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Grammar is the study of rules that explain how words are used to
make sentences in a language, speech or writing. fdlh Hkk’kk dks Bhd
rjhds ls i<us] fy[kus rFkk cksyus ds <xa dks grammar dgrs gaSA
Language is the way by which people express
their feelings and thoughts to each other. vius fopkjkas rFkk Hkkoukvksa dks
,d nlw js rd igqapkus ds ek/;e dks Hkk’kk dgrs gSaA
The Noun ¼laKk½
fdlh izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku] xq.k] n'kk ;k dk;Z ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
Noun is the name of any person, place, thing, quality, state or
action.
Ram, Abdullah, Sita O;fDr;ksa ds uke
cat, cow, horse tkuojkas ds uke
crow, parrot, owl if{k;ksa ds uke
Table, book, chair, stool oLrqvkas ds uke
Kanpur, Azamgarh, America LFkkuksa ds uke
Ganga, Yamuna ufn;kas ds uke
Himalayas, Alps, Aravli igkMk+ sa ds uke
Quran, Gita, Spoken Express iqLrdksa ds uke
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday fnuksa ds uke
May, June, July eghukas ds uke
Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, GT road [kkfM+;ksa] lenq kz sa rFkk lM+dksa ds uke
gold, silver, copper, water, milk, air inkFkkaZs ds uke
honesty, bravery, goodness, truthfulness xq.kkas ds uke
childhood, manhood, youth voLFkkvkas ds uke
hunger, slavery, sickness n”kkvkas ds uke
Judgment, laughter, revenge, movement, theft dk;ksaZ ds uke
Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk½% fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku ds futh uke
dks O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA Proper noun is the name of some
particular person, place or thing.
For example: Mohan, Gita, India, Delhi, Nokia, etc.
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Note: Proper Noun ls igys lnSo capital letter dk Á;ksx gksrk gSA blls
igys izk;% fdlh article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS( tSls%& This is Rahul.
;gk¡ ij Rahul ,d proper noun gS] ysfdu Rahul dk iz;ksx ;fn common
noun dh rjg fd;k tk, rks article dk iz;ksx gksxk( tSls%& A Rahul has
come. dksbZ jkgqy uke dk O;fDr vk;k gSA proper noun ls igys ;fn
adjective dk iz;ksx gks] rks article dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%& The great
Rahul has come.
Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk½% tkfrokpd laKk og laKk gS ftlls
fdlh [kkl O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku dk cks/k u gksdj iwjh tkfr dk cks/k gkrs k gSA
Common noun is a name given to every person, place, animal or
thing of the same type.
For example: boy, girl, doctor, flower, book, etc.
Proper noun rFkk Common noun esa vUrj
Proper Noun Common noun
Mohan, Abdul, Rahul boy
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka country
Rose, Sunflower, Marigold flower
Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.kkas eas Mohan, Abdul rFkk Rahul vyx&vyx yM+dksa ds
uke gSa] vr( Mohan, Abdul rFkk Rahul O;fDrokpd laKk gSa] ysfdu boy bu
rhuksa dk ,d common uke gS( vr% boy ,d common noun gSA
Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk½% os oLrq,sa ftUgas ukik ;k rksyk tk ldrk
gS ijUrq fxuk ugha tk ldrk gS inkFkZokpd laKk dgykrh gSaA Material noun
denotes the matters or substances, which can be measured but not
counted.
For example: water, milk, tea, rice, gold, etc.
Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk½% Hkkookpd laKk ls geas fdlh xq.k] dk;Z ;k
voLFkk dk irk pyrk gS ftls ns[kk ugha tk ldrk g]S dos y vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk
gSA Abstract noun is the name of any quality, action or state that we
cannot see, but we can feel.
For example: honesty, life, feeling, love, death, hate, truth,
corruption, etc,
Quality ¼xq.k½: goodness, kindness, greatness, cleverness, beauty,
bravery, sweetness, wisdom, intelligence
Action ¼dk;Z½: revenge, laughter, judgment, movement, flight, theft
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State ¼n”kk½: childhood, boyhood, manhood, youth, sickness, death,
slavery, health, happiness
Note 1: arts rFkk science ds uke Hkh abstract noun gksrs gSaA tSls%
physics, chemistry, mathematics, history, music, grammar bR;kfnA
Note 2: abstract noun dks ns[kk] p[kk ;k law?kk ugha tk ldrk gSA bldk dksbZ
vkdkj, jax ;k ot+u ugha gksrk gSA
Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½% Collective Noun ls ,d gh rjg ds
O;fDr ;k oLrq ds lewg dk cks/k gkrs k gSA Collective noun denotes a
collection of persons or things regarded as a unit.
Team (team = a collection of players)
Class (class = a collection of students)
Family (family = a collection of members)
Collective Noun ds dqN vU; mnkgj.k:
crowd a collection of persons
nation a collection of people
committee a collection of members
Parliament a collection of MPs
fleet a collection of ships
library a collection of books
flock a collection of ships, birds or goats
vk/kqfud O;kdj.k ds vuqlkj noun dks rhu Hkkxkas eas ckaVk x;k gSA
1. Proper Noun
2. Countable Noun
3. Uncountable Noun
Proper noun ds ckjs eas ge igys gh i<+ pqds gaSA
Countable Noun (x.kuh; laKk): ,sls nouns ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gaS] mUgsa
countable nouns dgrs gSa( tlS s% man, boy, girl, cow, rat, apple, table,
pen, book, box, room, etc.
Uncountable Noun (vx.kuh; laKk): ,ls s nouns ftUgas fxuk ugha tk ldrk
gS] mUgsa uncountable nouns dgrs gSaA tlS rice, water, silver, beauty,
honesty, love, childhood, laughter, etc.
Note: common nouns rFkk collective nouns nksuksa gh countable nouns
ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA material nouns rFkk abstract nouns nksuksa
uncountable nouns ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
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Noun ds nks opu (number) gkrs s gSaA
1. Singular number ¼,dopu½% A singular noun denotes one person,
place or thing. singular number ls ,d O;fDr] ,d oLrq ;k ,d LFkku dk
cks/k gkrs k gSA tlS s% fan, tree, boy, girl, book, lion, cat, pen, place, etc.
2. Plural number ¼cgoq pu½% A plural noun denotes more than one
person, place, or thing. Plural number ls ,d ls vf/kd oLr]q O;fDr ;k
LFkku dk cks/k gksrk gSA tSls% fans, trees, boys, girls, books, lions, cats,
pens, etc.
Singular noun ls Plural noun cukus ds fu;e%
Rule no 1: vf/kdrj singular noun dks plural noun cukus ds fy,
singular noun eas s tksM+ nrs s gaSA tlS s%
girl/girls, apple/apples, boy/boys, table/tables
Rule no 2: ftu nouns ds vUr esa s, ss, ch, sh, ;k x vkrs gaS mUgsa plural
cukus ds fy, 'es, tksM+ nrs s gSaA tlS s% box/boxes, watch/watches,
brush/brushes
Rule no 3: ftu nouns ds vUr eas y gks rFkk y ls igys dksbZ consonant gks,
rks ,sls noun dks cgoq pu cukus ds fy, y dks gVkdj ies tksM+ nrs s gSaA tSls%
baby/babies, city/cities, country/countries, duty/duties, Fly/flies,
Rule no 4: ftu nouns ds vUr esa y vkrk gS vkSj y ls igys dksbZ vowel
jgrk gS, rks ,sls nouns dks cgqopu cukus ds fy, s tksM+ nrs s gSaA tSls%
toy/toys, holiday/holidays, monkey/monkeys, key/keys
Rule no 5: ftu nouns ds vUr eas f ;k fe vkrs gSa mUgsa plural cukus ds fy,
f rFkk fe dks ves eas cny nsrs gSaA tSls%
life lives
wife wives
knife knives
leaf leaves
thief thieves
calf calves
wolf wolves
shelf shelves
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dqN viokn (some exception)
roof roofs
cliffs
cliff chiefs
beliefs
chief handkerchiefs
belief gulfs
handkerchief ¼:eky) proofs
gulf ¼[kkM+h½ hoofs
proof dwarfs
hoof ¼tkuoj dh [kwj)
dwarf (ckSuk)
Note: Åij ds lHkh “kCnksa eas f dks ves eas u cnydj f eas dos y s tksM+ nrs s gSaA
Rule no 6: ftu nouns ds vUr eas o vkrk gS vkSj o ls igys dksbZ
consonant jgrk gS] rks ,ls s nouns dks plural cukrs le; es tksM+ nrs s gSaA tSls%
hero heroes
buffaloes
buffalo tomatoes
volcanoes
tomato mangoes
volcano (Tokykeq[kh) cargoes
negroes
mango mosquitoes
cargo (tgkt dk cks>)
negro (gclh)
mosquito (ePNj)
Rule no 7: tc noun ds vUr esa o vkrk gS rFkk o ls igys dksbZ vowel vkrk gS]
rCk ,sls nouns dks plural cukus ds fy, s tksM+ nsrs gSA tlS s%
bamboo bamboos
radio radios
cuckoo cuckoos
Rule no 8: dqN nouns dks plural cukus ds fy, muds vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
esa ifjorZu djuk iM+rk gSA tSls%
man men
woman women
mouse mice
tooth teeth
foot feet
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Rule no 9: dqN nouns dks plural cukus ds fy, en ;k ren tksM+ nrs s gSaA
tSls%
ox oxen
child children
Rule no 10: dqN nouns ds singular rFkk plural ,d leku gksrs gSaA tSls%
deer deer
fish fish
sheep sheep
dozen, score, swine, pice dozen, score, swine, pice
Note: lHkh eNfy;kas dks feykdj ,d lewg ;k Hkkstu ds :i eas ns[kus ij fish
dk Á;ksx gksxk ijUrq eNfy;ksa dks vyx&vyx :i esa ns[kus ij fishes dk ç;ksx
gksxkA I had fish in my dinner./ there are ten fishes in this basket.
Rule no 11: dqN nouns dsoy singular eas gh jgrs gaS] mudk plural ugha
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tSls% information, business, hair, scenery, money,
traffic, poverty, machinery, advice, hair, furniture, luggage,
knowledge, plague, cholera bR;kfnA
Note1: hairs dk Á;ksx ml le; djsaxs tc dkys vkSj lQsn nksukas ckykas dh ckr
dh tk;sA
Note2: dqN nouns dks plural cukus ds fy, bits, list, articles, pieces dk
ç;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s] pieces of information, articles of furniture, list of
wood
Rule no 12: dqN nouns cgoq pu esa iz;ksx gkrs s gSa] ijUrq ns[kus esa ,dopu tSls
yxrs gSaA tSls% cattle, police, public, people, gentry ¼Hknz yksx½, artillery,
clergy, government, vermin ¼nhed½ etc.
Rule no 13: dqN la;qDr laKkvksa (compound nouns) dk cgoq pu cukus ds
fy, ge nwljs okys noun eas s tksM+ nsrs gSaA tSls%
father- in-law father-in-laws
daughter-in-law daughter-in-laws
step-son step-sons
step-mother step-mothers
step-father step-fathers
passer-by (jkgxhj) passers-by
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Rule no 14: degrees dks cgqopu cukus ds fy, ge vUr eas ‘s’ tksM+ nrs s gSaA
tSls%
BA BAs
MA MAs
LLB LLBs
MCA MCAs
MBA MBAs
MLA MLAs
Note: Proper noun, material noun rFkk abstract noun dk cgoq pu ugha
curk gS D;ksafd bUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk gSA
Rule no 15: dqN nouns ns[kus esa plural tlS s yxrs gaS ysfdu os singular dh
rjg Á;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA tlS s%
innings fdlh pht dh ,d ikjh news lekpkj
politics jktuhfr mathematics xf.kr
physics HkkSfrd fo{kku economics vFkZ”kkL=
civics ukxfjd ”kkL=
Rule no 16: dqN nouns singular rFkk plural forms esa vyx&vyx vFkZ
ds gksrs gSaA tSls%
water ikuh waters leqnz@sea
air gok airs vfHkeku
wood ydM+h woods taxy
good vPNk Goods lkeku
advice lykg advices lwpuk
copper rkack coppers flDds
iron yksgk irons gFkdMh+ ] csM+h
respect lEeku respects ueLdkj
return okilh returns equkQk
force “kfDr forces QkSt
Rule no 17: dqN nouns ds ,d opu eas ,d vFkZ gksrs gSa ijUrq cgoq pu eas nks
vFkZ gksrs gSaA tlS s%
arm Hkqtk arms Hkqtk,a] “kL=
custom jhfr&fjokt customs jhfr&fjokt] lhek “qYd
Part fgLlk parts fgLls] Hkwfedk
effect ifj.kke effects ifj.kke] lEifRr
colour jax colours jax] >aMk
pain nnZ pains n%q [k] ifjJe
quarter pkSFkkbZ Hkkx quarters pkSFkkbZ Hkkx] fuokl LFkku
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Rule no 18: dqN nouns ds ,d opu eas rks dbZ vFkZ gksrs gaS ijUrq cgoq pu esa
