieval adj. (thuÙc) thÝi trung co
dexterity n. su khéo léo/linh hoat

betrayv. ti¿t lÙ, dé lÙ ra

abatev. gi£m bót
accord n. hiÇp uóc

Quiz không chú tâmn 06 traverse chién luoc
07 bring about
Nói tù vói nghía. 6 háp thu 08 genuine thành th-t, chânth3t
09 abate
01 intimidation linh vuc 10 tactic nhó xiu, b

02 sector sy ham doa, de doa d i qua, di chuyên
03 involuntarily
04 practice )suhung du giám bÛt
05 absorb
thông le dan dén

20 0

Ol 60 80 DL0 90 bO EO

182

HACKERS IELTS READING

impose a ban on phr. ra lênh cám mounting adj. täng lên, gia täng

poaching n. (nan) sän bån trái phép collectively adv. chung, täp thé, cüng nhau
canaln. kênh ào
vigilance n. su chú ý/th-n trong/dê phòng
manual labour phr. lao Ùng chân tay/thu công spurv. thúc dáy
abundant adj. phong phú,di dào
interior n. phân &trong, phía trong
constraint n. su cuöng ép, su han ché
haul v. chuyén cho
steam engine phr. ông co hoi nuóc
driving force phr. Ùng luc freight n. hàng hóa (trên tàu/máy bay/xe lëa)
textile n. vài dÇt
horsepower n. m luc skyrocket v. täng vot
locomotive n. dâu máy (xe lùa)
commodity n. hàng hóa, mät hàng
outskirt n. ngo¡i ô, vùng ngoài o n a daily basis phr. hång ngày
revenue n. nguón thu (vào ngan sách)
eye-opening adj. áy ký thú, áng kinh ngac CH
toll n. lê phí cáu duòng
under siege phr. bi bao vy, bi de doa U6
disembark v. lên bo, câp bén
flora n. hê thuc v-t
venture v. (i) khám phá
fauna n. hê Ùng vat velocity n. tóc Ù, v-n tóc

vegetation n. thuc v-t elusive adj. khó nm bät
luminosity n. tinh sáng, Ù sáng
implication n. ånh hudng ngugc lai/
theorise v. tao ra ý thuyét,ua ra già thuyét
loggingn. viÇc dón go
distot v. làm bién d¡ng, bóp méo
irreversible adj. không thé ào
chart v. lâp biÃu ô, vë ô thi
phuc hoi
interplay n. su ånh huong lan nhau, tuong tác
sap v. làm can
articulation n. cách phát âm ro ràng
b y extension phr. ngoài ra, hon nua style n. giong dieu, van phong
utterance n. lòi nói
concentration n. su t-p trung

render v. làm cho, khién cho

barren adj. càn cói

Quiz

Nói tù vói nghía. a làm biên dang, bop meo

01 outskirt a phon9 phú, dôi dào 06 revenue chung, tàp thé

02 irreversible hiêp uóc 07 skyrocket toc dÙ

03 accord ánh huóng 08 impulse d tàng vot
04 vigilance khong thé dáo ngugc/ nguon thu (vao ngân Sách)
09 collectively su kich thich

10 distort

05 implication phuc hói

s u chúý/th-n trong

ngoai O, vùng ngoai

OL 60 D 80 DL0 9 0 O GO b o Q £0 @ 20 O LO

CHAPTER 06 Summary Completion 183

CHAPTER

Matching Features

càu cho sån vÛi mót ·c di¿m/mieuti.

át hiÇn trong tát cå các bài thi IELTS
dúng trondlà bài PesMatching features

Readingsnhungmot danh sách các
dang yêu cáu nÑi ong

lua chon. Tuy không xu

ay cang là mÙt dang bài phÑ bi¿n.

HINH THÚC CÂU HÓI diém/ miêu tå dilceegió
ho-c các nhà nghien o
Trong dang bài Matching features, các câu và mÙt danh sách các ·c
thiêu sán. Danh sách cho cúu có liên quan dén ni
sn này chù yêu là danh sách tên các hoc giá

và yêu cáu cça bài là nÛi tung câu vói úng tên hoc giá ho·c nhà nghin

dung câu dó.

Look at the following statements (Questions 1-3) and the list of researchers below

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 Approaching decisions with discipline leads to better results.

2 Intuitive decisions are usually made in an instant.
3 There is a greater need for gender equality in the field of anthropology.

List of ResearchersS

Tom Gilovich
B Lyndsay Swinton

C Robin M. Hogarth

D David Price
E William Caudell

nnlSTdN6urBognlcuYgolonyturagumoccnhaágoycnuchâonseuphiéaudnuaóy,láclnreóa.tteTtvhràréomsnÑcgoórlteunrohuthnünagngngcoáhpncohcpupeohc. nóugdtnhágéncákhnhoôntrnogmngÙt không bángnhau
danh sacn u hiÃu phuongá n

phuong án thich

in sé cóchu

184

HACKERS VELTE

CHAPTER Matching Features

sånn vÛi mÙt dac

rong tát cá c ác bai
diém/miebàiyeu cáu nQi
cau cho utà dúng

dt hiÇn t
features là dang thi

ading nuhoinmMmdaaoyttccdhoainnngghlsàámchoct ádcanlugabcahiopnh. óTubyiéknh. ôngxu

HINH CÂUHÓITHÚC
hcniÑhniogtsufáenangtuncràâeyus,cvhÛcoiádcyüécnuâgulàtêvdnàahnmÍhÙcstgádicåahnhhtoên·scáccnáhhcàchánÍcgch·giciêånhcaoiúéáumccihtliên
diem durr.e miêuTrong dang bàiMatc tà dén
nha nghienthieu san. Danhsách
quan
và yêu cáu cçabài là

dung câu dó.

pelow.Look at the following statements (Questions 1-3) and the list of researcharn s

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 Approaching decisions with discipline leads to better results.

2 Intuitive decisions are usually made in an instant.

There is a greater need for gender equality in the field of anthropology.

3

List of Researchers

A Tom Gilovich

B Lyndsay Swinton

c Robin M. Hogarth

D David Price

E William Caudell

So lugng các câu dua ra và sÑ luong các phudng án trong danh sách thuong khóngo nhau

Trong trubng hgp dó, có thé có nhkng phuong án khong sù ung toi hoac có nhüngphuOng

dugc lya chon nhiÃu lán. Trong trudng hop có thà chÍn mÙt phudng án nhiéu lan s

NB You may use any letter more than once.

184

5

.

9NIOV38 SL13I S83XOUH sainjeaj Buyyoyep

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khóavoheAp dung k+thu-t vila 1e

dinh. Kiemtrato

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everyone understands that most games are based purely on luck.
players often make wagers based on irrational feelings. 'dawcdrlaeailtatocphiiowsunisdoáainnlscciopcóldinececutmh.imséadiGkeolionitntbùimgseyrakhhtcvtóáhoaeo
Management consultant 'Lyndsay Swinton points out that rational
deliberative decision making, on the other hand, allows decisions to, be approached ith
be approached with discipline so that more appropriate outcomes can
be secured. This occurs because the deliberative decision-making discipline so that more
process requires considering the larger ramifications of a decision
rather than just how it feels at the moment. In the end, it yields more appropriate oufcomes
appropriate choices with fewer negative repercussions.
can be secured
Look at the following statement (Question 1) and the list of

researchers below.

Match the statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in box 1 on your answer sheet.

