Marchis, A - Structura si proiectarea tesaturilor

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;i bazela proiactd'rii lesdturilor'
In partea tntii se dau no$iunile generdle 6i conceptriile moderne

prixind structura Si procesul c)e formare a lesd'turilor, cum Si 7'ro'
prietdyile ma,teriilor prime care intereseazd pe proiLtctantul d'e tasd"

turi. De a.senl,eneq' se dnu elemantele d'e reprezQntdrc. gr{tficd, ()Las;-

ficarea si legdtttrile {esdturilor simple, ale celor com1nrsc 'si ale celor
cu desene mari' cum Si proprietd$ile {esdturilor in in'terdepend':nPit
at elementele legate de elaborarea conterturilor.

In parteu a tlotta sint indicale bozele proicr:tdrii !r'stiturilor,
tnsolite de numeroasc exernple priuintl tltttarmhrtre u parametrilor
contextnrilor, alegerea ;i onnonizarea uilorilor, terifirur':rt rezulta-

telor ett.

tin capitol aparte tlin lucrare traleazd, studieroo s!ructurii
tesriturilor prin iradialii radioactiue.

Prin tlatele pe care le conline, Iucrarea se udteseazd proicc'

tanlilor de lesd,turi, putinil fi tolositd si de catlrele d,idactice si
studen[ii de specialitate., culn Si ilc ingine-rii si toltnicienii din

industria rLe textile.

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Aintat4

Gi

derne, a bu.;elor dt materii printe si nit'ehtl,ui actual ul tehnicii

o necesitate.

Litet'atura tehnicd de specialitate trebwie sd se giiseascd in auungarda
acliunilor priuind dezuoltarea tehnicii noi. pu,nind la indenfntt cadrekn, de
speciali;ti lucrdri de naturdsd sesizeze noul.. si scoat(i tn. euiden{d, e.senfialul
5i sd reflecte progresele c;ele mai noi alc tehtdcii, rezultal.el.e ei cele nai ualo.
roctse. In acela;i ti.mp, lucrdrile tehnice trebuie sd, indice metocle de lucru

con'crete. .f urtdttnrcnlu,te teoretic si expetinental. pentru a consti,tui un. auxilitu

di.rect qi eficient in actioitatea concretti a inginerul.ui.
Attt Editura tehnicd., ctt .si autor.ii s-au strdduit si considerdnr cd au

izbutit sd. pund la dispoziyia creatorului si proiectanltilui de. tesd,ttri o lucrare
cure intbind tn ntotl ornton,ios problentele ile concepyie cu, cele de orientare ,si
de practicd. concretd tn elaborarea contexturilor pentnt. sortinente de lesd,tari.,
l.a nirelul tehnicii octuale.

Prof. ing. ION $TEFANESCU

roFrmEsal Brnlcnrls

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Clasificarea generali a fibrelor textile Tabela I

(irupa I Fibre naturalc de provenientd
minerald
de provenienta rresetald de lrrovenientd anin-rald
Silicati de calciu
FIidra{i de carbon Substan{e proteinice qi de magneziu
din roci eruptive
monocelulare policelulare cu structuri fdrl structurd

celulard celularb

Bumbac lri Lirrir liitasrr Azbest
Capoc Cinepi
Iuta Pdr de bovine domcstic5
Par de caprine Mdtase
Chenaf Pdr de cal
Pdr de cdmila sblbateci
Iui6 I)dr de iepure (tusah)
Manila
Sisal

Teigor

IIGrupa. Fibre chimice

Sr"rbgrupa A : Fibre chimice din polimeri naturali

Hidrat ceiulozice Ester celulozice Hidrocarburi Proteinice

Viscozd Acetat Cauciuc de caseind (din lapte: lanital)
CuproamoniacalS Triacetat ( pol iizoprenice ) de zeind (din porumb)
din glicide (din arahide)
din soia
din samintd de bumbac

Subgrupa B: Fibre chimice din polimeri sintetici
prin lxrlicondensare
prin polimerizare din sticld, zgLrrd gi roci

cuptoare

Poliamidice Polietilenice pi deriaate uinilice Fibre de siicld

- din acid adipic 9i hexameti- - polietilend
- policlorvinilice
lendiamind - polistirene
- polialcoolvinilice
- clin acid sebacic pi hexame- -
lnlinitrilacrilice
tilendiaminE

- dirr caprolaciamd Copolimeri ttintlici

Policsterice (acid dimetilic al - diu clorurd d'e viniliden
acrilic
ac.idrrlui tereltalic)

Polimetanice ( poliizocianatet, - din clorura de vinil cu
ilenglicol)
nitrii

Cauciuc sintetic

- elasticuri

10

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Tabcla 4

Notiunile de bazd referitoare la proprietitile lizico-mecanice, tehnologice pi chimice
ale materiilor prime textile, cuprinse in tabela 2

Nr. Denumirea parametrilor Stabilirea 9i explicafia nofiunilor;
exemplificEri
crt. pi notaJia

Rezistenla la solicitdri dc .liEanxsspcer,lnlmicsgitalarreergzai,sdlueernrtniradrttiRonadpreeerleccapnrieonliitoulnaoip:rrulnpcerleibr;ai sau firul
cuprinde,
intindere R
-- rpeizuisitelnaJarusppeecreifi,cdt xoprrienpraretdzinitnd forta de intindere
Alungirea sub o sarcind de aplicata la
intindere AL l1n mmz din supraia]a sec!iunii ;k-gl,
lungirnea sdaeurufipresreubL,arecpdrreuziinglrdeulLtarntgeinprreoapirnieksme
In practich se folosegte frec- -
vertt aJungirea la luperc, de fibrd
care, ins5, nt caracterizeazd produce ruperea;
tcr.racitatea ln" roprczirrtd lorta de
suficienl materialul, din - rsteaeztiasetxelpanr-ifmlaindein'iicnastgfa/idbreeicnrir;msaerdrdaRiiarrrslreri rupcre rilpor-
punct dc vederr'al irrsugi- - 6 ttmea . loo, in yo. tilarrcrrtar gi
rilor sale eiastice exprini; prin
a uscat
relalia Ru -

cmEmeaxxialpnpcilurohiilmamadtadpinrrolecairnamtaapornaempctldiraetoatlarditaiecuamssFuda:leiutesipLrefireitenleilLuiiptpc';r.rriaimemrsee1dte0gt0i6ipn,xcrotuoi7pimner0di.pe.eoStSaretLteaer,adpeeoeatcaseet?treea-n

Ivr)cialleolorer{rirre{aail,csLootnlul-pteo,rLroa,nluslcneg: niAroeLiae:atAozitla,c*lduAAcaLLreo'}liaLree,xLt,lr"rrr;imrnact,oain-

l'ig. l. Alungirr:a sub o sartini de intindcre:
aa{,lluui nn-ggiirreelauanegtoliamtsaetlieacl;icnuiA}iaiLnleiti;rz- iLefrae-l;unAglLuir,nesa-impalealasutnicfgidni.rael;Xa ;eAla7f,s\"/t"-ic--i"

- LLnestc alungirca clasticri rer;crsibild, adicd lrac-
lirrrrea clintr-o alungirc care se anuleazi irnediat
ciupii ciiberarea cic solicitare ;
- plasticit irl:versiirilri sau frac-
ILo esir irlLurgirea
'LiLrirea riilr alLrngirea totald care rru se anuleazd
dupir elibelale:i cle solicitare, nici dupd trecerea
tirnprrlri trorntal dc
* LL," cstc alLrrgirea reiaxare ; sau frac-

elaslici inlizialra
titinera riil aliirtgircr carc se antieazd in timp,.
drrpii ciii-'orarc:i clc s;olicitaro (deci LL,":111.
lJxistenla delormirii clastice inffrziate, lactor obiec-
tirr cie structurh ca funclio de tirnp, indici necesi-
tplailetoedamrictaiiutierupriliitllocorrriotderexiloniledi,pharnosdrtiitiernsitrrcrelaffirarerzileat.lxcaIlardcpeaoprsrterirlulnciurraitrsrcee-

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(annu4uoc) , oPqDJ

Nr. Dertumirea parametrilor 'l'abela J (totiintnre)
crt. 9i notatia
Siabilirea gi explica{ia rurtirrnilor;

exemplificari

,a&tliat tienriatilmulpsuul ppurselulacrderifio, rctuitri9ti.ninicit.imreppueltaptuer,tasrririb,
valoarea s-epafcorncrgttriuruiiriinaldoluuerm,nrguaoiprieepapreaap,rrtlretaeeassttdiidtcuiiininerd, lmlruinrlccnreriLiunrallrbpmmsyeoelccrbaadinnet5isiec-.

cre;terii
absorbit

consumat
Existd o analogie intre alungirile elastice, plastice,
elastice intirziate 9i lucrul mecanic elastic, plastic
fi elastic cu intirziere (fig. 3) si o relatie similarS:
L^1:L^"lL-p*l."., ufldc l.r este lucrul rnecalric
total etc.; $i in accst caz. r'aloarea I., cxprimi
valoarea de prelr rcrare a materiei prime gi durata
irt exploatare a produsrrlui finit..

Crrrba tipicd Diagrarna forld-alungire din lig. 2 pennitc apre-
6
cierea anticipatd a valorii de prelucrare a materiei
prime, in cadrul proceselor tehnologice pi al dura-

cbailriatacttiei.risPtriocAbe, lenudineaxmporimmedtridceecuizt utaelned, icnataSpi rcivurinbda
capacitatea reald a rnaterialului de a rezista efor-
turilor repetate la care este suplls in timpul ex-

ploatirii.

liig. -1. Curbc ciuacte"
ristice pentnr diferitrr

nraterii prime textile :

ca -- bruemlobna;cr; lb- - linX;
sticli.

o Rozistenfa la obosire pnn Acest pararnctrLr, studiat rnai pulin, este in realitate
soliciidri l'epetate t dcoscbit de irnportant; din acest motiv, existd, irr
tehica mondial[, tendinla de a inlocui probele ilina-
monretrice, nzuale in prezenf, cu incercdri de obo-
siro a uratcrialelor la solicitdri mici repetate, care
exprimd, in mod mai complet 9i mai iudicios, va-
loarea de prelilcrare ii durabilitatea produselor-
Gradul de o
obosire este func{ie a mdrimii solici-
tirilor, irecvenla accstora, viteza de deformare, drr-
rlaataobsoosliirceitd(1ril)orse9r iextipmrirpnidi cle relaxare. Rexisten{a
prin numdrul ciclurilor
de solicitare pirrd la rLrperc. Solicitdrile pot fi apli-
cate liniar sarr circular.

Grt'trtatta specificil 1 Greutatea ienxpsiirmamd eina unui centimetru cub de sub-
stanlb se g/cm3. Volumul specific este

reciproca greirtalii 9i ii:prezintd volumul in. centi-
metii cubi al unui gram de substanlE, exprimindrl-se
irr cms/q.

14

9I

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'a;adn; e1 gu3ci alrqrsod

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'xe17.3 nes uaP73

uzJ na.sll-unepdulptuJlerdsxae)a'uo/oviitonlcgllnurnlJatdnaulslSe:qsrJ1a-d;Fnurn1aep
rcrul lrplrcrlos el JIJ lnun B nPs ajqrl loun eitlolsrzou !r olBllcllselo 0p iElltu! Inpow

i:9ct;tlduaxe eriuiou r$ .1JJ
.lo1i,"r1eurzred eoJrtunuo(l
: .ro1prn1iou uriurrldxa t$ ua:t1tqe13 'rN
( atontrrlttot ) F t,tgqn L

Nr. Denumirea parametrilor Tabela 4 (cotttinuare)
crt pi notaJia
Stabilirea .si explicaf ia notiunilor ;
exemplificari

mtliuatlueriiaalrunlbuiiantet x-siiilgrreasdpLeLci tdive. umiditate nrr_rmentarr al

l6 Corttracfia sub acliunea cal- Caraclerizeazl materia primd textild pl.ivind stabili-
tatea dimensionald. Este direct legatd de mbrimea
durii Lrscate sau umede alungirii elastice intirziate
!iunea cdldurii uscate sau
uAm1"e,,dCeo(naterarc'{ciaalds,ubabaucr-,
apa caldd) este specifica firelor chimice dirr poli-
rneri sintetici. De rnarimea contrac{iei
buie sd se plinroddusseealme afinlaitecosndstruacib{iad specifice tre-
contexturilor,
pentru ca
o stabilitate
dimensionalS corespunzdtoare.

l7 Temperatura de carbonizare oilrarraiprcrrr,ilpmeoriurzllaeranizlndAd,p,irclaecgleteicncaee,rluailino, zmisc1ae;teescriiiailpel rionptreiirdcneeete:trempxirtreirlbezriinlgeii,|

lcgatc dc identilicarea rrnor rnaterii prime.

]B Stabilitaiea la acizi gi Caraclerizeaz\ rnodul de comportare a n:aterialelor
stahilitatea la alcalii iextile in mediul acid sau alcalin, determinind me-
gtoidoerlieenlotilnodsitaeleignerteraatadmomenetneilueluci hdimeicfoelocseinlshe. aplich

l9 Stabilitatea la lumind,, in- gaPirosliproeraielroetSrlu{tiiel,exatifliezpiclsooin-imit seinacfaulLnraiecnefuagmteiidcdihetdimaficiicfimeuneaedlaeiulfluuibmireainlmoii-r,

temperii, raze ultraviolete

bacia\inotne-azAfieinctedrmaicteesntteasaaucliocnoenaczodmiitzeonlat.t,Effeiectecled
actiLrnilor acestor factori depind de natura materiei
intensitatea degraddrii de-
prirxe textile. \/itcza gi
pind de gradul de n'tattzare, lucrul rnaterialului textil,
structura gi constitu{ia chimicd a fibrei, temperatura
$i umiditatea mediului ambiant $i de gradul de
simultaneitate in modirl cum actioneazd acegti agerrti
atmoslerici asupra matet'ialLrlLri textil.

20 Gradul d'e alb Se exprimd in procerrte fatd de albul sulfatului de
2l Gradul de lucir.r bariu pur precipitant sau a oxidului de magneziu.
Un grad de alb perfect inseamnd capacitatea de a

reflecta total razele de lumind.

Sint cunoscute urmAtoarelc grade de ltrciu : foarte
lucios, lucios, semimat pi mat. Gradul de lucru se
indicele de materialului,
exprim6 prin relraclie al
determinat la temperatura de 20"C, atit in pozilie
paralelS cu axa iibrei, cit si in pozitie perpendicu-
larb pe axa fibrei sau firului filamentar.

22 Substantivitatea IalA de Se stabilesc cei mai adecvali coloran{i, peirtru fie-
coloranfi care fibrd. Se exprimi 9i rezisten{a vopsirii fafd de
ac{iunea luminii, a transpiraliei, a agentilor chimici,
la tratamente umede, mecanice, etc. Expri-
de irecare
marea se face in scara 1-7.

r6

LI Jotunlpsai ea.relseroid rS e:nlcn:1s - Z

(.top nc

luourelBrl) lBrolc un
o1:edop reul
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lernlxo+ rr]
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's's'u'n

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riplrru lnrrlrE cl eiuatuorto.t6 ?sel3 PIEIcJatUoJ eoJltunua(l

pllurlql aler ed alnuliqo elrlxal ?urlrd rolrlraleru uiualuanord 1$ olelrreuror lJllunue6

I apqoJ

Denumirea comerciald Clasa Provenienla 'f ttbala i (cotttirtuttre)
Pa riicularitlti

Kuralon AI)\i Kurashilii Qavorr K.l(., acid teraftalic; glicol
Lame NET dr: etilen6
Lanon .Ia po rr ia
l-arrsan I)E acid dc tereftal*glicol
I)E Standarri \:inr .\\ills lnc.. de etilerir
Leacril-N
Le a cril- l6 U.S.A. ca si Act'ilan/r'egular,
[-i]ion VEN Thilrung, Kunstiaser-
l-rrrex fibra acriliticd ACSA
werk Wilh. Piccli, R.D.G.
I-1'cra u.R.s.s. ca si .,\crilan l6 fibra
acrilicir iip l6
Nailon ,\1OD Applicazioli Chimiclre S.l).r\.
Nylon (/\.C..s.{.). lialia lrror:cdctr Dfin strllare
N-vlol Rhodia I'AC acid ieraftalictgi icoi
Nr,lorr Rhodiaceta Applicaziorri Chinrice S.l).A.
Orlorr PA6 (A.C.S.A.). Italia rlc etilend
PE-CE
MET Srria \-iscosa S.p..\., Italia idcm
Perlon SPAND Dorv Cheniical Co. U.S.A. idern
PA 6,6 E.l. [)u Pont de Nemours & idem
Peri, rr -Delustre PA 6,6 idem
Prelana PA 6,6 Co. Inc. S.U.A- idem
acid tereftalic*glicol
Rt'lorr 6,6 Soc. Rhodiatoce, ltalia
Rislan divers de etilenE
PAC
Silon aDV Deutsche Rodhiaceta A.G.,

Taslarr l)A 6 Gernrania
Tergal
Terital PA6/PROF Soc. Rodhiaceia S. A..
Terlenka Ijranta
Terorr I.}AC
Tervlene E.l. Du Pont de Nentorrrs &
Tetoron PA 6,6 Co. Inc. U.S.A.
Trevira PA II
VEB iiilrnfabrik AGFA-
l8 I)A 6,6 \\'olfen, R.D.G.

T Association lnrrr lc label
PE Perlon, Gerrnania

Associatiou poLrr le label

Perlon, Cermarria

\iEB Ii rrrrstseiderrl erk Friedr.

Errgels, R.D.G.

VEB-Betrieb-Sdvinesti R.P.R.

Soc. Orpaniccr S.r\., Franta.
\{arrufactrrra Nacional de
I)lasticos. SIl.ra\.z,ilBiarazRiliil;sran
Brasileira

.Silon Nar',-.icini l)odrticlr.

R.S.C.S.

E.l. Dtr l)ont cle Nerrtorrr-s &
Co. U.S.A.

Soc. Rodhiaceia, Franla

PE Soc. Rodhiatoce, Italia

PE Allg. liunstzidjc Unic NV
(AKU), Olanda

PF Rominia
PE lmperial Chemicai Indrrstries

l-td., Anglia
PE Royo ftayon Co. Japorria

Teikoku Rayon Co.
PE Farbwerke Hoechst A.G.