dsoy ,d vFkZ gksrk gSA tSls%
horse ?kksM+k] ?kqMl+ okj QkSt horses ?kksM+s
light çdk”k] ped lights feVVh ds nhid
foot iSj] iSny QkSt feet ,d ls vf/kd iSj
issue enq ~nk lUrku issues enq ~ns
practice vknr] O;olk; practices vknras
Rule no 19: dqN nouns ,dopu esa nks :i j[krs gaS vkSj nksusa ds vFkZ vyx&
vyx gkrs s gSaA tSls%
cloth diM+k (1) cloths diMk+ sa ds fHkUu Vdq Ms+ ;k tkfr;ka
genius çfrHkk”kkyh (2) clothes ikS”kkdsa
(1) geniuses çfrHkk”kkyh yksx
(2) genie Hkwr] fi”kkp
Rule no 20: thousand, hundred, dozen, score ¼dkSM+h½ ls igys ;fn dksbZ
number gks rks] ‘s’ dk Á;ksx ugha djrs gSa ijUrq number u gksus ij plural cukus
ds fy, ‘s’ dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
1. I want two dozen mangoes.
2. I bought dozens of mangoes.
3. He gave me three thousand rupees.
4. Thousands of rupees were given in charity.
Rule no 21: abstract rFkk material noun ds cgqopu ugha gksrs gSaA] cgqopu esa
ç;ksx gksus ij ;s common noun dh rjg dk;Z djrs gaSA tSls%
Abstract noun Common noun
Kindness n;k kindnesses n;k ds dk;Z
Youth ;kSou youths ;wod
Copper rkack coppers rkacs ds flDds
Exercise 1: Give the singular forms of the following nouns:
classes, cities, chairmen, actors, girls, fans, calves, nations,
countries, oxen, gentlemen, glasses, flies, cries, knives,
families, speeches, bogies, salaries, misdeeds
Exercise 2: Give the plural forms of the following nouns:
city, catch, fly, mango, toy, play, negro, hoof, proof, thief,
wife, baby, army, lad, ox, tooth, datum, man, chief, leaf,
mouse, bamboo, step-brother, BA, MP, MLA,
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Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with correct forms of nouns given
in the brackets:
1. He is known for his… (great)
2. Atom bomb may cause much… (destruct)
3. You should take…immediately. (decide)
4. Is there any…in the office? (vacant)
5. There is no…in the compartment, it is already full. (room,
space)
6. We have received the latest…(information, informations)
7. She had a large…of money. (amount, number)
8. I study. (civics, civic)
9. Many…were grazing in the field. (sheep, sheeps)
10. He still has good amount of …on his head. (hair, hairs)
11. The…are returning from the meadow. (cattle, cattles)
Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with correct forms of nouns given
in the brackets:
1. He rejected my…(propose)
2. Birbal was famous for his…(wise)
3. The…of Kashmir is amazing. (sceneries, scenery
4. Your …ends where my nose begin. (free)
5. They provided us with…and shelter. (food, foods)
6. I love…(honest)
7. We are going to shift the….to our new shop next week.
(furniture, furnitures)
8. Don’t pretend…(innocent)
9. Everybody is running after…(happy)
10. If you don’t improve yourself, I will give you…(punish)
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¼fyax½
vaxzst+h Hkk’kk esa gender pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa] tks fuEu gSa(
1. Masculine Gender (iqfyax) % ftu nouns dk iz;ksx ge uj tkfr ds
fy, djrs gSa mUgsa iqfyax dgrs gSaA tSls% boy, man, king, prince, lion, etc.
2. Feminine Gender (L=hfyax) % ftu nouns dk iz;ksx ge eknk ;k L=h
tkfr ds fy, djrs gSa mUgsa L=hfyax dgrs gSaA tSls%
girl, woman, mother, princess, (jktdqekjh), cow, lioness, (“kjs uh),
queen (jkuh), etc.
3. Common Gender (mHk;fyax) % uj rFkk eknk nksukas tkfr ds fy, iz;ksx
gksus okys nouns dks common gender dgrs gSaA tSls% child, friend,
student, teacher, thief, singer, writer, player, etc.
4. Neuter Gender (uiqla dfyax) % ftu nouns dk iz;ksx futhZo oLrqvkas ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS mUgas neuter gender dgrs gSaA tSls%
table, chair, tree, mobile, book, pen, etc.
Masculine gender ls Feminine gender cukus ds fu;e
Rule no 1: ”kCn ifjorZu djds (by change of word)A tSls(
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
boy girl husband wife
mother
brother sister father queen
woman
uncle aunt king lady
madam
bull cow man daughter
nephew ¼Hkrhtk½ niece ¼Hkrhth½ lord
cock hen sir
horse mare son
bachelor (daqokjk) virgin (daoq kjh)
Rule no 2: “kq: ;k vUr ds 'kCn dks cnydjA tlS s%
grand-father grand-mother
grand-uncle grand-aunt
land-lord land-lady
pea-cock pea-hen
washer-man washer-woman
milk-man milk-woman
step-son step-daughter
man-servant maid-servant
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Rule no 3: “kCn ds vUr esa 'ess, tksM+djA tSls(
lion lioness
prince princess
poet poetess
god goddess
est+cku) hostess
Rule no 4: dHkh&dHkh vfUre vowel dks gVkdj ‘ess, tksM+ nrs s gaSA tlS s(
actor actress
hunter ¼f”kdkjh½ huntress
instructor ¼funZs”kd½ instructress
tigress
tiger directress
director
Rule no 5: dHkh&dHkh vfuf'pr :i ls ess ;k s tksM+djA tSls(
master ¼Lokeh½ mistress
emperor ¼lkekz V½
empress
governor governess
Mr. ¼Jheku~½ Mrs. ¼Jherh½
Note: modern English eas poet, author rFkk governor dk iz;ksx nksuksa
gender esa gksrk gSA
Rule no 6: dqN ds feminine genders fdlh fu;e dk ikyu ugha djrs gaSA
tlS s%
hero heroine
widower ¼fo/kjq ½ widow ¼fo/kok½
bridegroom ¼nwYgk½ bride ¼nqYgu½
Note: material rFkk abstract nouns, neuter gender ds vurxrZ vkrs gaSA
Collective nouns Hkh neuter gender ds vUrxZr vkrs gaSA tlS s% army,
team, class, library, etc.
● NksVs&NksVs tho tUrq] cPps rFkk NksVs i”kq Hkh neuter gender ds vUrxrZ vkrs
gSaA tSls% baby, child, bird, ant, lizard, etc.
● beauty, gentleness, tenderness, hope, virtue, justice, modesty,
liberty, fame, humility, peace, country, moon bR;kfn feminine
gender ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
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Exercise 1: Tick the correct options:
1. feminine gender of horse
(a) mare (b) cow (c) bear
2. masculine gender of princess
(a) king (b) emperor (c) prince
3. common gender of Rekha
(b) girl (b) boy (c) table
Exercise 2: Tick the correct options:
1. gender of rose
(a) feminine (b) masculine (c) common (d) neuter gender
2. gender of chair
(a) feminine (b) masculine (c) common (d) neuter gender
3. gender of poetess
(a) feminine (b) masculine (c) common (d) neuter gender
4. gender of emperor
(a) feminine (b) masculine (c) common (d) neuter gender
Exercise 3 : Find out the names of the following genders:
lioness….…..…..
cock……………..
student…………..
virgin …..………..
mare …...………..
widower …..……
actor…..………..
tigress …..………
step-son …..…….
poetess ...………..
Exercise 4 : Give the feminine genders of the following words:
brother, horse, king, grandson, nephew, sir, master, peacock
hunter, poet, prince
Exercise 5 : Give the masculine genders of the following words:
woman, heroine, tigress, lioness, poetess, washer-woman
pea-hen, empress
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¼loZuke½
Pronoun (pro+noun) dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^^laKk ds fy,** vFkkZ r pronoun og
“kCn gS tks fdlh noun ds cnys eas iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh noun ds cnys esa
iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys “kCn dks pronoun dgrs gSaA
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
1. Mohan is intelligent, He is my friend.
Åij fn;s x;s okD; eas he loZuke (pronoun) gaS D;kasfd he dk iz;ksx Mohan
(noun) ds fy, gqvk gSA
Kinds of Pronoun:
Personal pronoun (iq:’kokpd loZuke): ftu Pronouns dk iz;ksx fdlh
O;fDr ds cnys eas fd;k tkrk gS mUgas Personal pronouns dgrs gaSA tlS s%
I, we, you, they. he, she, it, etc.
Note: It Hkh personal pronoun ds vUrxrZ vkrk gSA It dk iz;ksx f”k”kqvksa ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% The baby is hungry, it is crying for milk.
Personal pronoun ds rhu Persons gksrs gSa:
1. First person (izFke iq:’k): bldk iz;ksx ckr djus okys ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls( I, we rFkk buls cus gq, “kCn%& me, my, mine, us, our, ours
2. Second person (e/;e iq:’k): bldk iz;ksx ftlls ckr dh tkrh gS mlds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS vFkkrZ ~ tks ckr lqurk gS] tSls( you rFkk blls cus gq, “kCn%&
your, yours
3. Third person (vU; iq:’k): bldk iz;ksx ftlds ckjs esa ckr dh tkrh gS
mlds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tSls( he, she, it, they rFkk buls cus gq, “kCn%& his,
him, her, hers, its, them, their, theirs
Personal Pronoun ds rhu case (dkjd ) gksrs gSa
1. Subjective case or Nominative case (drkZ dkjd)
2. Objective case (deZ dkjd)
3. Possessive case (lEca/k dkjd)
tc fdlh personal pronoun dks subject ds LFkku ij iz;ksx djrs gSa] rks bls
subjective case dgrs gSaA tSls( I know him eas I dk iz;ksx subjective case
esa gqvk gSA tc personal pronoun dks object ds LFkku ij iz;ksx djrs gSa rks
bls objective case dgrs gSaA tlS s( He knows me eas me dk iz;ksx
objective case esa gqvk gSA ftl personal pronoun ls vf/kdkj
(possession) dk irk pyrk gS] mls possessive case dgrs gSaA tSls( This
book is mine esa mine dk iz;ksx possessive case esa gqvk gSA personal
pronoun dh lgh tkudkjh ds fy, uhps nh x;h rkfydk dks /;kuiow Zd i<as+A
256
¼loZuke½ ¼drkZ dkjd½ ¼deZ dkjd½ ¼lEcU/k dkjd½
Pronoun Subjective case objective case possessive case
I I me my, mine
we
you we us our, ours
they
he you you your, yours
she
they them their, theirs
he him his
she her her, hers
Note: possessive pronoun ls igys verb dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA
1. This book is mine.
These books are yours/hers/theirs.