1 Approaching decisions with discipline leads to better results

List of Researchers

A Tom Gilovich

B Lyndsay Swinton

C Robin M. Hogarth

Bài dich trang 452

186

BMatching Features HACKERS IELTS READING

(O
C

-HACKERSPRACTICE

Although known primarily for their honey production, bees are actually mor

re

1 mportato human well-being as pollinators of the staple crops that mmaakkee uupp oourr ddi.et.
actInthe American Environmental Protection Agency claims that pollinators are rao

siblefor nearly one in every three bites of food you eat. If this is true, then tthhee fact tha

honeybee numbers are dwindling should be a major cause of concern, not onh t

survival but for ours. A study carried out by Nicholas Calderone, associate

of entomology at Cornell University. showed that crops pollinated by honevh

neybees andother insects contributed 29 billion dollars of annual farm income in the United:

revealing the extent of their importance both agriculturally and economically, This

twSwaoãiamloodsuaePbrsmaseoiuewvpl oehsn,padwesweiceshcileloelid-snbs,eetbamiyintnegaVdnh. eyoIrinnnaoeffaLyawcubUtche,nieiaicathecIsdmotaulrNpodeenyariataeiblotssyrnoihzsPa-uFrrsneoodpmfneeosarsretsdtcohetahrr,aaeSgatsiterpm.incooiulolnlirtnuPaproteroot rtfrs'seelsiinhsaoentarhtletauhtpUotiKhsnedripreUeovcnleitihnvavalaiertssiedilcitponhynonk.oienwrtstoydt

Look at the following statements (Questions 1-2) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.

1 The welfare of creatures that pollinate crops, such as bees, has
connection to human health.
a direct

Agriculture has become dependent on a certain kind of bee for pollination.

List of Researchers

A Simon Potts
B Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca

C Nicholas Calderone

pollinator n. v-t/loài thu phán (nhu cón trong mang phân hoa tù mÙt cây sang cây khác giúp cây doph thän)

staple adj. cho yéu, chính Environmental Protection Agency phr. Ca quan Båo vÇ Môi truòng dwindev. ho
lai, giàm d
ân entomology n. khoa nghiên cúu sâu bo, côn trùng hoc colony n. báy, àn pollination n. sutnu

188

HACKERS IELTS READING

ai mr apoa c tboninCtFDrraarnoouteteburdutvadsOalgrepernc'DhansmiyyisctttenueetatsanghtwreslbCoeelnicyaetntlbooeiriscaelannaeueotdwrdgsuodnseuitrmisond,abntam.hllygecltievoecrrahsSyawueribsepnriedtolnadlpasiyytyancaoorhbtt,tedtwunaoyAhovarneteentcmthanhrtrhenshedhe2Weewsceo5retLuica0eulphcsacostsoslaeeionauteynunrryinndsegeni-sCe.sst-bafridtbooyrtaacrthsAaarhunoseaessiecualwsotetdtlh.lletdidaadroPofnrsaT,outgnutdnerrhgrearratmseaihhacnspsodnetrhisfohlospoyartrpteltfhUeotehshroaeseretnettrutirirsinataoltaawmdctetdtnnitieordooitaeaassdouulntpnlinenbSw,snosirtlutndacrrie-aetsytucnbodhatruvs'cdenasattcaeisrsot.tohymsishennnlTt.sehdoeeo.,ahacinUssneatsstatHrthntitnaaeiztnseeoboilnorelhseawinetsoeiwrh,crpapeolraoeyrofsviworlvmrareauotatcrraaaheisnu,sielnntytewtldaiidddsoaoesatssnnnsey1hwbiaemts8zawtthoiee0hivta,aooreh,a0eettafnrl,swel.twaho1ththanhTawf9heoeoineddtheircnrehdreehd
large-scale shipping of large items from one coast to the
the automobile, highways mirrored Laterother for the first time.
after the invention of
this transcontinental system
and people could easily drive across the country on their own. These land-based

systems dominated transportation in America until the mid to late-1900s. The foliowing

period saw the simultaneous rise of air travel and information technology. As the air CH

based transportation era began, people could travel or send parcels across the country 07

in a matter of hours rather than days or weeks, and transferring information became

instantaneous.

Classity the following statements as referring to

A Air-based transportation era
Land-based transportation era

C Water-based transportation era

3 The speed of the postal service was reduced to less than a day.
4 A new form of travel emerged at the same time as a new technology.

5 A new system provided a way oftravelling alone across the country.

6 The location of cities on one coast made trade easy.

quoc abun dan t adj. p hong phú cargo n. hàng hóa (v-n chuyén trên tàu) adjinterior
luc dj a shipping n. van chuyén hàng hóa (bång thúy) mirror
contin ental adj xuyên tàu
aneous adj. tuc thöi, ngay lâp
v.to tuc

r
o c n. cuong dông thoi instant

n g trans
adj.dua t oaT chuÓc theo simultaneous

CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 189

to some scientistSe,
couitlyd, rmevaenySleep is a
for all animals which, according of its unive

necessity Because

ancestry.
evolutionary
3 imalearly inabout our
something
shared anime

Siegel ni ..
Siegel oulionresearchers

theJerry ofearly sleep

Universtyuld have developed in eHowever, this view is contested

eachthat
felt that it must have begun very
such as

scientists,

by some
the need for sleep could
speciesCalifornia

uggestingtraitofseparateiy. t

masisnihveerited fromaby hethat sleep is
,who suggests of a case of convergent evolution', he s ,statan
t h a nr a t h e re n v i r o n m e n t '
could be more a
theory is backed up t
'an adaption to an animal's masei.
the odpuippscootsvoivatee1rir8aeotdifhowonuhratsleep odonines:oeethersleep sheotthdachicoeomadclrmnepauo,yhmrif,hnisfpnoshatisoapnven,trretbeiilwentaviargrhanonndidlwoscsuuhtinmttlahlihicoaevasarrnremltoeearutssmreanrayspkeialqdnelfousioonf,herwfeuesas.nrunnleeNedgndeergotxepefnsdotspperesrtanteshttocdhteftieeehelrsdieasnrhst,.posaafeAbrrnmrtiofilitmnoiametndayrayppaotlsnoosfsscteaapisivddmueuueatnmerlpto.tyistnsTdtdteothshhaliesypassiit.htirdpliclHreonaahwegnocontifhpivsctaesleheseyset,eosibaatrpthliefsribefmfnotorodharrio.anfnetooleverar
ancestor. Siegel's in

th
nor

theory for why all a nimals need sleep. Paul Shaw, a researcher at Washington
that becaus
in St. Loui s, claims e 'sleep is costly in terms of vulnerability toambushhrfsroitmy

Shawother animals, there must be an underiying evolutionary reason for its universalit.
cites sleep research pioneer Alan Rechtschaffen, who stated, 'lf sleep doesn't ve

an

absolutely vital function, it is the biggest mistake evolution ever made.

Look at the following findings (Questions 7-8) and the list of scientists below.

Match each finding with the correct scientist, A, B or C.

Animals developed unique sleep habits to match their specific surroundings,
rather than inheriting a general trait.
3 The importance of sleep is evident when we consider how a sleeping animal is
much more open to attack from a predator.

List of Scientists

A Alan Rechtschaffen
B Paul Shaw

C Jerry Siegel

unversalty n. tinh chát toàn adj,
Tu variation n. su bién dói, su
ut
overarcmvuinerabilty n. tinh dê bi tón
thé, tinh phÑ bi¿n contest v. tranh cãi, d·t ván dê nghi ngó conve co So

khác biÇt possum n. thú có túi (bÙ thú có túi possum)
thuong ambush n. cuÙc phuc kich,
su nàm rinh underlying ad). co oa

190

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CD CD

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9NIOV3H SI73I SHIXOVH S8inJeaj BuyyaJen

rivers in the Middle Easttiis k
5 jeeratriolseWbnCetroetosrecheamnvefertility,dbTeehveeenrleoingphimoanebnibtteeodtwfbaeyespnertittmhleeidtiTvpiegorppiuseloaapntildoenEf.ouJTrpahhhmiursaneatdserresBeadr,
s or ev en thousands of we

whi ch was named the 'Fa r

east ed for its Dre

abountyinhakiby early 19 archaeologist

abitants to teoActof products

themselves

oductiknty of theseof food and

numberthecivilisations
,tftahronio-ncmdpertntuoihttrdesuniur,rsycotfeihal ,emf orifiolviidreessrtw.s ,tiErt ahuvneerdensgtweuutailtlladllerlyiid,ft yetchtliihevsadi ltbitsraoaol tluaioognwnhiestn.dacObrt ehovaeuesstreetthiemea refli,yrstth e of
which The peoplpeeobtuiisnTh.Uhruakp,pened.in now
and, around 4500 B.C., something interesting w

the area settlement called which

e
knowa large, densely populated permanent

the first city.