Germania

6I

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lolorg rrnton4s a't

Fire de tip bumbac avind caracteristici speciale si. denumiri comerciale cunoscute

Denumirea Caracteristicile principale a1e fir.elor

Nr. comercialS

crt. a fireior tip

bumbac

Baico Fir de burnbac rnetalizat plin tratarea cu solutii care contin fictal
Barchet itne,hsnuicsepen(csoierrd,(rarlculronliin. ius.,i,tcc,uIpilrIrrrec,tcc.o)s.trSrrerreirrptroebnrlrrirnr{'ieloarzealigidti).scopuii

Bumbac cnlFaoe_ilrrrlaerdtlsea;z,etbaunurraiemlenbfaican, cceb{asienerdcghuiaietnilltoizrcdesteiacu.zc)na.ai lirmta.litcesi r;rinpsloeerr.tilroorraloirsp6eegsrtarelurlcdairirnrfpibrruimdmecbuatrac.ita(reaigritieia__
pescdresc
Denumirea ger-rerica datd firelor. de bunrbac cablate, care sr-
Coconada st1poe3elsovncs2ler8laisl c;aur3rctmia,cqbo3rtlore8raz;rleee4lllrieyrlr4tlieciXncnictZrglulrc;iprlor4reXl5eg6ixu0:rp.i,e3ncrot.n1vro7aI:)rlea5s;)e(lupbre;zsec1aalr,|e3p9giii;.
Cordonei bdtAturA
Extrahard
Iilor' Se lolo_
l0X3B:
Glase
Immungarn rF.(n1ilre"r0ldo0ea.rba2u. 0m0baiecxi)ndfoialnosditeccaalibtahtteituinrlberipoeanrdtr,irIi{least dlharrfiindeete redusd
10 Jaspe calitatt-,
U Mulin6
F4$1]bA3l:8drlelelcxausponet ni^in{dreuiJnepbi.eu3lma\1rbie9a.ciesxr'rppeenritorur -grlaazroacth, imneArrcieer.iszaaui gi cerLrit.
l2 FIam6 3a3B 9i
7Ir'r Vigonia B
Fir de bumbac cu torsiune pseulntriraudianrepuusteioanaIitdplrreelrnricrruatdi1fenr.citoensdcioti_i
l4 Vigourex puri specialc (dc cxemplrr
de lucru rudirncrriarc). Sc Iilcazd la firreti n.iedii de 30X50 tex.

Fir de bumbac cgsaiutgpiiaeczrleiao.lr,,Ilrrodtlospsuricet iztcealantfitorerspstieeunrrdtneirnrnsmiccedocilunari2claXe1fmal b.a.r.iic2amXie4ua2ll
mercerizat
tex
de plugrrri pi

inlocuit cu fire PNA 9i PA.

AJE de bumbac rAslrcitd, de 3X20 1cx mercerizat!, l.rstruitd, folo-
marochindrie.
sitd la

Fir de brmbac tratat crr sLrbstante rezistentc 1a vopsire pentru a

r.ru. se colora; sc folose;;tc ca fii de eJcct la tesdturile'care se
invopsesc bLrcatS.
Fir de
bc_leumcubalocarseillprehztrr.lctautetodrinsiu.fnoelosrieredar..rsl6a, in care se clisting
electele fi1'er a doud benzi
de crrlori diferite, loiosit pentru tesdiuri ,,melaii',.
Fir (f1iri1e5dscaucLnrrldotlai sdeif)eoribtetju(udtepcrxincnrr.Eplsrur cuirneafiar
de mumbac doud
sau fo$u
mai multor
9i vcrde de [irrr,te 2170 |er).

F'ir. vopsit priit diverse ntetode pentm a rbmine l,u,pi dintatn,'taciumpudltrbti
slab vopsite saLr tevopsite saLr prin imprimarea

crrlori.

F-ir de deseuri de brrnrbac, conjinind fibre cle diferite culori. Se
cfilaeabzddt5intufrinde1{earaerdtricrsoiledlee 8t.i1p. . .200 tex. Se foloscpte, in
Sibir, Zanana, Barchet, special,
pentru fe{e de rnobilS tapi{atd {eshturi
etc.
Fir cu elect in 2 3 cLrlori ; se ob.tile prin trecerea benzii de la
carda de bumbac sau de lind prin t altrrri care intprim5 culori
diferite pe acoea.si fibrd. Prin laminare 9i Iilare, firul cap5td
aspectul de ,,melanj", de care se deosebegte prin aceea cd firul
,,melanj" este lilat din :rmestec de f ibre de diverse culori, dar
care, luate separat, aLr o singurd crrloare.

?n

I6

',,1orra^oJ" dri r.rnlpsai u1 lurccds
uI csasolol as'col un tl ollf,nspJ lJolnr ollJaJIp ap o-rrJ oiirrLtl
(cuqrunq Is pirll op lBJaLraS rtt) -tt'1 aulllrlv 9l
rdr,t rrus'{no1i irrp-sndtttoc xnojnotrlA tl
dr1 aruoirl tl
'l?rr.il rp aJqrJ
jlJ ar,roil;1ur urcB rll (g u1cqe1 tzl-r)
Lrlp +BI* - aP 'g dt1 ctttobr,r III rBIIl-rrrs - (9 e1.rqe1 lzorr)
t-ttt
'JBJrLLrrs -rEIIttlls u1 os-nplrliirittfu
snpo;ri

ca{'eirrpzrlrueu1cqasltar'ap-icprl{grfapoJrrJinriJn}lnuu!?rlurralioospEL€IEi;lJJcoatll}rJBrP-rIlJpPttclt}ls-lraE;coJ-lltp}elnopEdp,rtrtuol:l}latrFl-pi}}uoBt1rrqoutlBloltsrLiu);JoprJIorBrlrlJErol;lJrtollrstturrJlrplllE)olJa'IP-llllrBiIrrJBOrolLzlr}UrrslsS]r
ollrual 1onnll1f,,rI.rtlnrolPdssoai; le-ctulun]r?lu..Ittq'lt}ut?(lsllroi crptp1llel'Attsr-Bt!u51rPb.'tiFlltrltBIl aoltzplsrrtlt-.]ullsr!l
epzcerrcu.tlaspa"iriuo-; aulsop orlruaf zI
il! UJ.rcrt?] uip our,to,icl lglercods o[IPl:] I I
'(o u1oqu1 rzo.r.)
obrinly I I
oleIlJ lI"lso1ioud o-tut 'xa] 0clJ-,'t0-0102apopc1o.r-rllllfo,siiaaJ]ltBrlooJJ-O3truqrliIJI ul Isulltl
'leriiit urlll BAOUTJA\,V 6
o.rBJ ptrllllrzirJ

r\EJSo(l cp cliro.tpz rttp lilu.tattcEa,I iitrll trrp JIC
'(6 eyaqel lzor)

'(uo1nr

orroui.oprresrclorialulriilJcrsoilr'u-orrprarg'o1lJ.Br]'(otJso1ur:nue)cp]o:!oelcJsca.-lti?eouJao1tnp]slruoi)rurirl,uj,dolrlsorresscJr,rlaogIJq')ror"pql]uuJl11oJ1IlJoacJ]popp)ltrrcu]r..IIrqlllll1elBJutalILlt;Ir;ulspela:rpliBei ;Inuo1-dlcIlior;(r.rlerirdrJtll ttre1a1,trt B

.attl1r.]So,) ralsn'I L
IBlruB'I I
r-oslJours"rcBirl-'ltruqcul )n.rJelutLoIc{lJ,,}lotrrl,n\irl5l"l'uJ.tnx1ctllsIa,i8"p'lr,lJl qBJ3pes9toll-Jl8JPullillpa'lrP}sirl.Cl

'urrll rlJ EIJIs)f,B oliJnJolsetlrB tllp rll?s IEjllrt?l uJ(liJ lllp lBlll.rlc

'ola olrrl

-lUe;Linudl,arlltdsileo;rppua'a,l'i'xrillrtcrlluer]i,inr0rlrt0rs.a6tlirt'ato'.'lt''Jql lut,c1(B;l0b'pi1o1(ep'la:loItlsr?roIerJllbr,tJrelurn.IJtAleFIstlnlElrlrIllrolrJ1,lllr1rla.JiltlaallBtl.rsrsloJ1llrlt.tulrtBltllrlclsstJto.EJ-irlItlpr1uJlit'tIic-l1zuu.rJ'-tpLlror1lr-rot:tt.5n1l1l 1ur-rclscurcrl g
'lrf,nsEJ ap untseu el otrrqoq ad ep rr:plrqop llrdutli ir! alrrolrp
r!inrsual rf, o-rrJ Ptlop E Eairtrns!?J lrlitl ]rtuliqo'1,'rlla op'i:tti1 a.p -rl-1 pJl?lrcjD r'

aorsEI'rr:rrirugrlrppu.!riBn)sl o ecl 1s cr.,olpsoi u1 ps'pc:., urtt", ."tg:,dfll!t;rip'll',I:r,ll euulolul: g
Lrr e;oFtt1, cp a-tntlrr ap
colsallle

'11isdo.r

caz1lllJlr''lu(rqnrJutltrst:oert.lliatldir.lrlg'niu.tluaoalps;lIenZ1lo-9n,islJoo.]rLlr(ot ;u'1(rtlctlr1Eqe)ce:e1JrLTiroBr-JIiIlIrB+lcrJtarll'lrcBoltil(-r)liJi)lJliio.]ll:Sl)l pLil-r1sgd

arBf,o-i]

uIl. o.lY

oipljj )riqoly:1,d uip'r'us ertlolrls oiqrl 'qrrll rrf, c.rlsaurB Lr1 (e.rox rrEqol,\r
-ii1'..p; Jrcilo\V g.rder ap.r't;cl op eclseulB trll--Ilrlrp ]rlrl iLtri.tl:I
nes E-roluv Z

'('t1o itt.tlsrtl '1oct:1 1rt1o:l
-r1.tu trlcluraxa op) pirl1 cp cllrJ JolrJrllpsai PJ'rErIrrlxJ rr.rrlrJtl ls'rs
-o1o1 eg '(ispor.rrar:1c"u-cr)trtFeUuIIng-jl!urlrlp0'6]BAIfr,J-0!1sosf Plg(uerrelrdoltnls)uIittutBrI
?b bs-01 '.totrlf .rPtl ucudly I
it.1

JoloJlJ alB eledrcul.ld IcrlsrJa]tE,IBJ puI dtl '+Jr
Jolo,rl] u '.rN
9lercjoruol

B0Jrrunuao

aleJ)Psuof, elelf,Jaluor lJllunuap !s slBpods lJllslralf,uJe:) pur^P pull d11 ap a;11
I olaqDJ

1'abela I
Sortimentele de fire tip lini folosite in tesltorii {pentru proprietitile fizico-metanice

se indicS valori practicc rezultate din determindri)

Nr. illatcria prirrri lolositri l i:lli"'l siSa rcirta rlc \trrrrqir.,.r Olrscrva l ii
.rrr,{'rc

crt. la filarca Iirelor ""i'il:ll"'rtt'r't'qttlarilirt' %-

gi N,9b

I Lina cardath lT0 49ti 13 tt peltrtr paltoane bArbati
2 Lind cardatd 150125 1.1 8
3 Lind cardati 100 39il I + lxrrtnr femei
I costtttttr unifrrrttrc
4 l.inh cardatir a3 338 13
8,5 gcolare

5 Lind r:ardatii 71 268 14 costume de lucru
petttlu trdrtrati pi
240 ls
200 t5 [emei
300 16
500 t4 rochife si plednri de
150 16
360 16 cildtorie
320 t6
6 Lind cardatd 02 2ffi 16 I
230 t6
7 Lutra caldatir 55 210 16 9
7,3
8 Lirra pieptirriai:i 42
8
I I-irtri pieptdrratd 2X36 7,5
7,5
10 i.ini'r pieptdnatd 28 7,5
7,5
I I File dirr celofibra tip L 12 7,5 sorrripieptdnate
7,5 "
12 Firo dirr cclolibrd tip L 36
sernipieptdnate
l:l l"-ire din celofibrir tip L 31 ,

l1 Fire din celofibrh tip L 28 sernipieptarrate
,
15 Iriro din celolibrd tip L 2it
serrri picptrinate
l6 30%1'}\AJ 10fl, lirra sorr scr rri picptinalc
22r
l}o/o capetc l)ale +20% +60 10,5 carclate l)entru paltoane
lini regeneraid 126 13 lemei, bdrba{i
143 362 16,+ 12,3
19 .) rrrriforme, costume de
T7 idenr 100 lrtcnr birba!i pi
9,8
l8 idern 67 lemei

l!l 300/s lrrr:r L l0o/o PNA+
- {Q016 capele de pale-.1
f20 0/6 celofibrir I2it ir10 9,6 11,5
800 11,0 18,6
20 Iribrir PNA - 10070 &) picptzinate 1
660 t2 16 pieptirate
2t 6070 l'NA -f 400/n lina 63 240 I 1 l3,g j
22
sort !2 irrt lrrsii ,,Alt'lan:i" l3 1t

,, 55!/p teron l3l100-150/o lirra

ZJ 55fl6 tclnr 3/100 lJTo lirra
sort. I I
23

22

4,(J

'(1;1 u1equl) f')!lrlurs ri 91tlr,rr1r1.tn 'l-rlnllllltr ')slrlr-rtll .)l'
rIr.i.llrtnllur1narrJrranldpi)rlrllr)iroueurlrqrtntrrosteertlislrstruJounloslrll.uraodsl.)l'llrllJalul.]r,l)iirl{)'nrttl1!^torl.3lr,rJI'srrnlill1li(tu6: 1d1un1p1anqc.ur.1.rtrF1)
.ro1r.rn19saf uo.n:.)r.rqr:]

ir).]lels.rF:)ugsu'1ogc1o-ltl'1I..)rJqauiltlo'ti))
pdnp-o.rrrfo.r:rttttr,r.tp'.)ttlali-rs.)lr.trlIP u1 qnrt.rdxe cs.rslllItlI tlrl .r1.r.rr.'1

-t1orl trr.ld elnutiqo rursp.r 'riecrlrs 'uelurlo(lbc '(;rlnrr;.r.t Jl.)JrJ.,ttstt1":)t1-r,;)r).).nt.lls.r.:)tlt)ttllo()r.T)
rriP.).tplilculr:1r1r1orl 16 -orrour a1atr1 r$ rtrrli).)Jd "'C]C (:i.rJ(lu.]{[) !1il.)llrtl(tltttr0.ttltt.r

"ll?li).)ut.rl ',1etr:lct 'l-lzo)sl,r rlIBIorIrl,tlr a;-ullfltl ulp (o:irrrrlal c1a,rr1 trsrrl.rra)
c.rr?luoruelrlrlorl ri -orrour clJ.lrI i)leol l-lJlur .)srl!Itt rlrl .ro1lt.rr1 tlt.toilalll.r tr1

'?ldlllnut IIJ!ll).rlr.r llPol Jttl

ur.rrl osuo.lS r.ll; allrlll luls qlrJnlurr i)sl:lIrrr.rp r.nt.r*op tttg'rletttlHrPJo ale.IlI
IznelIJ os iPaoleurrrr.uroli',Sr, urSnolu5oefSi ,.rtdol:lrJpllrl!ir-'oi)titt.ltro;rltt;urtcra.drosl'o.r.1IruI1tfni)i,lr.rar.e)ttltpoJrod1trlr.ltIl
lueJtt;)
ea.roinpo.rd nrluar.l

-uerl 'o1r:Ur.rou r$ofioF ad cp .ro1a.lIJ pe.IofiPJl utJd olrtuliqo ?lB.InlBtI i:)sPlqrttt Jl)
rJa.rrg 'prr1,r Inrur.I{:l ug'r-r.r1ur or.IoFclt?r l-tlslr,);)rl ltl'eselpru dlf allg't'Z'I

aleupitlorcl bT t7, 96 Zl ursp! 0k
aleugldard lt ()6- fOl I I 68
LUapr

aleugldard /lgI 9(:M ruapr 8g

aluugldord $t IIJI {}-1 €l ruopr

aluugldarcl 9I 9t 961 LLrip I 9f:

aleugldard _t ! I (;J. tll rlroPl !t;

aleugldard /l ll ll l.ros Pilll gosl
!"9/i E tlo-li)i
cco/o I'g

tt 8r, aleupldard alr I I ltrJl)r t:t:

aleugldard t'l 9l igl JI ul')l)l it:

i aleupldard tt r't 8!'t !l rrr,rl)r It
rutill)l tlt:
9t al: : aluupldard f.)81 ril

alBugldard 9I I'l €lA 06 rurol)r 6e

aletteldotrl gl I t gla 0a Ilr,)l)l q;

alnttelrlarcl gl ?J !64 y(, [ ll ].ros ur r ,i;) !l-
gt/tt'. tto.trl oolo /lZ.84
001/t: trorol 5

aleugyl;:rtd gl 6i ti:)t, gd lull q 9l la ouo/os 9c

'rro.ra1 96

alurrglclorcl gt !l g-qt ZA rlr.rrEIirIl lr()s PUll 00/o706t 69

0/00U 'rro-rJ1 96

aluugllcrd 7.1 aI (r8t 9a 001;9/'fl 'lolei) l(:
O0tlg trorr]
9,/otlg 0,|0/

!rlB^rasqO %,N IE (xat) gllsJ\OolIoAjJIgJruBtO.rIdBIeJt.PrIa1eilr'UN]
qlBulurou
% Balellr eafaulg
er.r8unyy ;i'::3fi:

ai eulc.reg

(atnnutlrtoc) g DpqDJ,

Tabela 9

Fire tip mitase avind caracteristici speciale gi denumiri comerciale consacrate

Denumirea comercialS Ca racteristiti

,,Borangic" Fir de mitase crttdd, rteclegr-rrnatd, tras cie pc gogopi, IirteJea
,,Burct" 4...36 tex.
Fir iilat din degcLrri dc urritasc naturalh pe sistemul filatrrrii dc
,,L re l)
,,$a p" lind cardatd.
Fir rdsLrcit din 2-.8 lire clc ntiitase ncdeqouratii, cLt I 800-2 000
,,Cuit"
,,Floret" tors/m.

,,Glej" (ecnr) Fir lilat oblinut din gogo;i dcfcctc (perfrrrate, dublc, derior-
mate etc.), care ru so pot rlcpdna. Sc prclrtcrcazii pe sistcurLrl
,,Organsir-r" linii pieptdnate.
! I USiil1
,.13crr tbcrg" Fir dc rndtase natural5 degornat, loarte moale ;i cu luciu.
I"ir din deq;euri dcr mitasc rtatural:i filat pe sislr'rnrtl lirrii 1.riep-

tdnate, neted, unilorm, crr lrrciu rnarc.

Fir de rnitase naturalzi crrtdd, rrcclegonrrtS. tras de pc gogc,gile

dc mdtasc.

frir de mdtase naturald obtinLri di11 gogoli de calitate srrpul'inard

(masculi), intrcbuinJat pentru urzeli.

Fir dc mEtase sllbatich, tras de pc gogogilc yrrocltrse cic viclrncle
dc mdtase cu acela$i llrrme.

Mdtasc artiiiciald fabricati pLiu yrt'r-iccdenl crrltrcanroniacal dirt
liniers 9i de;euri dc bLrmbac.

Tabeh iA.