dk ç;ksx
Possessive case dk Á;ksx lEcU/k ;k vf/kdkj dks izdV djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
uhps fn;s x;s fu;ekas dks /;kuiow Zd i<s+%
Rule no 1: thfor ikz .kh (living object) dk lEcU/k fdlh vU; thfor ikz .kh
;k futhZo oLrq (non-living object) ls izdV djus ds fy, ,ikWLVªkQh (’s) dk
iz;ksx djrs gSa ( tSls%
Rahul’s father jkgqy ds firk ;k Father of Rahul
Abdul’s house vCnqy dk ?kj ;k The house of Abdul
a girl’s book ,d yM+dh dh fdrkc a boy’s mobile ,d yM+ds dk eksckby
Rule no 2: le; (time)] nwjh (distance) rFkk Hkkj (weight) vkfn dks O;Dr
djus okys “kCnkas ds lkFk Hkh (’s) dk iz;ksx djrs gSa( tSls%
10 days’ leave 5 years’ experience
a month’s time a mile’s journey
India’s freedom fighters
Rule no 3: ;fn noun cgqopu esa gks vFkkZr igys ls gh s yxk gks] rks dos y
apostrophe fpUg (,) dk iz;ksx djrs gSa( tlS s%
girls’ school yM+fd;ksa dk Ldwy boys’ college yM+dkas dk dkyst
Rule no 4: zdqN noun cgqopu esa gkrs s gSa] ijUrq muesa s ugha yxk gksrk gS] ,ls s
noun ds fy, Hkh ,ikWLVªkQh (’s) dk iz;ksx djrs gSa( tSls%
cPpkas dk Ldwy& children’s school efgykvkas dk Dyc& women’s club
Rule no 5: compound noun aesa vfUre “kCn ls igys (’s) yxkdjA tSls%
father-in-law’s house, brother- in-law’s property
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Rule no 6: futhZo oLrvq ksa dks ltho ekuus ij muds lkFk (’s) dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS( tSls%
nature’s law Á—fr dk fu;e at death’s door ekSr ds njokts+ ij
fortune’s favourite HkkX; dk cfy at duty’s call drZO; dh iqdkj ij
at death’s door at wit’s end, to heart’s content,
Rule no 7: ;fn fdlh noun ds vUr eas ‘ce, ;k ‘s’ gks rFkk vUr esa sake
vk;s rks ogka apostrophe dk iz;ksx u djds dos y ,ikWLVkª Qh (’s) yxkrs gSaA tSls%
for conscience’ sake vUr%dj.k ds okLrs& for justice’ sake U;k; ds
fy,& for goodness’ sake HkykbZ ds fy,A
Rule no 8: fdlh futhZo oLrq dk lacU/k fdlh vU; futhZo oLrq ls izdV djus
ds fy, dsoy of dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,ikWLVªkQh (’s) dk ughaA tlS s%
ball of fire (not fire’s ball) the air of the fan (not fan’s air)
the chair’s leg is broken. (incorrect)
the leg of the chair is broken. (correct)
Rule no 9: ijUrq of dk iz;ksx futhZo rFkk ltho nksukas oLrqvkas ls lEcU/k izdV
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS( tSls%
name of father = father’s name
colour of flower(correct) = flower’s colour (incorrect)
Rule no 10: contraction esa yqIr v{kj ;k la[;k dh txg ij apostrophe
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS( tSls%
cannot = can’t do not = don’t I am = I’m madam = ma’am
1998 = ’98
Rule no 11: double apostrophe dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Mohan’s brother’s friend passed in the examination. (incorrect)
Friend of Mohan’s brother passed in the examination. (correct)
Rule no 12: tc nks Nouns dk ,d gh oLrq ij vf/kdkj gks rks dsoy igys
okys noun ds lkFk apostrophe dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS( tSls%
Abdul and Mohan’s bike is nice. bl okD; dk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd Abdul
rFkk eksgu dh ,d gh bike gS tks lqUnj gSA
Rule no 13: tc nks nouns dk nks oLrvq ksa ij vf?kdkj gks rks nksuas noun ds
lkFk apostrophe dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS( tSls%
Abdul’s and Mohan’s bikes are nice. bl okD; dk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd
Abdul rFkk eksgu dh vyx&vyx bike gaS vkSj nksukas lqUnj gSaA
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Rule no 14: possessive pronoun ds lkFk apostrophe dk iz;ksx ugha
fd;k tkrk gS( tSls% mine, hers, yours, ours, its, etc.
That house is your’s. (incorrect)
That house is yours. (correct)
Rule no 15: somebody else, anybody else, nobody else esa
apostrophe dk iz;ksx else ds ckn fd;k tkrk gS( tSls%
This bag is not mine, it is somebody’s else. (incorrect)
This bag is not mine, it is somebody else’s. (correct)
tc ,d gh okD; eas nks nouns dk iz;ksx ,d gh O;fDr ds fy, gksrk gS] rks nwljk
okyk noun igys dk case in opposition dgykrk gSA tlS s%
1. Dhoni, the captain of India team, is a good wicket keeper.
2. Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, was an
intelligent lady.
Note: ;gk¡ ij Dhoni rFkk the captain of India vFkkrZ Dhoni ,d gh
O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gq, gSa] vr% the captain of India, Dhoni dk case in
opposition gSA nwljs okD; esa the daughter of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
rFkk Indira Gandhi ,d gh O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gq, gaS] vr% daughter of
Pandit Jawahar lal Nehru, Indira Gandhi dk case in opposition gSA
Noun ds Case ¼laKk ds dkjd½
case }kjk ;g irk pyrk gS fd fdlh noun dk iz;ksx fdl rjg fd;k x;k gSA
case pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1. Nominative Case ¼drkZ dkjd½% tc fdlh noun dk iz;ksx drkZ ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gS] rks bls nominative case dgrs gSaA tSls%
1. Abdul plays cricket.
4. She made tea.
igys okD; eas Abdul okD; dh fØ;k plays dk drkZ gS vFkkZr Abdul dk iz;ksx
nominative case eas gqvk gSA
2. Objective Case ¼deZ dkjd½% tc fdlh noun dk iz;ksx fØ;k ds deZ ds
:i eas fd;k tkrk gS] rks bls objective case dgrs gSaA
tSls% 1. Abdul plays cricket.
2. Mohan helped me.
3. He gave me money.
4. We made him captain.
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igys okD; eas cricket nwljs okD; esa me fØ;k ds object ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;s
x;s gSa( vr: cricket rFkk me dk iz;ksx objective case eas gqvk gSA
Note: rhljs okD; eas nks objects gSaA igyk object ¼me½ rFkk nlw jk object
(money½ gSA igys object ¼me½ dks indirect object rFkk nlw js object
(money) dks direct object dgrs gSaA indirect object fØ;k ds rjq Ur ckn
vkrk gS rFkk izk;% ltho gksrk gSA direct object, indirect object ds ckn vkrk
gSA
direct object fØ;k esa ^D;k* yxkus ls ikz Ir gksrk gS tcfd indirect object
fØ;k eas ^fdls* ;k ^fdldks* yxkus ls izkIr gksrk gSA
tSls: iz”u& eksgu us D;k fn;k\
mRrj& money, vr% money ,d direct object gSA
iz”u& eksgu us iSlk fdldks@fdls fn;k\
mRrj& me, vr% me ,d indirect object gSA
Note: ;fn okD; eas direct object igys vkrk gS] rks indirect object ls igys
to ;k for dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s%
1. My mother told me a story. Or My mother told a story to me.
2. She sent me a gift. Or She sent a gift for me.
3. possessive case: blds ckjs eas ge Åij i<+ pqds gSaA
4. Vocative Case (nominative of address): ftu laKkvksa dk iz;ksx
fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr dks lEcksf/kr ¼address½ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS os
vocative case esa dgykrh gSaA tlS s%
3. Boys, keep quit. cPpksa] pqi jgksA
4. Rekha, listen to me. j[s kk] ejs h ckr /;ku ls lquksA
5. Come here, Mohan. or Mohan, come here. eksgu] ;gka vkvksA
Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa eas boys, Mohan rFkk Rekha dks lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k
gSA vr: boys, Mohan rFkk Rekha, vocative case esa iz;ksx gq, gSaA
¼ladrs okpd loZuke½% Demonstrative
pronouns fdlh laKk dh rjQ b”kkjk djrs gSaA tSls%
This/that/these/those/such/one, etc.
This is a pen.
These are my brothers.
Such is the situation.
Such a person never succeeds in his life.
My bag is the black one.
(Á”uokpd loZuke): ftu pronouns dk iz;ksx
iz”u iwNus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS mUgas interrogative pronouns dgrs gSaA tlS s(
what/which/who/whom/whose
who/whom/whose&O;fDr ds fy,]
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Who are you? Whom did you call? Whose is this book?
which oLrq rFkk fodYi ds fy,]
Which is your pen?
Which is your sister, Sita or Rekha?rqEgkjh cgu dkSu gS lhrk ;k js[kkA
which dk iz;ksx oLrqvksa rFkk O;fDr;kas nksuksa ds fy, pquko ds vFkZ ¼tc nks ;k nks
ls vf/kd O;fDr;kas ;k oLrvq kas ds fodYi eas ls ,d pquuk gks½ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
what oLrq rFkk O;olk; ds fy,A
What do you like? What do you want?
What is your father? rqEgkjs firk th D;k djrs gSa\
;fn what rFkk which ds rqjUr ckn noun vk;s rks what rFkk
which interrogative adjective gksaxAs
What is your favourite colour? (interrogative pronoun)
What colour do you like? (interrogative adjective)
Which of these books do you like? (interrogative pronoun)
Which book do your like? (interrogative adjective)
(vfu”p;okpd loZuke): ,ls s pronouns ftuls dksbZ
fuf”pr oLrq O;fDr ;k LFkku ugha izdV gksrk gS] mUgsa indefinite pronouns
dgrs gSaA tlS s( one, none, all, few, many, any, some, someone,
somebody, anybody, anything, nothing, nobofy, etc.
All are equal in the eyes of the law.
One must do one’s duty.
Some are born great.
someone stole my pen.
rFkk none dk ç;ksx nks ;k nks ls vf/kd oLrvq ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
None of his friends was present there.
Anyone of them can sing a song.
Anybody, everybody, everyone, anyone rFkk each “kCnkas ds lkFk çlax
ds vuqlkj he, his, she rFkk her dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Each should play his part well.
Anyone can get good marks if he works hard.
Anyone of these girls can sing well if she tries.
Each of these men has his own business.
;fn indefinite pronoun ds ckn noun vk;s rks ;g indefinite
pronoun adjective dgykrk gSA
Many have gone. (pronoun)
Many students have gone. (adjective)
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Some are born great. (pronoun)
Some great people were born in India (adjective)
Some dk ç;ksx affirmative tcfd any dk ç;ksx negative rFkk
interrogative esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Some guests are coming.
I don’t have any problem.
Have you any extra pen?
Relative pronoun (lEcU/klwpd loZuke) : ftu pronouns dk iz;ksx nks
okD;ksa dks tksM+us rFkk vius ls igys vk;s noun ls lEcU/k izdV djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa relative pronouns dgrs gSa tks fuEu gaS%&who /which
/that /those /what /whose /whom
a. (I) This is the pen. (II) I bought yesterday.
This is the pen which /that I bought yesterday.
b. (I) You are the person. (II) I wanted to meet.
You are the person whom I wanted to meet.
c. (I) Where is the boy? (II) His mobile was lost.
Where is the boy whose mobile was lost?
d. (I) Here is the girl. (II) The girl was making a noise in the class.
Here is the girl who was making a noise in the class.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa which, that, whom, whose rFkk who dk iz;ksx
relative pronouns dh rjg fd;k x;k gS D;kasfd ;s nks okD;kas dks tksM+us dk
dk;Z dj jgs gaS rFkk vius ls igys vk;s gq, nouns ls lEcU/k izdV dj jgs gSaA
igys okD; esa which dk lEcU/k pen ls gSA vr% which ,d relative
pronoun gS D;ksafd ;g nks okD;kas This is the pen rFkk I bought yesterday
dks tksM+rk gSA
Note: relative pronoun ftl noun ls lEcU/k izdV djrk gS ml noun dks
antecedent (iwoZxkeh) dgrs gaSA Åij ds okD;ksa esa pen, person, boy rFkk girl
Øe”k% relative pronoun (which, whom, whose rFkk who) ds
antecedents gaS D;ksafd which, whom, whose rFkk who dk lEcU/k bUgha ls
izdV gks jgk gSA
¼foHkkxlwpd loZuke½% Distributive pronouns
dk iz;ksx okD; esa vk;s O;fDr;kas ;k oLrqvkas esa ls izR;sd ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s(
1. Neither of the two books is hers. nksuksa iqLrdksa eas ls dksbZ Hkh mldh ugha gSA
2. Either of you is mistaken. rqe nksuksa eas ls dksbZ ,d xYrh ij gSA
3. None of them can do it. bls muesa ls dksbZ Hkh ugha dj ldrk gSA
4. Each of the students was present there. ÁR;sd Nk= ogka ekStwn FkkA
5. Any of these six girls can sing.bu N% yMfd;ksa eas ls dksbZ Hkh xk ldrh gSA
6. Everyone of the six boys got a prize. N% yMdkas eas ls ÁR;sd dks
iq:Ldkj feykA
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Note: neither dk vFkZ nks esa ls dksbZ ugha gksrk gS rFkk either dk vFkZ nks esa ls
,d gkrs k gS ¼vFkZkr igyk ;k nwljk½] either dk udkjkRed (negative) neither
gkrs k gSA each, either rFkk neither ds ckn ,dopu fØ;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA each, any, none, no one dk Á;ksx nks ;k nks ls vf/kd oLrvq ksa ds fy,
gksrk gS tcfd everyone dk Á;ksx dsoy nks ls vf/kd ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Note: ;fn bu “kCnkas ds rqjUr ckn noun vk;s rks ;s distributive adjective
dgykrs gSA
Either of the boys was absent. (distributive pronoun)
Either boy was absent. (distributive adjective)
Each of the girls got distinction in English. (distributive pronoun)
Each girl got a distinction in English. (distributive adjective)
¼ijLijokpd loZuke½% ,ls s pronouns tks nks
pronouns ls feydj cus gksrs gSa rFkk ijLij lEcU/k (mutual relation) dks
O;Dr djrs gSa] reciprocal pronouns dgykrs gSaA tSls%
1.The two sisters love each other.
2.These brothers help one another.