new city of Uruk had a large temple, homes, and other buildings crandte.d
according to Bertman.
sun-dried bricks. This, historian Stephen
The

ntirelywith
knowlack of timber and stone commonly used in construction elsewhere. Wa . the
that
archesthe use of these bricks allowed them to create large structures with columne.
and fortifying walls for the first time, but it doesn't explain why such a setlema
was
developed. In traditional retellings such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the leadar
f the

civilisation ordered the building of the city and its tortitications. However, researeh

archanthropologist Jason Ur calls this into question. According to Dr Ur's research a by
eany

urbanisation likely occurred organically, not because of a political ruler. He showex

that diferent civilisations from the area settled around a central mound. These cluster
allowed the different civilisations to live near one another, but kept the approprae
social distance. As time passed, they came together to form an interconnected cit

with one leader.

Look at the following statements (Questions 12-14) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.

12 He determined the reason that an early society used sun-dried bricks.
13 He revealed that the growth of the first cities happened naturally.
14 He coined a term to represent the agricultural strength of a region.

List of Researchers

A James Breasted

Stephen Bertman

Jason Ur

crescent n. luõi liêm a bounty of phr. nhiéu, phong phú, dôi dào bring about phr. Od c lemple
dén, miéu column n.
cÙt, tru retelling n. câu chuyên phóng lai/truyên miÇng for a ungcó ph3"
dai call into question
phr. dat ra nghi ván mo und n vçng/go dát, ôi n hó cluster n co. Cu togetne
phr. hop lai, tu lai
ome

d á m

m ,

192

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7
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This can lead to greater identity confusion than in the past and may increase the stress
of parents dealing with the 'storm and stress' stage in their adolescents.

Classify the following statements as referring to

A Preadolescence

B Teenage period

15 Family relations are less important than socialising with others.

Tb A deep connection exists between children and parents.

17 There are more unsafe activities.

preadolescent ad). truóc thoi ki truóng thành docile adj. dé b£o, ngoan ngoàn amenable adj. tuân theo, nghe
pronouncev.loiunde ai qua impulsivity n. sy bóc ông instability n. tinh không ón dinh frontal lobe phr. thùy trán

Din tuyên bó, tò ý

CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 193

Does Yawning Have a Function?
back more than 2,000 years to the time of u

the respiratory system's way of removing

ntists claimed that yawning indicated a lacetntoiffic
Hippocrates'hodTheories

icated bad air fromlackwthheolucongns
for why we yawn date n

.idCeerendtuyraiewsnliantgert,osbciee

oxygenstrongto
the brain. Today, we know that neither of these theories has the sciens

researchers to carry on trying to unravel mvet.

prompting contemporary
of our most common biological reflexes.
and sCfuaoatuehuignnboiu.gjoupoeeasecsdgrtsketo ntendsRnBauiytnothpoaetah.bwicsntaeWoangnryumstdahstwe,Pleehenrhnadsaoetioltvnlthropbigoitneestfeoholott,ifecphheiaclvepereuoehsgnrsreyeetsysettustihndwirctanduaoaatgteslseytcouastiatocepwectnyisaaanvtatnnniiiewstnddytaegn,bsaadieisstmstiieerltweokonyhcuisacetnltrlseeygUbwafoooodnahfduuifetvtsintoenteedsirrsmtts'ihttymiuhhwetalyeauiwaiytlnyoaansafntiaoubindMorfbigelnaij,iat.elsyrebscEyrsoutttlisosirgamsnengefdgpdodniel,dc,tsyuiutahpsiinhslunoltoynihgofwna,ganctrttPshytowwr,autohetervaanttinntbdhhnedoeeeveatdoad.ies tthrye to

regain focus

Then again, so many things seem to cause people to yawn that it is hardly satistyina th
simply blame a lack of stimulation. One situation many of us are probably familiar with

yawn.Ais being unable to control ourselves from yawning after seeing someone els

team of researchers from the University of Leeds headed by Catriona Morrison believe

that this has to do with our inclination to show empathy for other people. In other words

if someone yawns in exhaustion, and others in the room follow suit, it is likely because
they identify with and feel sympathy for the original yawner. This claim is substantiated
by studies demonstrating that yawning is most contagious among members of the

same family or social group and lowest among those with autism and psychopathy

conditions associated with the inability to empathise.

Meanwhile, evolutionary psychologist Gordon Galup of the University of Albany buildis

on both Provine's and Morrison's theories with his hypothesis that yawning developed

as a way to alert group members to potential threats. Agreeing that yawning is followed

by a feeling of improved attentiveness and that it is contagious, he believes that eary

humans capitalised on these effects to quickly convey the message to others that tmas

necessary to be on guard against attacks. Essentially, if everyone was yawninga

feeling more alert because of it, thelikeihood of falling prey to a predator was tarto

194

9NIOV38 SI13I S83XOVH S8Jnjeaj dujyajeW

lmportance of Gesture
8 T h e It thevoeiltuhrtieigrohntacaints the oldestLfCsGouioreepmgsbpnteulioretrmifmevlaeeainsnnsthcgaiauteovsanigsttciaepaslortarakinPneehdddniltoiolhpuafattnLetgrniieuet sobaoegverareeirmgrclioaonhrnoaitaknehnetdoadasiteunhslteeuothmgnueogseemenpstrootefeuo-ldfgsiencltsgoahtumnauitgrsmetugiuacebngsysietctubaoasrogtteyitheosintsope.fmraicmhtuiuanmatelialstavsnnbaeonwdn
tantsto support his theory.

usegestures, rather than
Lieberman contends that language was formed from non-
gesture emerging from language,
and that our currens.0

gesture stems from pre-linguistic communication.

As Natasha Abner, Kensy Cooperrider and Susan Goldin-Meadow stat
n
article 'Gesture for Linguists: A Handy Primer, gestures can be broadily their
split ins
into
categories, communicative and informative. The former includes intentionalv n r o

communicative gestures which are consciously used in addition to verbal communiea

orimcaatitoivne,either to provide emphasis or through modifying the literal meaning. Informat

communication, on the other hand, refers to passive or involuntary gestures that

are
not necessarily part of a communicative act, but can nevertheless alter the meaninn

such an act. Adam Kendon, co-editor of the journal Gesture and a global authorityon he

subject, has developed a categorisation system for differentiating various gestures. Thea

include 'gesticulation', a gesture which mirrors accompanying speech, 'speech-framae

gestures', which replace part of a sentence, 'emblems', conventionalised signs like tha

vertaOK' symbol made by touching the index finger and thumb, which occur outside

communication, and 'signs', gestures with lexical meaning in a system of sign language.

