XK /s/ 45 for /t/; then immediately release it with a friction and strong puff of breath. This sound /ch’/ is never voiced. See the following examples: AY /ch’anya/ virgin, maid aya /ch’eso/ vegetables ALS /ch’ansong/ glorification Ay A} /ch’eksang/ desk Ad a} /ch’angja/ celadon, blue pottery 7| a} /kich’a/ train A] /nunch’i/ tack, sense VAR /kich’o/ basis aS /koch’u/ red pepper When it occurs in the final position of a syllable and is not followed by a vowel, it is like an unreleased apico-alveolar “ct” sound. See the following examples: 3 /kkot/ flower 4) /pit/ light es /sut/ charcoal = /tot/ sail Practice the difference between the Korean /ch/ and /ch’/. aT /changgu/ aie /ch’anggu/ Ah} /chada/ Ahr} /ch’ada/ Al /chal/ al /ch’al/ ZA} /chosang/ z* /ch’osang/ £2} /chonggak/ = 72} /ch’onggak/ +A /chujang/ Ah /ch’ujang/ “tt /chuptta/ =U} /ch’uptta/ 73 S}c} /chalhada/ Al 3} c} /ch’alhada/ z] /chim/ A] /ch’im/ zlé}t} = /chinhada/ Als}t} = /ch’inhada/ Tae /chumun/ a /ch’umun/ Fu} /chupang/ Ht /ch’upang/ This sound is a voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant. It is very similar to the English /s/ sound, which usually occurs before consonants, as in ‘street,’ ‘skate,’ ‘speed,’ etc. You make it by bringing the tip of your tongue close to the gum ridge, (but without touching it); this forms a narrow passage through which air escapes with a hissing sound, due to a slight
46 6 /h/ friction. The Korean sibilant “%” sound is a little softer than the English /s/. It is never voiced. See the following examples: AY /sanseng/ teacher ALS /sanyang/ | hunting Al A} /sinsa/ gentleman ZA} /chosa/ investigation +A /sujo/ spoon and chopsticks Akat /saram/ man ALA} /kamsa/ thanks aA) /sosik/ news Al /sesu/ washing-up When it occurs in the final position and is not followed by a vowel, it is oe ” like an unreleased apico-alveolar “tc” sound. See the following examples: Ae /kat/ Korean hat = /kot/ place aa /mot/ nail 4] /pit/ comb 2 /ot/ clothes Al /kit/ coat lapels Practice the difference between the Korean /s/ and /ss/. ALC} /sada/ REC} /ssada/ AVAL /sajon/ BEAT /ssajon/ AyAts}c} /salsalhada/ 2+x%3}c}+ /ssalssalhada/ 74} /salda/ 74 c} /ssalda/ =t} /solda/ er} /ssolda/ A| /si/ ay /ssi/ A} /sal/ it /ssal/ Abe /sari/ ae] /ssari/ ead /sangbang/ sa} /ssangbang/ This sound is a voiceless glottal fricative. It is a very slight fricative sound, produced either by relaxed vocal bands or the walls of the pharynx with a puff of breath. The oral cavity is completely opened (unobstructed). It is very similar to the English /h/ sound as in ‘heart.’ See the following examples: ce /haru/ one day
47 7}= /kahok/ harshness 37} /hogam/ good impression 313 /heyeng/ vanity $3] /huho/ contrition When this sound /h/ is used with the diphthongs, (semivowel plus vowel), it is much more aspirated. It seems to cause American speakers some trouble. Here are some examples: 3] 2] /hwé6i/ conference +7} /hyuga/ vacation s}29) /hwayoil/ Tuesday ax /hwalssin/ very much #2] /hyuji/ toilet paper 4-7] 2) /hyugesil/ recreation room 3] A} /hwoésa/ company su) /hyungne/ mimicry When it occurs in the final position, it is like an unreleased apicoalveolar “ct” sound. 3|} /hitt/ the name of the letter “3s” The Final Compound Forms of Consonants : When there are two different final consonants in a syllable, and they are not followed by a vowel, only one of them is pronounced. There is no rule as to which of them should be pronounced. See the following examples: x /tol/ one full year at /sam/ life ys /nak/ soul a /tak/ domestic fowl oer} /antta/ to sit down au /kuktta/ to be thick Bc} /ccaltta/ to be short et} /omtta/ to move src} /haltta/ to lick RHYTHM : English is spoken in a syncopated fashion, whereas Korean is spoken in a metronomic fashion. In English, you put a heavy stress on some
48 syllables, and various weaker stresses on others. In Korean, however, each syllable is given moderate, approximately even stress, and has approximately equal length. Some syllables are heard more prominently than others. This prominence is mainly a matter of pitch. Therefore, in Korean, pitch is much more important than stress. You can hear stress in Korean, but it is because of certain consonants. Those consonants that are aspirated or glottalized are usually pronounced strongly. In English stress is the most important, but in Korean it is the least important. First of all, you should omit the English habit of syncopation. Try to time Korean syllables evenly, giving them equal stress. INTONATION AND FINAL CONTOURS : There are, generally speaking, four significant pitch levels in the Korean intonation: 1) high; 2) medium-high; 3) neutral; 4) low. High and medium-high refer to accented levels; neutral and low refer to unaccented levels. In English, accent indicates the way in which the four levels of stress occur. In Korean, the accent refers to the way in which pitch levels occur. In normal speech, Korean is spoken with neutral and low pitches. When emphasizing a certain word or phrase, or in an exclamatory expression, we speak with high and medium-high pitches. When there is a particle or conjunctive ending in a sentence, the intonation of the particle or conjunctive ending must be pronounced with low pitch. English speakers have a tendency to pronounce them with a rising pitch. So, it is extremely important to master the intonation of the Korean particle and conjunctive ending. In this book pitch levels are indicated at the end of phrases and sentences by one of the following pitches : rising pitch 7, falling pitch\., dipping pitch™, sustaining pitch — , and double pitch (or high-low pitch) x’. This latter indicates a kind of persuasive effort on the speaker’s part, or a certain sweet reasonableness with which he/she hopes to win agreement, or a kind of obvious (needless -to-say) explanation.
AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN KOREAN
Ao . te bale nthe i Oe Say @ 11 a bh Oe, Obert: ont an @ ‘9. sb an? Sea eege i. ak Me ie Gt. ne ot winr ‘-37ee ry Kt os em toma me ari im of ae
Unit 1 UNIT 1 OIA} Greetings (1) BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE Ql A} greeting ory peace, well-being BE AVA Mr. Park Al a ay 1. cose? 7 BAY |! How are you, Mr. Park ? oi] yes Al AAY Mr. Kim a ce ee 2. a, chases? 7 2 WY! sCFine (thank you), Mr. Kim, and you? A} really, truly 2 Zk BO] ol] g it’s been a long time (since we’ve met) Al 3 ay Bt Selzh Brolol Sn It’s really been a long time since we’ve met. BS ag ey Ae 4, oF, 22 Zk Bbole] 2 a Yes, it is. ZA these days, nowadays oa es val how, in what, what manner 2) al 2. ZA 5. 222 of4 (how) are you getting along Z) o3 By Al AAS 2 oO How are you getting along these days? just SO-SO 4 8 OS = (Just) so-so. ol
52 Unit 1 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . eysp4]_2? 7 means literally ‘Are you in peace?’ This expression is an informal greeting used when addressing a superior, or in any situation requiring a salutation. It is interchangeable with ¢4é}4]U}7}? which is a formal greeting with no difference in meaning. It may be used at any time of the day. The English equivalent of this expression is ‘How are you?,’ ‘Good morning,’ ‘Good afternoon,’ ‘Good evening.’ Bt Aaa: «BF is the family name. 4178 means ‘teacher’ and ‘doctor,’ in both the medical and non-medical senses. As a term of address, it may be used independently, or attached to the family name. It is used to express respect and deference for the persons spoken to, but never used for oneself. -d_ is the honorific suffix indicating reverence. . |] ‘yes’ is habitually pronounced 4], It is pronounced as it is written, however, in some areas such as Ch’ungchang and Cholla provinces. It is used as a regular response to a knock at the door, or the calling of one’s name, or when one is greeted. The opposite word of ] is o}42 ‘no,’ o} 2 is used in negative replies to questions, in contradictions and denials, and as an informal reply to apologies, expressions of thanks, and compliments. . 4} is the abbreviated form of 4#+2.= ‘really,’ ‘truly,’ ‘very.’ 227%} "tele & means ‘It’s been a long time since we’ve met.’ 2 2] 71 means ‘(for) a long ‘time’ and 4! followed by the verb of identification -°]¢]& indicates passage of time. -¥8t°]e]]& corresponds to the English ‘after or since (the passage of such-and-such a stretch of time).’ _ &S 487 241441220 means ‘How are you getting along these days?’ oJ 7] means ‘how ?’ or ‘in what way ?’ When the final consonant -s of is followed by the consonant -— in the following syllable, -4 is pronounced as -7 : like oma], . L%| =1242 is used when nothing particularly new has taken place or when something is not particularly good or bad. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY HAR” ambassador awed professor ALBA” Father, Catholic priest BAR pastor, minister
A. Substitution Drill if rn mo —&LD W ahgsh]22 7 a aay | ahgspa27 2 Aad | ahgsh227 dahd | hg S277 Ald | hs L27 A wey | spy? 7 Baby | O° O° ° uu B. Substitution Drill Li Saal Solo 2 BP AA | Lay7t Hoje] 2A 2. AA | . LaZr Beles, Aard | . 22H Zt be].2,.0 Alar” | . Leak yrele] 2.0 ay | . 2Yzk wroje 2,0 Sard |! Substitution Drill 1 BAS of Bal zy ALI0 2.4 Aad, Weal 274A? 3. BAM, FSA 7427 How have you been, Mr. Park ? 4. 5 6 7 aARg, Ba) A205 | apg, co} Bal AL? |g, 18a) AL 7 0 sil =m) oj} 2 7 A] Uj A] 2. ? GS Response Drill BAS opgal zy AQ70 dard, deal ZA 20 | Babg, lea) alae ; we, o] A oer AY, FeAl zd? Unit 1 53 How are you, Mr. Park ? How are you, Mr. Kim? How are you, Mr. Ambassador ? How are you, Father ? How are you, Professor Kim ? How are you, Pastor ? It’s been a long time since we’ve met, Mr. Park! It’s been a long time since we’ve met, Mr. Kim! It’s been a long time since we’ve met, Mr. Ambassador ! It’s been a long time since we’ve met, Father ! It’s been a long time since we’ve met, Professor ! It’s been a long time since we’ve met, Pastor ! How have you been, lately ? How have you been, Mr. Kim ? How have you been, Mr. Ambassador ? How have you been, Pastor ? How have you been, Professor ? How have you been, Father ? 1 SLA) SER 2.2 Aa, TBA AWA? Oo 24 aS. 3. Be ANY, ea AWA? Oo 24 aH, 4. ) 6 7 <1} SA, Sieh 2... Ape STA sly r Bo te oe ee
54 Unit 1 Korean Proverb: 4] Zh] ako] cH, Well begun is half done. Notes: It is difficult to find the time, the means or the courage to start a new project. If a task is once begun, it will probably be carried through. What is worth doing is worth doing promptly. Where there is no beginning, there is no ending.
