Speaking Korean Book 1

Unit 20 HOD NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . t+ ‘to be unpleasant,’ ‘to dislike’ is used always with the subject particle -7}/-°], whereas @}°18}t} ‘to dislike,’ ‘to hate’ is used with the object particle -=/--&. See the following examples, and note particularly the particles. U= 32}7} 448, I have no taste for sweets. = 4AKHe aoa eg. I don’t like sweets. . 4|t} means ‘to rest.’ ‘4]t}’ means ‘to be easy.’ When they are followed by a vowel, however, pay attention to the slight difference in the pronunciation of these two words. See the following examples: 4] 2. I’m taking a rest. FA. It’s easy. aaequcd. I took a rest. aAeUc. It was easy. . #, depending on the context or situation, means (1) ‘some,’ ‘to some extent,’ ‘a little,’ (2) ‘please,’ ‘just.’ See the following examples: Se Zio) = ole, I feel a little better today. Yd = Seep) s. Please study tomorrow. tt} means ‘to close.’ Its opposite word is @t} ‘to open.’ Study the following words, which have to do with opening and closing. au4+¢c} ‘to open#to close (a door, a lid, a cover, etc.)’ mu} +¢ 7c} ‘to open#to close (eyes)’ Yzejc¢+c+Sc} ‘to open+to close (mouth)’ FS go] S48, Please open the door. we oO} Ae. Please close the door. ee A Open your eyes, we AeA 2. Close your eyes. ye Wee. Open your mouth. as cpp 2. Close your mouth. _ Zt chy 2 A]2 is a farewell given regularly by a person remaining behind to a person leaving his own home, his office, his town, city or country, etc. _ thy 2°] is a farewell given regularly by a person leaving his own home, his office, his town, city, or country etc., to a person remaining behind. It is used as a reply to the preceding sentence, #6.

196 Unit 20 I STRUCTURE NOTES The Ending -(2)2: A.V.S. +-(2)-+ : ‘in order to’ The non-final ending -(2)2] is used with action verbs, and indicates the purpose of an action. This ending -(©)2] is followed always by either 7} ct}, tt} or their compounds, or any verb of movement. Examples : AlAl-S 22] Ste] &.. I came to eat lunch. aS abeye] 4}4) ch. Let’s go to see him. Ae ate] 2 A7lose, I’ll come to buy a book. se] 77) 448. He went there to work. Fase] 272? Shall we go for a swim? Hse 47] o] Sols. I came in here to study. aAHo) Ahwste] 47F°]2., He went out to take a walk. Ate] Be] M2, He came to play. ae] Vesey Yue, He goes about working. Notes: 1. The tense and/or negation are expressed regularly in the final verb, not in the verb with -(2)2], Study the following examples: AS Ale] gto] 2 I came to buy a book. AWS Ate] obo. I am coming to buy a book. AIS Ale] 2 Alo} eg. I'll come to buy a book. Ay-2- Ale] 2 2] gallo} 9 I won’t come to buy a book. 2. | -#| is used after verb stems ending in a vowel and the consonant -# ;} -£.2| is used after verb stems ending in all consonants except -=, Verbal Noun Formations: In Korean, verbal nouns are made with the nominalizing suffixes -7] and -u/--S. (There are many ways of making verbal nouns out of verbs, but -7| and -u/--& are the most common. The Nominalizing Suffix -7]---: ‘-ing,’ ‘to (do)’ In Korean, most verbs can be changed into verbal nouns by attaching the nominalizing suffix -7] to the verb stem. The verbal nouns made in this way -7| indicate activity, quality, quantity, extent, or state of being, con-

Unit 20 197 cretely. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘-ing,’ or the infinitive ‘to (do). Verb : Zya}o} 722) 2)3}c} aq} a} Notes: 1. When a verbal noun made with the suffix takes the particle -7}/-°], to study to teach to work to read to be big VS. Suffix : WSN. Meaning : HS} -7] ZH Sp) studying FBZ] - -7] 7}BA\ 7) teaching 2) S}- -7] 2) 3} 7] working - =7| 37] reading = -7] 37] bigness, size =7| is used as a subject, it (However, the partcle -7}/-°] can be dropped in lively conversation.) Here are some examples: 2A)717- ASU. a Spat BV. 2. When a verbal noun made with the suffix takes the particle -S/-<2, uv t}7|7) ect. It is easy to teach. Or: Teaching is easy. It is difficult to meet him. Or : Meeting him is difficult. Studying is hateful. -7| is used as an object, it (The particle -S/-- can be dropped, however, in lively conversation.) Here are some examples: ABS Usp] Bova.s. Ee Bolas. Y7)S Fore, Sei laga: yal a7} $7/= Beet. The Nominalizing Suffix -a/-3 : He doesn’t like to work. I hate to go out. I like to eat. I began to study. I hope the weather will be nice tomorrow. Other verbal nouns are made by attaching the nominalizing suffix -a/- to the verb stem. Verbal nouns made with the suffix -u/-- usually indicate activity or state of being, abstractly. Verb: Vee Suffix : VN: Meaning : ur} to see H- -u as seeing 7L=2@Ale}.to teach 7h=4|- -u 724) teaching elec tovdraw. «i 2lel= -u 14 drawing +r} to dream ~- -u “a dreaming B-G-C} to fight M-f-- -u }-2- fighting A}c} o live A}- -u at living, life is

Ill. ac} to freeze &- -2. os moe ice Ae} to sleep = 2}- -u A} sleeping Zr} to die = -2 oe death 2) t} to carry 2]- -u 4] luggage alc} to find Al} -2 Al finding =U} to dance #- -u = dancing Notes 1. -a is used after verb stems ending in & vowel and the word 4 ; - is used after verb stems ending in a consonant, except in the word 4. 2. Some verbal nouns made with the suffix -u/--, are used to complement objects of some other verb forms of the same roots. A}(&) ~}t} to sleep 24 () 224 to draw e(S) 4t+ to dream a(S) Act to jump =(&) +t} to dance =(=) 4c to breathe 3. There are many other ways to form verbal nouns, but most of them are irregular. It is better to memorize them one at a time, as they occur. The Causal Ending -7| t}ojll---: ‘so,’ ‘therefore,’ ‘because’ The non-final ending -7] “-tel] may be used with any verb, and indicates cause or reason. The English equivalent of this pattern -7] tol] is ‘so, ‘therefore,’ or ‘because,’ but it is convenient to translate this pattern as ‘so, since this word fits into the English syntax in about the same way that -7] mel] fits into the Korean syntax. The main difference is in the pause: English speaker before ‘so,’ but Korean after -7] atte], Examples : ae 7}7] Harel, 2S 7A] wal I’m going tomorrow, so today I won't 2 go. a Z7ko] WW7)] Arcoll, 2 + 9° Ihad no time, so I could not go. ae B2s}7] Hato, Aa A142. ‘I’m tired now, so I want to rest. ‘dA 7} $2) 7] Asrel], Aol] Wal The weather is not good, so I'll stay 42, home. #7) qto], % zo48., It was cold, so I could not go. Kn APO] 7] Aarell, 2]4])= e+ Im Korean, so I like kimchi. SH 2,

IV. Unit 20 ALAYo] of. 47] BHo], 7-221 + WY 42. Notes: 1. The tense infixes (-9}-, -Al-) 199 I’m not a teacher, so I can’t teach. can be used in the dependent clause (because-clause) if necessary, but the tense is expressed normally in the main clause. Here are some examples: H7] ol zo1.2, $7) Zo} zh ch. #7) HE) 7halol a. 2. Sometimes it can be used with the polite particle sentence. Here are some examples: oH 7A] SOAR? #7) Ares. Because it was cold, I went. Because it is cold, I go. Because it is cold, I will go. -& as an unfinished Why aren’t you going ? Because it is cold:::::: 3. The form -a-ol]], (without the suffix -7]), may be used with nouns to mean ‘because of,’ ‘on account of.’ See the following examples: U wtel] atte] B 3f°]2. TA Wo] Boh 24442 ? At Wt] EF AW, 21 ate 47IJ Sek. He couldn’t go because of me. Why did you visit me? I could not sleep because of him. I came here because of that work. The Contrastive Ending -A|9}--- : ‘but’ The non-final ending -%]"} is used with any verb, and connects two clauses which are in contrast to each other. In this pattern, with a comma intonation. Examples : Slut, Ab] wales. 27 Zinb, 4 eels: FkaL AQAA, Alzro] WM s, H)7} Stz| 4k, oko k. 9) A] Diag hly ZA) oct: eye}] aay, ue az s}ebo]z}eh, Gols 7}z o] mazar, 427] ko . -%] Bt ends regularly It is good, but I won’t buy it. I studied, but I don’t understand it well. I wanted to go, but I had no time. It rained, but I went. I have time, but I will not go. He doesn’t study, but I study. He is Korean, but he teaches English. I think you feel bad, but please be patient.

200 Notes: We di. The tense infixes (-9t-, Unit 20 -Al-) can be used in the dependent clause. Sometimes it can be used as an unfinished sentence. =o] QJ Al 1 ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY Sz]t} to be heard, to be audible 47d to be delightful, to be joyful ac} to be far A. Substitution Drill 1 2 3 4, 3: 6 i 8 . Ae to] & 7k] 2. . = Wace] SS Fhe 2. _ 2a to] F 442. B. Substitution Drill CO SI “Osi se co: BS _ ae why7)7} JAWMg. . Sor ere 7 P eee ope} 77} o}2i 9.8 Ayay7|7t ays. aS apVh ore ga A VA YS. ARG WET} leg) a AAS AU 42492. Substitution Drill 3s dX: Oe ufo a} 4hS hee, Ho A] BS eeu qh, Hoa] SS SQleu qh. I have money, but::: DRILLS 7}4tt} ‘to be close, to be near olojHz]t} to forget go]H z}t} to lose ==stt} to be fat =#<s\t} to be thin, to be slim I couldn’t go because of him. I couldn’t go because of money. I couldn’t go because of that work. I couldn’t go because of my homework. I couldn’t go because of my clothes. I couldn’t go because of my studies: I couldn’t go because of my teacher. I couldn’t go because of that woman. It is difficult to meet him. It is difficult to study. It is difficult to forget it. It is difficult to explain it. It is difficult to take a nap. It is difficult to endure it. It is difficult to make it. It is difficult to take it out. I slept in the room. I dreamed in the room. I danced in the room.