Kendon cites the longstanding interest in gesture in Western culture as evidence of its

importance to communication. This interest was evident during the Classical era when

gesture was considered a crucial part of effective rhetoric, as the Roman philosopher

and politician Cicero emphasised in his work De Oratore. It is also apparent in the unique

gestural systems of religions from Catholicism to Buddhism, through which adherents

can communicate a variety of complex meanings

The contemporary academic interest in gesture derives from both its roots in humankind's
pre-linguistic stage, which suggests that gesture is a universal form of communication,

and the recent interest in close psychological reading of face-to-face
communicatonfrom which

gesture as
it is possible to garner numerous non-verbal gestural cues. T hgeesctoumreplveaxniaynios

a system of individual communication is evide nt in the range of

wwaaftrohbnehirvaodaimcteleuyha-uctsrllaaicadsnhnatueognroedwiafnxbtagipgo'ognrtenehdegsssetetawussuxctrirdupcetehiresrfaoenfilusesrtetrsuvneelaatanodhttrtteeeidaamdaunuwnerttsisoadonenrgtradiienomltvtfghieeleesrlv,au.ectlswhGrottbrehuhaeaiterncmlosherececvoaobcoimnèmuaf vitnapnmenrlgeeeuCxuxpnoitparfittycelerbvaesrreteaosiirfnsnsobctntascshe.luoi'.asmgcAnTogspcmheyculiesosmnsxttrdesdiuesmianrtnanlhigycpdaoiaptnfttvaigogcoraoeternChmsinseotatu.dmulrbignmeuinnaevtaaclbtraihaaitrniaeinotgstsnts'sess,

196

Lookaththee.foilowing statements (Questions 21-25) and the list of people below.

h each statement with the correct person, A-E.

NR You may use any letter more than once

suggesteda4 that gesture sto0d tor an idea lying beneath words

ncreated an approach to distinguish different types of gestures
23 sarried out analysis of how gestures can say many different things about time

aA established the theory that gesture preceded language

95 conducted research into the use of gestures by apes

List of People
Adam Kendon
B Geneviève Calbris

C Philip Lieberman

D Natasha Abner

E Susan Goldin-Meadow

CH

07

OOK v. không chú ý tói. xem nhe suoplement n. su bó sung/bó tro autonomous adj. dÙc lap, fu xü li
E n. dÙng v-t linh truèng contend v. tranh luan consciously adv. ý modity v. thay ôi,
ngôn passive adj. thu dÙng alter có ý thúc, có chù ói mirror v. phàn ánh
ao idl àd). theo nghia en/hien biéu v. thay ói, bién d
panying adj. i theo, kèm theo emblem n. thú tuong trung, (thuÙc) fu vung hoc
tugng lexical adj
n g adj. có tù lâu rhetoric n. thuat hüng biÇn adherent n. tin theo, nguói úng hÙo
dô, môn dó, ngui

( (mot garnerv.dao, dàng) v.thu thap accentuate nhán manh, tôn lên

CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 197

Detective Novel a Literary Genre?
the Murders9 I sin the

idea of anWhen
Rue rMAolrlge nu eP, oteh ei nwt roorddu c' de det eCc. t A ug uste Dupin in the 1841 novel The
Edga unheard-of. However, the idacreati
iv e' was

intelligent amateurout-sleuthing the police intrigued many writers, who becghaarna.cters

Yet, given the predictability of the plots and charo.ng

whether the detective

began to question
el wweanscrime

eventhese
fiction of their own. nove

early tales, readers a

that beforoen.naaognMtsey.trymessrotyerreyinfar predicmtmnaHwTgeseehraainbkettaerllselyearesscSoradkaeitamrsoaceyolrroflsliu.wnv,mteihetBedsiitrsfeebcituyclatatnnitmiodmhdneaestnknheietoaanhstbvdadlett,ehledw?etteehhAptcaieoctttciihctvnthiretsvieshmtehovaesawerttefroisyccrrrtialiieomersenaelsfyipotsi,llnploiootmtwrliitomsnradaetoyehsfrreoecnedram-fcnadaoucsambltyameptshalohteasroaxatrrclittldeahhysseatioernniessfbanilaelsofirboeallroeensen

every one.

assnhtdoere.iesfascenBaoreoxucclnttut,ehettrtmneaisaotdrlyygnospfcfutue(heetrohsrastryheraieBanrnnrclo,odwitnnevmotc-rehrsosalkoei.ek.sl,iutmTAnltNihgiocmoeicsncitstothh)erii,eotdn,lciavagsnhesuegcnagnBotrtigraomlveceienhmtseecitimuiaromninse,spgiitclbtriyyrtocehisvlmiawidietsaeehvarwnfeteeitirrcsioieftntniiteaohestrbnhacsiltneee'hh;stpahcsaelvreasoviertmspeyoiarremryotdoidchlsehauatgdraocsierrertefaiydbieecnesttheoeehianfnrest'fh.dwrceaeeoitedmecgdceremoitsnmimtivrtveeeteainrdbi,eumtdtyaaannidnnttodyoysf

That mai nstream writers are known to incorporate ele ments of the crime fiction styvle
into their is distinc
work ad ds weight to the idea that the genre tive. According to the
detective novelist Phyllis Dorothy James, sometimes detective
story plots are found

weaved into the much broader plots of other genres of fiction. She cites the example of
John le Carré's 1974 novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. In this story, which is technically
an espionage novel, the main character emerges from retirement to take a case that

identify ahappens to involve a common theme in crime fiction a race against time to

wrongdoer.

According to crime fiction aficionado George Demko, another characteristic that sets

crime fiction apart is how the setting is used. Specifically, detective mysteries often
significant impact on the case. He
take place in a real place and time, and this has a of how widespread corruption was
in an essay, providing the example
discusses this
usually emphasised in crime novels set in Mexico during the 1940s. By explaining
that the perpetrator's surroundings were part of the reason the crime was commite

readers were left to ponder whether society as a whole shared responsibility tor u

terrible actions of an individual.

that

Perhaps the simplest argument for detective fiction deserving its own gen

certainly

people from all walks of life read it. That it is both engaging andsuspenseru o e f

a draw for many devoted fans, but maybe the popularity of crime fiction goes Fio
playing on people's innate desire to know the truth. The modernist ppooret T. S..Eliot

mathematicad

himself a great fan of detective novels, believed their appeal lay in the n

b e s tc a n

beauty oftheir mysteries. Ultimately, by presenting mysteries that only

solve, whodunits appeal to our inner natures.

198

P

ONIOV SI13I SHIXOVH Sa.njeaj 8ujsojew 2

10 Climate Change and Human Conflict

For as long as academics have been researching climate change, it has been t g

theorithat a change in weather will result in lack of rain and soil degradation. Whin

us think immediately of the ecological repercussions, fewer of us realise that thmaany0o

arable land and the ensuing poor crop yields will likely lead to higher rates a

povertypolitical instability, famine, war, and ultimately death for a large percentage of h

humanity

It is, of course, beyond the power of researchers to alter a region's climate to

whether this will in fact come to pass. However, by studying the existing docine

tationon weather disturbances and their link to human conflicts throughout

historresearchers can draw some conclusions and speculate aboutwhat might hanno

future. A team headed by Solomon Hsiang of the University of California at Rod.

erkeleyhas perhaps come as close as possible to predicting how climate change will f

affect

human behaviour.

According to their research, extreme weather does show a strong correlation wit

ith

a rise in human conflict. Specifically, the frequency of interpersonal and intergrou

up
violence rose by 4 and 14 per cent, respectively, for each standard deviation change n
climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall. Dr Hsiang's conclusion
is starting. He argues that because locations throughout the inhabited world are
expected to warm significantly by 2050, this climate change will result in an increase in

human conflicts in the next 30 years.

Are there recent situations that bear out Dr Hsiang's conclusions? Sadly, yes. Dartur
is perhaps the best example. In 2007, Achim Steiner, executive director of the United
Nations Environment Programme, published a research report caling Dartur the first
climate change war. The nation has experienced a 30 per cent drop in precipitation
in the last 40 years, and in the early 2000s, a lack of rainfal in the northern part of the
country caused agricultural production to drop sharply. With no food or water to sustan

them, more than two milion people migrated to refugee camps in the south, where
tensions began to mount, and conflict eventually broke out in 2003. It is estimated that

as many as 500,000 civilians died, and this does not include those who perishedto

starvation.

