Speaking Korean Book 1

KOREAN Revised Edition By eel: e-< ° a ty z ia “= tab Sen i OU oi 248 =a s ms Dstt = * dard ji Jj Arif AFP. Est a b ‘© ie ozs one REDE od Lo ai oar é 2 ( Taity ok I He ih i. eS ae 856 SoU rab ofrur” J og oo lean

Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2022 with funding trom Kahle/Austin Foundation httos://archive.org/details/speakingkorean0001 park

For Lucia John Anna and Paul

SPEAKING KOREAN Revised Edition Book I by Francis Y. T. Park HOLLYM INTERNATIONAL CORP. Elizabeth, New Jersey

SPEAKING KOREAN Revised Edition Book I Paperback ed. 1994 Copyright © 1984, 1993 (Revised ed.) by Francis Y.T. Park All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the written permission of the author except where permitted by law. Hollym International Corp. 18 Donald Place Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208 U.S.A. Tel =: (908) 353-1655 Fax : (908) 353-0255 ISBN : 1-56591-101-6 (paper) 0-930878-82-5 (Book I, revised) 0-930878-51-5 (Book II) 1-56591-102-4 (set) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-80023

RECOMMENDATIONS Dear Reader, Mr. Park is co-author of the Korean language textbook, ‘Myongdo’s Korean ’68.’ That two-volume book was the product of Mr. Park’s experience in helping to set up the Myongdo Korean Language Institute, and his years of experience in teaching Korean to foreigners. This is a book born of Mr. Park’s expert knowledge of the Korean language, the science of linguistics, and his excellent knowledge of spoken and written English ; but most of all, his long and profound experience in teaching foreigners Korean, and in his long experience in instructing other teachers. This is a book produced from many years of labor and growth. I recommend it to all who embark on the task of learning the Korean language ! John. J. Corcoran Past Regional Director Maryknoll Missions in Korea I congratulate you on the publication of your new Korean Language Books. They will fill a great need among the increasing numbers of people who wish to learn Korean. I believe your new approach marks a significant landmark in the short history of the development of such texts. I am acquainted with your fine work in the past on the texts for the Myongdo Institute. In the name of the foreign community in Korea, let me express my gratitude to you for your unceasing efforts at helping us learn your language. Rev. John. P. Daly, S.J. Past President Sogang University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Finally, here is the long-awaited and revised Book I. In particular, I wish to thank Father John Corcoran, the past Regional Director of the Maryknoll Missions in Korea. I greatly appreciate his kindness and encouragement. Without his continued assistance, this book could not have been completed. I am also indebted to many other persons for their assistance in the revision of this book. I wish to express my sincere and deep gratitude first and foremost to Father Joseph Turowski of the Maryknoll Missions in Korea and Father Peter J. Fleming of Sogang University for their help in proofreading and for offering numerous suggestions. They were instrumental in pointing to areas that needed correction and improvement. It is impossible to express adequately my gratitude to them for their time and efforts. I also owe thanks to Ms. Jeong Soo Lee, Ms. Sun II Kim and all the faculty members of the FSI Korean Language School for their help in proofreading. Ms. Sang Heun Kwack, an instructor at the Korean Language Institute, Sogang University, tirelessly and diligently typed the manuscript from beginning to end. I deeply appreciate the capable assistance, enthusiastic cooperation and unceasing efforts which she has given. To my wife, Lucia, I would like to express my love for all the patience, encouragement and advice that she offered. Finally, a special word of thanks to Mr. Woo Dong Hong, the president of the Dong Kuk Computer Printing Company, who has been very patient and understanding throughout many revisions. Francis Y.T. Park Seoul, Korea

Preface 3} PREFACE This book is intended primarily for those English speakers who wish to acquire a good knowledge of spoken Korean. This is the first of four volumes in an entirely new type of textbook series for students of Korean. Since I wrote ‘MYONGDO’S KOREAN’ in 1968 (PART I and PART II) and the first edition of SPEAKING KOREAN in 1977, and in the process of teaching Korean to foreigners since then (at the Maryknoll Missions and the foreign Service Institute, Department of State), I have acquired additional teaching experience, psychological training and insights, which I hope will make the work of both teacher and student more productive and rewarding. During these years I have constantly revised the lessons of the original text to a point where content and method demand the publication of a new book. This book is the result of personal growth and research. It is designed to impart an active practical skill in the use of the spoken language, without neglecting the development of competence in reading and writing. This book has several unique characteristics to it, qualifying it as an important development toward a more integrated approach to the study of the Korean language. Very simply, the difference is that this new approach develops a new method of learning, rather than simply a method of teaching. The structural-linguistic approach avoids simply repeating, changing or substituting sentences. Instead, the devices are used by the learner to achieve the goal of self-expression. The approach has been to grade the frequency of vocabulary and patterns, and then to integrate them in such a way as to allow for continual review and assimilation. This approach has been developed in line with the most recent scientific, linguistic and psychological strides made in the language fields; it avoids a reductionistic, analytical approach, and concentrates on structural patterns of spoken Korean. On the surface, the significant benefits of this approach may not be obvious. To state some of them: the Korean language is studied as a language; ie., —as a system of meaningful sounds and sound patterns, which occur in various frequencies, intensities, and situations. To do this, vocabulary and patterns had to be recorded and graded over a number of years, and integrated into basic sentence patterns, short stories, and longer readings. As a result, Korean language students will be more successful in gaining the culture and language more quickly and efficiently, and will be led to master the material with a secure confidence in their ability to use it.

4 Preface This book consists of 46 units. If four or five hours a day are spent on each unit, it is possible for a student to cover one unit a day. On the third day, after studying two units, the students are asked to review them. However, depending on the intensiveness of the curriculum and the size of the class, it is probably better to devote extra time to more thorough drilling on structural patterns and reviewing earlier material, rather than studying new lessons. Each unit consists of the following items: Basic Sentences, Useful Expressions, Notes On The Basic Sentences, Structure Notes, Drills, Short Stories, Reading and Briefing. Basic Sentences : The Basic Sentences are organized with graded patterns and words. They are conversational, natural, and the standard spoken language of the educated Korean speaker. The Basic Sentences should be memorized in one’s own preparation work and with the help of the native teacher. While drilling the Basic Sentences, the student must not permit himself to speak more slowly than his teacher. The student must follow the way the teacher himself talks, without watching the book too closely. Language is to be spoken, not to be read. The right-hand side gives the English equivalent, which indicates what is said in English in a similar situation. It is not a literal translation. Useful Expressions : This section of useful expressions permits immediate use of the language in class, as well as an early command of the most frequently used everyday-life expressions. Notes On The Basic Sentences : This section contains assorted information on specific sentences, as well as idiomatic expressions. The student will find cultural meanings of those sentences, which are not evident from the English equivalent of the Basic Sentences or from the Structure Notes. At the same time, the lexical meanings, synonyms and derivations will be studied. The numbering of the notes corresponds to that of the sentences. Structure Notes: Grammatical structures will be explained and described in this section. The student will always find the new patterns introduced in the Basic Sentences. The student must not ask the teacher to explain the structure of the language; rather, he should read the Structure Notes outside of class. Lengthy explanations of the structural patterns must be avoided. Instead, the classroom should be filled with the sounds of the Korean language. Emphasis is always focused on acquiring skill in using the patterns. It is not very important to know the rules into which the patterns fit.

Preface 3 Drills: There are seven kinds of drills in this section: Substitution Drill, Pattern Drill, Intonation Drill, Integration Drill, Response Drill, Level Drill, and Expansion Drill. The diversified drills are intended to develop fluency, as well as to promote the spontaneity of a new set of speaking habits. While repeating and drilling the patterns in class with a teacher, and in the laboratory or at home with tapes, the student will not only facilitate the mastery of structural patterns, but also will be able to know how to apply the rules or expand the patterns. Short Stories : This section is intended to review grammatical constructions already studied in the Basic Sentences, the Structure Notes and Drills, as well as to increase vocabulary in a related situation. There are usually just three lines. The teacher reads them to the student, and asks the student to answer immediately. After that, the student must ask questions just as the teacher has done, and finally must say them all by himself. If fluency and spontaneity has been achieved to the teacher’s satisfaction, the teacher begins the expansion drill, and the student repeats the sentence. Reading : This section is intended to reinforce audio-lingual skill, as well as to achieve effective skill in reading and writing. It is also intended to increase useful vocabulary. Even though vocabulary is considered of secondary importance, it is better to increase vocabulary from the beginning while studying the structure of the language. This section has many objectives: comprehension, related stories, interviews, interpreting, role play, and so forth. On the basis of the reading, diversified teaching techniques can be used for variety. Briefing This section is intended to achieve a goal of self-expression. The student need not restrict himself/herself to the contents of the outline. Use it rather as a guide. Take notes if you wish and refer to them as needed during your presentation. You do not have to translate words and patterns, but should convey concepts by using your own words and patterns, describing the ideas for which you do not have one word available. When you have prepared your remarks, so indicate to the teacher. Following your presentation, the teacher will give you feedback.