4, Holz] 2ys 284d, 5. Hpi] Aq ae AVS. 6. Wo] SS aged. Substitution Drill DOH —&O fFoN W Substitution Drill 1. 2#°] Vsh7| goals. 2. 17°] EHF 7] 4] a4 & 3. 3°] 3S 47) Bolas Poca Se) 7a ole. Sere eei 77 Wella 6. ate] Aas}, doa] 2. 7, hae?) Ale eZ] sola] 8. 12°] SSs}7] gola 2 Substitution Drill 1. Sere Bye] 4414. 20a Ale |} 22} 414]cH. 3. Bse} 4b4] c+ 4, -Mse] 4}4] ch. fs) 6 jf 8 Syste] Ach. akws}e] 3h] eh, =e) yeh. RS oe weld. lk Integration Drill Teacher: 24] Unit 20 I drew a picture in the room. I jumped in the room. I took a breath in the room. I hate to study. I hate to exercise. I hate to wash my face. I hate to show it. I hate to play tricks. I hate to shave. I hate to change my clothes. I hate to teach. He doesn’t like to work. He doesn’t like to help you. He doesn’t like to close his eyes. He doesn’t want to put it in. He doesn’t want to walk. He doesn’t want to clean. He doesn’t want to sell it. He doesn’t like to take a bath. Let’s go to see him. Let’s go to eat lunch. Let’s go to work. Let’s go to swim. Let’s go to study. Let’s go to take a walk. Let’s go to play. Let’s go to dress. Zach, aan Ale} 2, I’m tired now. I want to rest. Student: ”] Bzs}7] Are, state ay Oe, I’m tired now, so I want to rest. 201

202 Unit 20 1 4 Agddd. Aaale Hobe. Ste abeto]7] dare], 22)S Sobect. 2. Ao) oe. 7H4 > Meet. AA] of 47] Wace, 7-24) + Mayet. 3. ohF BUR. K Ae tt. of} BN7] dace, & hee. 4. Heed, Soa ase. Be7] are], SoH aac. 5. OF 7Pae ee. ie) Ake] of 7147] aicel, we] Zreq a. 6. A)Zbo] Bed. 2 + Ase. A)Zko] 97] Hace, 2 + Meet. 7, Bade. ave Seas. S47] dire], 2A S44 Aedet. 8. Has. Ht Sel7] Sede. 2Q7) diel, 4 SelZ) eos. . Integration Drill Teacher: 7}. AUEUE. A1zhe] Vash. I wanted to go. I had no time. Student: 7}at Al z)ah, 4)Zbo] Sader. I wanted to go, but I had no time. 1. $3) BS}. ake, $7) yoy, ake, 2. Seaguch, 2 wedged. ead, s2aque. 3. SEO, £F Boy az] Bae. EgalzU, AF Ye] ez] heey, 4, £83 Jc}, do] que. 8a), Be] Yueh 5, Be edeuc, de S97) eeu. ave Sgah, He S47] eee. 6. 720] Ueheueh, abgheu ch, 7/320] paayeh, abebeu ch, 7. 7 7eRUC, AE 7\ = Y 7 7a Az ao = H §. Ue Eth, see =

Unit 20 203 He Hsp), ee SER, SHORT STORIES 1. AAS Box argo} eye, 144) 24S 4H7)7} ANG. HA] 4) ote. Expansion Drill AAS Fle Atoll Aeie, a4alsS 47)7} Ba) dee, 4 Al Shed, 2. Jos $7|7} lage} WF to learn Bl sro] 7}aL ALU ch, SA]s] 37444 cH, a4] 3] ardently Expansion Drill O40] S v7) 7b 04849 z)]et, ule] 7H 417) do, 3414 Bah ch, 3. 22 Atel 47] Bec. #0] o}== BRU TH, Wel cps] Sal euy ch, Expansion Drill Ste Fez Ale, cee] Sha re 7| Mae ol, 4 cp) 2aleudh, of READING oj S]spA}eo] SS re} ohio] Zc}, ela] Sebo]ehe dos Qoymagueh, oy Felata} eto) Quarks, Base. oF} Feo] 2 YS Ex olpsp] MASc. epyee adel & 27) Qed ASU. ads AAD ow aebplz 7st leue debe abe sede 2+ sea aed, yA] o) SHARES Ob Folge] chy) Saleh Be ast gl 1 ees Mee obo Fale] ol abe Eat akeah ade Blea. FASGUeL 0] PsPS aes @ eechar sie a certain ©] AbS}A strangely

204 Unit 20 2) = APR} foreigner oj E17} 7] briquette store oF} drugstore apo es as one wishes (pleases) tro] word, vocabulary oy sehr} to answer -Z}= tho} the word for (it) mH et edible briquette =e) the owner, the master “+8 -2}t} to be startled oj E} briquette suddenly =u} to ask * Or} flavor pellets which are taken after a meal or smoking to freshen the breath. BRIEFING A certain foreigner went to the drugstore to buy -<%. But he forgot the word for tt, He asked the owner of the drugstore if he had briquettes. The owner of the drugstore heard the word “@& &” and thought it very strange. He said that they didn’t sell © & in the drugstore. He said that if you wanted to buy briquettes, go to the briquette store. He said that in the briquette store you can buy as many briquettes as you want. So this foreigner asked the owner of the drugstore again. He asked, “Don’t you have edible briquettes ?” The owner of the drugstore heard the word HE et (edible briquette) and was startled suddenly. He asked if he ate briquettes. This foreigner said that he ate St very well.

Unit 21 205 UNIT 21 LIM] Weather BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE A} 21 8}¢} Bu} . 2S Alar 4) Ms}2] 27 ZL & » ze rae, ro ry nm, HI ko 3] Slat elea) Bey} Aah Brac tae ais ed B} _ Alzhde] ABA) ry sley2.? All 3] pe Sy aieh | e3.. to be refreshing, to be cool 4 A Today is cooler than yesterday, isn’t it ? to be the same 1S Yes, it seems a little cooler. last summer terribly, exceedingly to be hot A} Ad Last summer was terribly hot, wasn’t it ? the year before last apit ie Yes, it was. But it was not as hot as the year before last. neal Was the year before last that hot ? the first, number one a = It sure was. It was the hottest (of the three). USEFUL EXPRESSIONS: MEMORIZE ih 2. Bs asad, US cf spe, AAS) 2A] PP. I am sorry. Don’t mention it. Or: Not at all. Don’t worry about it. Or: Don’t strain your nerves. Or: Don’t pay any attention to it.

206 Unit 21 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . 4) 3}c}, depending on the context or situation, means (1) ‘to be refreshing,’ ‘to be cool,’ (2) ‘to feel good,’ ‘to be a relief.’ See the following examples: WAay7} A) Sec, The weather is cool. A) VS yo] Bok, A refreshing breeze is blowing. 3°] 47] G7] aacell, 4°] Because he is not here, I feel better. A) eu cH, (I’m relieved.) Words for the weather are: 4*|2s}t} to be refreshing, to be cool. 41S}t+ to be chilly, to be rather cold ass}t+ to be warm, to be mild tc to be hot =U} to be cold ow to be humid, to be sultry, to be hot and damp . Alxt ‘ast’ is a noun modifier derived from %|4t} ‘to pass by,’ ‘to go past,’ ‘to pass through.’ Study the following words: Alt+ %t days gone by, bygone days. A|%t Hel] the other day, the last time, some time ago Altt Hho] last night A\<t tol] last month Alt+ sol] last year t+ ‘to be hot’ is an irregular verb. When the final consonant -8 of the stem is followed by a vowel, -# changes into --, This irregular verb -4 will be studied later. . 2714/4 means ‘the year before last.’ Study the following words, which have to do with the year, Chinese words : Pure Korean words: Meaning : Z}14 ol] or Al Xt all (o}}) last year do or =a (ol) this year Uy dol] or che aH (el) next year As we have seen in the above examples, the Chinese words may be used with the particle -l], whereas the pure Korean words can be used either with the particle -el], or without it.

Unit 21 207 STRUCTURE NOTES The Comparison -#C}--- : ‘(more) than’ The particle -t} ‘(more) than’ is used as a standard of comparison, when both items of comparison are mentioned. It is attached normally to the second noun of a comparison, and oftentimes accompanied by Ut] ‘more.’ Examples : Sha efo] Jol] ur} (c]) oA) 9. Korean is more difficult than English. 7Y7} steko] Wc (4) AS. Dogs are bigger than cats. o] 4Jo] a 4JHc} (C4) Fo}, This house is smaller than that house. LSe ofaer (4) 4JVaHe, Today is cooler than yesterday. 7|zAR= Abc} (CF) Behe, The train is faster than the car. o] 71°] 7lerp (Ct) awe, This is prettier than that. The phrase ending with -#.t} may occur before the subject of a sentence, making no difference in meaning, other than a slight change in emphasis. See the following examples, and note particularly the words to which the particle -H.t} is attached. o|Zlo] aAler Go ame. This is prettier than that. 71 Bt} o]Zlo] G ams. This is prettier than that. WY7} ateko] Bch GF AR, Dogs are bigger than cats. T1OFO] tc} 7H7} FE] AR, Dogs are bigger than cats. When only one thing or one quality is mentioned, and the other item of comparison is omitted, the word «| ‘more’ is normally used. See the following examples: o]Z1°o] F] Sok, This is better. o]Z1°] FF] BIAR, This is more expensive. ea sto] FY AAR, Korean is more difficult. #S u] Sofas. I prefer flowers. WA)e 7ZRE Alo] ] Soke, It’s better to go by taxi. When a comparison of two items is requested via an interrogative pronoun, an appropriate particle is added. 1. If the interrogative pronoun Y¥= 7 (44, &) ‘which thing (person, side)’ is used as a subject, it takes the particle -7}/-°] ; at the same time, the second of the two nouns in the comparison takes the contrast particle -=/ -&, Study the following examples: o] Ash 2 BS YL Ao] 4 SHU?