Fire tip mdtase lolosite in mod curent la fabricarea tcsdturilor de mitase

naturald gi artificiali

Matelia primd Fine{ea, in T(li.tlLcrrlcmrleefld) iLr Calit:rtca lctlacrtrTc.a_ i\lr rrt-ircir
de bazd tex .1[, rlcn
]a rtqrclt"

Fire de matase 1,22-1,.11 1l-13 Extra 3,; 10 22
natru'ali, 1,77-2,00 l6- l8 prinra
2,55-2,88 23-26 sccrrnda ,:l t l2-l8
nedegornatd inlerior
3,00*3,60 65 3,-
Fire de mdtase 799
100 2.2
Vlscoza I l, t I
dem r50-200 1,5 3,-
Idenr 16,66-22,22
I dent 33,33 300 1,;-:1,5 12- 18
gi peste gi peste 1,3-3,2 12- 1iJ
Fire de mltase
B,88 80 t,) ?_ tn lli
bemberg 100
I I,l1 120 1,7-2.?; I (l- 16
Fire de miriase 100 1,7--2,3 10-16
13,33 150 1,7 2,3 10-16,
acctat 1,1- 1,5 22-3.1
1l,l I 20-60 1,1-1,5 22-:lt
Fire de relon 100-r50 ,1,5-.i,8 22-36
16,65 40- 140 4,5-5,6 22-:16
Idern I,l - i,6 16-26
2,22-2,65
l:ire lxrliostcrice ll,ll-10,{-15
4,44-t5,55

24

96

'fl (lr+ orrro;jr,., !s oequnq ap
u.ilrlBJiJ ur .1Jr?liJ'r?Jri|l1u(l r.r:lrrc(l'FIsazJn

ilJlrrJrl JJIJ',rlurj'jI(lJl{l 'JjDl,JuJ c.llj r.lI gCIJ
-rsrrp cs or?qulll{l (lr} irlo.rj 'cia VNcl '3d
alo.rqlJ ,rrlrodsJr nr?s V(i u.lqt1 o/e66 f req (Eli s'o) I
-urlq %08 :1-llrl.llsolUtl rsJsoloJ os 'E3tJ3ut -trll z - rv
-irsB irc'l?r(lrJolrJ 06 lI + reqLunq 0/egg ,v
lrn31sc lLraACe,rJ JaiSJLUE 'oJBLTJA] alOC t(sqt)

]tlis l.lll.-''riSJillU .)lllJ.\J.'lj lutU .)[JJ'JJ!JJ t+tors)i-
-arur,ru;E rJnJoJsotue rs tr];odo,rd esJaAlp
(Er) e
ril r.:oizourlocl r?J(lrlolJf, '.14 orruellclo.ldrlod
(uD'I

arqrJ :VNd :ad :Vd ttldutaxa ap ur 'a3tu (b) t : IlthT
-lrlc o.rqrJ cllB nc g BrqrJolor 13 rnlnceq
-unq olB rJncolsJtuE closJJAIp rtlp t$ runc (tull) 7

-c.ul 'g;00t g F-rqrJoloJ LIIP '90001 ruqulnq (ur) ooo I : *ai requtrrrl dr1
ap olJ.rrJ e 1.rud rr1 cr.tobolel plsEars ul(I
-(:; e--

n1u-rouoil E.rrlcnils r;rg .j[cJBlojJUJlltl Ji) alJUaJr^lS rlri

.1o11;nlgsci uoJEJrJqpl ul alrsoloJ JolcJrJ u FluilreiJ uaJe.)rJrsulS

I t DlaqDJ

'( i t r1equ1) cJrJ cp rl"roaJolr,)
ollulrJcJ c]11o1 nJ l.rollu.r tr1 r.* 11;r'a1a cllttr lI.ls lInlti o:l.Iuo] Pro]lp o,rr8o1otrt1.rt
.rolrrirlr.r.rsu.rrI r$ ropir,rler.rdorcl a eJBtrruLIaJcp cp '.ro; ? c.IploJJttlntt ol) olep()lJru
'4iur,:lr'^uo:r u1 'ri e.rrisr.rclcl?Jt1) lerJls ocrtultl;r ti o.rrbolotlrlJl'a;rtutl;rcttt-o:ttzt1
oJrJ olsa:rll'lu.rcrtaF uJ'Jle lsrrrqug ol.IlloI Jllttfl oJll,)lrrrs rrlo.[
l'i$prlulor.lrJdto,;rBrlI,l)rrBis
'elr?lolrr '1s^ct1zu ''Jnrcnpo 'cr1.r1t1 : ou;riio.talc rt?uI JIoJ ir.tlttrlt lltrr.rtI

u.rJlunr r{rl) e}BcrJ([r?] lulS'F.rnlnldutn n.rlrrcd rlr?s oJr.l.)]so r$ crr.rr3lug ol) ol;)oJr) nJ
a.nJ r?r .rolr.rnrpsaf ra.rucrrquJ tsl rsesolo1 os pelsorV 'alelJeds e.rl.{ 'E'Z'I

'.r1rr:rlrrro.r rtut r* opolorr ruru luls crc.r'1t;ratun i).rplr.i ;r1r.rpol;lui irr,tc[
clrirr ritio Jlo,) cp J.lr(loso.)p o.rcls'eltrltlrpr aJrJ.)ilrtitt lt,)'Jlr]u!Jl? rr;ru'osro;nd

iln!l llrls PlP;isn. J.rclrJ Jli alopolertr ttr.rcl clnuritlo i3d,rr11o ri rrr cp cla.rrg
'xo] 00?-0fz{ oiaurl ep a.r} es-nptrltrriclo '9jr1cut e1t
nlln.rornJ u oJnlrl op upoleru ur,rd ognuriqo gtllrtrlc 16 ur op ecsr-lnj p-rrlrrriqo
r^rleosn l xet gg-91; oiourl cp orrl

'nlIn.rornJ t o.n]lI] ap rlliorrrn tpolcru rrr.rd alu1rJ 9dart1,r ri ur e p colrelJpr-ur
: xat 0gl-0gl ep ei;rur1 rtc '1i1!c urp
clJ

.rs-irlrtrrrrrirlo'r;ecsn o.rulrJ op upolour ur"rd alnuriclo pclatrll rS trr cp colJrPIIJ-H;,
rj11l} urp
l xa1 691-69 op ciorrrl na c.rrJ

es-rr prrlririrlo'qparun o-rrll] op upota:tuo.ruBr.IrrdI oop1ea1u1r1crls;drscuo1cllnruSrurrutarrpgclsrrlJro-qrI;u1c

r$ trr rh1 alJJrJ nJlua;l 'cJeo]fzrrndsa.roc rurFunl BI a]Br?l corlrrlrulrJJErlocl rius
oJr;uJsarfod'aPlluuriocl acrlalurs eJqr] ne relscunr ur nu:- 0,b00[,:d".r,l ri ur op
,ale.n1 rtpol e1.rud au1 er.ro5clec t?lseacts ur61 .pdaugc 15 q d11 e4d, .V.Z.l

Nr. Fire lip Sistemele de nurerotare Tnbela I1 (coriinuare)
crt.
Structura generald

2 Tip lina tex : a.(c) I)irr aceastir categorie fac partc iirele din
lirra 1000/oi dirr cololibrd tip L 1000/0, pre-
I 00J (m) cuut pi diu diverse amestecuri ale fibrci

Nm: t-(Q- de lind pi celofibr6 cu fibrele sirrtetice ca :
PA; PE ; PNA ; PI) ; PAF etc. Amestecu-
c (c) rile cele ntai lrecvente sint celc binare
(line f l)E ;+linal'E+; lPircrNezAlio.;iLlinIf)iEf
Nm: I (km) sau cele L Celo L;
amestccurile ternirrc
G (km) *PNcAelo9-i
iibrh L ; lina * PE -l- PNA ; celofibrl
^, L (300 yds) I- + PE + IrNA etc. Existd posibilitatoa
;lai a unor amestecLrri rnai cornplexe, pirrd
C (lbs) 6--7 courpouerr{i. arnestec deplitr
Un
.,1l/ cottsacrat irr l)rczerl 1rcrr{rrr parrtalorri,
'- L (km) ittstr', costttntc [attlczi, cste ccl dirr
G (0,5 kc) se 55o/ot
llE * J50lo lirta. Firele tip lini
clasi-
licd irr lire pieptarratc, cardate, fire pentru
trrzealir, lrcntrrr biitdturii sau firc gi pentru
urzealii gi pertlrtr bitAturd.

-

It Tip trrhtese tex : c (c) sDIiliaintlnraeocnleiftaialsartezn-rrellcrraerttlraergrceort)rribedileilnacinmlr!daertstaeitstctrorrarirtae(tnrrrforiranelodlc-,

I 000 (m) rndtase artiiiciald (viscoz5, cupro, acetat),

Tm: c (ttg) l)recum ;i firelc chimice (mono- 9i polifi.
I (m)
lamentarcr) dirr lxrlimeri sintetici ca relorr,
-I : a0'5,-00-5-((mg-)) -Oen tcrilend, orlort, pt'rlorr, terital, lilion, ca-
pron, dacron etc.
-I == c(c)
e 000 (m)

'l'ip bast -Oenc (c) Din aceastd categorio lac parte lirele de
in gi cinepS, din amestecurile acestor fibre
( irt, cirrelrir L (1000 m)
etc.) crt alte fibre natLrrale sau chimice (amestec
{' (m) irr * -if in f qinspS f iutri; in*fi-
Nm: c (c) cineph
lrrir iibra PNA).
PE, in

Nm: L (k*L

G (kg)

lx== L] llE)__

I (spyndel)

:N" 1!lso-oj3')
G (lbs)

5 de caucit.tc N. _ 25,1 _- Fircle de carrcirrc sirrt figii irtgustc cu sec-
tiune circularb, pirtratd satr drepttrltghiu-
d (min) lard. De obicei, figiilc sint tdiatc dintr-un
bliu de cauciuc, a clrtri grosime este egald

!6

L6

rl.) tl.lltrrOsaJ .-lJrCilsB.t 'JlulBllalrrll ll?lJ.)dS UClIsB.r JP JIrtll*nru tI :l.IOlruAs rli)
.r()[li.trJ 11.].il.)ll)-r.r'(lu.ro1o:r.rr] un nl prrnc.rdurr'1u1n3a.rcu'so.rE.n1 ttn nc solcrll
'ur1 .rr1 rrn nldurax.t op) 11 r.relrp cutlJd lrJclBut trrP Ii oiaurl cp oJII ollnul lr?ttt
nr?s l^?nol, u BoJrolrst.r : nltlutexa op 'tro r.Inpoul cllrlrll tuul rr1 tniqo es oM

'rrclBIIOsll l "
nlrs ];).)1.) irP cJrJ Js,rs(rloJ as'r-1.)lul.l'rl .l.rulozl olt olelt,rurluD liun(l o JolIJn]
-r^:soi .ualrrr);) rls o.l?o 'J.rpltI oJBlrzountttllo,r o n.r 'ltltcadr^ ll! 'rr- a:-lUsIJolcP.ll?t
qin;u.rrfrr.,)p crr.)srp nt r.rr.r1r-rsci.rorrn no.ru.).r.) n.rJlrJcJ'lJeJe eP e411'g'Z'f,

'ir.irl JoISJJIJ tt \l.lel(xJtuilrr ,)p lljt?Jilil1 !?PolJrtr o ulslxa ilN llruil.urrlE'rlrrrrrlrl 's111.117

'.l.lrJ 'lcrlJnr '1rrr3.tu '-rrru : luls o)rlPl.')lli -to1o.t11 r,ari}trriqo rr.rluad o]ls(]l()J')lJlrr]J\v'EloN

'JJrrurqJ aJII 'cBquinq Jp J.lrJ tlJ JpJnsrr.r nBs
'1l.r1s^ ':r1l t.rllrJ ip ocluqsl oloJtJ l( ltlrlls;d
alclurs elsnbLrl +trdgai'rnalrtq'eouPapl 'Julrrtstilrrru.ralupadrltle.t1,)aItlup pnIAt? 'altlulattl
B) aIpr].rotrroJ o.tl '1
"rlr leurruBl

0 0 Ia 00002 000 91 00! rl 000 tl 31,.tr1 t-t1.rttr
t/06 a./06 t ?ruN
ICr'01 Z106I €,1001
b1, -rrg r.t1.rur
009 0r 000 0l 8 I000 {rug
7,t\)L 7,109 7,lor e'0€ ,*N

r fr(xxl it 0(x) 6 fiE I 000 9 000 000 o9zz. b:1..rr1 r.r1.lrr
lre N
t99rfl 6l lBlaru ap g

'rla o-\lluJoJall -olr3 oLrtlr.6r tl)ll'J0rJoPrrJJlutllalst^l
.rlelrrour 'pcotla ap aurlsoJ .tt.rtlr lr.rgtrotilal
J-uporJ-alllJBUIrllJsa)psnrs:-nt)llgosJecf soslljro?Alolplor:rl.lillrpiotl')l1irr.oll1,{r (3) ooo r - ?r'' /^v/ uBJolof, op

(ru) -7---

''JrlBJ])alJrlorJlx.crr]r'rBrbrlullnxlaul tlEnp) l.llttllluap !)uu(]({
.ttliattt o.lEloJartr
-nrr ap uralsrs un alsosoloJ os aJ!J e]so)t?
r?-l 'gJaui)Ja piulsolo3 Is^ uJItu yltu ?.ttlzll o
rp1.1.lr.o1Bc(.)rrJ.r1sn3)€15Ulnijenbzlrer?;enipiuleqrnsoqoapf .rroirr..ItrlrtJta'rsit,lt3"(l,tlo;.lltr*ll,"lrizcnlpr;lriaolpaq.1l,lS'l (t3ef') D (81'l- 90 1): {^i
(,ul) 7
arFlq 3p

'0t )N-9 t7N n) oJrJ cntrlruJ op nrplJri eourrinl
:)'rprrJtl o-^ 'Jla uolo.r 'uz())srA 'c?qttilrq ap nes lll,li )ttlirli) ')lsJ p
garl(n.gtrrlrirliBrralnrEsJsri.rJittlrlli1ral{3:puunnu!o1J:alsl'ua(arrpugcu.narr(llcloun1.rBi'!9l:rnl6p'o)(srp^zuaooll9.d'ru'ru6al r9as)1p<lts-zrIoin.lru?outsJti
nr PIBSa eturigl o-.l1rrr prlrrl .).I83 o.rlJ op lnr
-olJ?Bu1iOl]lJrOBIUlrrrrruzoajdpaJUrBaalsi3rsriiul :iJl ruilnBireCnJl*cnIuPrJJodilps
.)lo.lr,l ilrlrl.rrI Pattrrso-lr'J nBs InJlollrBrp n)

elelauaS ErniJnrls eJEloJatunu ap elaualstq dl altJ 'ltJ
'rl{
(ctnntrtpro:t) t t DPqDJ

debit qi sculliiri diferitc pentru {ieeare fir component, risucire lasonatf, r:u

nopeuri de acopelirc, cu onclula[ii, r'u ]ruclc, t,u bucltr rirsucite, cu ciLcci, cu

diferite alte efecle tle seuri tort, tle paiel.r:. <le celoIan etc. Principalcle strrrctriri

de fire riisucite cu.efcct sint aiiilate in Iig. 5, dal cxista posibilitrigi de
fal-rricalie 111;11 'yaf in[e clc file tlin aceast.i catcgolic tll fire, care se folosesc

fif@i

n ---

-:*:,-..u-*;-&=r-€*_

_:=#a::-::ffi6**=

-:=.8x!@l=-:--:.:*-,hj=-.qS|FE

--4,U**QA *=ru====qre

'::.J.-(i-=f)#*W f\ e-A_

ii

liig. j'r. Iiirc dc cfr:ct:

c - spiralatcn:oplueu-ri; cu noduri i;i
d- cu bucle qi dccircmeie;sh.d
agiomcriri - cu

ca fire drt cfcct in fesituli olri;ntritc 1i, ilrai flt:c'rcu[, La Iull'irrarea !rsi'tturilor
execlltate intr-o singur:i culoare;i firrri cfcctc dc legltrrra. obpinincl rr-se fcs:ituri

cu aspect l-rrretos carar:tcristic.

lolosiret ini(rgralti a firclor clr: r'IecL cottIr:t'ii tcsitrn'i]or o volrrruinozi {irte
lnai nrarc (rler:i 5i propriel.i[i ternto-izolante srrperioalc) polozitltc. cla,sticitate
Si altr' Ir'oplit:lrtti l'izir'o-rttelit rtice pozitit,'" t:rt'r. r'ortrPlt'lr'lzir tnt t:lre{ i r.rlr.r'inr
r;at'actetistit', aprr'(:iat dc consuutator. Celc nrai liispinditc l-c.siitrrri r.aL,r Io[o-.t.sc
{ire cu t'iistrcirc dc cfect -qirrt !t'>iiLtu'ile cporr.i . in inr[ustliir Icsritrrliltil rlc
htrttrlrac 1i de rrriitase, ;i tesiitrrrilr lrL btrclr'. Lr so( tonrl lirrii, in f ig. (r cslc
reprodrtsii 1'otografia rtrttti [t'siitrtt'i {tlrricatc tl in lirc crr riistrcirc tlrt cfcct.

t.2.7. Fire texturate, voluminoase. Acest(.a sint.. in genclal, Iile sintc-
tic'e filarnerttaLr: cu stru(:tulii motlilit:atii I)rin J)roeesg tr:hnologir.r, spcciale,
ulleli<rarc Iallrit:iili i llrol)l'irr-zise a,firclrr'. conIr:rinrIrr-ie plr4rrietiili tiz,ito-
tnccatticc spcliitlc (r'olrrurinozitate 1i erttnsilrilitatc foalte rulri). l,lr,istri
Ilroce(lee fo;tt'tc r atiate I)entru te\trfarea fir'elor', tlirrtrc r,ule cr:lc intilnite
frecvent sirrt irrrlilatc in ta]rcla 1.2. inrprtLrrra r:u proprit'1rifilc lor 5currilicati\(f-

2B

66

.tI ul.]qBl U! liBp lu!-q ru[-n]xrl lrldll
exe.0aFellgousrrraurB'grqrreraIn.r"risrdee0exua0c1eri0'6Jne.Jqr)IeploJlJdlosuuorParilorcIlunrn0ulwsrI}'rIra1Jsuuol'rrI}Pt-B-Ierrx,l1-rurauetrurlarc.frrJartcr8ouiozuqurPIIrnnBrarJs.*lrrfrf4FIalrIo0e'pgoruu9rJIeJlnnrlonapBpBlltlusrtroial.o)'rlraslqrF.uuIloeflorll-eEuuxir.)nrllrooou8p1rlu.urluedrItr1JixJju80e''pepl0euorie0-lnucJrx11o-alIearJatt].ttln1olrtuunrdcpItru.cPn'rru.:8sotrarsulrpfl.ogeaIIJr.Iruporrnr0nrotpr'0le1nlurcp0l]rr.oJruJn'Irllr?r1'sJlBtrsnlrtf-s'.'lctx?nrrr'3aecril,Jlalp'lJup,toBurlnornixE;rxearJ$ontl
-'Eurluadolluiplaurlgscua?cIsItEuJsBoecSlenpcqeneuuJalr.lersJdapc''a.recodrlur.aernpcloixrupetlu-uooocccrzarrr;p,rLleiuurotiecqrBu.rIndeloIu,nr!Jcpl'cueuJlerr.urrdulor-]e.u)rlrr"Jurne.1rlelt!lrlrsaatpfolaBJtstuou€tJegDrz^r
-undsatoc r.rfzrl.ruda.r reun u ri acrFolourlol oleseco.rrl ul Jolc.rrI R ir.rtl.rorluto,r olt

rnlnpour paror:re.rde n.rluad .JoIoJIJ aIE 3[BluetuepunJ agiglalrdord .g.z.I

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oJaz ilap
aru-urlo!sxJor-e1lduu'poprllu1osun.rruerose;l.allaroplurilnorBolds^droroenlIplJr1u.r16u1.1rlrdrgun1uruu-;lsndlp1Jx)roarnll1llFpn:ota:JrW;1 :9f :0t ep
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-rlrqrsualxg 9lrsoloJ lr]ll].ilJ 17 ,.IN

gutt:d ur:a1e1y glerc;auror

POJiLllllUJC

ollrgru alpllllggsualxa yS a1ey2ou1un1o,t nr alprnlxo] 'Jrr1a1u1s rraurglod ulp atrrulqr orrJ

zJ plaqpJ

l'abcl:t l3 I
I

I

Multiplii si sul-multiplii texului

Unita{i Simbolul \leirirnea irnitdlilor
Denunrirea

,\4ilitex mtex I ntg/100 nt Fg/nr
Tex tex I s/i 000 nr rrg/nt
ktex I kg/l Qt16 n, lipinr
K ilotex

Observatie. SisteltrLrl tex este r:n fsibisriean, tIidr,irefrcint gphenictrrer tccd.;eixpnrrir11lu6nrgridmriemaerarnreniaasnerirrunrirteei
anumite hrnginti de

rnase de tnaterrial iextil. Sistenrrrl estc zecimal si f,rlose"ie unitdtile metricc.

llelalia de calcrrl aI tcr-rrlrri {'sIc ulllritoar(]a:

lr.\ : AEt'I.l . (1)

I000m

Se r,ede r:ir I tex - Ig (l')

1000 m

C estc grcutatel in glame a t 000 m {ir.
Sislonrrrl de nurnr,rotar:e 1ex folosc;le pentru exprirnarea finelei tuturor
categoriilor de {ire lertile" fabrir,ate tlin fire naturale. chimice
ii atnestci:rrli
ale acestora.

expri.ninld sistcmrrl [r'x, {iuetea firelor simplr, sau duhlate- riisrrcitc ai cablatc se
in urlnitoarelc rnoduri :

pri.n ava. l.oka'inr'eelaeatrrtr'nihrcre'rilto'iri.uarrnpraotdiiud-scelsoirrnibnotelulrlneudniaitrreiliigifoalofsiriteel,orcasiimnpllremsaetoillrrl'irc,l6e

excmple :

-- pr:nllu {iLre si*i*r'c l;0 mtcx:

.-- l:,|;,:i lll]rtltrso [T:'

lir silrgilrr "3,j30 t,'r.

fsitiertnmalncb_ure.i-lssxI[Iru'i,{icnrr:iaeelettz.lreeicusi,sferJimairsepcr:llraoeierrrd:riidinnrsrturcil.iitac:isrtIeeir.tntcetJusr'ttopetldru.rtliuo'ruln[.cnstlitc'lirat.ulutiriiritioitffooisrai'lLruouelsplierlt.der,tsrr,(ueiitrceirictxi,a)a,tzrur,*-ir'airr::::sectccalecqoai nfgisrirteilirrlrrrii:rt;r
ll0 rex X3.
- Eremplu: rlin clrc esle constitu;t filul rasrrtit au fine!c,lil'r,ritir. irr

Firele -implc

apralrclrui,e-,sl'staat-I(ltirre*cleu)arrJr,zrnul',.'paiasrliuteplsocus:icss(sr2ei-inu0itn.f*tifrcn2ihnaei5rqrbll{iIli3elnr{ie0ivsp.)raarrilrtoan:einrtxi.tlaeo;rzclru:cifpsisrittei c(ls:oacarzrsc.rsrissrrieneepiseloeiarxngllerhargoi.la]lnr1tilerrru--iinnnstitl1eei.i6mt1iei1nlfrIlu:y'o1lpi'onX11si"nitre.tJs.gie(',rtlrrirll'rirrlrr,.rrr)rr.ll..
lixcmplu :
iar ln primul iJO texX :tX2 ; (20+25+30) X2. cu finelea 30 rexx,i,
eremplu riislrcite
se .'ahleazi rlouri Iinr lisrrcite cu f ipelra:
itr al tlril*l ert'ntplu se cablcazi clorui [ire
( 90 r 25 a .30) te;'.

30

i8

sJertul r* eJBsrurJ. ap olrrrBu! Elucsoun;)
Jol uilicrut ol) oricrrnl ur '(oJezaE 'a.lezrJeeJour oa.rrsdo,r oa.rrqle 'oJaqJerJ ?Iqnp
erur.rdxa es ps rt?soJerr alsa !ppeuurtlucJlq--ea
':r.rrr1-ror.J r-rdn;r) clr:srul1 Jole-rrl Beieur1 .rolcJrl eaiaurl gurrrtlxc as
ie;eu8a.rdwr
np.^ olerepnl

nus

?.rr,)ilst].r '.r.ru1qnp tilt) r)lr:lIlzc.Lrolc,ll+ u,)iilurT l^lnIIJdxo:.r3c1se5op1 uPlocle-lrprrun

til \r rJ Lrs InlPrJdlrlru ur) QJrJ llltrT u-s lliautl lraJuululJi)lep P'Zu'IBi)'Z- 't
: 1.rq.rrr[,r.rdut! elarsolg[I.rn u! cct] ;ts .ttt1an{ !1iau[ Da-tDlroro')

{,t) I : lul\l

000 6

TUN

\r) ' 0006

{,g) '.I (; -\el

{g) I xa1 6:j

: oleJBolEtrrJn luls

sJe\rrr r* nt5tr r$ n1tr.1, erturp InIlr.L r3 xal a.r1u1 giucPuodsa.ro.r ep alrriulag

{q) [ut 0006] 7 '.-_ r,

t:lc
Iu;'lr?r i)l) rrriul.r.r rrr;rd Lrut.rclxc os^ ri rrJ tu 000 6 rt attttrri ttr tr.r1u1n:r.rE plurzc.rdar
€.a;r)rrfliar l'rnulstrroJ,rltlttrurnStteBpIPoIOJuIlIoIIJJaeruonsrrelo!:tptr'I1n3t1uue.lrsnl1seruSJas1sSlolistotr1oc1PIuatulcoJsl] 'e-rnluaurulty
llJltIJd

(t') xel
: lll\i

000 r

( t:) : --r-uN : \rl

inO I

: rli).nr()lBurJil lrrls sJe.\ur r$ ut51 uI rnln-xal e eleltr.lolstltl.ll aP olJlnu.lo.I
'lerpuoru ueld ad rlrlxot
roJ;)rrl u rruloJawttu op ele[re]srs alBpa.r luls gI rrlrqtrl rt1 ler'urlg u1 rl xal
l"Ttrrs,.r1u.r'<rro .roro'r uafa'rJ """r.,T1""1":lllilil,:T:,:Ll,
"t

i r4aur q mlnJlJ uattttlitrnl alsa ? : .Juc r!

{a) '1ltElr'7--*^u.I{ rlnll;c]lug,)1ucrlz)eu.rdriau.rpoy.re'tctre'Iul8rtrugnl
: alsa ruN mluarl
ep irlplrlue{) o-4ul rsrrr.rdn;r lu!s .Ir} un".rlulp r.rleur
s.1grldr1Jicrlre''rlxluX:ar 1l'tuIJ6rr"Ba9cIstmee0ualgitraturtrer'.8rladlui1natS1tctEral'rculnedrq.ctrtrdrutexsnellqceansrdsrrclElr?rrqonalleloJropI.uJpJE?uztneneio;aa)lpouqlnrsgypoz'l[eeIoeirrsplqetrtlltlrolPJrrletutaJoslpu-xeezfl?idpl;n)eucJrlrroorrlrSaldlJoprPu:]r11BI1l?cruluursd!
'A X xa'ro0Bt JnoelrsI U 0 xar 0t : nldruaxg
1J os ]Blqnp
gdnp ar.t,rs luIJ

trulrtsuor i)lsr) aJBJ r.rrp ro:,Jrr.Jrltol prrIrnlrJlErrrulpnuut.recrs'(xaatt11)qnaptrsttoplo.tlr]tlinttarfuatnrl,;I1nl'o;tqllllls

rrrlrrlr ilr.r:rs rs afix O

Tabelz 14

Corespondenta intre fine{ea firelor exprimatE in Nm si in tex

Nnr cxat tex j-it Nrn tex Nm --exacttt*rot.u.*niit Nrn tex

t I'rtrrrr cxact roluniit exact roiun iii

O,ir 2 000 2 000 6,2 161,3 160 32 31,25 32 115 8,698 8,8
0,6 1 667 I 700 6,4 156,3 160 33 30,30 30 r20 8,333 8,4
0,7 I 429 I 400 6,6 151,5 150 31 29,11 30 125 8,000 8,0
0,8 t 250 1250 6,8 147,1 150 35 28,57 28 130 7,692 7,6
0,s I 111 1100 7,0 112,9 140 36 27,78 28 135 7AW 7,6
r,0 1000 I 000 7,2 l38,s 140 37 27,03 28 140 7,143
1,1 s09,1 920 7,1 135,1 140 38 26,32 26 t45 6,897 6,8
1,2 833,3 810 7,6 131,6 130 39 25,64 26 150 6,667 6,8
1,3 769,2 760 7,B 128,2 130 40 25,00 25 155 6,452 6,5
1,,1 714,3 720 8,0 125,0 125 4t 21,39 24 160 6,250 6,4
1,5 666,7 680 8,2 122,0 120 42 23,81 24 165 6,061 6,4
1,6 625.0 6.10 8,4 I 19,0 120 43 23,26 23 t70 5,882 6,0
1,7 588,2 600 8,6 1 16,3 I 15 44 23,73 23 175 5,714 5,6
r,B 555,6 560 8,8 I 13,6 I l5 45 22,22 22 180 5,556 5,6
1,9 526,3 52A 9,0 111,1 ll0 46 421,7 22 185 5,405 5,6
2,0 500,0 500 9,2 108,7 I 10 47 21,28 2t 190 5,263 5,2
2,1 476,2 480 9,1 106,4 105 48 20,83 2t 195 5,128 5,2
'22,,23 45+,5 460 9,6 144,2 105 49 20,41 20 200 5,000 5,0
43,1,8 140 9,8 102,0 100 50 20,00 20 205 4,878 4,8
2,1 416,7 120 10,0 100,0 100 52 4,8
2,5 400,0 400 10,5 95,24 96 54 19,23 19 210 4,762 4,6
380 I 1,0 90,91 92 tt6 18,52 l9 2t5 5,651 4,6
2,6 384,6 87,03 88 58 17,86 lB 220 4,545 4,4
2,7 37A,4 380 1 t,5 83,33 84 60 17,24 17 225 4,444 4,4
2,8 357,1 360 12,0 80,00 80 62 4,2
2,5 344,8 310 12,5 76,92 76 64 16,67 t7 230 4,348 4,2
340 13,0 74,07 76 66 16,13 16 235 4,255 4,0
3,0 333,3 320 13,5 71,43 72 68 t5,62 16 240 1,167 4,0
3,1 322,6 320 14,0 68,97 68 70 15,15 l5 245 4,082 4,0
3,2 312,5 300 14,5 66,67 68 72 t14,7 15 250 .1,000 3,8
3,3 303,0 300 15 62,50 64 74 14,29 14 255 ::],922 3,8
3,.1 294,1 380 16 58,82 60 76 13,89 14 260 3,846 3,8
3,5 280 17 55,56 56 7B 1143 265 3,6
3,6 285,7 280 lB 52,63 52 80 14,51 270 3,774 3,6
277,8 264 19 50,00 50 82 13,16 '3,704 3,4
3,7 270,3 260 20 47,62 48 84 3,4
3,8 263,2 250 2t 45,45 46 86 12,82 t3 275 3,636 3,2
43,48 44 88 12,50 12,5 280 3,571 3,0
3,9 256,4 ,1n ,, 41,67 42 90 12,20 t2 290 3,4{8 2,8
4,4 250,0 40,00 40 S2 1l,90 t2 300 3,333 2,6
4,2 238,1 %0 23 38,46 38 94 1 I,63 1 1,5 320 3,125 2,5
220 24 37,04 38 96 I 1,36 I 1,5 310 2,911
'tr, II Loaotla ,J 210 25 35,71 36 98 ll,ll lt 360 2,778 99
200 26 34,48 34 t00 10,87 lt 380 2,632
4,6 2t7,4 33,33 34 105 10,64 10,5 400 2,500 2,0
4,8 208,3 190 27 32,26 32 110 t0,42 10,5 450 2,222 1,7
5,0 200,0 190 28 10,20 10 500 2,000 1,25
it,2 192,3 10,00 l0 600 1.667 1,0
5,4 185,2 lB0 29 9,525 9,6 800 |,250
5,6 178,6 t70 30 9,091 9,2 I 000 1.000
5,8 172,4
6,0 166,7 170 31

32

88 :oprnlgse! €aJelJeioJd r( u.rntrn:is.* ll

gIur1riupa1uzear:uudsol.rlbeJaI0Ju0rl9.ndueunnpyB1ei..J9l1N1u,11uupj"rln'e'lplouoilerdnuetrl.gr (3'cos)-c : ltt tn zo?ueJJ InrErunN
-- (d) z 'rY

pJArl o-Jlul asul.ldnc (sqr) c glEprB) BUII
(ru 6O'lga) vnf 996 e op oJrJ njlued
Inrgunu p1u1ze:de; "oN airqn.rnf ep _J. It zaltsua 1n;gunN
t -"'n(sp,t9ga1
uI zoiaurg "aN

'9J^ll o-rlul (sqt) o aLIolJs'.1i
Eylzutiezof.idgagr gtaeNeuir!qne;eniafuergp (sp.{ ooetz J
asul.rdnc tdAt
a;11 n.t1uad
Inrpunu "aN
zal;rre 1rupurn.g

o-npcIn(JuR':(buZnSlug')gg1gVul)1)ze9a[:;ndr9a1'r3o9d-..1ul1gu1eeiareqisanuu;rn:rdgl _-:(s_p(,isOqgrg)t cI -__."^',' pleuglclord gu11
I(sqr) ep e;11 n;1uocl
oaN zeliluo yn.tgun1g
('p,i OtA) j :Qa -'v'
I(nrJuE'tu('gnFSu SZg)'lguy$pz)asetgdf,ra^6trylogoa-BNrlulur! nlelnszuecrise:dunerogp ruqurncl n.lluod

"aN ze18uo 1n:qurn11

p,r.l1ced
-soJ Bo]?lrluEc rS (oue;iJ ul
FlEur c
-udxa) ;11 Iocu rlrp rlglriuec reun 7

B rJlau ug eou13un1 o.llurp 1n1.lode.r :tN U]N crJlou InJPlUnN
glurzasdas Jr] lnun u qlnr n.ililod
uN ui eaiourg ueriors 1n11;

'(sp,(00f71: pds un eco;eoap) lri 1uuo1ieu.la1u1
-cadsar lnrrJ rrp tztuf, ggp 4 e orqrl
ug eelelna.tts ulutze;do; JIJ Jnun E (pds) z nus lebel lnllr.L
glnr n.rlued ueliocs 11llll eaieurg sI
u! (arq[) C ul cr.rlaul InlirJ

pc ol$ eg ''airulprearctsls9e;gIn'9rJ: JaluaP un -: IltxoJDi

urp l;lau 7 _J luixr)az lnilrJ
op 0006 e aue;B ur ealelna;E e1u1z
-ardar .111 !nun B r;aruop u1 eoiourg

'rjlcru trl ElBru
-r.ldxo .rr1 Ioce ulp oJecaJuo pur8unl
rlol1unJenuonrulee;5crur1loelualeInlnlell;ld glurza.lclo.t
- iUI
ul uaiaurg

!4au 000 91 e rrrlcadser InJrJ ulp :XE
eolelne.rb
erua:5 ut

pJulzaJdoJ JrJ rnun u xarE u1 eefautg

ulau 000 1JIIelneurn'u^elBp.re8xdausle1u; zIlenulrzallJinoeuu;tlEgp _ xal

Plulzarclal

rrfel:asqg 1nc1ec op erielag erfelog eJslOJatUnU

op Inlnuolsls
saJrunuacl

Ielpuoru ueld ed alezlllln elryol JolorJI olu aleloJerunu 0p elotuelsls
gI olagDJ

, ,.in,,{urrclic de iraturt procesului dupl ('are se face {inr'1ca {irului" aceastit
poate si creascf,, si scadir sau, in mod accidenlal, sA liurtiuii nemridificati.
ln orice irnprejurare in care se face corectatrea sall cletennirrarea finelii firelor.
aceasta trebuie inteleasa, clin prurct de vedere al proiectantrrlui de tcsittrrri-

irr lr'ei moduli :

finetea noruiiralir, r:are este finefea presclisir in planr-u'ilc tle {ila j. in
stand-arclcle pi nolurt-.lc int('rnc ale tesiiturilor si t'arc cste {inefea ce so uunii-
reste a se oblinc iu cadrul operafiilor cle filare ;
realii, ir diferite contlilii date. r't'rspcctiv firefea
deter-minfaintrei lpeea de aparate ; eiet:tir-ir
cale expelinterlalri" inclicatd

i;lrirn-ic.pfeinet:a!ereu itor,ectatii. respettiv ret'alculati dripii un proccr ulcclnic r.itn
l-a supoltat firul intre tirnp (tlublure,
ritsttt-'ire. r:ablare. rnulc-

ier,e. albire, yopsire. nrercerizarc et.) sarr fincfea rrorectatit irr ltrnc{ie dc rrmi-

rlitatta admisibil:i ( [abela 16).

Tabeia 16

Umiditatea admisibil6 (tepriz,a) stabilitd prin conven{ii intcrnationale
pentru iiecare categoric de fire (libre)

,\latcria prirrd Repriza

0k

llrmbac, iibrS si iir 8,50
Irire de cord din btrmbac 6,50
7,00
Fire dr.. vigonie tip B (;i de;euri de burnbac) 12,00
13,75
Irr si ci,nepi (libre 9i lire) 12,50
Irrta (fibre pi Iire) 12,50
6,25
A,\anila. firc l1,00
Sisal, Iire 11.00
9,00
Ka n lre 1 1,00
t8,25
A\irtasc rrattrralir (inclLrsiv tnatase Trrsah) 17,00
A\Atasc ;rrtificiala vlscoza 17,00
I\atasc ariiiicialri acetat 10,6i
A\al as.' I ri if iciala ct t 1,ro-s1116s1i6-.1i' -r.50
Lirrii pieptdnatS, f ire 0,10
Lind cardatd, lirer
1.0{.)
\iisonio tip L, Iire 5,01)

I.-ire dirt proteice 0,10
Firc sirtteiice polianiidice (PA) 15.00
Firt' sirttetico l,olicsrcrice (PE)
l.'ire sirrtetice polinitrilacrilice (PNA)
Firc sinlctice polialcoolvinilice (PA\')
lrire sir.rtetice polivirrilcloridice (PVC)
Fire de hirtie

3.1

9t

'(g1 e1equ1 'r) 't-trtL.r.rtttrrtt rttttr 1tt1s elusturl r*
.,Lftr.reda.rd urp elrric.rotio EOt?p'aluauodruo.r €,lllttll It?tLl lles'B,aiOUII ?qu[lqcs lt
ilrec 'gcrSolotrrlel arieledo g.rn8urs o plroc[ns InJIJ F,)]?p 'ulueuodruoc P.mSuIs
r) BqrT: PS elE0d a.re:t 'B-'rrlrzotl nes q.rrleFrru cluolu-t o J]!i, a f trattttrlt;q

Ht:;Hl-,.rr!riJ.lIoI!lsprurJrlrp.rd?rerdleol.urderut?uiauudrxseclneslu"pr,e,p,"u.t".rnd.r,t''Jr it,*TtiP:t:lat;ql"BntlilJi .'rto"1-r,.tm'11#ps,ct,:i1:n o.rqcarolcl

ol) aIoIncIEo u! eJuseceu ecl1ce.rd elep rlo .)1.)({Pl os-nplrrlrttolu! '.IolB.IoquI oli
aqo.ld urrd urrrurJelap eluod os oe.l?srtt11 ap .r1cso:ro.trl rr1 r-lirrelsqns- op oJJp.rertl
o1, 1e"rdu nc oJr?cJFru! ap InpBxC 'rrirtttlttoa ep ri irrln.nl il r^rlr?lJeJoo eajeurl
ap ariaunl uI a.ruloaro.rd urp e11nze.r BS arnrlaJl aiprl 'epn,t;t rt"rnlpsai elrlursal)
r[ ,).ruleoro.Id u1 olerjnrr Jlep uc Jln:]s()rrlr.) luri ,).ilr.) 'l.nslrrrj r* o.re.rcnp;rd c1r
elacaco.rd r3rlrtp alulprza,r 'aleury eltiaurJ r( ;rlrurrsop €l op ece.rl B oll llelelts
-ararr qlsrx?'glrull e.rnlpsai clse (elerirur i)Tps cl.rlep) pclul rp rlzpq.rer'eprl.r.r
-;'r)l.t.rulrlrllguesrlPel j,lrrlull)urrrdrrlsllrrilplulsr?1.rln.r1.r)ur.rInor1?.rlsd.rrrror1r.lrrrr';[.rr.r'..,rrr,ror0p1lr1aJ1lnssai1\p,1)]u1':rro.rr'.l;).rrrr,rrrnr;;Jtrlrt_rrrrr.r{lpo.qr(apllilalrl)rIrnlrtr1oiir)druoururIrrouBrur,)l.urnrr!.l:))lc'aa,r.;orlo,)a{ploo1anl.))
'o,b a! ('llJ o'tul()i)ltPza1t'.t.t;rtlr1;rttt
aP eli)s-oto.tcl rirlrrp llllll.ll.l ll l)itllll\
',r.ttruFa.tthut

.({1rs ol, ea.re"pr".reursdttnrl3es aeleJuaorerilrtup!tseepiuorl?rrlsruc[urllsIl1ll1l.l).llrlIa.rtt:r:e].irar-rtrrur!J-..r rxx-aal;
: a"ret^rtrr1 ltes
: o.rrrsrurT ednli nn. aJJrelc{{! ?dnp rllr:llo.ro.) rilllr.rr{ . taierti{ e,;so
: a,rtc ut

(o) , a,+000I0I xa) .'_ r\a]

lntlr?c cP llrlllli).r lltrrsol(,.1 .).)lr l ili .r o I ll .) .1 lr s I iI I T
!11 rr 1r lrlri c.rerJI.)rrI tsdnp.t {)lJ.rrJ tr;r.ruli,J.r():l'a'e'B'e't

aI I'b6: 9'6tI na - :+1.'61 001 '.\al

S gOf ' ,.0 + nr)t 96

: plprz,),r (8) trriula.r pu1';rr1dy '11;9'g ap alsr':rutltrrrtrl

-u1'.rrua !llqlslurpu l?Jlutrpruilr op JrlculU uI rnlil.ill Irieull ua.rultJ.IOr.r,rJ) 3s '9';9'zI ,,r'.t

Jlelrprtun o u[ .r'xJl c6 all uJioulJ oJB !r') trsLrr.,]s3.{o1ulo([nl iI] luzlluuu sDqurrlq ep rr] uil
'EIlqlsJulPtr DllsJIlriltill Jl) '|ri,tnrJ u! Itllllrr.l tri;rttl ;.,.1pttr.tol ttrlultl Jtr:71:r ap n1chuitt:'4

'oln ri!'(1n.r1artroqrsdo.rlc,r1,r rrus .r.turrorirpuo,r .r1r

pBolnulleunrctrn1l:tnlu:r.ratxl ar-llalrpui)rL.rro.r1.)ul.Jrol)t1rpnllneJl)r.li)lrlr.n!,r\{rlrl.)n,)llo1cu;ucalurulrr.prorduxron - a!)

! 0,rrr1 -91 t,)1.)(ll?J lrr.r(,frro,)'1uzr,rcle.r) r.rllrlrsrrupu ue]]lJrprr{nl J

i .ro1r"roqu1 op alu.rrtde n.,

1n1rratrruarll,) t)olrr rr1 :rrllr:.rr[ E]uulru.ralep'garlaeJo uaforrtl l' xal

i !ltqrsttri[)lr l?,)l lr] t['ttrf n aP orjctrrr ; rtl l^l]1?lr]?Jo3 rr;rjairrl 01.^a "lta1 : o.leJ u!

(e) ' l-r-'xo'l a,l i- 00 I -'rJl
r+001

Jl) arj:rItnrirrlqll ap uriula.r pulsoloJ r.)Pl .)s !I !qls rilrllP BJl rt rl) rurr1
IcrTI llirttr t rlir.rlrI,),).ro')'l'illr. l
tr! .ro

{* il

Tabela 17

Date experimentale privind pierderea de substanth proprie sau adausul de substan[e
adi{ionale
ci,stigate de fire in procesele de preparatie qi finisare

(se considerd inclusiv firele din lesituri)

Procesele din preparaJie 9i finisare Nlodilicare+a, masei firului

0lo

Incleierea iirelor
Pirlit

Dezancolat

Tuns pe o parte
Scbmogat pe o parte
Fiert sub presiut-te la aLrtoclavd
Fiert ldrd presiune (deschis)

Albii

Spa I 2l

Mercerizal.
vopsit

Im.primat.

Apretat

t" io;",36E3ix;e;;lr;in'r';iplluiaidr,-.tc.pf.c.i'ia"ntl*ai.ti""lftip"^le-irni1itell.tuiccleotlifunecclutlcalirreoerarea,tfoifni.ncse-llaiciacfiollenusalutlaritaaitnuonfuiunniccl{rlicireadrdeccmcautcrtlaaaspotr:seubtletmltulebpetrrs"uginbcsalt.caifenor{setrt
;;
i" 5olo. Rezulti fin"1." Iirului incleiat cstc c'!c:
"-a
tex I : 13,33 *: \13,996 tex 14 tex.
iex,: -!-91q0t 0 100

-":T'-'#diii*i;aa,;ip..,;lrr;ertt.tt"raAtlrlrtt;il.otu,rserix;ioiae"r"mlpinpdiir'lelupiotrao,dorleedctc"eecczaso,alpenci""lcue,-o,l"".i"-iopic"i,-e,rl"n,pt',itiiir";"uti"t;'pa.tc;*".os"xu1aScbicic;"t'a.p1c.rrseco"usa.nbitsrsfjniiiti,tael-lee,n.,i1.{lio:aii,i.ol"b{,pii1lttrf',eorirlcssuue[pitlnuilticarunIiltE'd.ftu,miegnsaebcerutciinmecl'r-ahidzgaeactceta'auclcdvtaauaottl{opeaisscup{istrlr'lcie$niimnisdappudirepioamrurolasicsnritsedulaaqe-.i

mu'" urg"b'i"r "

tr; 'j-!',r,0

I)actr o teseturl de fire cle bumb:rc cle {inc{e 20 I_intecxlcian fuirlzceloarlf,in9ileinstrbtuit'eatufinflittdrart'ia la iinisaj
i,r*a."ri,Siirl" """i"t* dc mai sus, {i
:

"ul"ulul"i

:trre^cx"_: 2!vo _199__1l'5 rT,z tex"
100

Itezulta cd pr.oiectantul de lesdtuli va calcula pararnetrii contexturii, de exemplu diamctrul
ii""iri-a" ;'r.ala 9i de lrat1irti, cocficientul cle upmropl"c"rre",ioc,ocd{eicipcrnctluulcrdaereclc;isim{ien, islianirnedl-asecaamrae
intotdeauna tlc valoarea i;;tji-'.;r;.;; conform
va fi supusi lesatura.
1.2.8.2.3. Corectarea finelii lirelor dupir rasucire
sau cablare se face folosind relafia:

tex":, tex6 _--100 ' ( l0)

IUU _ SI

36

Lt

'lrflnJlil;) l.l Jlllu{l lltlF,lt)}P.lu{lllI Jl) ol)0t

-,)'il l){n${)l{!'.l1r.n1lJi.lrr1ll-rr.rirlrctlpu l.r ii.u.rlisl,!u L1 o;rtotl Itlitr;Irj. 1rr lir,r.tutltl rr .r).litt1r:{T
ii l^:1tr..r;:.itt Ji).lol,)ii.l iillil"ti.!tll':)ii) lr.iili:.ttrtl '.to;r:5rit1o
-;l)l)lolJ)lr-Jllrlrcia!a!i..)lB]'si;j)o.tr.ultrqnrrrrr1.irl{urllitsrr.rlrirrr,l.,prmdslrr.o:riillouuJrrJ.rrlrcar1onu;rloIorJIiFirJirplp)utor1o!t!r:r.rrrcrlrrIirro.lriritiir1ltr.srolltjtrsii)Lilzuir}irdut't(trtc.0rr.iaJrrt;tt1ttrrli.tll.'tfcliLi,irrL.itr3rus.it.itllou.)l
) rtLl

r)JtIt.l

ua.}tt;

.rsrisG '!ilSirori.rollo,rtl lcc.rrp alsc c.rr.IJdoJu .rI l].).i'rlLl l .,.1 tr., n.r '.161;;'1,; 1i: lltir'iitl{e
l.lit).rI{llirrlttl}illrrpr'11lr..!:)lst(lltPolqirrGi:ll"rc}sil,rl_.1I5- rrl .rol;).Il.l u l-rJt.t,ldll.ltl clr
.1E:-e:!illl J.lso {.!'r ll^:riJj i;u't,ilttl iliiiLD') '.q'tl'e 'l rrir^r}
'.rolJJr j' it t1D1 t1.tnt!utot

Irr'lrdrrr.l,,'Xi .r"1"10!f:, tJ'IiiaurJJpii)lJ L:\ ar.n:)rs!.I qdnp rir1n.rr1 (c.r.ii:io.r3rr rl1:1lrls;;l) e.i.tu1
0.liJ iIop ti i' ilrlsi].1 illlit.!r.] r|iri]rl.).)rq'] 8.llirII.,l
tLl r\ .rr' r.ituI 15

'x3l qa'6t t9'9 - 00t -'s 001 'x.ll -'r;l

OI)IXi)ZXZ O()I

luJl)e:).rd lrrltlrrrr:i.r LIr li:irprit l!Jns^!lt rniil.tiJ IrirtrIJ

(rC

I I' ohti:'t =- oo u9 ,n -- ',

: ptlrlTJU uIllr f':1v !:l.t.o" .rarlrrir[)1lr 1ir:ru 'il:lirrnlu irrlu.ll)r],) i)rl .].iurIr.rie.lIil r.tilrt11 'ntttt 0l:: fl
.rurrlitrnl o u[ |rln.rtJtlrors.rol sut.ttl .rtsJ \,):i ()d7(6 Lr,ri.,,'r; Pr8.rr:'liuirqlti.rtti 1u11
?lJlxalJ r.tiur

.fp lirnsrj.r JJ liI irJIl)l1sI.r ul ]il[n]IJ IIllll.tnoS u.).ii]uILu,r,rlJI, lt-1lr-l,ir[ 1n.)1r]J ,t1t tt1Ctuax.,1

'9,,, arl as-riXrtrll"iutiu.i inltllnz.)"I '.tlj Jp r.);ttt ri::l! iittilrtittrr r.rilr rr.rtill)-L? r^::.:tl;.rotlir

rs'oJe.rn-qlrrr op inlrrB,rliBJ aaurr.rjur olgeSrltiap rlJlaulots.ioi tll .li)i,urI trJ.rrtrlsp.I

--:itluralrTiplr,llnloirllrqrIrUi!p'?ino.lrjiolrl[luuBBror,.r[nPlo{u.rIrrr.islrri)3uIuuroJn"rrr1lr?cFn?ultsJtnl.it]lrlu.r]r..lrLlpIl]tnuulr:Jd'.a)ru1iuI]lnldolzrBr:]I(.I}J.Ic)Jh_L.lurrIProl'Jr,Ic)rl.l.grIJ-locr01lir1I:;J,)s1SJllJ!.Ir>rlz^.iIr:(l.i])lii.rlii-]i7tI,\rn]iooilla3.itn"ii.1rtluBl?t{uutitl1ll:'noir:lr.Lurtolo-ncurrrI ,j?o;r:vur1r;rVrurliJ.!'
.lBr'elSaFunI a!s lnJrI'rr.lJnsfJz.)p lntlrrn'l rII'ir.rrtnsf.r llrzllJ u!'JI(.[turs.t{)Io"rtj
rr ri- 'rr.rqlqcO Inzuc ut'olrcnsg.r.I,illoJrJ uoJuzIIJ[E.ll](I r:1 lii!t[ tri[n.tiJ It.i()ns!,t
-tlz[re1l.i8]cnrrsr.$:{)sr rtr rninJ]otlrors.ro] B L?lrrlolu eutalc ai$c1o.r cr;sd'.nIrpJroi ir!]niLirIllt,,-Iot II rrulIJrl
taultrs
Js 'sncs 1sc:rl: u1 i '.rrria1o rrr c.r;llrrritt[
-Jo] ozo.rlslid ri-!s ruFlJncs E eJurrrurJelep ep Bqo.rtl iI! lllulleiuP.ril ap c1.rud u;t
i)JOTAA u! ils-npul^u'e,tuo5r,,l 1I[ pJuPiIu]s olatlltoII !.rcl[)uI r-lill.) u(E !trlItlJlcttlors
-Jol elculo[J .]Jlu! ln.rr] epur.rd os :.rolllur.ln lrrpolrr ilr pzuapcto.rd eg 'rr.rpzr1a1
-BJcd tpolcru rpnrlrnrsJorJloBJO'rJnB1:InJ.nr1cseuorporlrsl.areo1.rd1nu.1io1i naIlurqnrscalIJu8lIrnoorJuSIJo'atlluxccrlltdtturutot,crao]clJpl?oa,!s
rJrcrlsUJ qdnp

1rin1e"r pursotrol ocBI oluod os orrcnsrJ urrd rr"rqllnJs In rIlrll?ur? [ulnJlt')

(rr) , '00 I ,,'1 ,,: ',

:00I BI r$ 11 glurirtrr eaurr8unl BI EluuodsJ orlllquc rrBs e.rronsl.i.r
pdrrp z7 eaurrSunl rS'JJBIqEc nBs oJrcns?J ap c1uiuulp l1
-urp ejua.reylp ElurzeJdoJ rs oJBIqec ur.rd nBS aJrcnsli.r ur.rd flnrirrtr ueutrSunl ar1

rnln.uJ ecJBJJncq

'% .tl 'a.ru1uc nus oJr?nstr.r ur"rd rnln-rrl BaJel.rltcs rs
11rcnsp.r rnInJrJ ueiaurJ 'xal
i relqnp Inpur1 Baiaul1 Pxel
: a.nlnspr r$ arelqnp pdnp ?lelcoro? rnlrurI : eJur lrl
eaiaull alsa txal

l. :.i3.:.i.l. ]'l ri s lr l rl -r e a d i u ru c I r' rr l rr i a p a L' c n t a l f i l u l rr i.
5t Io[o.t:ii' 1lLrt11'1li'1' oplict slrr l'otr>r'lt'l'tlilt'. i il , a,lrir1 pLocedi:c[or opticr..
eiilccrtaotitlarsir',t{it'aiiFtuitta'Ai rseirrtiirPlilaiinti'eotnlrsritriiriinaplitulo'Lircrllti.irii'li,'alnirlitrta. g\.irn:iri'"rirpiirl:initer'ilaliul'icrustliliilrll}r{l,i1c1riltr
itr tlicrogr,oPrrl rli' gri'oilr'1i1' ..l'r'ojtr.tina" (.iu'r' ilirr(iarii riiatrtl,l:.Lrl tiIirr.,:rrl lrl
hgtfridarirutrnirl5[riirriiliirirll!'t{p.t'lirtr'1ioirt:'i\i{r:g)r:rtzlilatti'itir'iitliatip'tIiirt)iea.'icrulirzlitrirernla.t'pOc1a,arulalsolttrrriirrgiriln:lteIrr'lltiorollc{\lcnui'l{iji)(lt}rrriorirrtrsrl}ino:ticirIl,ir-ir1rlnL' ar(ir)jg.r.lrjr{inrlirrslrrrsi:lr.arll;'ili'rir,ltLirulrrl,'rl)llae,,siolr',tilrl).ltjirrl{llu.i'il-l

Crtlrrtlttl tlitnt,'trttltti (!lxtrett! rtl .[irttltti. I)irr currza r'ar I'iiarireutqlc si. in
:pcr'ili. iirr'[i' lilatir nu ur .r','Iittiri gc(]nr.Lfite
tr';trr.rt]r'srLlt, rlt lolltc {,iJale
rlr'-ir lrrrrgtrl tiltilirj. r'r'gnlatr'1i sirnPL,'.,tl inrr;nsiulriie j{}t s{'r,\pr;1ua pri n c;1fc {lt
Iiirtit.5-rrtr rilrllis:r'ialii rlc t,rrlr'tri itl r!irlrttilirlrri iit'rr!Lri rotir[ (.u {1 r,\l)r'i]uilt
ititr" jrr I'Lrrrliic rlr' I'irit'i,' I

d:A, lter ; n I l' i;t1,, t|:,-* j Nnr ( 12)
-

iu r.:ai r' ltotll ia I lr'plczirrtir cor:Iirrirnli rlt' llr'()ll1,r'lirilrrlituir'. i ill{)at'{.il 1or Iiilrrl
o f rur'{it' ir rit'ririlill;i aqrru't'n1e lt {ir:rrlrLi. Itenlrrr i'it't,i,' rliir rrrui-r'r.i i printr' ,lil,
lirrr. nritirit'. irr. rirrr'ililr\. r lultliit. r'ori'ilir.rrli!itl r'lr.
-rice (ltrunlrilr'" ur-r fo"t deir.r'nu'niLtc irtrii'u ir lilrt{'il fi ioio"itr, rlilrr't Pllrlorlioria-
in r.rri'.rr1,^it,
litate tlr tip I

de 1.tr'oir.'i'iirt'r (lirirr'1:r I {}).

Tnbcla 18

Valot'ile coeficientului cle ploporiionaiitate \ c:rrr inti'ir i:r lelatia clr calcui r/:.41 ie"r,
pentru lire iilamentare si liie li:aie C:rr irraterii pliiri,'clasi.rc

GrLrl;a dc iire filarrtcrtllie ;i iilatc. cl:in utatr,r-ii prnrt' tirisi, L \ iill:rt-r'lt r,riii ilitiLrltii

A

1:1,'q d,_. l)itltrlr:.li il.i)'1'll (l.t) h)(l

Irilrr rlr linil c:.rri1ail ().'l+27-*0,{l i3n
Firr: cle lirrn picp'LAnatt1, iiue {i,'rjtrii-0,1)131
T;,, . .' tJiit I r,l trt; . fli0r i,.os i),{l+{.1 I
File clirr rrltirsc niiirrralii dcgontatir
Iiilc dr: ccIrlilrlri (dc viscozi) tip lrrrrliri, r).() I 1{t
0.t):liJs
iscoza) tip llrra
li.r.llt85-0.0 1ii
Fir:c de ntiitasc rriittrlalit crudir
Fire de miiiasc I riif icielii rc-etat 0,03381
Firc c1e niitase altiiiciirle viscrizu 0.0 l1t81l
Firt, dc nt:i1a-sc :rrlilici:rlai lri,rnherp l),01139!l
Firt din pclianricle 0.n37:)
Firc c1e in 0,0.r71

t).illlL 0.0ilrr

38

6t

'9.x'000rl 9'0

(gt) xat,l I ,

(gr) 'r.r.000t t :.1

\al '

/l

(ri) :,,x-0;:0}r0.)I7

(er) : t'Q . T . / . )L:r)q.zl -: l)

: airriula.r pursol()J 'l ,rlrliprrrori.rorlo.rtl .rlr lrrlttar.r.l Jr).) ri ritln.r.l ln.IlJtinlrlr JzJl
-lt.)rt:.) ;)s l-?s .n?:^a.)r)lr o,:ls.) r.illzl?J JlsoJll tr1 'tiuetrO('lul().) '--'() tl; trrrlrl ,rs-[PtttF
-rtrrl'rr ''l1a e.IutI.Ia]'o.retrrtl r.nl,)J]saItIir tl!'i].)rla]ilrs.].r(lt.l tt.) ']ll?.tttllltt ').t([rl i)l)
l.lll,r,Ilsi)lllll tlll) i)l1?ll1 eJll tlJ l[nttt lllttl J.) tlI,),) IIII) t]Zll').l.rlll \)-{ ll.lillii'.,i ttl

lZl'Lt 8Zl'0 0l ll,l'Ll :Ll'\ 61 3il0 (l lll A'0 ilr.0 I9a^0 8t-' 6t:9't) !-('l
tiel'{) !f:l'0 I I ti I'0 tli I't) 6 t ui a'0 ()!e't) 8tr'0 r)94'i) Bt f t 9'0 0! l
Iil'() 68t'r) I I 0e Bte'0 9!6't) I 9tl'U i_..'t, 0l 6!(j'(r tt/_l
8et'o irJ l'i) f-l I'0 IBI'0 0a t:17,'0 l9a'0 (iira'i) 8le'0 Zl 999'0 lll

l,l lr] \t l'rr t l -til_l'0l'il f:81'0 ta 8!e'0 g!)a't) l-ta'0 tise'0 rt rl89 0 o8l

gsl rr

9t I'1) ()!l'r:) l.l I8t'0 IBI'i) 3faf i'!,4'() trlA'L) lsl''t {10(:'l l,l '-6'-'r ' 'lt\l

it I'() all'0 il asl'0 6sl'r) a; I1..'() tllt: () ssa'u 8ba'0 soll'u uOa
sr l'0 f:91'0 r'i //a'() !6A'0 i 0ft'0 09 f a9'0 016
(Jl I'() l!'1'(] I I !81'() l6i'0 ag.aa, ti8a'0 a0fi'0 GIt:'0 7,9
ij! t '0 !i! l't) ! t lSi'0 f frz'0 |6a'i) 11.9'0 9a,a
'01i8 l t:GI'() ti I6a'0 00U'() {) l['0 ()zu'O 99 699'0 gf:a

!6 '0

1

I.!l'r) !'!'l't) !l l(il'r) -ill'() t?, a()€'0 i It:'0 0r.ll'i) {)ttl'0 09 089'0 Ll![
ell't) 8!l'l) l1 l0l'0 (ioa'{-) 17, 0lti'l] oall'O 0uu'0 ()l tr'0 lg (,()/'0 Oia
l'_l'() ti._l{t ,:l !; 0zu'0 6atr'0 0r 8'0 8qu'0 89 :6t0 08i
r:rll'(J i:: ,i{j t,i l tt'r) zr fl'0 c!g'r) tjgfl'0 7,: 99|a I0 I
g! i '() 09 I '0 t!) lre ti t'0 90u'0 99ti'i) !:F:'a 9/ gB/'U 0lr:
sir I't) I {la'il

9CI'0 I9l'0 9l lUz'O r|a'0 Sa :f fl'0 6!)fi'0 08U't) a6i:'{, i 8 618'0 ,i/i;

Sgl'0 Zgl'0 9l l0;'r..| 0la't) sa 8l.t:'0 !8ti'0 8(it'0 0ll'0 a6 €/8'0 Or)i'
691'() l!I'0 !)l
0!ll'Li !Jl'lJ lI lile'0 t,la'{) sa a6f :'0 90r'0 s I I'i) lel'0 001 906'0 U:'
I9 I 't) 991 ',J lI {ri)l'ii !,ia'Ll Jt IOt 'rJ l H. 't) :lei '0 li l'() !'lll ':9{i'0 lU:-
e9l't) 891'0 ll I la't) 5 Ia'0 ()!l tlI I '0 ()l i'i) tlil tr (rl I 940'l 1r!j!
!ia(] [.,.;'g 1,1 '( tti 'i) 0ll'l 089
{ila'l) \)ZZ,'t) ) !r3f '0 I.16'I 09/
7,t', gat '0 r)i t'rl a$'0 098'l ()00 I
tgl'1,) 6(ll'0 li I ;04'(l (jez'() aii 8f:i'0 agi 't) Itr'O cBl:zt l
I I I '0 r'I ltzz'j 8ff'0 J fl 7,lt:0 /tll,'O l8t '0 gtil
991 't) 86f-'0

,ill'(r 6ll'ij sl 1-t) 69i'() !8t'ri ()(r!'l) !If't) 'JiI
hlr l rr i _ l'lr ri I gtt ilt '0 a6i-'u s(]!'() ira!'0 0!I
U_IU !/I'U riI UC;'U -t; U
If;;'tr aia{r

)L1r2tl(lrl"' tl soll I-l -'l)uellqtl"r-,,s,,0u,Lt-rrl'l,eJ.pr 51_1i11_1,t;t:it-i) Jlrr p

-.)iu al) rP ._-ta,r:c.t.' ,)r)0 -atLt,,;, -'111.'; JigP -,i Il.)
-,,,,i,, - l tr') .1r )lJ.r rl
lrr,t.rt'r xa+ xJ] \il \J}
-it.,t,i' JCI 'r1l:lrl:1 1 '. r
lt. l)
.ii)l,i.r1j ill p -roi,rir{ IB ii .t,,1 ,.|1 1[ 1r

lutu ul aleuudxa'a1dtuls'to1.t.lil Jil? ilil:lnJIc) itlJiiJtrlul([

6l DlaqDJ

.11,; r1at1u]) !i.)ur.l Jp li]ut.rrr-\ gruui o rt.rlultI t1t:it t.r1t[.,ttl t( lrJlrl).tll.) r:llll :.,r](ltlrrlrI
Jll.i{)[!).lll JoIi}.IlJllll:Il) JIu eisln]Jl]' I.I0Illl Il;).}|.}(ill].l].ltIJlt|.lcll ')l).1.]1\l\.,|

sau

d.:A /tex, (16')

in care : d este diametrul firului, in mm ;
G unitate de greutate;
V - unitate de volum;

L unitale de lungime;
r' 0,5d,inmm;
-_- a {irrlu, in glcm2.
Do densitatea aparenta

ln relalia (16), partea inchisa intre linii intrerupte esle o constanti pen-
tru nn anumit iot de fire si se noteaz'a cu A.

'1A_- /os I (l 7)

looo.n.bd '

Eremplu cle calcul al cocficientului cle proporfionalitate :1 6i al diarnetlului firului d,
in mm:

J ull lot de fire fabricate in diferite fineli, dintr-un ainestrec terrlar
cuprinzind 60 l'6 fibre PE + 200/o Iina + 200,0 fibri PNA au o conrprritiirlc

caracterizatd printr-o densitate trparentd de 0,480 glcmz. Reznltf,

A- :o,s f rootr x sJa x o,qeo o'o5l 2

Pentru un fir avincl finetea 28 tex. diametrul va fi

: : :d. A ylex o,o5l2 X 5,2915 o,2To9 mm . (17',j

'1. 2.8.4. Filozitcr.tea firelor. Pilozitatea este acca caracterislicdL cle sriirra-

fa![ a firului cale rezidd in faptul cir suprafala acesteia cstc acopel'iii t'u
extrernitali de fibre, capete de fibre plesnite in lungul corpuiui firului, buclele,

fibrele r,ebele (fig.7). Filozitatea firelor influenfeaza tu$cul gi aspectui {esii'
turii 9i este sursa principali a apariliei efcctului pilling. Gradrrl cle pilozit:rtc

al unui fir sc apreciaza priri mirirea c,;efi-
cientuiui de pilozitate Cp. care se deter-
ruini clin relalia

in carc : C' o: lt (18)

dp

d7 csLe diarnetrul aparent al firului dcter
minat prin ilctotlr:-. f otomei.ricc
carc tin scrrna rlc rrrariniea cape-

ffi$&N ffiffi Up telor de fibrcle ce irnbraci srlllra-

f a1a f irului, in mm ;

diarnetrul, in nim, aprri-'nt al firu-

lui determinat prin rneloria rlc
proiec{ie si mlsurarc a acestnia.
Fig.7. Filc cu cli{clitc gracle ile pilozitat, care nu tinc seama de f illr'clc de

pe suprafa!a fimlui.

firuluViaploerilueirdciacrrnaent,rufalufiitadpearmenatsoubralirneuatefoptoreinlemctirriscudr,ars:e.inatdrinreaci tr:nl iaci.llrAociecacsliteiri
diferenle se clatoregte fibrelor detaqale, care" iu cazul proier:1iei di:iniciruiui
{imlui, nu sint lrrate in consideralie. Regularimetnrl \iicluha reuneFte. intr.rrrr

40

tv

.rEi,i,".gtro.trri,qip,ui1r.t1Jr1.rdct!o"rj'.r"i"pi,1ll..r,,f,r,aqsa,i1:'o.ljJyr.,lcrtei6*..oiurr0rl",fg9aiarstii'rr1pJ'or!:ili1c|ernicxra4p.y.4qur6.-'rrJer11Fe.lgou1lirronlcl1eq1lri61r.ols,reuliellJrlez.sdr1iract6'1sotc.ceir"o€pcraeaeloeo;Bleriueauplrqn.rlolrrlue'ualuplndl;cirxoIucJruIe;ulod]egSlilcslopr]Z9qlIJFdiZnPou:d1oslpt!JalIloagirer?sc'q7url]ouluelrlJllleui6ei;eoclcllIel.ll:']rarrlp'cceo4crJ:eodo17Bouduldlroepl-purnutis-urdctq-Borra.)tnrrlr:1is'io€arpuodu"L'o!o.l'rtldurcc';aiq'1ddcJ€lJ,cgn'Sr"suoB.u'r1lcoo'aoJIa1ru]B.caur61D'e"atl0IJt,rup.aJs2or:apnlcrdr9;str"'tJqr:(liurrflo.fJl?1uou,y;ise1ncui3a1l1rnop[fur'y'r.eu3al.;zlu"o]dlpPru"une'.eaoVrnUJlIpdlqduJp1

J.iolig:J,l!ri;JruJruo.,Jr]:u.ilrJreo1a]1p,,urlio)oIduloluili.lusorJ.lrt|nr.,rrl!l!q.Jr"sn"aes1iigl)*rui1turl,uriJu"r.jyrBlBtiJl,ncars1Jqne.rpor'u,oIol.rrp-lc.rrl9"luput!.!',e":r1zssrEroS*cl0aic:e.lBrt.uerura.crcar-esl'7cl'cdB!J:rllrs?urIc1lrBl1'l!asudrnS1s6eqlllaquIauiauiu;lrsr:utd-z1cclr''eItr.ldrrrolluB(co3tL.'rroleeia.B'rlpnrJqd[l]ezorrup:^o!^FIouaEalrelDrDBaPr
'#1qr1linrxl.1a,l,sz'lir-';b,zJr'.c::rr,oreul5u[0'ZliuziEiri"us-tac1cltsa3.llz'i1eaDq.eruJloruirlpJrlr.l-rlraearr.tcidrlrussJo.PBEIllnlluuuoaa.!ruplDsorreztcrlr.sBr.s1rululoljeorraPrci.gI'Dpclqe[lqounrrBcuuqrnreuq'rlndeoqtP'uxarc'peT]dl,Jru0ilrJlIou'tuJuprilnp;o'lrlrIrallrrrur'IxraD]cJ)1loPa0u71Z1tian'u?1lyitp3r1luus0pariJ9lxtut2glor'ttJre:.roa'rJuruUppl
fo.iolJ.rrJ u'l11e1r1u:t i).i.)pJ^ 3ll laund urp'ua.ilr.ruduroc ul J:ls.r€olo] r.tlt{u.r ap u.}rur3un'I

: : # :'Lrrr 6r rx ooo 6r
ooo I iT

o.).jri ]:.'J 0U BrlrilrJ 'zao ts:l3B ul JB rgl5gtunaP'c.lrlal;fdl?ntlrlotcupi;rtrrluPrrI8rJunqlltIsxurlunr)llpaop e'radn'L cp liultJes
pui^r cequnq ep ap nltlunrg

.{}iirlljrilriJJ nes t^rir1133fls liilalsrza.r I6 A}SCntnu Ieru es JJadrLJ ap earur8unl

';3 u1 'o-IadnJ cu lluIcJBS tl
: ru{ u! 'alodn; ap ueurrEunl alse r? : oJBc u!

(or) 'tuN.d:t7 nBS f OOOI:r7

: reriela.r

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,ro',rioun":'fcl1irlsrII,rri1no1pJr1.rr"r6arEo5",surrloe'nerJ..peoy.arrcr1lcucosa.rLoeti8lerstioerr;ptnoIuBer'tler'o.ia^llprtnl.1ru''l1l'Fcn"r5r"a11SIjJ*rnJ.iJ;rre"fiIrbp,JjIJoi"{rIresJBFonrltricc'tdhpulle[lnrrrp^'l.uresetrqVJti'o,,rB"Toplaofdu,llor'il€gpdr5a9cd.rpll'nnl0tn:ilFlrtpanJoroqr'ulJciapuen]narwlurubBcuiul'rrl'zrrnorog€aoo,dcI:llgepelri'1u'luporualBorneeu.ooqu1rJnlcrouiu6oatprusulJdoora-Elonclucuure1BJcEIuullI'lpsuprlInnaolurnfslu!lincoa]tuAllrlwue;snaulJclzlrlge'nez1old1JouBr3puld'drl-lc'eesioouperdllreapcoeo'l'ruuruJJuereednlrltntludFuduoreuuelrasullreros:cd1!)

,\. lrrrrgillrr,l,.r'upelr.t'"tt't[iIt't't'rt1a rl'' lurigirri,'-\l ,iirrilt']rrrtgitu'-:a Iii'LrlLri
irr rrrortrtulrrl lrrlrclii si lrrngirrrrla irrilialir (rIislarr{a irrtt','t'|'rtie}tr rIirtutttotttclt'tt.
lLri clle s,'iir .,ll lt.grrla. i00 rrirtr) 5i .11 r'11rt'irtrit irt ttltl (rrirrrrsirt'itltsohrtii) satr
lrr,or:r'nlrrll lrrlii rlt hrrrgirnea rlt' f il initialii, in crrle crrz r{-' 11()t'itzij ,'rr iit,^r",t
gf{'('eils('ii e li s(' nunre5tr' alurrgil'e |t'littir-a 34n -s1tet'i{ir'it.

f: (20)

t,,

,\ltrrrgir','rr l:r rul)('r'(' :r Iirrrirri (alLrrrgir',:a tolalii rt,.) ,''te o rl,'loL'rrtarc la
irttirrrllrc ir..iiriir prin llirrr!iLrrri' rr Iilrrlrri ti lrrprirrtie {r'r'i t'orrtIorrerrlr':

t:stt'.-lit.r1il1.1'1l1il1,;r'1'1r1' ;1rrl'rr'irrlrrcriairtrlilrir^rirrl,i''rtc,,ir (elirsti,'itirtr'a). r'itri'rii5lliu'('sl)ontrrn ''irr,l {ilrrl

ia trl'i' rt lt<t',1 srrpri::
rt--llur'-,llrortrlrllr,rr'('lul)oou1rr'rn(]n'atauri-'rtri'l''(lrr','('iii,rtlrriF.r,'ritl;ri:rtrs'r'r(rI)'nir-r'(r'l:''ii1rirl'risl,(ctr1iri/^r)rtr1i('r'rr'rr(rrI'Iu,u,),pr,xlrrli(r.rtl^i'urilirrrtlei.lrritiraisr'r,ilt'iit,trar'rilrnal'eitrcilttt'ltizrtu'iilttninrrtituiatr)tIto.itirii'r1)1:rir:reitrl:sitrt'rill.'iusiap('rat'ilrrrra'Irr|tttrirla'rt(-l'
rlirr
tiaI
t'rttrtirtl riii
(r'lst'tl(r'tir't](t,tri'nr.'s(i'n'lxr'ltl'ttlrtrtt'lti(r'ittltr:i! l)('tIti'u l:t't'ioltrlir ,1,. lirirp corr.irlr'l':i1ii. i',
il('esI s{rl', rr'litiiilr.:

(lt: tt(, a OO -y a,,., : (2r)