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Contents la CONTENTS MCC ONAN TEND AcE ION G seapeccscsee net acct u cate cs deere she dae quatvcs Saseu, Sede cael os kcs canes 1 J CVG CSA PLETE) OS SURE BA eee ene ne OR” Ane ee RN Oe 2 BRS Fe Ae Wee nc ania aoa sete ins pasos Ss cate nce A de hos as nn ote en Saget bg acess. wee ek caked 3 PON, GU e(thesKoreangAlpaabeb). <oepes se staciet Bees acess ctrans poe -pcpehen te soenceerset 13 BETO NO ONG Mo tacss ocessane a nk te ees. ea aeeee. wes ee ia ce te eves vase caegs dean sree vias sie vies 18 BRENT US cede od cet ssw sae aI lee a a 4 te leg vn are ph cn CVs sey fg siete Gans poems Sev 48a Us 20 TASES GIS MEPS E ESpecicagoo nt. ROS Sor ty MOLE hr EME een eee ne ane ar aee eS PNT eres, 30 BEV aL el Nitec Rte ea a te iso Site Penis eae Scand aks bye b ences Ys Las deacedbe ssh ve eats 47 NEON ADO NA iD eIOIN ATs CON LQIS ses nes to ginbeace sey eet tae soe ono 3s reese eee 48 INTRODUCTORY COURSE Unit 1 IAF Greetings (1) -:--:1eccceseeereeeeeeee eter eee eee cece esse eae eeeeeeeeeseeeeee ae eees 51 Unit 2 1IAt Greetings (2) ----cicretee teeter eet te teen e eee e eee ee eee ee eee nee nee eec eee nenes 55 Unit 3 ZR Kimeh’i ceeeeeeeeeee eee ee cence eee e eee etccn seen ecenceenccenseeescseueecaeeeueseueeees 59 1. Style of Speech -++++++++++ ae feiss cn ae ae ase ea allG ASW opine Soo na Oey 60 2. The Informal-Polite Style scrscssscrseeeceeeeeee eet eet eee eeeeeen eee sense eeeeeenes 61 3 Korean Verbserrssrrrcrcccec eects eceteeeeneeeeetensesescessesceseenseeesenscsssasesens 62 4. The Verb Q] Uf cccescesrssrecesseeee eee eseeee tesa eeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeanenece eee eeeeenees 63 Unit 4 St Korean Language -orrr crc eetrreereereeerreteneenee ene eee eee 66 1. The Particle -7}/-°] GARI COR OO CORE OOUC DIAC ODE CHORDIE CCCICIDGL OO GUUCLCCEON COUR IOOCONC Dr 68 2. The Verb o|c} Bisraisiniasolais{olnieiein’syataia sinie: cielo @/etsinials’c s\e\s\sis\s cia/s\nie\sicinle/si0le s'sieis/sisies\s sle/s)sisiels ple isreine.s 68 3. The Object Particle Se ee 69 4. The Particle -o] 4 bate GID cccccee cece eee eee eee eee ceseeeeccteeceeeeeeeeeteeeeees 69 5. The Honorific Infix -(<) A\- seen cece eee ence scence es ees ees ees eeseeeeeseeeceseees 70 Unit 5 AAJA, On the Street ----cccccccccceccreeeesesse tees teense tees eee eee ee cence eens 73 1. The Formal-Polite Style -ss:::rsrrrtrterseeteeee sree teee eee enee sees eee ecee ae eees 75 2. The Particle -ol] ‘at,’ Sim’ cccrececeeseeeceteesteee esses ecseeeeceeeeeceeeeeseneees 76 3. The Particle -(©&) & ‘with,’ ‘by (means Of) -:+++1eersrreeeeteeeeteeeee eens 76 4. The Chinese Derived Numbers <:1:vrrrtrtrrrtsrerctecreecece eee eee ees ecen ees WHE Unit 6 BZ AF] Shopping -vv-v---cccccccceecce esses eeeteeeee cess eceeeeeteeeseeeseceeen ees 81 1. The Native Korean Numbers <srrrrrstssteee* Oe eee aceon cb acisens dyes 83 2. Classifiers ccccrccreceeceetc recente teenie eee te ee ee ae ee ance eea eee necaeeeaeceeeceesee neces 84 a The Particle -o]] ‘fOr ‘per’ @ sisie sieie ee aietereioe pone ce rceses ce cneeeeeenececoecscsceces 85

Unit 8 Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Unit 12 Unit 13 Unit 14 Contents 4. The Honorificg Verbsieeecsisst+sserens os tscossseanssansccesenan cer ecuratenanemeast 86 I AlOl] What Time 2 -----:::::eeseeeeeeeeeeeceeccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeceeseeees 89 1. The Particle -ol] ‘at,’ ‘on,’ ‘in’ (Time) :cevcceeesscceeeerseeeeeseteeesseeeees 90 9. The Particle -7}2] “until,” “by,” ‘to’ stes+eetereeedeeetesectsebeseduonaentetass 9] 3. The Particle -22E] ‘from’ coccccccccccccceeeteeeeeteeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesersereaaaes 9] SAMOA, In the Restaurant --vrrrcrseeeeeeese cere e sees ses e reese eee eeeeeeeeeees 95 1. The Past Tense -9t-(-S]-, -Q]-) cereeeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeessssnseeeeessseecenens 97 2. The Pattern -= (-2-)7}9.2 ‘Shall were: 2? coveccsseseeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 98 3. ‘The Contrast Particle =t2/ 22 +<+sttssstereus serssasucascecstesiainscdetendees 99 MSL Telephone -------cese+seecceeeseecceesssnncescessesseovessenscoeseesesaasesessanees 104 1. The Negative Adverb - ‘do mot? cccccsssscseeesseseeeeessseeeseesensanees 106 2. Negative Construction of Verbs-:+:ss:+sssseeesscereeseeeeeessteeeesseeeseens 106 3. The Sentence-Final Ending -2 (3) 72 ‘will probably do’ ---108 4, The Future lt ay — Gabi teteaice ie enter ne es se eoee Annee qersvareategaers 108 AIZE Time vevecceecceecceesceseeecceecceesenscensceecsecensseccensessseeceesseeseuseeeees 112 1. The Particle -é}31 2°] ‘together with’ -rrresserreeeeeeee eee ee ee ee eee e eens 113 J TRe Particle SSbar “And? eres eerie aged eaten cance 114 3. The Exclamatory Ending 2() = Gf alee dk BE SRS es Rac 114 4. The Particle -ol] ‘to’ rrr CRE ACRE AE te ONIN: css ess 115 EWA| Taxi -cccececcerveecosscsccesccececeeereseeseessescesecssceesscescssesarsssessnsceeees 118 1. The particle = (C2) St ree secetes vean eee seseaee ae 120 2. The Sentencé-Final Ending =2] (9. -+-+:-/+.rd-08- Cais heeds adeecee renee: 120 3. The Sentence-Final Ending -31 512 ‘Of course’ --+:+++er+eeeseeeeee 121 4. The Exclamatory Ending - © (2) GO] 2 /-EU] &@ verrresereet reece eee eeeees 121 BOOK I A| a Market SOc eves eco r ones e lessees bet eeeere sosinsasees eeu seuScusiausbeeplessbieacaceecececess Orr 1. Answers to Negative Questions ele b:o@lole srersiare na a/laleforaie e visiaiateteleia atuiatataiet tre 6's) s Ais sic'sisie 128 9. The Adver 2 —" ‘can't? “roti 24: eet eee eet vendeeees cy ee 129 3 The Suffix 2 *abauit? epretsssAl ene coutena mennheeer en ee necdten acerca: 130 Aor 2 2? How Much Is It? cereceseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeceeeeneecseneeeeseneeseaeaes 135 1. Independent Nouns and Dependent Nouns --+++++++sesseeeeeeeee tees serene 136 2. The Particle wh “only? i.s-0-22-e- esse cveseingapiaenenareete remeeees «steered 136 3. The Particle -& ‘also,’ ‘too,’ ‘even,’ ‘indeed’::-++++++1+s+++eeerereee reece Tad WME dove of ETERS ORT EE OM PACT re rig tr ho so ace posit coe Pe SEE ay 138 SESE AL 2 From Whoa ?6<+-t4es10tecsitcn ddan peated Me ivan ea: 143