Note: nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa ds fy, each other rFkk nks ls vf/kd ds fy, one
another dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼futokpd loZuke½: ;s pronouns ;g crkrs gaS fd
dk;Z dk izHkko drkZ ij iM+rk gS u fd fdlh vU; O;fDr ij vFkkZ r drkZ ds }kjk
fd;k x;k dk;Z drkZ ij gh iyV dj vkrk gSA tSls(
1. She hurt herself. mlus [kqn dks pksV ig¡qpk;kA
2. They cheated themselves. mUgkasus Lo;a dks /kks[kk fn;kA
3. He killed himself. mlus Lo;a dh gR;k dj fn;kA
Note: reflexive pronoun dks singular pronoun eas self rFkk plural
pronoun eas selves tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA tlS s%& (her + self = herself,
them + selves = themselves)A reflexive pronouns izk;% fØ;k ds ckn
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA
¼n`<+rklwpd loZuke½: ftu pronouns dk iz;ksx
subject ij t+ksj (emphasis) Mkyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS mUgsa emphatic
pronouns dgrs gSaA tSls%
1. I myself went there. eaS [kqn@Lo;a ogka x;kA
2. They themselves admitted their mistakes.
Note: Reflexive pronoun fdlh okD; dk subject ugha gks ldrk gS blls
igys dksbZ noun ;k pronoun dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. Myself went there. (incorrect)
2. I myself went there. (correct)
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rFkk esa vUrj
bu nksuksa esa ;g vUrj gS fd reflexive pronoun esa self dk vFkZ ^vius vki]
rFkk emphatic pronoun esa self dk vFkZ^Lo;a@[kqn^ gkrs k gSA tSls(
1. She did it herself. (reflexive pronoun) mlus bls vius vki fd;kA
2. She herself did it. (emphatic pronoun)mlus bls Lo;a ¼vdsys gh½
fd;kA
Rules of The pronoun
1. Every student must do his homework.
2. All the citizens should do their duties.
rFkk
1. Each boy and every teacher was busy in his work
2. Each book and each pen was in its place.
1. Rahul or Amit was playing cricket.
2. Either Ahmad or Mohan has sold his bike.
1. Either Mohan Or his brothers have come.
1. You, he and I are classmates.
1. Rahul and I should read our lesson.
2. You and Ahmad should do your homework.
3. You, he and I must do our duties.
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1. It is me who can do this work. (incorrect)
2. It is I who can do this work. (correct)
1. It is I who is guilty. (incorrect)
2. It is I who am guilty. (correct)
He is one of the soldiers who has fought for his rights. (Incorrect)
He is one of the soldiers who have fought for their rights. (Correct)
1. The girl who is standing at the gate is my classmate.
2. He who takes an apple a day keeps the doctor away.
1. This is the boy whom I love.
2. I know the woman whose purse was lost.
3. The sun, whose rays give life to the earth, is a great source
of energy.
1. The book which I bought is very informative.
2. The cloud that thunders does not rain.
3. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.
All that glitters is not gold.
2. There is nothing that attracts me.
3. You may take any book that you like.
4. Who am I that should help you?
5. Man is the only animal that can use its intelligence,
6. The boy and his dog that had entered my house were locked.
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This is the same book which I bought yesterday. Incorrect
This is the same book as I bought yesterday. Correct
Such students who are careless fail in the examination. Incorrect
Such students as are careless fail in the examination. Correct
1. One should do his duty. (Incorrect)
2. One should do one’s duty. (Correct)
Exercise 1 : Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns given in
the brackets:
1. This book is… (mine, my, I)
2. We shall learn….lesson. (our, her, their)
3. …is 5 o’clock by my watch. (its, it, this)
4. …is my friend. (this, these, those)
5. One should believe in …ability. (one, his, one’s)
6. …are my books. (this, that, these)
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with what, who or which
pronouns:
1. They need a person….can look after their house.
2. That is the parcel….. arrived this morning.
3. The pen…. you gave me is lost.
4. The person…came here is my relative.
5. These are two bags…is yours.
6. The book…you gave me is very informative.
Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns:
1. Mohan is a good boy… is intelligent also.
2. Sita is a healthy girl…is stronger than…sister.
3. I have done…homework.
4. All the students are ordered to go back in the class and
take…respective seats.
Exercise 4: Correct the following sentences:
1. Neither of these three employees attended the meeting.
2. Either of his hands are injured.
3. None of the two girls participated in the function.
4. None of my eyes are sore.
5. All of my hands are full.
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¼fo”ks’k.k½
Adjective og “kCn ;k “kCn lewg gS tks fdlh noun ;k pronoun ds xq.k ;k
nks’k dh O;k[;k djrk gS ;k vfrfjDr tkudkjh (information) nrs k gSA An
adjective is a word or group of words which adds something to the
meaning of a noun or pronoun or gives additional information
about a noun or pronoun.
1. Rekha is a good girl. (girl of what kind? dSlh yM+dh\½
2. The lazy dog is sitting under the table. (dog of what kind?
dSlk dqRrk\½
3. We like that book. (which book? dkSu lh fdrkc\½
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas good, lazy rFkk that fo”ks’k.k gaS] D;ksafd ;s okD; esa vk,
noun ;k pronoun dh O;k[;k dj jgs gaSA
okD; u0a 1 ea]s good “kCn ;g crkrk gS fd Rekha dSlh yM+dh gS vFkkrZ good
“kCn Rekha dh O;k[;k dj jgk gSA
okD; ua0 2 esa] lazy “kCn ;g crkrk gS fd dog vkylh gS vFkkrZ lazy “kCn
dog dh O;k[;k dj jgk gSA
okD; u0a 3 ea]s that “kCn ;g crkrk gS fd ge dkSu lh book ds ckjs eas ckr dj
jgs gaS vFkkZr that “kCn book dh O;k[;k dj jgk gSA
Kinds of Adjectives ¼fo”ks’k.k ds Ádkj½:
Adjectives of Quality or Descriptive Adjectives (xq.kokpd fo”ks’k.k½
;s os adjectives gSa tks fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku ds xq.k ;k nks’k dks izdV
djrs gSaA tSls( Honest, funny, beautiful, large, big, small, tired, etc.
1. Akbar was a great king.
2. Rekha has a black cat.
Note: adjective of quality dk iz;ksx okD; eas nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS%&
(a). Attributively: bl n”kk eas adjective dk iz;ksx noun ls igys fd;k tkrk gSA
(b). Predicatively: bl n”kk eas adjective dk iz;ksx verb ds ckn fd;k tkrk gSA
Attributively Predicatively
I have a black car. My car is black.
Sita is an intelligent girl. Sita is intelligent.
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¼ifjek.kokpd fo”ks’k.k½: bu adjectives ls
fdlh oLrq dh ek=k ;k ifjek.k dk irk pyrk gSA tSls( no, much, enough,
whole, any, all, many, etc.
1. We ate some food.
2. He has not any sister.
¼la[;kokpd fo”ks’k.k½% bu adjectives ls fdlh
oLrq ;k O;fDr dh la[;k dk irk pyrk gSA tSls( one, first, third, few,
several, many, some, most
la[;kokpd fo”ks’k.k rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1. Ordinal: one, two, three, four
2. Cardinal: first, second, third, fourth
3. Multiplicative: double, triple
Note: ;fn adjective of number ls fuf”pr la[;k dk irk pys rks] bls
definite adjective dgrs gaS vkSj ;fn vfuf”pr la[;k dk irk pys rks] bls
indefinite adjective dgrs gSaA
Definite Adjectives Indefinite Adjectives
I gave him five toffees. I gave him some toffees.
First page of the book was torn. All/few pages of the book were torn.
,d gh fo”ks’k.k iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij ifjek.kokpd ;k la[;kokpd gks ldrk gS;
tSls:
Adjectives of Quantity Adjectives of Number
I ate some food. Some students are laborious.
I have lost all money. All men must die.
She has no intelligence. There are no mangoes on the tree.
They did not eat any food. Is there any book in your bag?
We have enough rice. There are not enough papers.
¼ladsrokpd fo”ks’k.k½% ;s adjectives
fdlh O;fDr oLrq ;k LFkku dh rjQ b”kkjk djrs gaSA ;s ftl laKk dh rjQ b”kkjk
djrs gSa mlh ls Bhd igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls% this book, that person,
these chairs, those buildings, etc.
1. This house is big.
2. I cannot forget that incident.
Note: ;fn this/that/these/those ds ckn noun vk;s rks] ;s demonstrative
adjectives dgykrs gSa] vkSj ;fn buds ckn verb vk;s] rks ;g demonstrative
pronouns dgykrs gSaA
This house is big. Demonstrative adjective
This is a big house. Demonstrative pronoun
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¼O;fDrokpd fo”ks’k.k½% os adjectives tks proper
nouns (tSls%&India, Russia, Japan, etc.) ls curs gaS mUgsa proper adjectives
dgrs gSaA tSls% China→Chinese, India→Indian, Pakistan→ Pakistani,
America→American, Russia→Russian
¼foHkkxlwpd fo”ks’k.k½% bu adjectives ls
fdlh tkfr ;k oxZ ds izR;sd O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/k gksrk gSA tSls(
Each, every, either, neither (singular) buds lkFk singular subject rFkk
singular verb dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Some, both, all, many (plural) buds lkFk plural subject rFkk plural
verb dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Each girl, every student, either pen, neither room
Note: ;fn each, either rFkk neither ds rjq Ur ckn dksbZ noun vkrk gS] rks
each, either rFkk neither distributive adjectives gkars s gaS vkSj ;fn buds
rjq Ur ckn of vkrk gS] rks ;s distributive pronouns gksrs gSaA tlS s(
1. Each student was present. (distributive adjective)
2. Each of the students was present (distributive pronoun)
3. Neither book is informative. (distributive adjective)
4. Neither of the books is informative. (distributive pronoun)
5. Some pages of the book were missing. (distributive adjective)
6. Some of the pages of the book were missing. (distributive pronoun)
7. All the invitees were present. (distributive adjective)
8. All of the invitees were present. (distributive pronoun)
9. Both brothers are playing. (distributive adjective)
10. Both of the brothers are playing. (distributive pronoun)
¼laca/klwpd fo”ks’k.k½: ;s adjectives okD; esa
relative clause dk ifjp; djkrs gSaA ;s ,d dependent claue dh rjg dk;Z
djrs gSaA ;s eq[;r% pkj gaS% what, whatever, which, whichever
1. I don’t know what language he speaks.
2. Take whichever pen you like.
3. I will tell you which book to buy.
Note: what dk Á;ksx O;kid fodYi ¼unlimited choice½ ds fy, tcfd
which dk Á;ksx lhfer fodYi ¼limited choice½ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
What game do you like? ¼unlimited choice½
Which game do you like? ¼limited choice½
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¼Á”uokpd fo”ks’k.k½% bu adjectives dk
iz;ksx iz”u iwNus ds f-y, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% what, which, whose
Note: ;fn what, which rFkk whose ds rjq Ur ckn noun vk, rks what,
which rFkk whose iz”uokpd fo”ks’k.k gkasxsA ;fn bu “kCnksa ds rjq Ur ckn fØ;k
vk;s rks what, which rFkk whose iz”uokpd loZuke gksaxsA tSls%
Interrogative Adjectives Interrogative Pronouns
What day is it today? What is the day today?
Whose bag is this? Whose is this bag?
Which house is yours? Which is your house?
¼lEcU/kdkjd fo”ks’k.k½% bu adjectives ls fdlh
O;fDr ;k oLrq ds possession ¼vf/kdkj½ dk cks/k gksrk gSA buds rjq Ur ckn dksbZ
noun vkrk gSA tSls% my child, her father, your pen, our school,
their bikes.
1. His shirt is made of cotton.
2. My exam is near.
¼cyokpd fo”ks’k.k½% os adjectives tks fdlh
noun ls igys vkdj ml noun ij cy nsrs gSa emphasizing adjectives
dgykrs gSaA tSls% same, own, very
1. This is my own house. ;g ejs k viuk ?kj gSA ¼own ls house cy½
2. I met this same person.eSa blh O;fDr ls feyk FkkA ¼same ls person ij cy½
3. We stayed in the same hotel.
4. This is the very book I was craving for.
¼foLe;okpd fo”ks’k.k½% tc what dk iz;ksx
exclamatory sentences eas fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g exclamatory adjective
dgykrk gSA tSls%
1. What an idea!
2. What nonsense!
3.What a piece of work man is!
