Leglturile diagonal a qi b au sensul spre dreapta, ins6, in legdtura 6"
punctele de legare sint deplasate ta[L de cele din legetura a,, pentru ca ele s6'
nu lege in acelaEi loc, pe acelaqi fir de batature.
Se stabilesc dimensiunile desenului ja'card; refeaua pdtr6felelor rnotivului,
M1 are raportul R:24/24, deoarece fesdtura are doui sisteme de urzeald.
Cele doua sisteme de urzeale fiind reprezentate printr-un singur spatiu.
vertical, conturul figurii este Ia fel cu cel din motivul M1.
Se rnarcheazdL in dtrsen, prin piiLr6telc pline, punctele
ale legaturii (d, pe toate suprafafa desenului, atit pentru de lcgare ,,Idsateto'
figuri; se marcheazd, in desen, prin puncte, locurile de fond, cit 9i pentru.
legare ,,luatett ale,
legdturii b, atit pentru fond, cit qi in figura qi se completeaza, prin cruciulile
drepte, numai in figurl, toate pltrdlelele rimase goale.
Marginea tnr, care, in cazul de f afd, Ieagi in legitura pinzd, este ruarcatii.
prin pdtrate cu doud liniule orizontale.
Fig. 4BB, L2 taprezintd deserrul redus al unei fesituri cu doud sisteme de
urzeali Ei un sistem de bataturd, in care s-a redat sectoruI A, din motivul Mr.
Pentru urzeala superioara s-a utilizat Iegitura e, iar pentru urzeala infe-
rioard, legitur'a /. In desenul g, unde ficcare fir: de rrrzeall a {ost r.eprezentat
printr-un spa{iu vertical, se vede ci ptrnctele de legare ale urzelii e qi f leagri
cu aceeaEi bdtrilurii' De r,xemplu. in de'setrul g. atit urzeala e, cit qi urzeala f
au punctul de legare pe firele de batitula 7, 5, 9 etc.
Cind punctele de legare ale celor doud urzeli ar trebui sa lege ca aceea6i
betatura (deci, in desen, s-ar suprapune), se procedeaz[ in modul cum rezulti
din fig. 4BB, Lz qi anume, dupd ce se d€seneazi conturul figurii, se marcheazl
in legatura de fond cu un punct, iar in legdtura figurii, cu un pItrdlel plin,
apoi se colnpleteazii, cu o cruciulili dreapti, patrafelele rernase necompletate.
in figurl.
linindu-se setrrnl de faptul c5? pe cartele sint doud rinduri pentm gduri,
regula de perforare se stabilegte luindu-se o linie, in care sint rnarcate punc-
tele de (atrt2it),piei nctorruesfpounndd,ecbitdtEaitupreant5rudifnigduerdse. nDuleinetxeegrnrapll.u,Ulrimnideriin5d,dlina
tlesenul legare,
redus
aceastd bdtitura, numai firele de ulzeah din corpul 1 (in desen, cele impare,
marcate prin pdtrtitele rregre) de la stingtr la dreapta, se citeqte : I ldsat, 3
laat, 2 lasat. I luat. 1 lftsat. Punctelor de legare ,,luate" ale firelor din
I le corespund, in linia 5 din desenul redus, p{tragele albe gi puncte. t,orpul
Dupd ce se terminl cu {ilele din corpul 1, se urmdreqte, tot labirffrtwa 5,
curn leagi cele-din corpul 1/ (in desen, cele fiird sof), ardtate prin cruciulite qi
citegte: 2 lisat, I luat, 2 ldsat, 3 luat. Acestor puncte de
l_ese in lilia 5 din legare ,,luate"
c,orespu'd, desenul ledus, puncte gi-crueiulile diepte. Se vor'
perfora, in rindul 1, patra{elele albe gi punitele, iar in rindul 1/, cruciulil,ele,
drepte gi prrnctcle.
531 fceituri iaearil iluble
5.3.1. fesdturi jacard tubulare cu figuri. ['ig. .i5l rcprezinti fafa unei
lesituri tubulare cu figuri, unde, pe un fond negru, apar figuri albe; fig. 351,b
repreziate reversul aceleiagi fesituri, unde, pe un fond alb, apar figuri negre.
Aceste leshtrrri se-lucreazit.cu doul suluri de urzeald; ndvldirea se poate fice
intr-un gmp de platine sau in doui grupuri de platine.
ln primul caz, se desenul irlegral: ie deseneaza
(de exemplu, motiv'l executd fig. 489); sJ stabilegte legitura motivul tes6turii
celor dou6 stra-
M1 di'
348
ol'8
(.rir1rrr.ril.r.r) r7 rr.rrr1r3,!e1 .r1u c.ru;'a1 Jp.rol.)lIIn([ uaJourdsttu.ri'(cullcl JIalolEJlEd)
.r;ll .r.rtii:r1 .rl) .1{}lrlriln([ t.r.r,runrlstnr.Il 'r.)r]r ri
'oi ri.rrr11:ii;1 ln.rol.),)s u! f ;)rpur os IIIuJ uiu 'q.tn.it1 n.tl ttorl ,i.s-rtptrlcp ! '6.1 '6BV
r1 trrp 11 r:.rn1 Ei;r1 L?zl?JIIosJp
Jq'ilrltl(l lr1r1J11n,rtjrt^iir.or1lprIlr?n]D.r"ol()ltutO.r ]r'l1ir)7PlrrrI?.Urilt]llJtl-l.lr:rsi,..rrr1ili-)Islrrl,]rstlira)..n71l'l6tt^-Br?lzrIrlrl(,')li.llOrJl)lt.l)tttu[t.t)[t;.)ttt1J')[sn1r1lol.l]tlll,t,)zlaltl'istro:lrulrztllBl.(t.{)ttt!ll
'prro1 ,r1r
JS r:.)lsi).)u irpun'o elr,rnlqsef u,rlrrlrtl tlu,)2.[r i]l).t()1.).rrJ,r1u.r.rtliic1 .r1r.ro1a1crntd
ua.rr:rur.trltts '(uirlnr,rrr,rc) g rr.rrr19E,r1 clu i).rllii,)l .)[) .tolcJr)trlt{I u'(ern1d cl.rjgrlqd)
-9r-p;t1uIr.?lrrl-olrtis.tr;mrItr.lors11l.-rcdr{rn^-)zorr1l5loqrt.,,l'rr.n))J;rr(lrlrtJtJU;iu.rlrol-ur:.r')tu.r.l)l1)isl,.lor)ollsllJoll'ruPqulrI1,J.,r[g-rsrq.l(rlu)rrJ[rlr)r)(zril[.l.lr.lrror'.rl.Jr[]rId..[o]ni.el1]]rr.r)).n1s'rut,ca!lrllln-rIs)!(lr-tL)l{lirllirurrl:ol..rutr)Ils..I)lrre.:ltr{r|,[)r*r)rr.l)trtrl/,tlltlrrrrs].;J:1tlr}1j;ruolur)'ly.r..lt:)1r)u1.t!ln]],.$r.:),r1tl;ztolr]llr.l1il-rtlrlrtr,ltltr',tlr1it,l'irttr).tr.rlrs:tt..1lti.lr.9.)llrr]llt!1tls:Iltliruoro--r.tt';rlstr.zIl1rrel'p.tl,.jr'trrr6.i!uset;t1trr.etjlr.l;ttilJ'lI,)1rrl'sslrtl.,t.l.rr.r!i5tlo.t{l],tl.dJt1filt)lr.ul1tl.ltt)tJU.lJt1lta{[BIlI'l)tI.eItll.lIltI'1oOIoRt1PJJa.l
'!J L,t
9/ 9/ j'2/ Cl
{,o!ai, $
:
q '"9
ffi 'rO)
io,'
'-ol
ffi oo;
r.gl
,.o)
o
(9,
i'/o\Ej
a5l
(o)
(ci;
CI
rr?U.lltrr Ptj-r raJmsIJ'.r1fc1l'.1IrBB0urtarrurJuorzPurlroorcrze6eJaJurdolacrlopd'rlrssoes;lua'rcl3)5^1roru1larurrl.iIrucr'aiIs:nI tr-j:uarrP{0lPsrlPrsmuor-rr.dE1su.Jirl..lrrloBrcl lEplqI.lnIo/lpfflllrlqsn.]ElarllpeoourzSr
Lrrp llrjBds
RlnJZJr) JP
-.ln,)[] illoJr] ii.l.tuI rrri.rodo.rd Jcr:rJill!3lucl rinol) rs rlez,ur rnoP aJB'rllqnp purrl
rlJl.rlllseJ 'pJBcBt rnlnucsep Inl.rodeJ Errlru.rolap as rS (9 pJnl!ficl'1tl8uatr eac nJl
scll E-s tze]:]secp lr!) rJn]
-rrrrl .rrr 'r; e.m1gFl1 'rqp: uar n.rluod 'rrzrttrl nrttlgFol
qi supriurarea punctelor unde firele de ttrzeall ale leglturii b sc incnrciq;eaz&:
cu {irele de bitetura ale legattrrii o.
Avind r-aportul legAturii pentrt figur6, aga cum rezulte- din deser-relc arir-
iDnacstercnto6rru,tild"iIrJe'da isnc-fliagc.e48in9,dLo2u,asegmerpeucrui tdl ecopmlaptlientea,resae figurii.
tate line sealna de fap'
c5tulielsr.ecensi^pr{eeiedctucirsa...rotSlees^pcbrlerafsitue,intvre,earizr,tiliicmnaolcta6ivrieuolcraiazlzeosnste(aM_i e1rxe,epcfriugetdz.4inoBtpd9e)cr,aitefliei_lgeddontuuedrcaefsilreaesrendtpueerniuirtzrouea(ulitnnr
r,azul consi{erot, s-a ales o legatura pinzi); se deseneazl legllura lesiturii b,
de asemenea crr legatu,rd pinz6, gi se stabilesc dimensiunile des'enului redus.
Raportul legelei deienului-reitus va fi acelaqi ca 9i al motiv_ului, adicl 24124
(fig.4B9,L2). Se contureazir figura care este, de asemenea, identica cu aceea a
rnotivului. fond, punctele de legare ale leg-dturii
Se transpun, in legf,tura pentnr legatura pentru figura, punctele cle
marcindu-Ie prin patrdlele plin pi in -leo.'
gare trle legilturii c,. marcindtr.-le prin puncte qi se completeaz/a, in figurii, toate
-petrdPfeelenlterurismtaabsilciregaoamleo,daurldutiinddeub-laeteprerinatrc-aortcerluelcoiru,lislae dreaptir. linia 3
ia, de exemplu"
din figura 489, Lz. care cuprindc legatura pentru figur[, cit Si pentru fond Ei
care core-qpundc crr bf,ttiturile ir ti 6 tlin d,e'scnul integral (Iig.4B9 Lz).
Pentru birtatur:a 5 din desenul integral, p,e {irele tlt: urztalii ale legriturii a
(nlvddite in gmpul / de platinc, in tlesen cele fard so!), se cite;te astfel::
Iluat, 1l6sat, Iluat, lliisat. Iluat, Ilisat, Iluat, Ilisat,thiat. Ihsat.
I luat, I ldsat.
Punctelol de legare,,luate" le corespund, in linia.S din desenul redus, cite'
rur pitralel nugr.t gi un prlnat: tot pentru bdtdturd 5. pe {irele de, u,rzealir ale
legaturii b1 (ndvhtlitc in grupul ,I1 de platine, in desen cele clr_ so!)_, se citegte
urlf.l , B ihsat, 4 llat. Puncti:lor de legare ,,luate" le corespund, in linia 3, cite
o cru,c,illigl.clre,aptiL qi un ptrrrr:t. Pentru b:ita,tura 6 din cle,s,e,nul iutegral, pe
firele de urzeala ale I'egetuiii (nirvntlitc in grupul I de plarint'. in desen cele
f;ira so!), lcinitieast3e{"inttfr.llt's,enBul.lurca,ltn;s I llsat' Punctclor clc legare ',luate"'-le
ser 9i uu palralel alb.
.oo".p.rrid. t-'it un pitlafel rreglu
irr
llot pientru biitiiturir 6, pc f irele de rrl'zeall ale legnmrii 6 (nirvirdite in grupul 11
Idelufalat,tinI ela. slnat.dlesleunatc,eI'lelirs:ua,st,oI{)l.usaet,t:Iitclis;tact:. I luaf. I ldsat. I lrtat, l. lisat,
Punctelor cle legare ,.luate" le r:orespunde, in linia 3. cite un pf,tralel negrul
gi un punct.
ltoemr,elli'vtnleiinlAduurz.ase,caeehssterlfdarvrnlfad,dtcci,tleeinfiantpadtbuoelulracidctros.iri,npsut erdi iondudeiicpsilriastuteintmoetelu(cdlaetrleebppdretelrtsfuourrpaiur9nei cadaorctauerliteeslecis-u-
doua compartimente).
Tabela 43
Elementele necesare pgngg. pertorarea cartelelor pentru lesdturi jacard duble
ndvddite in doud grupuri de platine
Linia Cartela Corrpartimentttl cartelei Perforat
2 ot I Patriitel negru. punct
II CrLrciuli{h dreapt6, punct
tig. 4BQ ( nrunerotatd cu negru) I pdirrilel negnr, pdtrdJel all>
II pdtrdtel negru. prrnci
2
(numerotatE cu rogu)
ir50
t98
-fJlBd ur.r.l illllrrtn) r) rnpuexls rtru F.{nlt?t}iq €p J[rJ nr ple,]zJlr,)t].rlrrr] i.rzeJi
'rJll.r:rrrr os Jprtn Intol uI'n fi.rn1gfia1 a1u a,reBal ap alalountl rnrdsrre.rl .rg
' [rra,re]1rr :r.r .rolruruie.rot{o ru.ro;
,'.-rqr)r.r:rr.[iillrrc.u1rlrilr1c)t-:1'rrI'lllrs].'o1rrlrr.d.mururoot,ltrl)nollt"enrsio.)er.srrierp)lrrli.rr.urrrrri.n€.p.rrrr1e8FrqlroepJ,l35rl..rrpnr-.ra1urulp1inlulrre(loena1tf.oicrrlrroolr.nal1prleeoc8r.rcrr[ulptoriJyen;erErcldpnruuul.rs8r1rrranprIu1s;Jdr.u-esIsrnI11an[(psia"sD,ulrionep'l)ner.s".ZJ4rlf)ueEalr9.rnFoldruefla]o,rEuoIlE.rl6urlou<oXeprJrJurl{lls[erargu]ll,)"-urlrulrrd1clr1rsn.1ur1qada],nrnluploterdtululrluzlinurula,s:r,r11+..rlJsrrpr.r[.clril,rsupzr.n'.,o)9B.anoa;aJp)tlerl.su/rcu9-reo]rico[,cdrfsurs{ls:e-l,:)or\<r.ur*rpur1rr1l1o1n-to-rl,Jqrt:r.r)ail{r1luisra1qiolI,psrrllii
rtrltur.J.rrlr.nnPnr'lj;lllrBrl;..)rerlllllsn)slezrrJlJ)riJl..rlrc?lu:J.lr1rrtoorriee)ll..rr1',rorJ11olz.d)e"rtu.r'rrr1r1nro,d1olll1tu1g5rru.rclFnn1n1alIeeq1'J13JSrJalas1aJlia.lirq[l:oupeia1JolrslrJ1pcnarlilrs1e"l.lrJrl:)rolFs(rcl6tu11i.9r,elr,1tlor]olrllf'{fdi'ifrrIurr.1).Jl.lrr).n)rlJ]"1rorro9lpl+c]s,r[af(e,,'rfl"ts"rtelBt:IiIneJr(^e,tlaprlaIr-osqdirurro.,r.Daerprotrl,[plnp0rztEl6u{llnu'nta,rz.,uForr1Jo].r{rrI))
'Jrrr{rcs rcJ} nBS rJolne 'r1eu.r.r}ffualttrrInI.narrr}.or{u,r)u€z,ruJar?r.r[J.srrrp.zoeS,r -a,rrlJadsal
r.)c.rtoeP lnuit.rd rr J olrr{
-rnirr.t.rrlr .\r:-J;la)ns os-nprrlJnoaxa
'r.rncl.ro.r i.t.r i
rrr lnls arrrlelrl .r1t rl.rol rniurs rin-Jlu! ocBJ os rlJzJrr rJJ].rola;_) eJ,rrpq-,rprr n!)ep
l1i;r1rqn1.- l,rs'c1dnl p"rrr;iel r.rrrl!sci r?rrn Inuesop lrln;ra\a:]q ll;rlr clrrrerrJ
';lir1nron.t.r ur"it{ a1t:l.rettr
'rz.r.r r rrrntjror{ ri oluluozrlo ;frrrurl urro1, Lrrttl J}8.)..reu{ :r-rlsBqlp runriloll .a"r8ou
o1.rir"r.r1r^lrl ur.rtl a1ulr.tetti c;l5au trnri.rorl : r.rolric {ar.rl Jtr) l;}.rJa fin'ctrrnuu rr';]1trro1o;r
r.rniir1 rripo.rcl In^rloru qdnp,nldtuaxe ap.aldr.rl
os c.rul ui'06t e.rn5ry ulp tt
|^nt.:rrf r.ml!ls;ii rJrlil Inrra:q;tf) elncexa os ?s -ra:^c:r.rlr,r'l.rJ l.l.r crrilr{rrsl.rrl aq
'tul.lplBrJ rll .)1{r.lt
-SIs- loJl ri glcczrn:lP.)utalsls IoJl no r.rzl:.rJJtrl JS alq'r-r{}lIt.r ap;rliaJa .J}rJaIil}
-rulrtrrtzsrtr"3rt"rrlrSrrr.lrro.rr-sretyduurrFortutn'.ilis* rc.ronltfprtsuaieaI?t,n<uairly'.i.oerlrdalrJdlnspJ]BeJr]€sflu.unll:pls$reiriie.I""rft.lnSs r.rn1
aldqlnm grlu;ref rrnlusaj '1.c
'.)rao.lo'!Jl rl.itqarJlodil.srualJ'uaJlalplllroeJdrU'FBsearup ar:icurrl [rr .r]F.) ]irzrIt]n lnlulJa]ul,{
'illir{(}ru nrlued
ap oial rrnlgsaj 'rdru,ry
ru.rltt.rrI r]rrrlrr!:rJll.rqru! 1rl o:lpzilrln ]u[s rrnffrJ n:) Jiqnf pJBJB! cp"litlqsaj
'r,rolilt) nrletl lrp lJclr r{ll
,{r}P(}.1{[ lr-s "a'l '6iif ilJ tr1 ',.rJ1i:-n,iH.ru" ii l11u 'n,lffalr : r,r{)lnl alr a.}i}Jtro ri).rl
-ri.)r.11:irr\tJtllJt l)'.i-ltl1t'1t'rl-'r6r.8tH'lcrr"rr,.rrnpffrla1 a1;ta:
,rt(r'i1l.[tEuruna.zp;lT"rlr.J)Jonlr.er surrnp snporllrJ lnrrJsrp ul[) L:]lnz
crleutqnio,r 'uJFe()u ll-rrrlBl
-!({ n:r llLIIu lllr?ozJn'rriltlgsai uiey atl'pfiea1 rutltnsri,rln rulrriJod e1;ruri u1 ,Prrr;r
r.)InlJr'...)luJoJsourr" rJolno cp alJala li a:rrrpold 1od es',repurrs poni irl
'r.rolil, tsnop ?p 1?alo uil paacudnllp'i"lorrez"rdadeJ'11'6oe9d-t1n;Fr'sFryIiI)JE"nlopr8iJe.[oultp-rr*Iiln(aelnrplpouo{uloeJluo)1oqJi 1gr.ur'n.tf,furJr
-rrrrr: r( rJo[n,) gnop urr.rnlgsiri eie4
n.) ,).n:lii(lrll p.rn;inf +1rmlqsai ug
'nsoJ nir clBloJaurnu Jolelal
--!.rr1.ir1rr{;lnr1r.11r:.)l';JFrl?tzrJr:0nlt.lr;lortr1-l..)ral+r;ltrole+J1Jr0u'scm1'.rur:uaatIrrIruoprIsarU$p}Boporl:uiaurllenIoo';lpr"rnne.rcttrup"rec{cillnal pl7irl',.rJpprl,IurlaipllruauJerplu-lorlre.urdi}?turdrrnrourluio3r'plrluun6r!yr'rl|l]udue
tele pline). ale legaturii b, in locul unde se incrucizeazd firele de urzeai5 qi de
Lataiurn alc stralului b (marcate prin doud Iiniule orizontale) 9i ale legatutii
c, in locul unde se incrucileazh firele de urzealn gi ale stratului c
tle betiturl
(marcalc cu crtrciulige)
Motivul M anti modul cltm vor alterna cele trei straturi pe f ala {eslturii,
iar secfiunea transversalir a lesAturii aratd cum se vor vedea aceleaqi straturi
leDveinrsgrrrlalieicsudltuserici;torreuzluliltId cum leagd pfeirefaletadleesbAatutrrtiiu,_rdap1a0re- 15.
pe a,
rezultd ci, stral-1I
sub
care este stratul b, iar pe reversul fesiturii, apare stratul c.
{esitIunriicaazpuel satecefsirteelieledidetubrdi,titaunralevaalejullesse9ltiufafrciirieeblrcidEdiicecinu(ddrzofeiur,adelalelinadiluecleutervzseeirrattiulcdarilaiel)be
peste firele de bf,tatura alc lesd-
turii r',,leoarec,'. prin arcstl olrei'a-
H liuni. ccic tlei str:at.r.rri deviu sepa-
l'ate. a$a cum se vede gi in sccliune
Apoi, se descneazir a doua le-
girturii b. in spaliul tl in mijloc rron-
turut (pitlrat). untlc toate opcraliile
sint irirtalc prin dotui liniufe orizon-
tale. In sectot'ul Ll . Iie,car,' opcra-
1ie a tf os mar(:ata prln l lt. selnn ;
anlevaiul so f ace f inintlu-sc seam,a
de frrptrrl lli. irt ll('('{lslit porlirltte,
pe fala fr'sirturii, apare stratul b, pe
iever.ul ei, apar,e str:atul n. strattr] c
ranrininr.l la rniiloc, aga cnm se 'n"crle
in sectorul 11. in secliunc.
Se ridir-'it fir'ele de urzealii ale
stratului b pestt: {irelt: tle hirlituri
alc str:rturii61 4 5i c, (deoalct'e stla'
tr-rl b estc deasupra strtturilor c
ri o); se lidicii fir.-Ie rLr urzeala
ale stratului c pestr: {irele ile britd'
tura ale stratu]rri c. (deoarece slra-
tul c estc tleasupra stratuhri c) , s€
deserreazfi a tr,eia legaturir c (in spa'
liul rczervat pentnr ea). unde toate
opera!iile sitrt tuarr:atc c:tl i:rucirilite.
in sec,torul 1/1. acesl-e opclafii sint
ilIarcilt{: fit-t'arc cu alt semn; a!u'e-
laiul se Iacc tinindlr'se s()ainit de
faptul cir. iri accst sector. pe fata
lcslturii, apare stratul c, pr. r,r11t;'-
sutr ei stratul b. iar stratul a. rdnrine
la mijloc, a;a ctiltl se vede in sec-
torul 1f1.
llaei uiivitlilea cr:lor lrei urzeli
s-a ficut in trei glui:mri de platine.
Fig.490. Reprczentarea unci fesituri jacard
triple cu figuri. se 'executi tlesentrl rcthrs.
' ! f-.J
89,8 .rolrjnlp\^ii uaJPlsiroicl 1i s.1111.rrr.r15 - €6
'P.rtrJ lr l -'1,1'J1'rr1.l.uu.rsn3nlrlr;.rrrrlnPrr1?us.r3rq,i1u'Tr 6In1l,lluSrlsjl.
r:nSry nl 'B1rr1our rt.rlrr.rd sdr.t tttLtrt ltluJsJ(I i
?0
'prr()J urr rrd r-r.rrrir1 o lEtuoI
ll-:- lrlll;r tle.tll jr.li frutl{)}\[
'r;rtnp
lI.rlu,)d r?[l].]z.ln Jl) t?iEJ
Ir! l:6 ,rri-ro(lord rrl tIIe
os aJPr 't-rzn11 o1.r illazJn 3ls
o.rDFol ?l' rr1;r1:rrnrrl'eirlnrc
-tr.r'] ni) i* roqnnli n,Ilrrad trIJz
' -.rn Jlts ,r.nr5r)l Jp ;)Ti)I1)llnt{
'J.tFetl.r1.rjr.r.r1r.rd n.)'1Ec
-JltlrJ nlt-s ,|.lltJ rrr 'ljlltJzJil ,lF)
.l'rllI.lsr6t1'[uu1t'rlztPo,)i.rrlurIJlIn.Ir.,ru);\uIrl)'u1(t!/utl;.l'riGtblizsa,a(r1ijrut rjuillslr.ln.rllrri))sp-Icsape]
'Sl-Ipi).1 FllI;rs,)p BlltiS\il JS
',rrtt1rt;rl ;rgr r.lrIdn.IS to.1; u!
'06Ir ';ilJ u! JP.| \ ,)s IIIil,) pi11 '1r,r1Utrzuo ccRJ .)s ll.).llplral^llI 1r;)Po
-ur.r.l r'llrz,r.rr[c,r .r: l:.rlllPll:rl .r1r ti nlnazln "r\Il"ads3.r "ri ]ll;)ll.ra.\ Irrrjnds r[r-.rt
op JrT eJBc:)r.l 'Iellsp 11e:Ea1ur lnrras
-cl) fzlri)rrlJ.)Ja cs',nrrlp1d ;1i tin.rE .tnErtrs
un-.r:ltr! ,)DB] cs soJrp?ABu E:)tso
: lJIlsr: 'rrll)l-1-\!ltr ap .rPtrrdrp 'urlr.rt
p,nr,i€[ r"rn]Esai rarrn Inuasop ruluod'a1a1a1ruc ?zuo.roJJod as i].mr trt Tnpotr\T
'lrJnlr:sci r:il:{ .)([,t.n:rln .r iillu.lls,]l]tnl i]llr.r
-trn:) -]jrlilrJll.lJ il.) Til.lolJ;)s uI .)llroi.)sr?;um.l al;)laiP"rll.l(l ,)lt()l 'l.rrrrrrl uit ,).1t.) n.r
'PzPaqJ.rBru es 'sns effu!]s ulP Iln..'rosloce[ s'uu1d!e<.r?;pIruJnrtffFIna.rlor1lJr.:)(oIJrBl SBeclrpeep
niuy ed o.rudu 3 InlBJls epun 'rr.rn1r;s;.ri
clelcrrntl
'rlr?clnr Ei11nr.xr.rc o nc 'pzneqJJsul as I rr.rn11:s.ri uie; .rtl r.rrrriu j InllrJls cpun
'elEluozrro einrurl Enop nc lscJBru InJolcas u!'aFo8 i)sBlu4.r olJlajgrlgd:r1uol
'gltlea.rp Eilnrcn.rc o nc '?zBelalduloc as : Irrnlqsoi uity arl a.rndu ./ yrleJls
oprrn InJolcos rrr 'q rrJnlPfal ep a.ruFal op olotcrrn(l 'c1B:lttozr.I(l oiilrurl L:nop nc
'r?zuJrlrJBur as : rrJnlBsei uieJ ad a.rude D InlE.Ils a.tB3 lI! IuolJes u!;D Itrntli8ol
Ja'ryr1.;grnri:t1r1arla:n.FrP1uanr81-elturIll$olesrpu'terae1JllBra{0lrccn6'uarstnl.rrdr'Eno'ur8rurJrr11pndrPcp1szeue1ielgeqr.:m4rpg}'lnusdoldacrltsunaas:nx(a:ct1'a6orn.1f!)pqo''8s'.DrirlJtllra'rr(1.t1rl6n;rs,tP'\;r3';l3go^luIil1)lstrlIl,tzrrurnP1rr'o)urtt'lu.c'I'-6ltsstaIlp/rla)rl.eoIrtqlrI.r:t,)o,rltna)lr;rll
In desenu.l legitruii. fondul s-ir Iormat. astfel. rii urzealt ])('rrtrrr rIrrrrgir
leagi numai pc.str: o singulii |ritatrrrft (in col11l {e .ios" tlirr stirrga fisrrr:ii):
inse dacA aceastit urzcalit le,agrr peste trei sau rniti tttrrltr' lrirtitttrri" s{' l'rtL-
rneazi {igura.
In aceastii Iignr'ii se v,tde cit firele urzelii pcul.ru lrtgarr: au urerrasi cvoltrtie
(crnciulile), tleci elc se pot navit{i irrtr-o sinsrrr.:i ilii I r'-\1o I'r'r'otuarrrlalrilri -
insir, o ndvitlir-e practicir irr douit i1c.
Peutru executarea unci astfel de testituri. s{'l)onte utiliza rrrr lilzltoi rlotitt.