Unit 15 Unit 16 Unit 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 20 Unit 21 Unit 22 Contents o 1. The Particle -@+e]4] ‘from (a pergon)?+:--+-+++-seessseeeeseeseseeeeeeeeneees 147 2. The Particle - Fe] ‘to (a person)’ -+++::seseeseeete esse eeew ese eceeereeseen ens 147 OD MPATUICIES ISEGHNEV ETD PREASES ees sceme st oon ketones Livevas deste cwahecswenenes 147 AGRA SY ieee ss Ad PETE, «kh BU AaEe DS IRSA Stl ds Mecsstensss 148 MH St” Department’ Store 26 ---- 0s: -moeseeteddcs Ande T A ib be ce seseseeee 153 1. The Particle -2}/->} Zo] ‘together with? -+--:+-++-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee seenee 155 2. The Particle -9}/-x} CAT NGlauas soles ss stetelecainiels slelelelesviniy 2p eereleleisteistetes oie cisisie'e < eieicleieis eis 155 Seerhe Noun. Modihiers : io. V°S,, (es mit demir wat td..8.......... 156 QAM 4] sh7] A Five Won Plane Ride ----------eeeeeeee eee ee ee eee scene ees 161 1. Noun+¥tel] + git} (or H=t}) ‘there is no one (nothing)’:-+++++++-+ 163 2. The Suffix -A 2] “(a thing) Worth’ cerrcrrereeeteeeeesee esse ee eeeeneeeeeeeees 164 3. The Negative Imperative Form -2%] "tt ‘Don’t do? -rrrrereetee eee 164 4. The Negative Adverb =1¥1I- ‘stop (doing)’ srrrrrereree este ee eee ee eee ee eens 165 HE 4H A] 2 ? Are You Busy ? vccrcrececcec esc eee eee ee eee ee ete eseeeeee teens eee neeee ees 170 PDE HUI’ V cabs epee PUES op teer ded, fetch ohereti tee hala feist cases 171 2. The Sentence-Final Ending -°}(-4, 4) #t} (or Ezch) «ee 172 Be 1 Sh, FO DIV Haha {BOGK Pit ose En A Ra a RO PARE dh soph caisson 178 PT ese article 22) <c(of) 4 sett Bee SRO ST A GO kes vires. ots 179 2. The Potential -= (S$) = Qt} (Q1t4) ‘can (cannot) do’ -+:+++++++ 179 eT he Intentional = 2) 7s s willdo: ae -- Ohbt eee. SE 180 eA EET Drink Coffees 11k) eters haisbesk isthe sah. cvevnoery 185 1, == Irregular Verbs --+sec-+:ssstesetebestesseeseesseesssceesecsestoeseesvereevnees 187 2. The Sentence-Final Ending -3. Alt} ‘want to do? vrrrrrrerreeeeeeee 187 ® Fhe Conditional’ =CO.) Seite ‘when o--eeenretetc-eeesercrete-weleeasesSeun. 188 Of Swimming cevvereereceeerrcrseeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenetensseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 194 iby The Ending -(2) = Sn order to’ Serb iwie ele/slele ¥is'eis,o\9 0\s\8\e/oju,e, ele 8.06 sleie vicisie cioisiejs/e vine 196 2. Verbal Noun Formation -7] and - 0 /--e cesseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee ees 196 3. The Causal Ending -7] “rel ‘so,’ ‘therefore,’ ‘because’:-:--------- 198 4. The Contrastive Ending -2]@t ‘but? sssscccsccreeessetseeeeeeeeteteeeeeeeeees 199 LEM] Weather ccvccccccrccceeceecceccesteetetesse esse eeenereeeeeese sere ees ano cosusancaoe 205 1. The Comparison -Hr} ‘(more) than’? cecccrcccesccccccecccsccceccceecceecees 207 2. The Sentence-Final Ending -t (2) 7 2} ‘it seems to be’ »:::- 908 3. The Particle -"}= ‘to the extent of,’ ‘as much as’ vrrrrrssseseereee 209 4. The Superlative Marker atY (or 7}4t) ‘the most? s:rr++-++eeeeeeeeeees 909 Aoprt HOlS 2? How Far Is It? vccccccceesscceeeeeeseeeeeeeeseeee steer ee ees 915 1. Noun Modifiers: -u (2), -—~, -2 (9 ee 217 2. The Particle -u}r} ‘every’ cece eee e cece eee e scene seen sess crseeeneeereceesesensees 218

10 Unit 23 Unit 24 Unit 25 Unit 26 Unit 27 Unit 28 Unit 29 Unit 30 Unit 31 Contents 3. The Suffix -#] ‘apiece, ‘respectively,’ ‘each’ °+::-++++---- eee cemnaaeecs 218 DIS Climate --eeecceeceeeceeeseeeseeeseesseteeseeseesesesesseesseeeseeeeseeneesteeeneees 993 1. V.S. +-3k(-&, -9)28 Sac 1 wish it would happen’ --------- 225 9. The Intentional -= (-2-) @_& ‘intend to? ssrrrreseeersteteeeeteeeeeeeteeeeees 295 3° "Phe Ordinal Numbers. oseccts-civsdecesdl-estececee seemed: oyaeeman some 296 OFS The Movies -cccecscccceecccesecccecesccecessesecsssesesesseecensenesesensneeesnses 939 1. The Coordinate Ending -31 ‘and? s-ressseesssseessetesseeeesseeeseeeeneeenees 933 2. The Non-Final Ending (a) =) Merwhen! sunita? toe 234 (b) -= (2) AEA] ‘until? ---eeeeeeeeeeee reece 935 (c) -2 (&) wubch ‘every time’ vee 935 (d) == C2) v-e) from, the time? a= 235 PHALO}D 2 Is It Alright 2---:+:-te:cc+e-eeececnseeeecesecesneseeneeneesetenseeecens 949 1.. The Concessive:Ending.<°} (=9|;, +94) mevenjthough) ¢-+++"+**-- 243 2.-The Obligatory. Ending =°}(-°];. 24) oh, shah smust) esa depo 245 3, AWVS.4-1.62-). Ch2ol] ‘after doing’ sasceeeesahiaste-ca2rcer<-b-e+ 22>: 247 EHH Cigarettes. <+-o<+-reeoy-teue+s<nprerneeie eee ng adens cree goer deen ae --- aoe 253 1. The Non-Final Ending, =9°}(-1, °<e4)4] idotand*do’ j-sts2-*----:<--- 254 2. The Transferentive Ending -t7} s1+-++-:te<secssacesenttesatetesseeeennrees 256 3. A.V.S.+-7] Aol] ‘before doing’ vrrrrerreeseeset tee tte tte eet eee eee e eee ees 257 BA LOLI? What Does It Meam 2? ---ceccsetececereseeceeneereeenneeeeees 263 1. The Causal Non-Final Ending -°}(-¢], -e4)4] ‘because’ -++-+++++++- 264 The, Particlesus7l 4]. aindicgl » we stir~ etaune sa oes tae ek 266 3. A.V.S.+-°(-9], -o) Hct ‘tries COIN’ vrreererec rete tet e eee tect eee neces 266 4. o}-7- e+ Negative ‘nobody OCS 2 cee ret eet eee eet eee esc eeneseseeceseeeeeseeces 267 AAS ZACH Let’s Go Slowly ----ereeerere rere ee ee ee ee ee ee terete eee e este ee eeene Daly, 1. The Causal Non-Final Ending -(2.)1]7} ‘because’ :-:-++++++7+++++++++: 274 2. 4Z2t+V.S.+ Negative ‘(it) is unCOMMON’ vrrrerrse rest tt eee e te te ee ee teens 275 GN oia ed her alii ieee Sur 413s ates ae teste eee eee eee 276 AISI]? What Date Is It 2? -crrrrcereetee eee ete eects eneeeneenereeneeneeaeens 283 1. Time Classifiers: -%, -tb, -G, -qed, Wd ceceeeeeee eee eee eee ee enone ees 285 2. A.V.S.+-L(=2) 2|)7}+Time-Word+=|t} “(the time) since’ --»--- 287 3. The Particie -%]4 ‘(the same) as,’ ‘like’? ccerrresseceeeete tees ereee eee es 288 EP A Visit -cccereceeseceenenetsenceenscwensenenssacareersneseseneesessenseetesecnsees 293 1. The Introductory Non-Final Ending -v (-2, -%)U] cccrrssrreeeeeee 295 2. The Time Non-Final Ending - (2) U7} ‘whem’ -+:+8++1+7serteeeee seses 296 3. The Sentence-Final Ending -7|= 3}t} ‘decide to do’ ++++++-++-+-++++-- Tan AHO] 2) Al LA|Q Have Fun Cee e rece eee e eer ereser eee re esse reese ssesrereseesesenesvess 303

Unit 32 Unit 33 Unit 34 Unit 35 Unit 36 Unit 37 Unit 38 Unit 39 Unit 40 Contents 11 1. A.V.S.4+ -2 (=) Qo} 9) c} ‘have something Koike (0 eee eee 305 2. The Intentional = (2) 2] at) SEC Sntend t67do’! <*-+iee-0e ta eee es ces de eens 305 Soiheending ~C2 ye] Uh inrorderite® trae t~-yaeee bee A qh ho s-Foeosseccess 306 BE PRR Gye we rtsr wake Sete ews sp tga t lh oes sepbwensdlavensey Hws sad Pa eee dads’ 319 1. The Progressive -31 9)t} ‘(someone) is doing’ s++++s++eseeeeeeeeeeeees 314 2. The Pattern -°}(-o, -°4)A] Sac ‘because of so-and-so, Ee ee ee ee 315 3, A.V.S.-A) BES “not; (Dut) ac: ceenne: see -se cen ecesenesnerenenpeconccnsenscese 316 ON Tey EER hy Py pe rene Ore eee ee ee ee ere 392 Le The Particle sO) asso once ocr csngwinn scan cnecsae sinned orans snes eno anes oanan ong 394 2. The Particle -E (+E) SHO iecce Al Glee Ses tector oese's gies e'asiais anninporn's arsicietele ino’ oe 395 ae rye seca wee as hao Seas kip ee os Vo ae a 33] Vee eo lar Nea pia sere ca ech hare yao Sh ckpe sede eta 539 Ds Noun+-4] HAA] ‘about,’ ‘toward? <srereseseeres tees ec ee tees eee ee nee eee ene 333 3. A.V.S, +-v (&) Fol] ‘after doing’ ose cpuin(aials:\sieiers etsrs esesstese slolalateet a in eleibioiatarelerelere 334 4. Interrogative+ -(°]) 2} GAO MN MUS MOO The IGE aouadooseone oy ccongcoanDoDedr 334 StAl Korean Food BRC SO DOO GDC OGCHOOURC DOU OUCC OUDHDO OO Da ib SU Osund GOD COOAODNCOEED 34] 1. A.V.S. +-U (2) Yo] gitt (Gt4) ‘have ever (never) done’:::::-+- 342 Oe re cal ai Gens 2 ese ca ee eee eg eta 343 3. Interrogative +-(°]) =A] ‘no matter-:- it is’ ccrrreeereteeee eee ee teeter ees 244 4, A.V.S.+-= Ue] gc} (att) (Someone) sometimes does’ -*--+++:: 345 Ber ACP lain Style Ot Mpecabipii- aint ias cares iat anaspo tigen cantons 35] ORE ta FI ee ee eee een eee rece cern rere ee 352 pa tara Mairi ay sities nea eee eae ede, 361 Petipa orca hol atbaeel of (ime): (etcnee soucees sane esters mses serene: 363 ak) Wo) oS = 2) 364 3. -A Irregular Verbs csscrssessssseeesssseeeeesseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeenaaes 365 SA) Dee eboney one aa ber oo ag ere pete rme usin re: 37] 1. - Irregular Verbs cressssessssseseeesseeeseeeeseeeeteeenteeenteeenteeeeeeeneees 373 2. A.V.S.+-°}(-9], -4) =t} ‘do something in advance’ ----+-+-+-++++ 373 8. The Sentence:-Final Ending -°}(-¢], =) Qe} stirs arr: 374 7\|che4 FM| 2 Please Wait COO bees oases ss eo acieeseeneesiecevceecciceccecnecebessnesscos 381 1. The Informal Polite Question Ending - (—E, —5) 7/82 ++++++++-- 382 9. The Non-Final Ending - (2) BA] ‘while doing’ -:-+-+++++++++++e+++eeeee0 383 SED] A Cold -csesssesseeescseeeeseesesssssensesscneseeneseenesesesssveessssesnnessaeeeecs 390 1. The Sentence-Final Ending -°}(1, -) ~]t} ‘it becomes’ -::::: 392 2. The Indirect Discourse -22 é}t} ‘(someone) says that:::’ sr 392