Unit 2 55 UNIT 2 OlAF =Greetings (2) BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE 4 8 1. 4 Aaa ofF ANS? 7 Aren’t you Mr. Kim? o}U] Oh! Good heavens! ©] 7] this aed what matter, what reason A at really, truly ub} to be glad Az 3 ow 2. ofL} ! ojA] Adojye? 7 Oh! What’s happening ? I am ALGF Bbz}Gu ch a really glad to see you again. 7}= family + 8 3. FRESE che sp|72? 7 Is your family well ? ad favor, grace A} well 9}c} to be a 8 8 4, q, BFS Gao] 4 gosgi.a Yes, they are all well (thank you for your interest). a older brother - ete] to o}a regards, best wishes A136} tc} to convey, to pass le em sab ae 5. Adee] cbf Aah SAA Please give my best regards to your brother. “A 3 nl 6. a, Hal EZ 2,0 I certainly will.
56 Unit 2 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . ©) is an exclamatory form expressing surprise, disbelief, annoyance, or merely emphasis. It corresponds to the English ‘Dear me!,’ ‘What !,’ ‘Good heavens!,’ ‘Well!, ‘Oh my!,’ or ‘Why!’ See the following examples: o}u] o}7] a dojo 2? Good heavens! What happened ? ofl] & 3fo]2 ? What! Did you come again ? oo 2 s)2.? Oh my ! What are you doing? ©] Z| is a contraction of °]Z°], °]% means ‘this thing’ and -°] is the subject particle. See the following examples: oJA] (o]Zl°]) Ho 2? What’s this ? 1A] (2A°]) Holey 2, That is a book. AA] (AA°)) Sokg. That over there is good. ao] 4] 8: a means ‘what’; @ means ‘a matter,’ ‘an affair,’ or ‘a work,’ etc. ; -°] 4A] & is the verb ending. Therefore, it means ‘What’s all this ?,’ ‘What’s the matter ?,’ ‘What’s got into you?,’ ‘What’s up ?,’ ‘What’s happening ?’ It is used when you meet a friend or a well-known person unexpectedly. . 7-SS =: 7+ means ‘members of a family’; -S is the pluralizing suffix ; -—& is the particle meaning ‘also,’ ‘too.’ 9k'gs}4]=-2 is slightly less formal than @+4 3}4] 32.8, -31 is the coordinate non-final ending meaning ‘and.’ (You will study this pattern later in detail). . Gael indicates the speaker’s appreciation for interest shown in his/her personal affairs : ‘thanks for asking,’ ‘thanks to you,’ or appreciation for assistance that has been received. It always implies pleasant or favorable information. . The particle - tl] ‘to (a person),’ following a noun referring to animate beings, is used to indicate the receiver of an action, or the one for whom something is done or exists. Ala} 4-4] means literally ‘Please pass...’ The pattern -°}(-°], -o4) ==t} is used when a speaker requests something for himself, or when he does something for an inferior or an equal. . Ala] =e}2]2 is the polite answer to the above request. The pattern -9}(-9], -°{) © e|t} is used when a speaker does something for a person whose social status is superior or equal to his, or to anyone present to whom one is being polite.
Unit 2 5G DRILLS Substitution Drill . A MYA of faa? 7 . Bt Ald oh 2? 2 Ale yas? 7 . Babs oy aa? 7 2 Bad hye? 7 . HARE oh 42? 7 Substitution Drill . A AAV, °l7] Adeya220 eae AYA, jal Ade} L?0 AEH, JA] AGLI . SARE, ola] AMAL 70 meg, A ola) delepya2n . WARE, o]7] Ade}qg220 Substitution Drill A AB’Y, webs a} ad, week ahd, webs ube ch 0 AB, wybeurh my, wWabeueth o Substitution Drill EEE IFA IO HARE ehgsplF2 70 ae re 4 a qaP|FR70 rm OF FWODW orof F WDSE rn WW TO FRF » = d rn Oo FeW OF Substitution Drill 1. Bqebe) eee Aren’t you Mr. Kim? Aren’t you Mr. Park ? Aren’t you the Father ? Aren’t you the Pastor ? Aren’t you Professor Kim ? Aren’t you the Ambassador ? Mr. Kim! What a surprise ! Mr. Park! What a surprise ! Father ! What a surprise ! Pastor! What a surprise! Professor Kim! What a surprise ! Mr. Ambassador ! What a surprise! I’m glad to meet you, Mr. Kim! I’m glad to meet you, Mr. Park! I’m glad to meet you, Mr. Ambassador! I’m glad to meet you, Pastor! I’m glad to meet you, Father ! I’m glad to meet you, Professor ! And how is your family ? And how is the Ambassador ? And how is the Pastor ? And how is the Professor Kim ? And how is the Father ? And how is Mr. Kim? Please give my best regards to your brother. 2. ot AWW ste] cbt Ala 44/2. Please give my best regards to Mr. Park.
58 Unit 2 3. 2 Aste] cbt Aa] FAB. Please give my best regards to Mr. Kim. 4. Al ete] oh Aa 472.0 Please give my best regards to Father. 5. SARA ete] oH Aa] Salo Please give my best regards to Pastor. 6. wp" etel oh Aa FAB. Please give my best regards to Professor. 7. MAR Stel ot Aa] 42.0 Please give my best regards to Ambassador. Response Drill 1. @yae] de da FARO a}, Aa ERA. 2. By dag ete] a aa HA Q.O ol, Aa Elz] ao 3. A AMA ae] et Aa FA. a, Bal Ezz] 2.0 4. ALPE] aE Aa FARO a, Aa ERA 5. SARA ae] eh Aa FAA ol, Aa] Selz)al0 6. mp ate] che Alay FAR. a, Mal ERZ]Q 0 7. Hakata] ee aa FARO al, Wal EAA.
UNIT 3 BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE ol 3) 3] 910} 2. 1. WHezAz] ds? 7 2 3] Fah] E} Wy 2 2. FB) eke} i] ch, ay ==] 4]7} WNL ar OF eee 71S Ouse? 7 oj day hs yEned | oA S1Ss GS Es uo Al 2. 5. E7) & PALO AYA 7\ che 6. 4k 7) Chey FA 2 u} Al yu} Al Hu} Al 2 3 e 3 2 3 Unit 3 59 Kimch’i paech’ugimch’i (pickled cabbages) do you have? or does it exist ? Tc = Do you have paech’ugimch’i ? I’m sorry. do not have or does not exist 3 I am sorry. We don’t have any. well then, or if that is true Well then, do you have kkaktugi ? yes ny a Yes, we have kkaktugi. some or a little please give (me) Give me some kkaktugi. a little while please wait ny a Just a moment. (lit. Please wait for a while.)
60 Unit 3 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . BH4=2) 2] ‘white cabbage kimch’i’ is generally eaten in the winter. 4A| ‘kimch’i’: In preparing kimch’i, cabbages are washed thoroughly, sprinkled with salt and left to soak overnight until they soften. Then they are washed again several times and mixed with other ingredients such as garlic, red pepper, celery, green onions, sliced fresh turnips, ginger, salted fish and oysters. The mixture is put into big jars which are kept in a place away from severe heat and cold. There are various kinds of kimch’i: @-7-%] 2] ‘young radish kimch’i’ and 2.0]Z]%] ‘cucumber kimch’i’ are eaten in the summer. -3-2]"] ‘chopped radishes pickled in salt water’ is yet another kind of kimch’i. . B] ek eeu} ct is used to make an apology or to express feelings of sorrow or | regret. ==] 2] 7} : -7} is the subject particle. You will study it in detail soon. 3. 24-7] : ‘hot pickles of chopped radishes.’ It is eaten year round. 4, aA 7]che]y =A]R ‘Just a moment,’ (Lit. ‘Wait a moment, please.’), is a polite request. Just remember it as a useful expression. This pattern will be studied in detail later. STRUCTURE NOTES Styles of Speech : There are many kinds of speech styles in the Korean language, namely, 1) the informal-polite style; 2) the formal-polite style; 3) the plain style; 4) the intimate style; 5) the authoritative style; 6) the familiar style. It is not easy for a foreigner to choose the appropriate speech style for any given situation, nor is it easy for him to determine the basis for social superiority and inferiority in the Korean social system. The longer a person is associated with the Korean language, the easier it will become to recognize appropriate speech styles. This requires, however, a thorough knowledge of the Korean social structure, as well as a sufficient amount of practice. The style of speech to be used is determined by the formality of the situation, the individuals involved, and one’s personal relationship to these individuals. It is best for the foreigner to use the (formal or informal) polite style of speech, except when addressing children. In conversation between people occupying different positions in the Korean social structure, (for example, superior and inferior, employer and
II. Unit 3 61 employee, teacher and student, customer and salesgirl, etc.) , the person of lower position normally uses a more polite and formal style of speech. Generally speaking, men use the formal speech style more often than the informal speech style. On the other hand, women use the informal speech style more frequently. People of equal status in the Korean social system use the formal-polite speech style in conversation, unless they have a more friendly relationship. The Informal-Polite Style: We have introduced the informal-polite style (yo-style) first because not only is it widely used, especially in the Seoul and Kyongki area, but it is also simple and colloquial. When the Korean war broke out in 1950, the majority of displaced people from Seoul took refuge in other regions of the country. Consequently, the Seoul dialect (yo-style) spread out all over the country and has become the standard dialect used in Korea. The informal-polite style is most commonly used when speaking to people of a higher social status than the speaker. For example, this style is used with teachers, doctors, priests, high officials, parents, grandparents, elder brothers and sisters, etc., or in any situation where the speaker wishes to talk politely, but informally. The informal-polite style is interchangeable with the formal-polite style, without diminishing politeness. 1. When the final vowel of the verb stem (not necessarily the final letter) is Fk or +, it takes -o}&, Here are some examples: stem: Ending : Original form: Contraction : 7h -o} 8 (7}0}-&.) 7}B. Pe -o+} 2 (2o}2) 232 x -o} @ (3}0}.2.) ah. $= aos SoeR (absent) 2. When the final vowel of the stem is any other vowel, or when the past or future tense infixes have been attached to the stem, it takes -°]/2, Here are some examples: Stem : Ending : Original form : Contraction : 722 -o] FEAL. 72 AS. 9} -0] 2 clo] 2 (absent) ay -o] g Ho] ge (absent) ah =| St Ayo] 2. (absent) 3h sem gto] g (absent) yal saber Ao 2 (absent)
62 III. Unit 3 sy -9 2 sao & (absent) 3. When the verb is a -3}¢} verb, it takes -0J 2, Here are some examples: Stem : Ending : Original form : Contraction : Ws} a Bep4 2 Day & Abed 3} oF 2 Abed 3} 04 2 Ab ee aH & as} Ss wsto4 2 ae] Note: In colloquial speech, the contracted forms are used more frequently than the original forms. Korean Verbs: English verbs change according to person and number (‘I go,’ ‘he goes,’ ‘they go’). This is not so in Korean. Korean verbs are impersonal, do not change according to number, and always occur at the end of sentences. They indicate the occurrence of an action or the existence of a state without grammatical reference to a subject and can occur by themselves as complete standard sentences. For example, 7/2 can mean: ‘I go,’ ‘He goes,’ ‘They go,’ ‘We go,’ etc. As a general rule, however, Korean verbs refer to the speaker in a statement or the person addressed in a question, unless the person is indicated through other means. For example: 7%] 93)°J/2? ‘Do you have kimch’i?’ o], 24] 91°12 ‘Yes, I (we) have kimch’i.’ In general, Korean verbs are classified into four kinds of verbs: 1. Action Verbs: Action verbs indicate action or movement performed by the grammatical subject represented by the verb. In other words, they bring out the idea that ‘SOMEONE DOES SOMETHING’ or ‘SOMETHING TAKES PLACE.’ 2. Description verbs: Description verbs indicate the quality or condition of the grammatical subject. In other words, they bring out the idea that ‘SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IS A CERTAIN WAY.’ 3. The Verb of Existence: The verb of existence indicates existence, location, or possession. In other words, it is a verb used to say that ‘(SOMETHIJNG) EXISTS,’ or ‘(SOMEONE OR SOMETHING) IS LOCATED (in a place), ’or ‘(SOMEONE) HAS (SOMETHING).’ 4. The Verb of Identification : The verb of identification is a COPULAR linking the subject with its predicate. It is a verb used to indicate equality.
Unit 3 63 IV. The Verb Qc}: The verb 9) t+ indicates existence, location or possession. It is used to say that ‘(something) exists,’ or ‘(something) is located (in a place),’ or ‘(somebody) has (something).’ Its opposite verb is 9 t} ‘(something) does not exist,’ etc. It is extremely important to distinguish between the use of 9 t} and °|t}, The verb °]t} ‘equal’ will be studied soon. Examples : ALA) 91922 Do you have kimch’i? or Is there kimch’i ? ALA) Hols, We have no kimch’i. or There is no kimch’i. AS 9142? Do you have cold water ? or Is there cold water ? AS Wolk, We have no cold water. or There is no cold water. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY 2 = hot water “4S grapes #1 = boiled water A}=+ —_ apple(s) =A} black tea 0} peach(es) Ale) sugar +8} watermelon ay) coffee A} 9] melon A. Substitution Drill ie cist 2 Do you have water ? 9. We = 9927 7 Do you have hot water ? 3. 2S 9148 7 7 Do you have cold water ? Aas = 827 7 Do you have boiled water ? 5. =} glo] 3 yea Do you have black tea? 6. 34 9982? 7 Do you have sugar ? 7. st 9) 0] S727 Do you have coffee ? 8. oe 9]o] 2.2 7 Do you have grapes ? 9. Bo} g]ol 39 A Do you have peaches ?
64 B. Substitution Drill 1 qq], oF YUL La, WARE QVa.0 a, Ae E Yao a, AES] 12.0 A, AB SO} Qo}.2.0 ali, a, OEE 2.0 DMD OT FeW LD oN WA Qa. 0 Ate 12.0 C. Substitution Drill ol ae23 2, OEE V2, Perce _ oh 2, naps} Bo] 2, BSo} goa. | Oh42, AFF Goan D. Substitution Drill OT FFWOLYKND —j Ostce CO. 5) AE S Fa de ES Fa.0 4 2 $ FBO ag S Fa. a3) $ FAB. ut S FAB ALE S FAL . = - Elaeees a0] Ade} as] 4h A}5I} Response Drill gel 27 7 = YR? 7 BU = W427? 7 go] 22 7 9) 91 2.757 slo] a0? 4 3948.7 A 1. HY 2,474] Boao 2 8) ee WB 3. 42, WEA} WR, 4. Oy ee nae els. 5 6 7 8 GN J me Unit 3 Yes, we have water. Yes, we have cold water. Yes, we have hot water. Yes, we have melon. Yes, we have peaches. Yes, we have watermelon. Yes, we have apples. Yes, we have sugar. No, we have no kimch’i. No, we have no boiled water. No, we have no black tea. No, we have no sugar. No, we have no grapes. No, we have no apples. No, we have no peaches. No, we have no watermelon. Give me some cold water, please. Give me some hot water, please. Give me some boiled water, please. Give me some sugar, please. Give me some coffee, please. Give me some watermelon, please. Give me some apples, please. Give me some peaches, please. a], BE lela a], 2 E Moan a], Bl E Moya. ai], A goa. a], 23} Nya. a], 4 Moya. a], AS A. 0
8. BHO} YL 7 F. Response Drill ile .- ot =F 74227 . Beh BS gloligry , BEUQ)O | RI SRS Oe? 7 Bir Oar? 2 . AAl YR? Z TT FSFWwWDH aOaND are Ob 1 OTa 27 AS YURI Z Unit 3 a], B$o} gle}.a.o oe, oye, oe, oye, oe, oe, oye, oye, m™N SN jeshW aoff SY ELnda st Hoofp2 65
66 Unit 4 UNIT 4 ot=2t Korean Language BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE , o]Zl this on what (kind of) ay book 5 bie aan 1. o]Ao] FE Mol Q2?a What (kind of a) book is this? obat yy} Korean (language) =: yl = 2. Std Mojo gia It’s a Korean language book. psc well (then), if that is so #Hesr} to study a ae 3, 24, eds S24a4)2.? 7 — So, are you studying Korean? Lea: sure 131 G but oO] 4c} to be difficult Se ORD pg Ae ee) Ghee 47] Sure, but Korean is difficult. qYAAYg 0 ot] where -o]] Aj | at, in y AP Ie 5. AoA SXspse72a Where are you studying ? tH A} 2+ embassy = VRS 6. GARzA, Sa &o a I’m studying at the embassy.
Unit 4 67 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . ©] A means literally ‘this thing.’ ©]- is a demonstrative modifying the dependent noun (bound noun) -%. It occurs only as a modifier of the following noun. °] Z_ indicates a thing or things close to the speaker, i.e. ‘this thing (here), ’ 1% (a) indicates a thing or things removed from the speaker but close to the person addressed, i.e. ‘near you.’ (b) It is also used to refer to a thing or things within sight but slightly removed from both speaker and person addressed, i.e. neither ‘here’ nor ‘there.’ (c) Sometimes it is also used to indicate that thing or those things already under discussion. A|Z indicates a thing or things ‘over there,’ i.e. relatively far removed from both the speaker and the person addressed. ©|7l ‘this thing’ ©]4+ ‘this person’ ci tidiiing. of it 14+ ‘that person,’ ‘he,’ ‘she’ A\Z ‘that thing over there’ A\4+ ‘that person over there,’ ‘he, she (over there)’ -+-<- means ‘what (kind of),’ ‘some (kind of).’ It occurs only as a modifier of a subsequent noun or bound form. However, 7+ ‘what,’ ‘something’ is always followed by function words such as the subject particle -7}/-°], the object particle -3/, or the verb of identification -°]t}, Here are some examples. AA] FE ole] 2? What (kind of a) book is that? Fao] So}2 ? What is good? FAS Ss] 2 ? What do you study ? o]Z1o] lolol] 2 ? What’s this ? . 142 is used when you agree with someone’s statement or when you answer in the affirmative. It corresponds to the English ‘You are right,’ “That’s right,’ ‘That’s what it is,’ ‘So it is,’ ‘Of course.’ ©} 2] (c}) means ‘to be difficult,’ ‘to be hard.’ Its opposite word is (t+) 4 ‘to be easy.” °]2](ch) and 4 (tt) are irregular verbs. The final consonant -¥ of the stem, when followed a vowel, changes into -?-, Study the following examples. ja 2. It’s difficult A919 It‘s easy.
Il. 68 Unit 4 The -#_ irregular verbs will be studied in detail later. Do not be too concerned about it now. STRUCTURE NOTES The Particle -7}/-O| : In English, the order in which you put words determines the meaning of the sentence. For instance, ‘Philip likes Helen’ and ‘Helen likes Philip’ both contain three words, but the meaning is quite different. Therefore, in English the word-order is very important. In Korean, however, the little words called PARTICLES indicate relations between words. Some Korean particles (such as -7}/-°], -3/-&, or -=/-<) indicate a particular word order or stressintonation pattern in English. For example, the particle -7}/-°] is used to indicate the SUBJECT of a sentence. Study the following examples: 0] Zo] AWo)jo] 2. THIS is a book. AlA\7} Hokk, KIMCH’ is good. Notes: 1. Korean particles never occur at the beginning of words, but are directly attached to the preceding noun. 2. Korean particles are never preceded by a pause, but are rather pronounced as part of the word to which they are attached. 3. -°] is used after a word ending in a consonant ; -7} is used after a word ending in a vowel. The verb O|c} : This verb -°]t} is the COPULA which links a subject with its predicate. It is used to indicate equality or identification. The English equivalent of this verb is ‘equal.’ Whenever an English sentence containing ‘is’ makes sense if you substitute ‘equal’ for ‘is,’ the Korean equivalent is -°] t}, It is extremely important to distinguish between the use of 9)t} ‘exist’ and -°]t} ‘equal.’ Examples : 0] 71°] ojo] 2. This is a book (This=a book). Alo] Z] AAYojoy sa, He (over there) is Mr. Kim (He= Mr. Kim), 171°] Belo] 2, That is water (That=water). 171°] AZfo] 2, That is an apple (That=an apple).
II. IV. ] Unit 4 69 171°] fol] 2, That is black tea (That=black tea). Notes: 1. This verb -°]t} is never preceded by a pause, but is rather pronounced as _ part of the word to which it is attached. 2. After a vowel, the verb -°]- may be dropped in colloquial speech, as well as in writing. In the beginning, however, it is better to practice with eC\in even after a vowel. 3. This verb -°]t} is ordinarily preceded by a noun or pronoun. The object Particle -3/-S : We studied the particle -7}/-°] which indicates the subject of a sentence. 2 fe} However, the particle -S-/-- indicates that the word to which it is attached is the DIRECT OBJECT of a transitive verb. Examples : aa was Saye, I study Korean. 2S Yo s2. Put on your clothes, please. ARS g}o] ge. I am reading a book. HS BQ, I see a dog. Notes: 1. This particle -S/-- is never preceded by a pause, but is rather pronounced as part of the word to which it is attached. 2. -= is used after words ending in a vowel ; -£ is used after words ending in a consonant. The Particle -O|A{--- : ‘at,’ ‘in’ The particle -ol]/A], depending on the context or situation, has two quite different meanings. One is ‘at’ or ‘in,’ indicating the place where an action takes place. The particle -9l]4] is attached to a noun, and is always followed by an action verb. It is used when you DO something in a place. Examples : Salo] A] SHa 2, I study at school. H}ol] A] ohk, I play in the room. ufo] Al Abad a] 2, I take a walk in the garden. ALEA] oA, Dae, I work in the office. Alo} A] Bolg, I eat in the CHOI room.
70 Another meaning is ‘from,’ cause, etc. Examples : #0] ] Fo} h.2, a Ale AeA, BUS, Unit 4 indicating a starting point, separation, source, He is coming from America. I leave (from) my house at three o’clock. V. The Honorific Infix -(2)AI-: The infix -(©)A]- is used to indicate respect and reverence on the part of the speaker for the person spoken to. This infix is used whenever one addresses or refers to persons of superior social standing, (for example: teachers, doctors, priests, high officials, parents, grandparents, elder brothers and sisters, etc.). It is also used to express reverence in addressing strangers and casual aquaintances, but never used for oneself. Examples : ee 7. ao) 2A 8. EL ol ee: SEAS Alo] FPA] 2? ghd spl] 2. ? Notes: He is going. He is coming. He is getting dressed. Who is that person over there ? How are you? 2. The honorific is formed by inserting the infix -()4]- between the verb stem and the endings, (such as -°}(-°], -4)&, -yuuch, -u7}? and = wAl_2.. ete), 2. -A|- is used after verb stems ending in.a vowel ; -©.4]|- is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY say notebook AY >t desk Ce pencil Ty chalk thd ~~ fountain pen 7e=2|t} to teach DRILLS 2) s}c} to work Ak SC} to take a walk +] c} to rest 7} who oJ OF English A} letter
}c} to read as to write Hr} to see Substitution Drill 1 Ze ae 2] 210] Feo] ol 2.2.0 A240] Feo]. 2.7.0 ALAle| 7S S| AE? Substitution Drill OF WHKF ND . ARe] Ajo}ey. an . ze] Bao}aon _ AZo] BHT Mojo gin | Ro] aApo]a] gn Substitution Drill 2 ees SRS LIO FEBAlAIS2 A 2) 2 7 2.7 io ZA] S20 Sim,ila, SE,torS ttlo lo plo jBAILS 2.0 Substitution Drill 1 2 3 4 5 _ ldo] SPSL _ leo} 722270 _ lr] Vs 2720 | yrjeya] Aa sp 2.0 _ ldo, Fae 20 Substitution Drill Jee no —& W 7} TEAL L2.0 ap do Sole edias 7} Atay spi 2 2.O mid ceca Eo ee Te eee Unit 4 shal school APPA] office uf} garden H} room What’s this (thing) ? What’s that (thing) ? What’s that (thing) over there ? That’s a. book. That’s a notebook. That’s a Korean language book. That’s a desk. That’s a pencil. That’s a piece of chalk. That’s a fountain pen. What do you study ? What do you teach ? What do you read ? What do you write? What do you see ? Where do you study ? Where do you teach ? Where do you work ? Where do you take a walk? Where do you rest ? Who teaches (you) ? Who is working ? Who takes a walk ? Who is resting ? Who is studying ? 71
UE Response Drill * a, i SHILA TEE AIA 2.2.0 3] OA] 220 ZA LIPO 2, >%92%2ttlo lo ilo BALI Response Drill oo fF WwWDOKF _ la, SRSA IA . Fro 7B AA LI0 _ la WAI _ }r}a]a] ARIS} 70 Waa qAL720 . Response Drill on fF WwWNOFe . 7k FEE AIA? 7k VALI . 7k AR Spy 220 7b AALIO 2 yeh He Oe ee Notes: +7} and +7: “+ 7+ ‘who’ is always used as a subject, whereas -- = ‘who’ or ‘whom’ (in Unit 4 aes SHA A.o Soe 7/2 Aiea AS Yao BAS W2O o] AAS Hope, ALA] BRB. asad) BAB AEEALAIA, Vay. 0 Boia] Aba a So Wola] ae] .0 AA o] HEAL. 0 Babe] Vaya)... aAR ge] Aalspa] a0 B= Yo] Aala.0 Alo] SPS AO most cases -~-7- means ‘whom’) is used with the verb -°] t} indicating equality or identification. --- is also used with particles such as -3/-< ‘object particle, -@te] ‘to,’ -eta|A] ‘from,’ -é}a1 2°] ‘with,’ etc.