(,u un lnccanisrn jacard pentru urzeal:r dr: cfer:t. cat'e roalizertzii rlcscn('in ftlrrttii;
rle tlungi (p:itra{clc negre) gi un dispozitiv fonnal diu. ilouri itc ptrrtrtr ttLzcitlrL
i)elrtru legare (cruciulile). cu legirtura rips perrtlu ruobilr'. -r' lrtt rlt''r'-
executi o {esritula
Cind se
nul rerlus, caro este ideutil cu motivnl, aqa eurn apare in t.ig.492,D,r.
lrr ,lcscrtrtl redtts. :-iltr nlillr'itt.
l)r:irr pitrrifelt: plile" legirrile I'ilcior litrr-
trrr rlrrugi. qx'irr r:r'rrrirrlitt'" lt'q-il'ilr' li-
rclor r[c lcqlt'r, rrrir aditc irr r,elr, t:lolra
ifo plasatt lrr l:atii si plirr purr.lr'. lr'-
grrr'ilr' l'il.lr,r' lu rrirtt'girr,"
'f ot irr ricsr:nul rerl trs. 5-iau nliu'i'iti
slorilr' 5i rcllritlil-iir Illlirrclor' 5i arru.-
ltc. lit'r'lc rlc rrlzealir l){rntnr rIrirrgi .int.
rtti5r-a lt' rlc piatirrt'lc rnuf{'alc 1l'irr Jinii
rlrr'plr'. r'r'lc pcultrr legirr,'. rlr' pl:rtirrr.lrr
luur('il[(' plin lirrii intn'nrl)l-('" ial firr:lt
ptnt'tr rnarginc dr' platirrr'1,, nrilr(.ate
q o.i 1rt'itr lntnctc.
t'ig '193. llr:sennl turtri pichct crr rloui. rrrzcli \r inrl rlr,scrrrrl rerlrrs Fi r.rrr srr'tor'
rlirt rlr'scrtrtl irrtt'gral. s(' l)oilt{. stairili
;i doul bitrit rrri (pichcr I'erilrhii ). lr,grrll Pttttrrr llelfot'ulea tar'tcltlor,.
I rr,'i linii dirr rlcstrtrrl rcrlrr: ii cores-
prrnd rlouii bi tiitrtri tl irr rlt,scrrrrl irrlr,.
gral. ,lcr'i fitltre lirrie sc rrr t'iti rlc
rlorrii ori. I)('r'\etnJ)ht" lirria / rl irr rlcsr'-
rrrrl r',',lus,'or,'slltnulc firr'Lrr rlr' britri-
trn'a / li J rIin rle-.cnul irrtcglal. l'enllrr
lrii tltrrlir / st' pcrf ornazir : lil). lr(::riu.
lllmrl.. iar pcltrrr lrirtiitrrr';r j. r'r'rriulilir
n('gril " l)uil{rt.
-.\r:casl.ri rcgul,i [)('ntt'rr lrtt'l'ortlcit
caltr:krlor: t:stc lalalrila r:ind sc tcsr'l)(f
l'ir1a; deollct:c. la forlriir{'x r'ostuhri.
s(: rirli,cir ntr nlunilr nr,irrr. rlr'{irc rlr,
urzeali. ()ste recornanrlabil, in rrnck'
lazln'i (ciu(l Iirele nu s(] r'ul) 1'rtcrcrrt
;i. nu p.rorlur, rle{ecte)- s:i s{' ttilsii (itr
r','retsrrl Icsiilurii irr srr-. irr lrr.r.-[ r.:rz.
I)L'ntru. i;:ititula I- sr: lrcllor'cazii cl'u{'r'
si rrerr'. iitr l)r'nttu bltiitrlra i. alb si ,:,,1,-'.
:154
!98
'r;nljnlr{u{[r irl] lr.rr]Dl]rr.[ (r r; r1r:lrt,rrnrl]11t1+ 1r.rilli-]](l{[
o 'lorliil(l ir,.[Jil;rd liIHrrz.Ill 1) 'llPJrrirrulllrrrnJ 1][t?JzJ4l (' :.r]llr{iltl,) 0lcJe0l}{ttJlt
pulau'FJtrltll!?r{ e1t ti qluaz.rtr cp Jittrnp r.m]oq.;rd qzt:it?lIr]tt itt't:li1r.),r1r tt.{}{rdd
'asr:o.rff lpilr ;ltJ Lls ;trnrToJ:l JIJ t.)Jll ";)'l., I r.udl?"{1r '1ltti ;,)l) r.tnJ.Ia,llLr 'olrtytrrrt
r.rjltrrr[ i)J{)l\ r]l i}l12zrlrllr fu!r- p.rBce[:r1t.rnlat1.rtd'.tt,t1I.trzt:;t r:rt1u1 r-to{tttt tt1
(a11qutrrrar) prolsi"q ri ulurz.rn ilp alqnp alunlaqtltl ;p.re;ref rrnlaqi{d 'c'c
PluJlilJ l?+iirilJll.1)
'.rleiirozr.ro Jirlrrnl e'ruFrit 1air.:.r19,1 ltx (nrJSeqlts nr
uylue:p pirlnrf,r,LJ'o1e1tr()zr-r, r
JirJil,\ e1e1c:arunu)
rirrtrrl 7'n-t.bcLr 1aiu.rled'q1r loir;.ru:,1 1{ OI
n-rEau laig;trpd 'q1n loic;1u,1
' t
lJund 1p+ur1l.r qirprr:rrr"r'y 1t!
gleJlln uillrlliu.)
II (nsor nr l6rt';td
rlJlsirrllu',riulrrozr.ro.rirrrirrl nnop'n,rborr llir:-ip:,1
u leloJatunr{)
lrrrrrd'qlerpn u]rJ OI
-n1:rn;r'ri.ri.'orr lafe;1ud'qyr'ycir-;:iu,1
llLrrrl'pluriir: rli11rrrrir.r.r II{ (n:8au nc
;' 91cl zr-r p ulrpurrr-rc'a.1uir rt.rzr.ro olrirr n I II ulelorarunu)
p:b'r:au uidu.r.rp uirlnrcrr.il'.i1nlrrozr.rc oirrrtrrl;
0t
glBrlnr pirlnrf,nrr
'JJEiuozr-ro .rinrirrl ;'n"rrictr 1rr1o.iu.r1r:,1 I
il-ilrlEluq 1i?.IoJJ.rd rrlo+Jr J rrlJ]-rEl irIlii'l
llJlCOIn'l
,r.IlltlirJdluriilrl.lrJ
(ltjt ';U ulp I ururl 1un1 u-:s) iol?lal_rer u oruredr-rd rp lnpol{
,, llpqbJ
'(l'T2 t1equ11 (flf lS 71 '1) ctueurrl"lr:tJui0f, r.).rt ur r:zrt,r"ro;"r,;d ils 1-rlrl.rr].i
r*tu.llrtl 'orttStid plr rJildn.rF re.rl uI iisopf ,\!I{ ils t[.)z.r1r Ii.).t i]laJ 3x;;11ro.r{[
'.r llJtr-JIil?(l rlrlUor{ t:rrrr r$ g P,rll:tlj:| 1:c1 rr:1 riJil rrfn '/r lr.rrrjul!?(l il.ilue{.I Enr-r : c[i]JJB,]
!.l.rl olTai l?zxr[]JoJracl as 'atttrl c.tr;iertr rt.r1u;rl 'rl.ri) 'lililI()zr.r() rrrjetl.- .rrrfiurs
riir-.rlt{i.i{l i}luiuozoJdil"t Jrrts oJer'i.rn1r,r1qq ill} Juralir\ rr.r} oJir'e.nllgsaj
'aurlRId {zQf' rnilrr:il 't]Ilt,rz.t| ;rI rrtl.rorle.r ol:-iir ll;)
'aurir:lc[ {}02 I a}r co1 ur'as-npulzrlrtn'cni3eltl cl aluorro:)J {r i)rltJ rs'1o]lFjV
'x/!.1ilzc.r op elarrrlelrl e4lllp gnop lol Ezelz:tlr.ln cs 'ouroo.trnr tlP iliJ.rrtr ll.rlrTJJ
'Jii llJ {lrsrrrpoeur r.ilt ep lp.rudar.rllrTtr}r'i;)l: r.l ll il.ll!l,rd'gzircluorii os
llils l?\.rJzJJ:rp olourlelrl oJlurp fnop ol) e.Hr:.'1 ,rs r.rrr.,'.ri r rrop !lzrlcZr{r:ln c:^
ol.) il.rlucd 'orfnpro rsucc.lB nu a.re3e1 aP tlr?.,z.lrr ol) rl.)JrJ olPol :lIiln.rlttI
'ani1u1d 00? rEurnu arBs?cau 1rrls r8unp nJtuo(l orrJ 008 u1u.r n.rlrr;if
-,rrjn1o,lei rielalc rru o]surcaaul r3unp r].r]uad BIBez.In op.)Jt+ l.nop oo;iJt?o?f[
'ronl1en.rlr.rlo1d6e.rr8oulnepcnrlJl lr0o0d6'aEIJBleFas?lzol.cronplroropl)JroJItTrltPcl.!lsIl'1c00r: l15u/ Iraiuprri"Froor:c[1rlospo"rdrer.rrrJlIl]a.]Jil
a.ir] tuls ggg '3lstlrt 006 li ourlt?[d
{rp BlBez.rrL rp ap pullI P.lrr;)?f r11lllucs3P Irurofltll
00[ I o.rr]ssrarr lJ Jtl '006/00eI
iltreEPbrfoedpci[ottuurplriadaefinupntircdehaemutrezsneetaalplanrof$udinudcceeaarinndeenrntauolmadupElluiintcuderiacl,apetesiilntteru,j_idgpe.icoh4be9itc3,e.,piD.red-ceui,r2nca: rI9ei
leprezinti o fracJiurre dintr-un desen integral al unui-pich'et jacard dublu de
qsiudbebb[etft,ittuurraa.{uUnrzdeaamlaenpteanletru(,cpriucchieut-li(1pea).trcaliet leqinpeegresu) b{Iobtaelaaztui l}a.undge,
,izealA
atit pe
urnplutura (doua liniule verticale), iar priri faptul cf, aceastd urzeala este
indisS, {esitura, in acest loc, va fi mai reliefatd, deoar_ece cele dou[ betnftri
urzeala pentrlr pichet leage
sint ridicate de urzeala intinsd. Ins6, acolo unde
peste aceste bdtaturi, se {ormeazd adincituri, ca gi curn tesetura ar: fi riglielitri
,:u acul. Porliunile tighelite vor plrea gi rnai adinci. tlaca urzeala pentru pichet
va {i de culoare inchis5.
Tot in acest desen se vede ci urzeala fundamentald a fost aulevatri pe-rte
brltdtura de umplutur[ (doun liniule verticale).
Pentm acest desen. s-a utilizat motivul M (tig.492). Deasupra desenului
rrrtegral se v[d desenul redus D.r.. care este la fel r,u raotir,ul, apoi repartigia
lrlatinelol Si slorilor. l)eoarecc {irele pichet au oolutii di{clite. ele necesite
un numir de platine egal cu nuutirul firelor de urzeali din raport.
Firele urzelii fundarnentale au numai doua evolu{ii : ele se uividesc irt
patrr i!e, c,are se leagl de patru platine (sau de cfttne 11n mecanism cu i1e).
iar {ireie pentru margini .rrof fi acfionate, de asemenea, de ilou[ platine.
Dacellele pentru firele urzelii funriarnentale sint :r{rlionati,) dcunrut-'carlism
cu i1e, se poatd face, ;i in cazul acesta, econonlie dc cartele 9i anume: {ileitr
pichet Ei firele pentru tnargine leagi pesle trei fire de bltdture, deci acet:asi
cartele va fi menlinutd in fala acelor, de trei ori con-qecutiv; astfel, nurnilrttl
cartelelor s€ reduce la o treime.
Se stabilegte regula pentru perforarea cartelelor din iinia J qi batlturile
rtcerocargezrsiup:,urlnienzgairet.ouao,rbcemlicIc,Aiu2,lipl9a1i, n3licndite,inioabdrleicpsnee.nn;utrrultrninchttier:tgfl,rrtacunlr,atrPu3eh.nittsrauetubllaaletf[f2tou,rresaaez,p1irc,r:sl.eorlepreaegirl{raou-.:
cruciulila" punct.
5.6. lesituri iacaril pentru nohile
r:u Ilig. 495 reprezinti o fesatur{ jacald du}Ia de u{'zeala 9i clc birtatulri.
{iguri, pentru mobila, avind: o urzealii de legale (din lire ,.irnple fincl.
betitura
o urzeale pentru figuri (din {ire dub}e seinigroase), o groase), fundarncntall
groase), o bataturd pentru {iguri (din firc
(ilin fire care porrte Ii
de diferite culori: albi, neagrd. r'ogie, Yerde etc., aceasta tl'epinzind rlc
culoarea pe care trebuie sd o aibf {igurile produse in fesaturi.
Figurile se forrneazf, din ua'zeala gi batatura pentru {iguri,
pdceeuncuitrUunurrzzrfaieegpailuoalarritppsemeennitcntrru[,uvddleedlegegeagaxrteeerersninecptulrnu-l,uvhrnde-drntdeitiEdsuitpareaogzsoiefntuipvanaldri'adaartmc,;aehirrndrett.rta-Aduletenuloregll-arriungirp'acli,d]i,netrt4irtie't-eosra;'lloueugur5_iziitilt;irirtireilaut,
intr-un coclet. combinarea eietnetrtr,'lor: de sus.
In lesitula din fig. 494, din din ulzeala p€ntrr {'iguri ruai lstrr
care s-itrl
{ormat urrn6toarele figuri : albe a, alhit
gi leagi cu flotari lungi. pe deasup,r,a, in sectorul lrreze,triat irr dtsen; negfc 1l'
din betAtura neagri, prr
""r" i-u,. {ortnat pentru {iguri, c'are leagi flotiri
356
/co 'PIIqour
tlrJlqo'FuinlrPurlPuaqdepPr€rgceRf lrsrenztqrnsoalp raaulBnluInJouIesllerroEt'9; 6ntr 'ilJi
nrlrrarl p.recef qlnlpsaj, '16l '31"{
-u.|li FSBJI .rl)urr,)1r.1il.,{rl lulliJts
]lf-r QJ Bpqu!l .rrl ',l]:lrPlst.ll).nl1l lrTIirJIrleJsu
-;)tr lrT 'rJrP r.,[r!d
-.)-{?[) .]l .r.lt{1.}!-0Jl aJdS
-tI ir.r eJPt.Il'ur) (olr lqo .rlnru
tzBol
tr.rtlrrse.,rp
-olJ rri()J alr"rlllillL){! ill)t{lI l:.)rr
uf 'l!io.r r.rr"'r.l
o,S -rrri.i{)rI
:(c1ir1u,,71.16 ,rinlutl
tra, .)truJlurir ) n.rclns n.)P l)?ucxrl+
Lrif'ueo .)liJr1ltll?q .)lltltl l'')utlIi
-.tor1 tr1 tII(llrt,r:r uil;r.l --
/ rr., .,rlur..iui) -"u;:.],,'";X:;
-oltr 12"r", t oILrnllllEq sPult Reu
":'ro' t{,,;'
: ururo J,";': ,Ii,;..1''il,'lllf r, u
ruluad IJniBlEq 1$ p.rn1g1gq IB n.r5ou l;ripuoJ ru''91epo1o1 'etu.lo; uA Jrll')"(.r.r.il;tl
ei+|q.r1qil n3 !llErJrur) r;;r8eetr : (eiryrron.lo
oJr:ollr,l il| '!lnll!i)r.glrlluIlJ uJn}- qq
rrc Elec.rutll) t?JlsBqIB eJ€olnc ap 'rJnSrJ n.rirred r]lBo'zJ:n i (a1au1d rsr q;u,r;cru)
1tr1s 'uJb.tl' rrl
g.rr:Fa1 oP EleazJ1. : elua{ltola eloJ€olqtu'rrl .11 elu;lz;-rrl"r.r
rturz;.rrla'rr,{'rI'ngA'SIlo6utI,'nSci.a.p!rcutr}f,
'l ?r.ll)rsuoc lnlduraxe u! ! 1u.r8a1ur Inrrcsop
'(aegqo af nrull)
r.;rI(Seatoileqr-ntasre.r(nua.l1reiu)1tu".o'trzls;rle.rrqorp1euuirnr.orrunpFrlr)rJ].rrn:r$]arnu-ulr,nrecucien'(r.ntsl.Irol.n)ll{uJlue\r1Iallips))urlr1o2t1lln'lrl.-)t t',r(l;t;ltu'it'ztlF'.;6l.ltFuutlrAp"o-fftla1al1]irqu6r"tliqrurq.Jr'ddtorl)lJ,frplatrarnSz6;ar1ut;l
IapnFl..re,oalr"le"cns:erran,e,ibiru.rr3ennlslugeasccaieo,eJrtejeloqlle1n.gcrdqonupslp1a.tdr,rpffe1.11ruitduru$*lnsra!etrlrielrr.Jrllnnril5.tr.iur-l$ruIqii,3luuurrr$pr1t',?rr...r{glnt1}in?o}1tE3taqrrrrci':
91u1ro1o1
u.rdnseop
e,icinstep
supra ulz,t'altt rL: lcsat'e (utat't:lttt ctr pu.nclc) 5i rirzoala l)ctrtlrr figru-i (rrrlrt,att'
cu cruciulile), s'a rnai arilat ;i untle f)oteaza";i leaga pc cleasupra batiitur:ilt,
r:are forltt,cnzii l'igrrri- Iiecare rlintrc elc ln scrnrml ci irr rlescnul
satrrrii .iirt'ar'ti. Urzcala pctttr"rr legure Ieitgii" in gt:rrtrtal. intr-o lrrdps al .1e-
legilurir
{)u
laport Inir' (in r'1r:111y111[ t'ltrsirlt't'at. tttt rlilgorrtl r|' Iiittitlrii irr llatru ite):
evolulilr a('cst('i ulzr.li cstr't'(:l,rez('ltirtii lrrin ptrnctr'. I'r:zeala Pcrrtr'n legarr: se
nlr-iidestt'irr grrrprrI rlc ite i. iar ]irr.lr, rle ruzeala ]xnlr'{t figru.i su rriividesc:
eite r[ouii intr-rrrt r'oclet. clur si'r,r'rlc in I'ig 495" /'. s. r.alc I'epr,ezinl-ir placa
sforilol j){'nlnl lollr.ti.
La dreapta tlcsenulrri redrrs. s-a intlicat, prin liuiulc r,ertitale. 1.rellol.alt'a
r:altelelol peiltrlr rnargini (nr).
.\ti{. pcnlru {irclc dc urzeali pcntru L:gare" cit Ei pr:ntlu litcle cle ru'zealii
yretrtl'u margitri, s-a utilizat nn qrup de ip i, a cAror rniFcare poate fi courandalii
de nnclc platinc specialtr a[c rnet'anisrnuhri jacarrl .
P,crrtrrr o lirrie. sr: pt'r'{orclzii atitcu citrtr:ll t.itr.r'rrlori. arr Iir:elt. in lriitiiturir
l)etrtru {iguri . l)eoarcc:c sint palnr firt dc birtiil-nrii rlc rlifer'itt r:rrlori. pentnr
figrrri se pelforeazri" pt:r.rtttr {itx:are linie. patru cartele^ rrumelotale fiecare
cn culoalca lrirtiitulii rcslllctir e. spre a nu le con{unda.
1t:lelc- J)1'n1t',, birlatura noagrai" sr yrerforeazir toalc serrrnt,le- afarri tlc patrir-
ucglc. tleolrt:t:c tr('cstcit arali'r trri bitiutrrra neagrii. in acest loc,
leagfrL
dcasupra. Astfel, cmciulilele. liniulele ohlicc. linin{ele or';zorltalo. srnrnele r'.
punctele (pentrrr gnrpul tle igc i);i liniulclr: verticalc pentrn firele cle la
lnarginc sr:1-or cili,,luat" si sc r-u facc Ptrforllt'a clrr'Ielei. Pirlnitelelr'n{rgrrf.
insii. sc vor r,iti .,ldslt".
Perrlr'n bitirtrrra verdt: sc perforelzii loate scurnele. afalii de senuurl
r; (carc reprezinlir r:uloarea I'er(lc). lclici: l)iitriitelele rl{'gre. crulirrlile. lirrirrft'
<lblice. liniulr: orizontalc. pull(rte. iiniufc r-erticale se vor r:iti..luat", exectr-
tirrrln-sc pr:rf orarcr cartelci.
Pentru h:itiiltrra {.:cllufic. st: pt,rIorcitz,ii loatc scrttrtele. afalit t[r'litrirrlu
orizontalir 5i anunc, pltra!eLr nr)gre. rrruciulilc. lirriutrr oJrlilc. scrnnelt. r'.
plnlcte. lirriutlr verticale sc vor citi .,luat", perforindu-se cartela.
oblir:i-r Pcnlrlr Irirtrilurir ro;ir sc perforeazii toate slemnelc, tf arii de liniult
ro;ic). rdicrr pritrtrlclc negre, t;r'nciulitc..
(care replezintir culoartra lirriulr,
orizorltole, scmnc ?i. Ilrln(rte, liniufe rerticale se vor citi ,,luattt, perfolinr.lu-sc
cartel a .
5.7. Gobeliorrri
Ar'cslc tcsiituri scr luclcazi p(r r'arzb()aic crr rnet'anismc iacard ;i Poartir
nrrrutit lui Jcan Gobr:[in. ('itre le-a ('reat pentru prima oari. Iiristi go.lielinuri
,.veritabile" ;i gobelinuri ",lalse".
La gobelirnrrilc vcritabile" bf,tirtura coloratil cuprindc nrrnrai pot'!i trrtcir
undc sc proclutj(r figura coloratii;i, astfel, lrot {i rt'tlate in {esrituri : peisa.it,
s(ret)c, llor'1rete sau chiar:pictnli in sute de cnloli $i rruanfe.
6qf
-1l.r,1irrrrlirlr)lrnrrlB] i)rz.n.rlil,utplrur(l[l,)l)Iunnr)o\ltl."x;r)1l'.r]'r.roi.i.)r{1I.,}r11..)r1jt.:}.it11:t.:rr1i 1tt:trllr[rr'rt.rr.rtlt'lltrt.strttrt.trslrtr.ttllirittt,:ri;;rtr.'ttt1tll^'tri]tsr't].ttI.r
rr.rlu,rrl 'nlEi)z.tn .)l)trn lullol'al:)uruI rrrrrl'1u.t.rrttt tl.s ltl.tialtrt llltt,)s,rl) ttI'rl?. ll
nl '91u,rz.rrr uP stll.t q-rnlqioJ o-.r1ug qiiu'r1 I.trlllls,).1,) tl.rltrltl llllr,)z.l'l
Inl.rorllr.r '.r'(/ l'llll,J\tlslouluqlnt.irrl.nirlrrir.l1nln.r,t)t.lt1o\l')r'li''6l:J.r;ttu:.trl)i.rtltt.rt;ltt.ltIllllllll,l?){.).z).ltrtlrll,lr)l.'l.rrtlIltlz'.']t.o1I
'lz.ti) ! ti
luni) uiu rrr-o.r
-r.rl.1I^tl a)[cJt?{)lJos rrr llrrlolJ'uoln,}.)]r.rJJrl) JP lrrls i)Jr?,)'rJllSrl tt.tltt,rtI l.r.lr1il:il](l
l)l) ol.).il+ JII '(o.r'icil uicjr.r.rlgcl n:):llr,).rl?ul) tt.rhlrtt ltttrtl tttt :ttl;r<t.ttl ',).tii)ll l)(ttt.l
l-llllJirJrrrlrpullT lr.rnlflu(1 rg r.rnlFlsaJ.r rr.rlrr.trl !lllr,)2.ili 'ritrtrrlr tt.tltt,rtl lrll?.)z.i I
: .1) l l-ltll,1il
Illpour (rr i)slrl)o.rrl '(rt.rr1t1o Ji lrrlll tt;r rrlu.r.tttru) trSor t..trt.iir.; ti (.t llrrlrl.){
n) Jlllxurrr) rzJe,r unFr | '(lr.irFrr)n.Lr il,, .)lP.r.il:llt) .r.r1sr:r11u r.rn:ir1 '(a.r5,rU
tlll l)Illltt.)7,Url 't:.tttltrltltl .rP rrr;.rr10.'llluli
sOnIOPeif.JJ:Ilnfdrrr1)$l;er Pll?r.F).rrp;lIlrlnI/pttorl.o'il-rlutaP):tl:t^0l)l cJlt:) Jrl ul()IU !tllilz,r.rtlrr.r .t 'fI 'fl()l '""1,,[ llr
'r.rrrir I tt.rltr.rri
'rJo1u:r Jli.rl)+tlr i)l) !.urlLrlr-l([ cl) i]IuJlsrs,)llnur rlllu nr{ un()l)'uult ri t?llrln.rlll
() 't.l'rMsJJ.r n.rluotl r-:ll.)z.rrl o 'rErtrrP rat.lrl;rrnr.tutl llLerlqt.)ozc.nl'l(')z:'.srltr,Irrl
-BputtJ lJnllllpq
-ale olorrollllrrn nll r.tnrnli){[ore o]:^.).)\. 'pJnlplpq ap
',r 1 ll.r0 10.r t.t Lt..' t 1
clrPo.Id'rlo1n, ollJoltp ol)'IIts.)zJn cp our,llsrs,).nr.) tl "Lrlu.)2.ilr .r1r r.ttttrt1,rtl0i
Ir^ rJnJt?lso.rl) rS rEunp'.ro1 eieyu.r.tlns;)d '11trrzo.rr1 ri r.ro1rt,) Jll.r.r.l ll).)l) r.r.rltt-tlu([
'll(li?llJJrr llr[.,([0rq lrurr r:ru;rr1.r,. r1111 ir1
()l) Jlu.)lsrs rrrttl asnpr.r.rd 1u1s JluJolo,) .)llulrqr | .r.nr,) r':l 'r-r.lnllrlurl .,1) r.rrtnrf
-,)([off rrr pzuadn,rF as pruluf octuBi)i)rll crtoqzlrJ orl a1r,rt"rqu1 i)[rrnur{,)(lo/)
'P.rrlrpf i)lupJaur roqzIJ arl ltrs.rf urlutloji- rrn
'(e.nrFrl :r:lnpoltl as allrnr l?ounljJO{[) r]lIn.rol;).),s rtt.;runrtzrajr."rrrll;1lu.; ll'1lrruJ.,'.)rirlr,1urrtln,r
lu.urlr:lEq o r:.) t3lInzc.r 'BorrcnlJslr dl) .,).rt]opt.r r:lll: .)1, l:.rrlulr:{l r, ,rlr.r '.rul.r,r.
,r.r.EJolJ nluod 'as-nPrrIztlrln 'uolrl.) ,)lrJJlrP Ill 'l-llriirl I lt..l1ed stt;)o.tll tttr-s tlrtt.r,
Inpoltt E1P.IB as 'lrqBlrJo^ IIrleqoS rnttu tl'itrlls t-llrtrz;r.ttlol i).ll?.)'96l ',tt1 tt;
talA neagra leagir cleasul.ila,si prin crLrciuli[e, liniulc ohliec;i selnrle a, lor'Lrl
unde bataturik: albastre, rogii $i venzi leage cleasupla.
Cele patru sisterne de bitAturft nu-qi pastreazi ordinea pe suprafapa lest-
turii. ,ri ele i9i schimba pozilia, duptr cum trebuie sa se pnoducd figurile colo-
rate, ic,;ind la suprafald cite una, iar celelalte trei trecind in rostul inferior.
Llzcala petrtru crestituri (care leagi intr-un rips) se nivirdellt: intr-un
grup cu doua i1e, iar pentnr ur-
zeala pentm dungi, care leagi
variat, se utilizeazd trn mer:anisttr
jacard, navidindu-se, in fiecare
coclet, cite dou.l {ire de urzeiili.
i!)1. Cobclin orudus ue tirl,oi l"ig. l9[3. ]lcprezcntalca sobclin de lrdtltulri.
mecanrc,
Penu:u elaboralca unei legAluri de lesituri gobciiu, se er*ect.rtii motirul tl'I.
care cste identic cu destrmtl ret'lus Ei care foloseEt€, totodate. ;i la per{oraroa
cartelelor. La clreapta motivului, se indic5, prin puncte, cum se {ace ntigcarea
firelor de urleald pentru crestetuti (c), iar prin liniule verticale cunl s() tace
migcarea firelor pentru margino nr. ndvAdite in grupul de ip i. O lirrie din
rnotivrrl n.repreziirta 4 fir"e tle iratdturd, astfel ce. pentrtu {iec,are linic" se vc,r
perfora cite patru cartele. fiec'arc uumerotate cu culoarea firului respectiv.
in motivul D. r- (fig..l9B). ca;i in desenul integral D. i din arrccati
figuril sint marcate. prin diferite semne, locurile unde bdtatura leaga rleastt-
pra. iar urzeala pentm durrgi lcagir dedesubt, astfel incit, la perforarea cartelc-
lor, se yor citi .,luatei' toate semnele (respectiv culorile), af arit de stttrnele
bdt:rturii care se citesc.
5.7.2. Gobelinuri de urzeald. La acestc gobelinuri, se produc {igrrri colo-
rale prin utilizarea sistemelor de urzeale. dc diferite culori. Fig.499,111 r'c1irt'-
zintf, rnotil'ul unui' astfel dc gohelin. in t Arr,: s.a produs f iguri ir tlei culoli
diferite gi anume: o figurir neagrA (rnarcatir prin pitrilele negre)" una albaslrii
(cruci), ntarcatd prin cmcinlite) qi una ro;ie (rnarcatl prin linii oblice).