12 Contents 9. sfh Vie Subtle csr <inpipaaet shop hess SG Od arenes PPA MarR dcacsoans 395 Unit 41 DEALT A Traffic Accident ---------+-e-ce eee eeeeteeeeececcnesceceeesecseesees 401 1. The Sentence-Final Ending -2 (&) "éic}, ‘almost (did)? ------+-- 402 2. The Indirect Question Ending -2| /-7} RON eon cite odtto: ee 403 Unit42 0a) Preparations: :ésexsaygatres-*- 427 Be -apotiosm enna gett fos soosenes. 410 LewAsV.S:--ok(=0],¢-ah)mhe) ck finish updo imeterets asdy--g---+---0+>, 412 2. The Non-Final Ending -%& ‘so thate::’ s:sssreseseeseeeseeeeeeceeeee scnes 412 3. A.V.S.+-2 (2) & Ge}/PBHerct ‘know how to do’ -erere+ereereeeeee 413 A == Irregular Verbs -i-cee-+c--e+: recor -ecareansdeenea nent cman aM)... Wes ah 414 Unit 43) Dest BOYS You Look Tired -----0-:-:ececceeeteeesessscncecscwoseescscccsenes A?) 1. D.V.A+-°}(-°], -°}) 1e]tt ‘someone looks (appears)? «:+++++++: 422 2. The Retrospective Non-Final Ending -C]U vvrsesssseeeeeeeeeeereeeees 423 3. The Causal Non-Final Ending -2}31 ‘because of doing -++++++++++ 424 Uriit 44°" BSE A Beiend s-+-cce-: tere tore «Deca ae te age eee cal a 43] 1. The Sentence-Final Ending -2 CEU} / WELT} coerce eeeeseeeeceeeeeeee nee es 439 2. The Particle -(o]) eee ‘even if (it De)’ scrrrecreteeeeeteeeee tees eeeeenen ene 433 3. The Obligatory Ending -°}(-¢], -04)ok =]t} ‘must? «-:eceeeeeeeeeeeee 434 Unit 45 CASES New Year’s Card coveeesecceccecccscccccsssseseencenrsstenseesssecvsesceess 440 leihe Retrospective Infix -C]- sia d.a.sinis alchoter sPecd oieieia dave lutatrm ete eratdlcve ctala oie cette «.clarcierieiere's 449 2. The Non-Final Ending -RS ‘until’ s--+--+-+eseeeeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesenes 443 SoS TemUlAar Ver be | 8e2-- 28 8-- edasdneatenitec dette ean dathas eedteoulvaoadasising 443 4. The Non-Final Ending -Ch7}E ‘if? -+::eeseeceeceeceeeeeceeeeeeea een eee een ees A444 Unit 46 =a2!0] GRETA ons os sone ciate visi sisleretelara sisic'a(s s einieie cicie sisictafotel Saisie eleteteteieteratstetechel~ cfeltieisraraialeremelele 452 1. The Sentence-Final Ending -”] =]c} (it) turns out so that? -:+:+++- 453 2. The Provisional -°}(-9], -J) °F ‘provided’ -+:+eeseseeeeeeeeeseee recees A54 3. The Sentence-Final Ending - = (2) 4] 4¢]t} ‘(one) plans to do’:--455 NOGA WE ARV is sw ctiere Potala’ cine caistcolcieiclsisiscicisiacc cic cleleroioniate pete teiteies mee einen een cee oer 463 INDEX TO SPRUCTUIRE NOTES sesvestct-<.sseuaeseges vette a tett Simmental ome a cee eno wee 480

1S: HANGUL (the Korean Alphabet) : Language is speech. Language learning involves acquiring a new set of habits, and habits must be automatic. Therefore, after you acquire some basic control of the spoken language, it is best for you to begin reading and writing, because they are a different set of habits. But we begin with the writing system from the very start. First, the Korean writing system is so simple that it does not give the student any heavy burden or multiply the learning problem. Secondly, romanization usually misleads the student to wrong pronunciation. For these reasons, it is recommended that you accustom yourself to the use of HAN’GUL from the very begining. It is suggested that you learn immediately to associate the sound system with the spelling. From the outset, it is essential for the student to master the association of letters with the sound system in Korean. It is to be desired that you study the Korean alphabet, always keeping in mind that the letters are no more than graphic symbols which are meant to remind you of the actually occurring Korean sounds. If you become familiar with the Korean sound system, you will become accustomed to them immediately. The Korean alphabet consists of 40 letters, including compounds: 10 pure vowels, ll compound vowels, 14 basic consonants and 5 double consonants. But the basic Korean alphabet consists of 10 vowels and 14 consonants. TRANSCRIPTION : In this book, only for the sound system, a transcription system is used as an aid to better pronunciation. It will take relatively little time to master the transcription and to associate the signs with the sounds. It is not necessary for the student to learn to write the transcription.

14 PURE VOWELS: letter transcription letter transcription | /i/ wae /ia/ a ver 4 Jal H /e/ f /a/ aa /ii/ a /u/ | /6/ =a /o/ COMPOUND VOWELS: F /ya/ 3+ /wa/ H /ye/ >} /we/ | /ya/ + /wa/ 4] /ye/ +] /we/ a /yo/ | /uii/ ne /yu/ CONSONANTS: cal /kiyok/ Oo /itng/ te /niun/ AK /chitt/ ah /tikut/ RK /ch’itt/ a /ritl/ 7 /W’itk/ u /mitm/ E /viut/ y /piup/ a /piup/ /siot/ o /hiut/ DOUBLE CONSONANTS: TI /ssang-kiyak/ x /ssang-siot/ Tw /ssang-tikut/ RK /ssang-chitit/ HH /ssang-piup

5) HOW TO WRITE HANGUL: As a general rule, Han’gul letters are formed with strokes from top to bottom and from left to right. Below, letters are given showing the order in which the strokes are written, so that the student may be initiated into the writing of Han’gul. {eis 3[4{5] me an] 4 es |] i a} |. wy a | famine belied Sb iw ee ie pe —+— ra ieee H Ural sabes He Seep raeres © « ett Si ea paren es 3 7 | =| ap {p oie ee + =] . Shit | +] alice sie sabia oe ee ne He es L be Mee

16 4 a os A[ | Y a <7 1 \ O)>/ n/a)myn WIN) v|N SYLLABLES : The Korean syllable is different from English. A Korean consonant by itself cannot form a syllable, because the Korean consonant, if not followed by a vowel, cannot be released. However, a vowel by itself can form a syllable. In English, a syllable is a sound or group of sounds accompanied by one of four stresses; however, in Korean, it is a sound or group of sounds which take up a certain relative space of time, like metronome beats (See RHYTHM p. 47).

n7 HOW TO FORM SYLLABLES : The vowel in all combinations (Vowel-Consonant, Consonant-Vowel, or ConsonantVowel-Consonant, etc.) must be written somewhat bigger than the accompanying consonant or consonants. 1. Vowel: The pronounced vowels, }|, 41, —, etc. are not written alone. So, when there is no initial consonant at the beginning of syllables, the © is always written; it may be regarded as a sort of orthographic ‘Filler,’ and is not pronounced. In other words, although the © is written in the initial position, it has no sound value. i pak 2SS a na nag 1g aca 2. Consonant- Vowel : a. There are nine vowels which have the stroke standing in a vertical position: by ys Fy 2452 45 ols. alo. i ihese Vowels have the ac: companying consonants at their left side. eee ee ee Ee Al oe Cll Es b. There are four vowels which have the stroke lying in a horizontal position: +, 2, T, WT, These vowels have their accompanying consonants directly on top. eS aE: a ot as a fis) = Ue c. There are seven vowels which have the accompanying consonants on the top of their left side. 2], 2+, a1, 4, 7A, A, A =] 5 x}, | 9 3} ’ 94 ’ 9] 2 3] 3. Consonant-Vowel-Consonant : The final consonant in a syllable is always written below the main vowel. > ° Wh lalate Bibles ofl to Steaks ae 4. Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant : a. When there are two final consonants, and the vowel has a stroke standing in the vertical position, the first final consonant is written below the initial consonant, and the second final consonant is written below the main vowel. a, & H F 4 b. When the vowel has the stroke lying in a horizontal position, the final two consonants are written below the main vowel side by side. Z1s Ws tls ae vo