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas what dk iz;ksx exclamatory adjective ds :Ik esa
gqvk gSA
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Degrees Of Comparison (rqyukRed voLFkk,a)
xq.k ;k nks’k dh ek=k dk cks/k djkus ds fy, adjective dh rhu degrees gkrs h
gSa] tks fuEu gSaA
Positive Degree: tc fdlh adjective dk iz;ksx lkekU; :Ik ls fd;k tkrk
gS vFkkrZ ~ dksbZ rqyuk (comparison) ugha dh tkrh gS] rks bls adjective dh
positive degree dgrs gSaA tlS s(
1. Rahul is a tall boy. bl okD; esa jkgqy ds ckjs eas dgk x;k gS fd og
yEck gS vFkkrZ jkgqy dh rqYkuk fdlh ls ugha dh x;h gSA
2. Abdul is intelligent. bl okD; esa Abdul ds ckjs esa dgk x;k gS fd
og cqf)eku gSA ;gk¡ ij vCnqy dh rqyuk fdlh nwljs ls ugha dh x;h gS
Comparative Degree: adjective dh comparative degree dk iz;ksx
fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku ds xq.k ;k nks’k dh rqyuk (comparison) fdlh vU;
O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku ds xq.k ;k nks’k ls djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Rahul is taller than Abdul. ;gka ij jkgqy dh rqyuk vCnqy ls dh
xbZ gS fd vCnqy ds eqdkcys eas jkgqy vf/kd yEck gSA
2. Abdul is more intelligent than Majid. ;gk¡ ij vCnqy dh rqyuk
ekftn ls dh x;h gS fd vCnqy ekftn ds eqdkcys eas vf/kd cqf)eku gSA
Note: Comparative degree eas than dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS than dks
adjective ds rjq Ur ckn j[krs gSaA tSls%& better than, cleverer than ,bigger
than bR;kfnA ijUrq ftu adjectives dh rqYukRed voLFkk,a ugha gkrs h vFkkZr tks
double syllable ds gksrs gSa muls igys Comparative degree ds fy, more
rFkk superlative degree ds fy, most dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% more
intelligent, most intelligent
Superlative Degree: tc fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku ds xq.k ;k nks’k dh
rqyuk ml oxZ ds vU; lHkh O;fDr;kas] oLrqvkas ;k LFkkuksa ds xq.k ;k nks’k ls dh
tkrh gS] rks bls adjective dh superlative degree dgrs gSaA tSls%
1. Rahul is the tallest of all the boys in our village. bl okD; eas
jkgqy dh rqyuk xkao ds lHkh cPpksa ls dh x;h gS fd jkgqy xkao esa lcls
yEck yM+dk gSA
2. Abdul is the most intelligent student in the class. bl okD; esa
vCnqy dh rqyuk d{kk ds lHkh Nk=kas ls dh x;h gS fd vCnqy d{kk eas
lcls cqf)eku gSA
Note: superlative degree eas adjective ls igys the dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls% the tallest, the strongest, the best, the most bR;kfnA
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Positive Degree ls Comparative rFkk Superlative Degree cukus
ds fu;e%
Rule no 1: Positive degree eas ‘er, rFkk ‘est, tksM+dj comparative rFkk
superlative degree cukrs gaSA tSls(
Positive Comparative Superlative
long longer longest
high higher highest
hard harder hardest
short shorter shortest
Rule no 2: ;fn positive degree ds vUr esa e gks] rks comparative rFkk
superlative degree cukus ds fy, Øe”k% r rFkk st tksM+ nrs s gSaA tSls%
Positive Comparative Superlative
large larger largest
brave braver bravest
white whiter whitest
simple simpler simplest
ripe riper ripest
Rule no 3:;fn positive degree ds vUr esa y gks vkSj y ls igys consonant
gks] rks y dks i eas cnyus ds ckn er rFkk est tksM+dj comparative rFkk
superlative degree cukrs gSaA tSls%
Positive Comparative Superlative
easy easier easiest
heavy heavier heaviest
happy happier happiest
merry merrier merriest
Rule no 4:;fn fdlh adjective ds vfUre consonant ls igys dksbZ vowel
vk,] rks comparative rFkk superlative degree esa Øze”k% er rFkk est tksM+us
ls igys vfUre consonant dks nks ckj (two times) fy[k nsrs gSaA tSls%
Positive Comparative Superlative
hot hotter hottest
big bigger biggest
fat fatter fattest
red redder reddest
thin thinner thinnest
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Rule no 5: two syllable okys adjectives dh comparative rFkk
superlative degree cukus ds fy, Øe”k% more rFkk most dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls%
Positive Comparative Superlative
difficult more difficult most difficult
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
dangerous more dangerous most dangerous
Rule no 6: dqN positive degrees dh comparative rFkk superlative
degrees vfu;fer (irregular) :Ik ls curh gSa vFkkrZ positive ls
comparative rFkk superlative cukus dk dksbZ fuf”pr fu;e (fixed rule)
ugha gkrs k gSA tSls(
Positive Comparative Superlative
good, well ¼vPNk½
bad ¼cjq k½ better best
many ¼cgqr½ worse worst
much ¼vf/kd½ more most
little ¼FkksM+k½ more most
old ¼cM+k] cw<+k½ less, lesser least
late ¼njs ½ older, elder oldest, eldest
up ¼Åij½ later, latter latest, last
out ¼ckgj½ upper upmost, uppermost
outer outermost
Note:
● dqN adjectives tSls% inferior, superior, prior, senior, junior bR;kfn
ds ckn to dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA buds ckn than dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I am senior to you.
2. Amit is junior to Amjad.
3. This cloth is superior to that.
● degrees of comparison dsoy adjective of quality rFkk adjective of
quantity eas gh gksrh gSA comparative degree ls igys than rFkk
superlative degree ls igys the dk Á;ksx gkrs k gSA
● top dh comparative degree ugha gkrs h gSA bldh superlative degree
‘topmost, gkrs h gSA
● dqN adjectives viuh ewy voLFkk (positive degrees) esa iz;ksx gkrs s gaSA tlS s%
interior, exterior, ulterior, posterior, anterior, minor, major, etc.
We decorated the most exterior walls. (Incorrect)
We decorated the exterior walls. (correct)
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Adjectives used as Nouns ¼fo”ks’k.kkas dk laKkvkas ds :Ik esa iz;ksx½
● dqN fo”ks’k.k cgqcpu esa laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa] tSls% sweets,
valuables, eatables dqN proper noun ls cus gq, fo”ks’k.k cgoq pu eas laKkvksa
dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSa] tlS s% Australians, Indians, Canadians
● dqN fo”ks’k.kksa ls igys the dk iz;ksx djus ls os cgqopu laKkvksa dh rjg dk;Z
djrs gSa] tSls% the rich (rich people), the poor (poor people), the
weak (weak people) the wicked (wicked people), the needy (needy
people)
● dqN fuf”pr okD;ka”k rFkk incU/k ¼phrases½ eas fo”ks’k.kkas dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls% in short, before long, through thick and thin, for good, at
present
1. They left India for good.
2. I am very busy at present.
3. I will meet you before long.
Nouns used as Adjectives ¼laKkvksa dk fo”ks’k.k ds :Ik eas Á;ksx½:
● dqN laKkvkas dk fo”ks’k.k ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. We met a slum girl. ¼>qXxh >ksiMh+ eas jgus okyh yM+dh½
2. I like to play computer games. ¼dEI;wVj dk [ksy½
Interchange of the degrees of comparison
okD; ds vFkZ dks fcuk cnys okD; esa fo”ks’k.k dh rqyukRed voLFkkvksa dk ifjorZu
djuk%
Positive : Nobody was as wise as Solomon.
Comparative : Solomon was wiser than everybody.
Superlative : Lead is the heaviest of all metals.
Comparative : Lead is heavier than all other metals.
Comparative : Delhi is colder than Lucknow.
Positive : Lucknow is not as cold as Delhi.
Superlative : Kolkata is one of the biggest cities of India.
Comparative : Kolkata is bigger than most other cities of India.
Positive : Very few cities of India are as big as Kolkata.
Superlative : Shakespeare is the best dramatist in English world.
Comparative : Shakespeare is better than any other dramatist in
English world.
Positive : No other dramatist in English world is as good as
Shakespeare.
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Exercise 1 : Transform the following sentences as directed:
1. Honesty is the best policy. (Comparative)
2. Kanpur is the biggest city in U.P. (Positive)
3. He is as clever as a fox. (Comparative)
4. The Taj is more beautiful than any other building in India.
(Positive)
5. I didn’t expect him to be so honest. (Comparative)
6. Gold is costlier than iron. (Positive)
7. Very few games are so popular as Cricket. (Comparative)
8. Iron is one of the heaviest metal. (Comparative)
9. Rahul is more intelligent than Amit. (Positive)
10. Mohd Shami bowls faster than any other bowler in the
team. (Positive)
11. She is more intelligent than any other girl in the class.
(Superlative)
12. India is the largest democracy in the world. (Comparative)
13. Amjad is one of the best students of this school. (positive)
14. His younger brother is not as intelligent as he.
(Comparative)
15. No other student in the class is so intelligent as Ravi.
(superlative)
Solved:
1. Honesty is better than any other policy.
2. No other city is as big as Kanpur in U.P.
3. A fox is not cleverer than he.
4. No other building in India is so beautiful as the Taj.
5. He is more honest than I expected.
6. Iron is not so costly as gold.
7. Cricket is more popular than most other games.
8. Iron is heavier than most other metals.
9. Amit is not as intelligent as Rahul.
10. No other bowler in the team bowls as fast as Mohd Shami.
11. She is the most intelligent girl in the class.
12. India is larger than any other democracy in the world.
13. Very few students of this school are as good as Amjad.
14. He is more intelligent than his younger brother.
15. Ravi is the most intelligent student in the class.
(superlative)
Exercise 2 : Transform the following sentences as directed:
1. Cricket is the most popular game. (Positive)
2. No other pen is as good as a parker. (Superlative)
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3. Meena is not so tall as Mira. (Comparative)
4. Bill Gates is the richest man of the world. (Positive)
5. Sushma is more intelligent than I. (Positive)
6. She is the best girl in the class. (Comparative)
7. Mount Everest is the highest peak. (Positive)
8. Iron is the most useful of all metals. (comparative)
9. Ram is the tallest boy in the class. (Positive)
10. He is as good as Amit. (comparative)
11. No other flower is as sweet as rose. (superlative)
Rules of the Adjective ¼fo”ks’k.k ds fu;e½
Rule no 1: tc fdlh ,d gh O;fDr dh nks Qualities dh rqyuk dh tk;s] rks
positive degree ds lkFk more dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
Rahul is braver than wise. Incorrect
Rahul is more brave than wise. Correct
Rule no 2: Of the two ds igys superlative degree dk Á;ksx ugha gkrs k gS
comparative degree dk Á;ksx gksrk gSA tSls%
She is the best of the two sisters. Incorrect
She is better of the two sisters. Incorrect
She is the better of the two sisters. Correct
Rule no 3: nks comparative degrees ls igys the dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%
Higher we went, colder we felt. Incorrect
The higher we went, the colder we felt. Correct
Rule no 4: no other ds ckn vkus okyk Noun singular gksuk pkfg,A tlS s%
No other employees is as hardworking as Ahmad. Incorrect
No other employee is as hardworking as Ahmad. Correct
Rule no 5: rqyuk nks leku oLrvq kas eas gksuh pkfg, A tSls%
The climate of Mumbai is better than UP. Incorrect
The climate of Mumbai is better than that of UP. Correct
Rule no 6: ;fn okD; positive gS rks as-as dk Á;ksx gksrk gS vkSj ;fn
negative gS rks as- as rFkk so-as nksukas dk Á;ksx gksrk gSA tlS s%
He is so good as his brother. Incorrect
He is as good as his brother. Correct
He is not as good as his brother. Correct
He is not so good as his brother. Correct
Rule no 7: too- to dk Á;ksx positive degree adjective ds lkFk fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls%
He is too weaker to run. Incorrect
He is too weakest to- run. Incorrect
He is too weak to run. Correct
276
Rule no 8: ordinal (first, second) preceds cardinal (two, three)
vFkkZ r ordinal cardinal ls igys vkrk gSA tSls%
The two first seats were occupied. Incorrect
The first two seats were occupied. Correct
Rule no 9: each dk Á;ksx nks ;k nks ls vf?kd oLrqvksa ds fy, tcfd every
dk Á;ksx dos y nks ls vf/kd ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Every of the two students got a prize. Incorrect
Every of the three students got a prize. Correct
Rule no 10: some dk Á;ksx affirmative sentences eas fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd any dk Á;ksx negative ;k interrogative sentence eas fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s%
Have you some money? Incorrect
Have you any money? Correct
I don’t have some friends. Incorrect
I don’t have any friend. Correct
Rule no 11: any other dk Á;ksx dsoy comparative degree eas gksrk gSA
Sub1+v+comparative. degree.+ than+ any other+sub11 singular
Sub1+v+comparative. degree.+ than+ all/most other+sub11 plural
He is the tallest of any other boy in the class. Incorrect
He is taller than any other boys in the class. Incorrect
He is taller than any other boy in the class. Correct
He is wiser than all members in the family. Incorrect
He is wiser than all other members in the family. Correct
Note: any other ds lkFk superlative degree dk Á;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
Rule no 12: superlative degree dk Á;ksx djrs le; ftl noun dh
rqyuk dh tkrh gS mls rqyuk fd;s tkus okys legw esa “kkfey djrs gaS tcfd
comparative degree esa rqyuk fd;s tkus okys noun dks rqyuk fd;s tkus okys
lewg ls ckgj j][krs gaSA tSls%
He is the cleverest of all the other members in the family. Incorrect
He is the cleverest of all the members in the family. Correct
He is cleverer than any member in the family. Incorrect
He is the cleverer than any other members in the family. Correct
Rule no 13: Double superlative degree dk Á;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
This is the most highest building in the world. Incorrect
This is the highest building in the world. Correct
Rule no 14: unique, ideal, complete, perfect, universal, entire,
extreme, chief, full, square, round eas fdlh comparative degree dk
Á;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
This is the most extreme condition. Incorrect
This is the extreme condition. Correct
277
Rule no 15: ,d gh noun ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys lHkh adjectives ,d gh
degree eas gksaxAs tSls%
He is the wisest and more intelligent person in the village. Incorrect
He the wisest and most intelligent person in the village. Correct
He is the wiser, cleverer and most intelligent person. Incorrect
He the wiser, cleverer and more intelligent person. Correct
Rule no 16: too dk Á;ksx negative sense esa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd very dk
Á;ksx positive sense eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
We are too happy to win the match. Incorrect
We are very happy to win the match. Correct
Rule no 17: too much dk Á;ksx noun rFkk verb ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd much too dk Á;ksx adjective rFkk adverb ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s%
I drank too much coffee today.