360
198
'$f u[atlu1 ut ?]irJlJlldurx.)
ulP ([' I$
'.rn1;1ol.reo tare'ro1.r.rd n.rluad ultFa'l snpaP lsn-ps a'1le.rrnfiell1luuor sFiluprssaP/ 5 'I
r:.rrpe) rr.tuolt-rzrtllclsaJoo clrJnlqlgq l?rurl trro
ulp Ii
'F'nl!llsll"r,) n.rtrrad
ri ,-:',],rt(r.rn ,r1, 'rFrrnli ..r1uad s'rlql'':{ .;Hfi jn Tr'IJi:$ illi l;l".liiilr. _
r ,rl.roJ llp rr! plri)11.\rlu clsa aJEOItrar gllu ep rlrloz.In JJI?JOII .).la.ru0?o
llrlllrz,t.r 'aIuJrlJaA rttrrl ur.rd 'tttrfirnrtt ;]p alil.r ;tut 'alltttrr{
rrr.rrl .r1u.r.ruur ]u!s .i.rB5a1 n,qued aBpIBuenzrlrsneeropcInf"tru'6a1lsl's66ilitP'FJl[IJ).rtsln'spnaPr JIJnuInJrsl.rr[sIaP lt!
t:r:t'y,y 1,t,ti1out nc lcund ltFurs ttu-.rllrr'urdnstl.rp ri;lrl;r1
'f.r r:iuerolrp
ritrrrlr n.rlirrrtl g.ur1p1qt1 rlp JI] llJIIoP ltl T.IBIOII'n.tnlqsoi llrsJO-\.)J ct{'tiuu1 rla.rd
rtlle rlu llle.lzJn ap aIeJrJ uo ruluad'apJar ntss BJIsBC[[P u1u'tz-trt'rt't
IJI^rlolJ eitil r^rs picol .tt arudi, piul 'lqnscpip ad qznalolf '1odn 'ri e'rd;trsuap
acl un-J}u!:-nlilurara ap
-"1psri 'ro
ru'rrl ,;ztairr'l,r1 Js 'r.rn3r1 n.rluet{_.rilul,rzrtr
orl r_,zuelo11: f.r3r:au {1naz.rn o,,ro1eas ole.rolt);1 'r1r;rrfrq
.r{}[Jtri)lsrc .roIr.n^r]oIJ e;r.rert.ra11e
!)l)
rllr.iz.rn rP rtr1.,rP'o tuurt Br.rettl.,z.i.iri:'1i'66t ;l.l
'n."nr,(r.i,rr...-.r,r"rr,ls.1rr,r[rrrt:.r,.'i,r.rt,r"llr,rrir.rtrairIz,:.1)'rruzlruq":J.lrr.n,,i,,,,ro'r1qru'r.ro,or.*jr,J,ilr,l',1.u,',,rir(r.,.r,orlirirc.1.ll,rcll's,,luIru.i^rinri'r.li3rliPtr.Iut,u..rrui,irlrrarpul.rrpr1d)nLr:Iq'gauruF*lsiEu'o1uelrls)ou.rJltf,e,Jrf,suil.uldtrrlra:u)ro.n'uDi.r'rrnl)sf;lfnurilr-lard)iaJrq_XJ'tu'l]spBt1n?olle'Ir{IrreJtllll1itP)]'{1sBr]llFLll!]iJ'l'g{Pu(ln{l,l'lpJ6all'p.l6(rnlauqtlo''flt3ufJfe^faBtoai1c0ia1r{€lsr;rqr1T'(artBt+n'i1rIE;ri.l1t.'g.rlz13r1'Errtptlyr1lql{
'l'abelu 45
Modul dc perforare a cartelelor pentru gobelirruri de urzeall
(exemplu pentru modclul din lig. a99)
Lirtit' ( -artela (inrprri I rlc plaiiitr: Grupul ll dc platirc (irrrprrl lll tlc platine
:r l.r?ltEtr rrir LrrzealS alhnstlii rurzcalzi rosie
Ltrzcalz-r r te agrir
1 Negrut, lirtiu r.crliu;riii (.r'ucirrlite, linir-' l-irtic olrlicrr ;i lirric
13itZrtrrra pcntrLr (-inrcitrli{e si iirtii verticlla
rlurrgi obiicc, o Negru si linii olrlicc. verticala
ionrt. o <latzi 1x,r- r., datir pt't iorat.
o 11:ttl rtel;r'r'iotrrt NcqrLr si clLrciuliit,
rli.rlii rttr- o clat:i pcrirrat,
rr tlirtlt iirltt.riorti
porf ot.ai
2
lJutattrlrr rlc \ergrtr 9i lirtic I'cr- (,rLrcirrlile 1i lirtir l.irric olr.licri ;i lirric,
rintpluturA iicull
r t'rticalir \ ('iticirlll
lliitiiturii pcriirLt I-irtit'r,elticrill Ltiltr'\r't'lrtirlit
crestiitrlri l.irtie lcrticrr lri
5.1i. '!'erlturi etr desene eombinate
'!irsri lrrrilc .iacarrI s tudiatt: ilv('iru- irtLr'-rur ral)ort. r.ur silrgul de scrr. c.lt:e
r'rrprinrlt liiginrcr inl.n)tgii a !t:siilurii sau se rtpeta de rtrai nmlt('r)ri lx) acoa-
sta. -\int. insii. rrnclt'tesiitrrri jucard" La t'at'e Lln rapor.t cste ('orul)inat rlirr douii
strr rlin rrrli rnulte tlt'sene, din,ca'rc cauzit se numesc fe-stituli iacitrrl t'rr tleseltc
t'orulrina.tr'. -,\stIt:l rlr: tt'siittrri silrt: felele rle ruas:i. crovoilrcle. 1111-1'p[11ils,
Iril urilt:. r'itrpcttrlt: ott:.
l)c cvrnlrhr, in lig.50() -"r, \.c(l{} un dcscrr r;arc irr l)utea Ji rrtilizat penLl'u
lill (.()r'or. \t'cst rlt:sr,n (lsto ..(:ornbillat in liLlitnc".
Ilapolt.ul rlt Lrrzcalai (rrrprin(1{: intreaga lalimc a !csiitlrrii, irrsii tl ('str ('onl-
lrinat rlin trt:i rleseut diferitr': tlcsenul cimpului. descnul bordrrrii rlirr stingt
;i rlcst'ntrI Jrorrlrrrii rlirr rIrcallta (trare t:ste sirnetlic r:u bortltrrir rlin stirtga).
Lrr rrrrr.le lcsltrrri. rlt:senul esle conlbinat o'nt in Ltili.tne. r'if .>-i irr lrtttgitne.
l\ir {'uui r,'zrrltir dirr f ig. 501. t:are cuprinde: desenul r:irnptrlui (irr rrrijlocrrl
{igurii)" dt:sernrl }rolilrrrii rlin stinga.
dr;senul bordrrrii rlin rlrealrta (('ilr() (lst(:
sinretric rrr rIcst'nul lrorrlrrlii tlirr sl-in'
e+ g'.a). descrlrl lrorrlurii rlt' .ios. rlt:scttrrl
e/- -o liordurii dc sus (crLc csLr. sinrttrit, r:u
dcsenul bordurii tle io,*) ;i rlcstrrul r:e-
d Ior patnr ('ollul'i. t:ure sittt sitttctrirrc
v&dnP 4
l:ig. ;{l(1. \, hil:r rrnLri dr.sor .j:rcrrrrl qorrrhirrrt iiltr-e elc.
rn I51iru,. La rl,'stltrl,' r'rttllyi;1,1,. 1" lrtlirrre.
rlc obicei. s.e lloltr' Iat'r' ,'r'ottotnit' rlt':
lrlatirrc: Iir t'clc' corttbiuatc atit in lii{irne, cit qi in hrngilr.'. se l)oitt{' {lt:o 1i
{'('oll('D}llrl:irt''xrlctt'nlrplllrtrttin,,q'.t li rlc r,a'rtek'.
mportul desenrrltti r:orultirnt rlin l'is-. 5()l
pr(:-sullunr cei
t'iIc' rlr' 1 lt00/1 {10() firr..
[)in tt'lc I 1i00 lirc rlc rrrzcalii :
f;1v11111ri1 din stinga est{r lorlnati diu 300 ck: f ile :
- l)or(lu,t'it t{irr rlrcapta cste l'ornratri din li0l) tle {irr::
- r:irttpol estr' folrrrirt rlirr I 200 dr: firr:.
--
;liil
,,oc,
rlJi),}.il].) lrl Jl) 'r.r() I '00g irlJl.ilrr 8[ L:[!(l ' rir aOt 'IO{j
JP uIl.I .ro{ .}l;}1.)J.ru.} nrlu;t[ r3t.usurI o'66-a
.r.lEJ 'rnIrrIur1.r (;. r:1.r1.rr:.r u1 r.rurtl {l6e
: '00[;
;r1lr1.r1.trr,r) sns cP t.rnpJO([ n.rltracf rrrlnurr.rr{.lB.llrro,r Insrri)s u1 'rorlu'(995'n1a1"ru.r
rl r-rrrld 'li 'Z '1 ;.r;.r1ul.rr:;r) sol' .r1r l?.lnl),Io(l rt.tlrt,rr[ 'str;)s ull-.rlu! l-r]l:p r) ']r,rstr.]]
-o.T i)s r?s JlrItis.rl o.nrD'1.rillJo([ Lttlol).roIJ.i i]li)l,f.rn:r tt.rltr,rd t-ltttsrJrI o
: il;) :lllzl-l ra.rtl p.rn,rrrl lilsttIll.)Jttr tllt tti] ]lt-]0[)
.tI]
f s Iilto([z|.r l]a) Jll-ci]J3rr cl5-i) 'Jl;rJ.rur) JP Jrrrr()u.)J0 JJnJ rJJlrll i]s B rulrlod
'.)latrI]r 00{: c}lu
os'rto rt.rlrrI ap ls q.rnbrl J.ri?.1 nI'rlurr;r
fzltcztlrlll rllcd.r.r rirr.xr;tn -rr.rlttad
: el)TJIOIIIIT- lttlii
a[r.]J.].llrorl)'a1a1,ru.r 00[; rzPi)zrlrJl'r Jr Sils-;1r rs sol'illr t.rnPJo({ il.q.uarl -'clJ].rrr]
: Ii:]Jlsll
009 n.r ]rllnrrxa 11 oleorl uesep tscJl? 'orl1 00il 1 al) irts.) l-:rntLrllj(l ap
r*$p'llurrnrt isr J[JlJa.) op artuouo].l Ii a;)lrJ Jllr()(l i]s-'rr;rsa1l ]sJill uI In].rodrr
]of
' l.rn p.rorl ! no l) JJrl rr! os rrr.rdnc B lBoz.rn
ap ol.ruorlu.r n.r1ud alac urp a.rurall rt.rlrlrrtl li.reoJS o ilJTii !Jrpr'rroJ'^ n.qecl a1ll'
'J:lrilr{[rrro;] JuJs{}P ni) p.rueul r-rnlpsoi rJun Birr{.}( Iot lil,.l
qrir:a1 ;rs {)09-I0{; Jlourlel{I .rp.rur't1tle;tp rrrl) r::.rrp.lor{ nJlucd Dtttl 'uFulJs
urp B.rnl).ror1 l.r1u+rd uun 'rJoIs rlnop rlrr r.rFuaI a"- (X)t:- t olarrrltyl o6
'r.ro r1.r1l]tI
cp lj.rLrFr1 r(ees,rn 1-?lado.r as J.|.EJ rrr E'IdnrJolrpp1laJrl[,rcs.o,rlunri..lrrelrnal ez:o.rarlrnttcutr}untprl1llBedIllUdr$,.)roTocpd)uPr00lJe00lrdt[ia--0609 n'l
i crr.rlourrs lrrls ore.rpoep 'unJlJor{
esci ollro(l os uos.lp lsJ,,n '.+.rrI .|p [X]lJ
5.9. lesituri ilamase
fcs:itLrlilr',lantlsc ]Ioartii nrll)1ele i)I.rllilrri f)arnilsc rlil Siriir. in L.Ar'{f irceste
tesaturi s-atr fahrieat pentrn printa qar[.
Ele slnt. utilizate pcntru {c1r'rtre lnasi, selTfrtc, per.dele, prosoape gi gtofe
l'ertrrr rnoirilii. (]lrr'c. 1ls regul.a, ur rlesenc foarte rnari, cusute sau, chiar, r:u
rnii tlt't'rolulii rliferi tr'. deortrr,'cc ele reprodue. prin efecte de legaturii, diferite
figrili ca : stele, flori, cifre, litere,
imagini, peisaje, scene etc., care ne-
cesiti mecanisme jaclrd cu nurnir
rnare cle platine, dar' {olosind mo-
dele .,damasc(', se poate reduce rru-
rnarul platinelor la o mic5 parte ilin
lrla t inelr llcc'esar(). Pr:ntru lcserca
acestor artit,ole, razboaiele sint do-
fate atit cu mecanisrne c(fuigi1.e.5c0i2t )5;i
cu mecanisme jircard
ine'tliat dupf, spata o rste rnontat ul)
grup eie ile Zr, dupl c,are ur:meaza
2ia-c8altcl orc, leDlei
rrn inecarrisrn o platina
pot fi legali (in erirrn-_-
plul considerat, de o platinii sint le-
s.ati 4 cocleli), care po1 {i inlocr,ili
cu o placA pr,evizutl lu patrrr girr-
r'elc, prin care sint niir-atlitr pltru
firc (fig. 503).
Fiecar.e fir de ulzeala este nivii-
dit in prirnul rind intr-un coclet al
dispozitivului jacarcl c. apoi intr-un
Iig. 501. St,ltenra rrnrri rlzboi Fig.50:i l, la
damas,. cd e;lr" irrl o coclet al grnpuiui de itre b. legate
r uieste 4 coc- cite doui, una de nlta gi actinrrate
leti . in contra-tragere, tntr-o anumitii or-
dine: ita i rlc i1t B. ita I rh ita 7. ita ,? de ita 6. i1a ,t de ita 5.
Itt'lc pot avcit u]ril dil ccle trei pozilii posibile: sto,(ionarii. cind ele sint
rn pozilia lo-qtrrhri nireltr (in fig. 502 ilclc : 1.2, ].,i.6;i B). coborite (ita
jta 7 ridicfltri
3. ace,easi figulri) ;i liclit'ata yrrin contrirtrascrrl (le citr€ ita 3,
cflrr' (,slc lolrolilir >i rlc r'irre ,'> 1,. legata).
Fiecare {ir de urzeala se poate afla i' u'a di' rumitoarele pozigii :
iu t'ost insrtcpaerreiore.scteinrrrlirar.rtiidt itlrlfairtiurrla. rlisprzitivulrri jacarrl. r.it ita tlil
glup-ul de i1e, sint r.idicate: ,qi
sint -eolrio1ltit1e'e;51 inferior, cintl atit l.rlalina, cit ;i i!a, ln caLe cste niryadit {ir:rrl"
in t'ost incruci;at, rrirrtl platina estr ridicati, iar i1a coborltir sau ilvers.
-ln fig. 502 se mai vede crl coclclii diu i1e nu au un ochi rotund obignuit.
ci un olhi
ar-ind o lrrngime de B-12 r.m. astfel cd, in cazul cincl ita este
sla{ionara. in pozilia ro-stului nivelat, firul lungul
a}unecA de-a acestrii or:[i,
atunci platina este ridicatii sau coboriti.
'arocde-elaFl.liigrdn.5e.s0tie4'inr.lreelfplrrcreerzurlitanatttii'idnelprsa-eornleuleal susi-n*rpleueirritiroearsllai.tirrunaaris{rjia:g.c*par"ridni -isr0iuas.ramfigfr.elSc0a5
reprezintri
ser\.it, ca
:i64
cO!,
.)slltul?lr Illt]Js'
-Jlr rrI.)1.)itt.ltll(l I )... J ILrrlrls,',|{}) lr [l1e\1rrl]no'IlOt;t)tdunrt.trr'.lrrlitrr1'.I1rPitrl.urr1'1rptlrttI-r.Ilntrtr-tl'!trtlrt..1r.()il)').r.lIlplulqoluBJrPrlso'S1ril?1r-r1qpi - ll
auililln'1')'(I.i'qlf.g)s.ilrr1ull?T.g)1rllnul.nr.rtpr.lcs.in.lllst tttr)
r-$rrrlrl) Ilroi)s.)l) tltn';lil\o r:t.):-:r.rrri) rr.r rrrnlt-rF;rl ,.,{l,,JJiili,:;l ]ij:,l])'l],,J;rl ,,,,,
.i)sp1t lJrl;))llrp.arr.rI l'rqa.lE-r{1lltJilOr.i])[iJlrr1lJlts]lRr..)rilutd,]ts]i-ll.ll1.lI,[E)) iI|rU\r.r)lplt,r)'lOsrrrs[r)Prlir.lltlJ1t1.,'llp'It]C,r,tIiiil1)l1lrl,to,l,{r[.7,!,.].llrl.l,rtll.tilrr1tl9l'l.6rrtc-tlt1rtlrtltlrzil.r1l"trI 'r r
11rl[llzi:].r
tulxi,r'.rOltitttIs
-n.]J.JJroa(lr[lrlrn:]l.rrJIJzrSrJilprJ.c,srpninluleol.l.rPrr+eaclIlOl'lBllcIeUItaO,nzaq.)urZlill!l;l.RI+IB1Inlrtr1i'zt-Jll.?srioltUr1J1!rpl'Eq'J!1-Jo8tJlT..U)rl.zsutrJ.,J[lIlSOtl.lUlt)l.Tlrll!ounlt;trrlnlls.il'IqtItp.r1t.lrtr1l.u.irrt.;.rr;1lrlrI!tltlitj]lr[.to.tlrrlr\r€l.rorr't(iei[ntzirttB1l .(orI]lrtllll.{.lrI[t.)lt.r:l.il1lrlstl]:
-l.llll([ ap sl1[]n rrn 1r,:jrrrnq;r.r1rrq 1?-s prroJ tr!'!'0g ii t1 tttp;]ilrtlllrl] lllt!.)s,-]i) l]rl
' I,nr 1 1 6e1 t:'rrtc1,r:ttr
1n,rr1 rzorl ri 1n-r.rlnFeu trtll ltunu.)plol !ln.)am Js.)sLlnl?l) [l]lIi)sJp ili-il!'(lrztr!.{ I*
1",rna*tp,srrltn) 1rn1p3e1 allnul reur lsiurncfr.r]rrl rrr:--s
1t.n:.rnl lrrrrilqc[) rrT
pf,pirul r.rr1lIs.)i lcun lrru.rsrg I0! bl.,l
rnpJr.n1dr1lnrrrrs,p:c-rrJ:l?,rrrrr'riui(l:r,(pt''i[',.ptJ.r':,S,tJ,.,,(1oz,r)l3lirrr*:|[;l,:)ntrIrsrJli9crei'g.1,TisrJ.nrrtzn]lfg(np11)Jn,.,pxtirs],lIna1EnfIu,.nlgr.otsa]t:,)PaE1f,pIel1e,'.p!r:r-ul!rslr1pr1t'aliu'tz'.ll?p,erulur.Uidturlt.erlr.,poJ..t'r.1,lLsl^to1Jlrisollllsqrll.ns.o)Ji>raelJ^)!osc0lJttlull9..let]re'lPn5arls(lllrEJltilpo.eI.rncrtrr]tI'tlllp[r?c'l'S;eu.ar]olIeJedi_ulaIlleI'o.Br:o:f-r^JliOI}EunPn:!rIc1LSrtot'enals]szt..ucr}9r.!p[}u€'lJ1nooUuJd"rJITBt 'IceI.IirrlI'l-J;l,lr
tn('
L11()
-J.lirlI;)lln'r..'l'gr1l,)l.ltplrl:.rrJ.)1zr.'ir:nr)I;pjirt).lr)i-rJlJnsll.{r)rr(i[jo.r/]tt.r|rsetr'i1itl;i'rrlullulirp)s1al:[,rnrdl.?rlii)l1:s-r--7'l.[I:r;|J]tul.l$rlitlt(:i.,,]rrlJ1i.-]:lrl,l.rt\ll1itfto.;),ltlill.tuilluttl..lt)lrtlrli{.)?'..){ttl11'/l'"1-li'lli-liii{llr"l.]:zllJ:'a(l:
'I lllt U! lrllll.l!u l-rlll.r7.llI
o;f-{lrrrlitrl.utl.r|.ijrl1tr,ro):zq.r.rrlr|p:l)ri.i)r)l.)'r(rri:u)l[).i'r]7i.t'rrrrr.ltlr1l}p-larrlJeullrrtlglui.ll)e(luurort.(rr]jrurl)ltIdrlt)lprlsr1crllr!tl:!utt1x?.t],tr}jt.;}Lrltrlr{)rJ;rrl!ts'Iroiill)f'.Terl?.t!.lI[}lsr'lnri^]t?ztrl.trlqrtlttI.rp].lr)ltttrlal.]r{.iiiJI]rtrl,ti..r
'l-rJno(l()i) 11 1n,lt "lt.r11r
--lfJl,rI:!lrlIlz.ntLnl ,r)lnlrJrlll-ri)r;1)i)l.ln:)r()".l)tl)r'1irtS!rJlnrp.rr'r-ur1rlsl'\ooJ.l1rFutl.rtll-tr:-.lrl11rr,t)ttt{.lt.totrJrJ/ tl.l-tltlrlllJ'z1.llll-r.J)tll)Jzl.llll.lllaJ[',l;tI.t]lJ([rl
1t.) l-r.rpo([(];).)r i].rt:f;]'1 lrfr r;1e5.)l olsi] J.rl?.),)p; t1u1"tod t-lltlttttti.rt: 'rls,r'ltlJltlll
-O.)ir{)')'r?.}rPl.t l}s J.ll::)'[:-[ Bleez.ttl oP J13.lrJ i]lIl)1.1r\flt ]n!:^ lrJBi) u1 '(rftr.r.turll
rjrrl:t0.r 1 r'irr".r1 ltl!r.).Ilt;).r11) rrrrrlrlJrl !lllrrlori:)tr ill'q'r / l?.nIlli-11^?(l ll.llll:i(l
'lt,lll'rul'r!ll:lllll ),r{ll
.rlr.rltrr0ri.rr'.)lrJltzul) Jll?ol rr! aduo,rde'lurs olaut;tt{d t,)rtrt;)st?{.trlll} JUJ:-.}P lfl
1tltrllrr ri lrJtpCr['ru.t lr1.reol'yZeajurnqor]uI ,,s '-IOIJut:1l?ld 11.)llr.)il{tI tl.lltlJ(l
-l1rl Jurtrrrrrrr 'll1rlt:o-rl it.rtIs tlSt1tttlirr.nl:r;ila1Jlo).p'l'tJllo)tllrlln{.t)J.olr[lu.llntLJll-.trrlui lltlir (r.rrrtlll).tol.rrt!t
tr.r tliJ'.irrr1r1tI ]llltlltls^ ll-q
'tr1tltl.t1r 't.tt.[s tl.Bttt;s lll i]p al-lll)Ll!]o.tJtrritlI ".io1.r]i llr.ll-lt.ltlllt nJ Ini:ii]
.Jl:., i).lil.l'.r01.rir t,r.rrr!rr1 i)p J{)lr.rn.}oI i)lP t{lll}f-}fl .]lt irl.llllttnu !lll{lPls P-q
'ir"re5u"rl-tr'rluoo llll[;]]sls r,I
'rllt cl) trurt aloir olebal lt{!s turu} 1n[)
rri!.)l) 'i,i l)Ut I P -gtlt ';l-l -oril JP li rr;lr3!5e 1 elu rtlu!ilr1 ?l) .)1,)(llld
'rrJ.,.tr[r0)r!1..r];{j)rr(:u,el1(r.r}lj'r,lJ)r,s',r1r-llr,n.rrtr.u-lrrlrrir'ti(t !r()tt1:lt-\5)lillPrlI'r.HttItIrototLlll'trJt.rl\J.^tsJ.rl'u.l)r?;1rIl.:trlP'l.1ttlujt'r;t,tr:t:.ii:'.trl)
rui-.r trrrp r1rrttuiru.r.,1
/ztfd/Dpao/ lj13€t{2.
q\ r.i1:l.re :rJ;[r i)l] i)[r.[lI.]J \- ': !.{l Itll rtltr eldtla"llt
lrJ'p.1,t1.1,:J;-trr,i1tttt:t lllllosal' P-q
\3j '''it 'p l!llllllllJ" .r1'rir ur1'
Co llrallrn ll? l.il.)!).) lltl-.ll1ll.l{l l:' 11.r'|.rnrul'
iltiiltl.l:ltlll,r.rlll l:li I I rrtrr[ .r1r ll:ttlrt i rt: 1.r1''11,,
iln-JluI l!llr lllt! \l:Lr .)lr.) !:llEJZ,rll .)l) .lt+
.,Jr:iJr..J 'ilrrrllrld Jlr lti,)l :lolJo;) ttll illr.r
,'.r1J .]lsi].]ll lttll .)ltl:)
-P,)urJllt{!to)2F.}i.1{J(}[.ft.-rlifrr1f;rjir}11;1l1il-1l4l1!
ffiffi JS!-{r-ttl11l} ;)J'}:) ,rll
H 7 tt)d t)'/ Llnlr,llt 1.rn()[] uLr(l Iir:).lt?tlt ti,ralllr l .]][:,
'l-rLrriltld .).lilir,rrl ;rP'1r:5.i1 tte-'.';r"rtI T
i)li :)!rr1r1t:P 1^rJnl!"tal o ultrtz!)J{l }aJa[r1>-
-u{,.j [n[i{ltIi]\i, i)rJtro'Jl, i stl{ rr1 r-ll.-c ;)ll
cur geJd qrtol) JI€r? :l ul{r,{.lltlrltt nu'q '.)}r"1r.[
ll,rl)r{)lr)rirr:l.O}ltrll.lrlllll-lrlOPl)JlIllJlt1tl1Ulttlll.l..tr.l-Uilirll{flSuurZ3Jan{u'Inroltitartullrilletllyl iu'{o{Ilt)'} ';r;t'l"t1llt't1t '[rt1U1r{
lll'li"ltllru
llll(ltll{ l?-s
'r:1,ii,,,.1ll,).il[rl:\PttilJi-tlPlllll.rt.,|.rit.r1'tttlltrl.ltt'''r;t:ritl'rl')'rll'lo'lrlltttt:li
lu;).tllrr rn:-s'-,1;76;.= y 1n1rot{t.1 rrJ .)>-urulll) Ilrliit[,t\.)l) tttltrl.totItr.t t:.ttltl.l:;([
- I r'rrl 1 r15,r1 llir.llll lt:)J\.i)
n.rlu.rrl .)Jlrsa.).)LI lltJS ll.1!.) 3iI'l'Jt) lltdJo;) rrtl 'rrt1'rit lrlJl-rultrtl llllql:l\ ll-q
l'errtlrr lrirt;Ltrrlir / sc ar:1itur,'ilra t{tt platiira /..t'rjditii 1irt'i,'rlt'tr['zc.rli
l- /. corrr'onlil('il1 lrr'lion'irrrl Pc,lirlir ,/. :r' ( {rl'lritrii lilrrI rlu ut'ztitlrl / 5i str
rirlir rr finLi 5.
lrrrtr'pinrl r'rr Iilrrl rll lrirtiilirlii.J..t'sr'lrirttlrit lroirrtil in tttotir-. rlcoitltcc "t'
a(fti()llr'-irzir lrlatiua J. t'lrrr ridit':i l:illll rit irrztittt 5-{i;
c,{}llr'olttitent. ;rr:{io-
linrl perlula /. se colrollri ;trr /. r'rr l'irrrl rlc rrt'zcalti 5. iar' l.rrirr t'olttral-ragcrt"
-, r'irlir-rr Iilrrl /, r'1,.
Itriu lonrlrilaltir tli:Pr;7i 1i1 rrlrri jat'ar',1 ou corlrtri tl,' i1e, la riizllorrir'lc drr
rlarrrirte. s('ln'niirr('slt'r'r'duccr'(;a lrunlarului tle platine. l)e cxcrtipln. rlllA rl,c-
senrrl din ljg. ir()l-l s-ll r,\r.r'uta rrrrrtrli .r Platine. tltr:i cu rtu tuccrrrtisnt jircirrrl.
at'fi nt't'rsaLr irtitlrr lrlutinc. t:ite lilc rlr,r Lrt'zeala sinl- irr r'aPortut rle rrrzealil.
teslrr:t tir T6 1rl:rtirrr'. l)urri" irr:ii. rlr'senrr l sc exeerrtf, pt un rizlroi rttontll pr'ntrti
!{-'siltrrli rlaulirsr:. sirr t ritlt'salr' [i i1c (deoartr',. it:giitura lolositii r:stt' rrrr atlu-i
in il ite) ;i l() lrlrrtirir'(rlloalttr.nrotivul -J1 irrrlicii l9 t'roluqi idi{eri ir')
(lt cit. rlcsr.rrrrl rllrrrtsc cst('rriri lllirfi:. ('lr. atit so l)oatt redu('c rniti lnult
rrrrtn;rt'ttI lrllttirrli,rr'.
l'cntlrr tlt'scrrcll rlrurrust: srrrt irrtlelrrrintatt'. 'rr lcgitrrlii. diagonirltle;i rtla-
sulilc rcgrrlatt si rrcrcgrrlate. l,egiitulrr i('altg1 1s1{6.1. irrcit, lrr iruhinlt'r.ir 1'un-
rl rrltti trtr Iigrrrir (lir lorrtrrr'). l,r'r.lc sii lrgr, tot,lr:attrra irr olroziLie.
in talr,'la l6 sc atalii un(lc sc ilpli(rii pnn('1rr1 de Ieqare al rlifr.ritel,,r dtlt-
stlt'i. ( lll'l st lttcrrrllzii t'rr ,ir-l 2 itr'.
