spoken express

SPOKEN EXPRESS

Unstoppable fluency

A Multipurpose book for:

Schools
Colleges

arious competitive examinations

Author: Prof Shah Alam
MBA

All rights reserved with the publishers:
Reproduction of this book or any part of it in any way or form
whatsoever is strictly prohibited.
Published by Pro Shah Alam:
Village & post Phariha, Azamgarh - 223227
E- mail: Shahalam 08071997 @ gmail.com
Contact: 9936718330, 8869936611

Printed at:
Caxton Press
1 A/1, Baika Bagh
Allahabad, 211003

ISBN: 978-93-5419-623-2

Year, 2021

Preface

This book ‘Spoken Express’ is not merely a typical English
book to learn Grammar, vocabulary and few sentences, but is a
complete in its own. Once you start reading, you will feel the
difference page after page. I am not comparing it with other
books for learning English, but it is different from them in regard
that it contains those conversations of real life situations, which
we usually face in our day-to-day life. It's easy and practical way
of dealing with topics makes it stand out.
I am sure it’s going to create a revolution in the field of its kind.
Mr. Shah Alam, the author, has put his heart and soul, and left no
stone unturned to make this book worthy of reading,
understanding and implementing the contents. I have hardly seen
a person with such a perseverance, dedication and confidence in
my life. Will you believe how much time he took to complete
this gem of a book, stupendous ten years! I gave him
inspiration in terms of my experience and Mr. Shah Alam
studied, researched and made every possible effort to write this
‘Golden Book’ for you.

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Bhaduri
MBA, PhD

Author’s acknowledgement

I would like to dedicate this book to my father, the real author of
this book who infused the spirit of learning and fired me up for
something extra ordinary in life. The contents of this book are
tailor made to help and suit the people of all age groups in terms
of improving English fluency and overall personality
development. As we know that in this age of globalization,
English has become an integral part of our everyday life. The
world has shrunk into a global village. People may have good
record of accomplishment with degrees and diplomas but when it
comes to real life situation, they fail to impress and score,
keeping this in mind I have made my level best effort to cover as
much information as possible.

Many people have contributed in different ways to this book; I
would like to thank all of them. Thanks to my teachers, friends,
colleagues and other well-wishers. My special thanks to Dr.
Pradeep Kumar Bhaduri, who has been a great help for me in my
strenuous effort of this dream project.

Pro Shah Alam

MBA

Contents

Page No.
Letter, word, sentence…………….……………...…....…….......1
fgUnh ds Lojkas (Vowels) dks vaxszth+ eas fy[kus dk <ax………..…...……..2
fgUnh ds O;ta uksa dks vaxzst+h esa fy[kus dk <xa …...…………….…………2
fgUnh dh ckjg[kM+h dks vaxszt+h esa fy[kus dk <ax+ ………….…………....2-3
fgUnh ls vaxzsth+ eas uke fy[kus ds fu;e………...…………………….4-5
Correct pronunciation ……………..………...…………...….6-14
Mute letters………………....…………...………………….15-16

Translation ¼vuqokn½

Use of Is, Am & Are………………...……………………........17
Use of Was & Were……………………………………............18
Use of This, That……………………..………..…..…..............19
Use of These & Those…………………..……..…..…..............20
Use of Has, Have & Had….………..………………….……....21
Use of Can, Could, Should & May.......................................22-23
Use of ‘It’…………………………………….………………...24
Use of ‘There’………....…….....................................................24
Imperative Sentences…………………..………………............25
The Tense.……….…………………....................................26-34
Uses of some important structures………….……….…..…35-44
Uses of Causative verbs……………………………..…..…….44
Verbs not used in continuous forms………………....………...45
Conditional sentences ………………..…………….………45-46
Modal sentences for everyday………..….…..………….….47-68

Conversational skills ¼okrkZyki dh dyk½

Conversational skills (Part - 1)
Situational sentences based on different topics…...……...69 -100
Conversational skills (Part - 2)
Some exclamatory words and expressions.…………... …..…101
Wishes & congratulations…….……….…….……….…..102-103
Polite & impolite expressions………………………....……...103
Greetings……………………………….…………..…………104
Short conversations….....…...…………..…….……........105-111

Conversational skills (Part - 3)

Long conversations……………………..………...….......112-166
1. Family………………………………………..............112
2. School………..…….………..………………………..113
3. School library…………………………..………….....114
4. Ideal teacher………………………...….……………..115
5. Student & teacher..........……………….……...…116-117
6. Eye-camp…….............……….……….…….………..117
7. Two friends about examination…...…………….........118
8. Daily routine……………………….……….........119-120
9. Likes and dislikes…………………….…….……...…121
10. With a stranger………………………….…………....122
11. At the fruit stall ………………………..……..……...123
12. At the vegetable shop…………………….………......124
13. At the provision store………….…..……….………...125
14. At the general store…………………………..…..126-127
15. Importance of English language………..……..…127-128
16. Female education……………………………..…129-130
17. Seeking an appointment with a doctor………….….…130
18. Doctor and Patient.………………………...….……...131
19. Going to a restaurant…………..………………..........132
20. Seeking information about a restaurant………….......132
21. How to give order in a restaurant………….………….133
22. Booking a room in a hotel.…………………..…..134-135
23. Shopping……………………….………….………....135
24. Salesperson and customer…..………....….…...…136-137
25. Consumer and Customer care………………........138-139
26. Two friends about Cricket……………...……..…140-141
27. Summer season…………………………………….....142
28. Health…………………………………...…………….143
29. Opening an account in the bank…………………144-145
30. Telephonic conversation …………………………..…146
31. Telephonic conversation ……………………...…146-147
32. Booking the railway ticket….……….………....……..148
33. Passenger and booking clerk…...……….…………….149
34. At the bus stop………………………..…..……...150-151
35. Making an inquiry at the airport …………………….152
36. Air Journey …………………………………...……...153
37. Hiring a taxi…..………………...……..…………154-155
38. Welcoming a guest……………....…..………….156- 157
39. Money…………………….……….…….……….158-159

40. An accident………..……………….…………….159-160
41. Between two friends …………...………...…………..160
42. Lodging an FIR…..………….……...…………...161-162
43. Visiting a village fair…………………….…………...163
44. Between two friends …………...………...…………..164
45. Husband and wife…..……………………..……..165-166

Word-Power (part -1)

Use of whatever, whichever, whoever, etc.………….…..167-170

Use of important words in sentences.................................171-188

Political words………………….......................................189-193

Personality Development ¼O;fDrRo fodkl½

What is personality?…………...…………..………….…......194
How to develop personality……………..…….…...…....194-195
Communication Skills………..................................................195
Qualities of an effective Communicator….….……….…195-197
How to become a good communicator…..........................197-198
The confidence Quotient………….……..………………198-199
Good phone manners…..……………….….……...…......199-200

Leadership ¼usr`Ro½………………………….……………...……201

Qualities of a good leader………………………….........201- 204
Are you a good leader?………………….………….….…......204
Body language……………..……..,...……………….…..204-205
Posture and gesture..………………………………..………...205
What is business & business concepts?......………….……….205
Types Of business..……………..…………………….…205-206
What is brand?..……………..…………………….………….205
Types Of partners..……………..…………………..……206-207
Essentials Of business……..……..,...……………….…..207-208
Entrepreneur skills..………………………………..…....208- 210
Business strategy…………………….……………………….210
What is marketing and marketing mix?……….……….……..211
Digital marketing ……………………………..……….……..211
How to manage one’s career………...…………...……...211-212
How to achieve success in career……….……..…...……212-213
Don’t be a lone ranger…………………………………...214-215
Qualities of a good boss……………………….……………...216
How to judge a good company….………………………........216

Presentation ¼ÁLrqrhdj.k½…………...…………………..............217

Ways to improve presentation skills….……………….....217-220
What is attitude?.......................................................................220
How to give presentation……………….….....……................221
How to anchor any function …………….……..……......222-223
Group Discussion……………...……………….....……..224-228

Interview ¼lk{kkRdkj½……………………..........……..………229

Major interview turn offs………….……………….................230
Top Interview Questions with best answers...…………...231-236
Some important questions asked in call center interviews…....237-238

Life changing Quotations……..……...…...…….....239-242

Grammar ¼O;kdj.k½

The Noun……………...………………………………..243-245
The Number…………..………………………………....245-251
The Gender……………………….……..........................252-254
The Pronoun…..……….………………………………..255-263
Rules of the pronoun …………………………………..263-265
The Adjective….……………………………...................266-370
Kinds Of the adjective…………...…………...................266-269-
Degrees Of the Adjective………...…………...................269-274
Rules Of the Adjective ….……...…………....................275-281
The verb ………………….……………………………..282- 288
Helping verb…..………………………………………….......289
Linking verb/Copular verb…….………………………….......289
Modal verbs (Modals)………………………………......290- 294
Transitive verb…..…….…………………………….…….....294
Intransitive verb…..……………………………...…...…294- 295
Stative verb…..………………………..…….……..…............295
The Infinitive…..…………………………….………......296-298
The Gerund…..……………………………..……..…......299-300
The participle…………………………….……..…..........300-301
Uses of the participle….………………….……..…................302
The Adverb ………….………………………………….........303
Kinds of the Adverb..……..………….…………….........303-306
Degree of comparison …………..…..….………..............307-308
Formation of the Adverb ……………………………..............308
Rules of the Adverb ……………………...………….…..308-309
Correct uses of some important Adverbs ………….…....310-311
The Conjunction ……..………………..……………….…….312
Kinds of the Conjunction...………..…….………………312-315
Rules of the Conjunction.………………...….…………315-318

Phrase and clause…….……………..…………..……………319
Kinds of the phrase...…………..…………………..………...319
Kinds of the clause...…………..…………………..…….320-323
Kinds of the sentences…………….…………………….323-324
Synthesis …………………………………..…………….325-330
Transformation….………………………………………331- 342
The Interjection….………………………………………..….342
Article A, An &, the……………………………...……...343-347
The Determiner………………………………...………...347-348
The Preposition…….……………………………....…….349-367
Punctuation and Capitals.……….……………………….368-373
The sentence…………..………………..………………..374-382
The sequence of tenses………….…………………..………..383
Subject-verb Agreement……………...……...…………..384-390
Active & passive voice…..................................................391-400
Direct & Indirect Narration…...........................................401-414
Correct use of spelling…...................................................415-417
Question Tag………….............................................................418
Figures of speech………...................................................419-421
Correction of sentences (syntax)…………………..……422-427
Exercise based on various competitive exams………..…428-431

Word–Power (part – 2)

Synonyms …………….....................................................432-448
Antonyms…………….………………… ……...………449-458
Words often confused……………………........................459-464
Homophones……………………......................................465-471
Phrasal verbs…………......................................................472-480
Idioms………...………...…...…………………..………481-514
One word substitution………….......................................515-529
Word-building (word-formation).….................................530-537
Letter-writing……………………….................................538-544
Bio-Data (Resume)…...….................................................545-546
Unseen Passage…………………………...……….……547- 548
Story writing……………................................…………….…549
Essay-writing……………...….……………...………..…550-572

Word–Power (part – 3)

Simile……….....................................................................573-574
Some important collective phrases..…..……………………...574
Contracted words …………………………………….........…575
British and American English………...……....................576-578
Glossary…………………………………...…………..…579-591
Three forms of verbs………………….............................592-605

Word–Power (part – 4)

Numerals………………………...............................................606
Ordinals…………...…………………………….……………607
Names Of Directions……….....….…………………………..607
Names of Days ….…...................……....……….……………607
Names of Months......................................................................607
Names Of Seasons……………….………………..……....…608
Names of Colours…………….................................................608
Names of planets in our solar system…...................................608
Parts of the body……………...................................................609
Conditions of the body and diseases………….…....………...610
Clothes………..........................................................................611
Jewels and ornaments……………….......................................611
Reptiles, worms & insects…………….……….………….....612
Birds……………....……....……………………,.....................612
Animals…….............................................................................613
The young ones of animals………………………...................613
Homes of Animals….………………………….………….…614
Cries of animals and birds ……………………………....614-615
Stationery …………………………………………….............615
Food Stuffs……………............................................................616
Spices ………...........................................................................616
Vegetables…….........................................................................617
Flowers ……............................................................................617
Fruits ……................................................................................617
Household things………………..............................................618
Kitchenwares…....…………....................................................619
War related things……………….............................................619
Relations………................................................................619-620
Professions and designations………………….................620-621
Business Vocabulary …………………....................................621
Present day problems……………............................................622
Experts with their respective fields...........................................622
Natural clamities…...……………............................................623
Time measure……………………............................................623
Roman Numbers……………...................................................624
Weight and Measures…………................................................625
Proverbs ………...……………..………….…….…….…626-631

1
A letter is a written system of characters in an
alphabetical order. fdlh Hkk’kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ v{kj (letter) gkrs h gSA
vaxszth+ Hkk’kk eas A ls Z rd dqy 26 v{kj gkrs s gSaA v{kjkas ds bl lewg dks o.kZekyk
¼Alphabet&vYQkcsV½ dgrs gSaA Letters dks nks Hkkxkas esa ckaVk x;k gSA

1. Vowels ¼Loj½: English Alphabet esa dqy 5 v{kj ( A, E, I, O, U )
vowels gksrs gSaA

2. Consonants ¼O;atu½: English Alphabet esa dqy 21 v{kj (B, C, D,
F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z) O;atu gksrs gaSA

Capital printing letters ¼Nkius ds cM+s v{kj½

Small printing letters ¼Nkius ds NksVs v{kj½
a , b ch c lh d Mh e bZ f ,Q

g th h ,p i vkbZ j ts k ds l ,y

m ,e n ,u o vks p ih q D;w r vkj

s ,l t Vh u ;w v oh w MCY;w x ,Dl

y okb z t+sM

fgUnh ds Lojkas (Vowels) dks vaxzst+h eas fy[kus dk <ax%
v vk b bZ m Å _

a a, aa i, e i, ee u u, oo ri

, ,s vks vkS va v% -

e ai o au, ou an ah

2

fgUnh ds O;atuksa (Consonants) dks vaxszt+h eas fy[kus dk <ax%

d [k x ?k M-

k kh g gh n
p N t/t+ >´

ch chh j/z jh n
V B M < .k

t th d dh n
Rk Fk n /k u

t th d dh n
Ik Q c Hk e

P f, ph b bh m
; j y o “k

y r l v, w sh
‘k l g {k =

sh s h ksh, x tr
K J

jn/gy shr

fgUnh dh ckjg[kM+h dks vaxzsth+ eas fy[kus dk <ax %

d dk fd dh dq dw ds dS dks
koo ke kai ko
k ka ki kee ku
dkS da d% [kS [kks
kau kan kah khai kho

[k [kk f[k [kh [kq [kw [ks xS xks
khoo khe gai go
kh kha khi khee khu
[kkS [ka [k%
khau khan khah

x xk fx xh xq xw xs
goo ge
g ga gi gee gu

xkS xa x%

gau gan gah

3

?k ?kk f?k ?kh ?kq ?kw ?ks ?kS ?kks
ghoo ghe ghai gho
gh gha ghi ghee ghu

?kkS ?ka ?k%

ghau ghan ghah

Pk pk fp ph pq pw ps pS pks
choo che chai cho
ch cha chi chee chu

pkS pa p%

chau chan chah

N Nk fN Nh Nq Nw Ns NS Nks
chh chha chhi chhee chhu chhoo chhe chhai chho

NkS Na N%

chhau chhan chhah

blh izdkj vU; dks fy[k…sa …

g gk fg gh gq gw gs gS gks
hu hoo he hai ho
h ha hi hee

gkS ga g%

hau han hah

{k {kk f{k {kh {kq {kw {ks {kS {kks
kshoo kshe kshai ksho
ksh ksha kshi kshee kshu

{kkS {ka {k%

kshau kshan kshah

= =k f= =h =q =w =s =S =ks
troo tre trai tro
tr tra tri tree tru

=kS =a =%

trau tran trah

K Kk fK Kh Kq Kw Ks KS Kks
jnoo jne jnai jno
jn jna jni jnee jnu

KkS Ka K%

jnau jnan jnah

4

¼fganh ls vaxzsth+ eas uke fy[kus ds fu;e½

fdlh v{kj esa ^^vk** dh ek=k ¼k½ yxkus ds fy, vaxszth+ Hkk’kk esa ‘a’
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls% luk&Sana jke&Ram
rkt&Taj ek;k&Maya

igys v{kj ds ckn ‘a’ fy[kk tkrk gS pkgs ^^vk^^ dh ek=k ¼k½ gks ;k
u gksA tSls% dye&Kalam lyek&salma veu&Aman

Note: ;fn ^^vk** fdlh “kCn ds vkjEHk esa vk,] rks bls ‘aa’ ds }kjk Hkh fy[kk
tkrk gSA tlS s% vkfej&Aamir vkt&Aaj

Exercise : uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxszt+h eas fy[ksa% ikl
vkfny
jeu ueu jru vVy peu uke nkl
;kno dyke vlxj jgeku vQt+y dke vkfjQ

pUnz fcUnh ds fy, n dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tlS s% uank&Nanda panu&Chandan

ÞbÞ dsh ek=k ds fy, ‘I’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s% jfo&Ravi fodkl&Vikas fj;kt+&Riyaz

Exercise: uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxszth+ esa fy[ksa %

xaxk va”k uanyky iadt uafnrk vuq’dk
eaxy lat; ira pka nuh vaf”kdk vkfcn

;fn ÞbZÞ dh ek=k fdlh “kCn ds chp esa vk;s rks blds fy, ‘ee’
;k ‘I’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% xhrk&Geeta/Gita jktho&Rajeev/Rajiv

ysfdu tc ÞbZÞ dh ek=k fdlh “kCn ds vUr eas vk;s rks] ‘I’ dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ‘ee’ dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s% jk[kh&Rakhi
dkyh&Kali

Exercise: uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxszth+ esa fy[kas %

f”kok fot; dfiy vfuy jlhn vkfej nhikoyh
fet+kZ lxhj gkfen gfj dfork nknh dk”kh lhrk

^m* dh ek=k ds fy, ‘u’ dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% mej&umar
mit&upaj mtkfxj& Ujagir

5
^Å** dh ek=k fdlh “kCn ds vUr esa vk,, rks ‘u’ dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls% jktw&Raju, ;fn ÞÅÞ dh ek=k fdlh “kCn ds chp eas vk,] rks blds
fy, ‘u’ rFkk ‘oo’ nksuas dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% iwtk&Puja/ Pooja

ijUrq dqN LFkkukas ds uke fy[krs le; çpyu ds dkj.k dgha&dgha bu
fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha gksrk gSA tSls%

y[kuÅ&Lucknow ejs B&Meerut elwjh&Mussoorie

Exercise: uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxszth+ esa fy[kas %
dqekj dqekjh urw u lquhrk dqlqe ljw t e;jw midkj Å’kk
lqnkek lq[kjke “kqDyk vCnqYykg jktirw mtkyk Å/ke tq+csj

^^,** dh ek=k ds fy, ‘e’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls% esjk&Mera, js[kk Rekha
^^,s** dh ek=k ds fy, ‘ai’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

tlS s% eSyk&Maila, FkSyk&Thaila

Exercise: uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxzst+h eas fy[ksa %

egs”k fnu”s k tkosn ijost+ vf[kys”k x.ks”k usiky
dSyk”k lSQ eSuk eSd”k t+os j fny”kjs esjkt

^^vks** dh ek=k ds fy, ‘o’ rFkk ^^vkS** dh ek=k ds fy, ‘au’ dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% lksue&Sonam, vkSjr&Aurat

Exercise: uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxzsth+ esa fy[ksa %
jksVh ekrs h eksuk lksuh lksudj Áeksn
lkSjHk “kkSdr ljkst fQjkst+ eukst çns”k

ÞKÞ ds fy, gy dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s% KkuUnk&Gyananda jkekKk&Ramagyan

Exercise: uhps fn;s x;s “kCnksa dks vaxzst+h eas fy[ksa%
Kkunhi] Kkuerh] Kkuo/kZu

Þd+Þ ij uDq rk gksus dh n”kk esa k ds LFkku ij Q dk ç;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
tSls% bd+cky&Iqbal vdhy&Aqeel

x ij uDq rk Þx+Þ gksus dh n”kk esa g ds LFkku ij gh dk ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls% x+kfyc&Ghalib v¶xk+fuLrku&Afghanistan

t ij uqDrk Þt+Þ gksus dh n”kk esa j ds LFkku ij Z dk ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% tq+cjs &Zuber tk+ fdj&Zakir

6

¼lgh mPpkj.k½

vaxzst+h Hkk’kk eas “kCn dks ns[kdj ge lgh mPpkj.k dk vUnktk+ ugha yxk ldrs gaSA
tSls% But ¼cV½] Put ¼iqV½ Read ¼jhM½] Read ¼jsM½
Åij fn;s x;s “kCn but ¼cV½ rFkk put ¼iqV½ vkSj blh izdkj read ¼jhM½ rFkk
read ¼jsM½ ns[kus esa rks ,d tSls mPpkj.k okys fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa] ysfdu buds
mPpkj.k ,d nlw js ls fcYdqy vyx gSaA
vaxzst+h Hkk’kk esa dqy ikap Loj gksrs gSa tks fuEu gSa %& (A, E, I, O, U)

Pronunciation of vowels ¼Loj ds mPPkkj.k½

A ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% A ds eq[; mPPkkj.k fuEu gkrs s gSa %& v] vk] ,v] ,] ,s]

A =vk] vkW

All vkWy lc Wall okWy nhokj
Call dkWy VkWy yEck
Ball ckWy cqykuk] Qksu djuk Tall LekWy NksVk
Stall LVkWy dkj xkM+h
Far Qkj xasn Small vkj gaS
Bar ckj LVkj rkjk
NksVh nqdku Car
esvj~ ?kksMh+
njw Are Msvj~ lkgl
“ksvj~ fgLlk
NM+ Star
ls dguk
A =,v esu~ eq[;
js fdj.k
Care dsvj~ ijokg Mare usy~ uk[kwu
Fare Qsvj~ fdjk;k Dare lsy~ ty;k=k djuk
Ware osvj~ crZu Share xs izlUu

A =,-------¼yEck mPpkj.k½

Day Ms fnu Say
Stay LVs Bgjuk] :duk Main
Lay ys~ j[kuk Ray
Pain isu~ nnZ Nail
Plain Iysu~ lknk Sail
Brain cszu~ fnekx Gay

;fn A ds vkxs dksbZ consonant gks vkSj fQj e vk;k gks] rks A dk mPpkj.k *,* ds
leku gksrk gSA tSls%

Cage dst fiatjk Race jsl~ nkSM+
Base csl vk/kkj Tape Vsi~ Qhrk
Sale lsy fcØh Tale Vsy~ dgkuh
Tame Vse ikyrw Face Qsl~ psgjk
Make esd cukuk Sage lst~ lk/kw
Trade VsªM O;kikj Rate jsV~ nj

7

A =,s ¼ S ½

Man eSu~ vkneh Can dSu~ ckYVh
Fan QSu~ ia[kk Cat dSV~ fcYyh
Dad MSM~ firk Band cSaM~ cktk

E ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% E ds izeq[k mPpkj.k fuEu gkrs s gS%a& , ¼ s ½] b] bZ

E = , ¼ s ½ NksVk mPpkj.k

Net usV~ tkyh Beg csx~ Hkh[k ek¡xuk
Cent lsUV~ ,d flDdk Fend QsUM~ jksduk
Less ysl~ de Bell csy~ ?k.Vh
Hell gsy~ tgUueq Pet isV~ ikyrw
Sell lsy~ cspuk Met esV~ feyk
Fell Qs+y~ fxjk Heroic fgjksbd~ lkglh
Tell Vsy crkuk Eleven bysosu~ X;kjg
Eclipse bfDyIl~ xzg.k Effect bQsDV~ izHkko

E = bZ

Be ch gksuk We oh ge
He gh og She “kh og
Me eh eq>s

Ee = bZ-------¼yEck mPpkj.k½

See lh ns[kuk Bee ch e/kqeD[kh
Weep oh---i~ jksuk Sweep Loh---i~ >kMw yxkuk
Sleep Lyh---i~ lksuk Deep
Keep dh---Ik~ j[kuk Feel Mh---i~ xgjk
Qh...y~ vuqHko djuk
Ea = bZ--------¼ yEck mPpkj.k½ Pea
Cheat ih eVj
Sea lh lenq z Meat phV~ /kks[kk nus k
Beat chV~ ihVuk] ekjuk Leave ehV~ ekal
Feat QhV~ dkS”ky] djrc Reap yho~ NqV~Vh
Mean ehu~ vFkZ fudyuk Seal jhi~ dkVuk
Leap yhi~ dwnuk lhy~ eqgj
Meal ehy~ Hkkstu Real
Clear jhvy~ okLrfod
Ea = b-------¼ NksVk mPpkj.k½ Rear fDfyvj~ lkQ
Dear fjvj~ fiNyk Hkkx
Ear b;j~ dku fMvj~ I;kjk
Near fuvj~ ikl] fudV
Pear fivj~ uk”kikrh
Fear fQvj~ Mj] Mjuk

8

E = tc E dh viuh dksbZ /ofu ugha gkrs h gS:

;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr eas e vkrk gS] rks mldk viuk dksbZ mPpkj.k ugha gksrk gS]
ijUrq mlls igys vk;s ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd O;atukas (consonants) dks NksM+dj tks
vU; Loj (Vowel) gkrs k gS mldk mPpkj.k yEck fd;k tkrk gSA

;fn iow oZ rhZ Loj A gks] rks A dk mPpkj.k ,--------gkrs k gS vkSj edk mPpkj.k ugha
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

Shame “ks---e~ yTtk Name us----e~ uke
Lame y-s --e~
Sale ls---y~ yxa M+k same ls----e~ ogh
Came ds----e~
Game xs----e~ fcdhz Late ys----V~ nsj] foyEc
Rat jSV~
Fat QSV~ vk;k Tame Vs-----e~ ikyrw
Pan iSu~
[ksy Fame Qs----e~ izflf)] “kksgjr

pwgk ysfdu Rate js-----V~ nj

eksVk ysfdu Fate Qs----V~ fdLer

d<+kbZ ysfdu Pane is----u~ “kh”ks dk VqdMk+

;fn iow ZorhZ Loj I gks] rks I dk mPpkj.k *vkb* gksrk gS vkSj vfUre e dk mPpkj.k
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

Line ykbu~ js[kk Nine ukbu~ ukS
File Qkby~ jsrh Lime ykbe~ pwuk
Five Qk+ bo+~ ik¡p Hive gkbo~+ e/kqeD[kh dk NRrk
Bike ckbd~ Ripe jkbi~ idk gqvk
Wine okbu~ eksVj lkbfdy Tide VkbM~ Tokj

“kjkc

Some more examples:

Bit fcV~ VqdMk+ ysfdu Bite ckbV~ dkVuk
Sit flV~ cSBuk ysfdu Site lkbV~ LFkku
Kit fdV~ lkeku ysfdu Kite dkbV~ irax

;fn iwooZ rhZ Loj o gks] rks o dk mPpkj.k *vks* gkrs k gS vkSj vfUre e dk mPpkj.k
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

Hope gksi~ vk”kk Joke tksd~ etk+d
Nose ukst+~ ukd Rose jkst~+ xqykc dk Qwy
Lone yksu~ vdsyk Bone cksu~ gM~Mh
Code dksM~ lafgrk Coke dksd~ iRFkj dk dks;yk
Dome Mkse~ xqEcn Home gkse~ ?kj

Some more examples:

Dot MkWV~ fcUnq ysfdu Dote MksV~ e[w kZ gksuk
Not ukWV~ ugha yfs du Note uksV~ ladsr
Rob jkWc~ ywVuk yfs du Robe jksc~ iks”kkd
Hop gkWi~ Qqnduk ysfdu Hope gksi~ vk”kk djuk

9

;fn iow oZ rhZ Loj u gks] rks u dk mPpkj.k *Å* rFkk *;w* gksrk gS vkSj vfUre e dk
mPpkj.k ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%

Rule :Yk~ fu;e Cube D;wc~ ?ku
Cute D;wV~ lqUnj Mute E;wV~ pqi] ewd
Nude U;Mw ~ uaxk Rude :M~ vlH;
Tube V~;cw ~ uyh Tune V~;uw ~ lqj
Mule E;wy~ [kPpj Jute twV~ iVqvk] iVlu
June twu~ twu dk eghuk

;fn e ds vkxs w gks] rks ew dk mPpkj.k *b;w* ls gkrs k gS] ijUrq e ls iwoZ dk
consonant âLo mPpkfjr gkrs k gSA tSls%

Sew L;w flykbZ djuk Drew fMª;w [khapk
Mew E;w E;kš Dew M~;w vksl
Crew fDz;w tRFkk New U;w u;k
Few ¶;w dqN Blew CY;w ctk;k

I ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% I ds izeq[k mPpkj.k fuEu gkrs s gSa%& b] vkb] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh
*v^ ds tSlk Hkh mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

I= b ¼âLo mPpkj.k½

Pin fiu~ lwbZ Big fcx~ cMk+
Ship f”ki~ tgkt Trick fVªd~ pky
Kill fdy~ ekjuk Shrink fJad~ fldqM+uk
City flVh “kgj Mill fey~ pDdh
Hill fgy~ igkMh+ Bit fcV~ VqdMk+
Dim fMe~ /k¡q/kyk Fill fQy~ Hkjuk

I= vkb

Hind gkbUM~ fiNyk Kite dkbV~ irax
Pile Blind
Mild ikby~ <js+ Bind CykbUM~ vU/kk
Lime ekbYM~ dksey Kind ckbUM~ ck¡/kuk
Child ykbe~ uhacw Wild dkbUM~ n;kyq
pkbYM~ cPpk okbYM~ taxyh

I= v

Birth cFkZ tUe Bird cMZ i{kh
Dirt MVZ feVV~ h First QLVZ igyk
Firm QeZ lLa Fkk Gird xMZ ck¡/kuk] dluk
Girl xyZ yM+dh Shirt “kVZ “kVZ

10

I = vkb

Wire okbvj~ rkj Sire lkbvj~ egk”k;
Fire Qkbvj~ vkx Direct MkbjsDV lh/kk
Hire gkbvj~ fdjk;s ij yus k Admire ,M~ekb;j~ iz”kla k djuk
Dire Mkbvj~ Hk;kud Tire Vkbvj~ Fkdkuk

ei, ie = bZ ¼yEck mPpkj.k½

Deceive fMlho~ /kks[kk nsuk Sieve lho~ pyuh
Receivefjlho~ izkIr djuk Siege lht~ ?ksjk] ?ksj ysuk
Diesel Mht+y Mht+y Believe fCyho fo”pkl djuk
Grieve
Lie ykbZ >wB Tie xhz o+~ “kksd djuk
chief phQ çeq[k Field VkbZ ck¡/kuk
Shield “khYM~ <k+ y QhYM~ [ksr

O ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% O ds izeq[k mPpkj.k fuEu gkrs s gaS%& v] vkW] vks] m] Å

O = v ¼âLo mPPkkj.k½

Done Mu~ fd;k gqvk Come de~ vkuk
None uu~ dksbZ ugha Son lu~ iq=] yM+dk
Some le~ dqN None uu~ dksbZ ugha

O = vkW Log ykWx~ ydMh+ dk yV~Bk
Dog MkWx~ dqRrk
Box ckWDl~ lUndw Ox vkWDl~ cSy
Hot gkWV~ xeZ Pot ikWV~ orZu
Hog gkWx~ lwvj God xkWM~ bZ”oj
Dot MkWV~ fcUnq Cot dkWV~ pkjikbZ

Doctor MkWDVj~ MkWDVj Gold xksYM~ lksuk
Form Qk+ WEk~Z vk—fr Post iksLV~ Mkd
Bold cksYM~ lkglh
O = vks Ghost xkLs V~ Hkrw &izsr
Sold lksYM~ fcdk gqvk
Rotate jksVsV~ ?kqekuk] ?kweuk
Bow cks >qduk
Port iksV~Z cUnjxkg Show “kks fn[kkuk
Old vksYM~ iqjkuk Grow xkz s mxuk] mxkuk] c<k+ uk
Cold dksYM~ BMa k
Fold QksYM~ rg djuk] eksM+uk Good xqM~ vPNk
Look yqd~ ns[kuk] fn[kkbZ iM+uk
Ow = vks] vkm

Now ukm vc
Row jks iafDr
How gkm dSls
Cow dkm xk;

O = m] Å

Boot cwV~ twrk
Broom cwze~ >kMw

11

Book cqd~ iLq rd Cook dqd~ idkuk
Moon ewu pk¡n Room :e~ dejk

Oy = okW; f[kykSuk Boy CokW; yM+dk
Toy Vo~ kW; ilz UUkrk Coy DokW; “kehZyk
Joy TokW;
[kV~Vk Hour vkWoj ?kaVk
Ou = vkWo
Sour lkWoj

U ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% U ds eq[; mPpkj.k fuEu gkrs s gSa%& v] m] ;w] ;ks

U=v

Nut uV~ isap] v[kjksV Cup di~ I;kyk
Fun Qu~ Vc~ ukan
Mud eM~ et+kd Tub dMZ~ ngh
Hut gV~ cV~ ysfdu
Bus cl~ dhpM+ Curd ex~ tyik=

Fur Qj~ >ksiM+h But lu~ lw;Z
Bulk cYd~ vi~ Åij
cl Mug

Ik”kqvksa ds ?kus cky Sun

vf/kd ek=k Up

U=m

Jubilee tqfcyh egksRlo Push iq”k~ nckuk] /kdsyuk
Full Qqy~ Hkjk gqvk Put iqV~ j[kuk
Hurrah gjq kZ g’kZukn@[kq”kh Bull cqy~ lkaM+
Pull iqy~ [khapuk Bush cq”k~ >kM+h

U = ;w] ;ks

Cure D;ksj bykt djuk Durable M~;jw scy fVdkÅ
Duty M~;wVh drOZ ; Pure I;kjs “kq+)
Sure L;kjs fuf”pr Impure bEI;kjs v”kq}

Y ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e%Y ,d O;atu gS ij dgha&dgha ;g Loj dh rjg Hkh dk;Z
djrk gSA tSls%

Y = bZ

Greedy xhz fM ykyph Policy ikWfylh uhfr
Icy vkbZfl cQhZyk Hearty gkWfVZ gkfnZd

Y = vk; Pyre Ikkbvj~ fprk
Type VkbZi~ izdkj
Tyre Vkbvj~ Vk;j
Typhoid VkbQk+ WbM~ fe;knh cq[kkj

Y = vkbZ
Tycoon VkbZdwu cM+k O;kikjh
Dynasty MkbZusLVh oa”k] [kkunku

12

Pronunciation of consonants
¼O;atukas ds mPpkj.k½

C ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% ;fn c ds vkxs e, i, y bR;kfn dksbZ o.kZ fn;k gks] rks c dk
mPpkj.k ^l* dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

i. Nice Ukkbl~ vPNk Rice jkbl~ pkoy
Niece uhl~ Hkrhth Peace ihl~ “kkfUr
Cease lht+~ :duk

ii. Cistern flLVuZ~ gkSt+]Vadh Cigar fl^xkj~ chM+h] flxjsV

City flVh~ “kgj Circle ldZy~ ?ksjk
Cinema flusek pyfp= Citizen flfVt+u ukxfjd
Civil flfoy~ uxj dk Cinder flUMj~ vaxkjk

iii. Cypher flQj~ “kwU; Icy vkblh cQhZyk

Cyclone lkbDyksu~ rwQku Cycle lkbfdy~ lkbfdy

;fn c ds vkxs a, o, u, k, r, bR;kfn dksbZ o.kZ gks] rks c dk mPpkj.k ^d* dh
rjg fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

i. Catalogue dSVsykWx~ lwph&i= Cattle dSVy~ Ik”kq

Cat dSV~ fcYyh Cane dsu~ NMh+ ] csra
Cavity Car dkj~ dkj
Battle dSfofV Nsn Cave dso~ xqQk
Cage cSV~y~ ;q)
dst~ fiatjk
ii. Cobra
dkscjk Qfu;j ukx Collar dkWyj~ dkyj

Cottage dkWVts ~ >ksiMh+ Colour dyj~ jxa
Coke
Cot dksd~ iRFkj dk dks;yk Cog dkWXk~ nk¡rk

dkWV~ pkjikbZ Coin dkWbu~ flDdk

iii. Curtail dVZsy~ ?kVkuk Custom dLVe~ fjokt
Curse dlZ~ dksluk Cut dV~ dkVuk

iv. Lock ykWd~ rkyk Rock jkWd~ pV~Vku
Dock MkWd~ cUnjxkg Duck Md~ cŸk[k
v. Cruel Øqvy~ Øwj] cjs ge Cross Økl~ ukjkt+
Crow Øks dkSvk Cradle ØsMy~ ikyuk] cPpksa dk >wyk

vi. Clatter DySVj~ cd&cd djuk Clock DykWd~ nhokj ?kMh+
Clean Dyhu~ LoPN] lkQ
Block CykWd~ jksduk
Clerk Dyd~Z fyfid

13

;fn C ds vkxs IA fn;k gks] rks C dk mPpkj.k ^“k* dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA tSls %

Facial Qs”;y~ eq[k lEcU/kh Musician E;wft+”k~u~ laxhrdkj
Social lks”ky~ lkekftd Racial jsf”k;y~ oa”k lEcU/kh

;fn C ds vkxs H vk;s] rks C dk mPpkj.k ^p] ^d^ ;k ^“k^ Hkh gkrs k gSA tSls%

i. Bench casp~ est+ Reach jhp~ igq¡puk] igq¡p
Cheat psl~ “krjat
Cheer phV~ /kks[kk nsuk Chess ps;j~ dqlhZ

ph;j~ [kq”kh] g’kZ Chair

ii. Chorus dksjl~ xk;d lewg Chemist dsfeLV~ nok cspus okyk
Cholera
dkWyjs k gStk Character djsDVj~ pfj=

iii. Chemise f”keht~+ “keht+ Chiffon f”kQkWu~ ckjhd diM+k

Machine e”khu~ e”khu

G ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% G ds mPpkj.k ^x* vkSj ^t* gaSA

G dk izeq[k mPpkj.k ^x* gS] ijUrq ;fn G ds vkxs E;k I vk,] rks ^t* ls mPpkfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

i. Gun xu~ cUnwd Bag cSx~ FkSyk

Fog QkWx~ dqgjk Gate xsV~ cMk+ njokt+k

Pig fix~ lwvj Generate tsusjsV~ iSnk djuk

ii. Page ist~ i`’B General tsujs y~ lk/kkj.k

Gist ftLV~ lkjka”k Magistrate eftLVsªV~ tt
Pigeon fitu~ dcwrj Germ teZ~ dhVk.kq
Ginger ftUtj~ vnjd Giant tkbUV~ nkuo] fo”kky

S ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% S ds izeq[k mPpkj.k ^t^ ^l] ^“k^ gkrs s gSaA
;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr esa be, g, gg, ge, oe, ie, ee, y vkfn o.kZ vk;as] rks buds
vkxs yxs s dk mPpkj.k ^t+* gkrs k gSA tSls%

Tribes VªkbCTk+~ dchys Bags cSXt~+ FkSys
Eggs ,sXt+~ v.Ms Ages ,ftt+~ ;qx
Heroes ghjkst+~ uk;d Armies vkehZt+~ lsuk;sa
Rupees :iht+~ :Ik;s Boys Cokbt~+ yM+ds
Bribes ckz bCt~+ fj”oras Scribes LØkbCt~+ is”kos ji= ys[kd
Trees Vªht~+ isM+ Cages dsftt~+ fiatjs
Wages osftt+~ et+nwjh Pages isftt+~ i`’B
Negroes uhxzkst~+ gC”kh Mangoes eSUxkst+~ vke
Cities flVht~+ “kgj Potatoes iWVsVkst+~ vkyw

14

;fn fdlh “kCn esa s ;k ss ds vkxs ia, ion vkfn o.kZ vk,a rks s dk mPpkj.k ^“k^
gkrs k gSA tSls %

Russia jf”k;k :l Passion iS”ku~ Hkkouk] tT+ck
Asia ,f”k;k ,f”k;k Admission ,Meh”ku~ izos”k] nkf[kyk

T ds mPpkj.k ds fu;e% i. T dk izeq[k mPpkj.k ^V^ gS] ijUrq fLFkfr ds vulq kj
bldk mPpkj.k “k] p] Fk] n Hkh gkrs s gSAa tSls%

Cat dSV~ fcYyh Dirty MfVZ xUnk

Treat VªhV~ crkoZ djuk Try Vªkb dksf”k”k djuk
Tea Vh pk; Team Vhe ~f[kykfM+;kas dk ny

Task VkLd~ dk;Z Tear Vsvj~ QkM+uk
Bat cSV~ cYyk Teach Vhp~ i<k+ uk

;fn fdlh “kCn esa t ds ckn ia, ie, io vkfn o.kZ vk;sa] rks t dh /ofu ^“k^ gks tkrh
gSA tSls%

Attention vVsU”k~u~ /;ku Initial b^fuf”kvYk~ gLrk{kj
Partial ik”kZ~y~ i{kikrh Portion ikW”kZu~ Hkkx
Promotion izeks”ku~ inksUufr Patient is”k~UV~ jksxh
Ratio jsf”kvks vuqikr Station LVs”ku~ LVs”ku

;fn fdlh “kCn esa s ds vkxs tion vk;s ;k T ds vkxs ure vk,] rks t dk mPPkkj.k
^p^ gkrs k gSA tSls%

Culture dYpj~ lH;rk Nature uspj~ iz—fr
Picture fiDpj~ rLohj Question DosLpu~ iz”u

;fn fdlh “kCn esa t ds ckn h vk;s] rks bldk mPpkj.k ^n* ;k ^Fk* gksrk gSA
tSls%

This fnl~ ;g Thick fFkd~ ?kuk] eksVk
That nSV~ og Thin fFku~ iryk
There nsvj~ ogk¡ Thread FkszM~ /kkxk
Then nsu~ rc Theme Fkhe~ izlax
Three Fkzh rhu These nht+~ ;s
Throw Fkzks Qasduk Through Fkzw ls gksdj

15

¼ewd&v{kj½

os v{kj ftuds mPpkj.k ugha fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj os “kCn esa silent jgrs gaS] mUgsa mute
letters dgrs gaSA

m ds ckn rFkk t ls igys vkus okyk b ikz ;% silent jgrk gSA tlS s%

Bomb ckWe~ ce Tomb Vwe~ lekf/k] edcjk
Comb dkWe~ da?kk Lamb ySe~ eseuk
Dumb Me~ x¡wxk Debt MsV~ dtZ+
Thumb Fke~ v¡xwBk Doubt MkmV~ lUnsg
Numb ue~ lqUu

;fn c ls igys s gks] rks s ds ckn vkus okyk c silent jgrk gSA tSls%

Science lkbal~ foKku Scene lhu~ n`”;] eatj+
Scent lsaV~ b=] egd Scenery lhu~fj n`”;

;fn g ls igys d gks] rks d izk;% silent jgrk gSA tSls%

Bridge fczt~ iqy Knowledge ukWfyt~ Kku
Iyts ~ izfrKk
Ridge fjt~ <kyw Vhyk ;k igkMh+ Pledge ystj~ cgh[kkrk

Lodge ykWt~ Bgjus dk LFkku Ledger

Judgment tteUs V~ fu.kZ;] QSlyk

;fn b, t, u, l, g ds ckn vfUre v{kj e vk;s] rks e silent jgrk gSA

Love yo~+ I;kj djuk Excite bDlkbV~ mRrsftr djuk
Due M~;w cdk;k Whole gksy~ ijw k
Mileage ekbfyt~ ,ojst True Vªw lR;
Judge tt~ U;k;/kh'k Change psUt~ cnyuk
Sole lksy~ ryok Mule E;qy~ [kPpj
Write jkbV~ fy[kuk Kite dkbV~ irax
Site lkbV~ txg Termite Vj~ekbV~ nhed

;fn n ls igys g vk;s] rks g silent jgrk gSA tSls%

Sign lkbu~ fpUg Design fM^t+kbu~ :ijs[kk
Foreign Qk+ Wju~ fons”k Resign fjtk+ bu~ R;kxi=
Reign jsu~ “kklu

;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr eas gh ;k ght vk;s] rks gh izk;% silent jgrk

gSA tSls%

Right jkbV~ Bhd Bright ckz bV~ pedhyk
Thigh Fkk+ b tk¡?k Through Fkzw ls gksdj

Weight osV~ ot+u Eight 16
High gkb Å¡pk Knight
,V~ vkB
ukbV~ ljw ohj

;fn o vkSj e ls igys h vk;s] rks h silent jgrk gSA tSls%

Hour vkmvj~ ?k.Vk Honour vkWuj~ lEeku] vknj

Hostel gkWLV~y~ Nk=kokl Heir ,vj~ mRrjkf/kdkjh] tku”khu

;fn n ls igys k vk;s] rks k silent jgrk gSA tSls%

Knock ukWad~ [kV[kVkuk] vk?kkr Knight ukbV~ ljnkj
Kku
Knife ukbQ~+ pkdw Knowledge ukWfyt~ cquuk

Knob ukWc~ ?kaqMh Knit fuV~

;fn k, f, m rFkk d ls igys l vk;s] rks l silent jgrk gSA tlS s%

Walk okWd~ Vgyuk Talk VkWd~ ckr djuk
Half gkQ~+ vk/kk Calm dke~ “kkUr
Chalk pkWd~ nqf/k;k Folk Qk+ sd~ yksx
Balm ckWe~ eyge Should “kqM~ pkfg,
Could dqM~ ldk Would oqM~ xk] xh] xs

;fn m ds ckn n vk;s] rks n silent jgrk gSA tSls%

ColumndkWye~ LrEHk Autumn vkWVe~ ir>M+
Hymn fge~ eU= Condemn du^~Mse~ vkykspuk djuk

n rFkk s ls igys vk;k prFkk t vkjS I ds chp esa vk;k p silent jgrk
gSA tSls%

Pneumonia U;^q eksfuvk Toj Psychology lkb^dkWyft euksfoKku
Psalm lke~ Hktu
Pseudo lwMks Nne~ ] tkyh Receipt fjlhV~ jlhn

;fn a RkFkk e ls igys u vk;s] rks u silent jgrk gSA tSls%

Mosque ekWLd~ efLtn Guard xkM~Z pkSdhnkj
Guest xLs V~ esgeku Rogue jksx~nqtZu nq’V O;fDr
Vague os+x~ vLi’V] /kq/kyk

;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr esa ten/int vk;s] rks t izk;% silent jgrk gSA tlS s%

Often vkWQ+~u vDlj Hasten gsl~u~ tYnh djuk
Listen fylsu~ /;ku ls lqUkuk Complaint de~^IysUk f”kdk;r
Soften lkWQ+~u eqyk;e djuk

17

Translation: Use of Is, Am & Are

okD; ds var esa gS] g¡w] gSa] gks bR;kfn vkus ij is/am/are dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
Is dk vFkZ→ gS
Am dk vFkZ→ gwa
Are dk vFkZ→ gSa] gks
He, she, it rFkk lHkh singular subjects (tSls& boy, girl, fan, Rahul,
India bR;kfn) ds lkFk is dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
You, we, they rFkk lHkh plural subjects (tlS s& boys, girls, fans bR;kfn)
ds lkFk are dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA I ds lkFk am dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

He/she/Rekha/Ravi/... is happy.
You/we/they/boys/girls… are happy.
I am happy.

a. og [kq”k gSA He is happy.
b. og [kq”k ugha gSA He is not happy.
c. D;k og [kq”k gS\ Is he happy?
d. D;k og [kq”k ugha gS\ Is he not happy?
e. og [kq”k D;ksa gS\ Why is he happy?

f. og [kq”k D;kas ugha gS\ Why is he not happy?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gaS] fQj is/ am/are dks fy[krs vkjS
vUr esa “ks’k “kCnkas dks o.w ds vUrxrZ fy[k nrs s gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks]
rks okD; dk vuqokn is/am/are ls “kq: djrs gSa vkSj ;fn ÞD;k] D;ksa] dlS sÞ
bR;kfn “kCn okD; ds chp eas vk,a] rks mudh vaxszth+ is/am/are ls igys fy[k yrs s gaSA

Translate into English: He is sad.
We are hungry.
1. og nq%[kh gSA They are my friends.
2. ge yksx Hkw[ks gSaA Amit is at home.
3. os esjs fe= gSaA We are tired.
4. vfer ?kj ij gSA .……………
5. ge yksx Fkds gq, gaSA .……………
6. jke Øksf/kr gSA …………....
7. jk/kk chekj gSA ……………
8. jkgqy vuqifLFkr gSA …….………
9. vgen bZekunkj gSA
10. os yksx esjs fj”rsnkj gSaA

Hint: Øksf/kr&angry, chekj&ill vuqifLFkr&absent, lHkk&meeting,
bZekunkj&honest, fj”rsnkj&relative

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 5 rd çfr,d okD; ds
ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 6 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

18

Use of Was & Were

okD; ds var eas Fkk] Fkh] Fks bR;kfn vkus ij was rFkk were dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
Was dk vFkZ → Fkk] Fkh
Were dk vFkZ → Fks] Fkha
I, he, she, it rFkk lHkh singular subjects ds lkFk was dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
You, we, they rFkk lHkh plural subjects ds lkFk were dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA

I/ he/she/Rekha/Ravi was happy.
You/we/they /boys/ girls were happy.

a. og [kq”k FkkA He was happy.
b. og [kq”k ugha FkkA He was not happy.
c. D;k og [kq”k Fkk\ Was he happy?
d. D;k og [kq”k ugha Fkk\ Was he not happy?
e. og D;kas [kq”k Fkk\ Why was he happy?
f. og [kq”k D;ksa ugha Fkk\ Why was he not happy?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj Verb dks fy[krs vkSj vUr
eas “ks’k “kCnkas dks o.w ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks
okD; dk vuoq kn subject ds vulq kj is/am/are ls “kq: djrs gSaA

Translate into English: They were greedy.
We were busy.
1. os yksx ykyph FksA She was annoyed.
2. ge yksx O;Lr FksA I was angry.
3. og ukjkt+ FkhA The book was informative.
4. eSa Øksf/kr FkkA ...........................
5. fdrkc Kkuo/kZd FkhA ………………...
6. vdcj ,d jktk FkkA ………………..
7. os nq%[kh FksA ...........................
8. eaS lHkk eas FkkA ………………...
9. ekSle vPNk FkkA
10. og esjk ppsjk HkkbZ FkkA

Hint: nq%[kh&sad,jktk&king, lHkk&meeting, ekSle&weather, vPNk&fine, ppjs k

HkkbZ&cousin

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 5 rd çfr,d okD; ds ikap
&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 6 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

ejs k] gekjk] rqEgkjk] mldk] mldh] mudh ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okys “kCnA

esjk ?kjA My house mldk ?kjA His/her house

gekjk ?kjA Our house mudk ?kjA Their house

rqEgkjk ?kj A Your house

19

Use of This &That

This vFkZ → ;g: ut+nhd dh ,d oLrq ds fy,A
That vFkZ → og: njw dh ,d oLrq ds fy,A
This rFkk that ds lkFk is / was dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

a. ;g ,d iqLrd gSA This is a book.

b. ;g ,d iqLrd ugha gSA This is not a book.

c. D;k ;g ,d iLq rd gS\ Is this a book?

d. D;k ;g ,d iLq rd ugha gS\ Is this not a book?

og ,d iqLrd gSA That is a book.

og ,d iqLrd ugha gSA That is not a book.

D;k og ,d iLq rd gS\ Is that a book?

D;k og ,d iqLrd ugha gS\ Is that not a book?

Remember: loZÁFke this/that dks fy[krs gaS] fQj is ;k was dks fy[krs gSa
vkSj vUr esa “ks’k “kCnkas dks o.w. ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq:
gks rks okD; dk vuoq kn is/was ls “kq: djrs gaSA

Translate into English: This is a mobile.
This is my sister.
1. ;g ,d eksckby gSA That is a desert.
2. ;g ejs h cgu gSA This lion is hungry.
3. og ,d jsfxLrku gSA That room was large.
4. ;g “kjs Hkw[kk gSA ……………….
5. og dejk cMk+ FkkA ……………….
6. ;g ,d est+ gSA ……………….
7. ;g rkykc xgjk gSA ……………….
8. og ,d gokbZ tgkt gSA ……………….
9. ;g ,d fcYyh gSA ….…………….
10. og ,d iihrs dk isM+ gSA
11. os igkM+ Åaps FksA

Hint: est+&table, gokb tgkt&aeroplane, xgjk&deep, rkykc&pond,
Åapk&high

Note : okD; b c d dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 5 rd çfr,d okD; ds rhu&rhu
okD; cukb;s rFkk 6 ls 11 rd a b c d dh rjg pkj&pkj okD; cukb;sA

;kn j[kas%→ ;g ,d Hkw[kk “ksj gS ds fy;s this is a hungry lion. dk iz;ksx djsaxAs
ijUrq ;g “ksj Hkw[kk gS ds fy;s this lion is hungry dk iz;ksx djasxAs okD; u0 4
nsf[k,A

20

Use of These & Those

These dk vFkZ ;s] ;s lc bR;kfn: ut+nhd dh ,d ls vf/kd oLrqvkas ds fy,A

Those dk vFkZ os] oks] oks lc: njw dh ,d ls vf/kd oLrvq kas ds fy,A
These rFkk those ds lkFk are ;k were dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

a. ;s xk;as gSaA These are cows.

b. ;g xk;sa ugha gaSA These are not cows.

c. D;k ;s xk;sa gSa\ Are these cows?

d. D;k ;s xk;sa ugha gSa\Are these not cows?

os xk;as gSaA Those are cows.

os xk;as ugha gaSA Those are not cows.

D;k os xk;sa gSa\ Are those cows?

D;k os xk;sa ugha gSa\Are those not cows?

Remember:loZÁFke these/those dks fy[krs gaS] fQj are ;k were dks fy[krs
vkSj vUr eas “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w ds vUrxZr fy[k nrs s gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls
“kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn tense ds vuqlkj are ;k were ls “kq: djrs gSaA

Translate into English:

1. ;s Qwy gSaA Theses are flowers.

2. os FkSys gSaA Those are bags.

3. os igkM+ gSaA Those are mountains.

4. ;s fdrkcsa vPNh gSaA These books are good.

5. ;s ?kksM+s gSaA ..........................

6. ;s rqEgkjh cguas gSaA ...........................

7. oks fHk[kkjh gSaA ............................

8. os dqflZ;ka gSaA …………………

9. ;s cPps 'kjkjrh gSaA ……....................

10. os estsa xanh gaSA ............................

Hint: fHk[kkjh&beggar, “kjkjrh&naughty, xna h&dirty

Note: okD; b c d dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 4 rd çfr,d okD; ds rhu &rhu
okD; cukb;s rFkk 5 ls 10 rd a b c d dh rjg pkj&pkj okD; cukb;sA

;kn j[kas%→ ;s vPNh fdrkcsa gaS ds fy, these are good books. rFkk ;s fdrkcsa

vPNh gSa ds fy, these books are good. dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

21

Use of Has, Have & Had

Has, have, had dk vFkZ ikl gS] j[krk gw¡] j[krh gS] ikl Fkk] j[krs Fks bR;kfn gksrk gSA
He, she, it rFkk ,dopu drkZ (singular subjects) ds lkFk has dk Á;ksx djrs
gSaA
I, we, you, they rFkk cgoq pu drkZ (plural subjects) ds lkFk have dk Á;ksx
djrs gaSA ;fn okD; Hkrw dky ¼past tense½ esa gks] rks ,dopu rFkk cgqopu nksuksa drkZ
ds lkFk had dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

a. mlds ikl dkj gSA He has a car.

b. mlds ikl dkj ugha gSA He has no car. Or He has not a car.

c. D;k mlds ikl dkj gS\ Has he a car?

d. D;k mlds ikl dkj ugha gS\ Has he no car?

e. mlds ikl dkj D;ksa gS\ Why has he a car?

f. mlds ikl dkj D;ksa ugha gS\ Why has he no car?

mlds ikl dkj FkhA He had a car.

mlds ikl dkj ugha FkhA He had no car. or He had not a car.

D;k mlds ikl dkj Fkh\ Had he a car?

D;k mlds ikl dkj ugha Fkh\ Had he no car?

mlds ikl dkj D;kas Fkh\ Why had he a car?

mlds ikl dkj D;ksa ugha Fkh\ Why had he no car?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj has/have dks fy[krs vkjS

vUr eas “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks
okD; dk vuqokn subject rFkk tense ds vulq kj has, have ;k had ls vkjEHk
djrs gaSA

Translate into English:

1. mlds ikl ,d dye gSA He has a pen.

2. muds ikl iSlk gSA They have money.

3. gekjs ikl ,d cM+k edku FkkA We had a big house.

4. vgen ds ikl dbZ fe= gSaA ……….………….

5. js[kk ds ikl ,d xfq M;k gSA …….…………….

6. mlds ikl nks HkkbZ gaSA …………...………

7. jkgqy ds ikl vuqHko gSA ………….....…….

8. os ,d ?kksMk+ j[krs FksA …………...………

9. esjs ikl ,d :eky gSA ………….....…….

10. esjs cgqr fj”rns kj gaSA ………….....…….

Hint: dbZ&several, xqfM+;k&doll, HkkbZ&brother, vuHq ko&experience,
fj”rns kj&relative

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 3 rd çfr,d okD; ds
ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 4 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

22

Use of Can

okD; ds vUr esa ldrk gS] ldrh gS] ldrs gSa] ldrk g¡w bR;kfn vkus ij can dk
Á;ksx djrs gSaA bldk ç;ksx “kfDr] ;ksX;rk vFkok {kerk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

a. og pk; cuk ldrh gSA She can make tea.

b. og pk; ugha cuk ldrh gSA She cannot make tea.

c. D;k og pk; cuk ldrh gS\ Can she make tea?

d. D;k og pk; ugha cuk ldrh gS\ Can she not make tea?

e. og pk; D;kas cuk ldrh gS\ Why can she make tea?

f. og pk; D;kas ugha cuk ldrh gS\ Why can she not make tea?

Or Why cannot she make tea?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gaS] fQj can dks fy[krs vkjS fQj

main verb dks fy[krs gSa vkSj vUr esa “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w ds vUrxZr fy[k nsrs

gaSA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuoq kn can ls vkjEHk djrs gaSA

Translate into English:

1. og fØdsV [ksy ldrk gSA He can play Cricket.

2. og dkj pyk ldrk gSA He can drive car.

3. jkgqy rqEgkjh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA Rahul can help you.

4. eSa bls lkfcr dj ldrk gaw A I can prove it.

5. os rqEgkjh enn dj ldrs gSaA ……………

6. ge bls dj ldrs gSaA ……………

7. og eq>s i<k+ ldrk gSA …….………

8. eSa rEq gkjs lkFk tk ldrk gwaA …………….

9. os yksx gekjk leFkZu dj ldrs gSaA ……………

10. bZ”oj dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA ……………

Hint: enn djuk&to help,lkfcr djuk&to prove, i<k+ uk&to teach, leFkZu djuk& to

support, dqN Hkh djuk&to do anything

Note: okD; b c d e dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 4 rd çfr,d okD; ds ikap &ikap
okD; cukb;s rFkk 5 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

Use of Could

okD; ds vUr esa ldk] ldh] lds ldrk Fkk] ldrh Fkh] ldrs Fks bR;kfn vkus ij
could dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA bldk Á;ksx Hkrw dky esa “kfDr] {kerk vFkok ;ksX;rk ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

1. og eq>s Qksu dj ldrk FkkA He could call me.
2. os ijh{kk ikl dj ldrs FksA They could pass the examination.
3. eSa Ldwy ugha tk ldkA I could not go to school.
4. D;k jkgqy MkWDVj cu ldrk Fkk\Could Rahul become a doctor?

Note: ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn could ls vkjEHk djrs gSaA

23

Use of May

okD; ds vUr esa ldrk gS] ldrh gS] ldrs gSa] ldrk gw¡ bR;kfn vkus ij may dk
Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk ç;ksx eq[;r% laHkkouk (possibility) ;k vuqefr
(permission) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

1. og vk ldrk gSA He may come.
2. gekjh Vªsu NwV ldrh gSA We may miss our train.
3. Ok’kkZ gks ldrh gSA It may rain.
4. og tk Hkh ldrk gS] ugha Hkh tk ldrk gSA He may go, he may not go.
5. D;k eSa vUnj vk ldrk gwa\ May I come in?
6. D;k eSa cSx ys tkus eas vkidh lgk;rk dj ldrk gwa\ May I help you

with the bag, Sir?
Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj may dks fy[krs vkSj fQj
main verb dks fy[krs gSa vkSj vUr eas “ks’k “kCnkas dks o.w ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs
gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn may ls vkjEHk djrs gSaA

Use of Should

okD; ds vUr eas pkfg, vkus ij Should dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA bldk Á;ksx eq[;r%

a. mls Vh oh ns[kuk pkfg,A He should watch TV.
b. mls Vh oh ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A He should not watch TV.
c. D;k mls Vh oh ns[kuk pkfg,\ Should he watch TV?
d. D;k mls Vh oh ugha ns[kuk pkfg,\ Should he not watch TV?
e. mls Vh oh D;ksa ns[kuk pkfg,\ Why should he watch TV?
f. mls Vh oh D;kas ugha ns[kuk pkfg,\ Why should he not watch TV?
● eaS D;k d:a\
● eaS dgka tkÅa\ What should I do?

Where should I go?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj should dks fy[krs vkjS
fQj main verb dks fy[krs gaS vkjS vUr eas “ks’k “kCnkas dks o.w ds vUrxZr
fy[k nrs s gaSA okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuoq kn should ls “kq: djrs gaSA

Translate into English:

1. gesa cMk+ as dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A We should respect elders.

2. vkidks MkWDVj dh lykg ysuh pkfg,A You should consult the doctor.

3. gesa mldh izrh{kk djuh pkfg,A We should wait for him.

4. rqEgas mldks Qksu djuk pkfg,A …………………………

5. gesa lqcg tYnh mBuk pkfg, A …………………………

6. Hkkjr dks ;g eSp thruk pkfg,A …………………………

7. rqEgas lp cksyuk pkfg,A …………………………

Hint: çrh{kk djuk& to wait for, Qksu djuk& to call, tYnh mBuk& to get

up early lp cksyuk& to speak the truth

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 3 rd çfr,d okD; ds ikap

&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 4 ls 7 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

24

Use of It

It dk vFkZ ;g gkrs k gS bldk Á;ksx eq[;r% le;] fnu] rkjh£] eghuk rFkk ekSle
bR;kfn crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

1. It is five to ten. 10 ctus eas 5 feuV ckdh gSA
2. It is ten thirty. lk<+s 10 ct jgk gSA
3. It is five after ten. 10 ctdj 5 feuV gqvk gSA
4. It was hot yesterday. dy xjeh FkhA
5. It is too cold today. vkt cgqr BaM gSA
6. It was March. ekpZ dk eghuk FkkA
7. What day is it today? orWhat is the day today? vkt dkSu lk fnu gS\
8. It is Sunday today. or Today is Sunday. vkt jfookj gSA
9. The baby was crying, it was hungry. cPpk jks jgk FkkA ;g Hkw[kk FkkA
10. The eagle pounced upon its prey. It was a fierce attack. Ckkt+ vius
f”kdkj ij VwV iMk+ A ;g ,d [krjukd vkØe.k FkkA

Some more examples:
dHkh&dHkh it dk Á;ksx fdlh ckr ij cy nsus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
It was I who helped you. ;g eSa gh Fkk ftlus rqEgkjh lgk;rk dhA
It is education that makes a person great. ;g f”k{kk gh gS tks ,d O;fDr
dks egku cukrh gSA
Who is there at the door? It is I, Amit. njokt+s ij dkSu gS\ eaS gwa] vferA

Use of There

ftu okD;kas ls fdlh ckr ds gksus ;k u gksus dk cks/k gks rFkk drkZ ds fo’k; esa dksbZ
fuf”pr tkudkjh u nh x;h gks] rks ,ls s okD;kas esa there dks introductory subject
ds :i eas ç;ksx djrs gSaA

1. There is a book on the table. est+ ij ,d fdrkc gSA
2. There are six fans in this hall. bl gky eas 6 ia£s gSaA
3. There are many problems in our country. gekjs n”s k eas cgqr lh

leL;k;sa gaSA
4. There was a king. ,d jktk FkkA
5. There were two pens in his pocket.mldh tsc esa nks dyeas FkhaA
6. There lived a king named Akbar. vdcj uke dk ,d jktk jgrk FkkA
7. There lived an old lady in a certain village. ,d fuf”pr xkao esa ,d

cqf<+;k jgrh FkhA
8. Is there any problem? D;k dksbZ leL;k gS\
9. How much water is there in this pond? bl rkykc eas fdruk ikuh gS\
10.How many people were present in the party? ikVhZ esa fdrus yksx ekStwn Fks\

25

Imperative sentences ¼vkKklwpd okD;½

Imperative sentences dk ç;ksx vkns”k (order) lykg (advice) ;k vujq ks/k
(request) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA A sentence that expresses a command,
an advice or suggestion is called an imperative sentence.

Remember: ,sls okD;ksa dh “kq:vkr verb ls gksrh gS vUr esa “ks’k “kCnkas
dks o.w ds vUrxrZ j[krs gSaA okD; ds negative gksus dh n”kk eas okD; dk

don’t ls djrs gSaA

Sit down. cSB tkvksA
Stand up. [kMs+ gks tkvksA
Take tea. pk; ih yksA
Close the door. njoktk+ can djksA
Let me go. eq>s tkus nksA
Let us watch the news. vkvks lekpkj ns[kasA
Please keep quiet. —i;k “kkar jgasA
Do not make a noise. “kksj er djksA
Do not waste your time. viuk le; cckZn er djksA

Translate into English: 6. mlls feyksA
7. —I;k ejs h lgk;rk djksA
;gk¡ vkvksA 8. bls jV yksA
2. esjh ckr /;ku ls lquksA 9. vkvks fØdsV [ksysaA
3. vaxzst+h eas ckr djksA
4. flxjsV ls cpksA 10. ,d ukSDj j[k yksA

eq>s ijs”kku er djksA

Hint: ?;ku ls lquuk&to listen, ckr djuk&to talk, jVuk&to mug up/cram

Translate into English: 6. lok vkB gks jgk gSA
1. ukS ctk gSA 7. ikSus lkr gks jgk gSA
2. nl ctus okyk gSA 8. ckjg ctdj nl feuV gqvk gSA
3. rhu ctus eas nl feuV ckdh gSA 9. lu~ 2018 ugha FkkA
4. Lkk<s+ ik¡p ctk gSA 10. vkt dkSu lh rkjh[k gS\
5. ckfj”k gks jgh gSA

Translate into English:

1. ogka ,d isM+ gSA 6. ;gk¡ ,d dwvk¡ gSA

2. iqLrdky; esa cgrq lh iqLrdas gSaA 7. ?kj ij dqN dke gSA

3. mlds xkao eas nks fo|ky; gSaA 8. d{kk eas fdrus fo|kFkhZ gaS\

4. dejs eas fdrus ia[ks gSaA 9. vkleku eas ckny gSAa

5. D;k ;gka dksbZ cSad gS\ 10. bl ckYVh eas fdruk ikuh gS+\

Hint: iLq rdky;&library, dwvka&well, ckny&cloud, ckYVh&bucket

26

The Tense: Present Simple

igpku% rk gS] rh gS] rs gSa] rk g¡w abR;kfnA

He/ she/ it rFkk lHkh singular subjects tSls& boy/girl/fan/Abdul bR;kfn ds
lkFk verb eas s, es ;k ies dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
I, we, you, they rFkk lHkh plural subjects tlS s& boys/girls/fans bR;kfn ds
lkFk verb esa s, es ;k ies dk iz;ksx ugha djrs gaSA

Negative gksus dh n”kk esa I, we, you, they, boys, girls rFkk lHkh cgqopu drkZ ds lkFk
do not dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

He, she, it, boy, girl, Abdul rFkk lHkh ,dopu drkZ ds lkFk does not dk
ç;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn okD; D;k ls “kq: gks rks okD; dh “kq:vkr do/does ls djrs gaSA

a. og Ldwy tkrk gSA He goes to school.
b. og Ldwy ugha tkrk gSA He doesn’t go to school.
c. D;k og Ldwy tkrk gS\ Does he go to school?
d. D;k og Ldwy ugha tkrk gS\ Does he not go to school?
e. og Ldwy D;kas tkrk gS\ Why does he go to school?
f. og Ldwy D;kas ugha tkrk gS\ Why does he not go to school?

a. os Ldwy tkrs gaSA They go to School.

b. os Ldwy ugha tkrs gSaA They don’t go to school.
c. D;k os Ldwy tkrs gSa\
Do they go to school?

d. D;k os Ldwy ugha tkrs gSa\ Do they not go to school?
e. os Ldwy D;ksa tkrs gSa\ Why do they go to school?
f. os Ldwy D;kas ugha tkrs gSa\ Why do they not go to school?

os Ldwy dHkh ugha tkrs gSaA They never go to school.
● og Ldwy dHkh ugha tkrk gSA He never goes to school.
● Ldwy dkSu tkrk gS\
Who goes to school?

Translate into English:

1. jkgqy vke [kkrk gSA Rahul eats mango.

2. og dMh+ esgur djrk gSA He works hard.

3. os xjhcksa dk vieku djrs gSaAThey insult the poor.
4. og vaxszt+h lh[krk gSA He learns English.
5. eSa mls vaxstz h+ i<k+rk gwaA ............................

6. jfo dkuiqj eas jgrk gSA …………………..

7. jk/kk pk; cukrh gSA …………………..

8. eSa fØdsV [ksyrk g¡wA …………………..

9. og eq>s jkstk+ uk Qksu djrk gSA ………………….

10. os eq>s tkurs gSaA …………….........

Hint: jguk&to live, cukuk&to make, [ksyuk&to play, Qksu djuk&to call
Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 4 rd çfr,d okD; ds

ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 5 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

27

¼dqN egRoiw.kZ okD;½

eaS vkils vPNs O;ogkj dh mEehn djrk g¡wA I expect good behaviour from you.
Eksjh xk; <ax ls pkjk ugha [kkrh gSA My cow doesn’t eat fodder well.
e/kqeD[kh Qwykas ls twl fudkyrh gSAThe bee draws out juice from flowers.
eaS ekuo tkfr ls izse djrk g¡wA I love humankind.
dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gSA Sometimes it happens so.
Rkqe dkSulh gs;j MkbZ Á;ksx djrs gks\ Which hair-dye do you use?
va/kk/kaq/k Mªkbfoax ls nq?kZVuk,a gksrh gSaA Rash driving causes accidents.
ejs k twrk ,Mh+ ij yxrk gSA My shoe pinches at the heel.
eq>s Hkw[k ugha yxrh gSA I feel no appetite.
i{kh vkdk”k eas mM+rs gSaA The birds fly in the sky.

i{kh vkdk”k eas mMk+ djrs gSaA Birds fly in the sky.
dqRrs HkkSadk djrs gaSA Dogs bark.
vCnqy fnu esa lks;k djrk gSA Abdul is accustomed to sleep in the day.

Note 1: ;fn common noun cgqopu eas gks] rks mlls igys the dk iz;ksx u
djus ls LoHkkfod dk;Z (habitual action) izdV gksrk gSA Åij fn;s x;s cqyVs ¼ ½
ds fu”kku okys okD;kas dks n[s ksaA

Note 2: proper noun dh vknr izdV djus ds fy, is accustomed to dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Åij fn;s x;s rhj ds fu”kku okys okD; dks n[s ksaA

Note 3: ftu okD;kas ls fdlh oLrq dk LoHkko ÁdV gksrk gS ¼u fd dksbZ dk;Z½
muds vuoq kn ds fy, is/are dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%& dkSok dkyk gksrk gS&The
crow is black. n/w k lQsn gksrk gS&Milk is white. dqRrk ,d oQknkj tkuoj
gksrk gS&The dog is a faithful animal. Xkjhc bZekunkj gksrs gaS&The poor
are honest.

28

Past Simple

igpku% rk Fkk] rh Fkh] rs Fks] ;k] ;h] ;s] yh] nh bR;kfnA
I, we, you, they, he, she, it rFkk lHkh singular rFkk plural subjects ds
lkFk v11 dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA
negative gksus dh n”kk esa lHkh singular rFkk plural subjects ds lkFk did
not dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA never ds lkFk did not dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk gaS vkSj bl
n”kk eas v11 dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA

a. og Ldwy x;kA He went to school.

b. og Ldwy ugha x;kA He did not go to school.

c. D;k og Ldwy x;k\ Did he go to school?

d. D;k og Ldwy ugha x;k\ Did he not go to school?

e. og Ldwy D;kas x;k\ Why did he go to school?

f. og Ldwy D;kas ugha x;k\ Why did he not go to school?

→ Ldwy dkSu x;k\ Who went to school?

→ og Ldwy dHkh ugha x;kA He never went to school.

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj v11 dks fy[krs vkSj
vkSj vUr eas “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls
“kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn did ls vkjEHk djrs gaSA

Translate into English: He helped me.
I waited for him.
1. mlus esjh lgk;rk fd;kA Amit broke my pen.
2. eSaus mldh izrh{kk fd;kA ………………...
3. vfer us esjh dye rksM+ nhA ………………...
4. jk/kk us pk; cuk;kA ..……………….
5. mlus eq>s /kks[kk fn;kA …………………
6. eSaus eksgu dks viuh iqLrd nhA ………………...
7. geus uk”rk fd;kA …………………
8. eSaus mls nf.Mr fd;kA …………………
9. eSaus viuh ukSdjh NksM+ fn;kA
10. mlus eq>ls eqykdkr fd;kA

Hint: cukuk&to make, /kks[kk nsuk&to cheat, nsuk&to give, uk”rk djuk&to
take breakfast, nf.Mr djuk&to punish, ukSdjh NksM+uk&to leave the job

eqykdkr djuk&to meet

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 3 rd çfr,d okD; ds
ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 4 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

29

¼dqN egRoiw.kZ okD;½

1. eSa rjq Ur pyk x;kA
I left immediately.

2. ge yksx LVs”ku rd x;sA
We went up to the station.

3. mldk psgjk ped x;kA
His face sparkled.

4. mldk O;kikj ped x;kA
His business flourished.

5. mlus ?kksM+s dks pkcqd ekjkA
He whipped the horse.

6. eSa mlds tky esa vk x;kA
I fell in his trap.

7. jkgqy us esjs lkFk cqjk lqywd fd;kA
Rahul misbehaved with me.

8. mlus ?kko ij eyge yxk;kA
He applied ointment on the wound.

9. og “kknh ds ckn x`gLFk cu x;hA
She became a household after marriage.

10. eaS jkr eas xgjh uhan lks x;kA
I slept soundly at night.

11. Eksjs ekrk&firk us ejs k uke vCnqYykg j[kkA
My parents named me Abdullah.

12. Eksjk vanktk xyr fudykA
My guess went wrong.

13. geus mls uk”rs ij cqyk;kA
We invited him over the breakfast.

14. mlus eq>kZ;h vkokt+ eas dgkA
He said in a faint voice.

15. iksfyl us vijk/kh dks /kj nckspkA
The police nabbed the criminal.

16. mlus iz/kkue=a h dk in xzg.k fd;kA
He assumed the office of the Prime Minister.

17. ea=h us in vkjS xksiuh;rk dh “kiFk yhA
The minister took the oath of office and secrecy.

30

Future Simple

igpku% xa k] xh] xAs
I, we ds lkFk shall dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA
You, they, he, she, it, Rahul bR;kfn ds lkFk will dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA ijUrq

I rFkk we ds lkFk will dk ç;ksx Hkh gksrk gSA

a. og Ldwy tk;sxkA He will go to school.

b. og Ldwy ugha tk;sxkA He will not go to school.

c. D;k og Ldwy tk;sxk\ Will he go to school?

d. D;k og Ldwy ugha tk;sxk\ Will he not go to school?

e. og Ldwy D;kas tk;sxk\ Why will he go to school?

f. og Ldwy D;kas ugha tk;sxk\ Why will he not go to school?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj will dks fy[krs vkSj fQj
main verb dks fy[krs gaS vkSj vUr eas “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w. ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs
gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn will ls vkjEHk djrs gaSA

Translate into English:

1. eSa i<awxkA I will read.
2. og vkt vk;sxkA He will come today.
3. firk th rqEgas MkaVsaxsA Father will scold you.
4. jkew pk; ih;sxkA ……………………..
5. ge yksx Vh oh ns[ksaxsA ………………..
6. os yksx rqEgkjh lgk;rk djaxsA ………….
7. ……………………..
8. ……………………….
9. ….…………………..
10. …………………..

Hint: pk; ihuk&to take tea, ns[kuk&to watch, lgk;rk djuk&to help,
thruk&to win, cnyk ysuk&to take revenge, cqjkbZ djuk&to speak ill of

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 3 rd çfr,d okD; ds
a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

eSa jge dh Hkh[k ugha eakxawxkA I will not beg for mercy.

vxys lky eaS lksyg o’kZ dk gks tkÅ¡xkA Next year I will be sixteen.

eSa ijh{kk n¡wxkA I will take the examination.

Okg iyVdj Tokc nsxkA He will answer back.

eSa mlds Qksu dk mRrj ugha n¡wxkA I will not answer his phone.

gekjs v?;kid ijh{kk yasxsA Our teacher will give the exam.

rqEgkjs v/;kid rqEgsa vuqifLFkr dj nsaxsA Your teacher will mark you absent.

31

Present continuous/progressive

igpku% jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ bR;kfnA
He, she, it rFkk lHkh ,dopu drkZ ds lkFk is dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA
You, we, they rFkk lHkh cgqopu drkZ ds lkFk are dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
I ds lkFk am dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA

a. og Ldwy tk jgk gSA He is going to school.
b. og Ldwy ugha tk jgk gSA He is not going to school.
c. D;k og Ldwy tk jgk gS\ Is he going to school?
d. D;k og Ldwy ugha tk jgk gS\ Is he not going to school?
e. og Ldwy D;ksa tk jgk gS\ Why is he going to school?
f. og Ldwy D;kas ugha tk jgk gS\
Why is he not going to school?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gaS] fQj is/am/are dks fy[krs vkjS
fQj main verb dk ing :i fy[krs gaS vkSj vUr eas “ks’k “kCnkas dks o.w ds
vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuoq kn is/am/are ls
vkjEHk djrs gSaA

Translate into English:

1. o’kkZ gks jgh gSA It is raining.

2. ge yksx vki gh dh irz h{kk dj jgs gSaA We are just waiting for you.

3. ekSle cny jgk gSA The weather is changing.

4. cQZ fi?ky jgh gSA The ice is melting.

5. eaS i= fy[k jgk gw¡A ……………...

6. og pk; ih jgk gSA …..…………..

7. MsfoM ukSdjh <aw<+ jgk gSA ….…………...

8. js[kk dejs esa >kM+w yxk jgh gSA ……..………..

9. os yksx >xMk+ dj jgs gSaA ……..………..

10. veu ckalqjh ctk jgk gSA ….…………....

Hint: i= fy[kuk&to write a letter, pk; ihuk&to take tea, UkSdjh <+w<+uk&to look for

a job, >kM+w yxkuk&to sweep, >xMk+ djuk&to quarrel, ckla qjh ctkuk&to play on flute

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 4 rd çfr,d okD; ds
ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 5 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

¼dqN egRoiw.kZ okD;½

iksfyl pksj dk ihNk dj jgh gSA The police are chasing the thief.

vfHk;Urk lkbV ij dke dh tk¡p dj jgk gSA The engineer is checking the work on site.

jsyxkM+h cgrq rst xfr ls py jgh gSA The train is running with high speed.

vkt dy ejs h eqfxZ;k¡ v.Ms ugha ns jgh gSaA Nowadays my hens are not laying eggs.

vCnqy odkyr dj jgk gSA Abdul is practicing law.

ge yksx f”k{kk dks c<k+ ok ns jgs gaSA We are promoting education.

og rqEgas csodwQ cuk jgk gSA He is making you fool.

D;k dqN yksx viuk futh LOkkFkZ fl} dj jgs gS\Are some people serving their self-interest?
rqe csotg ckr dk craxM cuk jgs gksA You are making a fuss about nothing.

32

Past continuous/progressive

igpku% jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks bR;kfnA
I, he, she, it rFkk lHkh ,dopu drkZ ds lkFk was dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA
You, we, they rFkk lHkh cgqopu drkZ ds LkFk were dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA

a. og Ldwy tk jgk FkkA He was going to school.

b. og Ldwy ugha tk jgk FkkA He was not going to school.

c. D;k og Ldwy tk jgk Fkk\ Was he going to school?

d. D;k og Ldwy ugha tk jgk Fkk\ Was he not going to school?

e. og Ldwy D;ksa tk jgk Fkk\ Why was he going to school?

f. og Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk jgk Fkk\ Why was he not going to

school?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gaS] fQj was/were dks fy[krs vkjS

fQj main verb dk ing :i fy[krs gaS vkSj vUr esa “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w ds vUrxZr
fy[k nrs s gSaA ;fn okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn was/were ls vkjEHk
djrs gSaA

Translate into English:

1. eSa pk; ih jgk FkkA I was taking tea.

2. ge yksx vki gh dh ckr dj jgs FksA We were just talking about you.

3. eSp py jgk FkkA The match was going on.

4. cPpk nw/k ds fy, jks jgk FkkA ……………………

5. MkWDVj esjk bykt dj jgk FkkA ……………………

6. esjs firk th eq>s MkaV jgs FksA ……………………

7. og rqEgkjh rkjhQ dj jgk FkkA …....………………

8. eaS Luku dj jgk FkkA ……………………

9. cPps “kksj epk jgs FksA ……………………

10. og >wB cksy jgk FkkA ……………………

Hint: jksuk&to weep, bykt djuk&to treat, MkaVuk&to scold, rkjhQ djuk&to
praise, “kkjs epkuk&to make a noise, Luku djuk&to take bath, >wB cksyuk&to

tell a lie,

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 3 rd çfr,d okD; ds
ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 4 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD; cukb;sA

33

Present perfect

igpku% pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] pqdk gaw] ;k gS] ;h gS] ;s gSa] yh gS] nh gS bR;kfnA
He, she, it rFkk lHkh ,dopu drkZ ds lkFk Has dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

rFkk lHkh cgoq pu drkZ ds lkFk Have dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA

a. og Ldwy x;k gSA He has gone to school.

b. og Ldwy ugha x;k gSA He has not gone to school.

c. D;k og Ldwy x;k gS\ Has he gone to school?

d. D;k og Ldwy ugha x;k gS\ Has he not gone to school?

e. og Ldwy D;ksa x;k gS\ Why has he gone to school?

f. og Ldwy D;kas ugha x;k gS\ Why has he not gone to school?

Remember: loZÁFke subject dks fy[krs gSa] fQj has ;k have dks fy[krs vkjS
fQj v111 fy[krs gSa vkSj vUr eas “ks’k “kCnksa dks o.w ds vUrxrZ fy[k nsrs gSaA ;fn
okD; ÞD;kÞ ls “kq: gks] rks okD; dk vuqokn has/have ls vkjEHk djrs gaSA

Translate into English:

1. jk/kk pk; cuk pqdh gSA Radha has made tea.

2. eSa pk; ih pqdk gw¡A I have taken tea.

3. og ch0,0 dj pqdk gSA He has done B.A.

4. mlus eq>s /kks[kk fn;k gSA ……………………

5. Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk gSA ……………………

6. o"kkZ cUn gks pqdh gSA ……………………

7. mlus esjs lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;k gSA .....................

8. eSaus njokt+s esa rkyk yxk fn;k gSAa ……………….

9. eq>s rqEgkjk lans”k fey pqdk gSA .....................

10. os yksx eqEcbZ igaqp pqds gSaA …....................

Hint: /kks[kk nus k&to cheat, thruk&to win, o’kkZ&rain, can gksuk&to stop,
fo”okl?kkr&to betray, rkyk yxkuk&to lock, lans”k feyuk&to get message
igqapuk&to reach

Note: okD; b c d e f dh rjg Åij fn;s x;s 1 ls 3 rd çfr,d okD; ds
ikap&ikap okD; cukb;s rFkk 4 ls 10 rd a b c d e f dh rjg N%&N% okD;

34

igpku% le; ds lkFk jgk g¡w] jgh gS] jgs gSa] rk jgk gw¡] rs jgs gSa bR;kfnA
dk iz;ksx le; vof/k (period of time) vFkkZr ^fdrus le; ls* crkus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA bleas “kq: ls var rd dk le; tksM+dj fn;k gkrs k gSA
for two hours/ for five months/for ten years/ for a week/ for a long time

dk iz;ksx fuf”pr le; (point of time) dks crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
bleas dos y dk;Z “kq: gksus dk le; (starting point) fn;k gkrs k gSA
since July/since Sunday/ since 1990/since morning/since childhoods

eSa nks ?k.Vs ls vkidh izrh{kk dj jgk g¡wA
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
og pkj cts ls i<+ jgk gSA
He has been studying since 4 o’clock.
vki fdruh nsj ls ejs h izrh{kk dj jgs gSa\
For how long have you been waiting for me?

igpku% le; ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks] rk jgk] rs jgs] rh jgh bR;kfnA

eaS lqcg ls vkidh irz h{kk dj jgk FkkA
I had been waiting for you since morning.
og nks fnu ls Ldwy ugha tk jgk FkkA
He had not been going to school for two days.
eaS mls Qksu djrk jgkA I had been calling him.

Future continuous/progressive
igpku% jgk gksxh] jgh gkxhs] jgs gksaxs] jgk gawxk bR;kfnA

og ejs h izrh{kk dj jgk gksxkA He will be waiting for me.
eSa mls i= ugha fy[k jgk gwaxkA I shall not be writing him a letter.

igpku% jgk g¡wxk] jgh gksxh] rs jgs gkasxs bR;kfnA
Note: since dk iz;ksx future tense esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA future perfect
continuous tense eas le; vof/k (period of time) ds fy, for rFkk fuf”pr
le; vof/k (point of time) ds fy, since ds LFkku ij from dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA

og nks lky ls ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgk gksxkA
He will have been preparing for the examination for two years.
os lqcg ls rqEgkjh izrh{kk ugha dj jgs gksaxsA
They will not have been waiting for you from morning. (not since
morning)

35

¼dqN egRoiw.kZ lja puk,a½

pkgrk gwa /pkgrh gS /pkgrs Fks bR;kfnA

eaS pk; ihuk pkgrk gw¡A I want to take tea.

ge yksx xjhckas dh enn djuk pkgrs gaSA We want to help the poor.

ge vkils feyuk pkgrs FksA We wanted to meet you.

D;k vki dqN dguk pkgrs gaS\ Do you want to say anything?

rqe vaxszt+h D;kas lh[kuk pkgrs gks\ Why do you want to learn English?

eq>s vHkh tkuk gSA I have to go right away.

eq>s lqcg tYnh mBuk gS@iM+rk gSA I have to get up early morning.

D;k vkidks dgha tkuk gS\ Do you have to go anywhere?

mls viuh ft+Unxh eas cgqr ikiM+ csyuk iM+kA He had to suffer a lot in his life.

jfo dks ,d fnu iNrkuk iMs+xkA Ravi will have to regret one day.
gesa viuh ;k=k jn djuh iM+ ldrh gSA We may have to cancel our journey.

Ok’kkZ gksus okyh gSA It is about to rain.
nl ctus okyk gSA It is about to be 10 o’clock.
eSp “kq: gksus okyk FkkA The match was about to start.

Note: Be = is, am, are, was, were

og dEI;wVj pyk ysrk gSA He is able to operate computer.

og vHkh Hkh vaxstz h+ ugha cksy ikrk gSA He is still not able to speak English.

D;k rqe xkMh+ pyk yrs s gSa\ Are you able to drive?

mls yksxkas dh pkiywlh djuk vkrk gSA He knows how to flatter the people.
rqEgas rks flQZ dgkuh cukuk vkrk gSA You only know how to make stories.
ifjokj dSls pyk;k tkrk gS eaS tkurk gawA ;k eq>s ifjokj pykuk vkrk gSA

I know how to run a family.

36

esjs [;ky ls og vkt vk;sxkA I think he will come today.

eaS ugha lksprk gw¡ fd os yksx rqEgkjs dke vk,axsA I don’t think (that) they will

stand in your need.

gesa fo”okl gS fd rqe dke;kc gksxsA
We are sure (that) you will get success.
eq>s ;d+hu gS fd ,d fnu fdLer rqEgkjk lkFk nsxhA
I am sure one day luck will smile on you.

Note: ;gk¡ ij that dk iz;ksx oSdfYidA

uk”rs dk le; gks x;k gSA It is time for breakfast.
lekpkj ns[kus dk le; gks x;k gSA It is time for watching the news.
;g fQj ls lkspus dk le; gSA
It is time to rethink.
Hkz’Vkpkj ds tkus dk le; vk x;k gSA It is time for the corruption to go.
;g vkRe fujh{k.k dk le; gSA
It is time for introspection.
;g vius QSlys ij iqufoZpkj dk le; gSA It is time to reconsider our
decision.

Note: time ds ckn verb vkus ij to dk iz;ksx rFkk noun vkus ij for dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA

bl iz”u dks gy djuk vklku gSA It is easy to solve this question.

ml lM+d dks ikj djuk [krjukd FkkA It was dangerous to cross that road.

mls eukuk vlEHko gSA It is impossible to get him round.

viuh ukdkeh ds fy, fdlh dks ft+Eesnkj Bgjkuk mfpr ugha gSA It is not fair to

blame anyone for one’s failure.

vlEHko pht+ ds fy, ç;kl djuk csdkj gSA It is useless to cry for the moon.

D;k mlls feyuk t+:jh Fkk\ Was it necessary to meet him?

gekjs ikl vPNs rjhds gksuk pkfg,A We should have good manners.
gj O;fDr dk dqN y{; gksuk pkfg,A Everybody should have some aim.

37

gesa vc rd ogka igaqp tkuk pkfg, FkkA We should have reached there till

now.
D;k eq>s mlls ekQh ekax ysuk pkfg, Fkk\ Should I have begged his pardon?
D;k eq>s ,slk ugha dguk pkfg, Fkk\ Should I have not said so?

vki ogka vo”; x;s gksaxsA You must have gone there.
rqeus esjk uke vo”; lquk gksxkA You must have heard my name.

og MkWDVj vo”; gksxkA He must be a doctor.
rqe Fkds gq, vo”; gksxsA You must be tired.
os yksx eq>ls vo”; ukjkt+ gkasxsA They must be angry with me.

Note: be = is, am, are, was, were

mls ckxckuh dk “kkSd gSA He is fond of gardening.
eaS o`{k yxkus dk “kkSdhu gawA I am fond of planting trees.
D;k vki fØdsV desUVjh lquus ds “kkSdhu gSa\ Are you fond of listening to cricket

commentary?

mls >wB cksyus dh vknr gSA He is in the habit of telling a lie.
D;k rqEgsa njs ls mBus dh vknr gS\ Are you in the habit of getting up

late?

mls jktuhfr eas fnypLih ugha gSA He is not interested in politics.
eq>s cqjkb;kas eas fnypLih ugha gSA I am not interested in evils.
mls ejs s futh ekeys esa :fp FkhA He was interested in my personal

matter.

eaSus mls vkrs gq, ns[kkA I saw him coming.

eSaus mls pksjh djrs gq, idM+kA I caught him stealing.

og ijh{kk eas udy djrs gq, idM+k x;kA He was caught copying in the exam.

38

esjk ?kj tkus dk eu dj jgk gSA I feel like going home.
D;k rqEgkjk pk; ihus dk eu dj jgk gS\ Do you feel like taking tea?

eq>s vaxzst+h cksyus eas fnDdr gksrh gSA I find it difficult to speak English.
D;k vkidks ckr&phr “kq: djus eas fnDdr gkrs h gS\ Do you find it difficult to
initiate Conversation?

o’kkZ gksus okyh gSA It is going to rain.

os yksx izFke Js.kh eas ;k=k djus okys gSaA They are going to travel first class.

D;k eSp “kq: gksus okyk gS\ Is the match going to start?

Note: What about ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k lnoS ing :i eas gksrh gSA

dkuiqj tkus dk D;k gqvk\ What about going to Kanpur?

eSp dk D;k gqvk\ What about the match?

rqEgkjs firk th dlS s gS\ What about your father?

esjs firk th pkgrs gaS fd eaS MkWDVj cuw¡A My father wants me to become a
doctor.
D;k rqe pkgrs gks fd eSa mlds ryos pkVaw\ Do you want me to do his servile
flattery?

D;k vki pk; ihuk ilan djasxs\ Would you like to take tea?
D;k vki blds ckjs eas dqN dguk pkgasxs\ Would you like to say something
about it?
vki uk”rs eas D;k [kkuk ilan djsaxs\ What would you like to take for

breakfast?

39

Note: tense ds vuqlkj tell dk :Ik cny ldrk gSA
eaSus jk/kk ls pk; cukus ds fy, dgkA I told Radha to make tea.
rqEgsa pqi jgus ds fy, fdruh ckj cksyuk iMs+xk\ How many times do I have to
tell you to keep quiet?
D;k vkius mls tkus ds fy, cksy fn;k gS\ Have you told him to go?

lko/kku jgksA Be careful. pqi jgksA Be quiet. rS;kj jgks@jgukA Be ready.
bZekunj cuksA Be honest vuq”kkflr cuksA Be disciplined.

dMh+ esgur djrs jgksA Keep on working hard.
eLq dqjkrs jgksA keep on smiling.

eSp py jgk gSA The match is going on.
Dykl py jgh gSA The class is going on.
D;k LkHkk py jgh Fkh\ Was the meeting going on?

pk; ds ctk; eSa dkWQh ihšxkA Instead of tea, I will take coffee.
pkiywlh ds ctk; eaS lp cksyaxw kA Instead of flattery, we wil speak the truth.

og gekjs lkFk jgus ds fy, bPNqd gSA He is willing to live with us.
D;k ikVhZ iSlk vnk djus ds fy, bPNqd gS\ Is the party willing to pay?

ls gksrh gSA ,sls okD;kas esa nks Hkkx gkrs s gSa] igys Hkkx dh “kq:vkr pkgs

pkgs rqe e>q s ilUn djks ;k u djks] eSa lp dgawxkA Whether you like me or not,
I will speak the truth.
pkgs rqe tkvks ;k er tkvks eSa rks tkÅaxkA
Whether you go or not, I will go.

40

By ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k esa ing
yxkus ij bldk fgUnh vuqokn ^^djds** gkrs k gSA tSls% by reading = i<+dj by
learning = lh[kdj

dfBu ifjJe djds mls lQyrk feyhAHe got success by working hard.

pkiywlh djds og vkxs c<k+ A He progressed by flattering.

inspite of ;k despite ds ckn vkus

okyh fØ;k esa ing tksM+ nrs s gSaA

Note: N = Noun, P = Pronoun
gekjs leFkZu ds ckotwn Hkh og pquko ugha thr ldkA

In spite of our support, he could not win the election.
/kuh gksus ds ckotwn Hkh og dUtwl gSA In spite of being rich, he is miser.
-o’kkZ gksus ds ckotwn Hkh og dk;kZy; x;kA Despite rain, he went to Office.

mldh ukdkeh dk D;k dkj.k gS\ What is the reason for his failure?
mldh ukdkeh dk dkj.k xyr ;kstuk FkhA Wrong planning was the reason

for his failure.
mldh dke;kch ds ihNs mldh eka gSA His mother is behind his success.

eSa bl rjg dh tyok;q dk vknh g¡wA I am used to such climate.

og >wB cksyus dk vknh gSA He is used to telling a lie.

rqEgas tYn gh bl rjg ds ekSle esa <+yus dh vknr gks tk;sxhA You will soon get

used to this kind of weather.

csgrj gksxk fd vki ;gka ls pys tk;asA You had better go from here.
vkidk pqi jguk T+;knk csgrj gksxkA You had better keep quiet.
csgrj gksxk fd vki vius dke ls dke j[ksaA You had better mind your own
business.

D;k d`I;k vki FkksM+k f[kldus dk d’V djsaxs\
Would you mind shifting a bit, please?
D;k vki ;gk¡ /kweiz ku u djus dk d’V djasxs\
Would you mind not smoking here?

41

;fn ,d ckj 'kq# djks] rks rqe vaxzst+h cksy ldrs gksA
Once you start, you can speak English.
;fn ,d ckj mlls feyksxs] rks ckj&ckj feyus dh bPNk gksxhA
Once you meet him, you will feel like meeting him again and again.

ogk¡ tkus esa dksbZ uqdlku ugha gSA There is no harm in going there.
mlls ckr djus dk dksbZ rqd ughas gSA There is no point in talking to him.

,sls okD;ksa dh “kq:vkr
do ls djrs gaS rFkk do ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k dks lnoS izFke :Ik esa j[krs gaSA bl
lja puk dk iz;ksx fdlh ckr ij t+ksj (emphasis) nsus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

dy t+:j vkukA Do come tomorrow.
mls Qksu t+:j dj ysukA Do call him.
eq>s bZesy t+:j HkstukA Do send me an E-mail.
fcYdqy cSB tkb,A Do sit.

eaS mls tkurk rks g¡wA I do know him.
og eq>ls feyrk rks gSA He does meet me.
mlus ejs s lkFk cnrehth+ fd;k rks FkkA He did misbehave with me.

;g ogh txg gS tgk¡ eaS jgrk FkkA This is the place where I lived.
D;k ;g ogh O;fDr gS ftlus rEq gkjs f[kykQ lkft+”k fd;k Fkk\ Is this the person
who conspired against you?

eq>s “kgj igq¡pus eas nl feuV yxrk gSA
It takes me ten minutes to reach the city.
vkidks ;g dk;Z lekIr djus esa fdruk le; yxxs k\
How much time will you take to finish this work?

42

;g eSa gh gwa@rEgha Fks bR;kfnA

It + is /was $ ftl “kCn ij cy nus k gS $ relative pronoun
(who/that/which…) O.W.

;g eSa gh Fkk ftlus rqEgkjh lgk;rk dhA It was I who helped you.
;g ykyp gh gS tks gesa :Lok djrh gSA It is greed that insults us.

mlus i= QkM+dj [kksy fn;kA He tore the letter open.

mlus njoktk+ /kDdk ekjdj [kksy fn;kAHe pushed the door open.

fcYyh us IysV pkVdj lkQ dj fn;kA The cat licked the plate clean.

esjh le> eas ugha vkrk fd vc D;k d:¡A I don’t know what to do now.
vkvks vius v/;kid ls iwNrs gSa fd dEI;wVj dSls pyk,aA Let us ask our teacher

how to operate computer.

,slk fu.kZ; ysuk gekjh ew[kZrk FkhA It was foolish of us to take such a decision.
muls viuk jkt+ crkuk rqEgkjh xyrh FkhA It was wrong of you to tell them
your secret.

yksx dgrs gaS / ,slk dgk tkrk gS bR;kfnA

yksx dgrs gSa fd vkneh vuqHko ls lh[krk gSA
People say that one learns from experience.
yksx dgrs gSa fd HkykbZ dk t+ekuk pyk x;kA People say that the age of
goodness has gone.

bldks rks NksfM+,@bldh D;k ckr@rks njw dh ckr bR;kfn ds
vFkZ eas fd;k tkrk gSA

vkSj f[kykfM+;kas dks rks NksfM+,] ;gk¡ rd fd Let alone other players, even
fojkV Hkh vPNk ugha [ksy ldkA Virat could not play well.
[kkuk rks NksfM+,] mUgksaus geas ikuh rd ds fy, ugha iwNkA Let alone food, they did
not offer us even water.

,ls k yxrk gS fd vkt ckfj'k gksxhA It seems (that) it will rain today.
,slk yxrk gS fd og ugha vk;sxkA It seems (that) he will not come.