Don’t watch too much Television.
I don’t have too much free time.
Eating too much junk food is not good for your health.
I am worried about my son he smokes too much.
He talks too much.
I will take some rest, I am much too tired.
The movie was boring as it was much too long.
The train is moving much too slowly, there must be some problem.
I think our boss speaks much too quickly.
Rule no 18: quite ds lkFk all dk Á;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
I am quite all correct in my decision. Incorrect
I am quite correct in my decision. Correct
Rule no 19: enough ls igys dos y positive degree adjective ;k
adverb dk Á;ksx gksrkA tSls%
He is older enough to understand the situation. Incorrect
He is old enough to understand the situation. Correct
Rule no 20: ago dk ç;ksx dsoy past tense eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
I have met him a month ago. Incorrect
I met him a month ago. Correct
Rule no 21: fairly dk Á;ksx positive sense eas rFkk rather dk Á;ksx
negative sense esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
The tea was rather hot. Incorrect
The tea was fairly hot. Correct
Rule no 22: much dk Á;ksx past participle, adjective ;k adverb of
comparative degree ds lkFk tcfd very dk Á;ksx present participle vkjS
positive degree adverb ls igys fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
278
The result is much surprising. Incorrect
The result was much surprising. Correct
The result is very surprising. Correct
Rule no 23: ;fn vyx&vyx vFkZ okys nks adjectives ,d gh noun dks
qualify djsa rks mUgsa plural ekurs gq, muds lkFk plural verb dk Á;ksx djrs
gSaA tSls%
Social and moral duty is increasing day by day. Incorrect
Social and moral duties are increasing day by day. Correct
Rule no 24: seldom/never/hardly/rarely/scarcely lnSo inversion ds
:i eas ç;ksx gkrs s gSaA tSls%
Seldom I had seen such a nice painting. Incorrect
Seldom had I seen such a nice painting. Correct
Rarely he visits my place. Incorrect
Rarely does he visit my place. Correct
The flower was so nice. So its smell was. Incorrect
The flower was so nice. So was its smell. Correct
I little know about Japan. Incorrect
Little do I know about Japan. Correct
Akram did not help me, nor his brother. Incorrect
Akram did not help me, nor did his brother. Correct
In no time/under no circumstances he could solve the problem. Incorrect
In no time/under no circumstances could he solve the problem. Correct
Rule no 25: fdlh dk;Z ds vkjEHk ds fy, early ç;ksx gkrs k gSA tlS s%
He came soon this morning. Incorrect
He came early this morning. Correct
Rule no 26: hardly dk vFkZ efq ”dy ls tcfd hard dk vFkZ eqf”dy gkrs k gSA
tlS s%
He tried hardly to pass the examination. Incorrect
He tried hard to pass the examination. Correct
I have eaten hard anything. Incorrect
I have hardly eaten anything. Correct
Rule no 27: ,d gh okD; esa nks negative dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk gSA tSls%
I have not eaten nothing. Incorrect
I have not eaten anything. Correct
I have eaten nothing. Correct
Rule no 28: tc adjective dk Á;ksx title dh rjg gks rks] mls noun ds ckn
j[krs gSaA tlS s%
The great Alexander conquered many countries. Incorrect
Alexander, the great, conquered many countries. Correct
279
Use Of Some Important Adjectives
¼dqN egRoiw.kZ fo”ks’k.kkas dk ç;ksx½
Some, Any: Some dk vFkZ ^dqN] gkrs k gSA bldk iz;ksx ge LohdkjkRed
okD;ksa (affirmative sentences) esa djrs gSaA tSls%
1. I have bought some books.
2. She has gone somewhere.
any dk vFkZ ^dksbZ] gkrs k gSA bldk iz;ksx dsoy udkjkRed (negative) rFkk
iz”uokpd (interrogative) okD;ksa esa djrs gaSA tSls%
1. I have not received any letter.
2. Do you have any problem?
Elder, Eldest: elder rFkk eldest dk iz;ksx fudV ifjokfjd lEcU/k ¼tSls%
HkkbZ] cgu] csVk] csVh bR;kfn½ dks crkus ds fy, djrs gSaA
1. My elder brother lives in Mumbai.
2. Abdul is my eldest son.
3. My sister is elder to me.
Note: elder ds lkFk ‘to, dk Á;ksx gkrs k gS than dk ughaA
Older, oldest: older rFkk oldest ls vk;q (age) dk cks/k gkrs k gSA budk iz;ksx
fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k tkuoj dh vk;q crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA older ds lkFk
‘than, dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tlS s%
1. Mohan is older than Abdul.
2. Lucknow is one of the oldest cities.
3. Mr. Verma is the oldest Person in our organization.
Later, Latter: later dk vFkZ ^ckn ¼le; dk Hkko½ ea]s gksrk gS rFkk latter dk
vFkZ *ckn okyk ¼fLFkfr dk Hkko½ gkrs k gSA tSls%
1. I am busy right now, please call me later. eSa bl le;
O;Lr gaw] d`i;k eq>s ckn esa Qksu djukA
2. The latter part of the movie is very boring.
fQYe dk ckn okyk Hkkx cgrq mckÅ gSA
Few, a Few, the Few: ;s “kCn la[;k crkrs gaSA few dk vFkZ ^cgrq FkksM+k^
gkrs k gS tks ugha ads cjkcj] la[;k eas pkj ;k ikap ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ;g negative
¼udkjkRed½ Hkko eas iz;ksx gksrk gSA tlS s%
1. Abdul has few books.
2. Few people attended the party.
A few dk vFkZ ^dqN ;k FkksMk+ * gksrk gSA blls ldkjkRed(positive) Hkko izdV
gkrs k gSA tSls%
1. I gave him a few books.
2. She spoke a few words.
The few dk vFkZ ^FkksM+k ijUrq tks Hkh gS lc* gksrk gSA tlS s%
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1. The few friends I have are faithful.
esjs ikl tks dqN Hkh FkksMs+ ls fe= gSa oQknkj gSaA
2. He gave me the few books he had.
mlds ikl tks dqN Hkh FkksM+h lh fdrkcas Fkha eq>s ns fn;kA
Many, Much: Many dk vFkZ ^cgrq ] gksrk gSA blls fdlh oLrq dh la[;k
(number) izdV gkrs h gS rFkk much dk Hkh vFkZ ^cgqr] gkrs k gS ijUrq blls fdlh
oLrq dh ek=k (quantity) izdV gksrh gS] tSls%
1. I have faced many problems.
2. How many players are there in a Cricket team?
3. How much milk do you take daily?
4. There is not much water in the pond.
Farther, Further: farther ls njw h (distance) dk cks/k gkrs k gS] tlS s%
1. His house is situated a little farther.mldk ?kj FkksM+h njw ij
fLFkfr gSA
2. The station is a little farther. LVs”ku FkksMh+ nwj ij fLFkfr gSA
Further ls vfrfjDr (additional) dk cks/k gksrk gS vFkkrZ ~ tks bl le; gS
mlls vkjS vf/kdA
1. For further information, please contact the office.
vkSj vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, d`Ik;k dk;Zky; eas lEidZ djsaA
2. The college will remain closed until further notice.
vxyh lwpuk rd fo|ky; cUn jgsxkA
Nearest, Next: na earest dk iz;ksx de ls de nwjh izdV djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS tcfd next ls ,d oLrq ds ckn vkus okyh nwljh oLrvq kas ds Øe dk cks/k
gksrk gSA
1. Where is the nearest bus stop?
2. My house is next to the bank.
3. Ravi is my next-door neighbour.
4. What is next?
Less, Lesser: Less dk iz;ksx size, number rFkk measurement eas NksVk
çdV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk than dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. She has less confidence than you.
2. There were less than fifty people present in the meeting. lHkk
eas 50 ls De yksx mifLFkr FksA
Lesser dk Á;ksx ‘not as great as the other one’ mruk cM+k ugha ftruk
nlw jk okyk ds Hkko esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk than dk ç;ksx ughas gksrk gSA
1. It is the lesser of the two evils. ;g nksukas cqjkb;kas esa NksVh cjq kbZ gSA
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Exercise 1 : Write the degrees of the following adjectives:
1. Comparative degree of cold………..
2. Superlative degree of wiser………...
3. Comparative degree of intelligent….
4. Positive degree of saddest…………..
5. Superlative degree of top…….……..
6. Positive degree of easiest…………. .
Exercise 2 : Fill in the blanks with much or many:
1. How…books do you have?
2. You can take as…books as you like.
3. He spent…money on his son’s marriage.
4. I have been to Agra…times.
5. How…does this pen cost?
6. He showed…patience.
Exercise 3 : Fill in the blanks with some or any:
1. I met… old friends in the market.
2. Get ready for the guests. I am expecting them…time.
3. Take…more tea, please.
4. Do you have…extra pen?
5. Add….sugar to tea.
6. We should show …mercy to the poor.
Exercise 4 :Fill in the blanks with little, a little, the little, few, a
few or the few:
1. …knowledge is a dangerous thing.
2. …money he had lost in gambling.
3. He lost…friends he had.
4. There are only…students in the class.
5. He is not working hard, so he has …chance of passing the exam.
6. …examples will be enough to understand the concept.
7. Many a mickle makes….
8. I had…. time to prepare before going to the function.
9. I ran back …yards to where I left my key.
10. Wait for….moments.
11. Love all, trust….., be false to none.
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The Verb ¼fØ;k½
fØ;k og “kCn gS ftlls fdlh dk;Z dk gksuk ;k djuk ik;k tkrk gS ;k fØ;k og
“kCn gS tks fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq ds fo’k; esa dqN crkrk gS ;k O;fDr vFkok oLrq
}kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dks O;Dr djrk gSA
A Verb is a doing word which describes an action, an event or a
state of being.
fdlh Hkh okD; dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx fØ;k gkrs k gSA fØ;k ds fcuk fdlh okD;
dh lajpuk laHko ugha gSA fØ;k ls geas fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh ikz Ir gksrh gSA
a. dksbZ O;fDr ;k oLrq ds }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk gSA tSls(
Mohan writes a letter. eksgu ,d i= fy[krk gSA
write fØ;k ;g crkrk gS fd eksgu fy[kus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
b. fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr ds lkFk D;k gks jgk gSA tSls(
Abdul is being punished. vCnqy nf.Mr fd;k tk jgk gSA
Åij fn;s x;s okD; esa is being punished fØ;k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd
Abdul ds lkFk n.M fn;s tkus dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA
c. dksbZ oLrq] O;fDr vFkok LFkku D;k gS ;k oLrq] O;fDr vFkok LFkku dh fLFkfr ;k
voLFkk D;k gSA tlS s(
1. He is a teacher. og ,d v/;kid gSA
2. Kanpur is a city. dkuiqj ,d “kgj gSA
3. They are tired. os Fkds gaSA
4. I am busy. eSa O;Lr gawA .
5. My phone is dead. ejs k Qksu [kjkc gSA
Kinds of Verb ¼fØ;k ds Ádkj½: Verb e[q ;r% nks izdkj ds gkrs s gSa%
1. Finite verb
2. Non-finite verb
1. Finite verb: ftu fØ;kvksa ds :Ik (forms) subject, person rFkk tense ds
vuqlkj cnyrs jgrs gaS mUgsa finite verb dgrs gSa rFkk ftu fØ;kvkas ds :i subject,
person rFkk tense ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs gaS] mUgsa non-finite verb dgrs gaSA
bls@main verb/principal verb/ action verb/lexicon verb Hkh dgrs gaSA tlS s%
1. I like to read books.
2. He likes to read books.
3. They liked to read book.
4. He is taking tea.
5. They are taking tea.
Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa dks /;ku ls ns[kus ij irk pyrk gS fd fØ;k like drkZ
¼subject½ rFkk dky ¼tense½ ds cnyus ls ifjofrrZ gks jgh gS] ijUrq nwljh fØ;k
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read ij drkZ ;k tense ds cnyus dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+ jgk gSA vr% igyh
fØ;k like ,d finite verb gS] rFkk nlw jh fØ;k read ,d non-finite verb gSA
;kn j[ksa ;s dksbZ vko”;d ugha fd main verb gh finite verb gks] ;fn okD; eas
eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk helping verb gks] rks helping verb gh okD; dk finite
verb gksrk gSA okD; u0 2 vkSj 3 esa is rFkk are finite verbs gaSA
eq[; fØ;k (main verb) ds pkj :i ¼form½ gkrs s gSaA
1. Base form or simpl present form: bldk ç;ksx Simple past tense
dks O;Dr djusa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. I go to school.
