Speaking Korean Book 1

Unit 40 395 Notes: The tense and/or negation is expressed regularly in the final verb -8}c}. Study the following examples: 144°) yJ24lde ect, He says he is teaching. 14-0] 72 Zlcha sole. He said he is teaching. 17°] 7-2 4lc}a1 3%] 9t0]2,. He did not say he is teaching. Ill. A.V.S. +-E HW: We have already studied verbal nouns made with the suffix -7], which indicate activity, quality, quantity, extent, or state of being, concretely (See Unit 20, Structure Notes II.) But this pattern -= 4%, preceded directly by an action verb stem, indicates ‘the act, (the fact, manner) of doing something.’ ‘ The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘--ing,’ the infinitive ‘to (do),’ or ‘the thing that someone is doing.’ Examples : ae Alo] Ae Yue, It’s best to take a rest. AS ESE Aol] $Alojg., I think it’s better to help him. we] HY Alo] ume, It’s bad to eat quickly. of USE ZO] Ofna? How about traveling ? AZ| Ye Aol Aol 2, That over there is a book. Ae WEE AS Aoads., He hates people who make noise. ZHsZ] GE Alo] Sag. I think it’s better not to study. AES FREe2lS AS Soba, He likes to teach. 1. When the verbal noun made with -= 7% is used as a subject, it takes the particle -7}/-°], But when it is used as an object, it takes the particle =H = a/ =. 2. This pattern can be used with the verb of existence 9\t+ or Qitt, But it is used mostly with action verbs. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY 71 715}c} «to refuse, to reject A--=t} to make haste with, ered to hasten + =s}t} to export =-9]3}c} to import Abet+S}t} to boast (of), 27H 3}e} sto introduce to be proud of

396 A. Substitution Drill il: Unit 40 SAIL. SAL. m= Cwbd Dy 6. i 8 Hi ie 49, paltSL alo j (e7 4 JH B. Substitution Drill 1. BSH Zo] ofa}s.? 2. ANSE Zo] ofa.a? 3. ABI yo) oma? 4. 22F8H= lo] ofa 7 5, AESHE Zo] ojmja? 6. BS PIE Ao} yaa? 7, AAS see Zo] o}a.e? 8. AAS Beye yo) opqa? Substitution Drill 1. He Ao] Adc. 2. me Ae) UM. 3. Al4kshe Ae] Alaa, 4. -Seshe Ae] aU, 5. 2S He Ao] Ady. 6. BS Be Ao] adduct, 7. FAshe Ae) AU’ de, 8. 7AAsbe Ao] Aa, D. Pattern Drill Teacher: aaa, Student : ea] 4Joc. 1, SAlel ae: 2. FAW, 3. Al Vas, 4, req 2, 5. Ak, I think it’s better to help him. I think it’s better to visit him. I think it’s better to go outdoors. I think it’s better to take that away from him. I think it’s better to stir it well. I think it’s better to pour it. I think it’s better to connect it. I think it’s better to be careful. How about traveling ? How about skipping school ? How about skipping work ? How about coming to school late ? How about leaving early ? How about locking the door ? How about (ex) changing it ? How about drying it? It’s best to take a rest. It’s best to go without eating. It’s best to praise (him), It’s best to operate on him. It’s best to make money. It’s best to pay back the money. It’s best to be careful It’s best to refuse. It’s warm. It’s getting warmer. 2} 2} 249] dct, des] qu, allah auch, aeray adc, Ao] auch.

6. BHHk, io Se Sn 8. Seg. E. Pattern Drill Unit 40 Teacher; <2 ©42}7} am} Aoje. Student: =2 o42}7} om} 2] 2] oF Sko] 2. aby _ 8} . AVS. AO]S., AVS. 7H BVM. | se BVM. , eo} BOYS. _ Yok BVM. . Be} AVA, F. Pattern Drill Con OSo FeNHE© Teacher: 2710] -7-o1°]14¢? Student: 227° We | Hoot Zz oyAewoq > of BAe? ey? spa? G. Pattern Drill nun aiee ee OS 2 Se OUANoth Teacher: 144°] 24 Student: 24°] 3+ th, 1. He AlsS Fett ae ea Bote oli ee te 4. = Js}4) eect. 5. 29= Sect. do] auch. Sea} adh £%a] qu, She became beautiful. She did not become beautiful. wb 212] 2b9k0} 2. stoH 212) eE9h0} 9 sa 212] 29h0}.2. 7S 212] eB 9bo} sha] 212] e9h0} 2. 0} 712] B9h0}.2. oh 2]2] Sebo] a alo} l7] esto a What’s that ? He asks what that is. 380] HYLUS Bch, Aas. qc. He is studying. He says he is studying. BE ASS Mebyosa gq, | 397

398 6. ie 8 47) ol AAT. a B}z) Shrlch, HS AT, . Pattern Drill Hy eee ade 1 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8 Teacher: =24+0] 414 ¢]cH, Student: +e] Ayoleha eu th. ao] abatey, ao] qa} wee} As] 39 Ach. lo] Bxbwec} Alo] Sate}, 0] Zo] 2) 3h}, o]z10] 2] 3}8°] ¢} o]240] 27} ZC} Pattern Drill Dm OF WDHoN & Oo SFCHYO fND Teacher: <3}4}, Student: GqsbAzhar auc, _ Bee la} _ Ae 2a}, | Saheb, | ABS HAE ST, we] H]s] Gel, aA Ze}, _ Ass de}, _ ¥]eq7] ol 9] de}, Unit 40 Ao] Bact Het. 2S7; A ep et. WS WA Yc. He is a teacher. He says he is a teacher. B80] ebapeh Bch. Bo] Wat a ee}D Bch. Azo] FHAe} Bch. o)je] Aedueebe Bch, Azo] Sae}w AY xh, ojo) ajabSeby ach, 0] 240) 2]8}2olehae ch, o]46) W7}E Be} Bch, Let’s practice. He says, ‘Let’s practice.’ ele yabw adh. JAS abe Bact. Sapsbrp. Bch, ARS YeEs}Ahal BU cH, Ao} cpyapat Mcp, Turn on the light (for me), He says, ‘Turn on the light.’ we 2 Sez Pc, we 2°} ee ye. ee 7 Seta Hc. we] eH) Sepa eq, aa) de}. eddy, Asa] Geka dct, 3]2Y7] 6 a] Feb eH ycp,

Unit 40 8. awa Bet, K. Pattern Drill Teacher: S}alol] 7}et, Student: @}ale] 7-e}at er) cH, ee az}, EBS se} _ peapa) we}, SA] a} a] we}, GO .Ca Uo eRSOra =1 SHORT STORIES 1. US ApSo] We aA] ofo]S°] BSaUUR, ayA, 226] seta Bok Expansion Drill He ARBRE] ES AS gojspeul, cbo]So] wsoyy 8] ste} Belg, 2. Abab7] dH7} H9] Boye aa Ble] BA sap} Pohs, Source Azo) Z Alspal a. Expansion Drill eap7] 7} He = Alize] 24 aha 2. aye gepa yd, Go to school. He says, ‘Go to school.’ ee Ht tc, £8] deha Bq, Hap) Beha ddd, HAls}2] Behy ech, Hea}z] dehy Bch, AS Alea By. AS es Bch, aA s}e}a Hd, s+z} a patient AWA] 47)o] Ba sry} Glu7ti, 3, axe) +AU a7} Soletn Bol gZ2 gods Sear Woe, aA B43) SH¥sea Poe. BS Bese Boles gy 399 Polar} og.

400 Unit 40 READING ghgojt: ato], azhS 7e2AGUc ofo] Se] BE 4l 4] Sy eas w-7) 2448S SEES OH 848°] at Sue uc, Sek use] Ao Saeue, ee 2 4lde).a a = Afeh Bec, aayA GS B49] 4A VE BIS AAS Uc}, Aedo] 4S 4 YS Meu, ok st WE UF Aa Fada eeu, aA oe tt Ay" al °] Al uaa JAS #2 Fyso] | Vasc Age] syste Haaser, Byes 4 7SB4)7] AHA Shes Bhs] Aha cee (Al) At a village schoolhouse yj} to give (someone) a Stal Chinese characters hard time 3} one day AA] one’s self, oneself A} constantly, continuously uF carelessly, at random 2c} to doze Hy Ss} c} to defend oneself from z}0] =} to fall asleep (an accusation) 7H -- to awaken, -7| Ha} in order to, with the to wake (someone) up intention of ofttAz|tk to give (someone) a al Confucius scolding BRIEFING In the old days we taught Chinese characters at the village schoolhouse. Usually, when children became five years old, they started to learn Chinese characters. One day a certain student kept dozing. He finally fell asleep. The teacher who saw it said, ‘Wake him up.’ So another student. woke him up. The teacher scolded the student who had slept. The teacher said he would give him a hard time if he fell asleep once more. However, the following day the teacher himself was so tired that he fell asleep. The students who saw it laughed. The teacher made an excuse to the students. He said that he had gone to see Confucius in order to teach them better.

Unit 41 401 UNIT 41 wmSA} A Traffic Accident BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE aE ALL a traffic accident u}c} to occur S}ufE] A a close shave, by a hair’s breadth sim <)! ates 1. 4A) we Je a7] LTO] 2. A traffic accident occurred yesterday. I 3} u} E} ay = S- melo]? nearly died. cz] c} to get hurt a 22940 waste! +7} wo Something terrible nearly happened. TEA] Z]= oF9ho] 8 2 Nobody got hurt seriously, did they ? Thay 3] fortunately OPAL 7 AL a driver 3. thas] UE Bo) 42] Goto] Fortunately, I didn’t get hurt seriously. 2. aad) &A7)A-7} wo] cf But the driver did. Ao s. Hy 2] a hospital + 8 4, ZJARE ZIV Wo] gloog ? Is the driver in the hospital now ? Te 5. a, 2zae, 2aaAq) 220] 4 Yes, that’s right. But I don’t know what Al FAM=Z) BEAMS. happened to him. a 6. WE AA Wo] Ae 2 A Wereally are in trouble because of traftt0}] 2 fic accidents.