0c=Li(): ep+l(l) ;i a,,:f (t) \221

I)r'rislttttix'tt. r'sit n{'i'r'sill rll r','iilrul litlitrr! r'i Iil'rit ittirr,l {r iliu'r',.lrllrii-
ritt:tllttrri:()rr{llcril'(lr,'iiielr{il'oiitltii'ritllutr:artstt,ilirrlltr|'ir(a''rsi'litl'iitl'rlii'r{l.'esi((r''r{lll'il{e' l[\u)ol{''lir\'rri'ir=i\z(l|r''rirrul{tfl)0ot!r'ir}rIiruui!!'rI'{r']ssiretlr(r'r'li:ti-irliiitrtirlrt'cltiilrrsrlip,r'ttt1e',rn'|ostrlliirorrrrr'tftllit:rsitlir,1"-i
() rttar'r'rlrrritt:i rlr'1rrrt'trrt'r'r':t oltit'r'tc corrlr'r'Iit;ilrtr;i rlttte irr Ioiosintri. l,'irelc
ltr o rlt'lr:r'nliu'i' r i:t'ot'lu.iir':t Ioaltc riiart' tr' pr','l rrct'r'irzri dititil. irr -sctisul tii
tt:."iitttt'1. (rliiLrlr)liit:LIi;'i\t('or(l'e, stclt'lrt''5,lic'nll1)r''l(]uflu, r(r)irs'((','rir('o'rrlretirttLlrri'rl'e-rltiti-.iiiurulloirllfil'iIti'r't,llitrrrurlgrri.'irfiirrr,irlr't.'tr
I'ezultint[

r,rlrtlirlii ;rrortin{ttlr'. il:pr'('I rirlirritiit :rl sttl;r',ilr'1r'i its;itrrt'ii r'tr'. liir','1,' r'tr
r', niiill r'u1rir,'itatl tlr: rlcJ'ornralt cllstir'ir ('r.r iirtilzit;rc (r iscoelastieil). ('un] sirll
Iilelc Iiliiii'::irr I!larrrnrtiirc rlirr Poiirtrt'r'i sirrtrrtit:i ti coPolinrcri rI('cc:itii ()
lJlc(i{ ul}tr(' iilostlrilrl. in tirrrprri lrlclrrt'r'ririi. lrr cr:t'u ('(' l}r'i\r'sir rLrrilolrr;itut,'u
tt:ri.sirlrii l'ir','i,,r'lrr rrlzit" irrtltliirt. lcrtr.t. {r'irrirltu:lrlrti rlt'rLrz('llii irr tinrpul
Icselii. I'rjtr:rt'r't'. I'ilrr[r.ri rle lriitiitrrri lrr sut lir'rL ltr:.
\lrrlrg-ilcil sirt'r'il'ill l lirrrirri {'s1('lrrr ltitt'lrtttirrr rlc'cit[itntc t'lLt- iutct'r-'-
seitzir. irr ('l{ir lir nriisul'ii" 1srnt'trcr'ltrirrrro('lnogltr.zitl.pi ri',,i;cir-tjarirgrtr.rlt)telrriiirlloIiru's'(i'jirtirsriiittsait.rrii'na tlt'l.or-
finnl,
lllitici tolllt rlr'pirrl si
rliniennirririir. si lcr.lit'icrrtii de rrrnlli('re ai tcsaturii Iirrite.

l.2.tl .6. I,rti.l ttrtrtittrte(t Si ntutli.[tn'ntilttte.u lirelor. Un Iir este cu atit" rirai
'rrni{olrtt. r"rr ril pllzintii rttai ;rtttiuc rlr'l'r'r'tr'. irnptrr:itil 1i. sctluc-" l}otlirrni groase
li -srrlrtili. pr'('{ irin .i altt iliIr'r'r'nl,' rlc grosirttr'. slrlr('tura ;i asprrt. tlirtolita
tlelicjcrrteloi' rlr' lilale siur {'itlitiilii ntatelici plitrt' rlc bazii.
-\r'r'cgrilirrilirtca firclor este (altctelislilit rrt,gativa rcprezerrtirrd irrrer-rrl
llllilolrrtitritii. l',1:r'rlatoleltt'rtctrttilr;r'rrlitirIii rlr'.rtlrrr:ILrril l nlitt('r'iilor'1rt'itit,'
tertilr, 1i irtrlrt'r'lcltiunilol int't'crrl-,'ale lrrocest'lol rl,'ltilalr'.,\r'r't'grrlillitrrl-t'rr
filului sr'ljoittc sr,rrrnala dc la o partidA la altrr. lu r,aclrul alrleia;i l)nliidr'
sitrr. r'lriur'. irr r'arlrrrl at'clcia;i l:obinc dc lire. l6ix(i)s-t1r.i1u{}r"rreilg\ui ltrrileitrt(i.[gi rprIealiilotirl'ifiu1nrit
sr' ('()n5tatii pe poltiLrni rlt' lil rl,'
Irurgi rurt
i)or'titrrli -cttrt'{t. st'sizaltilt' la I,ir- l() t rrr

4:

t

i

c+,

r.rn.li)]r,)ltilr ut.rlll.$ilprr.).tlltl rill).rr)1.).rr.[ il.lll.r.)l]1.).1{[ lllzlr,) tll ')l.lr)]l-:r.]i ti.trjtl.turl
-J.r(I i1 n.t.I!r l:ll..a).t.|!ll.|.ltl i)!- Jf,).tt{-t.)ttli l:1,}.r{l ltlts,}lltll}ls.t(}l'l?.1}tl{).) tlll}'il.)li{i

',r.lr!]rriu.)l1l t.rttztl tJtrIn llsttil:-rp.).I{l t( (.r.trlstr llJ.l([ ltl!-{) .to1t-rzttttri<,r.lr' i )tl ll)(ll} lll]

]]1r,):.1llr().1{1.}[l.nl]l?.iJi'r.rr:trr t'.t.rrl rtItlrs.t(]l Itt JiJ.lr.l Lr.)i:lt'll.),]tl(.)( t.tttltls.ti

.rJ) Ittltrpl.r,rro"trl artl l.ilrsillu .l.nrtu Illlu rlJ.) Lrt ullt,)(,).r,)llii .).ttr.) ltlltl.tj.l i)llr .) )rll
rii-ir.)rrr,l ,rlrir_r1;rr.rtlo.rrl uil) 1?un ,)lsi) lrlstr,).)\ '"roie.IlJ €alrnfs"roJ_ '6'z'l
-lr.),

'\,ii ()il l-tt|ruil{rr)tr rr,rj11111 [rril \lt l|]r:ttt:irl.irl irtill .)i] .li.l lrll tl.t1tt,Il ,r,t.tlltt.t .i;r
Irur.!.11q ri rri11t.p:)lrltJJ.)1 llr 1ri.)ilr.),iir lnlr{)til tr.rt.1t1tltii,rr,i,):0f irl.)ilt?j Itl

9, X l8r:'it
L'n a7c+''rt' - a \\

6r rlr'ne -f8a'rt)(- -

'{la }ri.r{l}r1 lil .}llr!1!1lr.l}tl.),1 OIU}tli}tttr.IJ{I\.).1()lJJrlillzJ.l.i.tlrrllt'rq : l?l lill-r.l
lrlir:1.}.1 |}Lrr.rrlril

'r-iitillilt.raliJP r.)Un Ill.ll)]l;) ttL I.it-}.).1,i.)Ul .)lr [rl.tirltllltl t!

:.1 r?J I,)TIII illltt t.Iolr?,t l)trr \i] irltrlili/.J.t .rlr lti.ti:11111s1 '\'11
:.\' rlJ r.)llit iPllt lr.r()[r?r u (F,rr1.rtrtjr.nl rlr]s] t-r1r:].r,tlrtlrtrl t:1;;.11111 sl'

:.r{}lr.r(}J}r\ .[(].ti]]r]l l: (r.rr1;rur1r.n: rnrs) ulrr.r.ilrrioil it;p.rrtt .\

: n0 tt! 'lt.rtlrl,ttt Illlrt.r].)1utr.{l:r(l t:',r}r}r.rr:llt!qi).t')tr ;}lsJ \_ :.}.rlr.) l1

\ ' l' ; = rY\/
'

n (1_l)2.

:,)llllti.)Ilr!.r,)rlr.i ai.t,10.rrl ttrl) J]]:]ill7.).1 ,).r.)riillti ,li!.|.)!lsrl

-lrl. .).!,1 i.' ,rlr .rul.ttIrr.r ii {t.;g-1; l: .i?ld) .t.)ritin:r"i ,tir irii:1,}.i irur.}triri lgr; rll.r .i1r:o'l
.'. liilo ilt lrt!,r.tri\,r ils ntrr.rr.l ll alJelrluil ,rfr.rolaJ],)lup.tr:rI pi+iI1r.rillt!e.r.r;]\

'(rl.i.lr t_r,lnttt.rl lr rtirliil:rr1 .r;;) rltIn.l.i .)lil

,|1tt[17] I tl,r.trl .r;,-r1.r,,r.; ,]l] ,]1.]r]Lr.]11? l]{ lli]i ..!'i)uil;}clr'" lrc ,i.iu,} u.r|1Pr",r1 o iliuoIil ll:-
.,l.lt:.'. llllili.r,,,].r,!.'i.rl!r.1 t:t d.il:ilt.ril]]r.ll:1il.;,r.t.ril o ll.).t!| t,rt r. .r.t,iir.,\ lil t:J\t: t:i

t.ttirt:-,ri,!:' l: rllr:1,"i:.lrl .r;,1,r.t,!l' ri i.rttlrqrr:,r!liril, t!.r'.titli:-,'l ,rril,r.i,i l:.r,ta*.,i
r:i lt.r.ti,r,.n"r l:z]:.r.t,rtri.r.irj,'-,..t.'rirt.t,ilr ilil.).tlr- t:i.,.)t:iil,ilt:1t.il::ti-;.).i,)il li.r

;llil.rr I : ;.r,) \1ri Iir JSil[.'rrr lrilt )jrrpillr rr{ i}}l].!olr-}.) r.til:)0[ []Ur.]tr1i0.til 'l|,tr1i,1 .r,l
Jlrr:.1(irri,) lllllrl llllll 5P.t1 .i1i:ltrtr..r()] ([i]ls .)l).ilt.,4,1 r:.r .r,sl]irir|,r .i 'i.r.i )c\ '.ill]-1ili.,
lilr-.Iilll.r.r it.iltllriJi 1tii,r.rr[sll ic.),1u,tcltl.].r(l Lrt.ro1,l.iL.i r:,r.rtt1.trlrilil,r.r;.r.r.ili.' t:lit.'i
-ll.rlll.ltll irl lli,!'-r'r: llr lriu,ri*t;:.,.! li .r1,1'l-. ',1 rii '.,j,rtri.; t:i l:,rll:lr.lrrltri,r.t,rl

trdr;[";l ru)q .te 1;r ]
flrl i'[i !i.irur].ll.r,]1.).]lir.1r(ll n,] i.rurirt,lJl.il).]:.).itJ nl tJslrrir l.rll1l.rr:1ni.r.r.;1

',)ii)rit.i |rl rr;litir.lll!riJ.!.)u rrr.rtI lrrirt
-o.tilt:,11t:orl ,)( iirrlI rttrrii.rrtrl .trT t.rsuLrr t,)]r]r.tllln!qJ.l.]\'tr.lills.ri r.r1r"1r;rr1r-.r rr1l
I\.ilUi:J()zifirrr.r;f iJrjgl.lr.rrT0,rr['1pi.rJ{[r- ilr 'r]zPi]zr.!.:]1.)it^n].) r!.)'l.ill;]s rtrrrrl.roi[ lltr.
r.iuit 1 ririrr'|.roil ,ttl'll,ilrlriti,):ll Oll'llrrrttr,riil;lP iliBotl cs lJ:uttt 1l.)l'lljr.iulil.i;'.ril_\

'\c ] rr .x i[
ri lJ.lr(}'l-{r,).)uq'uil.-isJrttuao;1trr-{ll cp.rlr:.iuriu lr} l-r.n?osnrn.}s- J.lF.i-(}ir,4utIc
Il'l"n!.tt1:tiii,tt1litLi.t;ii,trrttrl1l.,rll)l.tlrr:tu'.rr)c;llol1..tlt.iuirrn\tJlloi {iorli1lrl.rl}r:lr'Lrr.r?lnIr1la[I]e]ll.l6jipJlp.rt.;JtJitltt"r\lril(n[jlisr]c.ili(t;c))oot.l.l)rt{t{rl)1l(.r]t.uilirtaa.rtrc.irpillol.z}t.]rri,;,))i\rl,ir1.r.'I;,.p)rJir1lrrrirr.r}[.'rt1;1.111r1]1r\,]i

: nutrsrltF InlIl.IliiurEIll 11e.lE.ill:-!tiI ll.rjrri](l a.rJ,]tlir.|lrll]iil.l -
:lr.r1l)cnnl o i}.rn'.1 .)r{ Pcutr.Tr?rII ptfnp'rr.roSelpr llnop {r! prttl}{lns- i}\.,1'1
'J.rl.lirLi.riril]l?al.r .i\i.)rtil]rr ll( llilllI.IpItlffar.t,rlt lt r.il-.inUr.r,rl.rl| il,titr.ill ,,r1.r1lr.rrrrl1'

Tabetu 2A

Centralizarea rezultatelor experimentate pentru calculul neregularitE!ii

la fine{e a unui fir de lind pieptdnati

Proba tex nrai mic Prr-rba tex rnai mic
Nr. rii:cit nredia decit nrcdia
Nr.
n^ ns

t53")l,26- Qg_
,)(r ( JJ.i)
29,tt
JaJa'oZ ,)o r
2S,8

5 ll.6 ,1 I 2t

32,9 29r! ?19'I

3l- 31 20 3l 3l-'

30'4 30, I il(.),5 30,5
,l.l-
.){r - 2!r,7
lr' :rq_ 30-

31,4

29,8 29,E
:lrl-_
30- :) :r?.i

J''OL t') -Q'l l 1162.l

x:31,284 AL:12
X, :30,170 N :25

cu fibrc sinteticc ;i celofible" lorsiurrikr prca nii(ri lavot'izcazii aparitia f orro-
tnenului ,,pillingo'. I)in aceslc rllot;ve. proiectantul de lesiituri trehuie sir cu-
noascti valorile cocficientului de tcr:sirrno in {uncfie de fine[ea firului, 1]ra[cria
prirnri (in special in cazrrl diferjtelol anrr:steculi de {ibre) gi destinatitr art;co-
lelor proiectate. O inrportanlii specialii trebuic ar:olrlatir caliitolului privitor la
combinaliiie irtti'c arlnrn'i. nr:rn:irul si scusril Iors!r;rrilor irr rnulort]it nli cu
prcscriptiile lehnologict'rle 1,r'elrrci'arr'(in !r'sirtolit'si la I'irris:rre) 5i desti-
noli;r arlicolelor.
1.2.9.1. Determinarea lor.siurtii JireLor. Torsiurrea reala u nirui l'ir se
pcatc deteriniiia prin urrnirtoarelc riletodc ilc laborator :
s-impPleri:n mcloda dezrisucirii plnA Ia parakrJ;z&rea iihlclor. in r'irzul {ire"
lor a f irelor sinrple^ in t'uznl {irclol lii-qucite ; a f irelor rirsuc;te.
in cazul {irelor cablatc. Controlul paralelizirii pcr{ecte a fibrelor 5i1i1 x {irr-
lor se facr trr ajutonil rrnui at: 1i al rrntri lupe s1i,'ciale^ rnolrtrr ti' p* toi'sio-
rnetlu. Calcrritl numirrrlui dt'rirsuciri -*an cahlirli i'r'r'evirr lfo un rr)trri ilt: Iir
se firce folosind relalia

'It-n 1000 n {24}
L

in care: 7'r, estc numir'ul (l{l lolsiuni sau rirsn.ciri lle uir n}L.irtr r.lr' fir'
L n--retodndiusaltnadinerr{uadl eidrirort'rresroioctnlielairnreien-l{deoictlsoairotsnitoalemreleotcr.smiiiorluorni,secitnrua.uprtttitc: i firelor slnrlrle
filatt-: n,

l'rilr
din Iiblc scur'te. Ea coristiiL din rletorsioualct rirrei por.tiuni de {ire tle
lirngirt,' r-rrrroscrrlS. lrirrir la parrrlelizarea lilrrelor si, agroi, lorsionarca in loi;-

44

t

{

I

It

0votz
000 r>"'s88 0'r<"'6'r 00s I>"'00t I 08r>"'0rl 9',9 <'"1
0r /9lr
9t8 >"'969 a'l<"'9'l 00€ r>"'006 olt)"'oor <"'0r
0tO?I gAe >"'009 e'r<"'0'z 06 006 >"'09t 00r>"'09 0r <"'06
00r 009 >"'00t 0'G<"'9'Z I 09v >^@z og )"'oz 06 <"'9S
}
06 00r >"'0rr 9'A<"'0'r I 09A >"'081 6Z >"'02 9€ <"'09
08 z
Ote >"'062 0't<"'9'€ o8r ),oat 0z >"'tt 09 <"'9/
Oar > "06
OL 0002> 062 <"'096 9't<"'0't l9v 8r >"'0r 9r, <"'00I
>009 r 06 >"'9t- 00r <"'002
03 096 >"'07,2 0'fr<"'9'fr 0er>>"'9 002<
09
0zz >,081 9't<"'9'9

b o
gre!llut gEtoeulllnuJtsutrJ00o0 l6u/obp
tu 000 6/b ru ooo IF tslnl ut 000 I/b Blw
eaunls ruN xoJ
-uaJ IJAru0p xol TUN

-uaJ

rolergl grglde as ar plegigug eaunlsrreJ

009 uap! -rolrcBlureIrt{qJrJ'a'loErsJrsl lEw 0s ru0pl rdunl oJqlI
092 uapl ruapl ulp Pleprec EUJ'I
009 tuopl ouarJaqrl ruopl oFncs ruu argll
09 ruopl uap!
09 ruop! 'gu!l 'cBqung 09 o;az11e1u.led '91eug1derd gu11
to aJEzlloluJBcl uorsJolap
0JBlUaIu lunrsJol ncu'euuopl

-EIll oclujqr 0I:l 9a oJsruJorl lunlsJo:l
'91eug1dercl gu11
9rqlJolec

'oselpur ep 1.lna$e6 001

. auolreqll arlc 9z 'alpolu prqrl 93un1
ogz 'f,BqulnB
orqrJ
'PlBproEJrjncqsurl glrncs RrqrJ 'cequng

rouorruruluuo! Jlc g}lsoloJ rnlnrlJ ernleN raurruuua! lc 9llsoloJ rnlnrJ BrnlPN
epolow ajlur Bpolaw

eiuelsrq eiuulsr6

orlJ ep ggroSelur ellrallp nlluad 'llunlsJol eeJeurtuJolep ul aruolr a4ug eleiuelslq
JA ppqoJ

lurs rolarrJ scrldu as ac p1u1i1ur B?urrsuel re$loeiu"rre1lsetrpue'aJ1rupcr"1ld'du *el]le"p?otla"wjn"'.,XX
-rufulnll perutrlurJelop n.rluad atuelc ?rlulp

'(ama1c arlulp reiuulstp Flqnp nr
,r,r1oadso.r) Eolacrocul lnegI B-s e;ec ed €Ia{ace Inlqnp nc gluEe .rlI ap aurrEunl
rnln.rlaurorsrol Inlorxuoo op lu.rlsrEe.ru! llieror ep
o ad eaunrsJol ElurzoJcla.r
ulInn!lJsaFaJrrruetnouroNrrrs,1r1oe4al ,eaas1p-cnl p'"eunra.orpdpuoneaoleepuzoeorJlseJuzoIlgJelBuprrfc'r(ullinet,rreerlldirrzozoo'ddgszreepIeleltlnnucrJasl€sJeusorocIrl€uecllsIrpoouJrreuJnI]nuc?oceqdspnuupe!s)],,
eqdue.rp a.rds nus e8u51s erds o.rez €I ap alspu.r8 rr.rpcs ufu; u1 qzeeseldcp es

.rolcorpur 'lrneclencrrSrcerl$oela5eusn1eepoEsruI.nnoJyrJu3'rre.rlpuupoer"srF.rorloJpgcsuzrenuenc urp 'rr.rgcrecv! E gza!
eurr.rd u1 eie; u1 Ezeolrcso orur
B'lorrluloclcrpeuJruccau1unonn.rc;aulnozrgsrJreo"lrdunJearsl5ueesl€oqlouJnasedepBolelalrrruotrueleslesaa€EuFeu"rUescrlrdaul.rnerdluuerdp
'B1u1irur es uaurr8unl EI nou urp e8unle rnlruleuorsJol aleuralc e.4ug sur.rd
,rrloedsar InJIt pulc gugd 'rn1n.rrJ e aprfrur rrunrsJol JBJluoc sues u! 'eienurl

( *l!ililnlii rle tol.sirnre se t,al,.rr1,,azii cu leiatiile :

,{m:0.0 il6 . r' I ter , (25)

itt t-are: ,3,m {'s[(' r'qr:lir.i91trrl prgir.il rit: t6r.sirile:
'!'m i)l tlltstrlr de ljt'
- rrrrnriir:ltl rlt' tol..irlri

l{;.lriu.lenln|eadsilllreeueltpr'arrtr'Itiicetrsg.ti-ioior'rrltsiii.eji't(rrld.rls]leritl(tt''l'lrltie'iltie(l,e.lrtl''isifnriilrluli.cps'eaiidrtaensl"(at''rtlir,'riurilr,trir'rrlloolueirsls's'iicrir'ilri}lleelrinloniletrerilriurL.:e,sife.eirtpi.etiuetlr.en[r;(rrrfltituiliaaItpserr-aL.rce:lituiindcnecrtc..epllr(cfm,elarrilnli(.tlauee

''-\onlpllr : l'ilt. priepliinatc salr lirc
lirl rle urzealir sarr ,lt,
- 1rerrtln r irrdittc ; (silu penlrrr f irc rtalc lor
folos-i. Jriitirtur:ir iriliitliri); fi11sll si
lrllltrl
- ia ar:etari t()rsirurt. si perrtrlL urzexl{. ci
- pe,ntnr l'irt' lilamentilr(' salr filate: l}errtt,lt

pentrli fir:e sintlrle. ra!-cuoite san cahJirte;
Jlerltl'tl tirtr r:tt ntt ('(irttitrtrI tle fiirlt'r'lrirrrit,r',!r,6 il4rrirritii
Irurginrea in tiiir.r'r,. inllind intr-o np11111itir prol.rorlie in r.o1pp911s11!a firLrlui:
'1telt1nt fire t'tr acr:e'asi {'ot1ll}(ine}l[:: lolttsiic
li'satirli rrr riestinatii r:liferite. pr.]][ru 1]ro{1r.t'retr rrrt1;r

ll,sttr lecesal' jir se .f aca rlistirrr-,lie intre coefir,ientul tle torsirrne rroruirrrrl
(Inaritttr'proir:r'tatir la linetea n{}rninali a firului);i coeficientul cle tor.silne
real. r't'*r'rlrtt:rtttinii irr I'iuir'{ie rle torsiuuea;i fine!ea rea|i a firului. l1
ittrauihrietlaoiabr'eJ_lafpe'.tlrci[).t"'itntr'rri'uclie'retirsiprtioa'enlnodf leiiinnlarolneiniitutroaerl-erir'ournetielfiizlcaipebeninlteutrluinde'ccliaftoelcrrsuitiiue"nt.re:a.f,r"rer.lgrerot.roir,il,i.csctailerre-foieraefiet,ciesianar-.
tul dc totciunr''"l.iElcz.

Tabela 22

\ialorile nonlinale utilizabile in calculelc de proiectare ali eoefirientrrlui rlt'torsiunc
pentnr diferite categorii dc tire

Categoria de iiri. Coelicientui
rie torsiurre

ciTl

r. I irl ti.1t bumbac

diir lxrrir bac l ll0 %. piep16'tat. perrlrrr rrrzcrali,, hntii tr rril t{)0 125
dirt btrrlbac 10{i016. 1;ispiiytat. peltni batatrrra
din birr.niiac: i009i. pieptanate. pelinr rrrzcali 90-1Ii)
din bumbacr lllrlu/6, pieplErral, nr'rttll l,atatrrrir
din bumbac cti pinii )a 30oia celofibrl tip B carclala pentnr rrrzeala si 75- 95

batdtrrra 70_-90

riirr brlnbac car-tlat crr piita la i:lrli',, Iihrr.i dr rclort pcrrtr-rr rlrzt,alii si 90 100

90- 105

1,. lir' lifurictt,' 82 - 8,l

din irririr rle iil rar'dai. ptrrtrrr rrrzr'aia;i liatlilrrrii 8,1.- 86
cliil fire clt'iit carrl:rt. lrentrli irrzcaJa si bi.,t:iitrrrll

.16

L'LI

ri pJ J,tnurl.)ur ril?;loJt? nB Jla.rrds pu!t',\'ParPlt{t:.' ltlls tl.,Jl.}rt{trJ'P,lillll!-JoJ.,Ju
.rr{ rI1} 'Z li n;) lletrorjrlJ,\uot'gzea1ou oi- JJu,)'tJt-tsuas Fnol) u!
eltlnoaxJ r] , r.n:ur olcJa}rl
l()(l toJrlqer rS uoJlcnsq.r'u.rnrnrs,ro;,'leloJluot ri lncsouno alrlqoJl
n.rt.'nIt,.rpd 1s.,xru'Basae eg'Eurpd Iulrela or$lBp{)e}S.rrtll1roI.sullruadgszeua1iu'reon1rl.lurur1gEsi}alrjnlrsi

.ro[i).ilj ol'r1 3.]rrrBcorrr-otlzt] cl{rr:lsr"ralcuJer)
".t(l1 '.t.o1a.nJ ltJelqnc tS trncnspJ 't.turtts.to1 ,?l/?ls?ras' tra./'tt,ril.DIa{I '(t-6'fi'l

Xol /'l cg't\.: u'J

;,1'

ruiiu1;-r alSasotol os Iuultrror.r auttrb'JO] aP
illurllur{)u irulrrs.ro'l ?aJPInrlEr n.rlIIe(J
lnlri,)r.)rlJ().) ts li.i.rttrJ i)IJ OrltrrlrJ u!

-r: zillo'u : 'n ", (D',t'9l : ", ?l8pr?r HuiI op
*n : 'p /t0'Lf' :
x5lg'1y : "n 'e ()tJ'L)g : u'n lulerrqyl;rrd RUJt ap
*, :610'0 : 'o '), {}1-z'o[: :
'b *r, Jualraq! [
er luto'o '.)1?clLUrrq ap
*ta

', il) Jtitlill.l uT ,1, 'r, Jp Jiiiilri{ ir{ '",

zalELl; ;lils-tti1 ;t1.r Inluo!f,!laol tS rrrlaru JunlsJol Jp lnluelJUJor a-rluJ ulurplrodslrro3

$ DPE)J

1.6 03 (eluuqidetd)
F,rnlr:]H(l rS elerz:rr rr-rlu.rri ia iros Lrllil ,;91 - uL,rrl e;q11 fl699 urp
z6 --t/ (;luuqlderd) ?rnlplpq rS
':l':,)Z.tr 11.'1rr,',1 'l I l-t.,s l;Ljtl ,,,. i 1 lirr'r.)] LrJ(i11 ?bcc f,lsEIi) lnJalsctuU tlt[]
16 -01
(aluugldard)
06 -ru
einlujp(l rS uir?.)z.n) rr.tlLr;tL '1 rlil u;qrill.r.r uloOL ul Furcl rrr r{o;o} pJqrJ ur[],
Z6 -B8
(.'gerrultlarri) r;.rrrtrileq r$
86 .S
i)[r?JZJlt rr-rlrrarl '1 rlll c,rr11ot.r.r ]urs !lutl %01 Bl i?rir(l nt yNd pJqrl urlJ
001 !r'
n-lnluilp?q.lrlrusl-?p(llBr.$rze:nlu;tzt--rrlnir;rrrl-r'ylr,il5d.1'e?le-urqqilld1a?ridr0liiuu;sI rloiL0i0ril{]r-Jl i { oluugldarct)
06 ]Jos pLrr[ -rrrp
[
eii dr1 e-rq11o1ar uip

{}l t--'t I t l.r.nrlqtuq r( t,;1u.rz.rr n.ryuoci 'aluuelclard 0rogp1 1dr1 g;qrtolor rnp

0Ui U6i E.rnlElpq is

lllBazin r,i1Lr;rcL ''1 tlrl e:qi1o1.n o,[g u1 uuid nJ ]J]saLLrB u1 qleugldlrrd pull uril
n-ntlujl(l rs ulp.rz-i11 n.rluad'%00[ qlerreldord pLrll ririr

ll.lllll?1i?(l t:'i21tu.rz.itt rt.llLt.lci ulepluJ'9/0001 '1 tlrl u.rqrlrllel trrll
t?.lll?lqq i.( ele,,.zlr n,riu.rrl '1 Cit u-rqt1o1at i);69 u1 uulti

Li.) ulBir-rB.) ELrrl lrrP P.iil1r'1{r,L i( rl,f:,r7irr rr,rlrrarl 'g1ep.rzt')l}00t Prrrl uul

r-rut1 tlt:t t.tt,.1

ut .:.r11 op ruob,rlr:1
ounrsJ{rl ,)l)
{nJLrArf,iJeo-)

(,'.tl,n1!ttut).:) ;; t',,!lnLL

linia cenlrali a literei S, iar pentru sensul Z av aceeaqi irrclin:rre ca ;i linia

central:i a literei Z (fig. B). Atunci cind este vorba de fire foarte {ine, inclinatia
spirelor sc vede la lupi sau microscop. ln mod pr.actic, se traseazi pe o Liftie
o liniula paralelf, cu inclina{ia spirei vdzute la lupd sau la microscop qi se com-

ple[eazfl una din cele doua literre S sau Z, stabilindu-se astfel, sensul tor.

w'\6

,&b s,

{trig. B. nfodul de stabilire i ig. 9. Detcr:minarca scnsului torsiunii la firele llsu-
cite 9i cablatc.
a scnsului torsiunii {irelor.

siuuii, rdsucitii, cabLia'ii. Aceastii reguli este generaLi, aplicabi|i oricarei
situalii (fig. 9).

ltoturrnliLzir.iuc2ol.9'dr.n2ce.tco,aSrnesinicuseanl'iatdloeartsfeeiusfnidrietiulorsilriouar,supDoeecitnuaflslueeemxnteelnareiofaor,atarrtelebleursnideatrucp.rraielsocuri.piarSat -caparaoipriuirtimeattidrfuci-ili
de torsiuni gi sensul lorsiunilor au o influenla Ei asupra aipectului extenior al
tleselului acesteia. [Jn interes deos,ebit prez,intir rapoitul in.tre
{esaturii gi a
.sensul de torsiune a firelor de urzeali qi a celor de bitatura, in corelare cu
desenul.legitturii lesiturii. Torsiunea Z, de dreapta qi torsi_
1 A unea S, de stinga a firelor influenfeazi, in difcrite cazwi,
ffi ffi trioniortrsr-iuuqnnicdmZeosdeqniduSel b.lesLesinbdiittiulesrtiirc.uolcrntrutinrfaiuges.uclop0rreassfepinluetni,daracdsutpaetsecptiufrielrleeoxtpceeu-
i'.1 [:'! portiunile firului care apar pe suplafala fesilurii, iar cele
., ';l, t;l intrerupte, cu spirele pe partea opusd acestei porgiuni.
i) il
t'tl Ulnngfihgiu. llId-eI4inclisnianrteaaratsapteireploartreustvearcioannsteideproastibeig'iealrlceuc4oSm".-
il.; kl binare in fesiturdL, intre sensurile de torsiune ale firelor
VJ tl
ld N
.',"i'i(i7.5rr.j[jt-.:-"i^nI"EUcs'li."u-psr'.Ir'i,iinpvlr.crcp'",lc"ro"u:o'riritlir.ofcitig'co{iadqd(fieiriegduc.irnlzilaLefcaaef.lilaqbetiorEde{reiilsgocibur:eanld1etii2endd)te,ufeirdrbelaielreecetsaectdtlelaueiagraudicfr.eizsbeeLeraaaenElalsoitopr(qfreidsidgisiuniu.nnpfficirr3edaelefelaeqlsdaieednfe{betsgiustda.drztitfu1ucef4rauri)iilr.,ti
este diferite pe suprafafa fifbersedlotur rpii.eInsup2rarifma[dul ecsatez
{cind sensul torsiunii este diferit qi direclia
aceeaqi) (fig. ff 9i fig. 12), fibrele forrneaza o acoperire buna a {esAtulii,
:rscund rnai bine desenul legiturii, decit in cazul al doilea (cind sensul torsiunii
r,ste acelagi Ei direclia fibrelor pe lesaturA este cliferiti) (fig.l3 qi fig.14).

fn afari de aceasta, acoperirea tcsaturii se imbunitaieqtc gi se lndesegtc, dacii

rlireclia desenului legirturii coincide cu direclia fibrelol de pe suprafala !esa-

turii. Cind direclia fibrelor pe suprafata !esatu.rii estr" perl)errdrculalri pe rli

4B

I tl,ttil tl(,',

''ttl,llllllr)', .lilitl I ljtla ).1!du Ju:(l IPttl ,t'trili: lt.tttir:
,,t lrltlJc.,lI l: ttl')lrrc 'i : i 'Jcll
!r.ilrlg3Jl Inu;]sJl) tl rrJnl!l' ni l f,iDlS .r.;1.r 1tl" 1 'i lll'.tUt
-.,1 lJiJjB.riltls * PqEis :,-IT-l3doi) r.t
.| (| qzt;Jlit,loJ irlJIJ : { Blsxtlrlr ru! rl.'.r,J : ( 'r1'c., 't I rUJ
[:) lj.ruIr:]llJaIa'(i.T:]d \;ll:illiIo.l(l 'rl.rtiru.'rl.lJrT \r'lDut\o.rdx .)i'J)
.il .)is:i) i:.rn:l!rl!(l r[] .t(,[3f,Ii ri
l?iJJtt! tl!, ,)lrrlilllcr:l nlr q[Ei7 ll' , p.ii,,rrl,1"p ti1".tti B r:or;)'rr trJ
.lu -r('l0.llii.i ll;).lrlull)ul ilJrr lfs )l Jt)r)tiIoJ llll qlIlfT.Ltl rp lol;rf,
diirlL,l{lrlr e(l '\' i'llllIs.lul lt1' -iI .iOIJiqI I tlil.Illali irlilr ilf,|il!S:)'l
l-r.tilLllt!?il .ii, .r1.,1, ts llr {liL'.,7.r1 uicgu.itins ad : 7 lutlii tol nu
.,1, .,].,.t11 tti\t l. lna'n:, ll 'l'l rlJrriqtq(l i,i, lrlli;r t. 1I3 !Ttr'rz lrr
.'{r ,l I.ri llrI I l'l-r' I l l :t I
wrwl wvwa m
K{SN{ N. S
WWmryFt NNN

wzm ffry Etu NNffi
N S$sWFsss..},
w w'vwvz,) v4rrnr7

rt.rrrlghal plrt.ts rg rt.IttI rt.rIlqil;1 llludsoP aultl rstlr
.Ji) .)ilrl lvtll lltllllrsll o gznoul prrnrsr ri rt-rn19saf rcialu-rdns
-!sJi P qullq lr.rl.tJdolB
B !ltrtrtl .r.rr.radocu ., qzui)il'ro{
Jl.r.rqr1 i Plnlglqq ,P ro]c.IrJ
.ro] alsJqIJ :'!.tnulEq .)P rol .l0l,,.lqrJ E.,.lcllllJUl rl , JPI IUIOJ
.".1r1 3l?Jtiu llc rplJutoc ItJnl
.gsel elPJ PJdlls rd plulrzltr 't1r rrritlq:s11 EltsJP.r'lns ad plcazrn
eP JOJaJIJ .lol.r-rql} tsalBurl,u!
.rol3.rr, .lolJJqlJ ar.lBuI[i]lIl :7 :JIsJ'aeJ.rBunI'r7sJo:al snnBistEo".rlnnlqElqVqIEo"pa
.)ulllsJorl nu g.trllElEq .rP -)[:, r
.lJ Jl?l 'S' Beunlsrol tlB 9l8oz
.rn 3p sTsrrJ : Z lnzD? ?I 'EI.'t .in "p I..1a.rrJ : lnzn) II 'HLt

w&ww3 (V7.---r V* re

W W WWd*Ft W @Wz%sa

WW'#\ wruw@m,rc

W/tz\ Wru!; .i;k6e W/,/W\ @r 'ifr2.,!{{r,>9
r s r\r'



FlB.lz.ln r)[t 3IJJU lululutol)'u{l }itlrlrr;llt '}.1i r'}rl() 'Y ] t 'tl,'l

qlBrz.Ill ap rl,)Jll ]iuluituopaJd FtulXst-lJ irJlraduJV

'ltJnlgEJI tlrlnues3P B DJBdulols.) Jp lir']J'' tlt .'
nJ tltrnlqE"l jileJnta"s- o g,,t.titlrtrtt t$ ltutxtrtrt r'lt:;trl'ry
!rl

t1.rrt19io1 lttlttu

,s.tp ll oJtr{il1l(j}s.r ilp }}JI.l 11.)'it.rlr1Us,li t.-ri.l1r,l:dtrs l? I?lltJ()}lLirl li 9ttii.{etil A'IliJdOlV

{.rll 'rrrnlqBel ttll'rnlua1s,uJrpir.;ut,,ltl,t:tr{ltrttotulslxruluiPt IJaJJ !l tl.l
r{.rrlfs)l'j"l"J,tt,itts
')'lliird{}'!V

lL.lrigildL ltlitlildsaii
l] ')JBdLll0lsi Jp ]JJ{,} li.lllJ rl.llilPsJl t'ri' 1B'rdrls ll lrtll':(i|ull isr rlilll{etll uaJlJJtl.rJY

gJIIUJJB Is^ Jllllls'l{r} r.l}li1 tliellplll ll?L{l r'].)1r l?!i{1rl(ll.u(-}J 1g llJtltUJrl }lllluJS ']JJ
pjn]gfial uasil[]-.ltrnlsjo] str;s 1{ attnls-lo}-Jtl!llsJol :tiieulqr-uo-r ap r-rttitl 1:nze3 "tN

1,7 plaqD.[.