Other academics, such as agricultural economist Marshall Burke of the University of Calitona

contend that Darfur is hardly the first climate change war. He points to sub-Saharan Aia

as having a history of civil wars due to warmer temperatures. Somalia, for instance

South

been at war now for over two decades. And some academics, such as Universiy o

that

Carolina professor Edward Carr, have criticised Dr Hsiang's study. Carr emphasis

sting

focusing solely on climate as a conflict cause is both reductive and dangerous,suy

oblematic

that it might disproportionately influence policy decisions in unproductive or even p

directions.

ctResearch
According to Dr Carl Schleussner of the Potsdam Institute for ClimateImpac
to
seems

'Devastating climate-related natural disasters have a disruptive potennttiiaallttnhaait

200

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Look at the following findings (Questions 30-34) and the list of researchers below
Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-E.
30 Rates of human conflict will increase significantly in the next few decades.

31 Darfur is the first location where conflict has erupted due to clmate change

32 Other wars in Africa before the one in Darfur occurred due to increases in temperature.

33 Conflicts related to climate change are more likely to occur in countries with multiple

ethnicities.

34 Concentrating on one cause for conflicts could have problematic consequences for

policy makers.

List of Researchers

A Marshall Burke

B Solomon Hsiang

C Achim Steiner
D Carl Schleussner
E Edward Carr

Dáp án-Dich nghia-Chú giåi trang 452

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CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 201

HACKERS TEST

READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
on

Reading Passage below

ARE PLANTS INTELLIGENT?

In the 1973 book The Secret Life of Plants, Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird ranon

predilacithat plants had feelings, could read human emotions and thoughts, and had a d

ion
for classical music. Their assertions generated an uproar among members of the scientift
community, with many arguing that thinking and feeling require the presence of a brain and that

nothing in a plant, internally or externally, even remotely resembles one. However, members

of the reading public who believed that their plants thrived when dealt with affectionately

were quick to give their support. Although much of the evidence in the Tompkins-Bird book

has since been discredited, numerous articles and studies claiming that plants are more than
insentient organisms have since been published.

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202

HACKERS IELTS READING

Another study putting forward the idea that plants can 'think' focused on the way trees are
able to organise themselves. Suzanne Simard, a forest ecologist at the University of British
Columbia, discovered how trees in a forest arrange themselves in widely distributed networks

in a manner that allows the trees to share resources and protect fellow trees. They injected

the trees with a radioactive carbon and followed the flow of nutrients and chemical signals
through the community with a Geiger counter. A diagram they made of these movements

showed that the oldest trees served as hubs and had as many as 47 connections to other

trees. The diagram, they said, looked like an airline route map. Through the networks, the

trees may share information about gravity, moisture, light, pressure, volume, gases, saits,
microbes and potential danger, and plants receiving the information may change the direction
of their growth, restrain their growth, or pass on warnings to other plants.

Still, sceptics of plant intelligence find ammunition in the bizarre pseudoscientific experiments H

that abound, such as the one done on a carrot tied down to an examining table by the respected 07

botanist and biologist Sir Jagandish Chandra Bose. Bose, after noting that a machine
connected to the carrot registered twitches, starts and tremors', concluded, Thus can science

reveal the teelings of even so stolid a vegetable as thecarrot: Even more provocative was the

work of Cleve Backster, a former CIA operative turned lie detector instructor, who connected
a polygraph machine to a leaf of the houseplant in his office. Backster found out that when he
deliberately thought about setting the plant on fire, the machine registered a surge of activity.

This led him to the conclusion that not only can plants think, but they can also read minds. In

another experiment, he recruited five volunteers and instructed one of them to root up, stomp

on, and destroy one of two plants in a room. Later, Backster allowed the volunteers to enter

one by one, and claimed that polygraph metre 'went wild' when the perpetrator entered the

room, leading him to declare that the surviving plant had identified the killer.

Regardless of whether plants are insightful or merely responding to environmental stimuli in a
more primitive manner, the experimental evidence supports the idea that plants, like animals

are capable of habituation. But does this mean plants have brains? Words such as feel

perceive, learn, and remember are typically used for creatures with brains, and supporters
must show that a brain, along with its neurons and synapses, is not necessary for knowledge.
Stefano Mancuso, a leading figure in the field of 'plant neurobiology', states that 'if you are a
an advantage', and therefore we should stop thinking in terms of
plant, having a brain is not mes to plant intelligence. Thus, adherents like Mancuso continue
es of one day conclusively proving that other ways of pr
Drain responses whe n it co ocessing
to conduct research
in hop
Stimuli and information, such as with special cells and cell networks, and electrical or chemical
Signals, are indeed clear indicators of some form of intelligence among plants.

CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 203

Questions 1-6

Look at the following statements (Questions 1-6) and the list of researchers below

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-E.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 Plant adaptation should not be confused with learning.

2 Trees position themselves to promote sharing and protection.

3 Plants can identify someone who had done a violent act.
4 Plants' recall of events in a previous experiment suggests some form of memon
5 It is misleading to think of plant intelligence in terms of brains.

6 Plants can understand people's thoughts.

List of Researchers

Suzanne Simard
3 Cleve Backster
C Stefano Mancuso
D Monica Gagliano

E Fred Sack

204

Im

D
U

9NIOV3H SI131 S83XOVH SBJngjeaj dujyoyew S 9

VOCABULARY LIST

Hoc thuoc tu vung Chapter 07 và làm Quiz

powerhOuse n cuÒng quóc call into question phr d3t ra nghi ván

cargo n hàng hóa (vân chuyén trên tàu) Ocluster n cyrn, dám
shipping n v-n chuyén hàng hóa (bång tàu thuy)
mirrorv dua theo, bät chuóc theo come together phr hop lai, tu la

simultaneousad dóng thoi preadolescent adj. trugc thi ki ng tharh

instantaneous adj. túc thoi, ngay lâp túc docile adj débáo, ngoan ngoän
amenableadj nghe lai
universality n. tinh chát toàn thé, tinh phó bi¿n impulsivity n su bóc dóng

contest v. tranh cãi, ät ván dé nghi ngß instability n. tinh không ón dinh

convergentadj. hÙi tu pronouncev. tuyén bó, tó ý
date back phr. có tù bát áu xuát hiÇn tu
overarching adj. bao quát respiratory system phr. hê hò háp

vulnerability n. tinh d bi tón thuong reflex n. phán xa

ambush n. cuoc phuc kich, su nm rinh fatigued adj. mêt moi
a thand phr. ngay truóc mát, dang làm
prolong v. kéo dài perk up phr. trá nên hoaf bat, v-n dông
follow suit phr. båt chuóc, làm theo
repellent n. thuÑc chÑng/tru (sâu bo/ông vat.)
autism n. chúng tu ki
aversion n. su ghét, ác cám
attentiveness n. su chúy
fermentv. lén men
capitalise v. tân dung, lqi dung
tonicn.thuóc bó
overlook v. không chú ý tói
concoction n.thuóc pha ché
ease v. làm dju,giàm autonomous adj. Ùc lâp, tu xúli

seasickness n. sy say song primate n. dông v-t linh truóng

crescentn. luõi liêm contend v. tranh lu-n
a bounty of phr. nhiêu, phong phú, dói dào
consciously adv có ý thúc, co chù y
temple n. dên,miÃéu
passive adj. thu dông
column n. cÙt,tru
alterv. thay dó, bien dói
retelling n. câu chuyên phóng lai/truyén miêng

fortification n. su cung có, pháo dài

Quiz dong thoi 06 pronounce acó y thuc, co chu y
07 follow suit
Noi tù voi nghía. dya theo, bát chuóc theo 08 cluster tranh luan
09 contend x u a t hiÇn mÙt cách dang
01 ease kéo dài 10 consciously
02 aversion làm dju, giàm chu y

03 mirror su cung có, su làm cho bät chuóc, làm theo

04 simultaneous vung chàc cum, dám
05 prolong s u ghét, ác cám
không chú ýtöi

OL60 6 80 DL0 90 SO O 70 tO

206

& 88 2

O ! !

@ O D

ONIOV38 SI13I SH3NIVH Sainjeaj dujyojew

CHAPTER HACKERS IELTS READING

Matching Information

Matching information là dang bai yêu cdu nói cau cho sán vói doan trong bài doc co de cap dén

noi dung cau do. Tuy khong xuát hiên trong tát cà các bài thi lElIS Reading nhung day cüng la

mot dang bai phÑ bi¿n.

HINH THÚC CAU HÖI

Trong dang bài Matching information, các o¡n trong bai oc dudc dánh dáu theo thú tu bàng chit
cái. Yeu cáu cça bài là nÛi câu cho sán vói doan có dé câp d¿n nÙi dung câu dó rói di¿n tên doan

vào tüng cáu. Câu cho sán có thà dé câp, giåi thích, neu ví du vé mÙt sy kiÇn hoéc su vât vàdoa

dé câp dén nÙi dung câu thuong là do¡n miêu tå l¡i su kiÇn ho·c så v-t ó. Có truðng hop mÙt vai

doan duoc ghép l¡i và dánh d¥u chung bång mÙt chï cái.

Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-, in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 a reason that unusual sharks are increasing

2 an explanation for why sharks have drastically decreased in number
3 mention of why inbreeding is rare in sharks

"S6 lugng các câu dua ra và s6 lugng doan vän trong bài doc thuong khóng bàng nhau. Có thà có nhüng doan

không chúa thông tin cán tim ki¿m, hoãc có nhkng o¡n chúa nhiêu thông tin cán tim kiém. Trong truóngnop

thé chon mÙt o¡n nhiéu lán së có chú thích NB You may use any letter more than once.

208

D

D

9NIOV38 SI131 S83xOVH UOJEuJojuy duyyouew 2

Tim trong bài dÍc nhïng nÙi dung liên quan dèn cum tu

STEP 2 khóa vça xác dinh.

Ap dung ki thu-t scanning dé tim trong bài doc nhïng nÙi dung liên quan dén cum tu khóa vita

xác
dinh. Kiém tra toàn bÙ phán nÙi dung liên quan dó dé xác nh-n rång nÙi dung chính cça caues.

cho

sån có xuát hiÇn ð do¡n này.

EXAMPLE Tim trong bai doc nhung

A Although mutated animals are not unheard of in nature, the number nÙi dung liên quan dén cum
tù khóa unusual sharks
of two-headed sharks discovered recently is much higher than Cau có chúa nÙi dung lièn
quan dén cum tù khóa là
expected a t least five have been found in the last ten years. In
addition, researcher Valentin Sans-Coma has even found one in an one unique explanation
egg-laying shark species for the first time ever. These discoveries
have left scientists puzzled. blames the increasing

B Because they are still relatively rare, it is difficult to pinpoint one number of mutated sharks

definitive cause of the mutation. However, 'one unique explanation on overfishing'

blames the increasing number of mutated sharks on overfishing.

According to marine scientist Nicolas Ehemann, human fishing
activity has led to a dramatic decrease in the number of sharks in

the ocean, and therefore a smaller gene pool. He contends that this

has led to more inbreeding resulting in more genetic abrnormalities.

Reading Passage has nine paragraphs, A-I.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-l, in box 1 on your answer sheet.

a reason that unusual sharks are increasing

Bài dich trang 475

210

(D

D

ONIOV3H SIT3I S83XOVH UOLewsoui 8ujyoJew

-HACKERSPRACTICE

A Today, there are more than 350 extant species of parrots. These intelligent birda
come in a variety
the world for thei of sizes and vibrant colours. While they are prized as pets ar ound
r ability to mimic speech, they are not always as beloved in their

native lands

B Occinohncaleaktrtagegtreooooaf,ldnoadceklxpsaarraegmn-epddlapewhaarnorvofecttabhwlileisstchodisvmisivteAuiduarbsytnrehuallluioismawa,nafncweesha,ittcohbheulrotsicstaohlhneioynimthsaaerbheiettoaaadnlst.thosTe. vhNseeourstylepodhnbeulisyrrt-drcdsurocemsttithoveevediar
homeowners often complain that they are decimating
Local farmers and on it. They are also crops and
used in homebuilding by chewing
destroying timber expanding

their territory, which displaces other native bird species.

C To address these problems, sulphur-crested cockatoos have been declared a pest

species in some areas. This prevents them from being imported into new areas

and puts regulations on their ownership. In some regions, there are also regular

culls to keep the populations in check and to prevent them from damaging the local
ecosystem. While these policies may have an impact, it is unclear whether they

will resolve the issue.

The reading passage has three paragraphs, A-C.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

a reference to a banning a bird species irom certain areas
2 details of how parrots impact humans in terms of noise

extant adj còn tón tai vibrant adj. ruc ro mimic v. bát chuóc, làm theo sulphur-crested cockatoo p vet mao
vang nuisance n.su phién toái chatter n. tiéng hót liu lo, tiéng riu rit decimate v. phà hoai displace mi

pest n. loài gåy hai cull su sàng loc

212

HACKERS IELTS READING

2 A wtGBpjuuyhhresnotircemshvabpaaahhnmpsoeoeyratrtuhalhmcstoih.enuaetgngamdhlsuitsrwtitinonhHteoabeteangnhontdhelidge.hhBPeUaahdrntaiiflnnaoodgcrstttouutmphanhleaalytederrele'ysdsauiSsfnlocttriooinmnvBgeeprraroeenrdsatdaitdns,wuuttaebhds,esisthaocPenonhcvedieeliosrfytoswirolimltipehndhtewohafreh'snitchmehSewitdohev-enl1aee6pcmo0oweuu0anlrsdst CH
08
B Ttiwwpt- hnhhhmitheetorohiotuseedcuntplioogiefhptofnhmiohelotsrroaene,olcsnsnaupat.ttts.shewS,rofiieottrthvhroeimeseuxarsstpmiaorel,xsiornieiifscnmeeocrBamaeeinlntrnadtduimansisctdauiseaortsol'nysntecs,cbwosmae,mesuicanbksbipeueeeuroptnastnstttlhi.iesbusevtlnyFhseedoaraervethmcrewtiabunatbuaadseirtltteelnaeywrsnn..icalmlddeATb,aedlhksvuietoieerins,osleotniititptaispinlecmrtdaooppndpufouierlsorsaerctinmastnoiltnyegvetssesbtirthnmaeiifietsaoeishtyn,facoenoamrwmdbmfahioleekieultoddeestf

C Frwweohhdrietmfneorohfmosetrambotye,thdehb.rueNatutoisintnegesis.,thTwneohlheteistewsr,eiptdihhtsoopusuhtpsoheistopsirhsodoquarusoniugtmeserucswso,timllsbmunecoochtnos.napWvsoenerpttacreonaddneuoincsutieosnelgyththetioigsxnmiiictnoeroveluaiksrpetoaoubtwhrlnsee

homes. The red material on the head of matches is a form of red phosphorous.

Red phosphorous can also be ground into a powder and used as a fertiliser.

The reading passage has three paragraphs, A-C.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

3 a description of the dangers of combining a chemical with air

4 a reference to the agricultural uses of a form of phosphorus

p h ä n còn lai distill v. chung cát vapour n. hoi nuóc, chát lông base metal phr. kim loai góc
dé cháy, dé bát lua munition n. dan dugc adjincendiary gây cháy nó
pnorus n. phót pho combustible adj,
spontaneously adv. tu ý, tu phát ignite v. bát lùa, bóc chay

CHAPTER8 Matching Information 213

3 A Carbon is found all around us today - in the air, the earth, and in all living things-
but it is neither created nor destroyed. This is due to a process called the carho.
cycle. About 99 per cent of Earth's carbon is trapped in the rocks of its crust, but

through this process, it is slowly released into the atmosphere. Plants can then

take in the carbon, as carbon dioxide, for photosynthesis and pass it alona
animals when it is consumed. Eventually, as these animals die and their bodia
decompose, the carbon is returned to the soil.

B An often-overlooked aspect of the carbon cycle is that oceans are a highly significant

factor in determining the level of carbon in the atmOsphere. Our oceans act as

large carbon sinks, or storage units. This occurs because carbon dioxide enters

the ocean from the atmosphere, undergoes a chemical reaction, and becomas

trapped there. Unfortunately, since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossseiil

fuels has greatly increased the amount of carbon dioxide we release into the
atmosphere, while the oceans' ability to take in more carbon dioxide has remained

the same. This is resulting in a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and
leading to higher global temperatures.

C The increased carbon dioxide levels in the oceans since the Industrial Revolution
are also leading to problems for marine life. The chemical reactions that occur as
carbon dioxide is dissolved into the seawater lowers the pH level of water at the
surface. This acidification slows the growth of microscopic marine life such as
plankton and coral. These tiny organisms form the base of the marine food web,
so the acidification can have a negative impact on the entire system. And, since
we also rely on the marine food web, our food supply is threatened as well.

The reading passage has three paragraphs, A-C.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

5 a reason why one process can influence a whole system

6 the role of oceans in the carbon-cycle

7 how carbon gets put back into the earth

crustn. dp vó cing photosynthesis n. suquang hop decompose v. phan hiy, làm mún often-ovenlo d

thuóng bi bó qua carbon sink phr. bé chça carbon build-up su tich dissolve hòa tan pri evo hr dop
acidification n. sy axit hóa microscopic adj. siêu nhó
n. ty v.

214

A With today's aging population, the d ebate over seniors in the workforce has begun
that their
to heat up. Some people believe think seni prolonged place in the workforce
or employment can have positive
can be harmful to sOciety. Others

consequences for social cohesion and economic growth.

B Those who oppose employing seniors past the current age of retirement generally

cite the argument that an aging workforce is less productive, as health issues
and a lack of technical abilities limit the capacity of the elderly to do certain jobs.

Although this may be the case with the very elderly, in the United States the current
generation of over 60s is highly educated and relatively healthy, particularly in

comparison to previous generations.

C Others complain that it is too difficult to train seniors. They say. 'you can't teach CH
08
an old dog new tricks'. However, this too is a misleading argument. Seniors have
a wealth of experience which, with the right management, can be highly effective

in the proper context. Many already have applicable skills that can be useful in the

job market and are well-versed in the activities of the business world, eliminating

the need for training altogether.

One argument against senior employment that does have some validity is the fact

that they reduce the number of jobs available in the market place. For every job

that a senior is given, one job is unavailable for a younger person. While this is
true, the jobs seniors and younger people generally look for are quite different.
Instead of taking a job, they're usually filling a job that no one else wants, so it is
clear that there is little reason to avoid hiring seniors. In fact, it will likely have a
positive impact on both the senior and the employer. It will also reduce the need for
seniors to rely upon social security programs or pensions, thereby saving money

for the entire society.

The reading passage has four paragraphs, A-D.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

NB You may use any letter more than once.

8 a claim about possible benefits to employers and workers
9 a reason why training may not be needed
10 one effect of senior employment on welfare

két xä hÙi cite v. néu lên
adj, có thé
able cú, úng dung
s u gånC y pension
càn
Wal adj sucó su hopS
en. luc luong lao Ùng prolonged adj. kéo dài so cial cohesion phr. a p p l i c
h proper adj. phù hop context n. bó
a d). sai lÇc thao, bié t nhiêu eliminate v. loai bó, i cånh, tinh huóng .

ed thông giàm bóÛt validity n

n. luong huu

CHAPTER8 Matching Information 215

5A nongAtuamssoastnSovluaudemendaenryleevttlwhnyeesaadtruhdtdytabtvooohtjotefeaaieccstsdtaathhvtcstnehee,haoeanecfotnorclbrvardeeskaschstsranhhty.eoaiyaswlIitepnlsrcaseepd,arntmr.hrngotaeeHhiamhnnsecoagedahwvoatgisebeuciiiivsfstaaltuiellektydlraydyn,.itsiotsooOorhwtfuunuicntpssacdtonaieitafsvshynsiseentotgso'eenaortfpwacobflnceiuvwlteecyphiilctotiehhneouorsonsfahtswhtibassiseeotrtoiurvoinrtalhderyytrvehet,etsnhgeha.ateyrersecssgnibltostrraueufoistdscduotstehehpmpnmna.ertlatTela'sostncwheawptteismil'rlcosadaeebucgemercrbbaoeoahaannsssrttoodeeeaa

education professionals.

higher year, whilstBAchsaoacolcanseccnosilldkaielmsilirlunlgaafsgrttfitoiegshoureiafpnftttr,eototdhaomanesaydntiuenwtdwhtoeeeunnplestedsmee,hropcatgraviernoeosnusilaneuplafrsaaeruncnptoednpdhssoouiealrnpdctteacoitrtofhgfouieeicfvnmxfietaepnrlebolsycfay, tceaiatkashctriceaa.oelsTnssliesohtm.hreaaeTptsyilhmtoeuewsnaditsj,leolesanropinstlaceusrotvtahiniintoetcianyqoeburnlisnyentfs.rrtmtoueimorigsmnlstaechoaeuotnifortr

C Enrichment on the other hand, can be more difficult to put in place, as this involves
ves Within their original
providing opportunities for students to stretch themsel
enrichment programme
class. Teachers are the refore expected to generate an

that will match the strengths and skills of the gifted students, and allow them to
take on advanced work while maintaining a connection with their peer group so
that they can continue to engage socially with other students of the same age.

D Studies have shown that the most effective strategy for dealing with talented

students is to combine a measure of acceleration in certain subjects with

enrichment in others. This necessitates a programme which is tailored for the

student in question, and will play to his or her strengths and weaknesses. In

actual fact, the fundamental problem with dealing with talented students in many

countries, including the UK, is not which approach to choose out of acceleration

and enrichment but that neither is available, and students are forced to learn in

what educational researcher Maureen Marron calls a rigid 'lock-step manner' with

their age group.

The reading passage has four paragraphs, A-D.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
11 a reference to the effect gifted students can have on their classmates
12 a mention of a shortage of options for talented students
13 how teachers can help talented students succeed within their peer group

asrupuve ad). gåy rôi loan advocate v. tán thành, úng hÙ acceleration n. su tng tóc enrichme lam

phú thêmphong superficially adv. nhin tù bé ngoài, vé ngoài inevitably adv. không thé tránh khoi n question
tailor v
phr. dang duoc bàn lu-n én acclimatise v. thich nghi, làm quen put in place phr. thuc hien,
phu hop, áp úng nhu cáu lock-step adj. theo sát, cúng
nhác

216

(D D (D
CD

9NIOV38 S1131 S83xH uOygewouj dujyojeN8

7Disappearing Lions

A Lions, which once roamed large expanses of Europe, began to dwindle in niim
during the end of the last ice age when climate change altered the landscama.ber
ScapeFormerly, vast steppes

easy for lions to spot and
flat grassland areas covered ntvhier o cnomnetinntegnrt,e wmwakairnmg ait
capture their prey. But
as the e

and tall forests grew, other animals became far more difficult to hunt. With ner
harder to come by, it was impossible for lions
to s ustain their former nu mbere food

B There were, however, occasional sightings of lions in southern Europe die
historic times. According to ancient Greek historian Herodotus, the big cats.cJurilng
smabe found between the Achelos and Nestos rivers. As this is a relatively ould
geographical area, the species was probably already on its way to disappearine
aring
Greeksfrom the region at this time, with its demise no doubt hastened by the
love
of sport hunting and the Romans' demand for beasts to fight in their arenas.

C As for Africa, lions survived in significant numbers until the 19th century, when theevy
to vanish due to human population growth. Beca use
began machinery alowed

people to access the wilderness, human contact with lions increased dramatical

and so did the number of lions that were shot or poisoned with chemical pesticides

In fact, the lion population decreased by about 95 per cent in less than 200 years. Of
the approximately 30,000 currently left on the continent, nearly all are in sub-Sahara
and many face habitat repurposing, conflicts with farmers, and loss of prey due

to the trade in bushmeat among humans. Given that the human population of this

region is expected to double by the year 2050, the future for lions looks bleak.

The situation for lions in Asia is even worse. The sole surviving Asiatic lion

population now lives in India's Gir National Park. Despite their protected status, the

inbredfew hundred that live there are in severe danger because they are highly

being descendants of only abouta dozen lions. This makes them genetically weak

and vulnerable to disease; if a contagious illness were to spread, many of the lions

would perish, and their numbers might fall to unrecoverable levels.

E With Asiatic lions being officially critically endangered and their African counterparts

earning a recent endangered species listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

it is clear that conservationist groups want to protect the big cats from extinction.

While their efforts are to be admired, the reality is that the future of lions and the

potential reversal of the patterns leading to their demise thus far will depend on a

commitment to lions' protection on an international level.

218

D

D
D

3

ONIOV3N SI13N S83X3VH UOJewoJUI &uyyogew 9

Language and Dialect

A If two speakers can understand each other despite USing different expressin

slang, and accents, do they speak the same language? That's a question that bns

long plagued sociolinguists, who struggle to define exactly what differentia has

language from a dialect, a regionally specific type of speaking that is relate a
to a

more formally recognised one. There are, of course, several views on how an

e is

distinguished from the other and how language varieties are related.

B Some linguists believe historical origins are signiticant, Viewing aanydiaslpeecet cRhufoesrm
that is derived from an older variety of communication as being
this
notion, modern Romance languages, such as French and Italian, would be dialacs

deriving from Latin. But this view is somewhat flawed as although these lanquane.

may have come from the same tongue, they are now quite far removed from each

other and are not necessarily mutually comprehensible. In other words, alian

speakers and French speakers may not be able to understand one another as tthheeirr
respective vernaculars bear little resemblance. Likewise, they would not find t

beneficial to consult the same linguistic authority to solve a language usage issue

This means that though the Romance languages were initially dialects of Latin

that shared various similarities, they have evolved over time - due to the migration

ofvarious groups throughout Europe and are now considered separate official
languages rather than dialects.

C Meanwhile, a more pertinent way of designating a type of speech as a language

is to see whether it is officially recognised, which means it is used in official

government correspondence, has its own grammar, and is taught in schools. But
does this 'official' recognition truly distinguish between languages and dialects?

The fact is that some recognised languages seem quite a bit like dialects given

their undeniable similarities to languages used in geographically distant locations.
But when distinct languages do happen to share almost the same vocabulary and
grammar, with only a few exceptions that mostly appear in slang and idiomatic

expressions, they are said to be 'standard forms' rather than regionally specinc

dialects.

D One language for which this is true is English, for which there are various standard

forms, including British, American, Canadian, and Australian. Vocabulary, $peec
patterns, and even spelling vary among each of these languages. For instane
Canadians say, 1 have a new car', while the British say, Tve got a new car
of an Australian is extremely different from tnat
Meanwhile, the speech
American each would understand the other. As the varioustor
even though

of English used throughout the world are in fact traced back to British Eng sh
which itself has Germanic roots, wouldn't all forms of English be dialects given
all Anglophones Since
can more or less understand another? It seems
one nol.

"language.tneyare recognised by the governments of their respective countries and have
tneir status of each is elevated o
own standardised writing systems, the of

E Uitimately, attempting to find a satisfying distinction for tis a
communication, which is
challenge as they both enable language and dla
nguages
universal. sThe iai

220

D D

9NIOV38 SI131 S83xOVH UOjJeuiojuj bujsojeW 9

9Antibiotic Resistance on the Rise

threatsAAaltmoenugdgtaalhotceabysaalnbodfehedebnaeelcctrhaeodcmoeaensgdnoimifsdoepedvevrevebrliuyoosuppesm,roateofnnetttsi.hbseiiooAetnnifcatfilebsrceiotasstisiscotofanrnaeencsteioisbfitisaothsntipeccresem,aoaedsriititnhsgdeeasrantcghwrreoohruosesunthbacteeria
mutation o r through a gradual build-up of resis tan ce. The bacteria
ttohcatoainmtotairc
extremely difficult to treat, and in some c ases no medicines exist

This is becoming such a pressing problem that the World Health Organicati.m,
described it as 'one of the biggest threats has intrboucead a
to global health', and
global action plan in an attempt to counter
it.

B Antibiotic resistance emerged because of decades of misuse due to the

despreadwwateiadshvlveilaeaotesushiwinlndogaieneubnntxvehtieglcaeoidateclutyohsetgdopesrhaoabmtsncrarttyedtehtron.eoaerdttyan'Fsgtoohlbhefrpaeyracrsmevekstxtrest.horacoeamnrnfiigonppueestlnidireomtru,nebcpg.mamaauctcaIuitlttenaoltritynioseipandlpy,eaevsbasaotioisanrpmuuldletaesanedttotsetheifa.bdvekieTaoetlcnhohtaitaepacipbntsaoitioibmavkbtiriieimllolcoirtutuiuoiendncfssfdrisetuyagoflhoolfstfarolttfahotthnhehvoeteefeiswbredciaeoorntaudthmtikigrecbumssiggbcootstaChniuccuaantnuteTcCstus.rhareoesaiirrleessde

C Tfaasaisrtnnohrmtudmegibgasrgijgoteoohowlrtiseninicthnsogreegarrarti.edhonlstresiAhufsaigont,raffdirensabewkatrsaletbitchescatnrtreocoanortmnuaiweattgrmiibhvadaooaerewnecuvttiterlekebltrnohiaakaopetcil,wmiltnweanuegrnopnidaartillstsmdto.h.mimen3IIttufu0nheiln0stucaiidttmesmyirosubibtnltgieleosmiroe,rnnaaoenfitsnpeptiiicdensrbleotfuiatedpodhncitliacteitnic,ttogesbmondyrsaipltnsl2tnhiuhd0oeapanu5tt,ersm0erai.bfsdroeiueuneangiurcaescnov,,thnerteearEraynro.tsdlaclyeboeaadllarreieer

D tswsseIhtpioxicitirisckhdseeaaagsnidncsneotiinttsvmihneejetarauoalsspUsltfr.aonefmoeIisctndecieadsdrditupepatesrSltooeyditod,asinmtuitnietcfpfstoihorssrorauvaortmaehenfntaedegitnmnhidisvenaeseftlvtnaeshaenc.antltiotodmIthpacaauimronsldmsniem'etanprshniatrtbeaislsmoauc.,fltttaiehacdtsneerauddtnigontdthharleanaweyrttsgeiibl8aselitr-0oabeftnaeipgcritenmerbgnrsea.ecscrteAiatosnelstlrtmayiwanoi,xifcntheowaatnnhhbtgtuiiicuibmbvhtiieoaonatnctilcacsstnsoso

reversesinsE oTacnlraefnoehbsutwebioilbsadrittfacoyaibtgttpnoeiehcecrrtsiiseseaiagsoiingasnfaariamferiininmocutsuaailpttbpnniopitpdoa;sleenstsitaitchbcisrbsietilnereioia.gnwstitinonicHassrottlosdrowlesfohusaenbaicrvgasevhetecerart,wanedaroctiihrresafakeec.tiraoneiTessvghitebahihrsolaaeengctdsolocosuapboobltelduamiuoelntanontileo,hlleorenaaicwanssulgrltttdeehohoctethcetphhtnedraoiemtrtorusrbigitrsdtyeosir.raueeukescast.itnhselydtrDaonnerwveetIdestsnlieitocbridaipintonnuhetewayisct

thbhueasmtt aahnroesp,ecsuoargrietaniintslsysttittlhlhoiasutgianhnctreetaoarslibynegsutgaslgeoelbeaoslfsh.deeTavhlteihslotpmhmroeleaentc.tu. leIt has yet to De i sted on
nonetne
may the

222