208 Unit 21 Which book is better —— this book or that one? Oo) Aah Se ee 7 Which is prettier this one or that one? 0] ast A YS PIE BUH? Who is bigger —— this student or that student ? asus} Jol lL Ho] of oj gy7}? Which language is more difficult —— Korean or English ? 2. If the interrogative pronoun WY A (44, #) ‘which thing (person, side)’ is used as an object, it takes the particle -3/-S; at the same time, the second of the two nouns in the comparison takes the particle -€el] ‘between,’ ‘of,’ ‘among,’ ‘out of.’ Study the following examples: 0] fz}s} = ox} Sal] 1 Sv] Sopsply7}? Which girl do you like better —— this girl or that one? o] Es} A So] lL BS oy] A op yy}? Which one do you know better —— this person or that one ? ag rd Sl FHS uy? Whom do you love more —— your older brother or your older sister ? II. The Sentence-Final Ending --(-2) HW Zect---: ‘it seems to be’ The pattern -- (2) 7 tt is used with description verbs and the verb -°] tt, and indicates resemblance or likeness. #2 t}, as an independent word, means ‘to be like,’ ‘to be similar,’ ‘to be as.’ Examples 171°] $2 Al Aohs, It seems to be good. Or: It’s like a good one. = AlUet Al Aoes It seems a little cooler. xR) 7} - 7] Zooks. The weather seems to be cold. alg?) 3 oP. He seems to be big. 1°] Algae! Al zfop 8. He seems to be a teacher. 4°] sayol Al Zope, He seems to be a student. Notes 1. -u A 4} is used after verb stems ending in a vowel; -2 7%} is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. 2. This pattern can be used with action verbs. This usage will be studied in detail later. 3. The tense is expressed regularly in the final verb 2}, not in the main verb with -t (2), Study the following examples:

III. The Particle -t3-:- : IV. Unit 21 AA°] SE A Agfe4 2, AA°] SS A AA) w9ho7 2, 4. The negation is expressed either in with -t (2), However, there is a following examples: AR] SL A Wz 171°] $2) 32 A ‘to the extent The particle -3}= English equivalent of this pattern is ‘to the extent of,’ to,’ etc. Examples AS TBS @ 9]o].2, o] Ae a abe lata AS AAs yas o|7ltme aA Sore, Se 5 a Speen A ea fee This particle -"¥} = ‘to the extent of’ Study the following examples : o] AS 27s om) tors, pos a lo ws 2 flo uf ass ry itt ais So §=Ar yt ok° — This particle -"} # expected. See the following examples : 1340] o] Hk AQ? oH 2, He] 0] BUF 47) Yohs, ajo]7} aaa 0] 249122 oe, Boj7p eas az] a ohg., The Superlative Marker H|2! (or 72): : 209 It seemed to be good. It didn’t seem to be good. the final verb 2c} or in the main verb slight difference in meaning. Study the It does not seem to be good. It seems that it is not good. of,’ ‘as much as’ is attached to nouns, and indicates extent or degree. The ‘as much as,’ ‘equal I can do as well as he. This book also is as expensive as that book. This is as difficult as that. This is as good as that. I have as much money as he does. is used also in negative comparisons. This is not as pretty as that. (lit. This is not pretty to the extent of that.) This book is not as good as that book. This person is not as big as Mr. Kim. I did not eat as much as my teacher. This one is not as expensive as that one. is used also in questions where a negative answer is Is he as big as this person ? No, he is not as big as this person. Is English as difficult as Korean? | No, English is not as difficult as Korean. ‘the most’ The word 4]2! is originally an ordinal number meaning ‘the first’ ‘number

210 Unit 21 one.’ The superlative marker A]@ or 7}% ‘to the greatest degree’ is used when three or more items of comparison are mentioned. It is regularly put before description verbs, noun modifiers or adverbs. Examples : qa7} AY ade. o] ajo] ala zqalgleo] 2, ao PAS 17°] Ald a] wy 2. AY HAS AS 2Ael 2 o]71o] Ala 4} al Afo]o] 2 Lo) Ae) at SATS Yesterday was the hottest. This book is the most interesting. He is the biggest one. That one is the prettiest. The most difficult one is that one. This is the smallest desk. He teaches best of all. Note: Al] is interchangeable with 7}%, Al 2] is used, however, more than 7}%t, making no difference in meaning. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY =s}t} to be warm, to be mild eo to be wide, to be broad tt to be humid, to be sultry tc} to be narrow uh to be high Zc} to be long yr} to be low Ac} to be short Substitution - 1. SAy7} Fe A zrohs The weather seems to be cold. 2. t3)7} asa Al Zr} 2 | The weather seems to be warm. 3. aA7} TAU A Aol, The weather seems to be humid. 4. tx)7} Sle Al A Poke, The weather seems to be cool. 5. x7} Ae A rope. The weather seems to be chilly. 6. aay7}_ Use Al zrohs. The weather seems to be hot. 7. tax7} Se A Ahk The weather seems to be good. 8. x)7} CRE ZI ZFoHR The weather seems to be bad. Substitution Drill 1. o]7l°] Al aqaejo} a. 2. Ale] AY HAAS This is the most interesting. This is the most difficult.

Unit 21 All 3. o]Zle] Ala ome. This is the most beautiful. 4. o]Zlo] ala Ag, This is the biggest one. 5. °]Ao] ala 248, This is the longest one. 6. °]Alo] Ala woke, This is the shortest one. 7. °|Al°] AY hohe, This is the smallest one. 8. o]Alo] aAlY Soke. This is the highest one. Substitution Drill 1. o|Alo] S7lur= Bz) efots. This is not as short as that. 2. °|Ao] aA WA] ooke, This is not as wide as that. 3. °) Alo} er7 ies 7) robs. This is not as good as that. 4, o]7eo] TAR 2] stoHe, This is not as long as that. 5. O]Ao] Aes ower] oro} 9 | This is not as pretty as that. 6. 0] 710) er alels Gez|" chore. This is not as low as that. 7. ©| 29) SAR ee Z| SFOLS. This is not as high as that. 8. o]Z1°o] 2ZleKS B]A}Z] Stole, This is not as expensive as that. Substitution Drill 1. o}7A10] ©] Ss. This is better. 2. o]Ao] | HAS, This is more expensive. 3. o]Ae] | AAAS. This is more difficult. 4, o]Zlo] EF ams. This is more beautiful. 5. o]Zo] ] ume | This is worse. 6. o]Ao] GF Woe. This is wider. 7. o]Alo] | Ale. This is longer. 8. o]Ao] | Aoks., This is shorter. Pattern Drill Teacher: °]Zleo] ARS YAMS, This is as difficult as that. Student: °]2°o] 2A wd FANS, This is more difficult than that. 1. ©] Bo) 2 Bubs uyta, o] ajo] 2 Burt Hse, 2. o]Alo] ARK Foe, 0] Alo] 2AM} ork, 3. o]4-o] aitabe ayalgiel 2. o) Ho] 2H} AAW, 4, o) Ho] 2H am 2. o)Ho] Teer} a] 2, 5. 47)7} 77| abs Sra 2. of7)7} 7j7) eu Saye. 6. clo] aus SSS, o]Ho] THU SyaHQ,

AWA Unit 21 7. 47\7} Az A) 2. of7)7} 77) ee A) Leys, g. Qo) olaebs 9.2. 259] Halert Fae. F. Pattern Drill Teacher: °]7°o] 27 Br ame, This is prettier than that. Student: 27 Ht} ©] Zo] ams. This is prettier than that. le Pl Aelia ch, Boks. TEAL Es Shale) eae 21°) Aloe ae eee ABE} eleAelreoy es 3. See) Sarai 2. 03 S| Sa he Rhee eee yacht 4, 2s oe] al ch ah 2 ola] Ec} 20] apa a. be Agha 7 |S ee FA Wael eee oa 6. oe] Hur} aga, Aer ele] algae. Te eee ars Shap <1 BERT} Oo} Bho] BhoES. S: elias) Saar ee AS. Se a ep 6] sel ile. G. Response Drill Teacher: ©] 4x} 2 AS lu Alo] GY $oh2? Which book is better —— this book or that one? Student: °] 4eo] 2 Aur} oF Sofa, This book is better than that one. 1. Qtts} BoE FE Ae] | WrIVesU7? Sapeto] gofert t Aalst, 2. ©) Abst at AS. 7k EL U7 2 o] ofzh7} 2 ofapect Ef} a] Bcc, 3. 9] Hap A] BS e]= Bo] U] usu}? } Bro] 4] Bhect Bbc ct, 4, lq Stee ef pe] HF] alae 7}? ojo] 2wert oF Alay ct, 5. Hes ABS ol Alo] c] Bla]? Hrd Bo] ABwBrt | 4H] ¥rct, ° 6. BHo}s} Be oe Ao] of vbqleu7}? Bop} Fo] Br} oy lsd, 7. |B} TRS 7} Bp}? 0] eo] AR wBe} whee, 8. o}ast AAS Ye we] Gy mR YH? o]zle] wwe} ce) Ae Yh,