2. He reads newspaper.
3. We learn our lesson.
2. Simple Past form: bldk ç;ksx Hkwrdky esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ;k fdlh ?kVuk
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
I went to Agra. They helped me. She prepared the food.
3. Past participle form: bldk ç;ksx present, past rFkk future perfect
tense dks O;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
I have taken tea. The rain had stopped before we reached office.
He will have completed his work till 5 o’clock.
4. Present participle form ;k ing form: fØ;k dk ;g :i present,
past rFkk future tense eas Be (is/am/are/was/were) ds lkFk feydj fdlh
dk;Z ds tkjh jgus dks n”kkZrk gSA tSls%
He is running. They were laughing. He will be waiting for me.
Forms of the verb
First form ¼izFke :Ik½ Second form ¼f}rh; :Ik½ Third form ¼r`rh; :Ik½ ing form
I II III
Go¼xks½ Tkkuk gone
went come
Come¼de~½ vkuk came eaten
written
Eat¼bZV½~ [kkuk ate
made
Write¼jkbV~½ fy[kuk wrote taken
spoken¼LiksdWu½
Make¼eds ~½ Ckukuk made broken
given
Take¼Vsd~½ ysuk] ys tkuk] [kkuk] ihuk took
Speak¼Lihd~½ Ckksyuk seen
Break¼cszd~½ rksM+uk spoke¼Liksd½ sung
rung
broke drunk
shrunk¼Jad½
Give¼fxo~+½ nsuk gave
See¼lh½ ns[kuk saw
Sing¼fl³~½ xkuk xkuk sang
Ring¼fj³~½ ctuk] Cktkuk rang
Drink¼fMª³~d~½ Ikhuk
drank
Shrink¼fJad~½fldqM+uk shrank¼JSad½
Swim¼fLoe~½rSjuk swam 284
Throw¼Fkkz s½Qasduk threw¼fFkoz ½ swum
Fly¼¶+ykb½mM+uk] mMk+ uk flew thrown¼Fkzksu½
Hang¼gS³~½ yVdkuk] yVduk] Vkaxuk hung¼g³x~½ flown
Hang¼gS³~½Qk¡lh nsuk hung
hanged hanged
done
Do¼Mw½djuk did met
slept
Meet¼ehV~½feyuk met wept
won
Sleep¼Lyhi~½Lkksuk slept¼LyIs V~½ begged
Weep¼ohi~½jksuk begun/beginning
wept bent
bitten
Win¼fou~½thruk won beaten
gotten/got/ getting
Beg¼csx~½Hkh[k ek¡xuk begged known
blown
Begin¼fcfxu~½'kq: djuk began fallen
Bend¼csUM~½eksM+uk] >qduk bent stolen
Bite¼ckbV~½dkVuk stung
bit caught
taught
Beat¼chV~½ ihVuk] ekjuk beat chosen
Get¼xsV~½Ikkuk]ykuk]gksuk]le>uk]ig¡qpuk got boiled
Know¼uks½Tkkuuk borrowed
knew brought
built
Blow¼Cyks½cguk blew burnt /burned
bought
Fall¼QWky~½fxjuk fell found
hid /hidden
Steal¼LVhy~½Pkqjkuk stole called
lost
Sting¼fLV³½Mad ekjuk stung lived
Catch¼dSp~½idM+uk kept
caught asked
played
Teach¼Vhp~½i<k+ uk taught cared
carried
Choose¼pwt½+~ Pkquuk chose changed
checked
Boil¼ckWby~½mckyuk] mcyuk boiled cleaned
Borrow¼ckWjks½ m/kkj ysuk borrowed clapped
Bring¼fcz³½ Ykkuk brought¼ckz WV~½ climbed
Build¼fcYM~½cukuk] fuekZ.k djuk built¼fcYV~½ closed
Burn¼cuZ~½tykuk] tyuk burnt /burned collected
Buy¼ckb½[kjhnuk bought¼ckWV~½
Find¼Q+kbUM~½Ikkuk] <<w +uk found
Hide¼gkbM~½fNikuk] fNiuk hid
Call¼dkWy½cqykuk] Qksu djuk called
Lose¼ytw +½[kksuk] gkjuk lost
Live¼fyo+½jguk
lived
Keep¼dhi~½ j[kuk kept
Ask¼vkLd~½iwNuk asked
Play¼Iys½[ksyuk played
Care¼dsvj~½fpUrk djuk cared
Carry¼dSfj½<k+ sdj ys tkuk carried
Change¼psUt~½Cknyuk
changed
Check¼psd~½tk¡p djuk checked
Clean¼Dyhu~½lkQ djuk cleaned
Clap¼DySi~½rkyh ctkuk clapped
Climb¼Dykbe~½Pk<+uk
climbed
Close¼Dykst~+½cUn djuk closed
Collect¼d^ysDV~½bdV~Bk djuk
285
Consult¼dUlYV~½ijke'kZ ysuk consulted consulted
Cook¼dqd½~ Ikdkuk
cooked cooked
believed
Believe¼fCk^yho½+~ fo'okl djuk
Copy¼dWkfi½udy djuk copied copied
Count¼dkmUV~½fxuuk counted
counted
forbidden
Forbid¼Qj+ ~fcM~½euk djuk forbade forgotten
Forget¼Qj+ ^~xsV~½Hkwyuk
forgot forgiven
Forgive¼Q+j~fxo~+½ekQ djuk forgave bribed
created
Bribe¼czkbc~½?klw nsuk bribed crashed
Create¼dzh^,sV~½iSnk djuk] jpuk djuk created cried
Crash¼dzS”k~½dqpyuk] yM+uk] VDdj gksuk crashed defeated
Cry¼ØkbZ½fpYykuk cried died
Defeat¼fMQh+ V~½gjkuk sold
Die¼Mkb½Ekjuk defeated sat
sent
Sell¼Lksy~½Ckspuk died felt
dug
Sit¼flV~½cSBuk sold
divided
Send¼lsUM~½Hkstuk sat
drawn
sent earned
Feel¼Q+hy~½egllw djuk felt
Dig¼fMx~½[kksnuk elected
dug agreed
Divide¼fMo+kbM~½ck¡Vuk] vyx djuk divided allowed
Draw¼MªWk½[khapuk arrested
drew
arrived
Earn¼vuZ½dekuk earned blamed
Elect¼bysDV½pquuk elected entered
Agree¼v^xhz ½lger gksuk agreed
Allow¼v^ykm½vkKk nsuk escaped
allowed failed
Arrest¼v^jLs V~½fxj¶rkj djuk arrested fined
Arrive¼v^jkbo+½igq¡puk floated
Blame¼Cyes ~½nks"k yxkuk arrived
blamed founded
gained
Enter¼,UVj~½ioz s'k djuk entered
Escape¼b^Ldsi~½cp fudyuk escaped granted
Fail¼Qs+y~½ukdke gksuk] vlQy gksuk failed
Fine¼Q+kbu~½tqekZuk yxkuk fined grazed
Float¼¶+yksV~½rSjuk] rSjkuk] cguk grown
Found¼Qk+ mUM~½LFkkiuk djuk founded
Gain¼xsu~½ikz Ir djuk hated
gained heard/gMZ
helped
Grant¼xzkUV½Lohdkj djuk granted hired
Graze¼xszt~+½Pkjuk
Grow¼xzks½mxkuk] c<k+ uk grazed held
grew
hunted
Hate¼gsV~½uQjr djuk hated injured
Hear¼fgvj~½Lkquuk heard/gMZ
intended
Help¼gsYi~½lgk;rk djuk helped invited
Hire¼gkbvj~½fdjk;s ij ysuk hired
Hold¼gksYM~½idM+uk
held
Hunt¼gUV~½f'kdkj djuk hunted
Injure¼bu~tj~½?kk;y djuk injured
Intend¼bu~VUs M~½bjknk djuk intended
Invite¼bUo+kbV~½vkeaf=r djuk invited
Join¼tkWbu~½tqM+uk] feykuk joined 286
Kick¼fdd~½ykr ekjuk kicked
Kill¼fdy~½tku ls ekjuk killed joined
Kneel¼uhy½>qduk kicked
knelt killed
knelt
Laugh¼ykQ+½galuk laughed laughed
learnt /learned
Learn¼Yku~Z½lh[kuk learnt /learned lent
lifted
Lend¼ysUM½~ m/kkj nus k lent liked
listened
Lift¼fy¶+V~½mBkuk lifted looked
loved
Like¼ykbd~½ilUn djuk liked melted
Listen¼fyl~Uk~½/;ku ls lquuk listened obeyed
Look¼ydq ~½ns[kuk] fn[kkbZ iM+uk opposed
Love¼yo+~½I;kj djuk passed
loved permitted
praised
Melt¼eYs V½~ fi?kyuk melted prayed
prepared
Obey¼v^cs½vkKk dk ikyu djuk obeyed promised
Oppose¼v^ikst+~½fojks/k djuk opposed proved
Pass¼ikl~½lQy gksuk]vkxs c<+uk passed published
Permit¼ij~^feV~½vkKk nsuk permitted pulled
Praise¼izst+~½iz'kla k djuk praised punished
Pray¼isz½ikz FkZuk djuk pushed
prayed quarreled
rained
Prepare¼fiz^isvj~½rS;kj djuk prepared reached
Promise¼izkWfel½oknk djuk promised refused
Prove¼izow ~½Lkkfcr djuk proved returned
Publish¼ic~fy”k~½izdkf'kr djuk risen
Pull¼iqy~½[khapuk rushed
pulled saved
scolded
Punish¼ifu”k~½nf.Mr djuk punished searched
Push¼iq”k½/kDdk nus k] /kdsyuk pushed selected
Quarrel¼DokWjy~½>xM+k djuk quarreled served
Rain¼jsu½~ ckfj'k gksuk shook¼”kqd½
rained shared
shone
Reach¼jhp~½ig¡qpuk reached slapped
slipped
Refuse¼fj¶+;wt+~½budkj djuk refused smiled
Return¼fj^VuZ~½okfil gksuk] okfil djuk solved
Rise¼jkbt~½ mBuk] fudyuk rose sown
Rush¼j”k~½ Hkkxuk] tYnh djuk stood
Save¼lso~+½Ckpkuk
saved
Scold¼LdksYM~½MakVuk] QVdkjuk
Search¼lpZ~½[kkstuk] <wa<u+ k searched
Select¼fl^ysDV~½Pkquuk
selected
Serve¼loZ+½los k djuk served
Shake¼”ksd~½fgykuk] >d>kjs uk
Share¼”ksvj~½ck¡Vuk
shared
Shine¼”kkbu~½Pkeduk] pedkuk] Ádk”k nsuk shone¼”kksu½
Slap¼LySi~½ FkIiM+ ekjuk slapped
Slip¼fLyi~½ fQlyuk
slipped
Smile¼Lekby~½ eqLdjkuk smiled
Solve¼lkWYo~+½ gy djuk solved
Sow¼lks½ Ckksuk ¼cht ;k Qly dk½ sowed
Stand¼LVSUM~½ [kM+s gksuk stood
287
Start¼LVkVZ~½ pkyw djuk]“kq: djuk started started
Stay¼LV½s :duk] Bgjuk stayed stayed
Stop¼LVkWi~½ :duk] jksduk stopped stopped
Study¼LVfM½i<+uk] v/;;u djuk studied studied
Suffer¼lQj+ ~½d"V >syuk ;k mBkuk suffered suffered
Suspect¼l^LisDV½~ 'kd djuk suspected suspected
Talk¼VkWd~½ckr djuk talked
talked torn¼VkWuZ½
told
Tear¼Vsvj~½QkM+uk tore¼Vksj½ travelled
Tell¼Vsy½~ Ckrkuk tried
told understood
waited
Travel¼VSªo+~y~½ ;k=k djuk travelled walked
Try¼Vªkb½ dksf'k'k djuk] iz;kl djuk tried washed
Understand¼vUMj~LVSUM~½ le>uk understood watched
Wait¼osV~½irz h{kk djuk whistled
waited worked
Walk¼okWd~½Vgyuk walked
Wash¼okW”k~½/kqyuk washed
Watch¼okWp~½/;ku ls ns[kuk watched
Whistle¼fol+ ~y~½lhVh ctkuk whistled
Work¼od~Z½dke djuk
worked
fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvkas ds rhuksa :i ,d&gh tlS s jgrs gSa %
Bet¼csV~½ ”krZ yxkuk bet bet betting
Bid ¼fcM½ cksyh yxkuk bid bid bidding
Burst ¼cLV~Z½ QVuk burst burst bursting
Cast¼dkLV~½ Qsaduk cast cast casting
Cost¼dkWLV~½ ewY; gksuk cost cost costing
Cut¼dV~½ dkVuk cut cut cutting
Hit¼fgV~½ pksV ekjuk hit hit hitting
Hurt¼gV~Z½ pksV ig¡qpkuk hurt hurt hurting
Let¼ysV~½ vkKk nsuk let let letting
Put¼iqV~½ j[kuk put put putting
Rid ¼fjM~½ eqDr djuk rid rid ridding
Read ¼jhM~½ i<+uk read ¼jsM½ read ¼jsM½ reading
Set¼lsV~½ cSBkuk] fNiuk] Mwcuk set set setting
Spread¼LiszM~½ QSykuk spread spread spreading
Part - A
Exercise 1:
1. The washer man……..the clothes. ( wash)
2. Our country…….independent in 1947. (become)
3. The soldier was……..dead. (shoot)
4. I ……..for him. (wait)
5. When I saw him, he ……..cricket. (play)
6. Our team ……..the match yesterday. (win)
7. I ……..to your house tomorrow. (come)
8. She……this book since morning. (read)
9. She ……..in Delhi for twenty years. (live)
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10. He has been……..absent. (mark)
11. Rahul has …….. a letter. (write)
12. The bus……..down the hill, when the brakes suddenly failed. (fall)
13. We…….not miss our class. (do, have, are)
14. He………not give the book to me.(have, was, did)
15. The thief …….by the police. (catch)
16. The bus……..for Kanpur at 11 am. (leave)
Solved: 1(washed), 2(became), 3(shot), 4(waited), 5(was playing),
6(won), 7(will come), 8(has been reading), 9(has been living),
10(marked), 11(written), 12(fell), 13(do), 14(did), 15(was caught)
16 (left)
Exercise 2 : Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs
given in the brackets:
1. They ……..to Agra tomorrow. (go)
2. He came after his father…….…gone. (have)
3. The patient died after the doctor……... (go)
4. He………. a jacket for himself. (buy)
5. My uncle………me tomorrow. (visit)
6. Gandhiji……..by Godse. (kill)
7. I……..for Mumbai tomorrow. (leave)
8. My father……..a house last year. (build)
9. Someone has ……..my mobile. (steal)
10. The sun has…………(rise)
11. Rekha and Sita are……...TV (watch)
Exercise 3 : Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs
given in the brackets:
1. It is……..dark. (get)
2. We……..for you for since 2 o’ clock. (wait)
3. O! that I …….young again. (be)
4. If I had money, I …… buy this house. (will)
5. He……..playing Hockey. (be)
6. The driver was fined for……..without licence. (drive)
7. Two and two……..four. (make)
8. They……..me that they would attend my party. (assure)
9. He has ……..a cold. (catch)
10. The servant……..the glass yesterday. (break)
11. Now they……...fighting with each other. (be)
12. Amir…….his M.A. in 2019. (pass)
13. He was punished for…….a noise in the class. (make)
14. Have you ever…….to America? (be)
15. ……. you meet him yesterday? (do)
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Helping verb or Auxiliary Verb ¼lgk;d fØ;k½% og verb tks main