Tubela 16
:\lodul clc aplicarc a prrnctelor rlc legare ia dcsertcle danlasc, atunci cind se iolosesc
legdtrrrite atlas
Atlas itt lrl 1l tz
5 ite 25311 ;s 4 -T
26423J 4 ll II
6 i!c ;724613 7 11 83
6147!5S3 6I
7 Ite 6El3J;ei
7 I0 3 6 I :
8 i;. 8159:ldirlJ
10 5 t2 T a I
! it"
l0 i1e
ll ite
i2 ire
itt ,r,',',t.1it lal,rtl;i :r'tetltr r'11. la tttr atla.. i1 5 i1r'. grlirtrul putrcL rle it.gar,r se
\ it ulilicl rintlc se incrurileazd firul de bdtlturri I cu {iml de rrr"zra[l j. lI
rloilett ptrlcl" lit ilrcltLci5ru't:a firrrhri rlt: lriitiluri J r:u finrl de urzeala 5 5.t.rn.d.
[,4 rlcscnrrl tlittttitsr: din f ig.507, s"a ales, ca legaturti. atlasul nctcgulirt
in (r i1e ,1,: s,' reurirlcii, la c()ntu.r. r.it lircle L:agi mrrnai in lrPc)2i1ie. deoarc,.,r]
lrrLrr'tclrl rl(r lt,g:rlr: s-lrL lpIir.,irt tlupii indir:ltiilt talrclri l(r.
;lrit
Fr98 .rolr.mjpsai ea.ru1:oro.rd rS etnltmlg - tf,
'JSl:[tt]l) r.ilr l!s.)l trttn 1r: |:.r,c.rlilr Tnrrirs.r( [ ]ll! ';r-1.,1
' lz l:Urlpld ed ep rrjellr)c rrI alrpE^uu :l urs ,)re) cf.G-6I llllez.rn op
lrtlril)srraJ.rPecun'7ds,rt.-r/or rI I ll?.ttl.rel rnlnriBds.r€r 'e Etrrlulrl od ep rriolcor u! olrpqALIr
rnlnrjBds '1 urrrluld rrl
lllPozJt-I op cloJrl pundsa.roo lJ e Tuorl.ra^
ornPlnrrriiecldcsoo'fuI$ctZrp'B1^fau1etcur1ls.rec,tr€aolrr'iqe-dIs'aErr[rtladztnalacigp.relpled.rrtr]rp.rtdrn'edsluoa.rlourrrI! / 1ncrl;r. ,r
1u!s'g-[
r3.rnlfiiiq ap olcJrl n.r uod '1e1vozr.to nrjl?ds Inurr.rd rrT 'LrlrozJn ap i).nT g'lnrr1Jc'\
Inrrn.rPr'p.rn1n1q11 op o.rrJ 9 ulurzoJdc.r Trluozt,ro nrinr{s u.n':u1onr rrl 'l^r.tn}1]lffl cl)
JrJ c.rBcorJ nrltrat1 elecrprJ crnqoJl cilr1u1d cjec ocnpap oluod os rtlour ilr(l
'p'o cslrursP rnlnrrosep r oJslnroxc op Inporrr ri iu1r.r.re cl>-c )Q!'.8r1 u1
'crrrleld t
f: fsA (la) ,it olc.)
trlrquls E-q
n.rlrrorl (d.7) un1p.8of rr.rluoel elup.rd g op. In.rltrru
rrf,rpul c-s '(ria;qs ep r.rnlrrr) ouu1rrr.cro,qlrrrj,r'.rrclo',.srntiol#r1l) "lr;l:u.r.e*tstrsUll'l,rlqiil':llrq.'irt-,Sllj'?i
rrir rt:r 1 ei\ : l) uli.tcfit.r1-urlrroa
r.rllri)z.rn 'eur1rl1d n.riud erusocotr Ju!s 'cl r.ralrp ilinlo rr n.rlrrrI lrrrs rnlnarlortr lu
ep 1n1.rotle.r u! o)oJ€oep i erusoc,rn .rolourluyl In.llrunrr lrlrrlnls rr-S
'gldBc.rP J.ilPlafrr o c-c-nl)ilrrr;)sap 1s g rl I 11l
,)l) irs-nl)u!lo.r.)nlnrr '("it 9) !'J JaEgl:I'Xa,ltpl9glr)ulnlq.lrrtoo:cr:lnr.rr,p/{J\./.rr.oBrc-l]ro[J1:ionrJzr.lIlr(rrr.11rloB,efL5fpu:u'/1r)9nr (1l1X.rllocrrqnsleuB")rllsu.lrur.1\tpru-\--i;-l)lsltlqritlitrll
rjrnt!?ll{[ ep 1n1.rotlrr.r .rur '(99 : rlnlr^rfrq'W
-r1p Tiltr:)s.)p Ircp '919 n.rnlrffoI r-s t0g '3r1
-.)sJI) yll.torlu.r lr?.rpu,rur rS lrlrqrls u-s '7 In.ulout lurr.)scp nu.q
: e.ruo111ur.rri uoolpJo al WZrlEeJ rrrp r:-urn?l) Inrr.)sJq.
llr,'c:i, pentru litlicar'ca acestor platilc (r'cspcctiv r {ir','loL'). s(} ir('liorrclzir
rsuprir legiitruilor -l.2 Ei -l tlin Pp 1i. t'orrr:onritellt, se tclionL'ilzii 1i asrrplir
iredalelor din ,Pi, pcnrlr ridicarta ilelor'.
f)csenrrl sc schinrLra la lirclc tle l.rirtitulii 7. 13 Si 19, dcti legirtulilc /)p
.tor a('liona in altii oltlirrc. lll ('ullr lt'zultri diri rnotir.. sc
1'errtru a sirnyililica l.nunca e[c elabolar:c a legiitrrlilor pcntru !r'-qritrrr:i r] ir-
rlils(', sc executri, in genoral. nulrtai dcscnrrl rcdus, a$a c[]lr sc afatir in Iig. ir0lf,
calc rcplc,zinla clcscrrul lcdrrs al tlcseuuhri r[lrnrsc integrll t[irr fig.46?.
]irecutalt't dcscnrrlrri rcdus coutltortii ol)crirtiilc rr linii l-oalc :
l)csenarea legirl"u,r'ii /,;i a ntotivului .11 (car:c cstc. l-otodirtii,;i dosrrrrrl
rerlus. tlcoarei'r'rrrr sjratirr orizontal rcplczinlti 6Iilc r[e bitail.rrlii, ial urr spalirr
vcrticaI leplczintii 6 Iirc de urzcillir).
liellrczentttca cclor' 6 t;e Ci 5i niivirdirea i cocletii. sinI r'eplezcnta[i plirr
6 liniutc yerti('alc, clcscnate Ia t'irrrl, irr f icrctrc splliu vertir tl.
Ilcplczentarcit sisteruului dc aclionare a ilclor plin colrtra-tragcrca L'|, t,u
sirgc!.ilc care indic;r stnsul de uriScaro a ilelor.
Sul"r contla-tragcrc, prin liniu[e ori-
zontlle, se indici oldinca tlc actionar't: a
lredalclor Pi i'at-
siltt rcprezotttatt, tle'asupra nrivridirii (,'l
crelc -l lrlltirrc,l' :rlc
tttecanismultri Dj.
Platinelc sirrt legalc, in ordinca rrrr-
ttrt'ricit. plin lcgriLuli dc aclionatt ft1t;
l ir,rcarc ]iniutir r crticalir relrrezintir o lc-
gaturl de tcpiorrlle a plttirici $i colcs-
lruntle la 6 lclioliri pentru 6 fir'., tlc
llir tir turi.
ln unele cil?rLrr;, sc intrebrri rttertz',ii,
ptrrtru descnuI tlaniast. o lcgiitrtt:ii ctt
ilt.lillirr irupar rIe Jir'.' rlc urzcalri, itt citrc
caz i1c[c llu st lx)t lci{it irr sistct,ttrl
cort[ra-lJ:aij-clc. Iiilrd lle{'('sitt: sii str rltl'
l-rlczr: uu mrirul ilclor.
Fig. ir09 rcprczintri un tlcsen rla-
ilraiic derlurrrit ,,gt'ecott, cxccutat dup:i un
t.z ,7, 00
l,'ig. i{)li. l)rs,'rrrrl r','rlrrs al rrrrli l,-sitrrli rlalt:rsc 509. ll, scrr rlanrrsc rlr'ntrrrrit ..glrtir
it'ia
M;
'siul:tU,)llrl OlS.)utltrr O:- O,nl,) ri Crrr0l
-ottr)il1 ulil'.r.ttt,rrIrt.r,r.r;rrt,).1u.) lt.)[).].)().trI rtttrrr ltt.rolttl'u ili uzlll).)ltti'].t ats.);] l(lu.l
!uolr)lrotrr l.)o(lsu nrr r3.rn1r]s,rj o rr1 c.r.r;irLr r_r1r;r.lrrc1o Jp;lulr(1,).r,r,::.rrllo:,,11,,r,,.
!'rjl)rl(:)[{)i)lrltrtlrltl.sryotltt.tr't[rt.1ro.r[or..mt ttrljtsaojlotl)nrlz.nuro.tuo[!,)slJoocJtr.rporrlrcl^.nrzrrutJo.rripi)to:)lrurro.l)]sllIrJlll:ltIrrrlluiilt,)srurto,rlp\l .roSrr
Ittts',rl.rt:rl lllltl i)P orl .tttr'o1c;.rt:.i,)l) inil.ll|ilillrr iln cp.)ro\i)rr olsi)'I.rrrlrrs,ri
'lrlortr.ntB 'r I uutt
.Lils illun tl.).lrjtrrlirlJ ilt;lJl
..r.r11u rrr.rrl rol.).\rlorrr
r:.r.rrrluu.r1'01!,jl.it
S:t €Gw,D s,?
dr{$ .,4I
#k #
+<l,ri{l 6W S'+
?t*1
xr[ .to1 rlJJi)Jr[)o.rdil.r tt.rlrr,rrI cJl.Iud o ol od 'lt:r.r.ruo rP ',rf t1truul r.lulu t.rJlr)
'irltr(l().l|Iu op lltlscP olrr\.rolur lll c] ulodc.r 'r.)trrr .rol,) illollt lrr.nlitUlr([,).1]il1
'clulnFe.I cjuulsrp 1r['qluprosllrils lrPs p;iIr:..r,r1r
otlrrl lrl'rr.ro11r llJrIni^l?aP clcrrrr elr?zJiu lrrrs Jlr\tlour'r.rnl'.ro{[ 11.r1trod
'tuu.rSolirltl.rutl nus rtlr*rrnrlI
'1u.r1r-rrl cp ljrrl.roI il! olr?zoSu lI tocl rBrtr nts r.ro3o1u lj.To{[rl ul'r.rn1g3c1 c11t;
ilrrs ojt g lt! l.|nltilEq ap sEIlu't^lzrrlrl erJ l]s;rluocl c.rr.r'9.rn;1:!.11 Lr]rrrnuB o
r-rrlrrp 'c1u1nfio.r ilir)rlst.ara'.rluo1r rr.?rrl rolBlrlsl?cJi oIeacplnrcBleIrlu{ clcluer(l[osB'rr.urnnJroisrerrjitllnOporosJuecnl.I'e]u11oS(rI1.tcftu1
'tr.rillf ssj. r.mp.ro(l nJlrrod l:r lr:)
ll op:lllcr:)rJn-(
'l)uoI n.rluo({ 111u 1rqu1u,t olsa t6luo.Jruclrorodcfi.rrrcIp60n.crptca'Jco;t.rIltrI.r1osr;ra.1py.t'oalyanlrcrJrr1rrlloleJl) srnrIucl)ur
f:-il!'rillrr nttttsuJ[rrp cl] lrrls u o.mlJ(h.r
,)p lui)l),)cr).rrl lprru cl.rroT llzBajrrlnqil.utr! os.Iolr.rnlt^rsci tt.r.ru1 tIEttlnrlJo trl
oruolpuBrrIosE rolouosap lnzEr uI .I.g
'odn.rB cllnrrl rurtr
il! l-:crJ tsulu r)s J.lnJ crrJscl) u1 lr.rc1$nu nBP r5r rrrlnsnp0.rtl urjrrillsap cp ori;lrrrrl
uI ';rlr.rJJrp c).ruoJ:lrrls r.rrlfsJi n.rlrrcrl cluiurnqJ.rlu! o-{rlr?.roJJl) c[elrr.ilu.]l',[
'rr.nr'1r^rs;ri u r-riu ; rr.rclns
llSnc.rlu! lidnro ',loluols Bo.lrpErrItr nc r^:]uIIop.roo.l 'J.Ill.) ']r1tc1t:;s alllrutnl) uJScl)
nrnn lrJ.ro.)nPo.r(Ic.r 'ln.rcrrerQ uI 'fJ.rorlttroo p"n:;ruf .to1r.rn;qsej rlJ.nror.Iqll.,l
p.leeul l1;lusruerou eI ololrul cp BJrrsnuouolr trr;u;ril n:rcn1 op npol,)J,{ '0T'9
;).rr:s.)i),)lr r1 .rr p.rulef roc[zB.I rnr lcl 'i)urll?[d 0I,
ocrrrlulcl
tillillr,rs.)[) lll]rt]our Bopulll cdusrcJu osoi.Irl-s r^r.)llO'olr.r,lJrp rrirrlo,t,r {i Lr;]rplrr
.rrrrlurr yrl.rodu.r) 13 oil 0I 3 rs 1.ro1cjr illlil.nilniltl B,).nr[([nl) l^rlrsoJorr
JIrIs uosJp rlrlso.)u lr.).nrJnJ.)\J n.rluJ([
' (n rr.n'r1pFcT lil,ul r0ei)rr
Irol)) l.m.3rJ n.rlrrctI t,rrrlEi.)l lllrlrza.rdc.r ri.rur'(ejr q uI BJIII13ll([ oll su[ll: rrn)
plr()+ il.rlrrod rr.rn11rqe1 11[rze.rrh.r ?] l rsrJrle .roTroa,rff l]Jnlsclrrl.il] urlr lr.rrrl=^ttr loPolrr
Altcrtrurlt urotiltrlor (rslc urr rliilocr asemnator' ( ('lui tlc rclrct.are, t'rr
singuta deosebilo cir, in loc de unul singur, se folo"csc t|l.rit ruoti't'c, irr
lr,luI rrnnltor :
l[ai intii, so {ixcaz:i urr rttotiv intr-o armtni tn pozi tit'. rlrrpii ctr'o urnl('ilzii.
irr lontinuarc, a fi a$czat. motivul al doilea, tlu1tii t:at'c r:t,r irtl rlirr rrorr lllirrrrrl
rrrotiv g.t.rir.d. Accst" lucru sc plotluce atit irr lii!irttt'a, cil ;ii irr lrrrgirrt,'a
le siitrrrii. lSa cull sc lcde iu iig. 510.
Iltr-,r'nanla lllai llo:rte fi Prodrrsii. in tlzut'i slrccialr. si tle rrn sirrgttt'rttotiv
rlr: r11,iain," ceva ltrai tnare gi cal'ri sc lr'|et.i't, 1n lii.tinrr:a slrr lrrngirrrct Ir:siiturii,
flia clrln arata Iig. 5I1..
in afara dc al tcmtrnla nrotivclol, sc poatc Iolosi pi isltcrrran{a tulorilor'.
(rtrc poatc fi difcritri 1.rt'rrtru ilcelali n)otir ii t'tre ia rrastoro plin irrtrclruiulllcrr
rlr,'srneici difcritc, cu culori dilelitc.
6.2. ln cazul dese,nelor simetrice
Aceste tlc'scrlc sr: ltn|alI irr :
])e,scrrt sirnr.trictr {a[[ dr trrr centru tle sirut,tt'ie ( tig-. ,51 2).
I)esere simctlito in rtport ('u rurt saLr nra; nrul.te nxe de si rur:tlic (l'ig. jl:i).
Sint rrnclo tlcsene, irt care utr.rtivclc. deqi 1"tar'rt ilvea un centlu tlc siutt-
1r'ic. in lealitittc uu a\c rlc simett'ic (fig. 5l'l , iu clrc csto rcprezcnt:tta o flonrc
, rr 5 pedale.
Altc desele {r.rlnratc tlil lrotir c rIe rrrurrirL irupar, t:c sr: repct.ii. itr jtrrtrl
uuui cerrtru, siut consider'iltc ca tltstue olrilnuitc, la carc nu se lloatc Iuce nir,i
urr fel de econouir: de cartele slu platine (fig 5I5).
In cazul desenelor cu s{rrs de sinretrie qi lrii de sr'rnctr'ie. sr: rli.tins trc'
('tzru'i.
Axu, de sintetrie pu'uleld rrt, rt.rzeulrt, $g iu, cn excurplu, atrtrlagi rlcscrr rlirr
stilnarteartraicccpacsrt'lirle. rirutlsicirrr.tlratLt iui rpoctivrurllzicrrulsirc.uPsuclnltamliucrxti'ir,rIrrcstu:rrtcuirliii.tcacrslilcuiri
l'ic.516, /r. tlc
ar intl rtra tlc
''1w"\
lf ig. 5111. I}'sctr silrr(itrirr ctr l,is 5l 3. l ),'slr siutttric l ;g. ,11 L l)r's, rr sitttllric frrlrj
4 anexe du sitttetri,' ,1,'rrrai Ittullc axc tlc sitttr:trit'.
eortrrr tle sitttel rir'.
deserr silt n{r( ositr(r sttcrttrtsttitiri r1vc2t'sc.atr[ttcrlelrrE1i2'1I0apll.atirl'rleat'irr[cialrr:tevlcolte: {c1'1;1.1111:1'11 lir
I la l2 qi,
apoi, itt Irrcra corlsccrttiv
rle la I la 32. tlt'st:tt''lot' r'or l i ttct csitt'e rttiri prrIittc eat"
irr irr,est cilz. l)('lttf tt e \r'r'tttat't'it
telc ;i nrai rnultc platirre'
37')
-oturs rs oxt? oJu mlu ri .eJrlc[o or"rl
irrJl3ru oP oxlr t3 or.rlcurrs !JtUurl,q ctI'-lrlll.rtlse,r'ri rr!;llrrpJ,rzr.m.rltrcorId,r.rJr1i-Jl!1l1J1l1ls;1\rr.rtl.roti
rulurr uil i)Ju 1;1gt '5r1 r..t
'orJl.)utIs
i)l) i)xll ri or.rl,rurrs op lt.rltroJ rr.t r.rnir.l rcurr o.re1$uu l)ull)'l^lrrlfs,rj torLrrjrjI ul
r.r.rt,'[J'J gI! 51.,1
ti:; t;r'cutrSunI .rtro!lclr]\lrulorIr,r)lttrIrJeus[rrfu>J- tcr rrur1uorrlrtr.!),trlurjruuorJtll.'lrnrull.,!r3oellllltlt.u)u.rlr1tl,jrq1 ouiltot6lr,.rrrq3r-,r1r
rlttt lt lll,t[rLrJ ltt
'unp,lo(l nus r;rrliirrud u,rluor[ ;r1r.lrr1
-1rs.rj tr! JluiurlrtlJ.rltl! llnttt Jl,nloJ 'in't-itz ltr cl.)i).lJ Jinj(lo.ror Js l.runlu'rrlirz
-.rrr tJrrriirrnl u! 'JIe ol1trl nrlurls BJriJ iJlllsul([ e 1,r trlour rru JIouasJp l-rcts11
'eur1u1c[ rS
;)tluol.tllJ lll clttt.l!rlulltt utl rl,) I3 o1 tl1orI,r.r;l.ruollitLt.ll.)slt J-\rlotu clg-tLrrrrptrJu 1tJ
'tnlrlltlJ0 JlnJfl(l OlJtloI otl,)scP IIJ Jcl.),).1 otfijqo lttt[ its UJ TIJOP'aP.r.t og
''9f/ rl)
rr[5urr un r]!J rtlazJn urjc.r;rrp nc'utu.roy.[ot el.rJotrn s.)l) oxu.]mop olJ,)
'pld€erp IIg '5lJ urp pnesap ,rurj
.ilrtuec '(tO Os'tllSU?Oe l[rJd'liS;IaAut S.tucitut o lnlnlJPotu ttlBp l!
I
.rrrrr[us,n',t]'c^ltttlru.tutnutlluuutlrrP'ptl1t-lO,urtd]u]a]_.rt 'rcrusrJd 1n1do.rp ut ttou utl) pUtleAaJ ulo1.lB,r'11[llrr,]\ap
-.i,,i u.i.rg -.-l! 31,,t
ua.mlnooxe Bdnp:r[uJrl,rJl tsriJJ,rp u! er.r]e[urs Jp Jrll l)Lrr,\l
'BFu!1s lt9'51J utp ot'Ilcrurs luttosop 'nltlutcxe rl) 'Bt oS
'todeu! ri oluitul tnlnlol)oru u
OJBJEftu o-JlurJd rt'ti.rqd ralLrr.rd perlplnJeXe pclrrp ln1n1el}oru
lto.nrrJnlsEJ uud BluzrleoJ'rnlnuosop Borur{ol u! a}Biurncl
-JJ}uI soP JIJBoJ 'Sndo su.rS u1 rS .trliruro:llu .r(')[Jar]om i)l1r
rJ!lzagB Joun toJruritlo a1rl,tr,retl Er InldrJ u! !]suoJ Fctlrlo
oulcurrs aP Bxu nJ JOIOr-ros-,)l} rr.rr;iurnc1.r.rlu! lill'uluu^V
'aur1u1l[ Iq J[,r]JuJ lp 1uH,r.ifriulu
un 0"IBsooort tJ Jol ']rrlotu lrusJJl] BeJu]nJJxJ rt.rluec[
'Elr.)z"tr nl l.rotle; uI 'UJtl(lo otilrur[.rur u r].r \rl
u,t clrrrut[ n.Ilud r]la'c c1*curr eJBc urrlrl'(e1du;r"rp'9t!, r51]) r.ntiIoc n.rJud ur
rl,ll!- .)P fur.roJ III ,\rJOru ilIUtl llzl?J ttl l!'11)0:.111 1)l !I1.lq0 alJJaluts aP D);y
-l'lrill;rJrnll'r^rrrJ.lftlt.olrrzl.e.\r.rt)ill1sl.r)tl..rnlp!rl,lo)l,\)l.lrr)ollI-Jul.l.onnJ[r)uurrJ]uouialnnIsircup,|rlo61cuozilu'.1rin)un.rr;r1i):31stlIlr;c,1ru,1r1trtl,li.'rrr1negeruBTreIllflerrl1l-cErduJJSrtoJJ.p)l).rrrlIurl"r\!Jl,U,lr.)ul.rnIrinmJlllrlrlurPlnEr]nrqV.rcrul.rrIslrrlrrill
In jur'ul nrror its(fcl tle dcstrntt srr Pot {alc tot Ichrl dc spr:crrlatii" irr r:ct:ir
ce privcste cconoritia de caltcle slu plirtine, tlo nurltc oli mor'[ilit:ittd scrrsrrl
axelol de simel"ric, ff,r'ii a influen!a cu nimic rspcctul tcsiltul'ii. Lrriirn, tlrr
crctttplu, tlcscrrul din fis.519 1i carc rro douir lrc tlc simetrie olrlicc in t'aport
lii{. 5lj. }),.s,rr r.rr il\r, lir s;rlltric olrlirrt' l"ig 5l{i. T)t's,'n r,tt r','rl-
lru qi lre dr: siurctric.
rtt rrfzcitlr, 1.tenIr'rr ('&ro so trrlt lii nrr sr'ltolrtr'.fatc rrici urr. Icl rlc cr:ortorttic
rle caltele sau <le platirre.
Accst tlescn se 1roltc rc1rrzt'ntil, in {trsirtulir. {irrii a influcnta as-
l)cclul lui, rotinclu-l r'u 45", axa dc simctlie pc b:itirturir clcvorinil lrerllcn(li{lllflr'it
l;e rtt'zcalii. .\runrrrul ,t,,.n11cle ltcccsilrc pentr'n.tescrea accstlri dcscn va fi lr'
jrrnrirtate fafa dc ctzul precrdcnt. cfectul plotlrrs riirninirrcl alelusi.
Kss
R"oN.<\\r\\\\\^.
I
r
/
Iig. 519. Dcscn crr arc rlc sirnctrie oLlir:c.
fur lig. 5I9 b. se nrai obscnii rr:r raportul rnotivului cste rnai turic dcr:it
r'irlrriltul rnotivulrri dirr fig. 519,a ceca cc duce la con(rluzit cii, pentru cxccrrtal'{'{l
llotir-ulni rr:spectiv yol' Ii necesare rnai pufinc cartelc.
Si irl ilceste caznli, eristii acelea;i 'r'aliantc rlc lepr'otlrrcelc a lto tir-t'lor
l)e Iesirtlrrii pi anume, plinta vatianti lrrcrind r,u ltuful tlc cartele riis [urnat,
;J7'l
roduul r5r Jluntur il[JlJl],,
cp tttlllitrul rl o.ttloJ.rlt,rr1rzor.[r-tp IilI ls: trtrLl;r.rtl'rnlrruosol'r ?c.tulu,.[oJ rr.rlrrotl
ultol) ll rS rnlnpuol uJ.rurtlJoJ n.rlnacl uun i.)rrr-qtJ(l r3n()1r ru p.ru.tu[,rrizod-sr1r
tttt '.[utlull ti olalrrc ]lslLuouOJJ n.t]rr;rcI lrlurltr.[s J.\rl rzo(15-rp il,r ] Lrz|-ro.rrl nrr
nas JlsJ o.rulr'p.ructl pturrsrruca1n c1t r-r1uii.r1 c1s.t'.r1.rut.I fll1l Jp otl rur,Jr.rlrtrrr
-lslr ltus ar.rlctuls'ajuu[ro1 o1uir'cptrc::c;lid'rc.r.rlpu';r1.rurI.6c;lru1lrrrllrJos\ae rj]tsJ,]Jrr o.rpJ r.illl
-qsJi rllelr.r,rJlp cp'e1.rud cuJSJp
clJl.ruJ op pruuoLroJg
'Jolt.roJS ra.rr pp,rgrL rrr.rd
.rluurjtlo a1o,t ccI liluJloJos e1 orrrrcl rurrr 1r !.rr11 ',r1l1.rr;J o.rlrrl rrjuurtflioo c1r.r
-llutntl.)II cJul locl cstJ:-ltotirtt.rJ r.ln]lD-Ji.tt)urr tJ.rouijtlo n.rlrrcd'1u.rerrc5 u1
'JlJl.IllJ i)l CrItI0lIO:)it;rtrr1 t.rlrrrI tl:rIII 1l 'L]Srta'rr.r11 "yrroil
rrirzotl ut;rlolol,ruc ltttrz,rit'1t1ultr.rt,\ ullop ll ri'c1c1.ru.r cl) JruouoJJ prrrrl-rI ri)!l[)
Cr Jrit,,l rrl
VIII
Proprietirtile tesflturilor
Pcntlrr uprr.ciclt a virlorii rlc Iolosire a lcsatulilor, conccpliile Itrotl,'rttr'
ir(itllal{} r'cconrandii stabilirea gi analizarea a h'r'i grupe tlc insrr;iri r:ol'('sl)rlrr-
riitoarc, a trei categolii dc condili i de baz:i, pe carc, in general, trebrric sir lc
inrlcplineascii orice protlus textil. t'onftirm st'ltertrei din Iig. 520.
Pentru stahilirea valorii dt: Iolosirc a obiectclor confcctionate d in lesi-
tnri gi date irr Iolosilri, sint rrclcsale probe cle prrrtare, rlrmdrite iu morl sis-
tematio qi corelate cu proplietatilc fizico-mecanict:. estctice gi fiziologiccr. l'ir'-
r:are probi rle purtarc trebnie sii cuprirrrli rtn trrttnitf suticient tle mat'e rlt'
obiecle dc acelaqi fel, pentn-r a se olrline conr:luzii satis{iciitoare. irt functi,'rl,'
destinalie, p('rltru fiecarc gr'upir dr !csirturi, exisLa o serie de irrsu;iri setrrrril'i-
r.ative, care au o impoltarrlii mai rnare. Ttebnie fircutri o rl ifcrenlicle itrtrc at'ti-
t:olcle cu ('alac[('r de ruoda, a criror utilizar'c estc (let('nninatii. in primul r:inrl.
ile ploprictirlile lcgate de valoarcr cle prezentarc, fcs:ittrrile pentrn inrlrr.'rcii-
rninte gi len.jeric. {olositc cotitlian in proportie de rnasri. care tlr'ltrric si'r inrlc-
plineascir. in mod aruronios. proplictir[ile de clurabilitatc, rtslctit'ii, cortlort si
tcsirtrrrilc inrlrrstriale 1i lelrnicr'. care. ir.r general. trehrrie sa satisfaci aproap('
rrurnai conditiilr legatc cle clurabilitate.