Unit 21 H. Response Drill Teacher: o]%3} AH Fo] YL BS cv} A of4ju7}? Ale Which one do you know better —— this person or that one? Student: o]#tMc} 2S. ct] 4 gc, I know this person better than that one ? 1. ©] Ozh} 2 of2} So] ]u BS yf apes} yy}? 0] o}zhwr} a ofa}S cy aba CH, 2. SUT} BSo} Fo] ou AS oy Sobspyjy7}? Sywr} Sols cr] Sopa} yc}, 3. 0] WAS} 2 At So] + HES A Adela}? o] ake} aT aHe cy abel ahh, 4. °] BAS A] AL So] IL DAS v} Sohsply7}? o] DAU} A DAS c] Sober yxy, 5. oO] es} AB Fo] Hu BS oY Fopspyjy7}? JUTE ABS oy Sophy yx}, 6. Bas} HY So] YL BS GY Sopsyly7}? sdar ys 4 Sohy ec. iaaptad pi entes “eh Aste: se 517] oko} & Expansion Drill ose ojaur} oeg uh, Taye upes}7] tora, YZ 3A 7+ = a ae A Zo} 9 APT} Bopstol 2, l= AA) ES we}. os o}ze] F BBA A Dora, zlé}t} to be intimate, to be close 7 7+A] until late Expansion Drill ola] Ale lab 4l-t7} 4tokst7)] ate], 2is}at a8 o oF = Uppy oo te

3. 2be] 7hat AZ|RE Bah} 232 AA Aas Ye] Al zko] gj) om Zo] 74) c} Expansion Drill zbo] Feat Bzlek B37] Aol, LSe2 Ada Aas. pe ie ease) es assed he READING oj sjat apeto] Ale] 4] S So] Beth 2S are Yet sao Gets BI, ae ade ze Be] BH ch, AAMAS ake sh} xi AslGued, aly Saab) we saleueh Aes shy Ab geht Wee, ae) WSS BE Such, 2a o) @a7He aekoe gopsaeuc 27] Ahe AS A} AL AHUT, ©] AS APS a7Aes ols Weeds eur}, aep4 a2] S bag. aa ase AR o] Ho}seuch, et Bil, azo) a]eko] oh aGqud, aas 4 oto] eet, eh Al ay te] o] sa ae WSs ale] SH sh7) Alara ct. 77d -Zjoe]]_ three months ago 4] oF rat poison ufc} everyday +o} =} to comprehend, 3) oF toothpaste to understand §-Al 7] Ab driver =o] Hut} to ask and see what it’s like +Lets}c} to ask (one’s favor) a} pronunciation e}57 BU) (finally) he found out that::: ALB 3} c} to do wrong “1 W++E] from that time on 44] 3] eagerly, zealously BRIEFING A certain foreigner came to Korea three months ago. These days he is studying Korean at school everday. But he knows Korean only a little. The day before yesterday he wanted to buy toothpaste. So he asked his driver, as a favor, to buy toothpaste. But he pronounced it the wrong way. So this driver thought that the man had said “rat poison.” The driver bought the rat poison and brought it home. The foreigner was going to brush his teeth with it, but it looked strange. So he asked some Korean people about it. He found out that it was not toothpaste. It was rat poison. Therefore, from that time on, the foreigner eagerly started to study pronunciation.

Unit 22 ZLS UNIT 22 Hopp Hog? BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE How Far Is It ? _ aye 7H AAS WL 7 op a al oe: A] Behe} . AIA EA 2, 2 A\ A the City Hall uf} about what distance, about how far 4+ QA . 4 7JAJ A| A} 7- A] u}i} How far is it from here to City Hall ? wo] 2? BA] = by taxi o]A] Be about 20 minutes Al 2] c} to take (time) © Roaches? _ ale o]4] 22 age. It takes about twenty minutes by taxi. ihe brs to that place, in that direction + A A Doesn’t any bus go there? of course there is every ten minutes 2 el tae ar eag, 4) ufc} sf} = «Of course there is (a bus that goes 9]o] 2 there). One comes every ten minutes. eft} to ride, to take to take a ride, to get in Te ne F042 + 412? Where would I be able to get it? AZ| Aq over there 3 Ud & Get it over there.

216 Unit 22 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS : MEMORIZE 1, A4|zloP ey Aa. It takes too much time. 2. ~ aH (L}) zelloly] & ? Whose turn is it? 3. te] Be) alo] 2. lll let you know. NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES 1. 47)A is a contraction of ©47]o]4] ‘from here.’ Let’s review the particle -l]74 ‘from.’ 144-0] B]spol] Ay 3°42, He came from America. 14-0] AoA] So}sto4 2, He returned from Japan. 7\AbA, HAAS, I got off the train. au}u} means ‘about how far.’ When the particle --} is used with an interrogative pronoun indicating distance or quantity, such as ‘how far?, ‘how many ?,’ or ‘how old?,’ it indicates approximation. This particle -U+ will be studied in detail later. 2. =A] ‘taxi’ is derived from English. A z}ct}, depending on the context or situation, has many different meanings : (1) ‘to take (time),’ (2) ‘to be hung,’ (3) ‘to have a (telephone) call (from),’ ‘to get through,’ (4) ‘to be attached (seized, afflicted) with,’ etc. Study the following examples: A\Zbo] Aut, It takes time. Bo] TA0°] Ay gjojsg. A picture is hanging on the wall. ALS}7} of AWojg. I didn’t get my call through. AL7|o] AAS, I caught a cold. 3. 7]= means ‘to that place,’ ‘in that direction.’ The place words °]2], 22} and 4|2| always take the particle -“ when indicating destination, whereas 4 7|, 717] and 4| 7] can be used with the particles -= and -ol]], Study the following examples: oAyzZ 22, Please come this way (here), 7)zZ Q2A]2, of 7] oj] 2A] 2, aye 44). Let’s go there. A7\= 4fAlct. AZ) APAICH. AAZ 7H x, Please go over there.

Unit 22 217 A\= 7p 2. Al7\ | 7H 2, 5. ©|t]A4] is a contraction of o]Ujo] A), 6. A|7]A4] is a contraction of 47] >] 41. STRUCTURE NOTES I. Noun Modifiers: We have studied the noun modifier -u (+) used with description verbs to indicate quality, quantity or extent of the noun it modifies, (see Unit 15, S.N. III). Now let’s study noun modifiers that occur with action verbs and the verb of existence. a. The Suffix -= : When the suffix -+= is attached directly to action verb stems and 9J-, it indicates the present tense. It functions in the same way as a relative clause in English. The English equivalent of this pattern describes a present, existing condition. It is equivalent to ‘ —ing’ in English, (e.g., buying, bringing, raining, having, etc.) Study the following examples: AUS ARS Bo] uy saya} yey, GHW SAE Bo] PHY 7? BY} LE A Bors, A7] Que AS 7}A|D 2S Olas ar °] Als SER. b. The Suffix -L (2): The person who is buying the book is my student. Who is that person teaching Korean ? It looks like it is raining. Bring those books (which are) over there. The man who has money is coming now. When the suffix - (<) is attached directly to action verb stems, it indicates the past tense. Study the following examples: ale Ak Bo] Ue Yolal) g. 74] FEE FL Be] 47) QI og. The person who bought the book is my student. The person who shined my shoes here is over there. 1. -u is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; ---- is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. 2. The suffix -u (<) is used also with description verbs, as we have already studied.

218 Unit 22 Il. HL c. The Suffix -2(S): When the suffix -2 (2) is used either with action or description verbs, it indicates the future tense. Study the following examples: Alo] A Ho] zl] ZF S29, The person who will go to Pusan is coming now. of7]A] Sabet Hho] u] Say The person who will study here is my ojo 2, younger brother. B)7} & A oh, It looks like it will rain. 171°] B]zb Al Aoks., I think it will be expensive. oy Ao] $27] BEA 2. I don’t know which one will be better. Note: -= is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; --2 is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. The Particle -O}C}---: ‘every’ The particle -=}t} may be attached directly to any noun, and means ‘every,’ ‘each,’ ‘all (inclusive), Examples : 1440] ufc} Stato] 7}+2, He goes to school everyday. Aeutr} Pe} se. Everybody is different. SeYutr} TH Hola 2, Every student likes him. 1440] 2)4u}c} 4742, He goes out every evening. A] Zz] u}r} of o] 7} 9) 2. There are children in (each and) every house. 3 yZutr} 4Jo] 9lo4 8, There are houses everywhere. WA7} 4) tu}c} ste. A bus comes every ten minutes. eo] gdu}tr} aso] 7}2, I go to church every Sunday. = Al Zzbofch 3}u} 4}-F A] 2, Take one every two hours. The Suffix -4-:-: ‘apiece,’ ‘respectively,’ ‘each’ The suffix -#] is attached directly to a number, or to any number made with a classifier (counter) ; it indicates distribution. ZA SHsp ys. Study little by little. SU 4) Zh] 2, Please eat (them) one by one. ou}r} fg] Alzt4a Vas. I work 8 hours everyday. SAO] BH ste. The students come by twos.