402 Unit 41 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . uch, depending onthe context or situation, can have many different meanings. It is an intransitive verb which always takes the subject particle -7}/ -°], Study the following examples: DE AbRL7} YOR, A traffic accident happened, Ho] yf] 2. A fire broke out, 22 YA7} Wak. It smelled good. Ao] 4fo4k, A rumor got abroad, Ho] 412, He got sick, 7\Alo] %t1 2, He had a cough. S}7} ko] 2, I was angry, AYZFO] 442, The thought occurred to me. 3}=}E]4 ~=means ‘by a close shave, ‘by the skin of one’s teeth,’ ‘on the verge (brink) of. It is used normally with the pattern -2(S) wWiaich, (See this Unit, Structure Notes I.) . 77k is an indefinite pronoun meaning ‘somebody,’ (See Unit 8, Notes 2 on the Basic Sentences) , t+2|t} means ‘to get hurt,’ ‘to be injured, ‘to be wounded,’ ‘to receive an injury, etc. Study the following examples: 14-0] Hoe] cA] 8, He was badly wounded. Or: He was seriously injured. Hes Ag, I hurt my leg. U2|Z4] FES AASHIL, Be careful not to get hurt. . 417]4} is a modern word meaning ‘a driver (of a car, taxi, bus),’ whereas 7| 3+A} ~means ‘an engineer (of a train),’ ‘an operator (of a machine).’ Old words are <-414} or #44, But ~417]4} is used more often than $4} or fe) A~ LAs, STRUCTURE NOTES The Sentence-Final Ending -2($) 4 @4c}---: ‘almost (did)’ The pattern -@= (3) ac} is used to indicate that an action or event had almost occurred. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘(someone or it) nearly (did so-and-so),’ ‘:--barely missed (doing so-and-so),’ ‘:--just barely escaped (doing so-and-so),’ ‘:::came close to (doing so-and-so), ’

If. Examples : ZU maloje. FS waHo]a, o] AS go] Ma wigel a. AAS slo] Wa wae} Selo] A wayo} 2, So] B A wsyoy.a, 1 o]7}3} ALD wiglo} Notes: Unit 41 403 Something serious almost happened. I nearly died. I almost lost this book. I almost forgot about it. I almost went to Germany. I nearly didn’t get to go to Germany. I came very close to marrying her. Or: I almost married her. I nearly missed him. I nearly had a hard time. I almost won (a game), Or: I came close to winning. I came close to fighting with him. 1. This pattern is used always in the past tense. It goes well with the word 3} u-E|H ‘by the skin of one’s teeth,’ ‘by a hair’s breadth.’ 2. The pattern is used mostly with action verbs. However, some exceptions take description verbs. Here are some examples: SS wo], SS wgo]a. Sat wi go].a, ARS wWH}g, I was almost late. It might have been good. It was almost dangerous. It came close to being troublesome. 3. -2 wilct is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; --2- wit} is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. The Indirect Question Ending -A|/-7} : The ending -2] (or -7}) en Or -=eS), =Al (or s7h). such as is preceded always by a modifier suffix :-u (2), It indicates an uncertain fact or occurrence. This pattern when used with a modifier suffix, is followed usually by verbs elt} ‘to know, 2=t} ‘to not know,’ "38}t} ‘to tell, -ét} ‘to ask,’ olcl ‘to forget,’ 28 Z+-}c} ‘to remember,’ 7] 3}t} to remember,’ etc. Examples : a0] ¥-54217) Ego] a, aio] EAA] of AHL? a%o] Byer] Fo} Wa} g, I don’t know what it is. Do you know who he is? Please ask him if he is a student.

404 Unit 41 1 So] ofcjelaz] Wea FA 2. Please tell me where that place is. 171°] B)ekz] 42] BEAWo 2, I don’t know whether it’s expensive or cheap. 170] ZA] 42-2] Behe, I don’t know whether it’s big or small. yi Zo) $22] Bo] BAR, Please ask him which one is better. 171°] Aupelz]) Mo] HAolg, I forgot how much it is. ae] a7] AVE] Bee, I don’t know what happened to him. 7} S=%) W2A4Z) CFoHL, I don’t remember who came. 1440] Silo] Z=2] Bo] HAR, Please ask him if he went to school. 144-6] Salo] 7}Q=Z] Se] BA]R, Please ask him if he will go to school. 140] 27S Br) 9+ BZ] 2=AO} I don’t know whether he will do it or fe) Ge not. a1 Yo) By] SB] 0/4471? Do you know how that work will turn out ? oy Zo] $22] BBA, I don’t know which one will be better. Notes: 1. -u. (&)4] is used with description verbs in the present tense, and with -°] (th) in the present tense. (-t-%] is used after verb stems ending ina vowel ; --2-] is used after verb stems ending in a consonant), 2. In all other cases, -=%] is used. 3. -2() is used either with action verbs or description verbs. (-2%] is used after verb stems ending in a vowel; -$%] is used after verb stems ending in a consonant), 4. -A-=4] is interchangeable with -= (&)%], making no difference in meaning. Study the following examples: 1°] 7ABEA] BBA R, 21?) AA], NO] 2, 5. The ending -2] is used more frequently than -7} in colloquial speech. It I don’t know if he will go. can be followed directly by particles such as -S/-&, -=/-<, or -§, Study the following examples: oo Zo] $2z]S He] BAIR, Please ask him which is better. 77k HEZIE BBA, I don’t know who came. DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY A=s}t} to marry 2st} to be necessary

4 3}ct} =to make an effort 24} to seize, to grasp, to clasp Substitution Drill 12a woe, . FS WHR, . oS) AS Soya ways, So] EF A wee e. oOo -& b> W | 2 ofz}s} AED wgyo} sg. MH An ito a na a ES O OL are Os Vane ie gt ats Kg fs B. Substitution Drill 1. Agel) Byel7] BEAo} a. 2. SHs|917| 3S Q12] BSZo} 2. 3. SjAbel 2] aelZ] BBWS, 4, Apatelz] 7A srelz] BE AMo] 2 5. oFutelz] autelz] BEAlol sg C. Substitution Drill L. Paes eS APS 2. SE). AeA SoS, 3. Ber] we7 BERS, Unit 41 405 Hro}At} to write down, to take dictation A\U4+7}t}+ to pass by, to go past tt to be right, to be correct A terrible thing almost happened. I nearly died. I almost lost this book. I almost didn’t get to go to Germany. I came close to marrying her. Or: I almost married her. I almost couldn’t see him. I almost had a hard time. I almost won (a game), Or: I came close to winning. I came close to fighting with him. I almost lost (a game), I don’t know whether he is a teacher or a student. I don’t know whether it’s a farewell party or a welcoming party. I don‘t know whether he’s a medical doctor or a professor. I don’t know whether it’s true or false. I don’t know whether it’s a drugstore or a bookstore. I don’t know whether it’s a factory ora company. I don’t know whether it’s Monday or Tuesday. I don’t know whether it’s a middle school or a high school. I don’t know whether it’s heavy or light. I don’t know whether it’s salty or insipid. I don’t know whether it’s deep or shallow.

4. AEA eRe Alpe SA oe epy al Xa] Cs a lo 2al Bee 4a Ho 2» td {ru SS ee ko Pattern Drill Teacher : Student: Yu 7b BU? 7h SEU? | eo] RYH? 250] Baldy? 250] FE BAYH? . ADU 7I ? _ lye) 7 ASU 7H? FAS BERVSUH? Pattern Drill Teacher : Student : NH SFWwW YO KFaN D 77] Meu 7? 7} shez) azhy| fo; 9 JAGUA? Ge SS)ee es ee Agger oe dr 4a2 4 2S ttle fy Unit 41 I don’t know whether it’s thick or thin (paper). I don’t know whether it’s long or short. I don’t know whether it’s clean or dirty. I don’t know whether it’s wide or narrow. I don’t know whether it’s bright or dark. Which one is better ? Please ask him which one is better. +7} S=2] Fe] HB. 77} S22] Bo Bs, Ties) =I) ee] SS 2-30] FAalelz] So] BA a, 2£So] FE 2Uelz] Fo] BAL, A| LALA] FO BAS oftjo] 7A] A=) So] BAe, FAS ASPAEZ] He] Bs, Who came? I don’t remember who came. PAS YALA] AMA) Goh.g, Vga] e7] Yzh}A) goh.g, lz S9bE2] AZ} eoh.g. BS Qe] Ah gobs, ela] ASEA] Bz} eoh.a, SES WEA YALA] ops. HE BS HME) Wz] ope 7k SS WEA] YAY] ops,

Unit 41 407 F. Pattern Drill Teacher: 244°] 7}J=2] BBAS. I don’t know if he will go. Student: 20°] 22] BeAo]g2 | I don’t know if he will go. 1. £37} 2 FME] Bema, Asp} a gr] BEg*oja, 2. JIS se weds, a\2 27] wEge] a. 3. He] YAS} WeZ] BEAR, oe] wed] wage] 2. 4. YS Aa] BEA 2. AS 24122) BBW 2 5. HAS WAS] BEA 2, Has S27] BBAog 6. 2°] astAEZ] BBMolR, azo] colajtz] wee a ee] VAaPAS4| HBAlg. ee WAS] PSAs Gms? APal ste) eel Re whan aay ae G. Pattern Drill Teacher: YX Alo] $22] BHA, I don’t know which is better. Student: YL Ae] $7] BBA, I don’t know which will be better. Lee) eee Sa 2. 40] YEUr] BSA], 2. 29| ABs] we ol k. 14¢0| Alaa] BSzAo sg. S| | Beale Bal pV eg Pee) [Es 4, THe] AH] BEV S ae) Aetz| BEAR, 5. 2¥0] 72) BE Ao a 3#0] 27] BEAMS, 6. 8 All| SAsHEA) BEM, 8 Ala) EARP] BEAos. 7. 77} MSHEA] BEAMS 7} HRA) BEAL 8. V7} SS SEA] BEMo}s <7} SS $7] BEAMS H. Pattern Drill Teacher: 270] Gu}elz] say FA] 2. Please tell me how much it is. Student: 27°] Gufelz] slofH aol ag, I forgot how much it is. 1. FSA) Bez) Bea Ps. ez] B=] Soe Wo] 2. 7} FERE) BHA PA. 7k FEREZ) SoH ols 3, 7} ASMEZ) BH FAQ. HV BEME AHHH Ml, 4 _ ftj7} ato] ez] eral 4) ofuj7} ao] Geez] Bow Aol a, S.,

408 Unit 41 5. FAS FRE Ua FIR, FolS HHEA) Nop Hos, 6. FAS Aer] Weal HL, FAS Bober] sowed a. 7. PPE SUMS USI HS, HPS Sayer] sop welg. 8. FPS MABE] Usa FA, PHS Maser] sows. SHORT STORIES 1. a) aS AbaL7} OS. zd melo} 2. rays] OHS cpa)A) ebgbo} 2. Expansion Drill ofa] aS Abat7} U4] oS MAME, Hes] OhFE 44) Boo]2., 2. Uy AlAl7} at4teo] tg. A]A] a watch Ale HB 4lel4] 2eete] Bo] HAS j AJAF7} Blu, 4 Swale Expansion Drill YW] AlAl7} stabe)] 442147; 41 S 2]el4] ae ele] Se] B42. AJAI7} BLU, A Swe s. 3. Be] F Ale] Sacha Boy.2, 124} Ai] 4) Zbo]] $2] BEAWel a, Hp ~)GF aL] 7} Babs] Goh. Expansion Drill Ao] FF Alo] LAs Wz)ut, 4] 4] Ze] 27] BEzlog, gf sha 2] TS] OZ Babs) Woh.a, READING 2% Malo] apteue}, Val Ao] AYYale] Bt 3 spyo) x AsUeh A Ae] 2 BRS cp) ops} Bayyoy spyate] a aA zu Age}, BeU7} apl= Zaps uhp7] Haha) ae AU, AY] 77 eae. aaa SayIe abkeua Sleueh, spo] Zapgs xbgrhsr aay Suc, aA AAW] Sasa FS clop7|S Yury Bae Ut. ¥o) laa astaauch aly} Saga] He] days

Unit 41 409 ubt ee] Yeu Seu, aay Zazhgo) BH we wd a 0] Sir}aL spo} 2. a = after that, thereafter A‘7] self, oneself Al uc} to go by, to pass 7\7} =+s]c} to be stifled, to be at 12]U)7} therefore, so a loss (for words) a1ayuU when I asked (him) BRIEFING After that, a few days passed. The student who had previously had a hard time from the teacher slept again. So, the teacher scolded him again. The teacher asked him why he was sleeping in the classroom. The student said that he had also gone to see Confucius. The teacher was at a loss for words. So, the teacher asked him if he had met Confucius. The student answered that he had met Confucius. So the teacher asked him what he had talked about with Confucius. The student answered that he had asked Confucious, “Have you ever met my teacher ?” But Confucius said, ‘I’ve never met your teacher, even once.’

410 Unit 42 UNIT 42 ql Preparation BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE Q= ‘these days opal “how 4 a0 US 1. 82 AoyA BA] 242s}4)_2.? How do you study at home these days? FE. mainly oj] Ss} c} to prepare (one’s lesson) Shen a Al 2. FZ AGS Eo] ae. Generally, I do a lot of prepeation work. 2st} to be important ole] He] Zz] SES so that you won’t forget str} to review 4 qt 6S 3. ASE Seta, az eo} «~Preparation is important. But please Hz]z] WES Bs wo] sa] review a lot so that you won't forget the gz. lessons. to] vocabulary 2|-9-c} to memorize s]Sr} to be difficult. to be tough le ee Al 4. #3 Gruch, aaa] u He _siI review too. But it’s most difficult to = ° = sal S50 GA A Vso} memorize the vocabulary. oj 4 43}c} to practice ee a reading practice 3 a & 5. HH ASE 3H4J]U74? Do you also practice reading ? + 4 A 6. 2H2, 2a] of4) 4 YS =H Sure! But I still don’t know how to read Ba} 9. well.

Unit 42 411 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . += means (1) ‘mainly,’ ‘chiefly, ‘primarily, (2) ‘mostly, ‘for the most part,’ ‘generally,’ etc. Study the following examples: gta ARGS SH WS Hole. Koreans mainly eat boiled rice. AAS FH GUS Stag, I study mainly English at home. SAYS SHE vl Apso se. The students, for the most part, are Americans. <i|<¢3}t} means ‘to prepare one’s lesson.’ 4] means ‘beforehand,’ ‘to prepare,’ ‘to make ready.’ Study the following words: | A+3}t} ‘to anticipate,’ ‘to presume,’ ‘to estimate’ oj] 2FS-c} ‘to book in advance,’ ‘to make a reservation’ oj] 13}t} ‘to predict,’ ‘to prophesy,’ ‘to foretell’ o4l3}c} ‘to arrange beforehand,’ ‘to plan’ oi] =S}c} ‘to presuppose,’ ‘to make an estimate of’ . 4 <s}t} means ‘to review (one’s lessons),’ ‘to go over (through),’ += means ‘to repeat,’ ‘to come back.’ Study the following words : #—sé}tt ‘to return (to a former condition),’ ‘to be restored (to an original state)’ + A+s}t} ‘to reproduce,’ ‘to duplicate’ 2 -zls}c} ‘to resume office,’ to be reinstated to one’s former position’ . 2|-t} ‘to memorize’ is a dialect which is used in kyangki, kangwon, Ch ‘ungch’ ong and Kyongsang provinces. 2|t} ‘to memorize’ is a standard language. However, 2]-?-t} is used more often than 2|t} in colloquial speech. %]St} means (1) ‘to be laborious (strenuous, toilsome, troublesome, tough), ’ (2) ‘to be hard (difficult),’ Study the following examples : AY7] YSR, I find it hard to live. deap7] WeoR, It’s hard to work. 1df 82 Js] tole, That work is not particularly difficult. ae YE US sa Wa, He is doing a tough job. oj2:3}t} means ‘to practice,’ ‘to drill,’ ‘to train,’ ‘to rehearse (a play),’ Study the following examples: ass Alize] sg, We began training. voor Ss Agetat Wk, She is practicing piano. Ags 4 a3 Ae, You will improve by practice. ozo] Hae. You lack training (practice),

412 Unit 42 STRUCTURE NOTES The Sentence-Final Ending -0}(-0{, -0J) He{c}---: ‘finish up doing’ The verb #{/2]t} means (1) ‘to finish up,’ ‘to get through,’ ‘to get (it) done,’ (2) ‘to throw away,’ ‘to cast away.’ The pattern -°}(-°], -4) Wet} is attached directly to the stems of action verbs, and indicates completion or thoroughness. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘finish up doing,’ ‘do completely (thoroughly), ’ Examples : o] £412 Hol Heo. I will finish eating this food. =S rw HWS. I used up all the money. o] AS ch Vol HejAlojg. I'll read this book completely. we] 3 Heyy 2, Please finish (up) quickly. et Ajo] Bu HAS, I finished at one o’clock. AA|S te] a Wee, Please finish (writing) the letter quickly. U7} AAA So WAS, The tree fell and died (completely). 1 AS Bol HAO | I lost that book. AAS Heo] HAS, I completely forgot about it. Notes: 1. The tense and/or negation is expressed regularly in the final verb 4] 2]t}, not in the main verb with -°}(-o], -o|), Study the following examples: te Wo Hele, Please finish up washing all of them. t+ Ao] HAO, I finished up washing all of them. te Alo] Belo, Pll. finish up washing all of them. t+ Ao] we]Z] oF9to] gs. I didn’t finish up washing all of them. t+ Ao] He]Z] etAloj sg. I won’t finish up washing all of them. 2. -°o+ Heth is used after -°}- and -2- ; -o| 2]c} is used after any other vowel ; -o| 2]t} is used after a 3}t} verb. . The Non-Final Ending -2=--: ‘so that---’ The pattern -&5=-, depending on the context or situation, can have several different meanings. First of all, let’s study this pattern -~& = when it indicates ‘purpose,’ or ‘aim.’ The English equivalent is ‘so that-:-,’ ‘in order to oy MN ibe ++” ‘In such a way that:::,’

Unit 42 413 2 He4) GES Bo] 2Fsi2. Please review a lot so that you won't forget (the lessons) 4a =+ YES ol2z]=Z 7}4%|z & Bring that here so that I can see it. K ELS FA] SES We] 7H gL, Please go quickly so that you won’t be late. tte) HPA)ES ZL] spe, Please be quiet so that he can sleep. U7} =f + YES a7) Bea + Please talk in a loud voice so that I can | hear you. fe) a4 Yo] Bo4u4Z%] SES 44)3}4) Pl be careful so that such a thing o} 2. won’t happen. Slo] He]Zz] CLE = 7}HHo] Yel, Please pack these in the suitcase so that we won't forget. Ho] S92 + 9E= HS So} Please open the door so that he can Bs PS come in. ay This pattern may be used with any verb, except -°] (t}), III. The Sentence-Final Ending -2($)23 2@c}/S=c}--- ‘(someone) knows (doesn’t know) how to do’ We have already studied the sentence-final ending -@ (S$) <= 93Jt}, which indicates ability, capability, or possibility, (See Unit 18, Structure Notes II.) This pattern -2(&)S @t}/2 =} is used to indicate knowledge and/or lack of knowledge of a technique, or process for doing some activity. Examples : 14-9] 4-84 = Seta, He doesn’t know how to swim. qs S Of4J7}? Do you know how to speak Korean? aru 4} ] Bete. I don’t know how to speak Korean. gst Las GE FS Go}e, I know how to sing Korean songs. 1440] 724 = SEQ, He doesn’t know how to teach. APEALS TLAl S of] 7}? Do you know how to repair a car? Bails Ye = FAQ, I don’t know how to smoke. e222 3542. I didn’t know how to dance. ELasS 41S BHC. I don’t know how to type. oj PS a S See I don’t know how to open this door. Notes: 1. The tense is expressed regularly in the final verb ¢t}/H=t}, not in the

414 Unit 42 main verb with -@ (&) =, Study the following examples: asds 2 es ots. I know how to speak Korean. Gea we ae aelei 2. I knew how to speak Korean. Shah a eS Sete I don’t know how to speak Korean. Sor ge st S S5e]2., I didn’t know how to speak Korean. 2. -a = Wt is used after verb stems ending in a vowel ; -& = tt is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. IV. -= Irregular Verbs: Most verbs which have a -= as the final syllable of the stem should not be confused with irregular verbs which end with the fianl consonant -= of the stem, (See Unit 19, Structure Notes I.) 1. The final syllable -= of the stem, when followed by the vowel -°| and preceded by the vowels -°}- or -2&-, is changed into =}, Then the consonant -= is added to the preceding syllable. Study the following examples: uU=t ‘to carry,’ ‘to transport’ o] 41S Depo Serjct, You must carry this luggage. o] AS Bdaseudc., I carried this luggage. o] aS de} BAIA, Try to carry this luggage %=t} ‘to be unaware of’ a71S Bezpok ech, You shouldn’t know it. 1A 24 que, I didn’t know it: IAS Zeke Hole. It’s alright even if you don’t know it. -= irregular verbs preceded by the vowel -O}- or -2-: 7}=2 (t+) to divide H}= (tt) to stick, to paste 31= (tt) to choose 2 = (tt) to rise, to go up uU= (ch) to carry A= (t+) to cut (off) ub= (th) to be thirsty, t+= (t+) to be different to get dry n= (tt) to be fast 3 = (th) to be unaware of 2. The final syllable -= of the stem, when followed by the vowel -°] and preceded by any other vowel than -°}- or -2-, is changed into -#}, Then the consonant -2 _ is added to the preceding syllable. Study the following examples: 7\=t ‘to bring up,’ ‘to foster’ ofo]S Az BAS, Please try bringing up a child.

Unit 42 415 oo] AAU, I brought up a child. ope] S Aejok Frc}, You must bring up a child. oso] Ss A= Folge, You may bring up a child. -= irregular verbs preceded by any other vowel than -0}- or -2-: +T=(44) to roll (over) o}=(t+) to reach 7\=(c) to bring up AZ| = (t+) to commit (an error) “-= (t+) to oppress += (t+) to fumble with += (t+) to surround Rl) = (cH) to pierce += (tt) to call, to sing & = (ch) to flow DRILLS ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY Ha} = CH to be fast s=t} to flow eee to be slow 7jz=qg to bring up uert to carry 7yeuct to divide A. Substitution Drill 1. ASE Fat S sz, I don’t know how to swim. 2. 2AS & a8. 2 #zle. I don’t know how to seize it. 3. Ae AAD eS Ses I don’t know how to refuse. 4, AS ae S SES I don’t know how to introduce (him). 5. A= zea |S Behe, I don’t know how to boast. 6. A= BAS S SAS I don’t know how to serve. 7. A= Gos Be J B22 I don’t know how to smoke. 8. Ae ees = Se See I don’t know how to dance. B. Substitution Drill 1. o] 24) 4] HA, I'll finish this food. 2.28 4 4 AAA, I’ll use up all the money. 3. o] AS ch Slo] HeAlo2, I'll read this book all the way through. 4, te] a} Helo a, I'll finish it (up) quickly. 5, S Ajo] Bu wealoje. I’ll finish at one o’clock. 6. BHz)S Be W Azo, Pll finish (writing) the letter quickly. 7. Ao] t Heol a, I’ll finish up washing all of them. 8. 2AS Me] HeAosg., I'll forget about it completely.

416 Unit 42 C. Response Drill Teacher: ~Ks-2}S 314] = of} 2? Do you know how to repair a car? Student: °h12, 2-§2+e 241 S Behe, No, I don’t know how to repair a car. lnse area 7 pe, ES He S FHQ 2. 22 4 = ova? oye, 2 4s Fe. 3. 2S FS ova? oe, SF Fa, 4. 27S TE = oviI2? oy 2, 7S TS S Srt2, 5. ARS eo = ohi2? 42, AS aS S S42 6. AS AS S ohi2? oye, ASS AS & Sets 7. tae = oa oes Sala) ere 8. BS BU = ova? oye, ES Bd S Bre D. Pattern Drill Teacher: Sorel Soy He]Z| Bots. You don’t forget if you review the lessons. Student: S¢] Haz] SES SHsp ss, Please review so that you don’t forget (the lessons). 1. We] 7h =A] Boks, RA) YES we] 7PIR, 2. Mea doje, APES PAS, o] See ee Sees he), Ste a ee ee oP, 4. Aspe 4b tt = goa, ALS 4 Sites Se Sheps 5. 1 Sh BS ee GS oh Bs, HS BA] BES Se] 2, 6. om BS + loys HS Es wows 7. Se ae ae + Vas HS + YES SES HAMA, 8. Wo] She =a +> 3lo 8. Tet + ges Bo] Fhe a, E. Pattern Drill Teacher: o}°]/=S 7)-4uUct, I’m raising a child. Student: cho] Ss Axquct, I brought up a child. 1. mS Ec, ys BHeud., 2. Blay7)7} mgr ch, 8] aa 7) 7} she ch, 3. 2AS BSudc., IAS S3euc. 4, AUSS FRU 2UNSES Sung, 5. 4 apc, 4r abet cy, 6. 27°] Uc, 17°) Saqutc}

Unit 42 417 F. Integration Drill (Review) Teacher: 240°] $uUch, 7] Ge} 2, He is coming. Wait. Student: 244°] 2 q7},] 7] Ge7I18. Wait until he comes. 1. 9] VS apr}, so} AlAs. o] YS apa 7] or Ala 2. Zot) ae Pee}, Ae, Eo] SoS We) way B., 3. 1re] 4re] BUct, 7]cpe]Aa. =o) Ae] S Ay) 7) Ge 2. 4. 327} Sud, AS Yoa, B47} SS WA AS Yoaa., 9. te] SArep ct, as} 2. Age] =A W7}A] Vs} 2. 6. Sere) Wee aS. eo] AS AA) A 2, 7. Al7h ASU, 7) che] A 2, Al7} ASS 7A] 7) che] Ai 2, 8 a aper Meet, Ags} g2. Adee us A7] Asis. G. Integration Drill (Review) Teacher: @b=o]] $Ut}, 2HS Bye. I come to Korea. I see him. Student: =o] 2 qtr} 22S Bet, Every time I come to Korea, I see him. 1. BS HU, oF op BSS Boye} of} eo] Ba, 2. SS Sych Bo] SHU | SSS HHH} 7] Ho] SHUT. 3. sch Aa) ek age}, ASL ope} Boy] Qk AAU, 4. 3192 Hoch, sings, 3]9]S BF wope} Ala uct, 5. of7jo] eh, Bab eh deh, 7] ol) -& ope} Bae} A ch, 6. 72a Ae} ofeach, AZAR aebc} ofehar ch, 7. hee}, AV, oh aepch a act, 8. Z}edeh. weeded. 25% ope} eg ch, H. Integration Drill (Review) Teacher: ©] YS 24)HFasu. 7]A°] 4st. I began this work. I felt bad. Student: ©] @-S 4]4+a a-Pe] 7]tbo] Use. From the time that I began this work, I felt bad. <= zaedc. oad. = as Ae oltadeudct.

418 2. #42 ARs. AAS 4S We 3. SS 4)47 3 Het. a A)4h aH Unit 42 oh} ob eh, oh 7} obs eh, SU Ch, abe ch, 4. DA] SUMS, ABMS. WA SUS qe 4 Dae. 5: Seee| Steak el Meet. A#°) = qe sl wedect. alzbseU ep, wy} SEU Ch, A\ZhS AEE] 7} SUCH. waite, £7) 414keUc. o] ast We £7) 414 asec. AaaeseUeh an). SA) Gee] ay] galeuet. Pattern Drill (Review) Teacher: °]Ao] 2ARS FAS a. This is as difficult as that. o|Aeo] AA yAyAR, This is more difficult than that. Student : tL. 712) 7\7| Sie Sele. 27h, 4a eee 2. 2. |S) lO] eee SUR areas Sh Be, o|) Sek ae Se eh Fsai es 3.{ Ol he) aaa hee. O| Hol eh ee wea. A 12) tie eclen: Blea Gira Sh on OS [faire her Seite 5. 7 zbi7| sie eS al Se oj7|7} 7A7| uu ZSai se, §. Lo) lassi He, 25°] HARE 4 2., 1. ©)2-°)) OAR. al ebes Oo] 29] Se eet Al aol ss 8. o|Ao] AAR SQH2, oo] SEALED ee aioe SHORT STORIES 1. ApsD AF pase. 7A eS Ss] 7/4) a2 Ah ct. aad) ES oH AAU. Expansion Drill APD AFH Yd gl, ES WAU cH, sufficiently, fully, satisfactorily SRI S28] 7}2)2 Zed, ES o

Unit 42 419 2. 2S a7} o}Z} mz] gbops. Z7\e] Ae} gle ARHSo] Bohs, A7\o] Belz] SES AA Sp] 2. Expansion Drill = a7} Zk um) opal, AJ] Ae ge sbetseo] B 27, WI) Aya) FES ZAMspAS, 3. 2H] Je Yolg 2d S vg, TARE TF eAaok 4c}, [a ojette Acey spd -eytyct, Expansion Drill A¥-0] oe Yojs 2d S vey, FlwqE y Lela ok Uc} cpa delehe Mespa Yyqp. READING Useas Se 2] 4 Ps salguch. Agae LSsp age z PREY 2 go] HAS 7] enero AS Bale] 7} 7| Ae geet, eat Ao] Sosy BES Yc AE AM SHB qe zo] Neue}, aaa Msp APS whyAI wo] 2 27) Such, HA SAU, ae age 71H duc, 2ad) GSS Auch wejs7]= Bch, sey qe Beye a wgch, aay Wep~7]S shal Qetaleh, dope Sale 7k B2] EUch, Sal SoA A YE Ae Ba) wz) Yc. 0] oF intonation Ho} 447] _ dictation a pattern eae rules of spelling AHA] (self-) confidence o] a} a mess, (in) bad shape, e}etsic} to be stifled a ruin, a wreck to be choked up Aq among, between HEeqs a4 27] composition to falter over 2 is composition (a passage) BRIEFING It has been about 3 months since I began to study Korean. In the beginning, I studied pronunciation and intonation. After that, I began to study patterns.

420 Unit 42 Before I go to school I prepare for class. After I come back home, I review. When I study with my teacher, I am confident. However, when I meet Korean people, I can’t speak well. I’m so frustrated that I could die. Sometimes I do reading practice, also. But I falter. I do dictation, also. But I don’t know the rules of spelling well. So, if I do dictation, it’s terrible. I have a lot of homework everyday. Of all the homework, the most difficult is composition.

Unit 43 42] UNIT 43 |Zo} 4OY2 You Look Tired BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE z a little 3] 243} c} to be tired Hol]c} to be seen, to be visible Al Xt tol] last night A ayviitlaswdce 1. S$ Bata Ble, Z| Rte You look a little tired. Did you go to bed SA) B49 28 2 late last night ? ae 2 al, SF) APE } 2 2S OL Yes. I went to bed late, so I’m very tired yaa eS today. Boa ghiel Coke 3, Fos sAleely, SA) 44744) «What were you doing that you went to 2? bed late ? Al =-S} a1 with my friend of 7] Sse ear because I was talking uF 4d A 4” 2)--spw CH Steet, 71 Because I was talking with my friend, I ALO] 2 went to bed late. AA ° ata Aq because you are tired Be clas ae, 5, 2S yStaA, 242 += 3)4 ~Do you think you can study today o] 3? although (because) you are tired ? v] 22S} A] Bt I’m tired, but a 6. szs}z|el, Sttsalo a, I’m tired, but I’ll study.

422 Unit 43 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES 1. s)3}ct} means ‘to be tired,’ ‘to be fatigued,’ ‘to be exhausted.’ Its synonyms are 3] =23}c} and atts}t}, Study the following examples: BZayA Sas, I’m tired to death. Or: I’m so tired that I could die. WeaqA SF HAS, I’m too tired to eat. quite] Beaudet, You look tired. 40]t} : When it’s used as an intransitive verb meaning ‘to be seen,’ ‘to be visible,’ ‘to come in sight,’ it takes the subject particle -7}/-°], But when it is used as a transitive verb meaning ‘to show,’ ‘to let (Someone) see,’ it takes the object particle -S/--, Study the following examples: o47)]A] Sal7} 4 Bos, The school can.be seen very well from here. atAbo] Ho]= sol] AFoto] 2. I lived in sight of the Han River. QZ AHe] Holz) cFohe, He is out of sight these days. AAS Ae] Hol Ay 2, Please show me that. ea th= Afetste]] 2o]S °t SS You should not show this to others. STRUCTURE NOTES I. The Sentence-Final Ending -0}(-0{, -04) O|c}--- : ‘someone (or something) looks (appears, seems)’ The pattern -°}(-°], -|) ™o]t} is attached directly to the stems of description verbs, and indicates likeness, resemblance, or similarity. This pattern is never preceded by the object particle -S --S, Instead, it takes the subject particle -7}/-°], the contrast particle -=/-, or -& ‘also,’ depending on the context. Examples : 40] 2laa Bog, He looks like a kind man. A410] Sys] Hos. He looks fat. Ate] A7ts} Bos, He looks healthy. 7°] BYE] Bos. He looks happy. o] Hho] A we} 1} rx}, This room seems to be big. #9) Woe. You look cold.

II. Unit 43 423 Ate] Ao] Bo}]Z] go}g, He doesn’t look young. 171°] Bt9Jo] Boe. That seems to be delicious. Notes: 1. The tense and/or negation is expressed regularly in the final verb #.°]<, not in the main verb with -°}(-°], -°4). Study the following examples: Al7s] HO 2 You look healthy. Al7Ps] Ho] Zz] oko} R , You don’t look healthy. AVAL SH 2 OTS You looked healthy. A7s} Go} Zz] 9¢9fo] 2. You didn’t look healthy. 2. -of Boltt is after -°}- and - -°] Ho]t} is used after any other vowel ; -o{ Ho]ct} is used after a 3} (t+) verb. The Non-Final Ending -GU| : The pattern -t{t] is used when a speaker recalls (or recollects) past facts, occurrences, or experiences. The final (main) clause, preceded by the -GU clause, describes an immediate consequence or discovery resulting from an ’ action. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘so:::,’ ‘when:::,‘ ‘but:::,’ etc: 1. The pattern -tj/.], when used with the past tense infix, refers only to the first person in the dependent clause. Study the following examples: Ajit Bol] S772] SAaou, (recall that) because I studied until yay fe} 2. late last night, I feel tired. Se oe wo] oeaqu, wAel7} (1 recall that) I drank too much, so of}s} 2, I’ve got a headache. samo] ZU, ohFE WMA. (I recall that) I went to school, but no one was there. U7} #2 49quU, =F £9 ([recall that) I danced, so everybody 12s laughed. At Juju, 7)teo] Foke. Since I’ve had a nice rest, I feel good. ase ok AU, 4 BBA}. (recall that) I didn’t prepare the lessons, so I don’t know well. 2. But the pattern -t] U, when used in the present’tense, refers to the second or third person. Study the following examples: 225,]5uU, 2) 2¥alg., (I saw) he was sleeping, but now he is studying. +-0o] 29ou, area Bk, (Isaw) it was snowing and now it’s turned warmer.

424 Sos Bea, AP BS Bae, we] ITU, v7} obshs, dey, 2Se yap III. The Non-Final Ending -Le2}i--: : Unit 43 (I recall that) he (you) studied German, but now he studies English. (I recall that) he (you) ate too much, so his stomach is aching. (I recall that) he (you) worked hard, but he-doesn’t work these days. ‘because of doing’ The pattern - 2} 47 is used only with action verbs, and indicates cause or reason: excusing or explaining one’s action. This pattern -/e2}2. indicate two actions, (of the dependent clause and the main clause), is used to done by a single person. The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘because of doing,’ ‘as a result of doing,’ etc. Examples : ee PAleey, Sa]S sp) ek¢to] fe) dete SHeees, AEE Hz] oy Gea ese AAS ALely, SY] 2, WAS ALea, FA) HID Us s-zy, 77] 2 4)Zh-] of 2 Ho] ELsLey, 22] yore, Notes: I did not do my homework because I was drinking. I couldn't even read the newspaper because I was studying Korean. I was late because I was eating lunch. I went to bed late because I was writing a letter. Because I’m working, I have no time to go there. He doesn’t come because he is taking a bath now. I can’t think straight because I’m reviewing. The tense and/or negation is expressed regularly in the final (main) clause, not in the first clause with -& 2} 7, main clause in the future tense. This pattern is not used normally with the DRILLS Substitution Drill 1. 2He] Alda] Bos. 2. <Lre] 27a Bos, 3. ro] Bsa Pos, He looks like a kind man. He looks healthy. He looks happy.

CoN > DO ce od Ws ea a an] ao] Bos, B. Substitution Drill is AFSL oW7|3}e}a = Bh Alssetat . FAS Ste efp51 C. Pattern Drill FP WHYONOOO Teacher: 273] 29J}U4cH, Student: 27s} Ho]Z] et . tre} Bejutct, . Je] avs}. ch. . dia Bc. . 779 Buc. 7} S| Be} tH, Hey Bc, SHay BeyUct, Alo} Be} ch, D. Pattern Drill Teacher: 4 Student: 77a} g. | So] uago} se - Pla ol 2h Bieta 2. le?) zhere 7 2 - ei Aol Bigot yee} 2° ZA AO Unit 43 425 KA Fe 2. / ai4he Zech Sal, AS. oe Se ey OT, ho] Sey erate} He looks old. He looks young. This paper seems to be (too) thin. This paper seems to be (too) thick. That seems to be delicious. Because I was talking with my friend, I went to bed late. Because I was drinking, I went to bed late. Because I was writing a letter, I went to bed late. Because I was helping him, I went to bed late. Because I was doing my homework, I went to bed late. Because I was taking a bath, I went to bed late. Because I was drawing a picture, I went to bed late. Because I was making money, I went to bed late. You look healthy. You don’t look healthy. we} Yo]7] eos, 2] Bo]Z] ors, ete Bo]z] wots 7 22014) er 7a Holz] work Aga Holz] wots. EHay Ho]z] Gots Ao; Holz] Bors You looked healthy. You didn’t look healthy. Seel Sela) aoe.

426 #9] US, . F9] Bao], _ za] Bg}, wo] BOTS, | $f BAO], , 49] BGR, OT S&W PL OoOND SEs] UAVS, Unit 43 #9] Bol7] Bghe} 2. 19] Be]7] B9he} 2. a] Za} Bo]7] eYgto].2. wo], 2e]7] Bote} 2. Ho} Bol7] Bezel a. #919] ¥2]7] 29h0} 2, Ea] Bo]7] Bgho].2, EK. Integration Drill SS UF Fo] vpojs, vyey7} o}spa, I drank too much. I’ve got a headache. Student: SS U-+ Be] aaa, Ael7} opspa, (I recall that) I drank too much, so I’ve got a headache. Teacher : 1. SALROLR, v7} ofsh-s. AIRIY, v7} opps, 2. HEMYL, Bas] ypLayg, HLYYY, Bas] vJLays, 3. TBS Mos, ZB alejypoys ARS AYIY, B Uopels 4. HYS oP] A, See]g = oA, S12, et | ox 2, aya Bos, , arta Wok, 6. SUFAs, FMR, EqQFagu FoyHojsa, 7. Hol] BolZyo] A, oF FE Be] s, Ho] SAU, oF =a ANd. 8. ASUS Uns. BF Beles. sds Aud, BF RAR. F. Integration Drill Teacher: +£°] 3to]2, opea] dog. It was snowing. It’s turned warmer. Student: 7°] 2t4uUj, ae Bk, (I saw) it was snowing, but now it’s turned warmer. 1. To] FHM, Weg, Ate] Ale], AMH1s, 2. AS FSMYR ABS Felays,

ASAE PSs, APS FAs, . HLYo]R, Yo] yo}.2, Ese, We] yo}s. SS SHYUR, AF Jols SHIA, SUS SPs, 2s Joys Spas » SO) Bend ope OT au, to) Saejg, - WAP AVR, 7) 7} SEF. ZAZA ep 7P ed et, Neo l.. Nee Oar, AJAI7FEIM, H7]S Ske] 2. a eee Ala oe ey, BSenu, Ape Sas. . Integration Drill Teacher: 2 "AOR. =7lS sb] 9k 8, I was drinking. I did not do my homework. Student: #2 "A)ez}y, SS 3) esto 2. I didn’t do my homework because I was drinking. . BAS AMelQ, BAL, AAS Yeps, FA1k. . Sens. AAlol Beis, Sef eps, Ale} we 2. . SAS Bok. Al HOS, SAS sHe}a, 7) AB. Neca ims. 4° US S12, ssLz}y, 2 YS BE Wola. Hyg, RA ASM, sez}, HA] BERR, EH] BYHUR, Byte] 2, AAS EalspLeta, ypyto]2, . MUR, HFS 2] 7lZzl FHL, alqspieta, SS Zz] 712] HH, . SS FUR. Bo] BAR. Se Flea el WR: qt 4xfoSiuj rule tioyu 427

428 Unit 43 H. Pattern Drill (Review) Teacher: A}etSo] Act Sr} Aa, People keep coming and going. Student: Abeso] Act Bre Ys, People kept coming and going. 1. 22 Act Art ya, BS Att Art HU, 2 SEO | SEP SEL AHS. LS] SS hee a 4 2, 3. LS Art astct Aa, CS Wr Askrt Bok, 4. ff UUct Wart a2, SoU Be Mah, Mela. 3. olzhc} UST HB, SABE UR Be 2. 6. woe Ue Bsr} a2. Ee BU Srt Yok, te?) AEP aoe ee LE), AEb Skt Wola. 8. Ale Bie Ske ye AS Bet BIH} Hols, I. Response Drill (Review) Teacher: 47]47 FHS BAAS WHR? May I smoke here ? Student: o} 42, 47]A4, Gas 3-H et YUcH, No, you should not smoke here. 1. pS ALR? oye, K-Sspy et Yuet, 2. -YAE AAL? oye, Weta et Yuet, 3. ASAE AAR? Oo} 2.) Alpena) See 4. Apepsy te wWAo;R ? ope, azterspa ak Such, 5. SHAS WHR? oft] 2. 27 spo Sh Sue, 6. oe A AHR ? oye, ofeA|]H ok Qufct, 7. ZUFHE AHR? op 2, Sea ek Qc. 8. HYaq= AHo}R? off, HMBshH et Yuet. J. Pattern Drill (Review) Teacher: @4]23 HU, I ate Korean food. Student: @4]S Yo] #48, I tried eating Korean food. 1. SA ae Oe, AAS ASe] Ho] 8, 2. eee] FEBS, aru Ebay RL, 3. PS SUH, ee TO] Hl, 4. AAS HUQ, he He] HR, 5. AS A118. AS Alo} Ho}.2. 6. IS Boys, 3]9)S a} sto] 2, 7. TAS wmjotste] 2. AAS wmjcoto} Ro] 2,

Unit 43 429 eco inti ca BS wfo}] +=9] yo} g SHORT REN aaky 1, 2H] ofa] IS Bo] spalejuy, ea) aepsto}2, Ss} a1] sobs ol} vJza] wgoje. aA, a2 ste] 2} s}Z) teba sole. Expansion Drill 2°] a] YS Heo] syqu, za] Goya, tal] Be A], oe Bay BoA, Teste] FHs}2] sepa go], 2. ola] YS see}a, Aol] HA] Za, Alo Ake], EF 7) cel ae ge] 2, eyAl B]eks}epar APS} BWYOYL, A}343}c} to apologize Expansion Drill Aleit caer, Aol Al Ale Zee a SISA], HB] ors-rpat APS Sh ol 2, 3, ta | Sao ey, 2 aq} ope YZ] ka, WE YA] Goa, a2} AY AABE ob Be] Expansion Drill aB0] S¥3}U, 2S SEs] AY, HE 87] oy We READING ral dol) a}7)e 21QS ale jo] g, who} A7]= 4 a A Aeoee, cae] TY 4) a> 2 Be] E]9° 28, Ae Sie 1, wel eo deel a. wet Eee =| -

430 Unit 43 3}7| 3b the end of the school 4} vacation term A644 ~—s Christmas s}7| 3} 2]4 a final exam ojz]7}%| all sorts (of), various *)8-& 2/4} to take an exam ‘ kinds (of) a= anyhow, anyway 9] a gathering, a party a) esr7| the first term u}14 3] a year-end party ai Be} liberation Ald 3] a New Year’s Party -=o} during, for BRIEFING A few days ago, I had a hard time when taking a final exam. The exam was very difficult. I think I did well on the dictation. However, I did poorly on the pattern exam and composition. The teacher told me to make a greater effort. Anyway, the first term was finished. It seems that I’m liberated. Now we will have two weeks’ vacation. I want to have a good rest during the vacation. But in a few days, it will be Christmas. On Christmas, I think I will be busy. I think there will be various kinds of gatherings. There will be a year-end party and a new year’s party.

Unit 44 431 UNIT 44 4lq=- A Friend BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE Al By truly, really oye WA in a place like this spe 1. 4 Qz2Zzb uke}ijcl, 42} o}]e@] It’s really been a long time since we’ve AA, aka Be Bezpo] 9 met. I never expected to meet you in a place like this. ukz}c} to be glad, to be joyful A) news, report, information aitoictvel 2. AY ated, a7] 227] (Im really glad to see you. How is it AAO] BYgeols 7 that there’s been no news from you? Ale 7A\ cs until now all during, throughout, straight (through) + A A\SAA| Blsrel] gigtel 2, ato] o I have been in America until now. It has Holl Zz] o]B FM been just two days since I came back to Korea. Ty] whiskey, drink ; ay) bac 4. 223427 Zz 3-2] Wz Is that so? Shall we have a drink ? chon oly ied means cS al another friend eipok I have to meet a alee ee aly eee ae, Yad cy) the Aol ofa 2 ? I have to meet another friend now. How about meeting again tomorrow ? a) biNGl es A epee, da ay) If you are busy now, let’s meet tomorrow.

432 Unit 44 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES 1. °]# 4] ‘in a place like this’ is a contraction of °]@ alelA. -4] ‘place’ isa dependent noun preceded always by words such as demonstratives or modifiers. Study the following examples: Hast aol 7A) BWA. Don’t go to a dangerous place. Ee De q7} 4g? Where is the place that sells tickets ? 22. Wz z)c, Let’s go to a good place. 2. uk4}<qutt means ‘I am glad (to meet you),’ This expression is used (1) when you give someone a joyful welcome, (2) when you meet an old friend on the street, (3) when you hear good news. 3. is an emphatic expression of =, which is less common. It can have many different meanings, depending on the context. Study the following examples: A\72) & 7) OAsU et. I’ve been waiting for you all this while, Alo] A] Saly}z] B Ao] sto] 2. I’ve walked all the way to school from my house. oO; 4) AE] Spe abel oO]I studied all through the morning. Apa | 2 4], 91°] 2, People are standing in a row, 7|\-3-0] 2 weAo] eg , I’m utterly exhausted. 4. | & means to drink wine, beer or whiskey in a bar or tavern. Study the following examples: He eat eA] cH, Let’s have a quick one. eA] 4bAl ch. Let’s go to a bar. 5. Hof 412 is a contraction of Hef S]o]2. It is interchangeable with ¥h} ok 812, making no difference in meaning, (See Unit 25, Structure Notes II), STRUCTURE NOTES I. The Sentence-Final Ending -= @c}/D=c}: We have already studied the pattern -2# (3) & @c}/"=2tc}, when it indicates knowledge and/or lack of knowledge of a technique or process for doing some activity, (See Unit 42, Structure Notes II.) This pattern -@ @t}/G=e t}, depending on the context, may also indicate an assumed fact, expectation, or likelihood. It may be preceded by any modifier suffix, such as -u (2), -c, -2($). The final verb Ut}/"=t} can be replaced by other verbs as well, such as ¥!t} ‘to believe,’ 28 2+3}t} ‘to think.’ etc.

II. Unit 44 433 Examples : 130] SHS ZS ototo] g I thought he had studied. io] SESE S eto] sg I thought he was studying. ee o| ey Se 897°] &., I thought he would study. alae?) SSet =] ste] s I didn’t know he was fat. 14-0] Sed BS HF] 2 | I didn’t know he would be fat. ete) AN ole ey] I didn’t know he was a teacher. 4%0] Fae] YE S esotojg, I supposed that he was at school. 14-0] £ 3 Hoje. I believe he will come. 140] ulate] 2 S Aztaoj] sg. I thought he would go to America. o7|A] HRS | Hoe Bekele. I never dreamed I’d meet you here. 144-0] 14 3 Boje. I had no idea he would be that way. Notes: 1. When -< is followed by 9), ¢ 7 event. Study the following examples: 13°] Bao] 71 S Ga goa, Ho] SESE S UT YH, ae. 47) £ & ta VU it indicates knowledge of a fact or I know he went to America. I know he is swimming. I knew he would come here. 2. This pattern can be used with any verb ; -= may be followed directly by particles, such as -™ (for supposition) == (for knowledge), for the purpose of emphasis. Study the following examples: ee ee a ee A#°] 47]o] ¢ $e Gu Va [e} er I thought he would come here. I knew he would come here. The Particle -(0|)2}&---: ‘even if (it be)’ We have already studied the INTERROGATIVE + -(°])#}%, which means ---ever it is, ‘no matter (what, who, when, where) it is,’ ‘any::-at all.’ But here, this particle -(¢])2}% is attached directly to nouns, or to nouns plus other particles. This pattern indicates a lack of enthusiasm about one’s choice. Its literal meaning is ‘even if (it be),.’ Examples : wAgHE Ebst ZbA] ch, Let’s settle on riding a bus. (lit. Even if it’s a bus, let’s ride it and go.) o]Aojehe 4}44|ch. Let’s settle on buying this.

434 Unit 44 Hil. $-F-2}e upbAl Ao] 2. I'll settle on drinking milk. = oleate 4tA TH. Let’s settle on going to the theater. o] Ho AZE S23 e4)]ch, Let’s settle on studying in this room. Notes: 1. The particle -(°])#}=, preceded by nouns or nouns plus particles, can mean ‘even as well.’ Study the following examples: ozte}e 22410 = 9]¢48. Even a woman can move it. Wahe}e a — Wk, Even a man can’t do that. Hojeze Ha Als. I wish I could see you even in my dreams. 2. -e}= is used after nouns ending in a vowel; 3. -°]2}= is used after nouns ending in a consonant. The Obligatory Ending -0}(-0{, -04)O} =|c}---: ‘must,’ ‘have to’ The pattern -°}(-°], -o4)°oF =]tt may be used with any verb; it indicates obligation or necessity. -o}(-°], -o)°F St} is interchangeable with -°o} (-o], -°o|)°oF &s}t} making no difference in meaning, (See Unit 25, Structure Notes II.) Examples : AS Brfok Auch, I have to meet him. mz] 7eok uct, I must go (there) quickly. =o] glovok BUH. You must have money. 1710] Zofok Butt, It has got to be good. 217°] ARaiok BUt, It has got to be clean. 1710] Aojojok ufc}, It has to be a book. Notes: 1. This pattern -°}(-°], -°4)°F =]t} is never used in the past tense. It is used mostly in the present and future tenses. The tense is expressed regularly in the final verb -=]t}, Study the following examples: Ajo] 7hok Ut, I must go home. Ajo] 7hok SJAGuc, I’ll have to go home. Alo] 7kok SUCH. (never used) 2. The negation of this pattern is -(&)4 9+ =|t} ‘someone must not do something,’ (lit. ‘If someone does something, it won’t do’). Study the following examples: 7A of uct, You must not go.

Unit 44 435 sya et dud. You must not study. 3. -ofoF =]c} is used after -o}- and -2- ; -°|° =]t} is used after any other vowel ; -04° =]c} is used after a 3}t} verb. DRILLS A. Substitution Drill 1. ZHe] 47]o] & SB estos. I thought he would come here. 2. Sposa ee 23h 2, 3. Biel ere eS U9re1 2. Hi o] wat S agho].a, o] UE MS S Asho].2, AEG S Gh0]2, o] AMA S Behe} 2, | H Oh.l CoN] HL ide lofe eoAg B. Substitution Drill 1. 2B Bhyok Yc, 2. <eaok WU ct, 3. DES ofdaoh QU, 4. 2A Bolok Yueh, 5. Aaalok Yc}, 6. 2AS clase: Puch. 7. Seo; Pcp, 8. Bee Bopof Suet, C. Substitution Drill (Peer SSE Reh oie ey ecg ace 2, Ge?) aS, se ee OS 3. a#e] Aavlel & BHel2., A Sige) Sl ALS ee Ol Ss, 5 aie e | Alera alee: ONS, 6. 2H%e] f47)4h & SHUR, 7. ae] S2hel @ BHtel 2. 8. te} sa Aseel & FH 2 D. Pattern Drill op Ura eee eS Oe, I thought he would refuse. I thought he would give me a good scolding. I thought he would defend himself. I thought he would wake me up. I thought he would marry. I thought he would introduce (him), I thought he would visit me. You have to meet him. You have to make an effort. You have to scold him. You have to wash it. You have to refuse. You have to understand it. You have to hurry. You have to taste it. I didn’t know he was a teacher. I didn’t know he was a professor. I didn’t know he was a missionary. I didn’t know he was a medical doctor. I didn’t know he was an architect. I didn’t know he was a driver. I didn’t know he was a patient. I didn’t know he was a foreigner.

436 Unit 44 Teacher: 23°] @ Set S Bato]g, I didn’t know he was fat. Student: 2°] SS & Sees. I didn’t know he would be fat. What globe arene the ALA} Fes TS 2, ats 0] Sah Se ee] B., $0] SHWUd S FH] 2, Spe) er ate eee |S. at) Bese eee. 4. THe] Aett S ZHelg, 5°) ASS ee. Se Sa Pere Oe PA7} SE S SHS, 6. = Vea Eso} a, ro] Fy Se SS SO a ae as OP SP a Sore a 8. 17°] WHE S Sst] k, aA°] We S S5rel2. Pattern Drill Teacher: 24¢0] @H¢ & wgtojg, I thought he had studied. Student: =1an°|, Fei se ior io] o I thought he was studying. 1. Wes # = wotelg, We HE = ete] 2. 222 Ae Usela., #2 At = Usrels. 3. #2 2 =e S718. BSE = a9fe]2, 4. gre We were] 2 qe] ye = ssreolg, 5. Age = o3fe42, AAlsHe & Hgroj2., 6. HHS Be = astolg. aHS WSS S Ugo 2. 7. He = Urea, me eS S48, 8. pee & gto] a, Teste = 312. Pattern Drill Teacher: °]A-S 4}4] cH, Let’s buy this. Student: °]Ao]e}= 4}4] cH, Let’s settle on buying this, (lit. Even if it is this, let’s buy it), 1. f4re BIBS. Tee slog, 2. WAS ebat ZAlch, Ache est Alc, 3. AS giao} a. AolehS eae} a, 1. ASHE Piao} 2. ALBERS. BLO} a. 5. Se BAe] 2: Bsep= WAR, 6. S43) 4] cH, Fa s|e}= F}4]cH, 7. #93)S Hc. Sasjet= e4]ch,

8. Sas Blc. G. Pattern Drill Go C1 fFcNw on Teacher: =%fol] 4}4] ch, Student: hoje} Zp) cH, Yop] Bach, | BALAA, ay, _ 7)4) BSR qh, . yee] Zo] Ba}ch, | Sa) dal. MAL $er}ch, _ apo] 49] ESIC, | Fala, 3S ech. H. Pattern Drill Dm oOF&F WwWH FEoN Teacher: 7}o} Yuct, Student: 7/4 ef Yuet, AS Aelok qd. Ae Sep act. . AAS YAok Bet. . AZ\e 2i+47FeF BUH. | AAS BAopoH Yydh, . SaAplok WU tt. _ Sshoe Such. | Sealed eh I. Response Drill (Review) Teacher: A}eto] Biol} 242? About how many people came? oO fFWL FeND Student: Aeto] & Ho] gejk, Unit 44 Bags Wc. Let’s go to the theater. 437 Let’s settle on going to the theater, (lit. Even if it’s the theater, let’s go), Ho] Alepe Se yl ch, Ao Ale} 4yA] cH, 47) A4= +8 e4] cH, SQ te ee Bo] B4)ch. SA Aet= We) cH, Beales w)ct, ubpelete AA) Sah. FAAIAeH=E HAS Blt. You have to go. You must not go. AS 7SA ot Yc. AAS 72H tt Buc, AAS APH te Yue. AS zu et BU. AAS Bow ot qu. eased a duck. Sapapa tt quch. AB yes ot quet, Ten people came, (more than I expected). wo] BAO} 2? Boj} oAo}a? do] a}ALo1.2.? out pple] a ? Zo] w]-4-AO1.2.? WE ywweLe do] a2? AER AY Welw? rHAL Bo] Bgho} 2. AE B14 ANI. A] tde]t Weis. SB Bolt aha g. AL _4to14 O12. 4 sol aaa. ap7} 2 AY glol sg,

438 8. Unit 44 ao] B Aro] FA42? 30] Bee 4ro]up =o] a, J. Pattern Drill (Review) AD OTfF oN WY Teacher: %)4ol] 4]Zb°] 9]°¢42, ll have time this evening. Student: 44e]+ 4]ZFe] 9)°] T’ll have time this evening (someBind time) . . FAA 4zrlch. FA Aad 4h). . $29] BA] ch. 32. Uo]up wy] ch, . uo 414 Ich. Udall 4)4e) 4. . oS Po] os Haag, Oe dol oF Bayg, . Fe aro] 7} BAS, Ee Ard 7} WAS, . AS Seo 2awilc. AlY Sedu agwic. . Arto] EezAo} 2, ato] Exo 2, _ exo] QZ A ors, Suto @ A Bohs, SHORT STORIES ie 1 BS} 4lAlat & eho 2, eu] 7} HUA o}2t AH] g1A] OHS, A\A7P Qe See Ele 4942. A|A|3}t}+ to be worthless, 7\ 3 a chance, an opportunity to be dull and flat Expansion Drill 1 Bs}7} AlAlet S S3teul, 7F BU7 FZ} anlar) etohe, A\ 7 | Spee Raye) et ad A) Oe . FAlS Eat Wolk. aay} 82)7} eu 7} WAS ebst AA], SA) Tha ABS Hh}A] Fay g, Expansion Drill WAS BY Yeu, AAl7} POU, BAAe Bw Alc. AA 7A AHS Bh] Haya, , Ho) FHeaA Yo) Wu. woe) ect to get sick 24) Yo] aa Aa auc OA gradually, little by little we) 9) 2afop Aud, A] 3c} to be serious 9]213}t} to be hospitalized

Unit 44 439 Expansion Drill Are) ABA] Bo] Yeu, Yo] aa Ala] zjU7}, we] aa aqok BU ch, READING Salo] 7e}7} +3] Wed ASS ways, aPS a AAMNGSUt, 2S 254 se] wesc, aay 4 wsskaeuct, UF Bb7}SA] Ho] Sell wsteUc, 2 47} Ab) Bal 7s Ved, Taal alt Aol AAS ea zed. ql o] Sabet 7a] APE oKF BE sz] ekGuch. Alo] 77} Ho] Us, GE Hols wys q Oey Saigud, a 4 Abe W spol SBMS, Ue 6-25 Set By ols ys} aoa eur, 2 Fo] +olSys Bays] soleuc}, ae} aS = g ASU, TAA *rol Seo] Se S Aes, ge po Eys ue S $= Saeque, $-04 3] accidently --°]-5-73 one’s younger sister Say a classmate 6+ 25 2! the Korean War Ab] one’s own, oneself 4°] 2]t} to separate, oe any to part from (with) Alc} to look for BRIEFING On the way to school by accident I met my old friend. He was my high school classmate. I met him for the first time in 25 years. So I was glad to see him. | was so happy that I could not speak. My friend asked me to go to his house. So we went to my friend’s house by taxi. My friend didn’t say anything until we arrived at his house. When we got to his house, his wife came out. When I saw his wife, I was totally suprised. She was my younger sister. During the Korean War, I parted from my sister. After that, I looked very hard for my sister. But I couldn’t find her. So I thought my younger sister had died. Really I never expected to see my sister, even in a dream.

440 UNIT 45 O41 Sf At BASIC SENTENCES: MEMORIZE 0} alo KAN AI = nu} 1. Yalye] Saltz] Bo] A gel WR] RES FAS she} na +4} 4 2. dspye Bole Bw oly uy} 3. B Aol AM} L? ay 0] 4 3 4, S2}2)] apa] &, 100 4o]U} ss Regis c} H} 54) O) all epi seeg eo]. 25? 3] 6. He, AE 200 Ae Bok By 2, ed aa Hu} 7. Ola A) Ao] 2, Unit 45 New Year’s Card last night until late the light 4 A (As I recall), the light was on (in your room) until late last night. What did you do until so late? a New Year’s card ee I wrote New Year’s cards. about how many cards A A About how many cards did you write? one hundred cards (more than one thought) a1 = Don’t be surprised. I wrote one hundred cards. all 74 Al Did you finish writing them all ? No, I still have to write about two hundred more. Good Heavens! i 1A u #Uu+7h= &t+ Good Heavens! You'll have a hard time trying to write them all.

Unit 45 441 NOTES ON THE BASIC SENTENCES . ©|418} means ‘yesterday evening,’ ‘last night.’ When the possessive particle -2| occurs between two words, it can be contracted into a -A, If the first word ends in a vowel, -A instead of -2] is attached to the first word, and the following consonant (of the second word) becomes glottalized in pronunciation. oJ alHt (oJ zi] 2] ¥F) yesterday evening A7 (CS] 7h a riverside, riverbank te (aS) Ss) the ridge of the nose FE (#2| H) candlelight AlBt (7] 2] Bh) flag le] (H] 2] 2 =]) the sound of rain RAL (AkS] 2b) a teacup AH (A 2] Hb) a back room . wet] =}a]2 means ‘Don’t be surprised.’ ==#}t} ‘to be surprised,’ ‘to be startled’ is used regularly with the subject particle -7}/-°], whereas zt} (==z}7] 3}c}) ‘to surprise,’ ‘to startle,’ ‘to astonish’ is used always with the object particle -S/--&, Study the following examples: ao] Ast Bate 2. He was surprised (taken aback.) qASs Se S Ye} Qos, I have a surprise in store for the students. —_ . ©]4l is a contraction of °]A]= . 24 isa contraction of 271, Study the following examples: o)A=]AS AA=1AS AA=AAS Fa=TFAS o]A zh 2. Please eat this. 2A Is. Please give me that. AA HAS. Please look at that over there. Fa s4yo2? What did you do?

442 Unit 45 STRUCTURE NOTES The Retrospective Infix -C-: ’ We have already studied the non-final ending -"{1U, used when a speaker recalls (or recollects) past facts, occurrences, or experiences, (See Unit 43, Strucure Notes II). This infix -t]- is also used when a speaker looks back on past facts, occurrences, or experiences. However, this infix -t|-, when used as a sentence-final ending, is followed normally by the exclamatory ending, such as -~& or -tL]2, The English equivalent of this pattern is ‘as I recall,’ ‘as I remember,’ ‘looking back,’ etc. Examples : ao] Buz. (I recall that) he was good. Sto |e ee, 14-0] of 4 7FBAZIOTA, (I recall that) he taught very well. Ho] o}F A Baas. 14-0] Vsuyte, (I recall that) he was working. Or: So] Jade I remember seeing him work. eo] BF4)47 2. (I saw) he was sleeping. Bo] SPAS, Alo] sayQo] Boe, (I remember that) there were many Ao] Syo] Baga. students in the classroom. aze?| Apt 3°] SAA al (I remember that) he was a medical doctor. (©) aL [e) kL. Notes: 1. When this infix -C{- is used as a sentence-final ending with the exclamatory endings -~2 or -uLu]2, the subject is usually in the third person. When the verb is a description verb, it can be used with the first person. But it’s seldom used. 2. This infix -C|- is inserted between the verb stem, (or the verb stem plus the infixes -A]-, -9t- or -%l-, etc.), and the exclamatory ending. Study the following examples: Saco) yeaa 2, (I recall that) he was studying. 74°] Ss} a a] 2, Ao] SPsp|yqTtsA, (I recall that) he was studying. Ayo] SHS] aa]s,

Unit 45 443 mek rea lt S.. (I recall that at the time I met him) he had studied. esos Spa ee (I recall that at the time I met him) 320) 2BsAau se I thought that he was going to study. 3. This infix -t{- also occurs with other endings, besides exclamatory ones. But this will be studied latter in detail. II. The Non-Final Ending -2=--- : ‘until’ We have already studied this pattern -~E$, when it indicates ‘purpose’ or ‘aim,’ (See Unit 42, Structure Notes II). This pattern -&=, depending on the context or situation, can also indicate continuance of an action or condition to a specified time. The English equivalent of this is ‘until.’ Examples : oqlkte] BES SHH] 2, I studied until late last night. 7} HES HR, I slept until sunrise. a 4|7} JES SS ole. We drank until twelve o’clock. ohe Al7} FES Jl WHR, I waited until nine o’clock. Ho] SES Uso] 2, I worked until night. When this pattern -% = (directly attached to an action verb stem) is followed by -5] tt, however, it indicates the idea that the situation has been developed on its own. The Englsh equivalent of this pattern is ‘to reach the point where:::.’ A.V.S. + -£&S fC}. : ‘to reach the point where:--’ Examples : Sate 7FeezZjes FMR, I’ve reached the point where I teach Korean. ois +See + VES FMR, We've reached the point where we can export cigarettes. o] sJAhoqA Ya = == 5°] #I’ve reached the point where I can work ‘Ge in this company. III. -© Irregular Verbs: Most verbs ending in a final vowel --° of the stem are irregular. 1. The final vowel -© of the stem, when followed by the vowel -°] and preceded by the vowels -°}- or -&-, is changed into -°}-, Study the following examples: u}¥4 (tt) ‘to be busy,’ ‘to be occupied’

444 Unit 45 2S ofAlol] ypeh eric, I was busy this morning. H}mboF e}L] cH}, You should be busy. yempA] B Zo] 9. Because I was busy, I couldn’t go. Hem} Aol S . It’s alright even if I’m busy. Hy 7} 3232 (tt) ‘to be hungry,’ ‘to feel hungry’ By 7} S23, I’m hungry. By7} atabok eu] ct, You should be hungry. By 7} atabA] Balog, I’m so hungry that I could die. Hy7} asp Woh L, It’s alright even if I’m hungry. -© irregular verbs preceded by the vowel -O}f- or -2-: ueuE (cH) ~=to be busy ny 7} 3232 (ch) =to be hungry u}H4 (th) to be bad Al=1 (tH) to lock ©} (t+) to be painful 2. The final vowel -2 of the stem, when followed by the vowel -°] and preceded by vowels other than -°}- or -2-, is completely dropped. Study the following examples: 2% (th) ‘to write,’ ‘to use,’ ‘to be bitter,’ ‘to put on (a hat)’ WAAz|S Wk, I wrote a letter. WA]S wok Src, I have to write a letter. Wazae WA Pale, I wrote a letter and mailed it. WzAS WE Ao, You may write a letter. -2 irregular verbs preceded by vowels other than -O}- or -2-: oi] 4 (c+) to be beautiful = (tH) to be big 7|¥48(ctt) to be happy re (tH) to rise == (th) to be sad 71 (tH) to turn off IV. The Non-Final Ending -C}7}=:: : ‘if’ We have already studied the conditional non-final ending -(©&)™, which indicates condition or stipulation, (See Unit 19, Structure Notes Ill.) This pattern -t}7}~= always refers to a condition that has an unpleasant result, or a negative or bad effect. The best way to understand -t}7}£ is to see it as a participle: i.e., ‘Sleeping like that could make you lazy ; ‘Working too This pattern -th7}= is used ’ hard could cause all kinds of sickness, etc. always with action verbs.