Unit 5 Ts UNIT 5 7{z}O]A{ On the Street BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE A] 3] s+ c+ Excuse me u]= Abst American Embassy a a 1. dae. Bs Apso] Excuse me. Where is the American ]tJo] Bq kg27a Embassy ? BS} Kwanghwa-mun Al Ad 3] 2 Se oc ARSE S 297 The American Embassy ? Ws} H-ol] 9)O7 220 It is at Kwanghwamun. 04 7] A] from here 4c} to be far 1 a & Bo CAA aie O12: 7 Is it far from here ? 7}4tct to be near aA) eZ by taxi A] He about 10 minutes Ale] ct} to take (time) a Ag 4, of JP, 7EAAML A No, it’s nearby. gAleZ 4] #4 AAR A It takes about 10 minutes by taxi ZkAfo}e} to thank op oe S 5. Zbabe}u ch = Thank you. a aa 6. ARte]]_ 2a You’re welcome.
74 Unit 5 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES 1. 44) et -J]c} means literally ‘I am commiting a rudeness.’ It is used when you trouble someone, when you interrupt what someone is doing, when you excuse yourself from someone’s presence for a short time. 2. 4st ‘The Gate of Transformation by Light.’ At the time of Yi dynasty Kwanghwa-mun was located at the south end of the Kyongbok Palace area. In front of Kwanghwa-mun was a broad avenue lined on either side with the various goverment department buildings, leading up from the Chong-no intersection (which is also called ‘Kwang-hwa mum,’ but meaning Kwanghwa-mun Crossing.) 3. }7]A] is acontraction of 47]o]4, 47] is a place-word indicating ‘this place’ or ‘here.’ Let’s study the following words referring to place, in comparison with words indicating thing. (417] bears an obvious resemblance to 4|7 ‘that thing over there’). of 7] ‘this place’ or ‘here’ °|7l ‘this thing’ Al? | ‘that place’ or ‘there’ ae ‘that thing’ AY 7) ‘that place over there’ AZ ‘that thing over there’ or ‘over there’ 4. A] 344: When the classifier -++ is used with Chinese numbers, it indicates ‘minute.’ When it is used with Korean numbers, however, it indicates ‘honored people.’ Examples : 2 4 ‘one minute’ st 4+ ‘one person’ ©] + ‘two minutes’ 5 2 ‘two persons’ At = ‘three minutes’ x] ++ ‘three persons’ Note particularly that ©] 7+ can also mean ‘this honored person.’ The suffix -= indicates ‘approximation.’ You will study the classifiers in detail in the following lesson. 5. 4A4k3t-1t}~ is used as a courteous expression of gratitude or appreciation. It is interchangeable with 314}4;U)t}, making no difference in meaning. 6. 414k] 2. is used as a formal reply to apologies, expressions of thanks, and formal, respectful recognition.
Unit 5 75 STRUCTURE NOTES The Formal-Polite Style: The formal-polite style is used in addressing strangers, casual acquaintances, superiors, and social inferiors in formal situations. A person would use polite words (honorifics), when referring to persons of equal or superior social standing. Examples : (A) Interrogative Sentences : ag apy? 7 22] eu? 7 Notes: How are you? or Are you well ? Do you have kimch’i ? or Is there kimch’i? Is this good ? -u7} is used after verb stems (or the honorific infix -A]-) ending in a vowel ; -qu 7} is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. (B) Declarative Sentences : Pa ch, = Wedd, o]ze) euch, Notes: Thank you. There is no water. This is good. -ut}t} is used after verb stems (or the honorific infix -A]-) ending in a vowel ; -4;Ut} is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. (C) Imperative Sentences : Ae aie eal FAP 2,0 QAVAZO Be Yoaae.o Notes: Give me some cold water, please. Go, please. Come (here), please. Get dressed, please. -A]A] 2. is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; -© A]A]_&. is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. (D) Propositive Sentences : AA) eh. Ns Let’s go.
76 1 8 Tif. Unit 5 7/4 N\ Let’s come. 22 YR4/4hN\ Let’s get dressed. Notes -HA]t} is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; ---A]t} is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. The Particle -Ol]--: : ‘at’, ‘in’ In the previous lesson, we studied the particle -¢]]4], indicating the place where an action takes place. It is used when you do something in a place. However, this particle -ol] ‘at’ or ‘in’ indicates that something or someone is STATIONARY in a place. Therefore, this particle -el] is attached to nouns, and is always followed by inactive verbs, such as 9Jt} ‘to exist,’ 9{t+ ‘do not exist,’ Ht} ‘to be many,’ 4tt} ‘to live, etc.’ Examples : 14-0] AFA] AlAJdc NN He is in the office. 1 AAO] DAlo] qu N That desk is in the classroom. a Hoe] AS] AU ch N He lives in Seoul. 2 Ao] Hel] WMeutchN That pencil is not in the room. $A] Alo] Abebo]) BHFudN There are many people in the recreation room. Notes: This particle -ol], depending on the context or situation, has many different ‘ a meanings: ‘to’ indicating specific direction ; ‘at,’ ‘in’ or ‘on’ indicating time; ‘for’ indicating reference or relation ; ‘by’ or ‘with’ indicating agent ; etc. Generally speaking, a place or time word to which the particle -el] is attached can be made more specific. They are taken up later. The Particle -(2)=@--- : ‘with,’ ‘by (means of)’ The particle -(2)=, preceded by a noun, indicates the means with which someone performs an action, or by which someone drives or moves about. Examples : BA We AA)AlLON Please write with a fountain pen. Ze EO ALAS. Please cut it with a knife. FAO 7AJAGUAIA How will you go? 7\ Ake FRAUEN I will go by train.
Unit 5 Ti HAz Alc N Notes: 1. -~ is used after nouns ending in a vowel or the consonant -=2 ; Let’s go by bus. -2= is used after nouns ending in all consonants except -#, 2. There are other uses of -(°.) = which will be studied later. . The Chinese Derived Numbers: In Korea, there are two kinds of cardinal numbers which correspond to the English numbers: the native Korean numbers, and the Chinese numbers, (numbers of Chinese origin). Let’s study the Chinese numbers first. The native Korean numbers will be introduced later. The Chinese numbers are used mostly counting money, telling time, etc. The higher numbers require special attention, since they frequently cause difficulties for English speakers. 0a 10 4] 20 °]4] 30 414] 40 Af] ge 11 4d 21 °|4}a 3b4ha a 41 AKA 2° 12 4J°] 22 °]4J°] 32 Abajo] 42 AfA]O] a4) 13 4/4) 2350|2) 2) 33 44 4t 43 ALA 4t 4 A} 14 4JA} 24 °|4}A} 34 4}4] 4} 44 APA] A} DEEL: 1m) 4)e2 25 20| Al 2: 35 ALA) 2. 45 APA]? 6 = 16 4] 26°] 36 4h] 46 AAS 7a 17 Ala 27 °|A4] 2] 37 2H 47 A}AlAl 8 & 18 4]2 28 o]4] 2 38 414] 2 48 A}A} ie 19 Ay 29 °|A]+ 39 414 49 A}A]= 50 24] 60 4] 70 4A 80 44] 90 =] ep heeae.§ Koll 61 SA} 71 aAa 81 24) 91 ala 22-41] 62 #4]°] 72 AlAjo) 82 AJo] 92 =LA}°] 53 2AlAt 63 24]41 73 alAlzt 83 4) 4! 93a at 54 2.4] A} 64 34]4} 74 AlAyAt 84 4) 4+ 94 4] A} 55 2A] 2 65 SA) 2 75 2A] 2 85) 4} .2. 95 +4] 2 56 2A]z 66 SA] 76 AAS 86 44} 96 7-4] 57 2A) 67 SA] 4 77 AAJA 87 B4lzl 97 4] 4! 58 2.4] 68 4) 78 aAS 88 24) a 98 7-4] B 59 2A] 69 A] 79 AA 89 4] 99°74 =
78 Unit 5 100 4 1,000 4 10, 000 ¥t 100, 000 4] "rt 200 o] 4 2,000 °]Al 20, 000 ©] 8k 1, 000, 000 “Rt 300 4hy 3,000 4}41 30,000 4}8 10, 000, 000 414 400 A}e 4,000 AFA 40,000 At 100, 000, 000 4 500 2.34 5,000 2.1 50, 000 2-41 1, 000, 000, 000 4] 600 34 6,000 Al 60, 000 §-"t 10, 000, 000, 000 "42 700 234 7,000 4 Ad 70,000 2) Rt 100, 000, 000,000 424 800 2a 8,000 4AI 80,000 ut 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 4 900 = 9,000 +41 90, 000 =+8t Notes: 1. The digits from 1 to 10 and the digits 100 (#4), 1,000 (4), 10,000 (85), 100,000,000 (4), 1,000,000,000,000 (4) are words. All other numbers are merely combinations of these words. 2. Two-digit numbers are read in terms of the number of tens, and units. Study the following examples: 25 °]A] & (lit. 2 tens, 5) 32 AltA] ©] (lit. 3 tens, 2) 67 4] 4] (lit. 6 tens, 7) 3. Three-digit numbers are read in terms of the number of hundreds, tens, and units. A zero is usually dropped in the spoken number, when it occurs within a written number. Study the following examples: 375 Atal AlA] 2 (lit. 3 hundreds, 7 tens, 5) 567 23H A] A! (lit. 5 hundreds, 6 tens, 7) 603 Sy 4} (lit. 6 hundreds, 3) 4. Four-digit numbers are read in terms of the number of thousands, hundreds, tens, and units. Study the following examples: 2356 ©]21 Abe} 24] - (lit. 2 thousands, 3 hundreds, 5 tens, 6) 3781 AA 2l4y 4] 2 (lit. 3 thousands, 7 hundreds, 8 tens, 1) 5. When the individual elements occur in certain compounds, their pronunciation may be slightly altered. See the following examples: Aju — A]u+(one hundred thousand) wa} —> ¥lut(one million)
Unit 5 79 DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY WA) classroom AK s-2} car 4] house Al sad subway 3}4}4] rest room AAA] bicycle 7)| At train 4B] ay 7] airplane A. Substitution Drill _ |S ALO] o}rjol glo]. 27.0 . QA} elrja od 2720 . US Fe] Fre] Woyz@7a | BU Fo] jr] Ya? | Say} lay Vaya7z9 _ Axo] o]rjel} glo] 270 | BEI} ojrja gle} 270 _ AP} e}rjel) gle} 2.7.0 B. Substitution Drill | ARo] AAEAA glean | Azo] Fate] glo}. an | 2746] BP yey} Qo}2.0 17°] Hel] 342,04 0) st] S11 Be | Ze} Ae e120 . AAe)] Atel] gle] 2.4 . AZo] Hale] glo] a. C. Substitution Drill HD FPWwW DH KF OaND AON DT FSF WwWYOeH 1. HAlS 4] 2S 22.6 247\7t= 4 Ee 242 oO 3. APSALe 4] HE AHAB 4, As}azS 4] HE Baa. 5. AAAS 4] 2S Aaa. 6. Haze 4] 2S B2Aao D. Substitution Drill lL. Sel Where is the American Embassy ? Where is the kimch’i ? Where is the hot water ? Where is the boiled water ? Where is the black tea ? Where is the sugar ? Where are the grapes ? Where are the apples ? That is in the office. That is in the school. That is in the garden. That is in the room. That is in the classroom. That is in the house. That is in the Embassy. That is in the rest room. It takes about 10 minutes by taxi. It takes about 10 minutes by train. It takes about 10 minutes by car. It takes about 10 minutes by subway. It takes about 10 minutes by bicycle. It takes about 10 minutes by airplane. Let’s study.
80 Unit 5 2. 7) e4)4E N Let’s wait. 3. tHABS lad N Let’s write with a fountain pen. 4. Ys] N Let’s work. 5. Akad e}A]ch. \ Let’s take a walk. 6. 44]thN Let’s rest. Substitution Drill 1. 2$sHyrle@en Please study. 2. AS BHeAyrlen Please read a book. 3. 7]4eyAVrI&N Please wait. 4. ALA s}4y A] 2. N Please take a walk. 5. Bz)S wAyPILON Please write a letter. 6. 4 = =4JAIQIN Please give me some cold water. Response Drill 1. Babe 7}? 7 a], uated N 2. OVS SEe ate 4 a], B]okeuch NN 3. ASU AZ al, Vaguch \ 4. AS ISU? Z al, A2 aeuch \ 5. AAS Su? 7 a], Bz]S H4ch\ 6. ALR 47? 7 a], 4k eh 4] N Response Drill 1. dau. Al Rol] 24 2. Blake = AL Broy So 3. AAR ch Ante 2. 4. Slate}, — Al Rte] 2.4
Unit 6 81 UNIT 6 ZUAlL7| Shopping BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE o4 2] please 2c} to come epnigreats Pe) 2A] SS Do come in, please. Yufel] 2 how much is it a ae 2. ©] AP>} Auto] BV How much are these apples ? Sk 7H Ol] per one — ARRH 3] 400 won ) 4 4 3. St 7Hol] APH SJolof Qi ia They’re four hundred won each. o}fo]=- Oh!, Oh my! }} why oo} a7] so, that much B] 2c} to be expensive REA cheaply + a | 4, ofo]=-! of of By] B]4x42.2- = Oh! Why is it so expensive? = XA] 4] ch. N Let’s make it a little cheaper. Aq APA a fixed price system 1 4 3 5. F7J= BAe] 2.3 It’s a fixed price system. a ae 6. aye? 7 As So 7 AIR. Really? Ten apples, please. aL u}c} to be grateful ] 4 8 7. magquc— eyes] 7H 2.—- Thank you. Good bye. 4+ a A 8, ekds] Alla. Good bye.
4. 82 Unit 6 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . oA) 22] 2 means literally ‘Do come in, please.’ This expression is used when you greet a customer entering a store or restaurant, etc. hospitably and with courtesy or cordiality. It is also used to greet a guest or a new comer. 2c} ‘to come’ regularly indicates motion toward the speaker’s position, whereas 7}t} ‘to go’ indicates motion away from the speaker’s position. For example, while you are talking on the telephone (from outside) with someone in the office, ‘I will come to the office tomorrow,’ the Korean equivalent of itis Yd ARF Alo] 7}AlOS (Lit. ‘I will go to the office tomorrow.’). When you are acturally in the office, you would say YU Abe 4lo] =2 os (Lit. ‘I will come to the office tomorrow.’), . ©] A}>} means ‘this apple.’ °]-, =2- and %|- are demonstratives which occur only as modifiers of a following noun or dependent noun, (bound noun). When these demonstratives °]-, =1- and -%| are used with the dependent nouns -Zl and -4+, they must be written together, like °]Zl, 2”A, AA, o]#, 2, Az ; but when they are used with other nouns or other dependent nouns, they must be written separately. See the following examples: o] = ‘this place’ “1 AWA} ‘that desk’ AY Ake ‘that man over there’ . St 7} means ‘one piece,’ ‘one item.’ The classifier -7] ‘a piece’ is used with Korean numbers. Some Korean numbers are slightly altered when they occur as modifiers of subsequent classifiers. These are: 3}-+}, =, Al, YW, and Ae, See the following examples : Korean numbers : Number + Classifier : Meaning : 3+} qt ‘one person’ = 7 ‘two persons’ jl A| tt ‘three persons’ yl yo ‘four persons’ eae AY H ‘twenty persons’ These same numbers may change again according to the classfiers used. See the Structure Notes of this lesson. -U is a Korean money classifier. It is used always with the Chinese derived numbers. According to the currency exchange rate in effect at the time of publication of this book (1990), about 710 won equals one U:S. dollar. o} ©] = is a variant of ©} °] 32, ©} °] + is an exclamatory expression of pain,
Unit 6 83 complaint, grudge, hardship, surprise, etc. It is also a bewailing sound cry heard in a mourner’s house when someone’s parents or grandparents have died. . aL }4sU1t} is used as a courteous expression of gratitude or appreciation. It is interchangeable with 4}4}$t\|t}, making no difference in meaning. ghd] 72 means literally : ‘Please go in peace.’ It is used as a concluding remark at parting. (a) When you meet someone on the street, both of you use 9t'4 3] 7} 4) & to say good-bye. (b) When you are leaving after visiting someone, the person who stays at home or in the office says to you ¢k4é] 7} 2. . obs] AlA]_& means literally : ‘Please stay in peace.’ The person who leaves says to the person who stays behind: ek] AlA] 2. STRUCTURE NOTES The Native Korean Numbers: We have already studied the Chinese numbers in the previous lesson. Here we introduce the native Korean numbers, which are used mostly when counting things, events or persons. 02 10 a 200 AE 1 3} 11 @ 3-4 30 AS eS Wages 40 B= 3 Al 1i3°a Al 50 4 yl 43 60 a 5 tA 15 @ 4 70 VS 6 44 16 3 44 80 FE (ae ets 17 2 d+ 90 o}= 8 4g 18 2 4q 99 OE OS 9 o}-s 19 2 +s 100 4 Notes: The numbers from 3}'} ‘one’ to °+® °}-8 ‘ninety nine’ are of native Korean origin, and those from *4 ‘one hundred’ on are of Chinese origin. Many Koreans, however, habitually count from one hundred by using a combination of the Chinese numbers and the native Korean numbers. For example: "4 3}} ‘one hundred and one.’ "4 = ‘one hundred and two,’ etc.
Unit 6 . Classifiers : The classifiers are words used with numerals to designate countable or measurable objects. In English, there are words for counting a certain number of people, paper, cigarettes, or for measuring a certain quantity of gasoline, time, money, distance, etc.: ‘ten persons,’ ‘five sheets of paper,’ ‘three packs of cigarettes,’ ‘two gallons of gasoline,’ ‘five o’clock,’ ‘two hundred won,’ ‘one kilometer,’ etc. These words which combine with numerals to NAME, COUNT or MEASURE objects are called classifiers, They do not occur as independent words, but are used always with numerals. The use of either Chinese or Korean numbers varies depending on the classifiers. Used with Korean numbers: -Ay ’packs (of cigarettes)’ et 2} + At Al 4} ul 4t -7} ‘items,’ ‘units,’ ‘objects’ et 7H — 7il A] 7} u) 74H -a ‘volumes’ a a 7 Pe A) uy] a -23 ‘months’ aod spe Als qe - ‘vehicles,’ ‘machines’ a >; A) uy] -u}2] ‘fish,’ ‘animals’ eae] Fae] te] hey -4t ‘measure of about 18 litres’ @+ 3 = WH AL ut -H ‘times’ et ar | A] y] 4 -4 ‘bottles’ qt si be Ai] 4a uy] -# ‘honored people’ qt # Sis ig A] 3b uy] -AFet ‘people’ a AR ARSE] ARE] A -At ‘years of age’ qt Ar 4 A At uy] 4} -A] ‘o’clock’ et Al “eH Ay] A) y] Al -A|Zt ‘hours’ qr Al4E tee e|4) Al 4i4zF ileal -Ak ‘measure of about 33.3m’ @ ~R === AZ} Ay Az ie -AKF ‘small stick (pencil, et ARR OE ARR OA OZRE OU OZR brush, etc.) -%; ‘thin, flat objects (sheets)’ @+ ~} >= 7A Al a ef Ah -3}] ‘buildings,’ ‘houses’ et aq > Al A AH ul Aq Used with Chinese numbers : -7}%4 ‘months’ aye of HA AAA aaa -j ‘years’ a 9] 1d ard At A - ‘degrees’ dk oh al ce. BAS - aH ‘multiples’ BH o] i] Ay al] A} ui -H ‘serial numbers’ at °] ~A} A} -HA1 ‘track numbers’ YH eo] HA AHA AWA
-¥12] ‘lot numbers’ az] oo) HA) AR A] OAR I -# ‘minutes’ Q i pin ieir: AP AE “thecwon! a al o| aad ar a | a -q ‘months of the year’ q 4 o] 2 Ay A} @ =o) ‘people’ oa | o] 9] A} ol val -l3t ‘portions’ WHat tihto|wel Fatt, ARTS? av ex oye - ‘days of the month’ 1 | o] a A A} a -=2 ‘weeks’ ad o] $9 AAS 4 ea -& ‘floors’ is ® ies at eS AL = -%Al ‘room numbers’ Yd s4] 0) SAP APSA) “4p SA Notes: 1. When the classifier -41 is used with Korean numbers, it indicates ‘times.’ But when it is used with Chinese numbers, it indicates ‘serial numbers.’ See the following examples: et ‘one time’ Sia ‘number one’ = ‘two times’ o] ‘number two’ A] ‘three times’ z+ ‘number three’ uy] ‘four times’ At ‘number four’ 2. When the classifier -4+ is used with Chinese numbers, it indicates time in ‘minutes.’ But when it is used with Korean numbers, it indicates ‘person.’ See the following examples: ¢+ 4 ~~ ‘one person’ 2} 4 ~~ ‘one minute’ = ‘two persons’ o|] 4 ‘two minutes’ A] 24 ‘three persons’ A} 4 ‘three minutes’ uy] 4 ‘four persons’ Ak 44 ‘four minutes’ 3. The classifier =! ‘weeks’ may be used with both Korean numbers and Chinese numbers. It is used, however, mostly with Chinese numbers. Ill. The Particle -0j|--- : ‘for,’ ‘per’ We have already studied the particle -¢], when it indicates static location. The particle -¢l], depending on the context or situation, can also indicate proportion. Examples : 3A 3,000 tel] 4fe1 8. I bought it for three thousand won. 500 el] sohe, We sell it for five hundred won. o] AS Se Ho} 10,000 Y3uct. This book is 10,000 won per volume.
86 Unit 6 = do] sha 7 7YIJ el] 7K. I go there once every two months. Sheol] FH Foe. I eat twice a day. ©] So] St bol] Aufol] 2 ? How much is this paper per sheet ? IV. The Honorific Verbs: We have studied the honorific infix -(©)A]- and the honorific suffix -4¥, which indicate reverence and respect on the part of the speaker for the person spoken to. There are also honorific verbs which indicate reverence for the person spoken to. Like all honorifics, these verbs are used only in polite speech in reference to persons other than oneself. They are used whenever one addresses or refers to persons of superior social standing: older people, teachers, doctors, priests, high officials, parents, foreign guests, learned men, and so forth. The honorific verbs, however, are limited in number. If you memorize the following list of verbs, you can handle most of the honorific verbs. The honorific verbs are used mostly with the honorific suffixes -g¥ and -7 1, (-Z|A] is the honorific form of the subject particle -7}/°]). Plain: Honorifics : Meaning : Hr} Al<pA] ch to eat AEC} TA] of to sleep Qc} A] A] cf to exist, to be ats} ct} ab 6}c} to say, to tell Notes : ut 3}t} ‘to say,’ ‘to tell’ is the honorific verb of 2é}t}, Therefore, 3}423}c} is used to express respect and reverence for persons spoken to, but is never used for oneself. For example: 4744°] 2A) 4e44GUc ‘The teacher said so, U7} 2B] tkGue ‘I said so.’ (2}438}c} is a combination of the noun "= ‘word,’ ‘speech’ and the verb s}t} ‘to do.’) When the noun #4, however, is used with the humble verb © 2] t} ‘to give’ (the humble verbs will be studied in detail later), it can be used for one’s own acts. For example: Al7} AVY Ste] B= wAFuct ‘I told it to my teacher.’ DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY jC} to eat al,]tt to eat Ah} to sleep -4|t+ to sleep
as}t} sto say Al A] ch to exist, to be a) cigarettes ae beer Fo] paper Wale (fishy $c} to be good A. Substitution Drill _ 6} AES} elope] 8 2.0 _ 0] Ad ufo 220 _ o] 9) dopey 8 72-5 0] 8} Auf 22.0 o} ALE nfo 872.0 . o] Bae Auf] 22a . ©] AB Arp 22 0] Bal Anpoy 270 B. Substitution Drill . ara et 4b 2,4 Ase. Ae | AES} Ea Baa. We AL Raa. So] A Ab BALA AA Yl oe] Raa. eae eee ALE AL aL FARO COP SI OrteCoho OD GCtO et on & 1 C. Substitution Drill 1. e Hol] 400 Velo Ql.a 2. e 4tel] 500 Yojaj2.a . & Bel] 4,000 Vela] 2.0 Pie 20) eH. o t uejo]] 1,000 tol] 2.o 6. a Bol] 2,500 Vola a.o - Ww on D. Substitution Drill 1. Hoel AQ? Unit 6 87 aeslc+ to say 5 7y younger brother ut to be easy att} to be big atc} to be small BEC} to be cheap Bo) ch to be delicious How much are these apples ? How much is this sugar ? How much are these melons ? How much are these watermelons ? How much is this desk ? How much is this fountain pen ? How much is this pencil ? How much is this notebook ? Give me one pack of cigarettes, please. Give me two volumes of books, please. Give me two cars, please. Give me three bottles of beer, please. Give me three sheets of paper, please. Give me four fish, please. Give me two houses, please. Give me three apples, please. They’re 400 won each. It’s 500 won for one pack (of cigarettes) , It’s 4,000 won per volume. It’s 20 won for one sheet (of paper), It’s 1,000 won for one fish. It’s 2,500 won for one bottle (of beer). Why is it so expensive ?
o]eA] AAR? 0 0] Ba} oh. 72.0 2h 3. SH oS AA Sarin 4. of 5. A oe] B20 6. H oeAl HAAR? Pattern Drill So GR) tpeon SSH [eS Teacher: £€ 4 #uUtkhN Student: = 4 #7) 4) N wuUtN te] 4c N aed NS ey] aHeeurh™ Sette‘ ateleuc. N Ty Ae) ett N ON oPN NRy ty Byatt. NN Response Drill 1s PAS APY AI 2 PSA Aer ee 3. 4. “7; 237) Best? \ 7b Ho AAD 7AN Unit 6 Why is it so easy ? Why is it so big? Why is it so small ? Why is it so cheap? Why is it so difficult ? It’s a little cheaper. Let’s make it a little cheaper. cy aa) yeh N Gy] aba) Alo dal alch N ait 12 x u =z a = U8) WN xz u a ua Zz a a ua = cy] Sa) a4lch N EF] ela a4yeh N c] ella) aleh N Guat, Balch N SAO] yo] dseuch \ slo] ela) wey ch N
Unit 7 89 UNIT 7 3 Alo] What Time ? BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE B Ajo (at) what time A] ol] A] from the house ai}c} to leave yola 1. 2 Ala AIA Gu ys2n What time do you leave the house ? 4 c 22 Ue Alei]- Wt Qa r I leave at seven o’clock. 2) 2 early otal school Sufi} Bo] ge how far is it | a & 3. 27] 24277 AalA So early ? How far is it Stal 7A] Buf} HHL IA from the house to school ? ABS Abe by car 2 ag 4, AREAS AHA] 2S BARA It takes about 30 minutes by car. wm Ale] from what time 4 class, lesson A| Ab ofc} to begin J] a = 5, B alee eas 24]4sh)2.2:0 What time does class begin ? 3 = 6. oS Alo] Fas A] Zt] 24 Class begins at nine o’clock. mH Al Zi how many hours aha] a day | a ¢ 7. sHfo] & A) Zk SBS 72 0 How many hours do you study a day? 3 eS I study four hours a day. + old 4r Jal ko ») 8. sre] 4] 4]
90 Unit 7 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES _ 2 Ajo] 4jo]z) au|2.? : S-, depending,on the context or situation, has two different meanings: ‘what’ or ‘how many.’ It occurs only as a modifier of a subsequent noun or bound form. See the following examples : B Aja? What time is it ? AAP Se) ole] 2? How many teachers are there? The classifier -A] ‘o’clock’ is used always with Korean numbers. 4t4t} ‘to leave’ is pure Korean, while =¥36}t} ‘to leave’ is derived from Chinese. Both verbs can be used with either of the two particles -e]4] and -&/-=. Here are examples. AAL FUR (StH 2), I leave the house. ALS wits (Stas), I leave the house. 3. Gu}-+, depending on the context or situation, has different meanings : ‘(about) how much,’ ‘(about) how long,’ ‘(about) how many,’ ‘how...,’ ‘(about) how far,’ etc. When the particle -(°])4 is used with the word & ‘how many’ or @=} ‘how much (many),’ it indicates ‘approximation.’ Study the following examples. aA Au} #98 2 How much did you pay for that ? St BS Aah} BHs}yos ? How long have you been studying Korean ? Ayo] Yu}i} 9] oA] 2 ? How many books do you have ? of7]A] Auf} Hole ? How far is it from here? . £4 :+F9S St} means ‘to give lessons,’ while =-9- 4c} means ‘to take a lesson.’ The verb 4] 2+é}t} ‘to begin’ is used always with the object particle Bier 7. A] Zk, as an independent word, means ‘time.’ However, when it is used with I. Korean numbers, it is a classifier meaning ‘hour.’ See the following examples: Al Abo] QUA? 7 Do you have time ? S ALZb 2h euch NN I study for two hours. STRUCTURE NOTES The Particle -0j]--- : ‘at,’ ‘on,’ ‘in’ We have already studied the particle -¢l] which indicates that something or someone is STATIONARY in a place. The particle -el], depending on the
II. Unit 7 91 context or situation, can also indicate the time at which something takes place. In general, time words are divided into two main groups: (a) those which are followed by the particle -ol] :e.g., @ lel] ‘at one o’clock,’ (used with hours of the day), “2el] ‘on Monday,’ (used with days of the week), ©] Gol] ‘in February,’ 1990 ‘del] ‘in 1990,’ (used with months and years) ; (b) those which occur without the particle -ol] :e.g., 2 ‘today, WW ‘tomorrow,’ & | ‘the day after tomorrow,’ ‘°|Al’ ‘yesterday,’ 277] ‘the day before yesterday,’ 2] ‘now,’ etc. Examples : et Ajo] ARATE N Let us go at one o’clock. + A) Bel] SY Uc N I finish at two thirty. YRdo] Seo, \ I study on Monday. o| So] 7447? 7 Do you go in February ? 1990'4d eo] Butt. \ I did it in 1990. The Particle -7}A|--- : ‘until,’ ‘by,’ ‘to’ The particle -7}%], preceded by a time expression, indicates a specific time to which an action or condition continues. Examples : T+ AVA] SMU N I studied until two o’clock. A\27}4] FBZ aAGuchRN I taught until now. BAA) Veads7t? o Until what time did you work ? At 277] VAGUE N I stayed until March. AA 7A] AA AGU 7? Oo Until when will you stay ? Yaz) 2AjAl2.\ Come by tomorrow. A7A7\o] Al Al7HA] Sau N I’ll be there by three. oa] BE] 2472) auch N I slept from morning till night. This particle -7}2] is also attached to place words to mean ‘as far as,’ ‘(all the way) to.’ See the following examples : 47) 7HU 7? How far are you going ? HAA] ZpA] tb N Let’s go as far as Pusan. of 7]A4LE] 7) 74] BAZIN Please walk from here to there. III. The Particle -E]--- : ‘from’ The particle -4+4], following time or place words, indicates a starting point in time or a place from which a physical movement begins. It is used mostly with time words.
92 Unit 7 Examples : os AE, SA AI TEN 2S7e o-F BRAUN BAPE SHS 2]4spI 2720 Al AIAFEL 47) 919°] BN ARE O}AE] YZ] VHQ\ SB ALPE] Z)7AI AABN ae ee] Se lc. N o|AFE] 4A N of 7)AVFEE] A] 4h 32°] 2. Substitution Drill Alo AALS. 7.0 Alo] ARABS} A. 2.0 Ale] EAS. 7.0 All| Vspy 2.7.0 All] AS POA L7.0 Alo] ZRH IS 7.0 Ajai Ve} Upa] 2.2.0 See OSD SC aceo)ISS WeekE All| & A)zb SAIL. 7.0 Substitution Drill 1. BAA Ss A 70 ZA Alek Aa 3. © A4b APs? 4. BAZ 7B A220 Let’s study from nine o’clock. I am very busy from today. What time do you start studying ? I have been here since three o’clock. He works from morning till night. I slept from ten o’clock until now. Let’s study Korean first. Please eat this one first. I began (from) here. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY Hp BEC} to be busy Aaa laundry Ried ca to have spare time, ojift} to get up to leisure have =A] S s}tt to do one’s homework 4]2+é}t} to begin = Abs}c} to climb a mountain yu} half hal a man, a male ost to swim ast a diplomat. oF 2} a woman, a girl What time do you leave the house ? What time do you take a walk ? What time do you sleep ? What time do you work? What time do you read a book ? What time do you study ? What time do you get up? What time do you start working ? How many hours do you study ? How many hours do you sleep ? How many hours do you eat ? How many hours do you teach ?
5. 8 6. # hth 8. AJAL ALAM SHA 2-9 AAR VSP A2a A\ZE FAL 2 0 AJZE AS YA LI Substitution Drill Substitution Drill Lao Ss ZeAi7g i S| 3. Se) Se A. AL] ee 5 AAV ee 6. HAhde] Ap (bd us Sato See Desk Ale oars itt Ns eee de SiGe eel, Se fee cg? PSS as Pes 4. Yl A) A] Sol Sel N o. Er 4) 4) acell 24 Si4Ite NN Grit 4) heh eres ch (fg 5g cia ha trent ar Sag eo a Soe A) 24st saree ch Holey 20 H dc ye Substitution Drill 1. 47)A4 e727) Suet BRIA 2. 4714] 477) Baht Ba? 3. 4714 ARYA] aeh+ del ay ae 4. 74) BAA) Ay ola I0 aE ol leeatar ojo B?2a oJ 220 oJ B20 caged ec sey figs mid eg a a Hoje] B20 Unit 7 93 How many hours do you (take a) walk ? How many hours do you work ? How many hours do you rest ? How many hours do you read a book? Let’s study at one o’clock. Let’s study at two twenty. Let’s study at three fifteen. Let’s study at four forty. Let’s study at five ten. Let’s study at six thirty. Let’s study at seven ten. Let’s study at eight fifty. How many students are there altogether ? How many teachers are there altogether ? How many younger brothers do you have ? How many men are there altogether ? How many women are there altogether ? How many ambassadors are there altogether ? How many diplomats are there altogether ? How many professors are there altogether ? How far is it from here to school ? How far is it from here to the house ? How far is it from here to the office ? How far is it from here to the classroom?
94 Unit 7 5. 47]A) 3444172] Guht+ Se] How far is it from here to the rest BEN room ? 6. 47)A) uh 7}2] Sup} Bo]82- How far is it from here to the garden? 7. A7JA DARe7}4) Sek} Sel How ‘far is it from here to the embassy ? Sal 8. 47]A, AeA] Aut Be] How far is it from here to the laundry ? ee F. Response Drill 1. BAF Vspy270 = AGE Yaa. 2. 8 AREEL HE 2]A1.2.90 oh ALE BAB. 0 3. BR APE] Sa sp? THA ALPE A yO 4. 8 RE SLI APPEL 7}8.4 5. BAPE PL? I APE Yo}. n 6. H AIHE S4Alsp 22 4 ABE] -S4hiy 2.0 7. BAPE wp 224 og] A]22E] apne 8. 8 AFA Ws a7a Al Ale] Sh7 HS, om G. Response Drill 1. BAIA) SH spy? 0 at Al HEPA) Say Ss 2. BAW) ERALIO Iz AAA) 24B.0 3. B Al) aH AIO ad = Az] Vaan 4. 8 Al) AAILI0 = AIA) AYR 5. #@ Al72] AS YoQ720 UY] Al7Z] AS go ga 6. BAIA] APs? AL Al7+A) ALAW a 7. BAVA) BALA B20 CHA A) 7}2] 7}BA RO 8. BA) BZIS AYR? ofA] A) 72] B2IS WB LA