verb ¼eq[; fØ;k½ ds lkFk feydj okD; cukus esa lgk;rk djrk gS mls lgk;d
fØ;k dgrs gaSA tSls%
1. He is writing a letter.
2. He did not call me.
3. Rekha cannot speak English.
4. I have taken food.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa lHkh bold “kCn helping verb gSa tks eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk
feydj okD; cukus eas lgk;rk dj jgs gSaA igys okD; esa is lgk;d fØ;k gS rFkk
writing eq[; fØ;k gSA nwljs okD; eas can lgk;d fØ;k gS rFkk speak eq[;
fØ;k gSA
Note: ;fn is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk vk;sa arks
;s helping verb dgykrs gSa] vkSj ;fn vdsys vk;s arks linking verb dgykrs gaSA
Linking verb/ Copular Verb : Linking verb og verb gS tks okD; ds
nks Hkkxkas dks tksM+rk gSA ;g subject dks noun ;k adjective ls tksM+us dk dk;Z
djrk gS ftlds cxjS okD; dk vFkZ iw.kZ ugha gks ldrkA tSls(
He is a teacher. eas is fØ;k subject he dks a teacher (noun) ls tksM+rk gSA
I am happy. esa am fØ;k subject I dks happy (adjective) ls tksM+rk gSA
,d gh verb okD;ksa eas transitive, intransitive rFkk linking verb dk dk;Z dj
ldrk gSA tSls(
Linking verb Intransitive Verb Transitive Verb
The sky grew dark. Roses grow slowly. I grow vegetables.
eq[; Linking verb: is/am/are/was/were/am/been/ sound/smell/look
/seem/taste/become/remain/grow/feel/stand/appear/turn, etc.
Helping verb rFkk linking verb eas vUrj%
Helping verb Linking Verb
Rahul is playing cricket. Rahul is a player.
We are watching TV. We are tired.
She was going to Agra. She became rich.
They have submitted their papers. They look happy.
He has been playing cricket.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa ls Li’V gS fd helping verb eas (helping verbs+ main
verb) nks ls vf/kd “kCn gksrs gSa tcfd linking verb esa dsoy ,d “kCn gksrk
gSA
290
Helping verb nks Ádkj ds gksrs gaS%
1. Primary Helping Verb ¼izkFkfed lgk;d fØ;k½% is, am, are, was,
were, has, have, had, do, does, did izkFkfed lgk;d fØ;k gSaA budk iz;ksx
eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk tense cukus esa rFkk negative vkSj interrogative
sentences cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2. Secondary Helping Verb ¼f}rh; lgk;d fØ;k½% bUgas modal verbs ;k
modals Hkh dgrs gaSA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa%& can, could, shall, should, will,
would, must, ought to, need, dare, used to, may, might bR;kfnA
will dk vFkZ xk] xh] xs gkrs k gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa eas fd;k tkrk gSA
1. (To talk about future events) Hkfo’; esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks izdV
djus ds fy,aA He will return tomorrow. og dy okil ykSVxs kA
It will not rain today. vkt ckfj”k ugha gksxhA
2. (To show determination or willingness) I rFkk we ds lkFk will dk
iz;ksx djus ls iDdk bjknk] bPNk”kfDr ;k vfuok;rZ k dk Hkko izdV gksrk gSA
tSls( I will help you. eSa rqEgkjh lgk;rk vo”; d:axkA
We will fight for our rights. ge vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, vo”; yM+saxsA
will dk Past tense ‘Would’ gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
1. Will ds past tense ds :Ik esaA tlS s(
Mohan said that he would participate in the cultural programme.
eksgu us dgk fd og lkaLd`frd dk;Zdze eas Hkkx yxs kA
2. (To make polite request) orZeku le; eas fouez fuosnu djus ds fy,A tSls(
Would you mind shifting a bit, please? D;k vki —Ik;k FkksMk+ f[kldus
dk d’V djsaxs\
3. (To talk about any habit in the past) Hkwrdky eas dksbZ vknr ;k fu;fer
:Ik ls gks jgs dk;Z dks izdV djus ds fy,A tSls%
I would play cricket in childhood. eSa cpiu esa fØdsV [ksyk djrk FkkA
When I was in Delhi, he would visit my place. tc eaS fnYyh esa Fkk]
rks og esjs ?kj vk;k djrk FkkA
4. Unreal situation dks n”kZkus ds fy, would dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA tlS s %
If I were the education minister, I would improve the standard
of education. ;fn eaS f”k{kk e=a h gkrs k] rks f”k{kk ds Lrj dks lq/kkjrkA
If I had reached in time, I would have got the train. ;fn eaS le; ls
igaqp x;k gksrk] rks eq>s Vªsu fey x;h gksrhA
291
5. Choice/wish/liking dks n”kZkus ds fy, would dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%
I would like to have a cup of tea. eSa ,d di pk; ysuk ilan d:axkA
Polite request ds fy, would dk ç;ksx interrogative sentence esa
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Would you please send me your E- mail adress? D;k vki d`i;k
eq>s viuk bZ esy irk Hkstsaxs\
6. Possibility dks n”kkZ us ds fy, would dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%
She would be waiting for me. og ejs h çrh{kk dj jgh gksxhA
He would have passed the exam. og ijh{kk esa ikl gks x;k gksxkA
shall dk vFkZ xk]xh]xs gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa eas fd;k tkrk gSA
1. I rFkk we ds lkFk future tense esa shall dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
I shall help you. eSa rqEgkjh lgk;rk d:¡xkA
2. (for offer or suggestion) lykg ;k dksbZ oLrq is”k djus ds fy,A tSls%
Shall I open the window? D;k eSa f[kM+dh [kksywa\
3. (To express a command or promise) vfuok;rZ k ;k opu izdV djus ds fy,
Second or third person ds pronoun→ you, he, she, it rFkk they ds lkFk
shall dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls(
You shall not do it again. vki ;g dk;Z nqckjk ugha djasxsA
He shall get punishment. mls n.M vo”; feysxkA
shall dk past tense ¼Hkwrdkfyd :i½ should gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
1. shall ds past tense ds :Ik esaA tSls(
I said that I should call him. eSaus dgk fd eaS mls Qksu d:axkA
2. lykg@lq>ko (advice/suggestion) ;k uSfrd drZO;(moral obligation/duty)
dks izdV djus ds fy,A tSls%
-You should get up early morning. rqEgsa lqcg tYnh mBuk pkfg,A
We should obey our parents. gesa vius ekrk&firk dk dguk ekuuk pkfg,A
3. “krZ (condition) dks izdV djus ds fy,A tlS s(
Should he come, call me. ;fn og vk,] rks eq>s Qksu djukA
Should you need money, let me know. ;fn rqEgas iSlksa dh t+:jr gks] rks
eq>s crk nus kA
4. -Lest dgha ,slk uk gks ds vFkZ esa A tSls(
Leave at once, lest you should miss the train. vHkh fudyks] dgha ,slk u
gks fd Vsªu NwV tk;sA
5. vuqeku (guess) ds vFkZ esa A tlS s(
He should reach here soon. mls ;gka tYn gh igaqpuk pkfg,A
292
must dk vFkZ ^vo”; pkfg,* gksrk gSA bldk past tense form Hkh must gh gksrk gSA
bldk Á;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa eas fd;k tkrk gSA
1.ck/;rk (Compulsion) ds fy,A
You must work hard. rqEgsa dfBu ifjJe djuk iMs+xk ;k rqEgsa dfBu ifjJe
vo”; djuk pkfg,A
2.dYiuk (assumption) ds fy,A
Today is holiday, he must be at home. vkt jfookj gSA og ?kj ij
vo”; gksxkA
The baby is crying, it must be hungry. cPpk jks jgk gS] ;g Hkw[kk vo”; gksxkA
3.vfuok;Zrk (necessity) ds fy,A
Our soldiers must defend the cou-ntry. gekjs QkSft;kas dks ns”k dh j{kk vo”;
djuk pkfg,A
4.drZO; (obligation) @ fu’ks/k (prohibition) ds fy,A
We must respect our elders. geas vius cMk+ sa dk lEeku vo”; djuk pkfg,A
You must not touch my book. rqEgsa esjh iqLrd fcYdqy ugha Nwuk pkfg,A
should vkSj must dh rjg ought to dk Hkh vFkZ ^pkfg,* gkrs k gSA ought ds ckn
lnSo to dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
1. (to express duty or moral obligation) drZO; ;k uSfrd ft+Eesnkjh izdV
djus ds fy,A tSls(
We ought to follow the rules of society. geas lekt ds fu;eksa dk ikyu
djuk pkfg,A
You ought to be fair in dealings. vkidks ysu&nsu eas lkQ lqFkjk gksuk pkfg,A
2. (to express necessity or strong possibility) vko”;drk ;k vf/kd
lEHkkouk izdV djus ds fy,A tSls(
India is a strong team, it ought to win the match.
Hkkjr ,d et+crw Vhe gS] bls eSp thruk pkfg,A
can dk vFkZ ^lduk* gkrs k gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvkas eas fd;k tkrk gSA
1. “kfDr (power) rFkk ;ksX;rk (ability) izdV djus ds fy,A tSls(
I can lift this bag. eSa bl FkSys dks mBk ldrk gw¡ (physical power /“kkjhfjd cy)
Mohan can solve this question. eksgu bl iz”u dks gy dj ldrk gSA
(ability /;ksX;rk) ------
The principal can expel you from the college. iz/kkukpk;Z rqEgsa dkWyst ls
fudky ldrs gaS (power of position/in dh “kfDr½
2. vuqefr@vkKk (permission) ds fy,A tSls(
Can I take your book? D;k eSa rqEgkjh iLq rd ys ldrk gw¡\
3. fu’ks?k ds fy, tlS s( You cannot sit here. rqe ;gka ugha cSB ldrs gksA
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