Rezrrllllclc probclol practicc dc Prrrtare sint rleo-qelrit rlc r.alolrtast'" tlr'-
oarece elc rrorrstihrie, in lrrimul rinrl. o [razii ci{r'icir pentlu {'olttpitrltreit -qi t'ot'c-
larca crr lezultatele incer-ciirilor pe aprrratc de laborator, iar in al doilca rirrrl .
clc oferi industriei clttc prefioasr.dc orientare, in scopul irrrltrurttirtilii lon-
rtiineniepalir{necs.ilenlrnilhoorl,apreliun intr.n.enlii constiente. dirijate, privinrl alcgtrca tttatc'
tr-lrnologiee rl,'
lontr.rtrrlilot qi rliriinlea proc:esclor
plclu'Bcraazrea. rrtilizririi la(ionll(' il malel:iilor prirnc n fost. in trt'crtt. nrrnriti erpe-
rien{a practicii a cleatorilor 5i te]rnir'ienilor'. filr'i nici rrn temr:i r:i{ric. rezrtl-
tat dinlr-o experiurIa legatri de vclif ititrea proprieta!i1or tesatrrrii, cornpor-
tllii ;i drrrabilitrilii ohiectului. Iiste irnpcrios ne('esar ca proprictftgilc rliverselor
rnaterialc filrroase sir fie alese in {rrr.rcfie dc spt'cificul don.renirrlrri dc folo-
sin[I. O constatarc inrportantir es1(' lce(rt cir matcriile ptirne tertile. rr tilizatr'
la prelucrarea lesirtul'ilor p('lrtrlr clifr:r'ite ar:licolc clc imbrdcirrttintc sarr lterrtrtr
:rlte scopuri domestice qi tclrnicc. arrrtir o vtloare dc utilizarc diferitir. Dcr:i.
calitililc nratclialclor din care se Iabricii tesjltrrrilc nrr pot fi tprecialc in nrod
rhsolrrt, ci nurnai ca \-alori relatire: diferitcle proprieti!i sirrt scrnrrificative.
376
!/8
.).tu.) rlnc ( P.rupuuls runtsuJlurp o1r r.lrr11:s.ri ,)l) ,)1,) trr.rth r;rtrn ;u.rr1de) ttil\uur
yrl.ro.l,r u1 tttz,r,ttl,r.r o,rc(.[n.r ,)l) lttt rJ.luq',r.r.rr.[n.r rtlr u.r.t rrltntlu lS (c.r.rrln"r op ButJ.ru:i
!i rrllrrrrrrr,rlr) lrrrrrrj:rr:.r1 ilr.rrl ,r,r.rdtt.r ll1 uiu.rlsrz.r.r IurruJ,)'lJP es'!?JrlJu.rd ul
arr8urrle rS ounric*r1 u1 *iualsrzeg .1.1
.r.rrl ,r.r t:i).).r ul .r()l tlr,n:()lu,t'1trr.r.rrls '.r(J [Jsn Po.rr[ ua1u1 rlrqu.r np o1 r'.r-r
url:zn.)zt.r.rl,)l:,ruJ lillarrdo.rd elsJJ!?
rollrnlPsat ele erluecau elllplelrdor4 '1
'.lol tJtll
-r\,)i .rolrill;rr.rrlo.rd u e.rItqu]s.)[) Jpr)],)ru,)1,)([ur u'1,r1u;rrI rrr'1turso1o;'lrlnu
-lir1o ir1.r1u11nz,).r o.llutp ll.).mli).roc olse l^rlrnll.lorlurr t^lrtc1t1o.ltl g'lr-r.rtiri)JJ l:znc]
-.r1rlrrro,r ,)s irIJ : (lurl Jp 'Jlp.oqrlnlJput Jpuor.rad qdrrp .ru1r '.r1 n1u,sr1u JlBllnzoJ trl)
unolr rr '.r1rrrln.t ,,\.tllll,).r ollrllilzJ.I Bl) ErurJd : J.ilrsJ.)Ju ]u!s oIolelu olaqulv
',r.rr:1.rur[ ap lr ([oJd ttr.rt[ rS .ro]u.ro([ul ,)[] .)zrll?urr rrr.rrI r.rtt] tisai r.ru tt
r: .'.ils(,[().] i)[) rr.roltl \ t J.lJrJll.lr[e rrlr olrrlrsorI rrP0l.rttt !u()l) 'r.),r1, 'll]s1].I
'ellluolrlxe nr:s- l^riursol()I u! olul,
',rlruori;ro1ur);t i)sl)l)o.ld ul .rolt.rnll-ls.ri u,r.rul.torhrto:J Jl) [nl)(]rrt ti Jolrl.roqrrl ol)
lrl.rlt.l lrit1.r.r()J.rorrn ua.ruzls.)s llus 'Ju.r.ulJ.rei)lriru1,or.lrldtl..)rp-
.t()lt,n1.,.t,).)ul ln7.r.r.t.r1rr1 I f usrurs rI! IE or.rolUsai rI!
apr:i r1r
.lt().r 'rJ.)nill )l r'?.ril1.)lr.rl{ l|l oJuolr tr.r([ .roli)li)JJ.) llJ.l,)l),) tio)u.tlrtl,rt(llt:isl.r.ll),lrt,tltrtlrlcc[El)]srrJ-()ii-i)ll:.)
i elurrlrr,rorxtl elrrj;rodo.rd olScAud oc Bocc uI Isr
,rrl '.r.rnzr1r'ilr,)l).)uiltdo il.roID.,t .r.rlolqzunclsJ.rol .rolr.rnJ,)lsetuu ll.).lrlrt[ul)^ -
'f,.ilsoloJ .'P .Iol rlJJuollr \ .rJsr^
i.rl .).r BJae ul 'lll.{n}!ls.rl g.rsulurlr[.rpur Jl !]sltnr([.r.tl .r.rr;.,r1 JIlriIPuo')'06! n-l.l
l;;;I .--- r/ na/ o/!//q xa ur e iurJ
i p2ltuJalt
I atolaz.t ap a;1oyr-,ot1o2
ilJn/osel oau/soJg q ya -,,u s' a1 d al u a1 slza
/.s
,7ua:a-d ep oaroc/ol
! olucrlrlu
orr[tac.crd.iulll]Plttlt.rr1llilllalpdo'rrtrutlgllsJaJui cor]Pt.Ilou/\[ll-UlllJ.)t
,)l) t.iltrilu.l ,rl t.t,)ltl) lr.rlui)tl l)und,qi).roc
: clU,)rUOli) Ali.rtrolLtlrr.rn lsnI
-o.rt{ t.,rtslr.r,xl .)ls.l'c.rsoloJ ur .toIr.rullls,ri utttlrttt i)s oi).][ojIIrJec rli) ljiuuP.r()tLto.)
u! 6.t()[o.lJ rlr].)llrlui)lu11 pun+.rolrjltctJdoJtl ueJcl*noult')'rtroSolt]J l11u tt,r;tr.rrl
.,),tt'l l:,)t.l nlrtrcscll ti 'r.nr1t^rsaj JI) n.rofii)lrll olrttttlulr tt.tltt.td 't.ntzlrJ o1e tt tt u!
ac(iilstA sc rLr.l)c. :\hrngir'err de lupct'c estc dcIorulalcir [otitlri a eltrtrr,c[r'i, lrittit
irr rnontentul rrrl'relii si se rlotel'rninri -qirnultan ctr s:rrlirrl dc trrpcrc.
Sarcina qii alrrrrgirea rlr: rupcre sint parametr:i semnificativi pcntlu o rrrru
parte dilr lestilrrrilc tehrrir:c, cunl rlr' f i : bcnzi transpor'Ioare, bcnzi de antlc-
lrare a {uselor'(culelttlc). curele dc {ransmisic, corturi tlc siguranla. Acrsti
pitrluretti se dctertttinir. in-s41, 1i pentrLr o gatnii foalte largri tle fesiituri clcsti-
nate confer:tiilor rlc len.jerie qi irnbriicii-
minte, ca: ccarccafuri. ilosnri de saltelc.
8;t'":i|0ll'lILII / fefe de pelnri, hailc de protcc{ie. pardc-
//
/ sie- pl,rirrrrrrttaalloorrrrii.. frrstr.. l,lrrrrzzr"- r.ltc". J\lloo,,ilrrrr[l ,rle
ilelclruinarc a sarcinii spi alunscirca de ru-.
lret't' r'ottst;r in lttp,'t'r'a. pr' rrrr rliir rrr,'Ir'rr. :r
X 60 1^ - J/..ha , t"'-)A urr,.i cPrrrvetrr r.11 l1;1;slrnea rl,. ,']00 innl
S fa l"-
l\, +a j .i r tr lrrlitncit ,L- 60 rrtm..Lit,irncir cplrrv,'t-ci
72r!-I/6t
S"".t, L,';/ Ir t'' rc,lttcr- ln 50 rntrr. prirr rl.stt'iitttar.it li-
,l/,,' I rt'.(r'.tlofr rttle ltlil lrirlirlltl'sgilrnre pllee ltatuitrnnoc de citc,-) nrn.
:t^:o_1I /l,// I
% f) I Il'r'inncdlerre',a'r cappoeltre'l6lo1r" epplrru'rr.eett,c' i in clona rli-
,fr
] l'rmoruetrului sc face pe lo,at:i liitintca.
t1A J__J_:_: Aceasta este rne[oda uurnitir Stripp. l'cn-
zu tru incercarea sarcinii cle rrrpcre gi alun-
I ttu
1nAE9 JI -- €%,C
I'ig.521. curba rezistenIi-al.ngirc pcnr.r girii.dr: rtlllel'e sc croiesc cite 5 eprurrete
caic.lrl mir.irnii lrcr.rl,,i -"...1 i,, i.,,,,r,,- (pcntru incercirri atit in sensul urzelii,
cit $i in sr-'nsrrl batiturii), avind r[imen.-
mat pentm r.utere{r !esitrrrii.
sirrnile dr: 60/1 00 nun l)(.rtru pielc, tcsir-
luri ctnciuc'atc;i irn1rr'egrrate, |ostalrrri {oarte prrate, fesiiluli caseratc.
lrtainl-c dc tleterniinal'ca satcinii 5i alungir:ii cic r:u1tere, tesiitulile trcltuic
sir f ie cli rnatizal-c.
La stabilir:ea calitrilii elasticc qi dc rczistenlir a {esirturilor, pe lirruir
r':rloli Ic r[c lczistenIl pi al Lrng-ilc lt rrrpcr:c. o valoare clcoscbitt are ana]izir
curl)clor calactclisticc (curllelc clc lczisl.cnla-alungii'e), 1r'asa1c direcL rltt 11 inl,
tttotttcttu. in tilriprrl detelnriualii, clrLc pennite t'alculul ruirlinrii ltLcrului ntccanit:
chcltuit lrcntnr lul)clca !e,sritulii ({ig. 52l).
Lucrul mecattic totnl absor:llit este cgal cu srrprafata dr:lirnil-atir tlr: cru'bir
lrl'caraccatclJc'i-sqeti('iilrtr;eigaisxttlretarbzsiir-'disiealogrla- rlatin(cinrrtlrbsaeacmaalacclctr:src'iastriacan)i,ircirhniitlrorin- pc lrirl,ii
rnonrcnlul
dtltclrrriniirii sarcinii Ei alurrgirii de nrpcre a. Suprafa!a,'IBC sc rnasoali'r plirr
lrlunirnctl'lrc 5i se crprirnri irr t.m2 ;
lrr haza figrrlii 521 " sc poatr,: scric :
:5dt (7 4)
Lrtrt P,., d,
0
ln (:are csIe cantitatea d.e ]ucLu rnccauir: nelsar pcntru r'upeJ:ca cplur-eti:i irr
I-nrt
lonrlitii sta Iir:t: ;
P,
- <i11'g111;1 staticir care crcltc dc la O pinir in mornentul irrccpcrii
d, trrpclii. in rlepcnden{ri leciprocii cu delormarca;
- (lf for'llarel lclatilii tle intinderc-
,,t);7uQ
(')lt
J.rrrrsJl(l r1 t;rirrl;srz.r.l Ir.rLrIrrur.rJli)p ItlclIUr] ul 'tr.tll.l!]1l{[ lrtsLtJs ttl JIJ'trioz.ttt
Ill,<lt.rs ur JtJ cp rr.rrrqtrnlu r)a rTttTc,IltS
'r-uJS .rttirrrr- un-.r.lIrI i)Jlr I i)-q i)Jl]r) u-J.IlJrJll,:))[l[[no.sI cp oJtclasooP c.ltIq
tr.lr-rilrrrr.li));)[)
!rJ[)ll,) ttI'.)tltt|i;rlllJ ril.rt] !stll)o,td
alusrlil u1 piuatrsrzag .g'1
'OlBJls I rq J.ltIt
'llUti.nrs.)l,r.loIr.roIr]-r ll I.)rlcttr]l.tu lrPJLu rrr.rtI r;utr.rck,r JS o[JlP]luzJU'rl.ln]!l!lr[
Inst-tJS ur Jlro.rJ c]o,rrt.rdJ od r.rlultu.IJlJP q J1!.)'touettt
Iu'.\tl.)Jr[si].r'rS lrlJz.rn 00[ rt] JlsJ.r.ruorJo1ur r.rluJ[J tl c.rusu1tl,t1t op l]zJlt-l .Iur
-JSr ilp':ru1 oe'urlu/rnur
,urru 996 .JP alSJ ou1clJ o.tlt-It lrjutrl-sr11 '11 trcl rt.reLills o-ttldu-s rtt o.rotflt:)p rltIIi)
-.tus lr.).turilLtr.rillcP }1r.nr1lolrr1-L[rLtrutrucutlill'P.r1trlrIrJql11].l1tltor!tstl ltlis o.ttlJ rltlnll'tLtttt 09I olt
nJ:lrrJcI ti ttrrl 0]A/09'JP rurltsllottt
u,rurrirrnl ed'.ro1
trt.uripl
-rP lrn rl')rrrlr'rdrd a./'s'.rJls n1 laitrats'1:,0il il'1111i;r,'Jii'iiJ'll,"t'"l,ji il,'",.i,#f , ,,,
-r..JotuiliurrrtlrrUlsolrzsr.rrul.lrulsruDj.,r)Jo.rJrll[rtllul.'uoro,]laJlc]lrittunltt.Jrt.ttl["ltix;]Letuctul.oI-rclrlr)itltIu[t,r1)r1zrr.tugtIlt.1; P,e,rip),tJ.g.,)tilrltjL'l]tu|t-rslrnpgr.oll-?t'cttcrttt[-tttrllJtr'l)0t]o,)trPJt.(riJJ0Pn1i!)ctul^JtrlzlrlllJlioutra[r.)l(
o-lr.crrr[[g'r'rrnnpnrliuqpl r1r:rrt:dro1r[rJrt.rroopdli.')c1uutrrpr.1rd :;uts rS ttt)t 001]/09.)l) olittrlrsu'rrttrP lrs rle]o.1
tt1 1r.r1sria,ru1 'ur:t'15>1
tt1 'c,t.rts'11s JP i]rttlr,)JIti
lirurr.rorqcl'lapr,5r.ri.tr1lrl'Bulutrsotuopuo.lrs5ralipxlIIn.utlIuIInJIrSr 'Jc.lr>lr-J.)O|rIJq.rrps'1rllcpIrntp.t'!t^i rr.ttolt.tl1Prllt.J).rl,trtlr)rlccJr'1rt.'r[oJtlttI.I-J
ljlpp o'91uutr.t1ut clsc'prlnpr-ted n.i tlJltl)tlos'911c1or-tr 1]ItrJIJ 0'-l.rotLrs rtn ctl
!ltpuaclsls aj-q.r'rjIurjrrrr orirzocl u1 ';r.ruJ rS ttqs rttlll\_l] ltr.rrrI u1 t:zllJIr'rso"J.IU.,
ju.rrj rm rra r3.ru1npr-iet.l c111ne.rff o-.r]ulp ]uttlJo]'piptrct[ n.r ltr.tutltl rrrt otl c.rct!r;s
trr.rd rr.rcdn.r eSndns luls rlclaln.Ido oJuJ trt 'pltLtttttrtlr J.IOISIJS cl) lrpollJ{
: o[eJBol IItr.il1 ]IIIS JlllnZlr
urp'.rpr.r:l.rttt OIIIUU ttut plrlrltt.rs" o.illr.IJrtr! !lStlJ,)ll ll.tltt1c[
rUur OICC "g113 'J.r[rscl(I ul nr]s (o.rodn.r
lrp uurl.tu,-) cunrjourl r[ !iuclstzJJ eP olr.rl^rJ,r.xrLt1 rtr.ft[ rlrrlu.rcleP cluod os llu
oJltil c.ml)u.riicp';lrnril1,r -qecotr{ rrtnn tLrtn.rjcu utllJn rII lr.rulllsili to.rlrllE.rfoP BJi)
-c.rtlu u n.r11cd ll.ruscti)rr rlsJ c.lurrtLr,Iir1irl) TlsuJctt'r.rttzt'lo cllt tIT'lJIlruJrI to.lul
,.rrrrI Lr1 Juil.\Jr).r+ crnpo.tcl cs o.tc]SI]s rp lntlJruor.t,rl 1lc rt.rlulcl'n.rlottttt,tud lscrrtt
l.Inlqsaj. i]llrlru ruttt urI
Ll.)suot-lil,) il-q ltr- JBSoJOTT o]se 'JlulIIrLli)B.rrlnt1 n.rltrot[
erallgs e1 ciue;s1zeg '6'1
(sL) ''lo, ul .or)t . J";g?6;Y.tdrts :l
rdns
: lSOl/ llrrlo.Iorl titlc-rclns $ :)Ul'
rjlt?ir.r llilrJI.ttltts lt.tltttp prl.rodr.t 9lr.rrz.t.ttll.r iiiipt'ltutrlr-t c1t 1'ltr,rrrr+i)o3
i 'ttIlr/ul J trg lturr.tcTrc os cir'J.ltFunlu n.r1tr.ld lJulls oP lnlrtJrJtJJoJ c-l sJ '3
ur.r715 rtI oc'Lljuii:l srzil,r 'n.r1 tlltl l^1.ru,)s- [llllrill JIJ toJ
t^rtttttdrc '.rs' Jl) ./')
oJlll) tl ,
(r) ''J, tJ. JgV rdng - +stt''t
: rorjulo.r 1n.ro1uIu rt'.r 'g1u;ticttt
,rr;.r111 lxl rrrlrlr:.rtrltr lirrrircl i)l] l-rJrtsl:t.IJ !,)tlsI.IJlJlrJtlJ u([.lllJ PtIrso[o] trtllltl.lill
-JlI i)s ;)t1l:.).)ltt lll,I,)tll 'tt.tlltlttuttttttrp lrc['q1t:.t.rJ.)tll ll.Illlrr'sCi C.rr:.lCr1 ll.rltled
-lirrrplerrsl ilbrorrnar]rri.rsrilie supnsi la efortrrri irrdrcptatc itr toattr directiilc rtpr'rtvetci. Irr
pini Ia plesnire. rrrnlerillul estc supus lrr elortrrli cotnl'rlexe
dl
Ir.lr.t irrne. irrrloi re 5i compresinne. Pclrtnl accasti dclernrinare de laborirtor'
cxistir o ,.eric de apaltte. pe care cpnr\-('telc sint deforntate ett a.iutorul ar-ttrlrri
r'onrprimat, pro.r'cnind dr. la o sursi oarecare (de exemqrht. trtt tub crl lot'eottl-
Trrt'sirtne. sall un compresor etc,).
p' rinrat prer-ilzut crr un rcr1ultor de de un manometru.5i a siaefii ile plesnire.
presiunii. jnilicate
Cu valorile
incl icalft ilr'aparat, se calculeaz[ rczislen!a lir plesnirc Kc. in kgf/em2. cale
reprezinlir lensiune'a ce existA in material in rnornentrrl lilesnirii, raporlatft la
srrprafirta neinlinsi (iniliale). Penlr'rr a sc dctelnrina rczislcn{n la plesnir'c sc
nalcrrlcazir. nrai intii . ten-qiunea clirr nratcli ul. irr starc irrtinsi K. in ksf/cn2. fo-
Iosird relalir
n:p"4rh2-hz , (76l.
ln eitrc :
/) eslc prcsirrnea dc plesnire, irr kgf/crn2;
' r t'irzr suprafetii utilc a eprrrvetei. in cnr :
h - dr-formalca de
plesnire (sigelrta). in cm. dirr yrrcsiunca cititi Il
Presiunea de pleslile
p se calculeazii scdzind.
rnallomelrrr (in kgf/cm2), pre,eiunea necesarii deformirrii meml)ranei fl1 r'alr-
ciuc. Pentm aceasl.a. cste ncccsar sii -qc intocrneascil tallele dc corec[ie llcrttrrr
rliferitele categorii de nrenrbrane de carrciuc ce se foloses{'.
Tot pentnr a se putea calcula factoml K6" -"e determinti, in prealirbil.
valoarcl ahrrrgirii de plesnire a tazei suprafelei utile O. in'0/,,, folosirrrl relatil
o- |[ (r2 l-h2) n' a - rl . too (721
360.r.1r
I
Unglriul z sc cxlrrinrrr irr ladiani pi poitlc fi delernrirrlt folosirrrl r'r'lrrtiilr'
l,g" o h sau 2.r.lt (78) (78',)
-2- -t
rz+llz
Crrnost:irrrl frrrtor'ii l( si Q. se lloa(c cllcrtlt Ltrzislr'rtIn lu lrlcsrrilc Ko. 1,,-
losind lclatia :
K,: r( anh;" [kgf/cm]. (7s)
l)r''rrllrr fit'r'arl nrostril. sc elcclrrt'azi"r l0 rlrtr,r'Ininiili. r'czultutclr, irrlcuis-
tlirrrlrr-st' prin lalt'rrlt slltistice.
1.,f. Rezistcn(a {esiturilor la uzuri si efortrrri repetate. Deformalii reversibile
si irer-crsibile
1.4.1. Nofiunile de uzurd gi obosire a lesdturilor. Pcntru a cvila suprt-
si srrlrdilrrcrrsiouirliL'. in r'atlnrl elaborirrii paranlctrilor', cste diosebit de;lll-
llortlnt faptul lprecielii cit mli exactc t factolilol holriritori citrc dtr, lit
rlistrrrgt'r'r'a rnecanic:i a materialului. irr tirnpul folosilii llrodrrslrhri si it'r'lr:
ploprielir{i caro l}('r'nlil rrratcritrlului sii rezis(r: cit nrai sigur;i in tinrp lit rttrti
intlclrrngat ar,r,stci distnrgcri mecanice.
;80
rR{l
;ll) .nrunu lnl ul l-rlt.loprsrrolr 'o,tr111c.r rJtittlJoJol) ucrrrprrlrltTutV '(aaS '3tt
'rl.f f ? ,tr ,E ? ru,rqlr.lrorrrca)erp,,5crJrru1rslrrpo1a.nsrofJs.I!rIrrlntlrtlrrr.rrrJrltptttttln'(pt.'ttlitultutltrttc;trtlttlrr
l.rr\tn (r.)ur.\Jolrn ,f lS 1qo
nu
r^r1yrr1l)
.)t.).,.,! .rr.r..r;u.rrt ,*1uur.suu.,ro,,.,r,p,1,11,?,.,,J,1^"rrrl;,,ir]rrIJJjjil;,;;:i;],illi;
'.rolJ.rn |!s.rl D a.rrs0rl(, -nc urp sncluroc 11[.lr;r rnJlicer] l? !]BIuJo]su1l.ll
,-rl.lr,oI Jr roil3.rlUoolrrt..i)lJllt[l:l]ul t zrJ.r l'r.t r?J' J.r }rr.rqlrstlr -crt cruucoru n.ronl cp ecl.red oJelu reur clsa
l:lur.t;tPr(I'l;9 .it.,t
llc nJ 'BlBuuoJsusJleu EIUJ0J qns 'eqJsos
u I ,tZ 'Zl,/ 0 -([r] o Elrcrnrrro.r uel.rucI retunu t6 'lurunstrolr
c-.rrursuorcpurllIlun.JreoqnrllcurropdeairleSd'e.oredan1.nr1u111spa"urg'dgunruc
.rr:1r'r.rn1.ro1a t1 psndns u.rnlpsef 'outr.rrl rar.r
-aleru aIB,ocrtsela .rolie.1e1.rdo.rd Flr.roleg
';r:rrzrl
rariucrJtrrrues 1e r$ 11o 'crleuraluur atop
-r,r op
lcnnd rrrp l!:tB letruaruepunl rralrp ro
'cladn.r ep cruluurp nes crlels cruaceur rnlrt.lo
-nl lrrrrr.rlrrr nr pp8c also nu (er8,raua) crtrec
Jlsi) ll.iltll^rsoi 1rlll rr.r 3 -irru lt.T,)nl op clulrlrnrc glsuecv 'e.rcFnflslp op
oi).nrur llrur rcrrlucolu JolrJolcuJ uermrice nl Ilrrc)srzo.r rlllrr
rI EA clrlr]uEc l^tlsrlJ,rt ll,) nc i ro nil.r.rirr,r1sr1r
rt.r;urd !.f.rns.rl)otr cl:^J c.n?.) orul]r,)ttI ll.rcnT ap pilr?ltluu;) rtr.rrl 13lrrzr.r,rlalt.nlJ cls.)
'u.rrso1o1 .rp rolrl.rnp llf c.rolcr op J:rtrnd ttrp'rr.nrlgsoj ttaltr1 r:rrrtllil'o.rt1r'rolrl
-r.r rtt rciuolsrza.r aJapa-t cp l:xrnd rrrp'rnlnlur.rJlllrrr IB prl.r prlurjtraloel'g.rns
-lltr tllrlrl el.nloJ In 1r:rop'uzr.rollr.rue olnorI nu'rr.rrFrrnln
ur ri a.rarln.r Jp rur.l.n?s
rIJl-rurrlr.Irlcp Inzpc ur'rr.rnlqsai u E.rnrn:rrrp nr:s Erlluls o.redn.r ap uqo.rd
errulrcrrselcl alsa.,,nu os^ orr?i erurer.rclo.rcl '('.r1a ors,.u..,J:lTi"tJilil":lilii;l
-rrorl.rqrtr1) rnlnlo)ll.n? r:rlt.rotr JIr? I.rn.rrl rporn ol r.r.r1rp c.r:rlitru nrt r.rzlt'no J.n:c trrl)
'.ro;rrinrtt.roJcl Rc.lorllpo.rd rrr.rcl '.ror.rc1ro u1 'r^rlsclruurrr r)s rnlnltr.rrlnlr tJ.trsoqf)
'.r1rr1aclo.r.Iep'r;trru ArlelcJ'eJlr{l.r:r1xl .ro1oi.ro1 n;rrrnrirR rprs'.roJr.lr1r_rBa1 tt.rn.r
-rlIpo{rr rS rr,rnlgsej rr,rnlcn.tls r:.r1e1rTo.r1 r.rr([!ls teIl.rrler:rllpn.rrzJa.pr etsJ tc.usoqO
'olc aJrorSlJS u1 eiuolsrzo.r ui.rr8trnln pril;).rps llcep c,rrnr
rrrrrr lrqu.rud{uoirrr fJnsfur o-.rlrr! 'e.rrr1n<llrlto trt rr.rrrlrrs.ri t:.r.trrl.todrlto.r BzoatvlJoj
-iPJtt c.IBc r.ro:l!.rqlorl llo]pul:11r1s tr-r.rnzn u1 rrjrralsrzar ri'(o,tr1nrr.ro1lu iles) onrrrl
-rroe t6 alr:ledo.r rrrre.rus'a8n.ns1p JS x t..rET on';.rorlns p ep n.rnlEsoj nclelaudo.rrl
otsc c.lBc'eetelrlrqurnP ?o r^r1Jnze,r'c1no!1 ofr.rlzrcLa.rd oP enlnos pr4tqJ
',rrr'1sn1rI .rolrrinnr.rolep ?lr.rolup'ronr.ro1 ua.rnrlrrrrrlrs nr.rrl'lttr,rccTs u1 oro'tt.rnlpsai
et]uanlrrtcrpsloerluo.ltrrll nnrtr ils lnI c.Illi ',rrqo.rFr).r tttls ,ltso.ti
ul.r;rcln.r rrr.rcl le.rgrleerr 1llsrl os'rr.rn1t3s.rj rr.trsoqo Tn.rPllo tll
-o.rr['1u1tlcrl rrn p.rno*lrlsep
'rtrrrrrrlr-o:loI .rolr.roloPT n IA tr.rts
-oqo'rr.rnzn Ip uEllntrrs Inlullnzo.r po l-lcpJ[ojlrr.)lr([r.rl rr.rnlt-rsej tto;eFtt.rlsrp'tlott
-,)rrrJsn :r61 'o1elorll.r rS eluBrrnleprrT rlrTli.nls .rorrt rrunlirE e eJ€I[.m Eo eSnJ]srn
os n.r nl Bsc j oe.rrsoqo op InTnuourorl.]I Tn.rpPi rrI 'o.rorlh.r t:T e jrrol qrzo.r t3astlo(
-prtrrilnrIarrDpr..rnro--llJslBecSplJ.niorrn.rAp'oo1Jrncd.prrro1rr.ln(uilllll'r;ern1pueSa1looqduoou.lrTu,rujrulrsrrrrsl.r)o.nrlonrslrn.lrntojd;rrrrentr'rrt:lrlnlrrprr[to'tctrjArrrplrlPr rIolrncJslAuolol.?rrccslnupP'loussntrcronl.urr:slrlplul.rrootrris)rl
r-r.rr-r1 'rrJnlqrsoi e !lrrlrlo.rl ue.teFn.rlstp affe1li14 os o.rrsoqo oP Pe'IlltlnrrrP rfnc_
'o.rBcaJJ ap oJeor.rolxc c'i.ro1 .rorm rruntiet Blr.Ioll?ll '(1r'rrtl
-1scj) rnlnlttJOll?trr T:rst.rI{I 11o.Tn.Io{lrtt:tffO1citrt.rs lr.tllzn lP ue.rrltrlllli)P qllq
r:iclrrt'i. [u rrrt rttottrcrtt ditt, rrdilrt tliIt't'crtttr irttlc tlcrfor'rtlirliit llltl\ililit st llllil liltil
t rielrrlLri. csl-r: cgitlii ctt:
dt-atf\ar.n.', (80)
lll ('ilf0 :
a7 r:str: urtiplittttlirrcit totalir t tlclorrnirl'ii lr-'lativtl a firrrlrLi ;
a1 cleforrrrare:r r:clativii claslicl:
\c, tlclorttralca rclatirii tetltarrt'tttii a r,icltrlui;
nx - nrrrrrirrrrl eicltLlilor supoltaLc dc Iir lrirrii lt trtottrcttIttl r:ottritlct'itt.