Unit 22 ZAG shell a) 2] Fedo] 2, I ate three times a day. a AR aete] A A He, Give them 1,000 won each. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY a) s+ America a Germany oJ Sr England at Taiwan ae Japan aw the Soviet Union Ey France a People’s Republic of China A. Substitution Drill 1. Sto] A) ]7}2] Auf} Bole? How far is it from Korea to America? How far is it from Korea to England ? How far is it from Korea to Japan ? 2. Uta] BI7}4] dehy Boy.a? oo ee ee SEEPS? 4. yA Bel7A) Ash} Wo} ae $9 How far is it from Korea to France? How far is it from Korea to Germany ? 5. Sapo] A, = U7] Gap} Hk ? 6. Sbsto] A] qiekvtz]) Suktt 4728? How far is it from Korea to Taiwan? 7. Go A] 272] Aukt+ Ho7k? How far is it from Korea to the Soviet Union ? 8. Fol] S72] Avp} ola? How far is it from Korea to People’s Republic of China ? B. Substitution Drill Substitution Drill (Review) 1. 2 apy ia Bae, 2. ekstyto] ale|glar Ware, 1. HA)= 20 #F 42H2 It takes about twenty minutes by taxi. 2. H)z=z 30 #S Ae It takes about thirty minutes by taxi. 3. FAlZ=Z 10 #4 Ae It takes about ten minutes by taxi. 4, HAl\Z 15 FS AAQ, It takes about fifteen minutes by taxi. 5. HA)zZ ZT AlZztS 4Aa., It takes about an hour by taxi. 6. W)z FAAS 442 It takes about two hours by taxi. 7. Fz AAAS 442 It takes about three hours by taxi. 8. jz uu 4s 4s It takes about four hours by taxi. Of course she is beautiful. Of course Korean is interesting.

It looks like he is doing his homework. It looks like he is taking a bath. It looks like he is taking a walk. It looks like he is washing his face. Of course that book is good. Of course that room is dark. Of course that room is bright. Of course he is thin (slim), It looks like it is raining. It looks like he is studying. It looks like he is going to school. It looks like he is coming. It looks like it is raining. It looks like it rained. Of course he is kind. Of course he is fat. Unit 22 OFS. 4. 2 Yo) ORT tae. 220 D. Substitution Drill E. Pattern Drill Hie Hohe << Zo} of oh It looks like it is raining. It looks like it will rain. o}-2, F. Pattern Drill a Epo] Sut “<<

7. TAS 7}2) al7HE A obs, 8. to] QE 7 Zo}lg. Pattern Drill Unit 22 Teacher: 4 AR= #e] WY sya}, The person who is buying the book is my student. Student: 4-3 4b eo] | aya, The person who bought the book is my student. a 2S # Cu SP eyopmS EOm . Response Drill . dof} sao] 7/4) 2) 2.7 -H)Z7) SB opep oe ? Al ere torelol] 7p] 2? eee PE ES A185? eee, a | Sle? | Wave alo) slo 2? . Fate FAS sl] 2? @ A)zbe}c} ASQ ? CO Ssom tn Oe Ww Response Drill Zo BHAA? . sy S72? _ seo] BA S727 . suet BR 4/4r4 Us} i 2 ? a Bae] dep S797 shel A)z1a] EAD? OS =) cSs CT GO: SS, SHORT STORIES shea] BALE BSP ys WwW seo] B Alby SESH g.2 ZH Bo] 9 WAS ze Be] Byojoy gs oa} Bo] Altai] 2 UR Wo] BH A} BPo]o] g oy Bo] FB Yo}oj a IAS WE Bo] Eolas |S FS Ho] AY Qelal a. a|z Wat Bo] aol) 2 a], tde}c} spate] 7P2, HW a7T ePtt 4] 2h 8, asere} Stel) 7h, al, get} debs, REF AEA} HL. DAH 77k 9le1.2. See yeh es eer al Alzrete} at-p ay2. qq], £34 Sess al, shy aaa, she] AL ahead. debet ode) AlzHy all 2. a Bale] 1,000 V4 Fa a, sHHol| CSL ALY Boba, shFol] DE Al AhR, sto] FA LFS, eked 221

Le, Unit 22 1. AR os} 304) Aaah 2] 51 Sate] 2 do] Boz. sae when! go Aol ola] BS Agqudh. - A214) on foot 2, 2% ole uj7} & 2A Ashes. eA] PALE 7}A] aL Sel 8, ge an umbrella Le} 7} 22) 9k. AzYUC. ° Ey 20 Se see AAS: READING Ate AE MSTS BPPE Paluch ope} Az spare] Aye, oly shaw} 4) Be Aud}, aaa] HAs ep} oF YS, te Aq) AHS we] Wa, aay wA7} a Bah, 2S oMld= AS WAS he}, seq] Ary THEY; Aba] BASU TAA UE ola sy Bo] Wolds ch Ue eae] ASsbi] “ES FAQ" sh. Dasdch WA ak oj] te ARRS°] BYE Vs “wekehyepreH: BS hy a oe eh, St} to be difficult, SFol] in front of, before to be laborious 19o}2]c} to fall down, 74 -§- barely to tumble down 7}ch7} while going 71S S}A] politely, with courtesy AL Ah] suddenly ADS people Bc to stop ae completely, entirely ae lady ot inside BRIEFING I am a Korean language student now. I go to school by bus every morning. It takes about thirty minutes from my house to school. It’s very difficult to take a bus. They take too many people on board. So the bus is very crowded. I got on the bus with difficulty this morning also. The bus was going but suddenly stopped. As a result, I fell down in front of a certain lady. I said to her politely, ‘Give me some water.’ All the people in the bus laughed. I forgot completely the expression ‘I am sorry.’

Unit 23 299 UNIT 23 7|= Climate BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE Alt Hol] last night B] a rain ae 1. 4]4t Rte] B)7} 2 A 2A)27 It looks like it rained last night, doesn’t it ? Aq at truly, really He] a lot 4 ca = 2. 4, Wet u]7} We] Sea ! Yes, it really rained a lot! eer today also hag Al Sete Al 7 Se ee It looks like it will rain today too, doesn’t it ? a 2. well ! 7} cH} to clear up 4| A = 4, sas 4 BeAos Well! I don’t know. I wish the weather A)7} FMA SAajo]s. would clear up. a UA Al 5, 8 eete}cl u]7} PEs ! These days it rains every weekend ! o} 4 (o}n}) perhaps, possibly, by any possibility 2-5-6] in the afternoon SAl 7c} to go mountain-climbing 4] lI = 6. FAqaA oso aA Azole, Perhaps the weather will clear up this dx¥)7} 7A, ub SA eas afternoon. If the weather clears up, I will go mountain-climbing. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS: MEMORIZE 1. 24)°] Jo] 2 ? Are you interested in it ?

224 Unit 23 . H4)o] go. I’m not interested in it. 3. Hal Bs. There is no problem. NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . B], depending on the context or situation, means (1) ‘(a) rain, (2) ‘a broom.’ Study the following examples: BH] 7} 22, It is raining. B|7} & A Zor, It looks like rain. He So] 2, I swept with a broom. 2. 44 ‘the truth,’ ‘reality,’ besides being used as a noun, is also an adverb meaning ‘truly,’ ‘really.’ Its synonym is #}¥}, Its opposite word is 714% ‘a lie” 7] 4] "}3s}ct} means ‘to tell a lie.’ Study the following examples: AIYGA? 4hekyu 7? Is that true ? Alerejucy, 4bete}uct, It’s true (Believe me). AHS Aa SS Foleo] 2, He is really a good student. Ao] 7 Alara}, That’s a lie. 7 Ales}A] apa] 2, Don’t tell a lie. . =]_2 means ‘well,’ ‘let me see,’ or ‘ah.’ It is used as an expression of doubt or uncertainty, or when hesitating to do something. . + means ‘the weekend.’ -"} indicates ‘the end,’ ‘the close.’ Study the following examples: +H the weekend 44 the end of the month 14} the end of the year ABS Fa FAS ayyole, He went away for the weekend. 2] Boj] = BH} g I’m busy at the end of the month. ato] CzAlojg I'll give it to you at the end of the year. 2% ‘the afternoon,’ besides being used as a conversational term, is a technical term for ‘p.m.’ Its opposite word is -2.41 ‘the forenoon,’ ‘the morning,’ which is also used as a technical term for ‘a.m.’ %t is a contraction of U=, “= %t 7}t} means ‘to go mountain-climbing.’ When the verb 7}t} is preceded by nouns such as “<4! ‘a mountain-climb, “4 ‘a bath, 444 ‘a walk” 2 ‘a picnic, 4% ‘a trip, AK ‘a hunt, etc., it indicates the purpose of an action. Study the following examples : “Ak (S) 7}t} to go mountain-climbing

II. Unit 23 . 225 =--2-(&) 7t} to go to a bath-house ALAy (&-) 7c} to go for a walk AS (S) 7} to go on a picnic of SY () 7e} to go traveling ANE (-&) 7e} to go on a hunt WAl4al(&) 7+ to go fishing STRUCTURE NOTES V.S. +-2k(-%, -A)OH Bc}: ‘I wish so-and-so would happen’ The pattern -3t(-G, -%)2H 2c} may be used with any verb, and indicates a speaker’s hope or desire. Examples : 4X)7} HOSA Salojs. I wish the weather would clear up. (lit. If the weather would clear up, it would be good.) 140] F7)o] Som SAloqe, I wish he could come here. (lit. If he could come here, it would be good.) u]ste] Zoom Bajos I wish I could go to America. (lit. If I could go to America, it would be good.) U2 Wye Sao, I wish I could see him. (lit. .If I could see him, it would be good.) hat ny} Zt Bom SAojg, I wish I could speak Korean well. (lit. If I could speak Korean well, it would be good.) Als Faaeowd Fao, I wish I could swim now, (lit. If I could swim now, it would be good.) Although the past tense infix is used in this pattern, the meaning is in the present tense. Thererfore, the pattern -3t(-Y, -W)2 4 $244 is interchangeable with -(2)4H #2t}, (without the past tense infix), making no difference in meaning. The pattern with the past tense infix is, however, more euphemistic. Study the following examples : Ajo] ZtOH $e 2. I hope I can go home, (lit. If I could go home, it would be good.) Alo] 7-H #742. I hope I can go home, (lit. If I can go home, it will be good.) The Intentional -2(S)2}2--- : ‘will do,’ ‘intend to do’ The sentence-final ending - = ($)#|2& is used with action verbs and the verb 9)c}: it indicates a speaker’s intention or planning.