18 PHONOLOGY Notes On Terms : 1. In the phonetic description of the vowels, the terms high, mid, low and front, central, back are used to indicate the position of the tongue. 2. Open and close refer to the relative size of the oral passage. Frequently open vowels are also lax and close vowels are tense. 3. The terms rounded and unrounded refer to the lips. 4. In regard to consonants, the place of articulation is indicated by the terms bilabial, (made with the two lips); apico-alveolar, (made with the tip of the tongue against the gum ridge behind the upper teeth) ; lamino-alveolar, (made with the blade of the tongue against the gum ridge somewhat back of the usual position for /t/) ; dorso-velar, (made with the back of the tongue against the soft palate) ; glottal, (made in the glottis). o. The manner of articulating consonants is indicated by the terms stop, (the air passage is closed and then released); affricate, (a stop and its immediately following release through the articulatory position with a friction); spirant or fricative, (the air passage is restricted, but not closed); sibilant, (the air escapes through the nose); lateral, (the air escapes around the sides of the tongue) ; flap, (a trill reduced to a single movement), 6. Voiced and voiceless are terms referring to the presence or absence of vibration of the vocal cords. THE KOREAN SOUND SYSTEM : Every language has a system of sounds. Speaking a language involves being able to make and distinguish its sounds. Therefore, in learning a new language, the most important step in the beginning is the mastery of the sound system of that language. The Korean sound system is pronounced in somewhat different ways from that of English. Many of the Korean sounds are very similar to those English ; but if you were to use the English pronunciation of these sounds, the slight defferences could be enough to change the meaning of the Korean, thus making your Korean difficult to understand. Therefore, if you are to speak understandable Korean, some of your English pronunciation habits must be avoided. The Korean sound system consists of 10 pure vowels, plus two semivowels ; (with these two semivowels, 11 compound vowels are formed.) In addition, there are 14 basic consonants and 5 double consonants.

IE) VOWELS: There are many more vowels in English than Korean. Except for a few difficult Korean ones such as /t, /ii/, Vowel chart /6/, most of them are rather simple. Generally speaking, (1) the positions of the tongue are slightly higher than those for corresponding English ones. (2) The Korean rounded vowels are pronounced with a little less lip-rounding than the American equivalents, and without protruding the lips, as in ‘boot.’ In the phonetic comments to the vowels, the terms of the three top-to-bottom levels (HIGH, MID, LOW) and three front-to-back positions (FRONT, CENTRAL, BACK) describe the positions of the tongue. The chart of ten pure vowels is as follows: VOWEL CHART: Front Central High li wii —uU Mid | le 46 Shas) Low H &€ Fa

20 VOWELS Ph-l ] /i/ The Korean /i/ is a high front unrounded vowel. It is a tense and short vowel. You make it with the tip of your tongue resting behind the low teeth. The Korean /i/ is longer and more tense than the /i/ in the English ‘fit, but shorter and less tense than the /i/ in ‘see,’ Example : Transcription : Meaning : 7\ 42 /kibun/ feeling Ae) /siin/ poet a] a /miso/ smile 8] 3] /pimil/ secret e17] /inkki/ popularity A] 2] /chiri/ geography o]= /irtim/ name 3] 2] /p’iri/ flute 4] /e/ The tense mid front unrounded vowel /e/ is always short. It is slightly higher than the /e/ in the English ‘let.’ oj] LZ} /enaji/ energy | /enuri/ discount A] At /sesang/ world A) A] /chige/ A-frame aa ical /nue/ silkworm 3 il /hyangje/ brothers a] a /heam/ swimming H /eé/ The open (lax) low front unrounded vowel /é/ is either short or long. It is slightly higher than the /e/ in the English ‘action,’ The sound corresponding to the /e/ in the English ‘action’ does not exist in Korean. o} 7] /egi/ baby Ay aH /sehe/ New Year oy S} /mehwa/ plum blossom ofa /yach’e/ vegetable oH /tungde/ lighthouse 7} /ke/ dog Ay of /senge/ lifetime aH 2] /heo/ foreign countries

a] /U/ 4 /0/ Ph-2 =H Al: ea The tense high front rounded vowel /ii/ has no approximation in English. It stands for a sound somewhat like the /ii/ in the German ‘fiinf.’ It has the same tongue position as /i/, but with rounded lips. However, many Korean people habitually pronounce it as /wi/. $4@) /itin/ hero We /iihom/ danger +4 /ch’uti/ coldness AH c+ /sagiida/ to associate with 4 /ché/ rat al /kii/ ear yA] ch /tiijiptta/ to turn over +] -F-2] cH /niiuch’ida/ to regret 3) 0] /ch’iimi/ hobby 4] ct} /stida/ to rest =] 7) c+ /viigida/ to fry 3] c} /hiida/ to bend The tense mid front rounded vowel /é/ also has no equivalent in English. It stands for a sound approximately like the /6/ in the German ‘Kdslin.’ It has the same tongue postition as /e/, but with rounded lips. However, many Korean people habitually pronounce it as /we/. N= /éch’ul/ going out Sst /oguk/ foreign country al 2] /heo/ foreign countries x] 94 /néyom/ encephalitis ay eu /p’ago/ destruction Z] 2] /choin/ criminal 4) 51. /ch’dgo/ the highest 3] A} /hésa/ company /m6/ grave The tense high central unrounded vowel /t/ is rather difficult for American speakers. You make it by pulling back your tongue from the position for sounding /i/ to the central part on the same level. Your tongue position is placed half-way between the /i/ and /u/ sound. Every effort should be made to master this sound /t/. It is an important step toward acceptable pronunciation.

Die, 1 /a/ Ey ay A> /ststng/ S}=Zzrt} /sulp’tda/ Sal /ttingsan/ 3 /kam/ =t} /nutta/ a1 /ktimtm/ 7) /stpkki/ szc /hurida/ La /anheng/ ee /amsong/ teacher to be sad mountain-climbing gold to be late the last day (of the month) damp to be cloudy bank voice The mid central unrounded vowel /23/ in Korean is either short or long. It is pronounced with tense muscles in stressed syllables, and with relaxed muscles in unstressed syllables. It stands for a sound approximately like the /a/ in the English ‘about’ as a short sound and the /2/ in ‘church’ as a long sound. WAI /mansom/ o1U] /adi/ 1] /mori/ oyz|c+ /nemojida/ yayct /taraptta/ 4] =] /hari/ All /koin/ ALAy /sanseng/ A /chotm/ E 2| cf /tajida/ Al Ay /chanjeng/ 1 /pasat/ far-off island where head to fall down to be dirty waist giant teacher first time to burst war mushroom The low central unrounded vowel /a/ is either short or long. It is slightly higher than the /a/ in the English ‘arm.’ It corresponds to the English sound /a/ in ‘ideal,’ at /pam/ I /pa:m/ o}S /adul/ 2) ee /matim/ clas /pamnat/ night chestnut son mind day and night

Ph-3 ney: on e}c} 70}2| /sago/ /changnan/ /paji/ /ch’a/ /k’al/ /tada/ /kangaji/ trouble a play, fun trousers car knife to get on puppy The Korean back vowels are all pronounced with rounded lips, butmaking them with a little less lip-rounding and without protruding the lips, as in ‘mood.’ The tense high back rounded vowel /u/ is similar to the English ‘put’ and ‘soon.’ Oo 9 ur ar A~ = =F /uyu/ /nugu/ /suyong/ /kudu/ /muu/ /kongju/ /nunmul/ /kukssu/ /tubu/ /chumun/ /tugu/ milk who swimming shoes radish princess tears noodle bean-curd ordering helmet The mid back rounded vowel /o/ is close to the vowel sound /o/ in the English ‘bone.’ It is slightly higher than the /o/ in the English ‘taught,’ Eh /tot’ori/ /mobom/ /kukppo/ /pogum/ /ontl/ /tokcca/ /piroso/ /poktto/ /poch’o/ /nunttongja/ acorn model national treasure the Gospel today reader for the first time corridor sentry the pupil of the eye Practice the difference between the /u/ and /2/ sound.

24 Bs i) /ktri/ 5°] 2] /tungori/ AF sé /ktinsa/ Al /ktinseng/ Su s/tiilda/ SA /sungkkyok/ oo /stngin/ =H /stungp’e/ ml /chtngse/ Zak doe] ALA} AAA3 et 437 731 73 73) /keri/ /tangori/ /kansa/ /kansong/ /talda/ /songkkyok/ /songin/ /songp’é /changse/ Practice the difference between the /a/ and /o/ sound. It is very difficult for foreigners to distinguish these two sounds by hearing. Az] /kari/ HAL /pasan/ AZ /kagi/ AAI /chason/ AL /pujek/ AA] /changso/ | /nalda/ st /nat’a/ ac} /talda/ ut /taptta/ Att =/kalda/ az] BAI 317) Ae HA eget Aba Su =u} Su =u} guy /kori/ /posen/ /kogi/ /chason/ /pujok/ /changso/ /nolda/ /not’a/ /tolda/ /toptta/ /kolda/

25 SEMIVOWELS : Ph-4 /w/ /y/ ++/wa/ > /we/ This semivowel /w/ is a voiced labio-velar sound. It is like the inital /w/ soung in ‘worth,’ You make it by raising the back of your tongue toward the soft palate, and then moving it quickly into position for the following vowel. The lips are rounded slightly. This semivowel occurs in the initial position of a syllable, and between consonant and vowel, but never occurs in the final position. This semivowel /y/ is the voiced lamino-alveolar sound. It is like the English /y/ in ‘yes.’ You make it with the front of your tongue close to the palate and back part of the gum ridge, with the tip holding against the lower front teeth. The tongue is then moved quickly down into position for the following vowel. This semivowel occurs in the initial position of a syllable, and between consonant and vowel, but never occurs in the final position. It is made of + and }, When the first sound + is immediately followed by the }, the first sound just like a semivowel /w/, and the following sound is heard with a full retention. This sound +} is similar to the English /wa/ in ‘wash.’ xt /kwach’an/ overpraise 2] x} /ilgwa/ daily work etc} /pwatta/ saw 278] /wan’ganghi/ stoutly St] /hwangje/ emperor 7| 2} /kiwa/ tile 2}4) /wajon/ misinformation abc} /sswatta/ shot 3] 3} /hohwa/ conversation 73 a} /songkkwa/ result It is made of > and }. This sound is like the English /we/ in ‘wax.’ =H] /tweji/ pig -$-aH] /yuk’we/ pleasure aya /weguk/ national isolation

26 ye /hwetpul/ torch oH Ay /wesek/ Japanese manners 3H 4 3} c} /kwessimhada/ to be disgusting oH zt /weganjang/ Japanese soy sauce aac} /kwench’ant’a/ to be alright HA /weso/ small stature 3] 3} /k’wehwal/ brightness +] /wa/ It is made of T and | . This sound stands for a sound approximately like the /wa/ in the English ‘wonderful.’ Fa /suwal/ several months AAA /chengwen/ garden el /wonin/ cause a2 /waryoil/ Monday ada /kwan’go/ advice a7] /kwalgi/ rising Al /ch’anwoen/ one thousand won o| a /iwal/ February XI) /hwalssin/ very much ut /wonman/ harmony 3%) 3}c} /hwonhada/ to be bright +] /we/ It is made of T and 34]. This sound is like the English /we/ in ‘well.’ ay /kwebyan/ sophism fal /kumgwe/ money-chest 7S /wenkkadak/ what reason aa /wenil/ what matter aah /wenmank’tm/ properly az /hweson/ damage 4] /kweccak/ box 4] /kwedo/ ; track, line | A] OF /wigweyang/ stomach ulcer F /ya/ It is made of | and }. This sound is like the English /ya/ in ‘yarn,’ OFA) /yangsim/ conscience oft /yadang/ Opposition Party Adie /songnyang/ match oftt /yadan/ scolding

H /ye/ 4 /ya/ jl /ye/ 27 promise rest, recuperation to be hateful shameless fellow native place cat if to despise It is made of | and H. This sound is close to the English sound /ye/ story this child that child that child over there It is made of ] and 4 , This sound is similar to the English /ye/ oi /yakssok/ Al OF /chongyang/ FH] ct} /yalmiptta/ QAI /yamch’i/ 51 /kohyang/ ae Fo] /koyangi/ wher /manyak/ eux} /yatppoda/ in ‘yank.’ oH 7] /yégi/ oH /ye/ 7H /kyé/ Al /chye/ in ‘yodel.’ vali /myengmun/ oy /yaseng/ AAW /kyalssok/ 73°38 /kyengyong/ 7A /kyonbon/ BY = ct} /pyertda/ 3 2] /pyengwen/ H]3 /pimyeng/ 7} /pyenjang/ AY /ch’anya/ =e /kyou/ 4) 2} /pyalccang/ 33 3} /p’yanghwa/ reputable family female absence management sample to plan hospital scream disguise maid, virgin barely villa peace It is made of ] and 4]. This sound is similar to the English /ye/ in ‘yellow.’ ol] /yesu/ 73 Al /kyanggye/ Al = /kyesok/ oj] 4} /yetnal/ Jesus Christ boundary continuation old times

|| /p’yeryom/ pneumonia a] 7a /hyesong/ comet <a /anp’ye/ hiding x] =} /p’yemak/ the falling of the curtain oy] 2] /yejong/ schedule a /yo/ It is made of | and +, This sound is like the English /yo/ in ‘yoke.’ wo} /kyoyang/ culture 8. OF /yoyang/ recuperation LA} /kyosa/ teacher a] = /piryo/ fertilizer =o /tongyo/ child’s song Al 2 /sigyok/ appetite Sz} /hyoja/ dutiful son 2A] /yokssim/ greediness R2 /myoso/ grave lea /palp’yo/ announcement tT /yu/ It is made ] and 7. This sound is like the English /yu/ in ‘youth.’ 44 fr /sogyu/ oil ae /teryuk/ continent 2A| /yukcci/ land aa /heryu/ current te /kyumyong/ searching, examination ie /kyumo/ scale OFT /yayu/ ridicule AL /chayu/ freedom cia /hyuil/ holiday TB /yuheng/ fashion 4 Fr /yayu/ time (money) to spare FAA! /hyugesil/ rest-room 4 / ui/ This orthographic diphthong -] is sometimes pedantically pronounced /ui/, but is usually pronounced as if —/t/ initially, and ] /i/ in the second position. However, when it is used as a particle meaning ‘of,’ it is ordinarily pronounced 4] /e/, 2} A} /uisa/ doctor =] -P-r} /ttiuda/ to float

oe 24} #9) SI 2} 2}. 2} 9} a] ARES /anon/ /usang/ /yui/ /néi/ /uri/ /amu/ /tja/ /aiwon/ /hakkyoe/ /sarame/ 2g consultation dress attention undershirt justice duty chair member the school’s the person’s

30 CONSONANTS : Some of the Korean consonants are so different from those of your native language that they may cause you some difficulty. Many of the Korean consonants, however, are similar to those of English if you just avoid some of your English pronunciation habits. Generally speaking: 1. The Korean double consonants HH, TC, T1, A, A seem to cause English speakers the most distress. 2 The Korean aspirated sounds , E, A, 4, & are pronounced with a stronger puff of breath than their English counterparts. 3. The Korean flap sound /r/ is a rather tricky one for English speakers, and the lateral sound /1/ is also different from the English /1/. ~ . When the Korean consonants occur in the final position, they are unreleased sounds. KOREAN CONSONANT CHART i) T Where does it happen? Bilabial_ | “Pico: | Lamino-| Dorso- Ciodal What happens? alveolar | alveolar} velar =| > EOrS vs p y It ec vd b uid = Glottalized vs pp uy | tt wt kk 1 Aspirated vs p’ Shalt E k’ a } AFFRICATES vs ch K vd j x Glottalized vs cc XK Aspirated vs ch’ x [ SIBILANT vs S A |Glottalized vs | SS es FRICATIVE | Aspirated vs h s | | | | NASAL vd m a |n L ng fo) LATERAL vd l = - [ | FLAP vd r 7 | | al —_ vs stands for voiceless vd stands for voiced

31 CONSONANTS Ph-5 Following the order of the Korean consonants, in which they usually present the greatest difficulty for most foreigners, we shall start with the glottalized consonants. The glottalized sounds are produced by interrupting the breath stream by - closing the glottis. They are pronounced with a special tenseness. You make them by tightening up your throat in order to hold on to and get in that extra syllable represented by the first of the consonants. uH /pp/ This double consonant /pp/ is a voiceless glottalized bilabial stop. You make it by bringing your lips together as in the production of a single /p/, and hold it in that position for a full syllable beat. Then explode the lips tight and clear without any puff of breath. It does not occur as a final sound. Example: Transcription: Meaning: mw} ZC} /ppalgat’a/ to be red we] /ppalli/ quickly ma] OF cp /ppeatta/ to snatch (a thing) from wel} wa] SEC} /ppekppek’hada/ to be packed my /ppang/ bread wy] ch /ppomneda/ to be proud (of) HE Bac} /pappuda/ to be busy 2 ii} /oppa/ older brother 7\ = /kippum/ delight Up Bac} /nappuda/ to be bad ee /tt/ This sound is a voiceless glottalized apico-alveolar stop. You make it by bringing the tip of your tongue against the gum ridge behind the upper teeth, as in the production of a single /t/. Then hold it in that position for a full syllable beat and release it tight and clear without any puff of air. It does not occur as a final sound. ofc} /ttada/ to pick, to pluck up} 3}c} /ttattit’hada/ to be warm a] 2] ch /tterida/ to strike, to hit oy oy /ttettero/ now and then EE S}c} /ttokttok’hada/ to be smart

SZ PREC) 2% /SS/ SE ap SE oy} /ttokttakttokttak/ ticking 3 Fe}E] /kwitturami/ cricket ma /kktttok/ nodding Be Be /twittungtwittung/ staggeringly 777 /kkattakkkattak/ nodding and nodding This sound is a voiceless glottalized lamino-alveolar affricate. You make it by touching the blade of your tongue to the gum ridge, somewhat in back of the usual position for /t/. Then hold it in that position for a full syllable beat and release it as a friction without any puff of breath. It does not occur as a final sound. ALCL /ccada/ to be salty ALB 0 | /ccakccagi/ unmatched pair Ay ats} Cc} /ccapccalhada/ to be nice and salty ai /ccebo/ harelipped person 7A = 24] ch /ccinggurida/ to frown rH] tc} /ccongaldeda/ to mutter ©} sfc} /accilhada/ to be dizzy eo /amuccorok/ as much as one can 4A =} /muccirtda/ to mow down 7} /kacca/ phony =F /salccok/ furtively ALA Ay /soccokse/ cuckoo y= /teccok/ split bamboo of 2c} /yaccuda/ to ask, to inquire This sound is a voiceless glottalized apico-alveolar sibilant. You make it by bringing the tip of your tongue close to the gum ridge, (but without touching it), as in the production of a single /s/. Then hold it in that position for a full syllable beat and release it without any puff of breath. The air strongly escapes at the lower edge of the apex of your tongue which is grooved. REC} /ssada/ to be cheap AY HY /ssangbang/ both sides 2 2Y s/c} /ssalssalhada/ to be chilly 74} /ssaktta/ to rot ZAt} /sstda/ to write 4£0}.2| tc} /ssodajida/ to gush out

aa kk] Ph-6 e/g) 33 a /malsstm/ word, speech aA /malssi/ use of words Sal /somssi/ skill SRSA /kulssangkilssang/ with tearful eyes When this /ss/ sound occurs in the final position and is followed by a consonant, it is pronounced as an unreleased implosive /t/. ac} /hetta/ did 9) c} /itta/ to exist This sound is a voiceless glottalized dorso-velar stop. You make it by raising the back of your tongue firmly against the soft palate, as in the production of a single /k/.Then hold it in that position for a full syllable beat and release it tight and clear without any puff of breath. 7c} /kkabulda/ to behave frivolously 7c} /kkada/ to peel m0} /kktda/ to turn off 4 /kkwong/ pheasant 7H -9-c} /kkeuda/ to wake up Act /kkoneda/ to take out ¢ /kkut/ end A} gat /sanyangkkun/ hunter o} 4c} /akkaptta/ to be regrettable H} zc} /pakkuda/ to change When this sound /kk/ occurs in the final position and is followed by a consonant, it is pronounced like an unreleased implosive /k/, o}st /anp’ak/ the inside and outside u} /pak/ outside +t} /muktta/ to bind 7A ch /kkaktta/ to break off The Korean /r/ sound is a voiced apico-alveolar flap. The Korean /r/ is quite different from the English /r/, which is a palatal spirant. The English /r/ is made by retracting the tip of the tongue a bit toward the back of the mouth, while the lips move front semiclosed to open, and the air passes between the front of the tongue and the hard palate. However, the Korean /r/ is made by touching the tip of the tongue against the gum ridge behind the upper teeth with a brief flick, and bringing it down

34 /1/ quickly. (1) When the = occurs between two vowels, it is a flap sound. (2) It does not occur initially, except for words of foreign origin, and the n” name of the symbol “=, yaaa e /kartda/ , to divide APR} /saram/ man op /muri/ group Hert /mortida/ do not know =r /taruda/ to be different (from) Hz /pori/ barley ome /hakkyoro/ to school Heat /param/ wind a /ritl/ the letter “=” E}E) 2. /radio/ radio yWsa /resulling/ wrestling Baa /romenst/ romance This sound is a voiced apico-alveolar lateral. You make it by putting the tip of your tongue against the gum ridge behind the upper teeth,-so that the air escapes at the left side or both sides of the tongue. The front of the tongue is relatively flat, and the back somewhat lowered. The Korean lateral sound /1/ occurs only as a final sound of a syllable which is not followed by a vowel. It stands for a sound approximately like the / 1/ in the English ‘light,’ ‘lion,’ ‘lace,’ and ‘along,’ etc., which occur before vowels ; but it is not like the /1/ sound in the English ‘still,’ ‘hilt,’ or ‘sold,’ etc., occurring before a consonant or final sound. Hi} /pal/ foot Z] /kil/ road ui} /mal/ horse B /pul/ fire yg /pyal/ 2) 2x} /ulda/ to cry =} /nolda/ to play Zc} /kalda/ to change Zu /cholda/ to doze 4 r} /malda/ to be far PS /susul/ surgical operation ” As you have seen in the above-mentioned examples, the “=, de-

o /ng/ Oo) pending on the position, is different. When the “=” occurs between two vowels or in the initial position, it is a flap sound. However, when it occurs in the final position which is not followed by a vowel, it is a lateral sound. When this lateral sound /1/ is followed by the same consonant /I1/, it also seems to cause foreigners trouble. You make it with the tip of your tongue touching firmly against the gum ridge behind the upper teeth, as in the production of a single /1/, then bringing it down with a strong voiced sound. Here are some examples: ez} 2 /mollayo/ I don’t know. eer /tallayo/ It’s different. See /chollayo/ Tighten it. Are} 2 /kallayo/ Divide it. Ey2 /vullyayo/ It’s wrong. yA |S /killayo/ Raise (a dog). zs /kollayo/ Choose. 7a 22. /ccillayo/ Pierce. Zr /nollayo/ I’m surprised. 222 /ullyeyo/ Ring it. This sound is a voiced dorso-velar nasal. It is not difficult for English speakers. It stands for a sound approximately like /ng/ in the English ‘song,’ even though the Korean /ng/ is pronounced slightly stronger than its English counterpart. This sound, however, seems to cause Italians, and spanish speaking people a lot of distress. You make it by raising the back of your tongue against the soft palate, with air escaping through the nasal passage. (The soft palate is slightly dropped so as to open a passage from the pharynx to the nasal cavity.) If Italian or Spanish speakers want to practice this Korean /ng/ sound, hold the tip of your tongue down with your finger or with a flat tongue depresser used by medical doctors. While keeping the tip of your tongue down, try to make the back part of your tongue rise against the soft palate, as in the production of the /k/ sound. Let the air escape through the nasal passage the way it would for /m/ or /n/. In the beginning, you will feel the tip of your tongue trying to come up, but practice this sound until you don’t have to hold it down with a tongue-depresser, and you will achieve the new habit which is necessary for the perfect control of this sound. This sound occurs only as a final sound in a syllable. In Korean,

36 yn this sound never occurs at the beginning of an utterance. Remember that when there is no initial consonant at the beginning of a syllable in the writing system, the “o” is written, but has no sound value. It is only an orthographic “Filler.” AI /sengdang/ church ae /kongbu/ study 5 /myengdong/ Myong-Dong AQAA /Sengmyangso/ statement AJA} /changsang/ the summit YZ} /senggak/ thought oA4l /ungjapsil/ reception room ALES Hy /sarangppang/ drawing room AY Ag /changsong/ Army general AS} /p’yonghwa/ peace 4 3 /ch’engmyeng/ fairness 2} /wangmyong/ the King’s order =| /yonggi/ courage 2514] /onggojip/ stubbornness This sound is a voiced apico-alveolar nasal. It is similar to the English /n/ in ‘nine.’ It is made with the tip of your tongue touching against the gum ridge with the nasal passage open. You will have little difficulty with this sound. u /nuna/ older sister u--uh /nanuda/ to divide ipcat /nugu/ who yy /nene/ from beginning to end yd /nenyoan/ next year ru /nonyan/ old age Le /nunmul/ tears When it occurs in the final position, it is an unreleased sound. See the following examples: = /ton/ money os /non/ rice-field ALAI /samch’on/ three thousand oe /son/ hand a /mun/ door

a /m/ 8 /p/ 37 However, when this sound /n/ is followed by the same consonant /n/, it seems to cause foreigners trouble. You make it with the tip of your tongue touching firmly against the gum ridge with the nasal passage open, then bringing it down with a strong voiced sound. See the following examples: Rhye} /mannada/ to meet AAU 7} ch /kennegada/ to go across oh} 3c} /annehada/ to guide elu /inne/ perseverance ac| /tannyom/ abandonment By /punno/ anger ALA /ch’annyon/ one thousand years When it is preceded or followed by /1/, it becomes a lateral sound /1/. However, there are many exceptions. See the following examples: ol /illyu/ human beings ee /nolli/ logic Butz] /pulnalli/ the confusion of the fire Ale] /ch’alli/ one thousand ri This sound is a voiced bilabial nasal. It is very similar to the corresponding English sound /m/, You make it by bringing your lips together with the nasal passage open. The velum is lowered and the vocal bands are producing voice through the nasal cavity. u}-S- /matl/ village a] /miguk/ America oe) /meil/ everyday Zz} /moja/ hat oI /muost/ what asi /muu/ radish 1] 3] c} /mich’ida/ to go mad a} /matm/ mind mo /kkum/ dream = /chom/ a little Al /sam/ island This sound is a bilabial stop. It stands for a sound approximately like the /p/ in the English ‘episode,’ which is usually followed by an unstressed vowel. You make it by bringing your lips together with the air

38 passage closing, and then releasing it. When it occurs in the initial position of a syllable, it is a voiceless sound. It is pronounced with a very slight local aspiration. See the following examples : By /pe/ boat BES /pantul/ needle wy /pya/ rice plant Hz /pori/ barley 8] /pi/ broom HAI /pesen/ Korean socks + all /puch’e/ fan When it occurs between two voiced sounds, (such as all vowels and the “ ” nasal consonants /m, n, 1, ng/, it is a voiced sound. The voiced “3 sound is transcribed by /b/. See the following examples: Ht /subak/ watermelon a /pabo/ fool o} Hy 2] /abaji/ father a) /tambe/ cigarette Ay /changbu/ account book A\tt Bf /chinanbam/ last night “a /sinbu/ bride aie /ilbon/ Japan When it occurs in the final position of a syllable and is not followed by a vowel, it is an unreleased sound. See the following examples: ut /pap/ boiled rice 4] /pep/ law A} /sap/ shovel 9] /ip/ mouth sr /yansup/ practice 457 /walgtp/ monthly salary Practice the difference between the Korean /p/ and /pp/, 4] t} /pida/ ub] CH /ppida/ Hee} /partda/ we} = cp /ppartda uretct = /panhada/ ws-ct = /ppanhada/ ¥ c} /patta/ wal c} /ppatta/ 3 /pya/ 1] /ppye/ 2 /pul/ = /ppul He] /puri/ Pe] /ppuri/

x /p’/ c /t/ 39 This sound is a voiceless aspirated bilabial stop. It is very similar to the English /p/ sound, which is followed by a stressed vowel, as in ‘powder’ or ‘peak.’ You make it by first closing your lips tightly with the air passage closing, then releasing the lips with a strong puff of breath. The Korean aspirated sounds are pronounced with a stronger puff of breath than their English counterparts. If you hold a lighted match close to your mouth, those consonants with a puff of breath will put the match out, and those without a puff of breath will merely make it flicker. oh /p’ado/ wave So /p’odo/ grapes WEA /p’yendosen/ tonsils Pad /p’anme/ selling of} cr} /ap’tida/ to be painful Bee Ss /sop’o/ parcel A} 3] ct} /salp’ida/ to look about Hy} aH /pangp’e/ shield When this sound occurs in the final position and is not followed by a vowel, it is like the unreleased bilabial stop “u,” See the following examples: ot /ap/ the front | /yap/ the side 4) /ip/ leaves = /nup/ swamp A} /chip/ straw Practice the difference between the Korean /p/ and /p’/ ubuts}c} = /panbanhada/ utxt3}c}+ = /p’anp’anhada/ HE /pando/ He /p’ando/ ] cH /pida/ 3c} /pida/ ls /pal/ a /p’al/ BHC} /peda/ 3H CH /p’eda/ wWs}t} = /pyanhada/ wWs}t} ~— /p’yanhada/ = /pul/ = /pul/ Wo /pyanmo/ Aw /p’yonmo/ Wt /pyenggyun/ 33 at /p’ynggyun/ This sound is an apico-alveolar stop. It stands for a sound approximately like the /t/ in the English ‘kettle’ or ‘gratitude,’ which

40 usually occurs in the unstressed position of a word. You make it by bringing the tip of your tongue against the gum ridge behind the upper teeth, with the air passage closing, and then releasing it. When it occurs in the initial position, it is a voiceless sqund. It is pronounced with a very slight local aspiration. See the following examples: cH] /tasi/ again | /ta/ more Ez] /traji/ broad bellflower =e /tongmul/ animal ye /tedap/ answer sj /tii/ behind the back = /ton/ money <4] /tanbi/ timely rain When it occurs between two voiced sounds, it is a voiced sound. The voiced “ct” is phonetically transcribed by /d/. See the following examples: Eu /todak/ morals = /kidung/ pillar Ate e] /sadari/ ladder =) /tongdemun/ East Gate =} /cholda/ to doze When it occurs in the final position of a syllable and is not followed by a vowel, it is an unreleased sound. See the following examples: ir} /tatta/ to close et} /mutta/ to ask = /kot/ soon Practice the difference between the Korean /t/ and /tt/. tz|t+ — /tajida/ mz|t+ /ttajida/ a] ct} /teda/ we] c} /tteda/ t= ct /tartda/ u-= ct} /ttaruda/ uA /tangat/ a7] /ttangat/ tC} /teda/ at} /tteda/ cis /temun/ ia /ttemun/ a /talda/ ac} /ttalda/ =u} /tutta/ = /ttutta/ = /tul/ = /ttul/

Ee /t’/ 1/k/ 41 This sound is a voliceless aspirated apico-alveolar stop. It is very similar to the English /t/ sound, which is followed by a stressed vowel, as in ‘tape,’ or ‘tackle.’ It is made by bringing the tip of your tongue against the gum ridge, with the air passage closing, then releasing it with a strong puff of breath. This sound /t’/ is never voiced. See the following examples: AS /tedo/ attitude E}c} /tada/ to ride =A) /toji/ land 2 ae /takku/ ping-pong =A} /tuksa/ amnesty a ft ok/. the jaws Ee] Z| /Vajida/ to get broken Be. /t’omok/ engineering work When it occurs in the final position of a syllable and is not followed by a vowel, it is like an unreleased apico-alveolar “tC” sound. See the following examples: ly /pat/ dry field = /kkut/ end a2 /p’at/ red bean = /mut/ dryland WA /mitch’an/ capital (financial) Practice the difference between the Korean /t/ and /t’/. E7| /tokki/ E7| /tokki/ q /talda/ er} yPolday: THA] /tansik/ EA] /t’ansik/ ce} /tarak/ Ef et /tarak/ c}2t /tajak/ ELA} /Vajak/ q /tak/ 4 /tak/ Ee /togul/ ET /togul/ ad /taldal/ ad /taltal/ This sound is a dorso-velar stop. It stands for a sound approximately like the /k/ in the English word ‘baker,’ which usually occurs with an unstressed vowel. You make it by raising the back of your tongue against the soft palate, with the air passage closing, and then releasing it. When it occurs in the initial position of a word, it is a voiceless sound. It is

pronounced with a very slight local aspiration. See the following examples: 7H /ke/ dog 317] /kogi/ , meat + /kudu/ shoes WA /kojak/ historic remains He) /kein/ individual 7}A\ c} /kajida/ to possess 7|& /kido/ prayer 77 /kagi/ there 3A] ch /koch’ida/ to repair uber} /ktmanduda/ to stop (doing) When it occurs between two voiced sounds, it is a voiced sound. The voiced “1” is transcribed by /g/. See the following examples: AFSL /sago/ accident ++ /nugu/ who 7} /kagu/ furniture 31-4} /koguma/ sweet potato a7} /soge/ introduction Z| All /chige/ A-frame AZ ce /chagiap/ low pressure When it occurs in the final position of a syllable and is not followed by a vowel, it is an unreleased sound. See the following examples: | => /sodok/ West Germany id fee /miguk/ America od /yakkuk/ pharmacy 2} /mokkak/ engraving on wood lear /hanguk/ Korea Practice the difference between the Korean /k/ and /kk/. 7}Al /kaji/ 7A /kkaji/ sch /kéda/ s}ch/kkbda/ 7\c} /kida/ 77 c} /kkida/ Arc} /kalda/ 7A} /kkalda/ 7}t} /kada/ 7} /kkada/ 7} c} /keda/ 7 Ch /kkeda/ mH /ke/ m /kke/

oy key Fao Chay 43 This sound is a voiceless aspirated dorso-velar stop. It is very similar to the English /k/ sound, which usually occurs with a stressed vowel, as in ‘kitchen,’ ‘kingdom,’ ‘cake,’ etc. It is made by raising the back of your tongue against the soft palate with the air passage closing, then releasing it with a strong puff of air. This sound /k’/ is never voiced. See the following examples: =z 3° /k’ong/ bean 5177| 2] /k’okkiri/ elephant 7)\-9-c} /k’iuda/ to bring up att} /k’tda/ to be big Al /k’i/ one’s height Aa /umk’yajiida/ to grip 73 3H /kyongk’we/ lightness da7}eu /nalk’aropta/ to be sharp *+7] /samk’ida/ to swallow When it occurs in the final position and is not followed by a vowel, it is ” like an unreleased dorso-velar “1” sound. See the following examples: Ha /puadk/ kitchen AWS /sebyaknyak/ around dawn aad /hejilnyok/ about sunset Practice the difference between the Korean /k/ and /k’/. ss /kong/ = /k’ong/ 7} /keda/ ay} /k’eda/ Al /kap/ A /k’ap/ 7] Jka 7| Jk if roils /kunbang/ uy /k’tnbang/ This sound is an unaspirated lamino-alveolar affricate. It stands for a sound approximately like the /ch/ or /tch/ in the English ‘match,’ which occurs with an unstressed vowel. This sound may cause German speakers trouble. You make it by touching the blade of your tongue to the gum ridge, somewhat in back of the usual position for /t/, then immediately release it with a friction, without a puff of breath. This sound /ch/, occurring as an initial sound of a syllable, is voiceless; it is pronounced with a very slight local aspiration. See the following examples:

44 Ape A\=- /chigu/ earth AS /chegtim/ savings ALS A} /chadongch’a/ Car AkA| /chanch’i/ feast Ay /cheryo/ material == Al At /chujanja/ teakettle Al Z} /chigak/ being late ayy] /chabi/ mercy When it occurs between two voiced sounds, it is a voiced sound. The ” voiced “x” is phonetically transcribed by /j/. See the following examples: ae /uju/ universe AL /chaju/ frequently AS /chaju/ imprecation 7}A3 /kajong/ home Oo} /aju/ very All 2} /chejak/ manufacture AAS /chanju/ electric pole When it occurs in the final position, and is not followed by a vowel, it is like an unreleased apico-alveolar “ct” sound. See the following examples wy /nat/ the daytime A /chat/ milk 8] /pit/ debt Alc} (chr aktay to look for zr} /kkotta/ to insert Practice the difference between the Korean /ch/ and /cc/. A} /cham/ * /ccam/ Ay c} /cheda/ mi] ch /cceda/ Abc} /chada/ ALC} /ccada/ Al c+ /chida/ 7c} /ccida/ 4c} /chéda/ 2] c} /ccéda/ This sound is a voiceless aspirated lamino-alveolar affricate. It is very similar to the English /ch/ sound, which usually occurs with a stressed vowel, as in ‘charge,’ ‘choose,’ etc. It is made by bringing the blade of your tongue to the gum ridge, somewhat in back of the usual position