Lrr rirrrl rr L ci, delolrrralr,u cIirstilii (tralc clispale tlupii cc for'Ia ili int'cttrilzit
acliulr.a;i pirrii irr ntourrtntul cinrl Iorla incepe sii il('tionezc din lou) s(r ('otll-
plrnc ([in i[elonnarct t,ltstit'ii plopriLr-zisri (carc t[ispat'e sporttrtn) rr. si drr-
IoLrnarcl lla.ticti cu fc[l\ar',' (tr, t'tt o prrr:ioatlir rle relir-xar',, olrccill'('. a('(ritstit
conlllonentii l iind o fune fie tlr,r Littrll.
l)g asl1rt'pcl. rlr'Iollrar'('l lclllir]lentl rr2 se c.)nlliturc dirr tlclolnitt'('it lriirs-
Iicir total rrclt't clsilrilir op ;i tlt' Iotrtrtrt'r'tt pla-ilitir.
l,rrt'r'rrl rnccarric rclatir', pcutru dt'lortuar'ca unui cit'lrr rlc orrlin.r al-,sollril
tlc Icsirtrrlu, lu o rlcf orrnarc, a sa pinir lir anrplittrdirrca totitlii 01, sl l]r)rr 11' r'rpt'itttrt
prin lr'Iltiit :
et"
\ /.,,, :_ \c P, . r1a," (E l)
at g _tl
In (:ilro :
\L' r-.str.r lrr, rrrl nr,.'r'arric leIatir'. r'ot'r'sprntziitttL tuttti tieltr rlt' (l(!I()r'lllilt'r':
aJt) Jnr'!:r ctrc gtrrrt'rrclzit LLu. cu inccpt'fc tlc lir irtcctitrca urttti r:i'
r:lu ;i pilii lu lcrrtitratea t'itlrrlui urttriitor;
0,, r[r'lonuarcl lelatirii totalii in citdltrl ciclului tle olrlin:u.
l'r,rrlrrr rr olrlirrc er,prlsia hrr'r'rrltri nrccrlrtil total. pentrtr Ioutc licl trliL',
;rirrir lir tlistrugt'rcu I'ir:ul.rri, Irobuie sri Iir: iusrrntttc Ioutc r:lt'tttcrrlr,[,-'rlc lrrct'rr
nt('('ilniu ('()nsunllI r:rr ficcal'r: r:iclr-r irr l)lrt(r:
Lnt: I \, Lrt. (82)
ll:0
ln |ilf{i:
I-^, r,rl.t' Irrt,r'ul rttcctnic total consurrat PtrntlLr distrr.rgcrea Ir'siitrrrii ;
tlr rrurtrliLul rlc orrIirrc al cicluli[or' pilii la rtis t nigcreit tcsii t Lrtii .
liczistonla iu esl.rloatirre a urrci !t-'siitrrri sc t'rplituii, l.rlaetic, pt'in rtrrrttit-
rul rlc cicli piuti la r[istlugcrr:. Existir;rpaLate rIc laboralor'(arc irr('('iu'('ai sit
iuritc cf ortulile natrrralo tl in timpul {olosirii saLr al c.rploirtiilii. AstIcl, cstc
:rplllttrl ,.Accelcrtrtor''. in care cplrr\ e[lr tlc !r:situtir estc sulrusir urror solicitiil'i
tlc intloirc, Ilccare, loc, colr-lpr('si.rLnc. intini[clrc. In intcliolul tlxtritltrlui, trgtttt-
vclt ('s[e pusii irr miScalc t]c o elilt, in alrr lcl, int'it sc izl-rt';tc rlc pr:rctii ptr,-
'r-irzuIi cu rln stlat abrazir. ai rrnci r:rrtii. ar.ind trn rIrurtr irr zig-zirg. , tr soe ttt'i
Ilutcr'nicr; si cu o vitezi rnale .
1.4.2. Rezistenla fesdturii la indoiri repetate. ,\t;rastii rlctclmirrtrc prr'-
zirrtii;i urr ttrtutrtit glrrcl cle silrrilitrrdiue crr lt'zisterrll la olro-.ir.r. irr t:atllrrl folo-
sirii sarr crploatirlii rrrttcriahrlui. liu cstc seurnilictrtilir, in spelial, pcrrlru
runclc :rr'ticolc tcltrrir,c: r'rrlr,le rlc Ir'rrrrsnrisic, berrzi
irrscr!ii, t'irrc:itll -slrl)u5(', in tirtrIul cr|lo:rtirri i, ll Irtnsl)()l't, !csiitrrli l)ot][r'u
t:l'ortrrri ri lrricc. l)t'rrtrrr
ir82
(,clo
i c.rcrlrr.r u1 lrrrIrI o.nr,)o.rl
ill) l.rill;)l.) a)l) il|pi)IU llr.tlflnnn IIrl) ,l'totll-Oa i)l).njtutru un ll;l u.r.rr.i,r.t1 r.,rltrp
':r.rrtts:r1rl tr1 rr.rr-iurrlu r( r'ojttlrlsrzal t oIr?nlrri].ro.rrI rr.rcprl;rs ri).mrrrru.rJlcp
I crorln.r r-'T LrrrltI c.nltcJJ o- l)
rTor.r
i)P lllPi)ttt lll.llltultll ttrli{liirgl;-1)e Jl).lfrtlnil {il1 n.r'rllr.rr).rJ -tll,,.rJJ rrlurrri.rorl lrrl
'r.r1J,tn.rillr ll ollllll,).rrq Itr JlInllr.)Jo.rIrie.rreljrrTrnc.rlstr1zJfr.rtldr{.to.).[n)rLJlJJ.srTtlJJ.prr]rrr,rrrnulJ.rrcclciplp-llrpour
,,' rilcll'J.rllrt.Irtlrlrltxrttl,prrco,r'1T0 0n[.r]-0e tl llllllIur.rJ]urrr 1l.).nr;).).rJ Bclnlt '1un1rrl:ro.rrl
JP .rfr[l]u un ,r"rctrrr.r "f,.J.jl"[,1;:,,::i,il;H:i,,1,,,0,,,,.,
rr.rrsrr''r u
-.rurrr. '!1rr1o1 BJnzn lll r.rurrl orr,r;r.r1 cp rlrr, ,p ,,,1*.il;t,ir-r,,'rrLe.,,,,r.,cla[i -
: Jttilil.nl ]s' '.rolr.Inlljsaj t c.ruac.r.;
ttL.ttI 4.tttztt t1 roirrclsrz,).r tilJurllln,rclJl) ri.rlLrirrI opol,rru a]llnur rltrrr Ilsl\11
J.lllCJ.lT ap llzJ]Irt - : rcli) \
-n,r(TJ n.r(hrsu oJrr1u1r"l.r lmrslri)l ri)rrn lla)Julri).ril\.) ll.rlu.l([ dr]lzorlsrp lnr
! r^rrlorrl
ilp Ilt{h?t arI olrqlllill.r rrrnrs;r.trI r.)un l:J.llllr:t.rJ\J n.rlrro(I ,\r}rzod\r|l Irn
#ll] :it ili::l
l ,,.,,,,., ;,: r"ii.;'"",' ll J,:,,:'i:: Jt ", ;.:r*: I
:t;lr lrrrrlr-u1d cstttr rrrp il.recl'.ru1soil'i;rrlullrrtr r,ruitl';.tio i
i)l).)ull:I '.)ltt;)llll.)
',r;rtiltrtlsst:15 nus 1cr15.rrnri rrrp I rnlrlsrtoJ r; clrotl c.ru;r '.rrzrr.rt1r: Irrl.ro;r
: r.rEr.ra;JUr lJl sJi)l? ecll srJalou,rBc cluoltroTi)
olJ.lt?oll-:llr.Il1 csJlrlllu! cs '1rsop;1r.rutTr lrp dr; o.rr1.rr.ro r1 '.ru1t'r.rndr1 ollrlrrr il?trr
;r'f ltr!r^ o.nrtJ.IJ rrr.rtl r-l.ntzn r1 rejuo-y,srz;.t sJ.rlrrrlllr.Ta1ap n.r;rrlrI l1C1t,rntl1t
'c.ru1;ncl e1 a,.ru1.rodutoc oll nrllrpotr ri rc1 u.rnp u.rdnsu ultrorro oltod
'.ro1u.toqr1 cp elu.rudu nJ Lllrlrrrur.rollp'.ro1r.rr11 qrsoj u qlrrul.rorlrnr o;ruo; f.)llsr.r
-cJce.luc lrlsEecy'ro1r.rrr11:slj llJBlllrcln.rnp u.rrlnst.rolu.roL[uI i]p.ro[rJlc,rJcur lrl
r;rrl'trrr rirrnl.rorltrr rutr rco urp Inun olso aJltJo.rT rrr.rcl q.rnzn r:1 tju;r1srzo,r,Eaare
c(J 'i)lccrclo os.re,\lp cp 'rr.rrso1o1 lBnlclt.lrr1t1rrlcr;rrrlr'j.rrorr1rluiooJulr.rljar..rrJ.roosrnrllorlsriuouJiueor;.rroe1drr,rinl 11s:r
lr.rnzn t FlutulrrrJllop Uznl?) o Ec j
'o.rel.rnrI ep r;or1:ru.rc[ uclo.rtl rrr.rtl urjrlo os cc clolr?]illzo,l
cp'rt.rn1ps.r:[ t rjpler.rcloJd cllt rc.Il];)r.ro lnzuJ rrl ll.),)ll ]lnur rrur'crckr.rrln os
'ro1u.roqu1 cp r.nluIul.relrp ur.rrl elnrrrjtlo ';r1;r1t11nza.r'rjr-r1rr.rdo.rr{ rill-qJOB lltzuc rrr
'91 1n1tln1 c.ru Elrqosorp rirrrl.rorlnrr O'roIt.r]lgsej u o.n:lroJrTre rr1 rrjglrlrqu.rnlr
lro.rlroe.rdu n.rluetl rr\rl lrJrJrrruro:- Tr.lllt m:l rr.rl otrr:.rurl ur l) Ienjrurnalcslpscaglr.r'rEle'.tr'tIr
r.rnzn nl rjrrltsrz;r1J 'eJeJeJJ urJd pJnzn el llJnlpsei trr.rcl
'Bluljrrtr o.nr-ls rlr Inlnr,rolr?ul Jp tljl?I'o.rlrdn.t op rrrrrro.rns lr r.rIrlnt
-uo:ro.rrl'erpottt ltJ,rilpLrrs frrrlrl"rolop cs'U1ltcllr.r.r:r, r.rn1 gsaj lp r:r.roFqul rr.rlrrerl
ltlulr lrurrrJ:^ rrTi]rc oll .r!Ilrnrr ]rl1rnuB rlrrill 11ru.rrl rrr 'L11c,tn.rda t o.repn.rScp cp
Ir!n1on.;n'r?u.).r'i1uuro.r.otJr{rsxr,.rrrdlrtzoncJllsrrrpJ(Tlr'rltclcn..{cnl.nrdzpe,Lror..rlTorlon1,rscln}1uno1ruu;or:rcIlIvr'ru!r}ur?l r0rrgollorep
o13c.rdo
'reclcJo
cp'llurrJ'q1rqe1oqr.r clso itlri)lo e,r1tt1 riue1,<r(['.rolr?.r]lrFc.rut.rolrroe un ecl 1r.r
g-r-r0nr0lrr'rrI1-J10lrs0t.r)I.'reJ.1rol;ur(.rlr1'-ortr.trtnro13rr1I.rrfq.rruc{1l(n3[rs.rcrlaeEllusnloalcloJe.JlrroJJl'rl"rlIlrqn! u.opIpur.rrrorlort.plIzntu{l,,)o)rl,ptrltJItnjJtr,Jrof,rJmrlSnor.lIrJqtleo'rrltin.r'l.rtrjrdru[ertltluorTacrlluilolrrpr;r:
-rrf i 000 g-00t cp rjplnc.r"q rtc !Jlruorsrlol olsr ulctn.rdc 'p.ruor.re1ur urttolrr
ruiln.t.Jn'tr,)B1.C1:r\n]l.rru([.orcIlll?rrIBrl,.]r1u:]l.nrJr-qt Frrnrlnnrorrrrtlcc$l tr'tutt11oelrerzeucJttl.l,'o)')1J.Jt:tlt.[Iuo.l-'.t1l.1ruu1o't".9ro6tl'n.rsP rrl.liun
pttcl:r
6-.r1 rrg r-lsrrr.rd cJso llla\n.r(To c.rult rrr'c1nr:r,rtI-s cle,rnrItt !lsrxc o.rrrc.rc,]II! l^flsl?etrt
(-lc [1'191111i1lalcil s(.itdelii pr'ot errtutl(i a gl'osilttii dLrpa Irccar'e , ult tttt llLl-
20-il0% din nrrrrrrilul rrrctlirr tlc eicluli rlc frccare pinii la
pt,ir I'ul)er.r-'1
nllltir-r d1111,1';lli1larea -qchilrlriilii pclurt'abilitrilii la aer' tlupi Ircr'ar'c. cu llrr
rle 2()-i]00/o t[in lrrrrrriinrl rrrt'rlirt rlt lilluri dr: fr,rt,alc pinii la I'rtli('r'('.
in frnrt:1ic tle !estitura analizat,i, ,sc stabilesc : \ iteza tlc Ilt'cat'c. gerptrl
irlrrtziv. presirrut.u rlirrtle calirrl rlr' prolrii si r:cl de f rct-lrc, tcnsitttrt:a tl itr r:prrr-
\crtai. cll'(,ra fi. r'tr al.it nuri l)rllc" ('u. cit uraterinlul estc nrai extcrtsibil, Irtt'-
vcrrtt oplirilol apalatului pcrrtru irrdcpirturea scarllei prorlLrsc prin f r:r:cirr'c (irr
r:irzul r.intl tparatuI nu lrL,posilrilit.utt'l r[e absorbfic a ar:estcil). rrtctorla rlt:
apret,ir:r'c. Yalorilc rt'zistr'rrlci lt uzurii plin frccarc a !esirturii rtu sint (l('tlll)il-
rahile. rlet,it dacir aceste elemcntc sirrt rtrcntirrute ri guro,s ('{)Irslutlto.
1.4.4. Rezistenfa fesdturilor la uzurd prin frecare 9i orientarea proiec-
tdrii. llt'zistcrtIit Pli n Ir'r'cart'it rtratcr:ialelor tr'rtile' esto ttrl I)ilr'ilrlletrtl car(l
poalc rla indicalii aslrpra rrrorlulrri dt elalrolart) l (:onto-\tulilor, pentru satisfil-
ccrca t'ontliliilor tle uzulii sinrultani.
Concluziile dr: r.crcetare. in baza e\pcricrnentirrilor elcctrtittr'. t'otttltirl t:ir.
dacii toate conrl itiilr.rirrnirr lonstirllt'. cristii doi Ialtori caltt ilrlltrcrtlt'itza. itt
nrod a|rcciabil. 'r'aloalea rezistcutei prin trztrrii a !t'sir trrlilor :
-A- ce11s''1nt11pl1qav1p11t1't{1glirr'r[uslitpricruitlrncccldecegasr.iituiLnrrrr'aciiitL{telrrlstzritilt:r[pirirri;oii.icat'tilirrrirtiatIur:rsiiiit:rrlilor'. sii sc Iinii. irr;rri-
lrrrrl l'ind. scanla ilc accsti ftrr:tori 9i sii sc tilril in rr:dct'r, t'ortclrtziilc ltrr:t'iirilot'
rlc r:ercctare.
Pt:utru cxenrplifitalr,. se r'orrsitlelir rrzultutcle urrndtorului cxpot'irn('nt.
sintetizate in tabele, diagranrc si r'ourhrzii.
Se colsirlclii rrrr grup cle 12 rariante de fesiituli, la t,arc sc pirstreazA ('orr-
stanpi tofi Iat:torii r:lr cx('epfit raporLului dc desirne;i a lcgirtrrrii. Caractclis-
rIatc ir ta]rr'14 47. iar variarrl(l[o
ticiLt firelrr. fLo-looustielrr.tr'rirrirlct au fost calr'rrlatc astft'I. incit sri rlc, t:xperitncutat't:.
in trltcla li|. sc obpinir tesirtut'i
r.rr 1rr r:rir.liciqr1 r1r'rlirr tolal rIr'r.irc1 ');-;Q0f, pr:rrtrlr toate !esi"rturilc^ l'zultiud.
irrsi" dirr lr.girlrrri r;liifc.irni tc 5i tlirr rli{r:ri tc lalori tlr raportului intrr: rlcsitttcir
Iosirturii irr ritzcirlti Iriitatrrr'i.r . poale coltstalit
Prirr'r'r'rt:r'ti'rri utilloscopicc sc
t.ii dr.grirrlarr,t. rlator:itri uzurii plil frccarc rlt lalror:rrtor'. se ascallritnit t:u rlcg-rrt-
,ltrca produsir ir tirnpul 9i rlatori tir loLr-qilii olricclrrlrri collfcctiorlat tl iu Ir'sir-
lrtra l'(.-ql)(.(:tirii. Perrtrrr ttrrrliclca rirriaIiei rczistcrtlei tcsiiturii irr scnsttl ur-
zclii si al. birt6lrrrii" irr t'rLrsrrI plole-*ttlrri rlc trzttt'ii l]r'in Irfcilrr'. tt'rtltuio r--otts-
truitc grafir'c. Iiczisttrrtir lcsirtrrrilor'-.r'rlr'tct'tttirrir ctr ljutorrrl rlirtirtrtornt'lrrrlui.
irr contlilii rrot'tttalc" starrdardizatc.
Tqbela ,17
Proprielilile fizico-mecanicc alc firelor folositc irr proicctarca vari:rnlelor dc tcsdturi
pentrrr vetificarca conditiilor rlt' uzurd siltrtrltanii
[i:iirret'-l'okrrir l(rf'zirgiseftlconr!:r ,\lfrirrrergilirrera 1'ofrisriuenleoa r Cooliuicrt- Nclcgull lita toa
tex % tlm
ttrl de oln
in ur- in bi- irr ur'- 1,, t,,i ii Lrr- i r l,ii i', ,,r- n, ui- i.t sittne
la lir ll
tealra tirtrrrii zcali liitrrrui zcalir litrrrii zcalri tiiitrrir rr,zistorrlit lrrrrqirl I'rrsi{rr{'
:1t..2() 2)< lti 219,2 216, I 16,93 I l,!6 ;86 6l.l lll t3,ii/14,6 18.ti22,2 l2,8tt2,E
;]f;4
988 JolrJnlp.Jl uJrpl.rJrojd rg cJnlJnrlS - !;
t! (f (o a or cjl i- i.! t i'-
Lu-)1-A- 1!A:J.DI!!d:D. DN7Nsi- 7a 1.,. tt rq l; 0a n 7c s ae F
!Ia
..e -r G
!t:N!€rJiila(,t.cr'irc t: !D (, lJ t\.: :. T @
.!: IJ u l! ts
-1\JNi(:f.,+oi),o)ECAJrr_| ori-? J' q, cr) il tr gr \l .a-Na.A -,E N
='=dt 6*
O (,a (Jr c)l Cr (Jr (rr Cn :l !' Cri c! @
S(
s€ =
OcC@rOoOAO\(+J?)-O(cO)a-ta\=a]L.=LO-a-6Or o001g69r .,do\c,lr crl +: tl: *r a cr: d3l ^"'r
ila ft' |: (O Qr qn t.
CJr trfr
ls =
(-,; CrJ C;!! (, L + A CJ , Cu qN:,,r tCCj Xi t! N;' aG
O:r o - - :O c- , - t o!
o
S1-T-O-tr; - =?--
tr D,? -- xi, o lD(
'i. tLJa((,-\g3rotcqrc4:)C(, qr !j !! (, ci Lc N tr N(5 oro c
io,
:- o 6
or cf i L cj L qr c,r Jr -cIoJr ! 'r-Jt \-L OI F
o --.t -ui.J: -c-cr:)a -t 9N'=: L i=.! ---rr V-DO o
r *it a o
c- N
O
g
.+
.=: N
ilF ActA\3IWo<Gc)NliJ:tao)N3at N
lta-aR. Lti]tr (, C; c, c: ci G: qp E! LJ e a ^:_ Dr o
- -l (, o. ciJ co C u) :! Nl Nf -c
sid oo-- (D
N,?
3P
or i
+
l"- -Nl Q*:IIA'-;:OG'Ai; . -l € O -l ; Lr (O D( il
O. Ai, ?'
O. C, O A (O (l r€r U) A Ot Ol U
3 +:. G
l N
-'. @
o:)) c-lL 6N): oO.) Ou ) -Ot r -t ci) ca cr tr A o
G qn
lD(
li a t) a :
D(
+
oO
co!!f..:c-ic!';(rNa !G;;G @ cJ1 c,a rtr ! t3 cI J)
=*o
..na-b.3aljrt3urCJ-Jr @ (C t\f (ir L @ O)
-O
t:,ar.:l Nj- tJ 13 [€c9.' cAt.J] r aNJ'), 1c'9 N cct:-.r l.: cf.r: o6'\{ +- G
c - N l:
': i:t aZ o!
: (r C - t: Ci l\) q. O (o ! a
-6COJlOAOCO@A 7r.h\vi
--:OOC(>OOCOC +O.j s -: A.
Oo
irr f ig. 52li cstt lerlat grirl'icrrl rlc r arillic a lezi,ql.ontci la Irct'ulc a lcsittrrlii,
r lrianla I. l'r' arl ortlorrrtr:l.or se a{lii rczi:-tcnta diratuontr:lririi a fir;ici t[c
lcsritura r()tatii lu ,l) erprintalti in kgl'. pt'rrLln urzcalii (ti) li l.rcntlu biit:itrrrii
(/i). iul l)('art abt:isclor s-it r()tirt rt. rrutrtiilttl cit:lilor tlc frccare srr|oltali rlr'
It'siitut'1 . Sc 'r-cilc' t,:ii intcttsitatt'l uzrtt'ii. lit r itr:iatttu l, cstt: scrrsilriI rrriri rrrare
Iig. 52,3. Gra f ir'ul rle valiitti,' :r r,'zirtculr'i la f t,'ciu.' rr 1r'slturii
tt''sitttrtlra*'t it r.lttr
*triittrta l' ta'"la "t',illilr"llli,l::,1'1i;t rlli:"
lir biitltrrrii. irr raport cu urz,'ala. Ar:eit-sta s(: ct\pli['it pt'irr. aecca t'it. lit rttrcitstii
r aliantir rlc Ir'sirtr.rt'ii, icsr: itr r'1 irlrtrtf ri, iIt tttai ttlaLe tltristtt'ii, lliitiitLtra.
O tlif ercnlir ;i ruai iusr.rnrratri. in illcnsil"atea uzut'ii prin It'ecalt'. sc olr-
surr,ir la Icsiitrrrile, la t,are unul rlin sistcnrclc tlr: Iirc pn'rIouti rtl, 1rt'Ia1a crpttsit
la {rct'arc. in nrai nrarc mirsurii rlclit celilalt sistenr (t'onrIifionat tlc t'uLat'lcris-
ticilr: lcgritrrrii). ln labr-'la ,1lJ sint indictli rrurtriirul rle cicli rlr' r'ariaIic t
rr.zistcnIei 1r,'-ciiturilor la uzrrrt l)rir fl'ocal'('- rariantele 10 gi
Icgiitrrrii tliagorral 2/2. llaportul iutru urzealir ;i britatulii este. 12. lllot[ust: t'rr
ariarrtir 10"
ll l
rlc l : l. iar ll r arianta 12, rtllorttrl cste tL: l.?5 : I. Se stie rit" itt tirrrptrI
lcscrii. urz('lla csto lnrrlt rrrti Itrrrsionatii t[ccit birtitl-urt qi, irr. l"irnprr.I tt,stri i.
lrirtiilrrra r.stc olr[igatir sii outlulczr.mai mulI llestc ul'zcalir, canr cslc rrrai rigirlri:
rlirr ut'cst rrrotir-. rlc;i. ll lariallt 10, raporlul irtl-t'c urzealii;i biiLiiturii r'>tr'
rlt I : l - pc su;rra laIa fcsiitru'i i la |rctlornina bril-iitufit. cirrc sc uzcazai rrtai
lr'lrrrrlc rlccit rrrzeala. l)atoritii {alrtultri cir. lt rariarrta 1.2, l'allortul irrLre dcsi-
ntt:it in urzcalii si tlcsirnca in lritritrrlit este rle 1.75 : I, birtitular rrrr r a rrli
prt,tlorrriua pt'-strpltfaIa Iesirturii. tlcourt'r'c Iaptul cii rrt'zeala cste urai [r'rrsio-
rralii ln timpul !cscrii ('str'('ol.npensaI de {aptul {'ii ea cstc ltrelronrlcrerrtii. t'it
rrrrlttirr.;i. r.lir acest nrotir'. irriilIiurea tlc orrrlularrr t Jritat.tu'ii ostc (:{'l rntrlt t:g'llir
('u a( cea 1 111'7glii ;i. irr lonst'girrfir" birtiilula tru sr' uz('ilzii nrai rcPcrIr' rllt'it
rrtzt'all. l'apt r:trc se r crlc rlirr rliagrrtrua rlin f ig. 52:tr. rlc urrtlc rczrrltir t.ii aur-
lrclc sistctttt s-arr rtzitI rl rrpii rrrr lunlil]' tlc 13 t]00 rle cicli. '\stfr:1. cstr. r'orrr'lrr-
rlcttt, lttlcertttttztrrrpliit'aseirttitcurltailtcuipllaoicIrrc,tcaar'roc,itrlIto'ssilitittcnarilionr'.trrrz'iic,all)iictlrt'lru'lrtrriecasl.iiizuIrlcrrrltorlrrrriirrrrrr..i-.
Iitrlui
irr ralrorI c:tr rlcsirnca in btititturir.
irr r'arlrul fenomcntrlui tlc rrzrtrir plin frt't:at'c t !csritrrlii ; rrrr firctor inr-
i|rrorrr'Ilirr.rprtc.rrrllrr,.rrr!'aii lcirttlrer,ll'rsririic('slriruszcultilr.rit\os!tiatrtrtrtcit.a,'t.l1e,' li nrilrirtu'l supllIr'tci. tnirlirrtc
sttprttatri rlc splijirr t'r'zirlii irt
i)8G
/ Q.,
a.ll)lllrt)t:t.ltlrtltillllsl)l.lll.rJt*t(tlaltlls.rtil-tljlitlt..lrrllt.pr)toltLlrs?.lllsli)u)oliil,,s))Y-,\lrr'Jit)l(llllurc.trlisilllllllllou.)J:,)r.-).rr,urrlrrrzrun',)rr\irt)lol;)).,rxll-ul:!z-u;tl...llr()llrurrn.rrlnl;ltrr]-r[s.r,r,rir-;i'L,r)r.r...,irrrlt.:lr,t(tu1I\;r:ri,i,lrsr)r1itrr,llrrhrrrll,.''ri,t..ttr,{i,ll1Ir.{-r,
,-rrll),).l)liullllllo.tr(Trl.l"il-tzlnS'rlo,.rIuIy:)',1).rtJr;rarpr;)lcnJlr(rIour:llr)Jo1il1orcr.ltnr rc'ql)pllr.r)osr.Jr.,lrlrlJl .)t..lljru,)tll)lultil:lrroi)tn.).tr.1f,r)ro.x,)l ;,t1i.rrr
rznu.)