226 Unit 23 Examples : Ato] 7a 2 ? Will you go to Pusan? oj], *4hkol] Ze 2. Yes, Pll go to Pusan. of 2, Ato] 7}2] See, No, I won’t go to Pusan. Yu ssa 2? Will you study tomorrow ? oq], Wa sede. Yes, I’ll study tomorrow. oyuf 2, UU SHs2] Sao. No, I won’t study tomorrow. 2S Ao] Ajo] Alzada? Will you stay at home this evening ? a, 2 24] 4Jo] Sede. Yes, I’ll stay at home this evening. oye, 2S Aol] jo] 914] 2S No, I won’t stay at home this evening. a2, Notes : 1. The sentence-final ending -= ()2]9 is used regularly with first person statements and second person questions. 2. -zz]2 is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; -$7z]2 is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. 3. Notice that the pattern -(2)”] &, studied in Unit 18, S.N. III, is used Il. only with first person statements. The Ordinal Numbers: In Korean, there are two kinds of ordinal numbers; i.e., Korean ordinal numbers and Chinese ordinal numbers. a. Korean Ordinal Numbers: One way to express ‘first, second, third,’ etc., is to attach the suffix - to Korean cardinal numbers, with the exception of the word ‘first.’ Study the following examples: Alwl first Yl al fourth 2)3+x] seventh =] second cA] fifth of&]4] eighth AIA third ofAl Al sixth o}-=l =ninth a a tenth Notes : The suffix -| can also be attached to any number made with the classifier (counter). Study the following examples: Al HA the first time o|] UA the second day =- 414] the second time AL Yai the third day x] 414] the third time AL Qa the fourth day

Unit 23 Bei ©] 4 the second book = 4)ZbAal the second hour *} 2] the third book A] 2] Zbl the third hour b. Chinsese Ordinal Numbers: Ls Another way to express ‘first, second, third’, etc., is to prefix Al- to Chinese numbers. The Chinese ordinal numbers are used less commonly than Korean ordinal numbers. Study the following examples. Ale 2) first A] Ak fourth Al 4! seventh Al] ©] second Al &. fifth A] 4 eighth A] At third A] 2 sixth A] => ninth Al 4] tenth Examples : Ate] Hrol]Ay AAS Boog, He became first in his class. Alm wy} SITS, First (of all), I feel hungry. Al U7} HAAR, The first lesson is difficult. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY ar snow aS a typhoon AU) a shower += a cloud Heat a wind 77| c+ to cloud up 3} to blow sz} to be cloudy 7H (a bolt of) lightning 7}=u+ to be dry, to become parched 2| c} to flash Ayu} the rainy season A. Substitution Drill 1. da7} ARew Sasa. I wish the weather would clear up. 2. ZSuU7|7} SoH $alola, I wish a shower would come. 3. HEefo] Bom Ao g. I wish a wind would blow. 4. Aso] BYLA Sao. I wish a typhoon would blow. 5. WH7E AO Sag. I wish lightning would flash. 6. dxy7} HHO SA. I wish the weather were cloudy. 7. Beas 4 yon Fao, I wish I could speak Korean well. 8. -aMmod £27) 2. I wish I could swim. B. Substitution Drill (Review) 13-0] e+ abeelu 2 ! He is a Korean!

228 Do S& W LD eonN . He] Bla Abeela 2! He] Ba Abela] &|! aHe] US Ahead] s! ae] Baby Abela] 2 ! 1-0) 9 Alri al] 2! ape] 2A le 2 | Ae] Sa AAAS |! C. Substitution Drill WwWY Fe rnonFr , SEP oleS Zoe. A¥%0] BH 3042, a%0] 4a 304.2, A%] SE Zo}. ¥0] OY OVS a0] apg Zhe} D. Substitution Drill mD OHO FEFWH Ne on So] a a Beha, Da} a A Bohs, AU & A Bohs, hse] BA Boys _ uPspo] B al Zope, a7} AE oS AZ eat 2 ORS, E. Substitution Drill . RAS AHS, . lS He We, oe ae ABE ZH a. ee ey F. Pattern Drill (Review) Teacher: =2 ©42}7} ome | Student : 1 A}7} ae] 2 | Unit 23 He is an American ! He is an Englishman ! He is a Japanese ! He is a Frenchman ! He is a German! He is a Russian ! He is a Chinese man! He went mountain-climbing. He went to the bathhouse. He went for a walk. He went for a picnic. He went traveling. He went hunting. It seems to be getting cloudy. It seems that the weather will clear up. It seems that a shower will come. It seems that a typhoon will blow. It seems that a wind will blow. The weather seems to be getting cloudy. It seems that lightning will flash. It seems to be getting dry. I will take a nap. I will clean my teeth. I will go mountain-climbing. I will go to the bathhouse. I will go for a walk. I will go on a picnic. I will go on a hunt. I will go traveling. She is very beautiful ! She is very beautiful !

Unit 23 . Fa7} $t2! . PA7;} Ae) . SA7h Aisi | oA? Pa ae et . BA|7} aero | - SA7} Al errs | . BA|7} Betehes | Rd als igh Pattern Drill (Review) TT F&FWwW DH FeAND Teacher : He is going to school ! Student : He is going to school ! fall eel SOh PA se ea jo lo . Response Drill Abel 7a 2.2 oe, Abel) 72) ag Teacher : Student : or Se 42? 2-3} Al & ? Esa se ? Als} al & ? of BY st Al ey 2 ? . TAA Z? , =A? . FALL 7A? Pattern Drill Teacher: °]7°] Student: °] 7°] rh HoJk FP WY CONDO a ade, BR Alzbadde, AH] Sao] 7HeT 2 |! Lr?) fate] 7Reu] 2 | ARE SA7} SE] 2 |! ‘SA7} USD |! ‘IA7} AAS] |! SAT} FUL] es | ‘SA7} op Sete] 2 | ‘AZ; AL MSL! ‘A7} Beate] 2 |! ‘A7} Ua] 2 |! H]7} Leas. | ae] Psheq] 2 | axe] 717] Bels-eu] 2! ©] Ashe d] 2. | Aopa]eu] 2 | HoHoye Ac deoalo Will you go to Pusan? No, I won’t go to Pusan. 2, LES a] Boys oH 2, SRa}7] Fag, oye, WEsA] Fas, oH]2, aeahr] FSS, oe, ofalatr] gaH2, oe, FAa}A] Fas. oH 2, EEA] FAL, ope, ZEA aL 7}%] CSAs This is the first time. This is the first hour.

230 Unit 23 ly %|710| 4 Si aisiey. o]2o] = Azra Ue. 2. °|Ae] Al ASC o]Z°] a Azra et. 3. ©|2°] al Saale, o]Zo] ul Azra act. 4. o]Zo] Epa Balu, o}Ao] Ha Alzra yu. 5. Ale] 2k iat L er, o]Zo] Al A) zh aut. 6. °|Ae] Se RASIUet. o}Ae] Ue A4lzba duet. T. °\7Ae| a Al ep o]Zo] fa} Alzra duet, 8. lA] ore seh o]Zo] obs Azra uct. SHORT STORIES 1. ANE Mo HE A]ZE Bho) aba) BW BU. ayA 2] 24] BSc, Ars] magnificently, — full AoA] S AQoad Saeed. haa: Expansion Drill ay wel] F AlZE tel) px] BA7] Po], 2 Bas] wa Ud, aly Ss agdowd Saeuect. 2. AZ} BR Ole. 2 Fo yy} 22) BS LHe altatat Ze] A} Expansion Drill AZ; SHARE, Lol] Hl7} 22] BS Al zroh@, we 4lqpet ar A ree 9 Of N N, ay ko 3. ere ee a ae Oe oce Siar eye spring FS AN MU ct, TLS fall, autumn ASe eect. 712 winter READING a] AlellA, 4S aye] &, 2#S 4] A ate] ahyte] 2, o}— HHA, the ale} se] Salo] Sze a2. |S4aelzl es dF AA wplo]a, So] ja Sols = Vela, eee A Ul 4l7+4) Aleaz] SS sos, 44 41S alpsta Zo) AZ eb Jo], SopsolA, Pele SYVSS SwRo]S sep} pel o] ES Fo} Fz] edghoia, e ola] ¥ Ho] Helo] BS ao} # Moy @, rey Belge] of-F Syho] 9.

Unit 23 231 A] ‘A ute] after ten years Al+-a]A1 continuously (This pattern -¥te]] 3] 3}c} will be-studied later) to get drunk (intoxicated) Ef ah to ride and abztc} to be glad, to be 22°F a (call) bell delighted (to meet) er} to press =] a bar, a tavern +o] a wife (honorific) Al Uc} to pass by, a about to pass through =.l}t} to have a hard time, Ay dawn to get a hard time BRIEFING I met a friend downtown yesterday. I met him for the first time in ten years. I was very glad to see him. I went into the bar with my friend. We drank until 12 o’clock midnight in the bar. We got drunk, so we were not able to come back home. We kept drinking until 4 o’clock in the morning. We took a taxi about 5 o’clock and got home. We pressed the bell. But my wife didn’t open the door for us. A little while later my wife opened the door for us. But my wife gave me a hard time.

232 Unit 24 UNIT 24 s+ Movies BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE 03 3} the movies yO 1. 72 BSS Bz 7H! Aol? ~~ Will you go to see a movie now? = 7] homework 3 Ud = 2. oe, SAS sa 2 Aol. No, Pll do my homework and then go. a ay when you go S=tl to stop by, to drop in + A A 3, 2a a yao] Sa 2. Please drop by my room when you go. Zito) AL Al Let’s go together. HWY uo 7}-) until it is finished 7| che] c} to wait 33 3) = 4. =Al7} BS G7) 7] eA) Will you wait until my homework is 19? finished ? of Al] & about when + A 5. AAle 2 A Zeols 2 About when do you think it will be finished ? Ae 6. ofa} St A) Z1I2 Aad Ade It will probably take about an hour. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS: MEMORIZE 1 fu 4 zJ4UV1 2. Have a nice weekend. 2, a > gojg. It can’t be helped. 3. Bh} Blo] ubz}s-udc, I’m glad to see you. Or: Pleased to meet you.

Unit 24 233 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . Alar ‘now’ is used both with non-past tense verbs and past tense verbs. When it is used with a non-past verb, it indicates immediate future ; but when it is used with a past verb, it indicates immediate past. H} ‘just now,’ ‘a moment ago’ is used, however, always with a past verb, and indicates immediate past. Study the following examples: Alan eS I just came. Alt 7} L., I'll go now. MPa Sie 2. I ate just now. <3 3} means ‘a motion picture,’ ‘a movie.’ When the consonant * witha vowel occurs as a final syllable, the aspirated sound is not pronounced, habitually. But when it occurs in the initial syllable, the aspirated sound is pronounced clearly. Study the following examples: ost a movie 3+22 Tuesday Als} a telephone 3]A} ~~ a company 3]35}+ a conversation 3] 2] a meeting 7A] Aol]? is an informal form of 7}4] WAol]o]2? (See Unit 9, Structure Notes III.) . UL sol] Sz] A]2 means ‘Please drop by my room.’ The verb S=t} ‘to stop by,’ ‘to drop in’ is an irregular verb. The final vowel -° is dropped when followed by the vowel -°], This irregular verb, ending in a final vowel -2., will be studied later. . Z|) chez] A] Ae] 272° means ‘Will you wait ?? The question form, with the future tense, is sometimes used as an euphemistic expression to ask someone’s favor. Study the following examples: Ae = PZ. Give me some cold water, please. Ae ES PAAR? Will you give me some cold water? (euphemistic) STRUCTURE NOTES The Coordinate Non-Final Ending -i1---: ‘and’ We have studied the particles -3}32 and -2}/-»} meaning ‘and,’ used to link nouns in coordination. For example, #43}a1 GAYS 4fe]2 ‘I bought a book and a pencil.’ ‘2|°#3} -=US 42’ ‘Please give me some toothpaste and a

234 Unit 24 towel.’ This pattern -3! is used, however, to link two clauses in coordination. Examples : SAlS sta, 7S, I'll do my homework and (then) go. ys By, 2272, Open the door and come in. US SHsa, 2S zh, I’m studying and he’s sleeping. Bo] Sa), Bl7P Sts. The wind is blowing and it’s raining. o] Ao] Ral, Hof, This is cheap and good. ARS Aa, = Aohe, He is tall and I am short. Ue solar, DHS AVYolo]&, I'ma student and he is a teacher. Notes: 1. When this pattern -3! is used with negative constructions, like -”] 31 or -A] "at, it indicates the rejection of one action in favor of another. Study the following examples: SA\=2 32] Sa, 22S ES] I’m not going to do my homework yA oa es I’m going to help him. a2 why) ga, Bok 3$¢42, Without seeing him, I came back. 42) Ba, 441. Let’s go without eating. Vs}A] Bat, Ss 2, Don’t work, (but) study. Later, you will study this pattern -42 used with the negative construction in detail. 2. This pattern -32 may be used with any verb, and the subjects of the two clauses can be the same or different. 3. When the subjects of the two clauses are different, they usually take the contrast particle -=/--, Study the following examples: JAS 7, 27S 4He, This is good and that is bad. etaehe zqe]Qlat, e= 9/4 Korean is interesting and English is ct, difficult. The Non-Final Ending -2(3) ---: ‘when,’ ‘while’ The pattern -2(3) | may be used with any verb, and indicates a time when something takes place or exists. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘when,’ or ‘while.’ It ends regularly with a comma intonation. Examples : fra d, =: Die. When you go to bed, turn off the light, please. of 7jo] 2A) aj, 72] QA. When you come here, bring that. 14-0] 24 qf, UE 7}Alojag. When he leaves, I’ll go too.

SA} oS a, 7b, A)zko] Qh a, Ze] 4hA)ch, U7} YS a, 2H] ole, U7 Pare ey Lae re yorig” Notes: Unit 24 235 When the weather is warm, I’ll go. When you have time, let’s go together. When I was working, he came. When I was taking a walk, he left. 1. This pattern -2(&) 4 can be used with any verb. But it cannot be used with the verb -°]t} in the present tense. Study the following examples: Y7 Ago|a-S af, 77IJ¢] Zb°] When I was a teacher, I went there. (eo) Uy7k AA) a, (not used) . When the actions of the two clauses take place at the same time, the past tense infix (-3t-) is not needed in this pattern -2(-S) a, as you have seen in the above examples. But when the action cf the main clause takes place before the action of the dependent clause, the past tense infix may be used within the pattern -2 () a, Study the following examples: aS uy G, a o]ok7]= B When I saw him, I told him about. it. oe. WAlo] 3°42 aj, °] 74 39) When I entered the classroom, the light 11.2, asta] 3 o}2. = y, oF Fae} g, spate] ZS wl, He] ek aA was off. When I came to Korea, it was very hot. When I went to school, he was not there. 3. This pattern -=(2) can be followed by any particle, such as -7}/ =o), a ==, =0]]5 oe, -u}t}, HE], -74], etc. Study the following examples : AGS YS a7} solors. jas AS Aztsp a, side] ZB wo], TRS po] Bae, ARS Wy aso] & wufc}, TRS why o] US Alba we}, 7}2Be] Lge} &., #0] SopS a7] 71eVAIa. It’s time to eat supper. (lit. The time that we eat supper came.) Think of the time when you were a child. On the way to school, I met him. I met him again as I was going to school. Every time I come to Korea, I see him. From the time that I began this work, I felt bad. Wait until he comes back. 4. -2@ wl is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; -- uj) is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.

236 Unit 24 DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY ; o]s}ct} ~~ to prepare one’s lesson Utter} to look out B4<s}c} to review Sojth¥t} to look in (through), ej4s}ct} to practice to peep into (through) Aceh to look up, to stare Zhe}c} to grow, to grow up WUachitc} to look down wut to be thick (tree) 7HKeuh to be thin (tree) A. Substitution Drill (Review) 1 ato} Bl eF Flo &:. It must be expensive. 2. 2A] MAWES Aes2, It must be interesting. 38. aAeo] Has Ay s., It must be difficult. 4. 24°] HS Aes. (The tree) must be thick. 5. ao] 7h 7s. (The tree) must be thin. 6. 2A°] AZ Aes. It must be long. 7. 171°] Be Aaa, It must be short. 8. 27Alo] WS Ala, It must be wide. B. Substitution Drill (Review) 1. THe] DAlo] AlAl Ae a. He’ll probably be in the classroom. 2, =| Se AAS, He’ll probably ask you. 3. 2Ho] Ae Zola. He'll probably answer. 4, D236] Hes Aaa, He'll probably ask you a favor. 5. to] 4ove Aaja, He'll probably dislike it. 6. 2He] te 4A 7] 2, He'll probably play a trick. 7. Ho] Bae 2 Ads He’ll probably take a nap. 8. 2He] Sowa Aaa, He’ll probably forget it. C. Substitution Drill 1. SS Faz 7A. I'll do my homework and then go. 2. $48 sat 7A, I'll study and then go. 3. ApS shat 7}, I'll wash my face and then go. 4, 2&8 sa 7A, Pll take a bath and then go. 5. ae stat 7a. I'll sightsee and then go. 6. o])= al 7-Aos, lll clean my teeth and then go. 7. 2S Zole}a 7Halo 2, T'll change my clothes and then go. 8. o] HS Aasy 7H, Pll clean this room and then go.

Unit 24 D. Substitution Drill 1. THE Yh] ees Soft] 2, 2 none we SOROS. OF FPWL LO COND Substitution Drill ASS YS Wt AUR, . Sepak s SHS W7} AAV, eel 7 SO Se See d7t Fads. age qt Fag, ae W7} 3} k. ree Wt ANN. ABS & qt 3M, Integration Drill : co Of Ccbw on & = : Jae Soha, ae This is good. That is AL $3, Teacher : Student : Seal SoM] 2, 237 Without seeing him, I came back. Without working, I came back. Without helping him, I came back. Without practicing, I came back. Without reviewing, I came back. Without looking up, I came back. Without looking down, I came back. Without looking out, I came back. It’s time to eat supper. It’s time to study Korean. It’s time to get up. It’s time to review. It’s time to practice. It’s time to prepare our lessons. It’s time to exercise. It’s time to take a walk. Ua , bad. AA& Une, This is good and that is bad. te? esc 4 oe Zhe ele... o] Ue Aa, A UTS 711, 2. JRO ESe. ABee SFaa, oR ESsa, APS SFa ea, 3. JAS A942, AAS Forze JAS Aw, AAS Fors, 4. o] He Hog, 7] NS Fors, o] HPS Yar, A] BRO Hohe, 5. o] DAS ARAR, 7% WIS 4yAAR o] DAS Asa, A Wye 4aA2 6. F47]J= HOUR, AVE 7A. q7j=e By, AZ 77S. 8) Peale Sper, A AREAS ] E92,

238 Unit 24 o] AREAS Bat, A AHPAS OL E18, 8. tse AMR, SHE HAA, aqewde qa, 94S TAA, G. Integration Drill Teacher: #77] 2, BS DWy2, Go to bed. Turn off the light. Student: 742 qd, 23 WI. When you go to bed, turn off the light. 1. 47)o] fae, 2AS 7e)D MIB. of7jo] 2A) dl, TAS 74D LAB, 2. dps. Be) 4) 2. U7} a, Sel FAs. 3. Bake STA ee VSS Ware =e are ea. 4. $2 sHiQ, AS 7/4) a2 7H SD SH 3A qd, WAS 712 7 5. tale] 7H a, 2S Bh} se we] 271 W, 2S 472. 7. He] Ups, TAs Baa, Hel] U7 a, AAS Bag, 8. ¥4re] WA7vIg, AAS Fag, Sabo] Uey7Hal a, AS Fag, H. Integration Drill Teacher: 24°] 92. 7|ce] A 2, He is coming. Wait. Student: 24t°] & G7], 7] che] A 2, Wait until he comes. 1. 2°] 4c, Yeas. 2°] 2 A), Uses. e7t Bu, 7] eyA 2. 57} BS A7HA, 7ZI4e AI 2. 3. W7} YS AU, SHS, U7t US Bal a7], SAAS, 4. Wi7b Sergey, Step 2.

Unit 24 Wt SeHs aa], Bsa g, Sib yio} Usha Seas 7k UE wl, PB spas 6. S77} S But, AS yoy sa, SH BS a7}, BS goa. 7. 2a + euch agapala. Aas US Wy, ages, 8. Wt Bach, Beshal a. W7} SARE aya), Bepspal g. Integration Drill Teacher: Student : aso] Suc, AHS Bch, I come to Korea. I see him. astro] S qufcy, HS Byrd, Every time I come to Korea, I see him. 1. A]zbe] lech. Azo) Ach, Alzye] QS whofe}, 747]o AY ch, 2. aie] Such, uz} epee, AR0] & wu}c}, y7} wp edch, 3. Sato] Ach, abo] WHEUch, oj] ih. = a 5: = = oe ado alo SUAL ferhe SL efod ‘ie a] ol] 8 cea ca + a=e vz! 2 aufch, Abebo) Be xh, ugh, ook] sas ch, ug auc}, o]ob7] sbaleuech, Uc}, a7} Puch alo}ch, 37} ch, nto] Bch, Be spAseuch, u] sto) 2 upc}, Pepsbalgeuct. eur a7} Gud, & Gop}, Da7} euch, Ue}, A) eu ch. ajopc}, A] Le euch, Integration Drill Teacher : Student : 0] US alabageueh, Wee] Use. I began this work. I felt bad. o] US AA PPE], 7]e] eee. From the time that I began this work, I felt bad. 239

240 Unit 24 1. ol] SteeUlet, Braet. aro] S APE], whet, 2. su Aleister eh old i ett. ale] S92 Ae, “leet. 3. Se Ae, Mb eee SS 4140 BATE, M7] at. 4.93 A\4ReU. Nese Ys 2|4 Ae], BEM. DOS ee oe) ea. ae Se We, eae! ee ee 6. 47] See. S7b Meet. of 7|ey a El; Sit ie ey. 7. AS Yer sbere] Woteuet. ae a wel, Ae] wate et. 8. | ee 7] 1 aes | eS a ee eee SHORT STORIES 1. 44 4412 4S 4} AAedet. Aas Ast 7st, U7b = aA) 7) eel Ai 2, Expansion Drill Ae 44S 4S Wt 307) Aro, 84S Fa 7rdleudct. U7t a aA) 7) cel ig, 2. U7} Alzro| gl= a eo) 4i4let. Aras HHA] Wisco], % 7c. Uae oat 4] Zre] VS Aes, Be gold Wu}, 2Be I#0] 2S os whe A aerq} READING He Abe}. zl Ngo alan Vedeh aL 2 ae se) UCL ald ota olay} ABS wel dae, Ge

Unit 24 24] = Alt $e 3 aS Sead, das] a qape Sz] g AU, AR) 9S oe) a o}9) Be ws, GE Be SRSUt 2 yzhs ae] Ul kegs, uy ashe 4b spd such, Fe] Eule] o-F aM of sp yo] gash. fe] = pals ABASUT US] HEISE see} a ozhe yy Hea] AAAsEUT, Yespe y] APE of ata obo] gi7] cehets m4 2) A} a (medical) doctor o] = a name HW] 2] a hospital hs ancient times, old days Detar Qt} I’m working Oks 2} an engaged person DIE Aba a traffic accident Stal a college 2} y uc} to happen, A} t43 the third grade, junior to break out = ° oF U] a village we a face sy a girl student pA] c+ to get hurt Ae each other +- A|Zt =e! for two hours Uo] in the end, finally PS a surgical operation ekzslttt to get engaged = sc} to operate A|4]7}e}+ to get married (to) cea 3] fortunately HALAd a rich man’s house = t} to die oS a son BRIEFING I’m a medical doctor. I’m working at the hospital now. Yesterday a big traffic accident happened. A certain woman’s face was seriously injured. I performed a surgical operation on her for two hours. Fortunately the woman survived. This morning I saw her name, and I was completely surprised. She was my old fiancee when I was a junior in college. There was a very beautiful girl student in my village. We loved each other. Finally we got engaged. But she got married to my friend because my friend was the son of a very rich man.

242 Unit 25 UNIT 25 FHAOLR ? Is It Alright ? BASIC SENTENCES : MEMORIZE SHU7-E even though I go in AAO} 2 ? is it alright ? a1 | Le Ol7ks Sgro ben? May I goin? oA] without hesitation, without delay + 4 a 1 POP eo 2 AS Yes sure. Come on in. Al ADS} TC} to clean a3] a < 3, aj o] HS AAD HS? Shall I clean this room now ? Hut co after it is finished a ae: 4, Al Se SHayok He. I have to study now. Please clean BHF, But rho] sp 2, it after I finish studying. Zt 9r}7} a little later 3a 3° € 5, 24, 2S gry} 2742? Then, shall I come a little later ? oF about Bp) (og! hay 6. a, cf ze) B Soy] eye. Yes, please come back in about thirty minutes. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS : MEMORIZE 1. 4a] Fp 2. Don’t worry, please. 2. Hs] Forse. Make yourself comfortable. 2 1S Fl] te] SIO) 92 How did it turn out ? A, 2S oiois. It turned out well.

Unit 25 243 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES 1. =°1 7-44, depending on the context or situation, can mean (1) ‘to go in (into),’ (2) ‘to enter (a company, a school),’ (3) ‘to contain, ‘to include,’ (4) ‘to be spent,’ (5) ‘to become hollow,’ etc. Study the following examples: a ge 4 aoe 17°] Sale] B17] 2, ©] Shoe P-+7} Sl Zk 2. ©] ol] °] Bo] S72, bade | aco], wz°] = Zo?) Your eyes grow hollow with hunger. . 7422é}t} means ‘to clean,’ ‘to sweep.’ Study the following words. He went into the room. He entered the school. This candy contains (has) milk. Much money was spent for this book. ox! “2 ‘a cleaner,’ ‘a sweeper,’ ‘a street cleaner,’ ‘a garbage-man’ ou! by a} ‘a scavenger’s cart,’ ‘a garbage wagon’ 7|_ AZZ] or 412 427] ‘a vacuum cleaner’ ek-e ‘about’ is a prefix indicating an approximate point in time or quantity. So it is always put before time and/or quantity expressions. °¥- ‘about’ is interchangeable with the prefix @t- ‘about,’ making no difference in meaning. Oftentimes, 2#- and @t- are used together with the suffix -@ ‘about,’ as an emphatic expression. Study the following examples: oF = AlZt BA aol] g| I studied about two hours. I studied about two hours. (emphatic) I ate about ten of them. a1 4y teed ej. qr ed Vas a Sevier ear I ate about ten of them. (emphatic) It takes about ten minutes. It takes about ten minutes. (emphatic) I bought about ten. I bought about ten. (emphatic) STRUCTURE NOTES The Concessive Ending -0}(-1, -01)&---: ‘even if’ ‘even though’ The non-final ending -°}(-¢, -o|)™= is used with any verb, except ©] tH. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘even if it is so-and-so,’ ‘even if someone does so-and-so,’ or ‘even being or doing so-and-so.’ °}(-o], -4) = regularly ends with a comma intonation.

244 Examples : MHols, Az] wos, Bro] Mos, ars. A] glo], Mar Az] gtohR., AM BMYS, BPM, D7} FYE, HAD, Bye, ApeyA, SE, BEAR, 3a AVE, YE leas, aAgayk, + =] ore, HE 7] Sole, ARS 7B, When this pattern -°}(-o], -4) = Unit 25 Even though it’s delicious, I won’t eat it. Even if it’s not delicious, eat it. Even though it’s interesting, I don’t want to see it. Even if it’s not interesting, study it. Even though the weather is cold, I'll go (there) , Even if it’s expensive, I'll buy it. Even if I listen, I don’t understand. Even if I want to read it, it’s too difficult. Even if I practice it, it doesn’t go well (it’s not successful), Even though I don’t go, he goes. is followed, however, by the word = t} ‘it’s good,’ ‘it’s OK,’ or At} ‘it’s all right,’ ‘it doesn’t matter,’ it is used for asking or giving permission. In other words, for the expression ‘someone MAY do something,’ this pattern -°}(-*], -)= ct} (31 @c}) is used. Its literal meaning is ‘even being or doing so-and-so, it’s all right.’ Study the following examples : Soe SHU 7 (MAGA) ? SE Soha, sao] 7H MAG Smo] HE BW AOHS, x) Yohe iP SHY? ah AJA) Boke SHUT, Ud op) se ASU? ya 4) Fe Ags. ADYAAS AREY? A) TLE] HE WHEL, we $e? Boe $e. May I go in? You may go in. May I go to school ? You may go to school. Is it alright even if I don’t buy it ? It’s alright even if you don’t buy it. Or: You don’t have to buy it. May I come again tomorrow ? You may come again tomorrow. Is it alright even if it’s noisy ? It doesn’t matter even if it’s noisy. Is it alright even if it’s far ? It doesn’t matter even if it’s far. The negative answer to a request for permission depends on whether the request is affirmative or negative. 1. In denying permission, a statement of prohibition is used: -(°)4 et ¥ t+ ‘someone must not do something,’ (lit. ‘if someone does something, it