'J.luJilJT ur.rtl rr.rn11s,rI
D i.rnzr] iiI i)zll]t.)1.)lt.ti)Jtl) rrr rll a.rB;rl.r.1 Jl lnltrltf.[.]rJ,,r]J B.llur.trjl\.!l!.JlLI
J.lll;) tl t;t 'tt.llt;t^t:-.ti tjtrlu.rtlns u1 oP :r;rjr^r1r.rJ(IF-P !zu.).r()i;irrrr. rrs ,rr,rrrzrr 1n1nrl
-.)t)lr! l:l 'tr;t 1t11ttz.t.r 96c tl.ttt5t1 rrt1r.r1;rrrrt:.riil?tl) ur(['s.tJ\ur r{ rrrfr.rrls.rp
loi.rl
-tl.ttItts llr).t,lli.),lJ n,) ol)ttldscJo:t alllrJ.].r] cll nrlnllr.)t,)rl,)o.) rfJ.ll.lo(;)nu : rrrl'rrrl.
,rP tJiJltr.ltltls 11.)tuI.lprtI rS rr.tnl13sei p o.il1,)o.li ,)l) lllInlrri]t.)tJJo.) l:.).nrollt r ,).rlUt
'lrstl!.lls l-r.llllBoqi)[ o llstxi:] t?J ]1r \.rJs(lo u-q 'rr.rillltsili r Lrrl'r.rrls irP rill.; t:.rrlns '1nrr
.r'rl.r.r u Lrur:llilillr\ 'J.lrI tP Jtu.rls^Is Lill0p
il.ilrlLrs.ri P f;,illztr r:.rr)7n !lItz.'.t.r.n:J rrr|l'1;;
uI roluJlsrz.].t u lrfur.rr:-r Jp rr1.'r1[f il ,'tt,rr'."rt
'lr-g ""ll[
In.]rJr).r1
p-t ozoJ o-z ozoJ
lrl "l)orrt ls.r,)l'tlI'ltttLttt;l,r.t'l-l.ro1stlr o.).ltl.).rtl'tt.ttl;us.ri tt.til1.lrt.r1.- ilt[],)rr.t,rl
'..r111.irtrl.1rrr-.l;1slz.l)l,'l)lrlrlrt,urlrpr';ltoss,r.rli^iorl:;^trrl]J.,1)].-)t'Jtr.'!IztlrzJnS:ulrlnr,l\t*toL:)r.ltntztlnttlir)tll)r.ltn,rutJl ttrrriot:u1i)Jrrri).'J) lti-t:.lil)s.ttl:ulltl
-rr L ',!).-lnrl:l,1)it)5.I.J]Ic(IcrtuiuJolsrr,stt;,lrntto.r[)r,{tonlruJ.t.rJ]ul.r).rr.]illli.)r.otlJrrcl)urI.rrurlrl'ror1rn1lrr..nrlrl:qPrrqlrJsl
:rr[
rr1nre.rl .IolJ.ilJ Jlu
tu iruntInsi.rd;).ruJ
pss,1tir,s"tbrloieltaBolit[nexnr p*cfQeieltein"rsoiseecrpnnonerlnoanijttuiileruilalai.uirz..ztd'l"ute.a,r-ttil,.icu,lnptcrig]rrrniuintPof,cecfrroailcmtnrctucaleerraeei-lstcac;utc'epoptrap'rrterlalaitr{ulimcre*cl1reles'(etarii.ltuzelilet1sc:i:'repiyfsrrtiiitlcjLtirli"rc'ppt:l.arr1ecfaizctmi'arerrelatotacrurltre'rrcriiz''rcoeloa{ldrrzrrcirrrle.otst1rrri-tici'
l, estc lungimea de acoPerire I
rlcsimca in urzealf, a lesdturii;
Du -
Dl , tltsilrrea irl biitalulti a lesatur:ii ;
meiliu de f ire acoperite la o {Lrtarc.;
n0 nurnirul tl" u"np"'iti (flotari) pe l00 cn2 din supra{rrtir [csi-
ttr u.,roi,rrl
LL tur1l ; cltr2 t sistcnrtrltri dc filc'
lcuanrgeinrerePateztorntatllirsudpcraafcao!alteillicr:tspperij1in.00a [csiiturtr'
liezultri rclaliile :
n,xlr-- Lri (83)
(84)
rtr: Dt'!L
'
['entrrr legiiturlr tlitgonnl )12, tto: 2 ti ittt.ttrci :
, 100. no (85)
"':-- Do '
Lt:tlt't, "'P -149']'o 'lo0 D' (86)
,ril, lrr olicc intprcjurare, 1tr'irr nritr:irelt sr-rpla Ic!t:i dc sprijin a !t:siitrtr'ii, l)t'csltr-
rf ,,"iti,," p" r.,ptuiaga dc couta('t vor l'i tlrai rni.ci qi, 1tr'itt trrttlare' tlzut'it
tesdturilor Pe suPrirla 1rt 1c-
slealtourrildoer,'frseucbaraec,l.ivuanefai,fot'rlo'
as€nlenea, mat lnrca '
La imbricamintca rtztt'
asJrliaa"gdeasenreuoanbcstheeirs,wladtud, irdcie6i sleainorcil,ooacdutee-'
rile unde tesetura este su-
pusi fltit [a acliunea de u-
zurl Prin frecare' cit 9i Ia
irrdoiri repetate.
Experimentul efectuat
asupra celor 12 Probe a Per'
rnis sii se deduc[ urmetoa'
relc lesi:
rnat-e-riilnpricmaed,mPl aarcacmleieatqriii
52(r. l'csitr.rli la care s'a uzat nulllarr tunul din r't,lc
doui sisIctne dc [ire.
ll88
688
'rrJnlrsoi u.rrrzn Jlnru olJuo} FcIlrs
-rrJlur olBlcdal Jolr.rroPul u Is AJuJO.IJ cP ltullIiJU B BUuIITtuIS UaJcucul.tItitsl:Y] tr-!
Eu!([ cPuJS ulluds
'o.raz uJJlloIDA ul Jp BiuJl?rdns 6r'tlrltl
rlrr]o} rrolu:r r{ 'asn.rq o}Sorc arute"rJ op lntuarcr}co.r pu1.,'-u1:jji J,1il_j?r,, ,,,
JAUJJ1ISJ,I rr,rnlgsei u ?iuJlslzcJ oP ui1lulloudl I 'c.lrlulc.r tJOIPA uI 'putudxl r:tto1r
u rezrJ uluJn0',rIr.bo Ar]uun)ao.I(lu rJoIuri ul tltJ.Iatu as tttl'rJtls op uiuJuJ([rls ti
trlr'o.ruro.rJ eP'tllr-rrrrtlooi, lIlB cJtrc tr['91u.rnP E8uul cP'lilrqu]s ezeg (6
'urIr"rds oP tajJJu,IdrlS ee.le]s.)Jr IS JruJc.rJ JP tllpll
-urrrlJeoJ u ri .rorjqllJcdsu EeJBJostrur ur.rd ElEzrJolcBJuc 'plurirur uzug ( 1
-r-r.rtl t.r1rr Jli)utlstP i)zllJ IAJ; :u1(grAr.grtr'5lgtsIitIjSrorjzac3^r:).rCr.fInusrru.r.1).llt1r,ls-rttl iIl.eltlItzlntrctlpt.ttt.l)slr'trl1trrstJo.i)
-oltltltts t rS utnlort['tr.rLr]us.ri ]l ')'lHJ"'lJ JP tnlrlluJlJt]Jo') lri)'tll')IJIPol\l'?-,l0JtJl"'
Jllmuucp olunlqfiel r5 unr;reld'671 1euo5u\p Li zlz luuoiurp ucJlOulr'lOLrZfieSl'fPr*rr)s
-c,it,1 u,i,1,-, cs clcllrlze.I ounq reur o1c:r 'o.rupo't op llurrd l"si)JB
rr.rljr;s;l u J.tucJ.rJ ut.tcl uJnzrt Bl liiuolslzOJ eP sJllrll.)llduJ uJ PIBttoIi.lodg.ld
u,,lrJi1i,J,r.'i,tlliL's,ifr),of*..1Jr'..l:l1Hugtinrtu1gZli:.u,lrr1l.-)rtu1,6roiU1ftx'rB1sotqu.u,sJ.r'oqrrj.J.lrue,r>cr-p11lu.3sluroxdreccJ;p,J'nolrt'-r.{ru).r"n.clr1ul(9u]r[i;rtrrJ1jtull.,lJJrn.u()Plo'toutd0J[tlt'lltJuo^Jri)z.durIJo![.jOuuIrartluJtn[ad.lrlLrttrflt.J]rr[lJ'ollzoPuJllt.tull]lrtzllll1srU,J(t'li1lu)'-1,oeu1l-9rt\r'r.1'zr5'icr)lot.J1lr;l
u tl) Ll1[lz1tJ tuu.r uiU 'liJIlZrl tt! Ao]Ul loulllln[IlS fzl].)utttJ>-ttOJ AJ UJJC 'll;ltD O[r
l.ls JIuqJ.ll olo 3.rorJrpIJu.ra3lc'p;tcuPl'rlJs'IelJsJqrJrIlnoorqpupouu{tunrloJJlllssurtJst(olB]-n-oPllJegl')''l'
ai*r,,,-rl,t 'g'routtto u-
-.),rI tilr.rolrlp Brnzrr uud lI.nrlqsoi
Inun rBrullu lez'J e-s eJuc BI 'r.rnusal q]srP es gz9 'E$ uI 'Ecllliu$]sau Is
rospBuotl?u.dIpno$lJoaulEauJrBlecaprogJdd-oIs-4uullnJtc{
-trJ s's gJnsElu ec u! ozolce'rd
,2,i, wa d "Jji'Ti"[;rill)
rr! '.rolJ.rJ lrrprolJ urur.rrur ep ollruru ;l:t
!-.*(l..rc rrl) rrzu.r ,,*,,.,gi- tt,i,,1r"1 ris
/,',i\,r W---.U- J ld "ncr.ur"B'"ntLr.nr.q1T;dn,[p*lcs"lr;eu"JtBB"s rup 'Fiuatsrz
|
Elrutluoc til'rz
J-n-lrBnruaepJodloe.sIerrrl'F(e^ralcSadtstarll)B:-J"nlllglsl
I ', ^r n 'l-, -ei ulp snpord Inlcerqo r$nsu1
aJUC n.rluad a4orlr '.rnluueld
VzlLtazrr as rS giueplae u! llnur
rtsur sat gJnlElFq ap aleJrl 'Bcp
-rr.rlr,,t[ ,uc1.1llosu op '.1erls1c".tuqlnr'tqrBcFaalis.-eera'auiee'uurgl_dr)SoaourJrrlosaluprsrSeu*"erna1cges'gelinBl'pe'lItugl_cqa.ruo1"IctsI
r:1*"rrr, ttr 'ttu ,rui
arg*,tt.n,:llr1Jcrl1drT'r1et'to1(3lrturc?u,L,rlmi,llp1nruuiz,znttle'uui"lrrlarli)f1auruolrit,ur.?,.,rorrl.ls?rlrr-r?dqi,.ltxr1nrtrafll"ssrpq,'"r,iprru'-stujrueou.rlrd.aitrIgi-s"nllerqitz.llrnlrra"lunlllr*"l'qliH?d-ul'laCrt;lgsgrAJl'r'rleolgr''rc.lrcJrul!'t,u.llrt'otrol,edtllclo:ct;tlrl'lep'lrrrr'triorl:to'tlllllrlulltlJe:r't.'tllo.ur'ttpo1roulL'1PlP!r:c(zr'l-1tSulall.,:erlel;lIjgrul'ilr|eroe'rrcJnfc[l'elsl)clu'rulrr\tJ'd:tr'luer'lrJrlJr'uturnld'llnalu)x'![rooJaglluJ3lp'urrJonoloJoczl.t'oril*l
2. Proprietifi privind valoarea de prezentare a fesdturilor
2.1. Stabilitatea ilimensionali Ia spilarc
l'r'in stabilitate dirncrrsionalti sr: irrltlcgc p:islritLca lorntci fcsiittrlii, tlupir
Iralarru'ntt'lt tlc untt'zire, spirlart:, pitrart'. t'iilt'are.
l)r'telnrirralt'a scrrltirr:i i slrr ingtr,strtlii drrpri sp:illlc sr' {rt,c artalizirtd ttto'
rlilir'ilile rlirtrcnsi,rualc irlr. rurui pirtrat rlc !esrituri (eprrrvttii) dc l,-r0/ lirO rrirrr.
irrscnrnlt l)c lesirtut'il si uriisrrlrrt inairrtc;i dultri sltiil.trrr'. Spiilart'rr sr'{at'c ltrtr-o
solrrlie larc rrrprintlc, la rrrr litlrr tle apri: l5 g sirptnr solirl tle ruft: t'tt 6Dofs ,llir,i
gra;i;i l() g sorli calt:inatii sau intr-o solulic eare t:ttptirttle, la un litttt tlc
apii : ') g los Iir t tli sorlir' ;i ir g siiqmrr rreult'tt. lit rnr ral)ort tlr {lotri l : li().
Spiilarr,u sr. fat:r r.lupri pror:r'rlcul casnic. Se fierlrc lt-citura tinp dtr l0 mintrtt'in
solulia irrrlir'u1ii. apoi st spirlii. tnattual, in:rceca;i solulie, diltratri ('u ill]ii rc(f(-'.
-{e fa,,. irrigial. li0 rlc nri;r'rir'i, in dircclirr rrrzelii (in lung) 1i, apoi. accluli ntr-
rruir rlrr rnilr'iir'i, irr rl irecIit biitiiturii.
l)rrlrii uttir-rt:i sliilarc. lr()slra se fierllt'. din nou. intr-o -.oltrlie rlr'-qiiItttt
r.rr 15 g la litrrr. tirrrp rlr, l() nrirrrrtc. ilugui carc sn rel){'tir -spilarca, il,.jl ('rrnl s-it
irliilat ptni asi(,surrssu('\i{i olst traaesr.c stolrcr'. se liurpeze;te in apir distila{ri crilrlrrfir (la
'10'(i) l)rrlrir o rr;orrrii us('rr.e libcrr" luostril, irtcri uurt'rlii.
.r' r'ak ii lrr f ir:rrrl rlr: cirlcat piru'r la us('lre. in rlilgonalii. petrtt'rr a st: r'r ila
posibilitirtca intirrdclii irr rrr:zttlir sarL irr lriitiitrrrii;i, apoi, se rnti,qoarii. rliu ttorr"
,liltrcttsiurtilc itt-st'rttrtittr'l)r'lr()slrr'. (iorrtr:rr'!il sc dt'tttrrtrirrir seParitt lx'lrtrlr
rn'zt:ulii si selritrattl,):('ln+truLbA')iiAliitrrttror.or'u$tijrreto6rt:rI(r4r'l;atli)ilotr'o: o,
(87)(87,)
in r':rlr' :
su $i ttr sirrt. r'orrtlar'liilr''irt rtt't'zitlii;i irr lriit:itrrlii. itt 0,i,: 'irtitirttl rlrl
tstr. lrrrrgirttta latrrr'ii piitrrtlrrlrri rllitr{'ilt lx' 1('s:itltt'ii.
I
s piilale :
lu -- uriirinrca latrrlii lrirtratrrlrri irr dircr'!ia rrlz,'lii. rtriisrrr:ttii rlrr;tri
slrirllrr'. lls('lr'('- ;i cirlc:trc :
nriirinl('.r lirtrrrii Prilratulrri in rlirer'Iirr lx'rtirtrrrii" Iniisrrrrttii
t,, - t[upii -spiilar(', us('ilre ;i ciilt'art:.
L\flili rrrca r:ontrar'Iiei srr crplilnir il']p ;i. se insoteitc dt' scrttrtttl plrrs (t)
.lrr rrrirrus (-), dcoarecc e\istii Posibilitatea ca (liurcnsitrnile It'sirtrtrii sit sc
nriiLcaseri intr-trtr singur sens sittl irr. rrtttlrclc scrtsttti, sittr itrt'r'rs.
lrr catlnrl tccsl(fi tlck'mrinirri, r'stc rrt'cesal sii sc.tina scatrrrr rlc rrrttt:itoat'r'lt:
rccoutandirri: eprtrr.ctelc trebuie tiriatt', l)e cit l)osihil. pc dilgorlrla rttosttei rlr'
lesiilrn'ir, (:are trrl)ui(r sii aibii dirnerrsiuni minitnc rle 500/500 rtuu; rlitncrrsirrlrilr-'
pirlratului inlerior rle -100/100 mnl sc nrarclufazii cll o ccrnealii
rczi slentii la
sprilirt sau prirr coilscr.c ('rr alii in t'rrloli rlc contLlst: la trticol'lc carc se rles-
tlanrii u$or, est(-'rre('('-cilr ca nlarginile sii fic cusute irr diagonal (in ziu-ztg):
rlulxi t'onrli!ionarca. tinrlr rlr'2,1 ore. r'llrur.ctcle sinI ttriisrtrrrttr irr lilc rlorrli
locuri. in fiecal'c scls. la tlistanlc:rpro\inlatir- egllc. crr o prccizit rlr'0.5 rrrnr.
l)c lsernerrca. truri sirrt ntrccsirrc o scric r[r: r'rlrtlilii sl)cciille. r'lc la caz Ia t:az.
.\r'tit'olelc din lrunrbac, in -.au celolilrlii 1000,i, sau in itnrt'stcc s1. spalir li0 rtri'
rrrrte, ailrrtrind solulia lt tcurlx.'r'atlrrir n(lcesillrl f icr"berii, tirnp dc 20-2ir rrrin,
:l!tc
I tlg
/ -.rr.ltu,-1t-tt+--.rljtfu.tu1. o.,r1u1 ouri JS r!- lFnJr.rlrl.rJ lJl i)r.nlols Js Lt.nii) qrrlrrp ,rrrrtr
cs u.rrtl1rs.r.i'D.lT-0I cp q.rrrlu.raclrrri)l {)
rlttttl t:rltr rt1 curi r1[ 'prlu rrr 1y9
q1e1r_[.r.r1
iJlr)l..PFr1.t'(lJlllrtJ'.tllnrtllIlttristLlt]t.10Jt:ltul0tt1lltt1l/r)0trlr0rl.llr,tudo'1ecp'l)ra'lB.ttl.ocrolrtlt.nlnrlji.srttr1.c)rliOgttlS'Blt[t1.!r:'i(llu[usr.IJ)lJrJoJ:uy[l,rlr),r-Jsrc'1ptrrti,.r.rr'r1.s)u9.rturrl.u,l[al1rr'rntunJtllsrr[,i.'.)r.,.;r]nrot.rruI.r.rnrG.irrr1rrJtl\tlJJt]r,plu]tlrIr).t)r1.Lt-putlrsururroi)u.0r,_)V0rS.l,l)l1l0r1r10r.!)t
,rr,rlluru! qdrrp e1rri.tu.r1uo) .t.;
'q,rr1;r;rtls.r.r
-llprtll,luJortr.ll|l)lt.llllFtos-lt.lll,)ltp)l.ttrott't0l.tnrP/dlosutlrl-t-J'rt,1tsluqP'truPtrt.rtr.lr.rJrllt,l'[i(\lJu-s)ttJrtslJrsJs,-.rrIs.tlIlpl,tn)ro'l,.l.rruIor(trT1.J1IrIur-tnrtsrrrr-'1srIJuurscI.rtru:rrrrrrl[)t'o(scts*1'Jo3.)1mej.0us)-tlrlsttrrptl1uro.sluJulrsnuiLilI)lrnrzrrllu?Jrpl.,1)s[.rlrlr.nlz)llr;.rrr).1or1.1r1.ir.j-.u.lrltl,l.rr(rr.irrr..)jl;rgllr.rrt)prl
.'llril1z1u1(u:t8rrrr)o)rjrcllll,).)UrtJlo;Jr..)IrltJJl.,.)srll)reIrr1Lror|i1uca1l,o,[rri..urrdurorl,''.qa;.tr'l()u!.lro'1n.qurnutr.trurl-.rrrprlon,JtfrD[.'l(,urr,orilpsJyalu)u(rtr'o:^rsu.r.,orrso|rrJ,rl.t)rr,i;t-):..cIJ,,)I.rlor.g)[,1]r.6lrul.lrrlr(rlrr}11;irr.t-yIru11o..r1r.rrr
-tt.ttl.r cl ,sot[ ').09I uI J] rzlllou! '.rJt?or.torlu.- ungltl ua.rrr,rrlrlu trr.rrI i)i)uJ ,)s
'q1r:trotirpuoJ o.tllls u! uolelrl)Joq cp Birr,y'ptlt 0,'tgg1 .nrrirro;r a.tl;r'r-rpn uJ.nr.][t.r: )
qztrrt[ lgr
t.iltll?.tls Bnolr i).rlUr '1.nlor.r;r1ur u;ru1d .rel r^rzui'rr J>-. u1u,ru.rd'tr ').0lit ri 1;11J ,r.t 1rr1
rt.rtt;r:,rorlul,r1 lt J.mloqc.r .)[r r:dllllIr([rsorI rr.r'J.lzIfcu! i)p,)Jrur.tcl clu,)rlJlJ ",rot.r.]lst
rur'J.nl rlsuJ.)Y'81 tlclj,r{lrtrlJ;rr't].ruor.rot[t]:- l?J.l.lBrl pI flll-(31(l t^r,)u[(l o rs..rrrrlrUtrri
.r1.r gsro.ri !.tnlljsJi ur rjlpJR.r([ulg'p1r.ro1.rarl u.trlulcru q.rrror.r.rlsotl lj;)D[d o n,,
irlrrzl:r.r.rcl'q-sir.rd rr.) luJIlJ [)p i):lp.rr(lp u,) JJI?T Js ?JJl]JIf'l'lsl]Jlrtoil cp J.rpolu;.,
Jp !iP lr.),).r,rsBOo rrr.rcl ilus BluJzetutr llI L?lrtJlsrzJ.r EluJU.tJ.) o lr.r'rrrilr
t.rillUI nJ Jlp.rlld ilrs O.rJda,r'lntrOlqcS ll.)'t-rzp,rrl.).iltrrr.)s'r).rr) 096,'l)
-r l)tto;) 'ttrur gcTggg cp clo]J;!ril.r([J oJ '.r1 u,rrltLe rrrrnrsarrI 11rrrjnd 1l.r
rS Jolrrocle.l. .ei1lJUnrjrBorJi
-.rtlttt.r1 ucttuti.ru tlns clolSurt llur ilJuJ'Jrr.rJlur.ro1oi.ro1 'l:lplloJp'usnclrr'- JtJ l-tJ
tol,i,ttt.ttlo lr giulu.rdns e3tc.rlrr1 tc.la-qcJJu rllsJ ota.ruoJ;r'.r.ru.r1r-r;r
rl.) tJ'jlr.)l!.) ap IUJotj ltc nrr'f.)uJ os l,( t:,r.n:.rTt:.)'11,1u1,,,,r,,r,,.,.).r e1r 1n.p:r[1 urr
irr1itrLr1r1ldctljrul lirr,:rrrc1lnusrpoJplr,;nrurlrltj[soapi
olsil .J.nl.)lf.)
.r1r rrrlrt;tr.rrrtlu trtnr,qui]lrrrl) .ro.1-rr .)11 ,;r1c \rrlrl.r rr.r1p,l
uzn.)zrlrrnl o>- n1 11ntr rrur flnJJ\i) rls ul,sllc;)V
lEcIEr Gl .rcllunrsurrutp BrlufllrqElq .e.a
rr.r'o1rrj.ru.r;rroJ ljrzllJlrr,)lrrJ ils'aluurjrlo 'Sttr- n?ur,)llr.ill)ur a.rdnlr.rriSul,rrr.rrrr1ing.r.0{1)trJl'lt)l
JollunrsnJrrrrp uzr{[
;ttzt;t.r.ttl o nl'ltetlr.t'JJlu! illll.rnsl,lltt lu!s r* c.ro.1,6
,")i)lJ)11',.))l,I).l)s9.)rulnlu11Ir'rr3.lrlrr1?r1sol0.l,.r,t9r6n12scIllrrlcJlr[,rr"s)r]Jr[.rrrrr[nrJq url) JJaIlolorruJr0]r.lrr.iurrpuntrlr(t)l.r.tru]lr1rc[u(1,ls]J,cl).lo0g1AIc-,0I\lrI.r;ril.lIft
ull]
.)ls.) i).ttl,)lllJ,rlt t:.tnlR.r:lthlIa.l,'alrlJ/.irr 0I,.)l) O.tllul illru ilrJ lls JrnqoJl nu r^r1lr,rlr.rrl.r
.rtl ,rttrtts.t.ttI rJ,rl].)'u'plttrtods Lrs-o.r(l o lt:l ai)r:] Js p.r.rBJIL?,)']1r.)lf.] il.tluJ([ i)illl([
rur-\.)p Jl,) prrr.r'plruo1i1puo.r J.n?l:- ur'.ro1 r.r1nlrr.r.rli rrr[) gclu %c5 uril.r ruur
',.rr1o.rJ1.rrt,t)t..rnr[:,:rtul.rrrorrlJ.ip1i:lrsr1-nr.[p'.rr1o11gr..nr;r,l'rr'rrouctuttrn(li[l.lrtJ!unuBr'S13:lur?t1l!r(I[sL?lstpllrurotrroriru[rJururrJ.rlJ)usrllrl..]).lcllJ.rslrrr)l
J.t{)ls ,}s ;r1.r1,t trt.rt[.,J 'rr.rr^rlr^r{ls- lrttlrtrr1 u! .]olJl,) ut.ttlir lo.rtlrrlu rt.rl u,rrl rrlllrtd rr.r
nts,)lirl().l .rl) nr]ilsuJS rr.rF(lttnr[r)s l]J]l?lrl r([r:^()(l il.r'.rrtt1rtrr,r1 1l.J Jll:t,)J(L- lrlu.rUtlrr
lr.) ri trltt,r.rt,r ,t1tlot[ os p,).1?ll(TS '09: I Lltol.l ,)l) 1tt1.rrtrlu.t n.) '')_gf- r;1 r-:rll u1 r.rrr
r!).tl ,)lr irtrl!1.) lr[s Jloli]-,\rIJII.) irJu;r t^rrlrrl) '!1.rr1s i)p UlJrlsqt([ o rJ JlJ,llsour 1rrr1l rbu
rcrsaloaltpalr9riri:iai cgluanrlreogelritmmasetaeelaciaii,;(ieti2ii,0rlia,n",lCqaimii)crre.qteaDi acetlucepdmuirgvmuerneitdueuiiitt,eaalittlnee:.aaacmucreeoollaasEtatriibcvliori,tceidlreuqcpi6rcit5.rui0inn/la0irnc.rctrnteiie_riadln'g.ci,ir,np-Ylur-e2ntc.%il'ziii,itesas,tc:ecrc'ttla)trtEe,5ti.i'
inaintc dJ inmr-riere. Dacd greutntea mostrei, !-siC2n-i0our1ntin0et,rdaiairccrtaulicant oclIanicces2ladil-itsiIu,enrcoi{iiurnmincatriilunst,te.oncrlostlrrunrlrl'
o abatere de la grcutatea iniliali mai rnare d,e
tinuare, pinl lt respectarea acestei
urzelii gi" al bitaturii se detcnnin:i, condilii.
aga cunr
lelaliilor de forma (87) qi (87').
2.4. Capacitatea de revenire ilin qifonare a {esdturilor
Meto{ele cu cirre se determirri rcycnirea din pifonale it tttttti !.csirtrrr'i itrl lil
haza rlifcrite sisteme :
anlrn_i_temileirtnocdnesciuunci.ardeuspeamceasaocaerai sdtiastaanf{oasdtinptrrcesarntfa, rgsiinirleelaunxeaitieoprultvttcrtttrt'ttilt,i'l
rlrrrat[; metocle cu care se rndsoalri unghiul dintre latulilc etrrrttvr:tei tlc lr:rlasi
condiliile indicate la punctul precedent-1
I'ol, i-n gi principii rle dcterminarc a c:rpircitritii
- metode !-tazate pe alt'e sistcrne
rl c -reyenire. sint acelea care rniisoare unghiul dintrc latu-
Cele mai rispindite metode tle revenire din qifonare ; cinli epnncte de
rile epruvetei, numit Ei unghi simultan" o anumitii tluratfr (f5-20 uritr).,cu
20i15'mm sint indoite 9i preiate este reglabilil
lujutorul unei prese a aparatului. dPr:rr-siiu5n0eag.pDe ufipeecairned.,epe_pirrurtvaeretea tlispozitivului
intre 0,6 pi 3
ig. cu o iolelanta
de presare, suportul cu cele cinci epruvete este adus in dleptul. unui raportor,
.Aarr"cppr"etrmfieitecirceitiireeparuuvneg;eh,iudluupi atleorepveerinoiared,dmdaercrealla-xarceleducn1a5cminidni.caRteozrrr-ltttrirul
*nel serii de inceicdri se exprimi prin rndrimea rnedic a unghiului tle revcnitr:
rlirr pi{o1are a }0 epruvete croite in sensul urzeUi;i 10 epruvete ct'oitc itr
stus,l biteturii. Dirrtre acestea.5 eprr6'ete vor ti analizate crt Itta tesirttrrii in
inlerionrl {es:iturii qi restul {e 5, invers'
Itetoda standartlizalfr i1 R.P.R. prevecle analizarea a B epruvcte in sensul
trrzelii Ei 8 epru.r-ete in sen,cul biiliil-urii, dintrc carc 4 sc irtrloaic cu {ala lcslr'
turii in spr.c interiorul Ei restul ile 4, in s'ens inveLs. iir:care epruveti
pliului
Ia rnijlocul lungirnii ei, 9i agezatri it.rtre douir lamc
rlc l0/rl0 rnm cste indoiti, carc
rlg sticli, inlre rare stau presat, timp de r'inci tninute, cu o gteutate,
4pifiibieefer'tierrlfdulcu.hde1ilmnp".laiaecettt6ri,pd.;duinedl ifapnedosefldiirmtb"uererne.rliaii ,ls'r5hliOiinnmOttreiectgeicc, eicp)le.celPnudtleomonzuticrficuefsei"gliuetririrt2n"i nt0ec.0lrriirt0or;tasfgrinlei,rcpdaleiennnaet(pt1ttrrlil:fluolrelvnccs,atier1ltcir0ptsr0liii0arcttclrgint"t.
se agazii, intre acest-ea, o hirtie lucioa-*i cu grosimea de 0,15 nrtn. Rclaxat'ca
cprlvetei se facc tleasupra unei lame de sticl5, incilzi tri la 60"C, cLr irrrloilcrr
' ,rpr..vetei perpendicularri pr: lamii, dupi care se citcqte unghiul tle rcr,'rtirt',
ilintre laturile opruvetei, prin agezarea lamei rle sticli, impreuni cu ('pr"uvcta.
=\ unui raportor. Rezrrltalul se exprimi prin valoarea unghiului medirr de
\---+et4eenaisrlepra
din qifonare, pentru fiet'arc sistern tle lire (urzeala si berttgrn) .si
p"riii-*be19-l:t" ale lcsdturi i'
3s2
868
,-s-'' ---
'lul;]irds l.rodns un cd ralcln'lde ua.ruxrl
rrr.rrl r;prllnzdJ'qrurur op Blruo] qns c[rnq rlun rrurtilgrl! uaJBJnsliur nus't3luritur
Lrllluozr.ro vr.jtzotl op gjlrI 'ro1a,r.n.rde olu clropt-I! eleir:.rc1 ep lBtu.roJ rnlnrqFrrn
lrJ.nr.lilslj'rrr Iq.tcrrl clul rlr(lr\JIJ eP rnlJrrlitrt 1l irJllr[Ilu.rolop 0p apolotu 1)llV
llr:o'drJnosstlio).sruoJlapqIufrnu[Ju]r1lrr'rtu.rnl 1EErsreldi .IIouI o]u]IIlqtxelI ep rnlecrpur Bo'IllolBA crrrj
-rr,,rrr rr.IqJi-rtu lttsrrJs^ ttt 'tt.tn1t:sai.roTIItttsep
gti.)o.ro.) pu!lrsJJcrr 'e13a.rgu es olslr[rqrxelJ oP a[Jttl]uI 'tJl].t]urs l.ri)urlorl uIp
J.)luilrl,J o.lItJ rU ]rr,'lJ .rlsJ InsoupB lu!t -rul 'rrrrrlgsai lttulso[) ualol$a.rc aund
-tul lr\ J.) tJi)c 'epe,rs alulrlrqrxoll ap i)[oJrplrt 't1e"m1utt t.tartttpcl utP oJtturl{J
r)JrltJ .)l) b^or?pu ul.td'p'r e.repo,r uI lroaB E,t. os 'luJJuJi nriltPul uJ'JoIoJt] feiuort
-orluro:r uJJBCrIrpout r-rclnP'uc.ruo1u,t gurfuaur rs-qs elulrlrqtxelJ eP aIeCIput rtJ EIi
-rl)uo.) pu4rnt[ '1:rn1q1qt1 ug 1i ljluaz]u u!'nrn]Iis?i olrrut-sop e:lSa,tr,rd or Becc ul
,rrj.ra.rgl Jln.)l-fJ rnr[JJ] Jo-r 'rl.rrrlxo]uoJ pu!J]sgd 'ocrzolnllc rlus JJt]J]tlls 'eclulIq;)
lrurtcl u.r;lutu rlc;)clsJtuu u! il.rqrl rtrlr J.IrJ rr.r 's.1111q5.,i toun lt.tl^tlJJlo.rd 1n.rpr:lr
rur 'r1l.rn1rrrr ourrll rr.roleru riirrrl rl.rn.lolII! culllqo.rel cund os plrlt rJtrtllV
'rr.rn1 qscj a1e aie ; oIoquIB cd 'qrnl1t1pcl Ib- EItrJzru lr.Iluod 'rrliulttl
..toli|[) g rll;) r]lrui)ra oS 'o]BlrIlqrxJlJ op elrJlpur ttlttrza.rdat orurFunl B]seacV
.1,gp .1' crjuurl;)u! ocaonrpeorEdtscBseac]uu)lnloB.utFtlcrouJ!pli)nuueqlcnlscSrtorr]rillu'ulr.ladlo'r.\unlrrdrctr^i1unn1lpudutIl
prrl;r r-:Lr1t.['rounrraly
ir.rulrj.rotl olg.)lrJ oii e.rur etl'nrur u1 glepe.r8'g.ttlcs o llle as lnlnlJodns ellor:i
J.*l.r.rlrprrJur-,Jusll1rJ1rrl.lrrpurr[rJ.pr,o'us.,lrnxl.tio,u,i11ri.aJ;o,',.u,'1rJiarucid1riir,a1r,ltJrugnrlrrl!.tnrurocnrdrulpnnasrupueilrlridnll]oolan]crsl3lruzlg)ael.Ssulsuzu.eor!islor"l.zr)a.clnrllssluloaBltl-orusrJtertlitoLtrlr:Js.0rpd-Ulon:lsIluc/u0Jueg!l1+1caJr'11l:ltulrsu9rJr(11Ieucu.l'Jtr1enr\rludll.norudclJtoil
.n1 lr._xrltlu cluorl i)s rr.rnlEsoi ]liut111qrxe11 1l ri,lrlcatqo tsJ.Il?IItlu.rclrI ur.rd
1n1nalnl ua.ratrarilp rB ro1r.rn19sai telulrtrqrxald '9 6
,.r,.l.,,ir),r")ir)iili,.il.'U,pprJlru,i,,,(,trt,',nt;rl,I"ttrr.,,I.upiprr1B',iitriuiu,J1,.,"rlltlJs^r""errrlnu,i.tnpoorr(r.(lr)-cL[pturteel10lt-eclts,,rrlr1ttd'iir^'retlldJePelru,rz/'urcnBunu01urr.!y*0)'orertt1ut1p"JoIl1Jus..o,oe,tlru!!tr*J-1cpp'uorltet".re.'urccJ0gpssul]crciu-1brle'-u,qprrtp\Uciu1!'1rl1ep;e.e-Jresuud0p,lsrl1!annir6LrS-rrugrr'IgJettdJlrpsostelrrsrlulrirro'orcru?lrrs.llJ.'rt,llt1lrduut,tuuIrr1rruIJ1rgluriczirr.uti_c.Jru1l'J1rirln1.t'rSttI;llft!ur'e0rf'u'r(u'1'up1r$[11rt.-culrr-cn'srlpp'trsrnugrsoIl''rltrJ(rn-lLr'lero9n1tc,ilrt,]11rr€rrrtjle.t,rltrp,'dlarsnlre.uur,'p,ct1usqLorurnn':dtjrurrls.brsurzm1ttlguolrBa1rrc1n1ldl.ctl1nip,i').3a;oquc)ra.Bo1llsIlsll'r1l*oreo5u'zal11]ulrttBJrlcrr'lBl:rL'n'],r:Jtr1tctlr[ndtrtcoIIt.qnl{cnrllrc'isetdelrfllg'uscflrreliJluiJluu'tuag'uSiennl1trBd;oJun1trrbr:)dir{trrJlt
rnlnlil e arurlspil ap ,ualelrceilup '9'6
'lBztlurre rnlnlur.rJlctu uelul
--,t.,,ttru*Jlrtqt,ti'(1.1il,rrn,ulixut0c,io.i0Fr,rluiifl.1,,l./irg('f,1)ir,',Zln,-,r1-rplcr.uootu,1r,fl,ar,iJilurL,*pirr."rlriri)re,te.;,ltszciniiau1u;.rrrr,acr1df.[uilce{euudo;p1r!.hrp'),,l1u^plr.,u1]rriop,i3,.)1srlurdi.oer']'r1ir;Iruittc.r.l.1'rhar.,oueu':FItrt1er.rrrr,ouI.ru'tsTgJd1..cur)tt.nlrrtr'1drlqol,r1llurlltlrrrrrLlo.hrctrr-r.rd.lrrrpl1xjrig)r.lrrlEl)1?ilzprc;1irocl1s.larl{ltiIllsd?Itlruot'UrltJl.cltlusl]r)]o!lo'salIlllrtsouole(zttlrrrolc!cruVtlllllrll.''loJrrsunillrttl..rsrttroluar(gl)l.csItcit)rtlJtrc.ctltllu.tl'r)lt
2.7. Efcctul pilling la leslturi
Sc rtlrrrr.ltc efcr:l- pillilg. totirlul glrcrrtotoatrclor nlin'11 ntL'ti I'olrrtc tlliillltllo.
1tc su1'rllf irIil lesiiturii. in rrtlta trriglirrii f ibrcIor si rirstrt'ilii rlt]('storit
Irpirrrrttr r,clor rnai Lezistentr:, rlatoritii flcciirii. f'esirttrra cnre fir('c pillirtg itr't,.
i1 jurrrl
irr al'irrir rle apalitia ruicilol ghenrotoacc,;i un aspect cut'at:teristic de Ieslttrr'ir
lu cirrei -qrr|ra.falri a fost suPrr,si:r unci Ir:ecrili intettst'. Capalitttca i[e forttrare a
rfccttrlrri,"pilling" sc rlt'ternrinir cu a.jutonrl apalatelor ilc flecare a Iesiittrrilor,
rlc dileli tc tipuri. liltctret so face prin ('ollttr(tul t:prulctei crr corptrri allrir-
zirt.. l'r'csirurea intrc ('al)ul (lc frccare al aparatului 1i capul pc cilrc e-qte aiczatil
{rplu\eta, lcnsiunea in ePruretri. r ileza 1i Iirrefea alrrazivului -qitrt cletnetttc (:itl'o
se aleg 1i sc lcgleazir aga fel, inc.:il- frcr:arca l)c aparat sir irni te condi!iile rle
lrccar'e a obie,cltrlrri, irr tinrp,ul puriitrii sau al erploatiirii.
l.ln aparat- oliginal ile deterrninarc a capacititii de formar:e a pillingrrltri
rsle at'cla fornrat din douri r'utii cubile din ]cnrn. ciiptu;itc cu plitci dc caucirtc
rrriclopolo.s sau plirci din phrtii lnricinatir;i inclciati. mater:iale cal'e au lul marc
r:ocficierrt clc frcr:art'. Aruhcle cutii -qint firatc pe lnl ax;i prirttesc o riliic.rr('
rle lotafie rle 52-(r0. in cutiile aparatuluj, sc introdrrc valluri liberc. irnl)r'ircatc
(ru cpftrr('ta. ]ilc sirrt diu t'auciuc. irlbriilate intr'-o placi;i trr trrttrittoareLr
rlimcnsirrni: rliaurt-.tnrl 40 rnnr. grosirnea pl:rcii de carrcirrc 3"5 nrur;i lunginrcl
lll0 nrnr. Dinlr'-o mostrii conrlilionatri dc !esirturi. se croicsc patru eprrrvetc crr
tlinrersiturile 14(t1200 rnnl. ('ll care se inrbracii vallrrrile. prin consere l)e senerit-
toale;i la capt''te. Sc inLrorlrrc. irr {ier-are cutie a al}ara{ului. citc patru laltur:i
inrbliicatc it fesirtrrri si patrrr valtrrri rreirnbriicate. ultinrele ar-ind rolrrl dc a
r,rca tlaiectolii intiurpliitoare 1i punltc de {rccarc cclor irtt]rrircatc. irr locnl
vallrrrilol. neirrrbrirrralc se pot {olosi cite tr:ei cul'lrri din lernn. crr latura drr
52 urur. irubrirt'atc cu acela5i cauciuc rrricroporos ca lrerefii in,(eriori ai cutiei .
in acest rno(1, sc analizcazir. silnultan" dorrii mostlc. Aprecietea apariti('i ('fec-
lultri pillilg sc lacc la intervale tlin 30 in 30 miu, l)rin numaralca glrenrotoar:c-
lor aprrrrrte (sau pe calc dc aparilie)1 pe slrprafa{a de 50 on2. p{) fir,c:rle vlll
irnbliicat (ru Iesiiturii. Nurnirlarea glrernotoacclor -qe {trce folosirrd rrrr slblorr"
l)orltnr a cr-ita erorr'lc. Cu valolilc oblirrrrte (numiir de glreruotoat'c apirmtt in
liclioarla rle tinrp). se lraseazir o crrrl]ii r intcnsitiitii apariliei eIectului pillirrg
irr furrr'(ic rlr.tinrp. Sc mai po:rtc {ace apr:ccicrca intcnsitilii c{ec'trrlrri pilIirrg
prin rorrrpalar'ea cprrrvetclor', tlupa o anuntitii perioadii de tinrp. r'rr etalolle
fotogla[icc gm(la1L] irr rnotl conlcil[ionfll.
liristir mijloace t:u. in cadrlrl proie,ctr'u'ii firclor 5i {r,rsiilrrrilr)r. sir so cvite
llarilia fr:nourorrrlrri pilling. S-a corrstatat cir tcest fcnourcn aparc. in sPecitl.
ll !csiitrrrile din filc ('lrc:lu. in coruponerrfl Ior. fibre clrinricc rlirr polinrcli
sirrtctici sillr carc sint filate lrunui rlin fibre sintetice.
1iorl iLeanpr:rroi inccratarrcearlcfells0ii%tur.ileo-rstccuneccoenstianrust ici lese{ibiarel,nsiinstuertiicrs'p, ecra,iarclei.rritnriicicnr:ltirocc-
ptir-r'5te tor-qirnrca firt'lol de rrrzeale'r li hirtirturl ;i calculalea rlcsirnilor tcsl-
trrlii irt Lrrzcalii 5i lriitritru'ri. S-a constatat ci e-qtc posibil sii se Lcrlrrcri aparilit
l'r'norttcrrrrhri pilling. nrirrirrrl torsiunilc f ilr,rlor: cu 10-15 o1ln. f olosinrl loef icicrrti
rlc tot'sirure a crirot valoarc esle tlelcnninatii prin erperierrIrr prlr:ticir (ta.
lrcla 49).
De aseurcnea. la proiectarea tesiilurilor rlin {ile crr confinrrt dc f ilrle sirr-
tcticc, tre]ruic rlctct'rtriuale. pri rr t'allule. desirniltr !esiitrrrii. Se urnr:rreslc sta-
lrilirea raporttrlrri rlirrtrt: nurniirLrl tcolclic (rnarinr) tle fir'e de rrr'zr.irlii;i. rr,s-
-- .- r)ect-'l-1" hiit:itrrlir ;i nttrnirntl rlc firc optirn. penlrt siluatia corrsideraIir.
lill4 --\=
.\-------.---____-
!rig
u.).rulsn; ur li ,3 !1;.)z.rr cp .ro[.t.lJ r:r.ttt;.rn,rs) .r.r.rsrl r:1 ;,lli,lr.rluoir : ur,r/.r.rr; i1.,.-,]U i nr.r7t.rr.;
|'(i; !r.lllllll!.i(l o|l.lol.r.ltJ t:.ri.rtIt1 i\.rl ca Ilrr.'z.rrl.,1.lol.r.tlJ t:.ri.rrrr;:il.ilrt\.rtu0r
rrl:-n : \,,1
rI l.r].rIll:.rt]rl rr.rol!lttI.rrt Jru cu{[(1ln{[ irIr !.Ull!.jsJi O'rr.il]l!ls.ri l.'suru ll: lnJltr.t dp tt1tlut,tt..1
000 r
(06) ("3+00 I) 'trel'ae -qw
(oc) '| ('. + 000 I ."O :'tjY
001) "xel
(ss) 'tw *"w: w
: .rllit:1.).r l)utr()lol !rzna)[n.)ll:.) Jq
rrrnlpsrf Bsul{ .A.t
'(:tft'!iutl'6rc6;
'r1i.r.rrr.rrr11 '8.)rull,)J, u.lrlrl'r'l 'lsrlrl\,)J ntln.LJurnquI prltnunl,r 'r) ro1,r.r1aruo.r.lur
yrrlrl ,rp.t1ut.xrtl.- i)ll:.nr(lp tt,l'.ro;l:.rotp:l urlulu,)rrr.rcrlt.r l^lutrrr.r,)li)l).)s- tr.lnl
-ps.ri rr.rrrrrsrv.l,y'.ro1rrl.r,rsur Jll:urls.)p r.rrr;qsai '.t.tuo;.rrrIsun.r] rzu.){[ '.).rllrI'.)tsrrrr
.silll.tl ,)l|,rli).il1.) : l:.) J5^nl)0,t([ i)P rr.ro:iJfu.) JIJuTI n.rlu,)(l '-il1tt,rr;rtrrrr,rs Ir.rl.rrrtrr.rurl
!.rr.iirt1orzr1 !.)rlsr.r,)1.)r:.m,r),r;u.r.r
i)ls,) tr.nrlls.ri r:.xutso.l,)'(rr.rrrlts.ri tl l:llrlt.rttr.ttl
.rrrlu rir.:;rsu,,l) l.).n:1r.)[],) ll I.ru,.i,).r,)u.rlr.r tr.rtlt's.ri lrtttrso.tS tt.r.t,rlinotrrr'y
rrmtresoi ceurlsorg'I't
':r1.t t[o,rso.tirrl '.r.rrl l:l IrqtlJttrJ.)(l 'so.to.t1t.t tllls s9.11tt,tt,.) .)tJ l.ts : rt,r rli1p
.lto.),)lr iltJ.){ o prrrurlrl.rprrg'.ro1r-r.rrtl'uo.rur llrrl),)ru tt.r l.torltt.t ttt "ttt1ntl.to.r tl .}.tlllozr
i)l) ltl,)ttlJl.) tlll.)lllJllr-tl{).} BS ,1.t1:.) 'I.llll.)ll.lls o l.r.lJFlo.) l! il.lUJ tl,rl.).}ll ltr1S r.rtt;gS.ti
r.)urr.llu.r.rriio[orzrJ,rlr'i g1,rr.rrkr.r.l'1)lururLr,)Lr.l(lluI rl.r.lrt.)(l .lt1rri.r;r.; tro,] Jlrttuls,)[)
t.ntlts.)i ,r1r,l1rr.roii.rlu.)'lr([.)soJl) l)ortr rrr'4zuas.r.r.r;ur riql.rr.lrkl.ttl ,r;s.r;r1i
Jol!rnlqsoi Jlu aJrfiolorzrl a;rir:1a;.rdoJd'i;
08t l)lnl).llr.l trtrtl tlrl cillllsl?.1 i).il-l
09I lrllrl).urJ r:rrr1 rlrl r-rr.,;
0ct ,)lr.)nsu.l .r.rr1'r;1r:rrr:yl,rrtl pttrl cltl,,1Ltt1nttt" o.tr'J
0!l !lrtrqltlortl ntrrl <lr1 o.rr'1
1tt.L
\r l rllrlLl')rJlJ.l( '.)
LrJ.llro[{?
rlsoprud'JJsnJ'prolulutrd'artttrlso:r '.l1or11.ru n;1ucd':1.1 prq;1
uir,!g r Eu!l ',,91 rlst:;r inr.)lsJ[n: trlp ;o1e:t] !!.tPlll InJpBt u! '1'D cunrslol ap !nlnluJrJtloo.)
luJ.ru.r!J!polu ur.rd':1,1 l-l.Iqrl ip lnulitror nr JJ!! ulp .'r1r-rrrlesli u1'rlur 111d !nlnl.)c1J u.r.totnpi'll
0, Dld(lt),1,
cdltairpns.rllhe0sx;t'iriitulsrlt,6rla)v,a1r',flailluu: .l'al.thl6il,c,!ilirnt('rlu:nrcrfloierrad,csipnat rea,m, :Bc_tr0i,i,1ci o.:ni taeax:tujr-riri,)bc" ulrrreaclaelsiitlo""r(,1, ?,n8,i)so9,i,n(liS,i ln)i,2
M,: 28Xg)X108 - 75,600 g ;
I 000
ra,r't* 22x29xr05 _67,914g:
r ooo
M : M,,* Mn:75,600 + :67,914 143,514 g.
n{rsr tesiilrrlii p,'m? sc detclmini plin crlcrrlc inaiinte dc lcscrc, in cadrul elab,rrrlrii
Irentru a strrbili consrrmLrl de mrllric plirnii si a compara rltieolul proicctat, c1
r:ontexlnlii,
pr:cscripliilc stantlnrdrlor, ale normelor rnin1t.earnIecs, itarlcrriai rstcicodlcetlcorrmsiinmI ielaxprrcrcirtncc.ntDall,ppari{nesncrerctorsi,i'
firui-sa_rea rrtirolrrlui rcslrcrliv. masa pc
dc laborator'*).
3.3; Dcnsitatra allarent5 a {esilurilor
Prin rIt'fiIiilie, densilatea aparcnt.i repr'(.zinti rnasa in granre r rnlrri {.nlrr
rlin tesilurrt analizat:i. inr'lusiv aerul ii yror'ii rpar'lininrl stlucturii tcsiitur:ii.
Detcrtnitratca aceslui indice este irnportanlii pcntiu o,qerie dc fcs.'rtur'i scrinro-
lnte satr produsc din fire voluminoase (texturatc), cu stm(,turii rnorlif icatri"
care conferii {esirlrrrilor o anulnitii vohntrinozitate si plin:itate.
f)cnsitatea aparcnti a tcsiiturii se cleterminti cn i'elatia :
""M, r000d (el)
lil fnro :
Ms cste nttsa spcci ficri, in g/mz;
d -- gl'osill-lcit lcsiilrrrii. rlcllr'trtinitlii cu ilp:llillr' ,ln l,rlr,,r':rlor'. irr trrrrr :
0n - rlcnsitatea apar.i'rrtir (volnnri nozital.ea) fcsiiturii. in g,/r:rn:r.
trrr-i-i.f)ceonns,iqtatitterriitnadpfaarre'tonrtirirlcs,.teenlrrnnirfricl adtiinv pararnetrii cei lnai inlportanli li t(lsii.
care caractclizeazri r-rapacitatcr rlc izo-
lare tcrmilir a te-qirturii. cu {'arc cste in dependenlir inr,r'r'sr-r (rlcoarccc aclrrl
cuprins in porii fesitrrrii (,stc ri'l1l condrrciitor {c ctildrrri).
3.4. Grerrtatea speeified a t'siturii
(laractcrizeazit laportrrl dintrc -.ubstarrta fiLir:clor rlin corprrl f csiitrrr.ii, {ata
de spatiile lilterc erislente in tcsul.ul ma{.crialului (tcsirtrrrii). Acr:st rul)ort cste
un inr'licc itttportarrt in ileter'mirrarea proprietri{ilor igienice ale tesiitrrli i. in
c|{i'{rnlicltdlatnrclreici.ip,(rdjilveceusdlteae-lqeiinatntecslnpisneilc.arirftricczaierairnllici psctiinrJcd.uerilitadiitteriirlrsiia.treufrincutclrutrciraaprlfeiinl*cqlliocrtrsu.irtiliue. nlicisoiunrnidieintairor'arnrcIlicln.sicit,roerlaaa
in tinrprrl fcscrii , glcrrtatea sper'i1icl a firtlor pi dc armrrlri.
pulri:rn grentatcit specifir:I cea ruai micii" iar lesiiturile rlc Jesrit-utile din lirri
in, ciucpir, nriitasc
rrrtiIit:ialrr :i fibre sintetir.c au grcutal-oa specifica cea rnai lnarc.
*') llanualul inginerrrlui tcxlilist, Iditur.a 'fehnicir, I]rrcurc;ri. 1959, pag. Il.ll3.
,396
i tjg
0,rr).IUP'glUalsrSUOCur rDA O"rri([ns r8ltr ][nur ritlrull o-.rlur {}Bi]!J(lrrr! 'EUBos
-.ro{I Illu o lltcop'rc11.r u ep rnlnlocr.lccl psntlxe l^r.nlsr^rnr c.n:nrr lBuI rrg clsc'91rrJ
-'trru';Jluur,rrccrlinr1r 1Icrl'ot.rlu,.tlllpll'l1u3sJnoolfl5rtn?fpuruorllJou-o.rllu'(!olsllcl?rrJ:rIJuqronrr!nPprdr.erooscrocdl8oclo?II.urn.Ilouru1JdoulrItIrjetru3
-uruo rllr.roleli) crxol r$ potrn nrpaur un-.rlrrl p'rd.roc aurjucrr Jou op nllnqutr[ts u
r;1u1o1 usdrl ccoJrocp '(clrqeeurrecftrr clr.rnJESci ) c.rrinsul tilsuoJu eolcp lpcsotl
1-norrtogrx,.^ao.'1urucoclJT'lcluglru.orrJuErlpllrs,c-tnan,preJqsJlrrrorrnJo.rpBluserrdorrgoniglqosJlnjJlpoleJnrrurlolncouzDoelolrurrlnllplssIOccpIru'neqrlrJ.rr.Inol l;qrtnpslna.'nirar1,e)n.1Bdu;r.c)o.IrpcuIcrrI[IulJrlrtutrlo\cr's)s-
,)p BZal tr 'l:^ur 'lrtrJu1 'rrra.r lndurrl rr1 lercods trr 'stte lttr JrJ lis arnqc.rl r.rn,)
ejuJrr.rdns u1 '.rce op rnpqurq'.rs eeJpJOIoccB uI BT 'Jolcurnrl
'rnlnrl.roc grnqr.rlrloc
rr,rfrrorircluoD oleurlscp el.rnlgsej n;1uod 'gleuurosul ol.rBo} gcnrcr8r clBlor.rdo.rd
--onJ;r)cI1sJ.S)upa,)orlns.rlcnn.zrr,*orlEuIr.lar?'Jp?ttluItnltroplroqrrurrJ.rrldcri*r!rlJaelpdlocJ'r!l.lsrnrt.s1rcl-lrB;lr1us?.rqrluaenpctlpnr$.rrrq1.rrt1unu:nlcruzs.'cranilnoutopnluroslerlarr.orrdruJolr,orlr).{.rrleltltlsrprrJlln.rlotTIIlttli
!nlnr38 eolul{rq$r}cuoa'g'€
'c1rrlrzo,rotl
'r^li)rnl n?trl Bo3'tIr rlrp olcc lur oolulrzoJod c.rtut lllul BJt ttu g.rurI l]Illl rrrp alr,l
-nlqsal'rr.rulqsei o1u ocruer8r;ropiplar.rdo.rd 1u e.rcpo,t aP trcund rrrp rfuul.rodrur
orcl SrpauAtrJ'drr.crnr lpeseroioetar1lelpqsrqnrplconrpduogczovtetzr.Tr.o.rlaIISxtf,rBnclne,r.crentBoror.lrEnllIgIrs([aBi .rnloolrreelrdzoe.proytlrptlurn.rtf
-nuiil ualBler.rdo.rd ezeezttelte.rur rr.rnlgsaj rr.rod u1 srrr.rdno .IJu oll Inttrnlo/\
'olu 00f -_ 00I 9Ag'0 : '.4
o.,, n - nr1
I,ur73 c6g'6 - 8'0 x 000 I :'q
ri (;6r) olriupr 1nrr.n1le : (69 nleqef ',r) ,ttyff gg'1 : sall :urul : prlnzc.t '(96)
'Eull
: trJnl{Olrroo rn l[]rrtrruJed tr.tOlEOr.rn purAU JP o.rrJ lrrp EJnlfSJl B'0: p l.nr73 0gZ= lI
o Irol)ISuoC cq 'II.rnllisJi
rr.rod u1 srrlorrl .roe op tnlnunlor ? Ii- Ir.Int!]s.)l u rlttr.rudu lliEtlsurp IP' UtIttJ ap rtytmaxn
(go) oot -i9;",*:oA
urfule.r lli liltrtIl.IJl
-op cs'oyo rrr lutnr.rrlxc ot3lu.raprsuoc rrrnloa oP eclnllrrn ulp JoIIJod InIIInlo,\
'ftuc u!'Ile.lJprc
e1er;1l$trico;1ud.rnodBallBrulTuSnlIolop'\ --
-rroir rtlrrlor rp rlolulrtrn rr1 lnnrjtroc'1n1n.rau dA
i u pcr;rcods tclnlne'r8 olso sa1;si
rnr7ff rr1 'rr.rnlgsei
l rlntc1fr rrg 'rnnlgsai
: eJuc ul
(zo) 001 saj,
(ool + "l) 'g
urir:1e.r nc Eurlu.rc]op os rJnlrsoi e r-r.rr;roctls ttolttlrtc.r';
'g11!^cclt ep lrttriuo.r Itl.t,)ll B.r!3I r$ r.rod BJIJ tiluJoPlsrtoc'rnlttltllJolllul lr (,,rrr;r75)
lunloa ep yiglrrrn usuut 'erintryop ur.ld'atrse runlPsoi u gcrJraeds Pc]l?lrlc.I0
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Marchis, A - Structura si proiectarea tesaturilor
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search
Marchis, A - Structura si proiectarea tesaturilor
- 1 - 50
- 51 - 100
- 101 - 150
- 151 - 200
- 201 - 250
- 251 - 300
- 301 - 350
- 351 - 400
- 401 - 450
- 451 - 500
- 501 - 510
Pages: