spoken express

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Could
;g can dk past tense gSA bldk ç;ksx ldk] lds] ldh] ldrk Fkk] ldrs Fks]
ldrh Fkh bR;kfn ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA

1. Hkwrdky eas ;ksX;rk ;k {kerk dks n”kkZus ds fy,A tSls(
Rekah could become a doctor. js[kk ,d MkDVj cu ldrh FkhA
We could not win the match. ge eSp ugha thr ldsA
Ravi could operate computer when he was seven years old. jfo 7
lky dh mez eas dEI;wVj pyk ldrk FkkA

2. present tense esa could dk Á;ksx fouez fuosnu ;k vuqefr (polite
request or permission) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Could I come in? D;k eSa vUnj vk ldrk g¡q\
Could you lend me your bike for a day? D;k vki eq>s ,d fnu ds

fy, viuh eksVjlkbdy m/kkj ns ldrs gks\

May dk vFkZ ^lduk ^ gkrs k gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
1. (a) laHkkouk (to express possibility) O;Dr djus ds fy,A tlS s(
He may come. og vk ldrk gSA It may rain. Ok’kkZ gks ldrh gSA
She reads day and night so that she may pass in the exam.
2. f”k’Vkpkj ds lkFk vkKk ysus ds fy, (to ask for permission in a
formal manner)AMay I come in, Sir? D;k Jheku th eaS vUnj vk ldrk g¡w\
May I go out? D;k eaS ckgj tk ldrk g¡w\
3. vPNh ;k cqjh bPNk (good or bad wish) rFkk mn~ns”; (Purpose) dks izdV
djus ds fy,A tSls(
May you always enjoy good luck! vki lnSo loLFk jgsa!
May he be ruined! [kqnk djs og cckZn gks tk;sA
He works hard so that he may succeed. og dM+h egs ur djrk gS rkfd
lQy gks ldsA

might dk vFkZ ^lduk ^gksrk gSA ;g may dk past tense gSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu
n”kkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
1. lEHkkouk O;Dr djus ds fy, (to express possibility): tSls(
It might rain. o’kkZ gks ldrh gSA
Priyanka might miss the train. fiz;da k dh Vªsu NwV ldrh gSA
Note: lEHkkouk ds vFkZ eas might fØ;k may dh vis{kk—r det+ksj (weak) Hkko
dks izdV djrk gSA
2. vuqefr (Permission) ysus ;k nsus ds fy,: tSls(
Might I use your mobile? D;k eSa vkidk eksckby bLrseky dj ldrk gq¡\
Might we come with you? D;k geyksx vkids lkFk vk ldrs gaS\
Note: might eas f”k’Vkpkj vf/kd ijUrq fo”okl de fn[kkbZ iMr+ k gSA
3. mnns~”; (Purpose): mn~ns”; dks izdV djus ds fy,A
He learns computer so that he might get a job. og dEI;wVj lh[krk gS rkfd
mls ukSdjh fey ldsA
He took out his pistol so that he might defend himself. mlus viuh fiLrkSy
fudkyh rkfd og viuh j{kk dj ldsA

Note: need rFkk dare ds Á;ksx ds fy, ist u0 43 rFkk 44 ns[ksaA

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Exercise 1 : Fill in the blanks with can, could, may, might, shall,
should, will, would, must and complete the sentences:

1. Rahul is an intelligent student, he…pass in the exam.
2. If you work hard, you…get success.
3. You are ill, you…consult a doctor.
4. Mr. David has a good practice, he…be a good doctor.
5. His English is very strong, he…become a good speaker.
6. Don’t be late, you…miss the train.
7. He spent three years in England, he… speak fluent English.
8. My friends are going to see the Taj, I …also go with them.
9. The sky is clear, but it…rain in the evening.
10. He is totally nonsense. he………be crazy.
11. He is a careless student, he………fail in the exam.

Transitive Verb ¼ldeZd fØ;k½ % og fØ;k ftlds vFkZ dks iwjk djus ds

fy, object ¼deZ½ dh vko”;drk gksrh gS] ;k og fØ;k ftlds dk;Z dk ÁHkko drkZ

ls vkxs c<+dj deZ (object) ij iM+rk gS] transitive verb dgykrh gSA tlS s%

1. Rahul hits the ball. 3. I love my country.

2. He writes a letter. 4. The cat killed a rat.

okD; ua01 eas hit fØ;k }kjk O;Dr dk;Z drkZ Rahul ls vkxs c<+dj deZ ball rd

tkrk gS( vr% hit ,d transitive verb gSA blh rjg write, love rFkk killed

transitive verbs gSa D;kasfd buds lkFk buds deZ (object) a letter, my country

rFkk a rat Hkh vk;s gSaA

igpku% ;fn okD; dh verb eas ^D;k* ;k ^fdldks* yxkus ls mRrj esa dksbZ noun ;k

pronoun vk;s] rks ;g noun ;k pronoun okD; dk deZ gksrk gS rFkk ;g fØ;k

transitive gksrh gSA

iz”u% og D;k fy[krk gS\ mRrj% ,d i= (a letter)
iz”u% fcYyh us fdldks ekjk\ mRrj% ,d pwgk (a rat)
vr% a letter rFkk a rat “kCn objects ¼deZ½ gSaA bl Ádkj ls writes rFkk killed
“kCn transitive verbs gSaA

Note: ;fn okD; eas ,d transitive verb dk ç;ksx gks rks bls monotransitive
verb dgrs gaSA ;fn nks dk ç;ksx gks rks bls ditransitive verb dgrs gSaA

He hits the ball. (monotransitive)
He named his child Ahmad. ( ditransitive)
Newton called his dog diamond. ( ditransitive)

Intransitive Verb ¼vdeZd fØ;k½: og fØ;k tks vius vFkZ dks ijw k djus ds

fy, fdlh object dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh rFkk vius vki esa gh iw.kZ vFkZ j[krh gS

;k og fØ;k ftlds dk;Z dk izHkko drkZ ls vkxs ugha c<+rk gS dsoy drkZ rd gh

lhfer jgrk gS] intransitive verb dgykrh gSA tlS s%

1. Mohan weeps everyday. 3. They laugh.

2. The baby sleeps. 4. She cried.

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okD; ua01 eas weep fØ;k }kjk O;Dr dk;Z drkZ eksgu rd gh lhfer jgrk gS ;g
vkxs ugha c<r+ k gS] vFkkZr eksgu ds jksus dk everyday ¼tks fd ,d complement
gS½ ij dksbZ ÁHkko ugha iM+rk gSA vr% fØ;k weep vdeZd fØ;k gSA blh Ádkj Åij
fn;s x;s okD;kas eas sleep, laugh rFkk cried ds drkZ baby, they rFkk she gaS] ijUrq
buds dksbZ objects ugha gaSA vr% sleep, laugh rFkk cried fd;k;as intransitive gSaA

Note: vdeZd fØ;k ¼transitive verb½ dks passive voice esa ugha cnyk tk
ldrk gS D;ksafd bleas object ugha gkrs k gS] vkSj active voice ls passive voice
esa cnyus ds fy, object dk gksuk vko”;d gSA

igpku%intransitive verb dks igpkuus ds fy, okD; dh fØ;k esa ^D;k] ;k ^fdldks]
yxkus ls ;fn mRrj eas dqN u feys rks fØ;k intransitive gksrh gSA tSls%
iz”u% eksgu D;k jksrk gS\ ;k eksgu fdldks jksrk gS\
mRrj dqN ugha( vr% weep ,d intransitive verb gSA

Transitive rFkk Intransitive verb esa vUrj% verb ,d okD; esa transitive
rks nlw js okD; esa intransitive Hkh gks ldrk gSA tSls(

Transitive verb Intransitive verb

They opened the box. The box opened.
The peon rang the bell. The bell rang.
They ended the story there. The story ended there.

Exercise 1 : Find out the transitive and intransitive verbs in the

following sentences:

1. He plays cricket.
2. I shall show you my new house.
3. They have done their homework.
4. I slept at night.
5. Respect your elders.
6. He was walking on the road.
7. I gave him a pen.
8. We go for morning walk everyday.
9. The washer man is washing the clothes.
10. He studies in 5th class.

Stative verb ¼fLFkfr lwpd fØ;k½: Stative verb describes a state rather
than an action. They aren’t usually used in present continuous form.
fLFkfr lwpd fØ;k ls voLFkk dk cks/k gkrs k gS dk;Z dk ughaA blls fuEufyf[kr
voLFkkvkas dk cks/k gksrk gSA

Thoughts and opinion: agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know,
mean, recognize, remember, think, suspect, understand.

Feelings and emotions: like, dislike, hate, love, want, wish, prefer
Senses and perceptions: be, feel, appear, hear, look, see, seem,
smell, taste
Possession and measurement: belong, measure, have, own, possess,
weigh

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2. Non-finite verb: ;s rhu Ádkj ds gksrs gaSA

1. The Infinitive ¼fØ;kFkZd laKk½

ftu fgUnh okD;ksa dh fØ;kvkas ds vUr eas uk] uh] us bR;kfn vkrk gS mUgsa infinitive

dgrs gSaA infinitive fØ;k eas to tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA fØ;k esa to tksM+dj cuk;k

x;k infinitive okD; eas noun dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA bUgas simple infinitive

dgrs gSaA ;g okD; ds “kq:] vUr ;k chp eas iz;ksx gkrs k gSA tSls%

1. To walk is useful for health. Vgyuk LokLFk ds fy, ykHknk;d gSA

2. To speak the truth is a good habit . lp cksyuk vPNh vknr gSA

3. To cheat one’s friend is betrayal. vius nksLr dks /kks[kk nsuk fo”okl?kkr gSA

4. To speak English is easy. vaxzst+h cksyuk vklku gSA

5. To err is human. xYkrh bUlku ls gkrs h gSA

6. Children like to read stories. cPpkas dks dgkfu;k¡ i<+uk ilUn gSA

7. I am eager to learn computer. eaS dEI;wVj lh[kus ds fy, bPNqd g¡wA

8. Ravi is willing to learn English. jfo vaxszt+h lh[kus ds fy, bPNqd gSA

9. The sun is about to set. Lkjw t Mwcus okyk gSA

10. I like to play cricket. eSa fØdsV [ksyuk ilUn djrk g¡wA

11. Her greatest pleasure is to read. mls i<+us esa lcls vf/kd vkUun feyrk gSA

Åij fn;s x;s lHkh bold “kCn Infinitive gaSA

Note: ijUrq dqN fØ;kvkas ls igys to yxk gksus ij mudk vFkZ ns[kdj] feydj]
ns[kus ds fy,] feyus ds fy, vkrk gS] uk] uh] us ugha vkrk gS] ,slh fØ;kvkas
lkekU; :Ik ls fØ;k ds vykok adjective rFkk adverb dk Hkh dk;Z djrs gSa bUgas

gerundial infinitive dgrs gSa tSls%

Adverb dh rjg%
I was eat to live.ge thus ds fy, [kkrs gSaA

We come here to learn English. ge yksx ;gk¡ vaxstz h+ lh[kus ds fy, vkrs gaSA

Adjective dh rjg%
Please give me a paper to write on. —Ik;k eq>s fy[kus ds fy, ,d dkxt+
nhft,A

Let, make, see, hear, watch, bid, feel, behold bR;kfn dks bare

infinitive dgrs gSaA buds ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k dks infinitive cukus ds fy,

to dk -Á;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%

1. Bid him go there. 4. We made him run.

2. Let me sit here. 5. I saw him learn lesson.

3. I heard them cry. 6. I watched them play Cricket.

ysfdu Åij nh x;h fØ;kvksa dks passive voice eas ç;ksx djus ij to dk ç;ksx

gksxk He was made to run. They were heard to cry.

help ds ckn full infinitive dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA see/hear/have ds
ckn v+ing dk Hkh ç;ksx gkrs k gSA

1. He helped me carry/to carry the luggage.

2. I heard him tell/telling a lie.

3. I cann’t have him wait/waiting for me.

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shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, can, could, dare
not, need not ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k dks infinitive cukus ds fy, to dk
Á;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%

1. We should learn English.
2. You must not miss the meeting.
3. You need not worry.
4. It might rain.
5. You dare not come here.
6. You could help me.
7. We shall wait for you.

ijUrq dare rFkk need dk ç;ksx eq[; fØ;k ds :i esa gks rks to dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

1. You don’t need to worry.
2. He doesn’t dare to talk to him.

Had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than
ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k dks infinitive cukus ds fy, to dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k
tkrk gSA

1. You had better keep quiet. csgrj gksxk fd rqe pqi jgksA
2. I would rather die than tell a lie. >wB cksyus dh vis{kk eaS ejuk

vf/kd iLkUn d:¡xkA
3. They returned sooner than we expected. os yksx gekjh vis{kk ls

igys ykSV vk;sA

But, except rFkk than ds ckn vkus okys infinitive eas to dk ç;ksx fNik
jgrk gSA He did everything except work hard.

1. She did nothing but shout.
2. They did no more than complain.

ijUrq ought rFkk used ds lkFk to dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA

1. India ought to win the match.
2. I used to visit Agra.

okD; eas dbZ infinitives dk ç;ksx gksus dh n”kk eas dos y igys infinitive ls
igys to dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

1. I want to play and enjoy.
2. It is our duty to help, support and love our neighbours.

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Uses of the Infinitive:

(a) fdlh verb ds subject ds :Ik eas] tlS s%
1. To swim is an exercise.
2. To err is human.

(b) fdlh transitive verb ds object ds :Ik esa] tSls%
1. I like to take tea.
2. He loves to play Tennis.

(c) fdlh verb ds complement ds :Ik eas] tSls%
1. They are yet to come.
2. My intention is to become a doctor.

(d) fdlh preposition ds object ds :Ik eas] tSls%
1. He is about to come.
2. It is about to rain.

(e) objective complement ds :Ik eas] tlS s%

1. He helped me to carry the luggage.
2. I asked him to keep quiet.

Exercise 1: Correct the following sentences:

1. He made him to do all the house chores.
2. The conductor made me buying the ticket.
3. They let me to go inside the office.
4. She made him to run.
5. You had better to go now.
6. They helped me lifting the luggage.
7. He dared not to do that.
8. I am eager learning computer.

Exercise 2: Fill the blanks with suitable infinitives:

1. He can …….. fluent English. (speak)
2. He was made …….. away. (run)
3. Ahmad refused ……..bribe. (accept)
4. I expect you …….. soon. (return)
5. If you want ....success, you should ...hard. (get, work)
6. He dare not ……. me. (face)
7. You don’t need …….. there. (go)
8. You needn’t …….. about it. (worry)

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3. The Gerund ¼fØ;kokpd laKk½

ftu fgUnh okD;ksa dh fØ;kvksa ds vUr eas uk] uh] us bR;kfn vkrk gS] mUgas gerund
dgrs gSaA ;g fØ;k eas ing tksM+us ls ikz Ir gksrk gSA gerund Hkh infinitive dh
rjg non-finite verb gS] tks fØ;k rFkk laKk nksuksa dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
blfy, bls fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs gSaA

1. I like watching television. eq>s Vsfyfot+u n[s kuk ilUn gSA

2. Swimming is a good exercise. rSjuk ,d vPNk O;k;ke gSA

3. Smoking is injurious to health /kweziku LokLFk ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA

4. He is in the habit of telling a lie. mls >wB cksyus dh vknr gSA

5. Abdul is fond of reading books. vCnqy dks fdrkcas i<+us dk “kkSd gSA

6. I like swimming. eq>s rjS uk ilUn gSA

7. He insisted on my going there. mlus ejs s ogka tkus ij tk+ sj fn;kA

Note: okD; ua0 1 eas gerund ¼watching½ dk iz;ksx like fØ;k ds object

vFkkZr noun dh rjg gqvk gS] ijUrq fØ;k dh rjg blds lkFk deZ television

Hkh vk;k gS( vr% watching “kCn verb rFkk noun nksuksa dh rjg dk;Z dj jgk

gSA blh rjg ls Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas lHkh bold “kCn gerund ds mnkgj.k gaSA

dqN fØ;kvksa dk dos y infinitive :Ik iz;ksx gkrs k gSA tSls%

ask, choose, agree, attempt, decide, consent, deserve, determine,
expect, pretend, learn, promise, manage, offer, want, afford, wait,
wish, long, claim, refuse, hope, etc.

dqN fØ;kvkas dk dsoy gerund :i iz;ksx gkrs k gSA tSls%

risk, miss, complete, deny, prevent, stop, delay, detest, finish,
dread, acknowledge, enjoy, suggest, keep, mind, avoid, feel,
consider, go on, keep on, look forward to, give up, put off, it is no
good, it’s no use, etc.

dqN fØ;kvksa dks infinitive rFkk gerund nksuksa :Ikkas eas iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

walk, cheat, smoke, watch, intend, begin, continue, hate, love, like,
forget, permit, allow, prefer, remember, advise, propose, be afraid
of, etc.

Uses of the Gerund:
(a) fdlh verb ds subject ds :Ik eas] tSls(

1. Swimming is a good exercise.
2. Smoking is harmful for health.
3. Walking is good for health.

(b) fdlh verb ds object ds :Ik eas] tlS s(
1. I like playing Cricket.
2. Stop shouting.
3. She loves reading.

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(c) fdlh preposition ds object ds :Ik eas] tlS s(
1. I am fond of watching Cricket.
2. He is in the habit of smoking.
3. We were tired of waiting for you.

(d) fdlh verb ds complement ds :Ik esa] tSls(
1. My hobby is reading.
2. Seeing is believing.
3. What I hate most is drinking.

Exercise 1 : Fill in the blanks with suitable infinitive or gerund
as necessary.

1. I avoid …….. there. (go)
2. I don’t mind……...for you. (wait)
3. He denied…….. there. (go)
4. Would you like …………….tea? (take)
5. I hate people ……me what to do. (tell)
6. Would you mind ……….aside, please? (move)
7. I tried my best ……..them. (convince)
8. I have given up ……...(smoke)

3. Participle ¼—nra ½

Participles okD; esa adjective ;k adverb dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;s rhu izdkj ds
gksrs gSaA

1. Present participle ¼orZekudkfyd —nra ½% ftu fØ;kvksa dk fgUnh vuoq kn
dj] rs gq,] rk gqvk] i<+rs&i<+rs] Vgyrs le; bR;kfn vkrk gS] mUgas present

participle dgrs gaSA bUgsa fØ;k eas ing tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA bl participle
ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd ,d dk;Z ds lekIr gksus ls igys gh nlw jk dk;Z “kq: gks

tkrk gSA see+ing = seeing ns[kdj sleep+ing = sleeping lksrs le;

bark+ing = barking HkkSadrs gq,@gqvk while going tkrs gq,

fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kkas dks /;kuiwoZd i<a+s%

1. Seeing the police, the thief ran away. iksfyl dks ns[kdj pksj Hkkx x;kA

2. I slept while reading. eaS i<r+ s&i<r+ s lks x;kA

3. I saw him going. eaSus mls tkrs gq, ns[kkA

4. I am tired of explaining to him. eaS mls le>krs&le>krs rax vk x;k g¡wA

5. His father caught him smoking. mlds firk us mls flxjsV ihrs gq, idM+kA

6. The police caught him stealing. iksfyl us mls pkjs h djrs gq, idM+kA

7. Hearing the news of her child’s death, she fainted vius cPps dh ekrS dk
lekpkj lqudj og csgks”k gks iMh+ A

8. Reaching Lucknow, we took rest. Yk[kuÅ igq¡pdj geus vkjke fd;kA

Note: Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas lHkh bold “kCn present participle ds mnkgj.k gaSA

301

2. Past participle ¼Hkrw dkfyd —nar½% ftu fØ;kvkas dk fgUnh vuqokn ^gqvk] gq,^
bR;kfn vkrk gS mUgas Past participle dgrs gaSA bu fØ;kvkas ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd
dk;Z igys le; eas lekIr gks x;k vkSj vc mldk dksbZ izHkko ckdh ugha gSA past
participle cukus ds fy, fØ;k dk rr` h; :Ik (third form) iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl
participle ds vUr eas izk;% ed, -d, -t, -en, -n bR;kfn vkrs gaSA

1. We saw a burnt house. geusa ,d tyk gqvk edku ns[kkA
2. Defeated soldiers ran away. gkjs gq, lSfud Hkkx x;sA
3. I found my lost pen. eq>s viuh [kksbZ gqbZ dye fey x;hA

4. Abdul got back his lost honour. vCnqy dks mldk [kks;k gqvk lEeku okil fey x;kA

5. Hit by circumstances, he lost his will to live. gkykr dk ekjk gqvk
mlus thus dh bPNk NksM+ nhA

6. Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread. Hkw[k dk ekjk gqvk
mlus jksVh dk ,d VqdM+k pkjs h dj fy;kA

7. I saw a tree laden with fruits. eSaus Qyksa ls ynk gqvk ,d isM+ n[s kkA

8. A burnt child dreads the fire. nw/k dk tyk gqvk Nk¡N Hkh Qwad&Qawd dj ihrk gSA

Note: Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa lHkh bold “kCn past participle gaSA

3. Perfect participle ¼iwoZdkfyd —nra ½% ftu fØ;kvkas dk fgUnh vuqokn ^djds]

djus dk ckn^ bR;kfn vkrk gS mUgsa perfect participle dgrs gaSA bl participle ls
chrs gq, le; eas dk;Z ds iwjh rjg ls lekIr gksus dh lwpuk feyrh gSA bls having esa
fØ;k dk rr` h; :i tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA bl participle ls ;g O;Dr gksrk gS fd ,d
dk;Z ds iwjh rjg ls lekIr gksus ds ckn gh nwljk dk;Z ”kq: gksrk gSA

1. Having completed my homework, viuk x`gdk;Z lekIr djus ds
I submitted it to my teacher. ckn eaSus bls vius v/;kid ds ikl tek dj fn;kA

2. Having written a letter, he posted it. i= fy[kus ds ckn mlus bls iksLV dj fn;kA
3. Having visited fair, we returned home. esyk ns[kus ds ckn ge yksx ?kj ykSV vk;sA

4. The sun having risen, the fog disappeared. ljw t fudyus ds ckn dksgjk NV x;kA
5. Having completed his double century, nksgjk “krd ijw k djus ds ckn jkfs gr

Rohit waved his bat in the air. us viuk cYyk gok esa ygjk;kA
Note 1: present participle rFkk perfect participle esa ;g vUrj gS fd
present participle esa nksukas dk;Z ,d gh lkFk “kq: gksrs gSa tSls% ¼iksfyl dks ns[kdj
pksj Hkkx x;k vFkkZr ns[kus ds rjq Ur ckn Hkkxk½ tcfd perfect participle eas ,d
dk;Z iwjh rjg ls lekIr gksus ds ckn nlw jk dk;Z “kq: gksrk gSA tSls% ¼i= fy[kus ds
ckn mlus bls iksLV dj fn;k vFkkZr igys i= fy[kk rFkk ckn eas iksLV fd;k½A
Note 2: present participle rFkk gerund nksuksa fØ;k esa ing yxkdj cuk;s tkrs
gSa] ijUrq nksukas eas vUrj le>uk vfr vko”;d gSA present participle ,d verb
rFkk adjective dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS rFkk noun ;k pronoun dks qualify djrk
gS tcfd gerund ,d verb rFkk noun dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS rFkk okD; esa
subject ;k object dh rjg ç;qDr gkrs k gSA tSls%
1. Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
mijksDr okD; esa police ,d noun gS rFkk seeing bl noun dks qualify dj jgk
gS vFkkZr~ seeing ,d adjective dh rjg dk;Z dj jgk gS tSlk fd adjective dh
ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj adjective fdlh noun ;k pronoun dks qualify djrk gSA
1. Walking is useful for health.
mijksDr okD; eas walking ¼Vgyuk½ noun dh rjg dk;Z dj jgk gS D;ksafd ;g is
dk subject gSA ;gk¡ ij walking fdlh adjective dks qualify ugha dj jgk gSA

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¼—nra ds Á;ksx½

They are playing Tennis
He was waiting for the bus
She will be making tea
Rahul has been learning music lesson
Ahmad had been trying hard
She will have been preparing food.

2. lHkh rhukas perfect tenses esa past participle dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

He has gone to market.
She had finished her work.
They will have reached the venue.

3. Passive voice ds lHkh okD;ksa eas participle dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

English is spoken everywhere.
The lion was killed.
The road is being repaired.
The letter has been written.

4. Participle dk ç;ksx adjective dh rjg Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

I saw a burning lamp.
The defeated army ran away.
She found her lost purse.

5. Participle dk ç;ksx absolute dh rjg Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

The weather being pleasant, we went on a pleasure trip.
It being Sunday, I completed my missed out exercises.

6. Participle dk passive form
Perfect participle esa having been ds lkFk verb dh third form dk ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
Being disappointed with himself, he took the wrong steps.
The project having been completed, he submitted it.

303

Adverb og “kCn gS tks fdlh verb, adjective ;k nwljs adverb ;k iwjs okD;
dh fo”ks’krk izdV djrk gSA

An adverb is a word or group of words that describes a verb,
adjective another adverb or the whole sentence.

For example:

1. Mohan runs quickly. (;gka ij quickly ,d adverb gS tks fØ;k
runs dh fo”ks’krk ÁdV djrk gS½

2. She is very intelligent. (;gka ij very ,d adverb gS tks adjective,
intelligent dh fo”ks’krk ÁdV djrk gS½

3. Mohan runs very quickly.(;gka ij very ,d adverb gS tks adverb,
quickly dh fo”ks’krk ÁdV djrk gS½

Kinds Of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo”ks’k.k ds izdkj½

Adverb Of Time ¼dkyokpd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k½: bu adverbs ls dk;Z ds gksus
dk le; Kkr gksrk gS vFkkrZ ~ dksbZ dk;Z ÞdcÞ gksrk gSA It tells the time of the
action and answers the question ‘when’.

1. David came yesterday.
2. They arrived today.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa bold “kCn adverbs of time gSaA
bUgas fØ;k eas ^dc^ yxkdj iz”u djds Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA igys okD; dh fØ;k eas
dc yxkdj iz”u dhft,A Á”u% MsfoM dc vk;k\ mRrj% yesterday ¼dy½( vr%
yesterday ”kCn adverb of time gSA Some more examples: ago, since,
early, before, yet, tomorrow, already, soon, late, now, then, last
year, next month, this week, etc.

Adverb of Place ¼LFkkuokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½: bu adverbs ls dk;Z ds gksus ds
LFkku dk irk pyrk gSA It indicates where the action is done and
answers the question ‘where’.

1. English is spoken everywhere
2. Come in.
3. I am going back home.
4. He took the dog outside.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa bold “kCn adverbs of place gaSA
bUgsa Kkr djus ds fy, fØ;k eas ^dgk¡] yxkdj iz”u fd;k tkrk gSA igys okD; dh
fØ;k eas ^dgk¡] yxkdj iz”u dhft,A

304

Á”u% vaxzsth+ dgk¡ cksyh tkrh gS\ mRrj% everywhere ¼gj txg½(
vr% everywhere “kCn adverb of place gSA
Some more examples: here, away, in, out, up, down, nowhere,
below, beside, above, upstairs, indoors, outdoors, somewhere,
near, far, inward, backward, etc.

Adverb Of Manner ¼jhfrokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% bu adverbs ls ;g irk
pyrk gS fd dk;Z fdl rjg ls vkSj dlS s fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ dk;Z djus dk
rjhdk@jhfr D;k gSA It tells us how or in what manner something
happens and answers the question ‘how’.

1. Our soldiers fought bravely.
2. I told him clearly.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa bold “kCn adverbs of manner gaSA
bUgsa fØ;k esa dSls (how) yxkdj Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA okD; u0a 1 dh fØ;k esa
dSls yxkdj iz”u dhft,A Á”u% gekjs flikgh dSls yMs+\ mRrj% bravely ¼cgknjq h
ls½( vr% bravely “kCn adverb of manner gSA Some more examples:
quickly, happily, softly, soundly, easily, slowly, swiftly, hardly,
quietly, badly, nicely, immediately

bu adverbs ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd dk;Z fdruk ;k fdl ek=k eas gqvk gSA
It shows how much or to what extent a work is done and answers
the question ‘how much’.
1. The weather was too hot.
2. The glass is nearly full.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa eas bold “kCn adverbs of degree gSaA
bUgsa fØ;k eas fdruk (how much) yxkdj Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA Á”u% ekSle
fdruk xeZ Fkk\ mRrj% too ¼cgqr½( vr% too “kCn adverb of degree gSA
Some more examples: fully, entirely, severely, exactly, almost,
hardly, very, little, much, quite, rather, partly, somewhat, enough

Adverb of Frequency or repetition ¼vko`frokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% bu
adverbs ls dk;Z gksus dh la[;k ;k vko`fRr dk irk pyrk gS vFkkrZ dk;Z fdruh
ckj gksrk gSA It shows the frequency of an action and answers the
question ‘how often’.

1. Rahul has visited America twice.
2. Always keep to the left.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa bold “kCn adverbs of frequency gSaA
bUgas Kkr djus ds fy, fØ;k esa ^fdruh ckj^ (how often) yxkdj iz”u fd;k
tkrk gSA igys okD; dh fØ;k esa fdruh ckj yxkdj iz”u dhft,A
Á”u% jkgqy fdruh ckj vesfjdk x;k gS\ mRrj% twice ¼nks ckj½( vr% twice “kCn
adverb of frequency gSA

305

Some more examples: once, thrice, sometimes, seldom, often,
usually, rarely, daily, normally, occasionally, everyday, again, etc.

¼iz”uokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½: bu adverbs dk iz;ksx
iz”u iwNus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA This adverb is used for asking
questions. When, where, why, how, how often, how much, how long

1. Why are you so late?
2. When will you visit Agra?
3. Where has he gone?
4. How can I get to your house?

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa bold “kCn interrogative adverbs gaSA

¼lEcU/kokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% bu adverbs dk iz;ksx nks
okD;ksa dks tksM+us vkSj vius ls igys vk;s gq, noun dh rjQ b”kkjk@ladrs djrs
gq, time, place, reason vkjS manner dks Li’V djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls% where, when, why, etc.

1. I know the place where he lives. (a. I know the place. b. he lives.)

2. Tell me the reason why he failed in the exam.
3. I remember the day when we first met.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas lHkh bold “kCn relative adverbs gSaA
Note: igys okD; esa iz;qDr “kCn ‘where, ,d relative adverb gS tks nks
okD;kas I know the place rFkk he lives dks tksM+rk gS vkSj lkFk gh esa ;g vius
ls igys vk, gq, “kCn place ¼tks fd ,d noun gS) dh rjQ b”kkjk Hkh djrk gSA

¼fu’ks/kokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% bu adverbs ls
udkjkRed Hkko izdV gksrk gSA tSls% no, not, never, any

1. I have never been to Agra.
2. There was no visibility during the rains.
3. I cannot repay my parents for their blessings.
4. I don’t see any way your ideas could prove to be profitable.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa eas bold “kCn adverbs of negation gSaA

¼LohdkjkRed fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% bu adverbs ls
fdlh ckr dks Lohdkj djus dk Hkko izdV gksrk gSA This adverb is used for
affirmation and conformity. tSls%

1. Yes, together we can do that.
2. We are certainly going to shift our house this week.
3. I will definitely attend the party to be held next month.
4. The moon was clearly visible from my terrace.
5. We are obviously going to make a lot of money from this

investment.

Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa bold “kCn adverbs of affirmation gaSA

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¼okD;okpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% Sentence adverbs iwjs
okD; dks modify djrs gaSA ;s çk;% okD; ds vkjEHk eas vkrs gSaA Sentence
adverbs modify the whole sentence.

1. Surprisingly, the manager himself was absent.
2. Apparently, there is nothing that cannot happen today.
3. Possibly, He may not come.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas bold “kCn sentence adverbs gaS]A
Some more examples: obviously, hopefully, surely, probably,
ideally, undoubtedly, normally, plainly, thankfully

¼dkj.kokpd fØ;kfo”ks’k.k½% bu adverbs ls dk;Z djus
ds dkj.k dk irk pyrk gSA tSls% Hence, therefore, so, consequently, thus

1. She had financial problem, therefore she dropped her study.
2. He didn’t try sincerely, hence he failed in his effort.
3. He begged my pardon, So I forgave him.
4. Thus, he got angry.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas eas bold “kCn adverbs of reason gaSA
dqN “kCnkas dk iz;ksx adjective rFkk adverb nksuksa dh rjg gksrk gSA tSls%

Adjective Adverb

It is a hard question. We work hard all the day.

There is much truth in what he says. The patient is much better.

They have a high opinion of me. We should always aim high.

We have enough money to buy a bike. Rekha writes well enough.

He is no better than a fool. He knows me better than you do.

She lives in the next street. When will you next call me?

Mohan is a fast learner. Mohan learns fast.

He is the only child in the family. We can only guess.

Dainik Jagran is a daily newspaper. We read newspaper daily.

It an easy question. Take it easy.
Mohan is a late riser. Mohan gets up late.
He is a little boy. I care little.
He is my near relative. Come near.

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¼rqyukRed voLFkk,a½

adjective dh rjg dqN adverbs dh Hkh degrees of comparison gksrh gaSA
adjectives dh rjg ;s Hkh rhu gSaA

1. Positive 2. Comparative 3. Superlative

ds fu;e%
Rule no 1: dqN adverbs ds vUr eas ‘er, tksM+us ls comparative rFkk ‘est,
tksM+us ls superlative degree ds adverbs cuk;s tkrs gSaA TkSls%

positive comparative superlative
hard harder hardest
fast faster fastest
long longer longest
soon sooner soonest
near nearer nearest

Exception ¼viokn½% ysfdu fØ;k&fo”ks’k.k early ds lkFk ;g fu;e ugha ykxw
gksrk gSA

early earlier earliest

Rule no 2: ftu adverbs dh positive degrees ds vUr esa ly gks] rks mudh
comparative degrees cukus ds fy, more/less rFkk superlative degrees
cukus ds fy, most/least dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA TkSls%

positive comparative superlative
quickly more quickly most quickly
loudly more loudly most loudly
carefully less carefully least carefully

Note: dqN adverbs ds vUr eas ‘ly, rks vkrk gS ijUrq os adverbs ugha gksrs gaS
os adjective gksrs gSaA tSls% lovely, friendly, brotherly, fatherly,
motherly, manly, womanly, etc.

Rule no 3: dqN adverbs dh comparative rFkk superlative degrees
cukus ds fy, dksbZ fuf”pr fu;e ugha gksrk gSA bUgas vfu;fer :Ik ls “kCnksa esa

ifjorZu djds cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls%

positive comparative superlative

much more most
well better best
little less least
ill, badly worse worst
forth further furthest
far farther farthest
late later last, latest

308

Uses of degrees of comparison:

Positive: Rekha speaks loud.
Comparative: Rekha speaks louder than Sita.
Superlative : Rekha speaks loudest of all the students.

Positive: Rahul walks carefully.
Comparative: Rahul walks more carefully.
Superlative : Rahul walks most carefully.

¼fØ;k fo”ks’k.k dk cuuk½
Rule no 1: vf/kdrj adverbs dks adjectives esa ‘ly, tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk
gSA tSls% clear/clearly, bad/badly, sad/sadly, careful/carefully

Rule no 2: dqN adverbs dks noun eas ly tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Month/ monthly, week/weekly, year/yearly, fortnight/fortnightly

Rule no 3: dqN adverbs dks noun esa prefix ‘a, tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
gain/again, bed/abed, blaze/ablaze, top/atop,head/ahead,
board/aboard, part/apart, side/aside, way/away, foot/afoot, etc.

Rule no 4: dqN adverbs dks adjective esa ‘a, tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gaSA tSls%
fresh/afresh, live/alive/, like/alike, kin/akin, lone/alone,
round/around, loud/aloud, new/anew, etc.
Rule no 5: suffixes wise, ways, ward rFkk wards tksM+djA tlS s%
sideways, upwards, inwards, onwards, backwards, etc.
Rule no 6: adverb esa preposition tksM+djA tSls%
nearby, herein, hereafter, herewith, wherein, hitherto, thereupon,
henceforth, thereof, etc.

Rule no 7:nnks ksadverbs dks Conjunction ‘and’ ls tksM+djA tlS s% far and
wide, far and near, now and then, over and above, out and out, etc.

¼fØ;k&fo”ks’k.k dk lgh LFkku½

Rule no 1: yes, no, perhaps, thus, fortunately bR;kfn adverbs okD; ds
ikz jEHk eas iz;skx fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls%

1. Fortunately, I was present there.
2. Perhaps, he has left for the city.
3. No, he will not help me.
4. Yes, you are right.

309

Rule no 2: adverb ‘enough, lnoS ml “kCn ds ckn iz;qDr gksrk gS] ftls ;g
modify djrk gSA tlS s%

1. You are strong enough to move this luggage.
2. Rahul is intelligent enough to solve this question.
3. She spoke loud enough to be heard.

Rule no 3: adverb ‘only, dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ls igys gksrk gS ftls ;g
modify djrk gSA tSls%

1. Only they promised to help me. dsoy mUgkasus gh enn djus dk oknk fd;kA
2. They only promised to help me. mUgkasus dos y enn djus dk oknk fd;kA

Rule no 4: always, seldom, somtimes, never, ever, often, frequently
tSls adverbs of time mu “kCnkas ls igys ç;ksx fd;d tlrs gSa ftUgsa ;s modify
djrs gaSA tSls%

1. I always get up early morning.
2. He seldom calls me.
3. They have just come.
4. He never violates the law.
5. They oten comes to my house.

Rule no 5: okD; eas eq[; fØ;k rFkk lgk;d fØ;k nksuksa dk ç;ksx gksus dh n”kk esa
adverb dk ç;ksx bu nksuksa ds chp eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

1. I have always supported the good cause.
2. He has already gone.
3. They have just come.
4. I will certainly help you.

Rule no 6: adverbs of manner tSls& heavily, slowly, carefully, well,
quickly dks eq[; fØ;k ds ckn j[krs gSaA tSls%

1. It is raining heavily.
2. The train is moving slowly.
3. He played well.

Note: transitive verb ds vius object ds lkFk vkus ij adverb dk ç;ksx ml
object ds i”pkr fd;k tkrk gSA

1. I am feeling well.
2. He handled the matter carefully.
3. He played the ball nicely.
Rule no 7: ;fn fdlh okD; eas nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fØ;k fo”ks’k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkuk gks] rks lcls igys jhfrokpd fQj LFkkuokpd vkSj vUr eas dkyokpd fØ;k
fo”ks’k.k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
1. He spoke earnestly at the meeting last week.
2. The temperature fell quickly in the city last night.
3. They will come here today evening.

310

¼dqN egRoiw.kZ fØ;k fo”ks’k.kksa dk lgh iz;ksx½

Very, Much: very dk vFkZ ^cgqr] gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lnSo positive
degree ds adjective rFkk adverb ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS] tSls%
Mohan is very clever. Rekha is very beautiful.
much dk vFkZ ^vf/kd] gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx adjective dh comparative
degree rFkk verb ds past participle form vFkkZr fØ;k ds rr` h; :i ds lkFk
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% My book is much better than your book.
I am much pleased today.

Fairly, Rather: fairly dk iz;ksx positive Hkko desirable ¼okaNuh;½ eas gkrs k
gS tcfd rather dk iz;ksx negative Hkko undesirable ¼vokaNuh;½ esa gkrs k gSA
tlS s% The tea is fairly hot. pk; bruh xeZ gS fd ftruh gksuh pkfg,A ¼okaNuh;
Hkko/desirable½ The tea is rather hot. pk; bruh xeZ gS fd ih;k ugha tk
ldrkA ¼vokaNuh; Hkko/ undesirable½

Too, very: too dk vFkZ ^^i;kZIr ls vf/kd** (more than enough) gksrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx negative Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
It is too cold today. vkt iz;kIr ls vf/kd B.M gS vFkkZr cgrq BaM gSA
The tea is too hot. Pkk; mfpr ls vf/kd xeZ gS vFkkZr cgrq xeZ gSA
very dk vFkZ ^vf/kd] gksrk gSA ;g adjective ds vFkZ esa o`f) djrk gSA tSls%
Mohan is very good in Mathematics. ;gk¡ ij very “kCn good ds vFkZ esa
o`f) dj jgk gS fd eksgu xf.kr eas vPNk gh ugha gS cfYd cgqr vPNk gSA

Enough: bldk vFkZ ^i;kZIr] (sufficient) gkrs k gSA bldk iz;ksx adjective
rFkk adverb ds ckn ijUrq noun ls igys fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
You are old enough to understand everything. ;gka ij enough fØ;k
fo”ks’k.k old ds ckn vk;k gSA
There is not enough food for everyone. ;gka ij enough laKk (noun)
food ls igys vk;k gSA

Note: enough ,d ek= ,ls k adverb gS tks ftl adjective ;k adverb dks
modify djrk gS mlds ckn vkrk gSA

311

Exercise 1: Choose the correct adverbs given in the brackets:

1. We are ………………the city (near, nearly)
2. He drives…............................(slow, slowly)
3. He has become popular of…...(late, lately)
4. She slept….........................(sound, soundly)
5. Rahul sang the song...........(sweet, sweetly)
6. This question is very………..(hard, hardly)

Exercise 2: Fill in the following blanks with elder, eldest or
oldest:

1. Rahul is the…of the three brothers.
2. Sita is…to Rekha.
3. Mohan is … than Amit Mishra.
4. That building is the…in the city.
5. Of the two brothers, David is the…

Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with positive, comparative or
superlative degrees of the adverbs given in the brackets:

1. Mohan writes…………..(better)
2. Light travels…………..than sound. (fast)
3. He could not stay any …………..(long)
4. No…………..did we reach the college than the class started.

(soon)
5. The patient is feeling…………..today. (well)
6. Of all the games, I like cricket…………..(much)
7. Mohan works…………..…………..than Ram. (hard)
8. David came…………..of all. (early)
9. Sita reads…………..of all. (fast)

Exercise 4: Correct the following sentence:

1. Honey tastes sweetly.
2. I was much very pleased.
3. I well did.
4. He surely will come.
5. I am tired a little.
6. He was too glad to accept the gift.
7. I am too happy.
8. I am very better today.
9. He did the job better.
10. My house is more better.

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¼la;kstd½

Conjunction og “kCn gS tks nks “kCnkas] okD;ka”kksa ;k okD;kas dks vkil eas tksM+rk
gSA

Conjunction is a word, which joins two words, phrases or
sentences together.

1. Mohan and Abdul went to Agra.
2. Abdul failed but his brother passed.
igys okD; esa and }kjk nks “kCnkas Mohan rFkk Abdul dks tksM+k x;k gS vFkkrZ ~
and ,d conjunction dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA nlw js okD; eas but }kjk nks okD;ksa
Abdul failed rFkk his brother passed dks tksMk+ x;k gS vFkkrZ but ,d
conjunction dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA

Kinds of Conjunctions ¼la;kstd ds izdkj½% Conjunctions nks izdkj ds gksrs
gSaA

1. Coordinating conjunctions ¼lekuinh; la;kstd½% ;s ,ls s la;kstd gkrs s
gaS tks leku in (equal rank) okys “kCnkas ;k okD;ksa dks ,d nlw js ls tksM+rs gSaA
tlS s(

1. Two and two make four. nks vkSj nks pkj gksrs gSaA
2. I asked for his help, but he refused.

igys okD; esa and }kjk nks “kCnksa dks tksM+k x;k gSA nlw js okD; eas but }kjk nks
okD;ksa dks tksM+k x;k gSA nksusa okD; iw.kZ vFkZ j[krs gSa rFkk ;s vius vFkZ dks iwjk
djus ds fy, ,d&nlw js ij fuHkZj ugha gaSA

Note: nks ,ls s okD; tks vius vFkZ dks ijw k djus ds fy, ,d nwljs ij fuHkjZ ugha
jgrs gaS] mUgas coordinating conjunctions ls tksMk+ tkrk gSA
eq[; coordinating conjunctions fuEufyf[kr gSa%
for, and, but, or , so, yet, therefore, as well as, both, not only but
also, either or, neither nor, otherwise, etc.

dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij coordinating conjunction dks pkj Hkkxkas esa ckaVk x;k
gSA

1. Cumulative conjunction ;k tksM+us okys la;kstd% and, as well as,
both….and, not only…. but also.

1. Abdul as well as his friends came to meet me.
2. Gandhiji was not only a great patriot, but also a philosopher.
3. He was both punished and fined.

313

2. Alternative conjunction ;k fodYi crkus okys la;kstd% either… or
neither …nor, else, otherwise

1. Make haste, otherwise you will be late for the office.
2. Neither you nor your friend called me.

3. Adversative conjunction ;k fojks/k crkus okys la;kstd% but, or yet,
still, however, nevertheless

1. She is hard working but not intelligent.
2. I was angry, still I kept silent.
3. He is rich, yet he is miser.

4. Illative conjunction ;k ifj.kke crk+us okys la;kstd%%: so, therefore, for
1. Someone knocked the door, for I heard noise.
fdlh us njoktk [kV[kVk;k D;kasfd eq>s “kkjs lqukbZ fn;kA
2. We missed the train, therefore we went by bus.
3. He must have some problems with him, for he missed the
class. mlds lkFk dqN leL;k vo”; gS D;kasfd mlus Dykl NksM+ fn;kA

Note: ;gk¡ ij for dk vFkZ ^D;kasfd] gSA

2. Subordinating Conjunctions ¼vkfJr la;kstd½% ;s os la;kstd
(conjunctions) gSa tks ,d vkfJr miokD; (subordinate clause) dks nwljs
eq[; miokD; (principal clause) ls feykrs gSa rFkk vius vFkZ dks iwjk djus ds
fy, nlw js okys miokD; ij fuHkjZ jgrs gSaA tSls%

1. If you work hard, you will get success. bl okD; eas if vkfJr
la;kstd (subordinate conjunction) gS D;ksafd ;s vius vFkZ dks iwjk
djus ds fy, nlw js miokD; (clause) ij fuHkZj gSA

Note: /;ku nas fd okD; u01 eas if okyk miokD; if you work hard vius vFkZ
dks ijw k djus ds fy, nwljs miokD; you will get success ij fuHkjZ gS] ijUrq
you will get success dk vFkZ vius vki esa iw.kZ gS vkjS ;g igys okys miokD;
ij fuHkZj ugha gSA

eq[; subordinating conjunctions fuEufyf[kr gS%

Time (le;½& buls le; dk cks/k gksrk gSA after, before, while, as soon
as, so long as, no sooner than, till, until, whenever, now that, etc.

1. I waited for him until /till he came.
2. The patient died after the doctor had come.
3. As soon as he saw me, he came up and talked to me.

Cause (dkj.k½& buls dkj.k dk cks/k gkrs k gSA because, since, as, etc.

1. The baby is crying because it is hungry.
2. Since he is needy, I shall help him.
3. As English is a global language, we should learn it.

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Purpose (mn~ns”;½& buls mnn~ s”; dk cks/k gksrk gSA that, so that, in order
that, lest, etc.

1. We ran fast so that we could catch the train.
2. Walk carefully, lest you should fall.
3. She works hard that she may pass in the exam.

Result (ifj.kke½& buls fu’d’kZ dk cks/k gksrk gSA so….. that
1. He is so weak that he cannot walk properly.

Condition (”krZ½& buls “krZ dk cks/k gkrs k gSA if, only if, unless,
provided that, assuming that, in case , etc.

1. If you support me, I shall fight the election.
2. Unless you call me, I will not come.

Comparison (rqyuk½& buls rqyuk dk cks/k gksrk gSA than, rather than, as
much as, whereas, as….as, so…..as, etc.

1. He is taller than you.
2. Abdul is as intelligent as David.
3. Abdul is not so laborious as his brother.

Manner (<ax½& buls <xa dk cks/k gksrk gSA as, as if, as though, so far as,
as far as, how, etc.

1. I will do as you like.
2. He did as he was told.
3. As far as English is concerned, everybody wants to speak.
4. He talks as if he were my boss.

Concession or contrast (fj;k;r½& buls fj;k;r ;k fojks/k dk cks/k gksrk gSA
though, although, even though, etc.

1. Although he was angry, yet he kept quiet.
2. He didn’t win the election, however, he fought it sincerely.
3. Even though it is raining, I will go to office.

Note: although dk laf{kIr :Ik though gkrs k gSA

Place (LFkku½& buls LFkku dk cks/k gkrs k gSA where, wherever, etc.
1. He was welcomed wherever he went.
2. I know where he lives.

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Relative pronoun& what, which, that, who, whose, etc.

1. This is the book which you game me yesterday.
2. This is the man who helped me.
3. Where is the boy whose pen was lost?

Correlative conjunction& either… or, nether… nor, both.. and,
not only... but also, whether …or, such…that, scarcely/hardly…
when, no …sooner than, etc.

1. He is not such an intelligent person as you admire.
2. There is no such problem as you mention.
3. We had hardly reached the home when the rain started.
4. No sooner did he see the lion than he ran away.

Note: bl rjg ls ;fn correlative conjunction dks vyx dj nsa rks]
conjunction dks rhu Hkkxksa eas ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

1. Coordinating conjunctions
2. Subordinating conjunctions
3. Correlative conjunctions

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences:

1. I do not know why…………………….….
2. She is working hard, lest she…….…….….
3. As soon as I reached the school………….….
4. It is impossible to……………………….…
5. I do not know when…………………….…
6. He kept on working…………………….…
7. Work hard, otherwise………….………….
8. Will you wait, unless………….………….
9. If it rains,…………..………….…………...
10. You cannot succeed unless….…………….

Solved:
1. I do not know why he is weeping.
2. She is working hard, lest she should fail.
3. As soon as I reached the school, the bell rang.
4. It is impossible to go outside in this cold.
5. I do not know when he will come.
6. He kept on working hard till late night.
7. Work hard, otherwise will not pass in the exam.
8. Will you wait, unless I come back.
9. If it rains, I will not go to school.
10. You cannot succeed unless you work hard.

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Exercise 2: Complete the sentence:

1. He speaks faster than ……….…………….
2. You will fail unless ………….…………….
3. You cannot prosper unless….…………….
4. He is working hard, lest………….……….
5. Walk properly, lest………….…………….
6. Although he is rich,………….…………….
7. The teacher has been teaching………….….
8. When he returned from home………….….
9. Make hurry if ………….………………….
10. Will you wait, until………….…………….?

Rules of conjunctions ¼la;kstd ds fu;e½

Rule 1: Though ds lkFk yet dk ç;ksx gksrk gS but dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
Though he was busy, but he came. incorrect
Though he was busy, yet he came. correct
Note: though ds ckn yet ds ç;ksx dks gVk Hkh ldrs gaSA

Rule 2: Either….or, neither… nor, not only…but also tksM+s esa ç;ksx
fd;s tkrs gSaA
He is not only a teacher, but also a social worker.
Neither Akram nor his brother helped me.
Either Mohan or Rahul called me.

Rule 3: no sooner ds lkFk than dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
No sooner he saw the lion, when he ran away. incorrect
No sooner did he saw the lion than he ran away. correct

Rule 4: scarcely ds lkFk when dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
He had scarcely seen the police than he ran away. incorrect
He had scarcely seen the police when he ran away. correct

Rule 5: Question word ( why, when, where, how etc.) ls igys that
dk ç;ksx ugha djrs gaSA
I asked him that where he lived. incorrect
I asked him where he lived. correct
Rule 6: unless rFkk until ds lkFk not dk ç;ksx ugha djrs gSaAUnless you
Unless you don’t work hard, you cannot get success. incorrect
Unless you work hard, you cannot get success. correct
Note: unless dk ç;ksx “krZ ds fy, tcfd until dk ç;ksx le; ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA

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Unless you work hard, you cannot get success. correct
Wait for me until I return. correct

Rule 7: when if ds lkFk then dk ç;ksx ugha djrs gaSA then ds LFkku ij
dsoy comma (,) dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

If you help me then I will help you. incorrect
If you help me, I will help you. correct

Rule 8:lest ds lkFk should dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS may dk ç;ksx ugha djrs
gaSA

Walk properly, lest you may fall down. incorrect
Walk properly, lest you should fall down. correct

Rule 9: whether, if, when, though ds lkFk that dk ç;ksx ugha djrs gSaA

I doubt that he will come. incorrect
I doubt whether/if he will come. correct
I asked him that he would take tea. incorrect
I asked him if he would take tea. correct

Rule 10: as if rFkk as though ds lkFk were dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

He talks as if he is my boss. incorrect
He talks as if he were my boss. correct

Rule 11: suppose rFkk if dk Á;ksx ,d lkFk ugha gksrk gSA

Suppose if you become millionaire. incorrect
Supposing that you become a millionare. correct

Rule 12: ;fn since dk Á;ksx conjunction dh rjg gks rks] igys clause eas
present perfect tense rFkk since ds ckn vkus okys nlw js clause eas simple
past tense dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Two years passed since I have met him. incorrect
Two years have passed since I met him. correct

Rule 13: since, as rFkk because ls dkj.k dk cks/k gksrk gSAsince rFkk as
dk Á;ksx Ák;% igys miokD; ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd because dk Á;ksx
ckn okys okD; ds vkjEHk eas fd;k tkrk gSA
As you are tired, you should take some rest. incorrect
Since he is my friend, I will help him. correct

Because he did not work hard he failed in the examination. incorrect
He failed in the examination because he did work hard. correct

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Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with correct conjunctions given
in the brackets:

1. I called him…he did not respond. (but, so, therefore)
2. Better to do something….to sit idle. (than, if, yet)
3. Do this ….I will beat you. (because, and, otherwise)
4. He was late…...he was scolded. (so, still, yet)
5. Look…you leap. (before, when, after)
6. He is…weak that he cannot walk properly.( as, so, too)

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions:

1. She can write….speak English.
2. Hurray up….you will miss the train.
3. Rahul is smarter….Mohan.
4. Rohit was out…completing his century.
5. The patient died….the doctor had come.
6. You will pass the exam…you work hard.
7. Slow…steady wins the race.
8. I asked him for help…he refused.
9. Wait…I return.
10. He hates me….I love him.
11. She had hardly reached the office……it started raining.

Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions:

1. He neither came ….did he send me any message.
2. He opened his book…..began to read.
3. I will give you the newspaper…. I have read it.
4. You may forget your duty…..I will never.
5. He was in time……he was not allowed.
6. Although he had no time…..he managed to come.
7. She is so poor……she cannot afford the school fee.
8. I cannot leave the class ….the bell rings.
9. He did not get well…he did not take medicine.
10. Rekha is taller….her sister.
11. I switched off the lights ….. went to sleep.
12. No sooner did the teacher entered the class…..the students

stood up.

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¼inca/k rFkk miokD;½

Phrase ¼okD;ka”k½% “kCnkas ds ,sls lewg dks phrase dgrs gSa ftldk dqN vFkZ
fudys] ijUrq ijw k Hkko izdV u gksA
A phrase is a group of words, which conveys a sense but not a

complete sense.

Note: phrase esa subject rFkk finite verb ugaha gksrk gSA tSls%
in the corner, of great importance, in the day, during the night,

across the world, a bird in the hand, at home, at five o’clock , etc.

Kinds of the phrase ¼inca/k ds çdkj ½:

1. Noun phrase: Noun + modifiers /determiners
1. A woman in the window shouted for help. (noun As subject)
2. We bought a big flat in Mumbai. (noun As object)

2. Verb phrase: Main verb + helping verb within a sentence
1. She is reading a book.
2. He has taken breakfast.
3. I am waiting for you.

3. Adverb phrase: Adverb + others words(noun/prepo/modifier)
1. He drives car in a high speed. (modify verb: drive)
2. They walked along the road. (modify verb: walked)
3. He always talks in a respectful way. (modify verb: talk)

4. Adjective phrase: Adjective + modifiers
1. A kid on the road was tottering. (modify noun: kid)
2. The boy in the picture is my relative. (modify noun: boy)

5. Prepositional phrase: preposition+ object of preposition
1. He was laughing at me.
2. He is sleeping on the carpet.

6. Infinitive phrase: Infinitive+ modifier
1. I enjoy to ride a bike. (noun As object)
2. to get success in exam is the ambition of every student.(
noun As subject)

7. Gerund phrase: verb + ing + other words
1. He started running on the road. (noun As object)
2. Screaming of a person disturbs me. (noun As subject)

8. Participle phrase:
1. The students, reading books, are intelligent.
2. I got a letter mentioning about my exam result. (modify
noun: letter)

9. Absolute phrase: noun/pronoun + participle + modifiers
1. Ahmad, having a bat in hand, was going to play.
2. He, having an anger in his eyes, met his enemy.

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Clause ¼miokD;½% “kCnksa ds ,sls lewg dks clause dgrs gSa tks fdlh okD;

dk vax gksrk gS rFkk ftldk viuk subject vkSj predicate gksrk gSA
A clause is a group of words, which forms part of the sentence and
has its own subject and predicate.

Kinds Of the Clause: Clause pkj Ádkj ds gkrs s gaSA

1. Principal Clause/ main clause ¼eq[; miokD;½% og clause ftldk
viuk drkZ rFkk fØ;k gksrk gS vkSj tks viuk iwjk vFkZ izdV djrk gS rFkk vius
vFkZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, fdlh vU; clause ij vkfJr (depend) ugha jgrk
gS] mls principal clause dgrs gaSA tSls(

1. Gandhiji said that honesty is the best policy.
2. I know where he lives.

igys okD; eas Gandhiji said ,d principal clause gS D;ksafd ;g vius vFkZ
dks ijw k djus ds fy, nlw js okys Hkkx that honesty is the best policy ij
fuHkZj ugha gSA blh Ádkj nlw js okD; esa I know ,d principal clause gS
D;kasfd ;g vius vFkZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, nwljs okys Hkkx where he lives ij
fuHkjZ ugha gSA

2. Co-ordinate Clause ¼lekuinh; miokD;½% tks clause fdlh nlw js
clause ds leku ntZs (rank) dk gks vFkkZr~ tks vius vFkZ dks ijw k djus ds fy,
fdlh vU; clause ij vkfJr u gks] mls co-ordinate clause dgrs gaSA ;s co-
ordinating conjunctions (tSls:& and, but, still bR;kfn) ls vkjEHk gksrs gSaA
tSls%

1. Abdul passed but his brother failed.
(i) Abdul passed (Principal clause) (ii) but his brother
failed (co-ordinate clause) Åij fn;s x;s okD; esa but his
brother failed lekuinh; miokD; (co-ordinate clause) gSA

3. Sub-ordinate Clause ¼vkfJr miokD;½% og clause tks vius vFkZ dks
iwjk djus ds fy, fdlh nlw js clause ij fuHkZj ;k vkfJr gksrk gS mls sub-
ordinate clause dgrs gSaA tlS s%

1. I know where he lives.
2. Unless he calls me, I will not go.

(i) I know (Principal clause) (ii) where he lives (sub-ordinate clause)
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa bold fd;s x;s Hkkx sub-ordinate clause gaS] D;kasfd
okD; u0 1 eas where he lives vius vFkZ dks ijw k djus ds fy, igys miokD; I
know ij fuHkZj gSA blh Ádkj okD; u0 2 esa unless he calls me vius vFkZ
dks iwjk djus ds fy, igys miokD; I will not go ij fuHkjZ gSA

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4. Relative clause ¼laca/kokpd miokD;½% A relative clause is
introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adverb. ,sls okD;ksa dk
vkjEHk relative pronoun (that, which, who, whose, whom) ;k relative
adverb (why, when or where) ls gksrk gSA ;g okD; eas ,d dependent
clause dh rjg gkrs k gS rFkk adjective dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS] D;ksa fd ;g
adjective dh rjg noun dks describe djrk gaSA tSls%

1. The food that she prepared was so delicious.
2. I don’t know the place where he lives.
3. Do you know the person whose bike was lost?
4. The teacher congratulated the girl who got the highest mark.
5. The dog which was angry barked at me.

igys okD; esa that ,d pronoun gS rFkk that she prepared ,d relative
clause gS] tks food ls laca/k crkus ds lkFk&lkFk food ¼tks fd ,d noun gS½
dks describe Hkh dj jgk gSA vr% that she prepared ,d adjective clause
dh rjg Hkh dk;Z dj jgk gSA okD; u0 2 eas where ,d adverb gS rFkk where
he lives ,d adverb clause gS] tks place ls laca/k crkus ds lkFk&lkFk place
¼tks fd ,d noun gS½ dks describe Hkh dj jgk gSA vr% where he lives ,d
adjective clause dh rjg Hkh dk;Z dj jgk gSA
Note: relative clause okD; esa adjective dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA

Kinds of sub-ordinate Clause:sub-ordinate clause rhu izdkj ds gkrs s
gSaA

1. The Noun Clause ¼laKk miokD;½% A noun clause is a group of
words that contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does
the work of a noun in a sentence. “kCnksa dk ,slk legw ftldk viuk
subject rFkk predicate gkrs k gS rFkk tks okD; eas noun dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS
noun clause dgykrk gSA tSls(

1. Mohan said that he would help me.
2. What you say is right.

igys okD; esa that he would help me ,d noun clause gS tks okD; esa
noun dh rjg dk;Z dj jgk gS vkSj ;g said fØ;k dk object gSA blh Ádkj
nwljs okD; esa what you say ,d noun clause gS tks okD; eas noun dh rjg
dk;Z dj jgk gS vkSj ;g is fØ;k dk subject gSA

Some more examples:
1. That he will come is not sure. (subject)
2. What cannot be cured must be endured. (subject)

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3. Whether he will call is doubtful. (subject)
4. Tell me where you live. (object)
5. Success depends on how we try for it. (object)
6. Life is what we make of it. (complement)

Note: Noun clause okD; eas subject, object ;k complement dk dk;Z
djrk gSA

2. The Adjective Clause ¼fo”ks’k.k miokD;½% An adjective clause is a
group of words with a subject and a verb and it functions as an
adjective and describes noun in the principal clause. “kCnksa dk ,slk
lewg ftldk viuk subject rFkk predicate gksrk gS rFkk tks okD; eas
adjective dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS adjective clause dgykrk gSA tlS s(

1. God helps those who help themselves.
2. I know the man who often comes here.

igys okD; eas who help themselves ,d adjective clause gS D;ksafd ;g
principal clause (God helps those) ds pronoun ‘those, dks describe
dj jgk gS ¼;kn jgs fo”ks’k.k noun ;k pronoun dks describe djrk gSA½
nlw js okD; eas who often comes here ,d adjective clause gS D;ksafd ;g
principal clause (I know the man) ds noun ‘man, dks describe dj jgk
gSA

Some more examples:

1. The cloud that thunders doesn’t rain.
2. He laughs best who laughs last.
3. This is the man whom you wanted to meet.
4. The reason why he missed the meeting is not known.
5. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.
6. The book that you gave me is very informative.

Note: Adjective clause, relative pronoun (who, whose, which,
whom, that, as) ;k relative adverb (where, when, why, how) ls
vkjEHk gksrk gSA

3. Adverb Clause ¼fØ;k fo”ks’k.k miokD;½% An adverb clause is a sub-
ordinate clause, which acts as an adverb and it qualifies a verb, an
adjective or an adverb in the principle clause. Adverb clause “kCnkas
dk og lewg gS tks okD; esa adverb dk dk;Z djrk gSA tSls%
1. We got the train because we ran fast.
2. You can sit wherever you like.

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Ikgys okD; esa because we ran fast ,d adverb clause gS D;ksa fd ;g okD;
esa vk;s fØ;k got dks qualify dj jgk gSA nlw js okD; eas wherever you like
,d adverb clause gS vkSj ;g okD; eas vk;s fØ;k sit dks qualify dj jgk gSA

Some more examples:

1. You will pass if you work hard.
2. I like cricket because it is my favourite game.
3. Wait here until I return.
4. Do it before you forget.
5. We eat that we may live.
6. Since he is rich, he can give you financial support.
7. I read as much as you do.
8. He is older than he looks.
9. You talk as if you were my boss.
10. Leave it as it is.
11. Do as I tell you.
12. Although he is poor, he is honest.
13. Even if it is raining, I will attend my classes.
14. The more we get, the more we desire.
15. The higher we went, the colder we felt.
16. As you are my best friend, I will support you.
17. However hard you may try, you cannot win the election.
18. When I entered the room, I found everything lying here

and there.
19. He works hard so that he may succeed.
20. Unless you work hard, you cannot achieve your aim.

lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij okD; rhu Ádkj ds gksrs gSa%

1. Simple Sentence ¼lk/kkj.k okD;½: ,sls okD; ftuesa dsoy ,d finite verb
rFkk ,d subject gksrk gS] simple sentences dgykrs gSaA
A sentence that has only one finite verb (a subject and a verb used
in a complete thought) is called simple sentence.

1. He is an advocate.
2. We are reading newspaper.
3. He plays Tennis.
4. I went to Delhi.

2. Compound Sentence ¼la;Dq r okD;½% ,sls okD; ftuesa ,d e[q ; miokD;
(principal clause) rFkk ,d lekuinh; miokD; (co-ordinate/independent
clause) gkrs k gS la;Dq r okD; dgykrs gaSA

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Main clause + connective+ main clause

1. I know him, but he does not know me.
2. Go at once; otherwise you will miss the train.
igys okD; eas I know him ,d principal clause gS rFkk but he does not
know me ,d co-ordinate clause gS vkjS ;s nksukas miokD; co-ordinating
conjunction ‘but’ ls tksMs+ x;s gaSA blh Ádkj nwljs okD; esa go at once ,d
principal clause gS rFkk otherwise you will miss the train ,d co-
ordinate clause gS vkSj ;s nksuksa miokD; co-ordinating conjunction
‘otherwise’ ls tksMs+ x;s gSaA

Note: okD; u0 1 esa but rFkk okD; u0 2 eas otherwise, connective dk
dk;Z dj jgs gaSA

3. Complex Sentence ¼fefJr okD;½% ,ls s okD; ftueas ,d eq[; miokD;
(principal /independent clause) rFkk de ls de ,d vkfJr miokD;
(dependent/sub-ordinate clause) gkrs k gS fefJr okD; dgykrs gaSA

[

Main clause/principal +connective +subordinate clause

1. Abdul said that he would not play the match.
2. I know the person who said that India would become a

strong country one day.

igys okD; eas Abdul said ,d principal clause gS rFkk that he would not
play the match ,d sub-ordinate clause gSA nwljs okD; esa I know the
person ,d principal clause gSA who said rFkk that India would
become a strong country one day nks sub-ordinate clauses gaSA
Note: okD; u0 1 eas that rFkk okD; u0 2 eas who, connective dk dk;Z dj
jgs gaSA

Exercise 1: Find out the simple, complex and compound
sentences in the following:

1. We lost because we didn’t play well. Simple/complex/compound
2. Although he is poor, yet he is honest. Simple/complex/compound
3. He went abroad to study law last year. Simple/complex/compound
4. He is poor, but he is not dishonest. Simple/complex/compound
5. It being cold, we stayed inside the house. Simple/complex/compound
6. Wait until I come back. Simple/complex/compound
7. She is walking her dog on the road. Simple/complex/compound

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og ÁfØ;k ftlds ek/;e ls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd okD;ksa dks tksM+dj simple,
complex ;k compound sentences cuk;s tkrs gSa Synthesis dgykrh gSA
Synthesis rhu Ádkj ls dh tkrh gSA
A. Combination of simple sentences into one simple sentence
B. Combination of simple sentences into one complex sentence
C. Combination of simple sentences into one compound sentence

A. Combination of simple sentences into one simple sentence

os verbs tks okD; esa verb rFkk adjective nksukas dk dk;Z djrs gaS participle
dgykrs gSaA participle ds ˜kjk okD; dks ml le; tksM+k tkrk gS tc sentence
ls ;g irk pyrk gks fd ,d dk;Z nwljs dk;Z ds ckn lekIr gqvk gSA bleas nks ;k
nks ls vf/kd simple sentences dks tksM+dj participle cukus ds fy, tks dk;Z
igys gqvk gS mldh finite verb dks participle eas cny nrs s gSa rFkk tks dk;Z
ckn eas gqvk gS mldh verb dks finite aesa gh jgus nsrs gaSA
He saw the snake, he ran away.
Seeing the snake, he ran away. ;gka ij lkai ns[kus dk dk;Z igys gqvk gS
vr% saw dks participle seeing esa cny nrs s gSaA ;gka ij nlw jh okyh fØ;k
ran dks finite verb eas jgus nsrs gaSA

a. Present Participle ds Á;ksx ls : bl participle dks fØ;k eas ing
tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA bl participle dks fgUnh esa vuqokn djus ij rs gq,] ;k
djds vkrk gSA
tc ,d gh O;fDr nks dk;Z djs rFkk nlw jk dk;Z igys ds rjq Ur ckn “kq: gksA tSls%
1 heard the news. I went to his house.
Hearing the news, I went to his house.
;fn is/am/are/was/were fØ;kvkas dk Á;ksx gks rks blds LFkku ij being dk
Á;ksx djds simple sentence cukrs gSaA tSls%
He is very weak, he cannot walk properly.
Being very weak, he cannot walk properly.

b. Past participle ds Á;ksx l:s past participle fØ;k dk third form gkrs k
gS bldk adjective dh rjg Á;ksx djds simple sentence cukrs gSaA tSls
I found the book . The book was lost.
I found the lost book.
I saw a lion. The lion was wounded.
I saw a wounded lion.

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c. Perfect Participle ds Á;ksx ls : bl participle esa having ds lkFk
fØ;k ds third form dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA tc ,d gh O;fDr nks dk;Z djs rFkk
nlw jk dk;Z igys dk;Z ds rjq Ur ckn u “kq: gks vFkkrZ dk;Z eas rst+h u gksA

He went home. He found his child missing.
Having gone home, he found his child missing
tc nksukas okD; ds subject vyx vyx gkas rFkk nlw jk dk;Z igys dk;Z ds ckn “kq:
gks rFkk nksukas sentence esa causal relation ¼dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke lEca/k½ gksA
The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
;fn okD; passive voice esa gks rks having been + v111 dk Á;ksx djdsA
The army was defeated, the soldiers ran away.
The army having been defeated, the soldiers ran away.

2. Case in opposition dk ç;ksx djd%s tc okD; bl çdkj dk gks fd igys
sentence esa vk;s gq, fdlh noun ds ckjs eas nwljs sentence eas details nh x;h
gks rks mueas ls ,d sentence ds subject vkjS verb is/am/are/was/were dks
gVkdj nouns rFkk details dks bDB~Bk dj nsrs gaSA

I went to Lucknow. Lucknow is the capital of UP.
I went to Lucknow, the capital of UP.

Kalidas wrote the Sakuntlam. He was a great poet and dramatist.
Kalidas, a great poet and dramatist, wrote the Sakuntlam.

His name is Ali. He is a reputed journalist. He belongs to my state.
Ali, who is a reputed journalist, belongs to my state.
Or Ali, who belongs to my state, is a reputed journalist.

3. Infinitive dk Á;ksx djd:s mn~ns”; fn[kkus okys finite verb dks infinitive
esa cny nrs s gaSA
He came here. He wanted to meet me.
He came here to meet me.

He worked hard. He wanted to to get first division.
He worked hard to get first division.

4. Nominative absolute dk Á;ksx djds : nominative absolute og
drkZ gS tks okD; eas LorU= ¼aabsolute½ jgrk gSA bl drkZ dk verb ij dksbZ
ÁHkko ugha iM+rk gS] D;kasfd ;g u gh fdlh finite verb dk subject gkrs k gS u
gh object gkrs k gSA tSls%

The police having arrived, the thief ran away.
The class being over, the students went home.
;gka ij police rFkk class, nominative absolutes gaSA
nominative absolutes dk ç;ksx ml le; djrs gSa tc çR;sd okD; dk
subject vyx& vyx gkrs k gSA

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The son rose. The fog disappeared.
The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.

Åij fn;s x;s okD; eas igys lwjt fudyrk gS ckn esa dksgjk NVrk gS vFkkZr igys
okD; ds drkZ sun dks (participle) having set ls igys j[kk x;k vr% ;gka
sun dks nominative absolute dh rjg ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA nlw js okD; dks
oSls gh jgus fn;k x;k gSA

The teacher entered the room. The students stood up.
The teacher having entered the room, the students stood up.

The movie was boring. We fell asleep.
The movie being boring, we fell asleep.

Note: ;fn is/am/are/was/were dk Á;ksx helping verb dh rjg u gks rks
subject ds ckn being dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

The beggar was hungry. He stole a piece of bread.
The beggar being hungry, he stole a piece of bread.

The class was over. All the students went home.
The class being over, all the students went home.

5. Adverb rFkk adverbial phrase dk Á;ksx djds:

-

He signed the proposal. He signed happily.
He signed the proposal happily.

We lost the match. It was unlucky
Unluckily we lost the match.

We reached college. It took us no time
We reached college in no time.
He refused to sign the paper. His refusal was firm.
He firmly refused to sign the paper.
He deserved to succeed. He failed.
He failed undeservedly.
The sun set. We had not finished our work.
We had not finished our work by the sunset.

Sita made tea. She made in a hurry.
Sita made tea in a hurry.

He did his work. He was not careful about it.
He did his work carelessly.

6. too- to dk Á;ksx djds: tc nks sentences eas fdlh dk;Z ds u gksus dk
dkj.k igys sentence eas fn;k gks rks too-to dk ç;ksx djds simple sentence
dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA

He is very weak. He cannot walk properly.
He is too weak to walk properly.

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7. Preposition rFkk Gerund dk Á;ksx djds :

He was a rich man. His nature was good.
He was a rich man of good nature. (preposition)

We gave the beggar food. We gave him money also.
Besides giving food, we gave the beggar money. (gerund)

He had failed the examination, He heard the news. He fainted.
Hearing the news of his failure, he fainted. (preposition)

Note: ;fn nks simple sentences, passive voice esa fn;s x;s gksa rks] mUgas
tksM+rs le; being + V111 dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk being ls igys
preposition dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA
I was praised. I was awarded

I was praised by being awarded

8. Conjunction ‘and’ dk ç;ksx djds% tc subject vyx&vyx gkasA

Rahul reads book. Ram reads book.
Rahul and Ram read book.

tc subject leku gkasA

Rahul likes reading. Rahul likes writing.
Rahul likes reading and writing.
I want to buy a computer. I want to buy a mobile also.
I want to buy a computer and a mobile.

9. Adjective dk Á;ksx djds : tc nksuksa okD;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d okD; es ,ls s
fo”ks’k.k dk ç;ksx gks tks nwljs okys okD; eas fdlh noun dks qualify djrk gksA

A beggar came to me. The beggar was lame.
A lame beggar came to me.

I saw a lion. The lion was injured.
I saw an injured lion.

B. Combination of simple sentences into complex sentences

simple ls complex esa cnyrs le; mfpr subordinating conjunctions dk
Á;ksx djrs gSaA

Rule no 1: Noun clause ds Á;ksx lsA

Simple: He is honest. It is known to all.
Complex : That he is honest, is known to all.

Simple: He is a lazy boy. Everybody knows it.
Complex : Everybody knows that he is a lazy boy.

Simple : I told you yesterday. You must believe in it.
Complex : You must believe in what I told you yesterday.
Simple: He was killed. The news spread like anything.
Complex :
The news, that he was killed, spread like anything.

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Simple: Sita failed in the exam. The reason is her carelessness.
Complex :
The reason of Sita’s failure in the exam is that she
Simple: is careless.
Complex :
Tell me. Where are you?
Simple : Tell me where you are.
Complex:
She may be ill. I don’t know.
I don’t know if/whether she is ill.

Rule no 2: Adjective clause ds Á;ksx lsA Adjective clause, Relative
pronoun(who, whose, whom, which, that) ;k relative adverb (
why, when, where, how) ls vkjEHk gksrs gSaA relative pronoun rFkk
relative adverb dk ç;ksx mu “kCnkas ds ckn gksuk pkfg, ftudks ;s qualify
djrs gSaA-

Simple: I read a book. This is the book.
Complex : This is the book which I read.

Simple: I bought a chair. The chair was very comfortable.
Complex : I bought a chair which was very comfortable.

Simple: He will visit Agra. I don’t know the time.
Complex: I don’t know the time when he will visit Agra.

Simple: The man was caught. He stole my watch.
Complex : The man who stole my watch was caught.

Rule no 3: Adverb clause ds Á;ksx lsA

Simple : I waited for Mohan. I waited till his arrival.
Complex : I waited for Mohan till he arrived. (time)

Simple : He is poor. I will help him.
Complex : I will help him because he is poor.( reason)

Simple : Don’t miss the class. You will fail in the exam.
Complex :
If you miss the class, you will fail in the exam.(condition)

Simple : Without working hard, you can’t pass the exam.
Complex :
If you don’t work hard, you can’t pass the exam (result)

Simple : Rahul is intelligent. Amit is equally intelligent.
Complex : Amit is as intelligent as Rahul. (comparison)

Simple : She is rich. She is miser.
Complex : Although she is rich, yet she is miser. (contrast)

Simple : He worked hard. He wanted to succeed.
Complex : He worked hard so that he might succeed.(result)

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C. Combination of simple sentences into compound
sentences

Rule 1: simple ls compound esa cnyrs le; mfpr subordinating
conjunctions dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% and, as well as, but, neither. nor,
or, otherwise, so, therefore, still, nevertheless, whereas, for, not
only …but also, etc.

Simple : He was punished. He was fined.
Compound : He was punished and fined.
Or He was punished as well as fined.
Simple :
Compound : Make haste. We will be late.
Make haste otherwise we will be late.
Simple : Or Make haste or we will be late.
Compound:
She is poor. She is honest.
Simple : She is poor but honest.
Compound : Or She is poor yet honest.
I cannot take the exam. I am unprepared.
Simple : I am unprepared, so I cannot take the exam.
Compound:
He is a poor man. He works hard.
Simple : He is a poor man, therefore he works hard.
Compound:
She sold her watch. She had no money.
She had no money, so she sold her watch.

Rule 2: Relative pronoun ;k relative adverb ds Á;ksx lsA

Simple : I went to Mumbai. I stayed there for six months.
Compound: I went to Mumbai, where (=and there) I stayed for

Simple : six months.
Compound: We met a man. He gave us a book.
We met a man, who (=and he) gave us a book.

Note: Yet dk Á;ksx co-ordinating rFkk subordinating conjunction

nksuksa dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dos y yet vk;s] rks compound sentences
cusaxs vkSj ;fn though ;k although ds lkFk yet vk;s rks complex
sentences cuasxsA

I am his friend. Yet he deceived me. (Compound sentence)
Although I am his friend, yet he deceived me. (Complex sentence)

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Exercise 1 : Change the following sentences as directed:

1. He has three sons. He has to educate them. (Simple sentence)

2. He is poor. He can not buy a car. (Simple sentence)
3. Where have you put me key? Tell me. (complex sentence)
4. The doctor came. The patient had died. (complex sentence)
5. Rahul heard the news. He was glad. (complex sentence)
6. You must start now. You will be late. (compound)
7. The deer was caught in the net. It struggled hard to escape.

(Simple sentence)
8. A lion was hungry. It killed a deer. The deer was hefty.

(Simple sentence)
9. The sun rose and the fog disappeared. (Simple sentence)
10. Do you want to see film stars of India? You must go to

Mumbai (complex sentence)
11. It was a fine day. We decided to go out for a picnic. (Simple

sentence)
12. APJ Abdul kalam was a great scientist, a popular teacher and

the people’s president. It is true. It is accepted by one and all.
(complex sentence)
13. Tagore was a great poet. He wrote the Gitanjali. It is a famous
book. he was awarded the noble prize for it. (simple sentence)
14. She is very clever. Nobody can befool her. (Simple sentence)
15. Do it well. don’t do it at all. (compound sentence)

16. The agreement was signed. All were satisfied. (Simple sentence)
17. The workers finished their work. then they left for home.(simple)

18. This is a book. I bought it. (complex sentence)
19. He is very busy. He can not come. (complex sentence)
20. My brother is a doctor. He gives free advice to the poor.

(Simple sentence)
21. Rahul did not go to Mumbai. His brother did not go to

Mumbai. ( compound)
22. He was innocent. That was the verdict of the jury. (Complex

sentence)
23. He came to me. I welcomed him warmly. (compound

sentence)
24. He was poor but he was respected by all the people of his

village.(simple)
25. Last night, it was very hot. I could not sleep well. (Simple

sentence)
26. Rahul is an intelligent boy. He is very punctual. He studies in

the 12th class. (Simple sentence)

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27. The train will come at a certain time. Can you tell me?
(complex sentence)

28. She found her purse. The purse was lost. (simple sentence)

29. That animal may be a fish. It may be a serpent. It must be one
of them. (compound sentence)

30. He gave me food. He helped me liberally. (simple sentence)
31. He raised the gun. He took aim. He shot the tiger. (simple

sentence)
32. Hari remained very serious in his study. He wanted to top

Board’s examination. (simple sentence)
33. Wisemen do not quarrel over small things. (complex

sentence)
34. Speak the truth, and you need not fear. (Complex sentence )
35. It is said that he died so young. (Affirmative sentence)
36. He is certain of going to Mumbai. (Complex sentence)
37. We must maintain the discipline or the teacher will punish us.

(complex sentence)
38. He finished his work and went home. (Simple sentence)
39. Owing to bad health, he could not work. (Compound

sentence)
40. While there is a life, there is a hope. (Simple sentence)
41. We eat so that we may live. (Simple sentence)

Solved:

1. He has three sons to be educated.
2. He is too poor to buy a car.
3. Tell me where you have put my key.
4. The patient had died before the doctor came.
5. As soon as Rahul heard the news, he was glad.
6. You must start now otherwise you will be late.

7. After being caught in the net, the deer struggled hard to escape.

8. A hungry lion killed a hefty deer.
9. The sun having risen, the fog disappeared.
10. If you want to see the film stars, you must go to Mumbai.
11. Being a fine day, we decided to go out for a picnic.
12. The truth that APJ Abdul kalam was a great scientist, a popular

teacher and the people’s president is accepted by one and all.
13. Tagore, a great poet, was awarded the noble prize for The

Gitanjali, a famous book.
14. She is very clever, so nobody can befool her.
15. Either do it well or don’t do it at all.
16. The agreement having been signed, all were satisfied.
17. Having finished their work, the workers left for home.

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18. This is the book which I bought.
19. He is so busy that he can not come.
20. My brother, a doctor, gives free advice to the poor.
21. Neither Rahul nor his brother went to Mumbai
22. That he was innocent was the verdict of the Jury.
23. He came to me and I welcomed him warmly.
24. In spite of being poor, he was respected by all the people of

his village.
25. Last night I could not sleep well because it was very hot.

26. Ram, the student of 12th class is a very intelligent and popular boy.

27. Can you tell me the time when the train will come?
28. She found her lost purse.
29. That animal must be either a fish or a serpent.
30. Besides giving me food, he helped me liberally.
31. Raising the gun and taking the aim, he shot the tiger.
32. Hari remained very serious in his study to top the board’s
examination.
33. Wise men do not quarrel over the things, which are small.
34. If you speak the truth, you need not fear.
35. He is said to be died so young.
36. He is certain that he will go to Mumbai.
37. If we don’t maintain the discipline, the teacher will punish us.
38. Having finished his work, he went home.
39. He had bad health, so he could not work.
40. There is no life without hope.
41. We eat to live.

Exercise 2: Combine the following sets of sentences as directed
against each:

1. He is the man. He has criminal charges against him.
(Complex)

2. Rahul has a dog. The children are frightened of it. (complex)
3. I went to Delhi. There I saw the Red Fort. It was very

impressive. (Complex)
4. She has failed. She heard the news. She fainted. (simple)
5. Here is my friend. His name is Amjad. (simple)
6. God is one. All religions teach it. (complex)
7. She may be innocent. I do not know.(complex)
8. Walk carefully. Otherwise, you will fall. (simple)
9. Tell me where you live. (simple)
10. Great people serve their country. Their service is selfless.

(simple)
11. He is a liar. This is known to all. (complex)

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Transformation ¼:ikUrj.k½

Complex sentences dks simple sentences esa cnyuk% noun, adjective
;k adverb clause dks word ;k phrase eas cnydj%
By reducing a noun clause:

Complex: I believe that he is honest.
Simple : I believe him to be honest.

Complex: Tell me what you require.
Simple : Tell me your requirement.
Complex: It is their duty that they should protect the
environment.
Simple : Protection of the environment is their duty.

By reducing an adjective clause:

Complex: He died in the town where he was born.
Simple : He died in his native town.
Complex: He came upon a temple where a hermit lived.
Simple : He came upon a hermit’s temple.

By reducing an adverb clause:

Complex: You cannot succeed unless you work hard.
Simple : You cannot succeed without hard work.

Complex: As soon as he saw the snake, he coiled back.
Simple : Seeing the snake, he coiled back.

Complex: Although he worked hard, he failed in his effort.
Simple : In spite of working hard, he failed in his effort.

Simple sentences dks complex sentences eas cnyuk% Simple
sentences dks complex sentences esa uhps fn;s x;s fu;ekas ds vuqlkj cnyrs gSaA

Rule no 1: too- to dks so….that esa cnydjA

Simple : He is too lazy to get up early morning.
Complex: He is so lazy that he can’t get up early morning.

Rule no 2: to dks so that esa cnydjA

Simple : He reads to pass the exam.

Complex: He reads so that he can pass the exam.

Rule no 3: because of dks since ;k as esa cnydj

Simple : Because of his illness, he could not attend the party.
Complex: As he was ill, he could not attend the party.

Rule no 4: present participle gksus dh n”kk eas as/when/since dk Á;ksx
djdsA

Simple : Taking food, we slept.
Complex: When we took food, we slept.

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Rule no 5: adjective which/that ds ç;ksx ls

Simple : It was a blue jacket.
Complex: It was a jacket, which was blue.
Simple : I saw a dog barking.
Complex: I saw a dog, which was barking.

Rule no 6: in spite of/despite dks although eas cnydj

Simple : In spite of being poor, she is honest.

Complex: Although she is poor, she is honest.

Rule no 7: at the time dks when esa cnydjA

Simple : At the time of his arrival, I was at study.
Complex: When he arrived, I was at study.

Rule no 8: at having +v111 gksus dh n”kk esa

Simple : She was happy at having cleared all the papers.
Complex : She was happy that she had cleared all the papers.

Rule no 9: case in opposition gksus dh n”kk eas

Simple : Rahul Dravid, the great test match player of India,
Complex : has taken retirement.
Rahul Dravid who was the great test match player
of India has taken retirement.

Rule no 10 : Noun clause ds }kjk simple sentence ds fdlh ,d
word ;k phrase dks subordinate clause esa cnydj

Simple : Listen to your senior.
complex : Listen to what your senior says.

Simple : Her arrival is certain
Complex: It is certain that she will arrive.

Simple: He confessed his guilt.
Complex: He confessed that he was guilty.

Simple: They may do anything.
Complex: They may do whatever they like.

Rule no 11 : Adjective clause ds }kjk

Simple : I met a person with a long hair.
complex : I met a person who had a long hair.

Simple : I know the place of his birth.
Complex: I know the place where he was born.

Rule no 12 : Adverb clause ds }kjk

Simple : I admire you for your honesty.
complex : I admire you because you are honest.

Simple : But for your help, I would have failed.
Complex: If you had not helped me, I would have failed.

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Compound sentences dks Complex sentences eas cnyuk% compound
ls complex eas cnyrs le; coordinating conjunction dks mfpr
subordinating conjunction eas cny nsrs gSaA

Compound: Keep quiet or I will turn you out.
Complex: If you don’t keep quiet, I will turn you out.

Compound: We didn’t play well. Therefore, we lost the match.
Complex: We lost the match because we didn’t play well.

Compound: He is an honest trader and I can prove it.
Complex: I can prove that he is an honest trader.

Complex sentences dks Compound sentences eas cnyuk% complex ls
compound esa cnyrs le; subordinating conjunction dks mfpr
coordinating conjunction eas cny nrs s gSaA

Complex: Although he is poor, yet he is not dishonest.
Compound: He is poor, but he is not dishonest.

Complex: If you give me blood, I will give you freedom.
Compound: Give me blood, and I will give you freedom.

Complex: Unless you practice English everyday, you cannot speak it.
Compound:
Practice English everyday or you cannot speak it.
Complex:
Compound: I have lost the book, which he gave me.
He gave me a book, and I have lost it.

Simple sentences dks compound sentences eas cnyuk% simple
sentence dks compound sentence esa cnyus ds fy, mfpr
subordinating conjunction dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Simple: Besides being beaten, he was sent to jail.

Complex : He was not only beaten but also sent to jail.

Simple: In spite of his illness. He went to college.

Complex : He was ill but he went to college.

Simple : You must work hard to avoid punishment.
Complex: You must work hard or you will get punishment.

Simple : With my help he solved the problem.
Complex: I helped him and he solved the problem.

Compound sentences dks simple sentences esa cnyuk% compound
sentence dks simple sentence esa cnyus ds fy, subordinating
conjunctions dks mfpr “kCnkas ls cny nrs s gaSA

Compound: He was honest, so he was honoured.

simple: He was honoured for his honesty.

Compound: Walk carefully otherwise, you will fall.

simple: Walk carefully to avoid falling.

Compound : He took his gun and shot the deer.

simple: Taking his gun, he shot the deer.

337

Exercise 1: Change the following complex sentences into simple
sentences:

1. We eat so that we may live.
2. I could not help the man who was lame.
3. A person who is careless doesn’t succeed in life.
4. As soon as she heard the news, she fainted.
5. Although we played well, we lost the match.

Exercise 2: Change the following simple sentences into
compound sentences:

1. Besides being a teacher, he is a writer.
2. Ravi was rewarded for his sincerity.
3. Reaching Lucknow, we took rest.
4. Study hard to avoid falling.
5. Taking food, I slept.

Exercise 3: Change the following compound sentences into
simple sentences:

1. He did not go to office for he was ill.
2. Turn to the left and you will see the hotel.
3. We must do something or they will starve.

4. The train was late, therefore we went by bus.
You must run fast or you will not get the bus.

Exercise 4 : Change the following simple sentences into complex
sentences:

1. I am too busy to go there.
2. The sun having set, they went to their houses.
3. Listen to me.
4. You may do anything.
5. He accepted his mistake.

Affirmative sentences dks Negative eas cnyuk% foykse “kCn (opposite
words) ls igys not/doesn’t/didn’t dk Á;ksx djds affirmative ls negative
sentence cuk;s tkrs gaSA tSls(

Affirmative: He is an honest man.

Negative: He is not a dishonest man.

Affirmative: I dislike him.

Negative: I don’t like him.

Degree dks cnydj% comparative degree okys okD; ds affirmative gksus
dh n”kk eas positive degree eas not dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

Affirmative: India is bigger than Pakistan.

Negative: Pakistan is not so big as India.

Note: positive degree okys okD; ds affirmative gksus dh n”kk eas negative
cukus ds fy, comparative degree ds okD; eas not dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

338

Affirmative: Rahul is as wise as Amit.

Negative: Amit is not wiser than Rahul.

too dks so…. that… cannot eas cny nsrs gSaA

He is too weak to run. He is so weak that he cannot run.

Alone vFkok only dks none but esa cny nrs s gSaA

Rahul alone passed the exam. None but Rahul passed the exam.
Only a fool can do it. None but a fool can do it.

As soon as dks no sooner than eas cny nrs s gSaA

As soon as she heard the news, she fainted.
No sooner did she hear the news than she fainted.

Many dks not a few esa cny nsrs gSaA
I have many friends. I don’t have a few friends.

A few dks not many esa cny nrs s gSaA
He has a few friends. He doesn’t have many friends.

Much dks a little esa cny nrs s gSaA
I have much time to think. I don’t have a little time to think.

Negative sentences dks affirmative sentences esa cnyus ds fy, Åij

fn;s x;s fu;e dks myVus ij negative ls affirmative sentence cu tkrs gSaA
tlS s(

Negative: He is not a rich man.

Affirmative: He is a poor man.

Negative: She is not ugly.

Affirmative: She is beautiful.

Negative: He is not so good as you.

Affirmative: You are better than him.

Negative: I don’t hate Mohan.

Affirmative: I love Mohan.

Assertive sentences dks Interrogative eas cnyuk% ;fn assertive
sentence affirmative gks rks bls interrogative eas cnyus ij ;g negative
sentence gks tkrk gS vkSj ;fn assertive sentence negative gks rks] bls
interrogative eas cnyus ij affirmative sentence cu tkrk gSA bl n”kk eas
never ds LFkku ij ever rFkk not ds LFkku ij any dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

Assertive: Gandhiji was a great patriot.
Interrogative: Was Gandhiji not a great patriot?

Assertive: He cannot play Cricket.
Interrogative: Can he play Cricket?

Assertive: We will never forget your obligation.
Interrogative: Will we ever forget your obligation?

Note: subject ds LFkku ij everybody/no one gksus dh n”kk eas
interrogative esa cnyrs le; who dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

339

Assertive: Everybody likes to see the Taj.
Interrogative: Who does not like to see the Taj?
Or Does everybody not like to see the Taj?

Assertive: No one knows him.
Interrogative: Who knows him? Or Does anyone know him?

Assertive: It is no good to meet him.
Interrogative: Is it any good to meet him? or What good is it to meet him?

Assertive: Everybody likes to become famous.
Interrogative: Who does not like to become famous?
Or Does everybody not like to become famous?

Note: dHkh&dHkh Hkko ds vuqlkj assertive sentence ls interrogative
sentence esa cnyrs le; when/what/why rFkk how bR;kfn dk ç;ksx Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA
Assertive: Their glory can never die.
Interrogative: When can their glory die?
Assertive: It doesn’t matter if I don’t get selected.
Interrogative: What if I don’t get selected?

Assertive: It is extremely foolish to waste time in this useless act.
Interrogative: Why waste time in this useless act.

Note: Interrogative sentences dks assertive eas cnyus ds fy, Åij
fn;s x;s fu;e dks myV nrs s gSA

Interrogative: Who knows him?
Assertive: No one knows him. Or Does anyone know him?

Exclamatory sentences dks assertive eas cnyuk%
;fn okD; what ;k how ls ÁkjEHk gks rks] very dk Á;ksx adjective ls igys
rFkk great dk Á;ksx noun ls igys djrs gSaA

Exclamatory: How lucky you are!
Assertive: You are very lucky.

Exclamatory: How sweet the song is!
Assertive: The song is very sweet.

Exclamatory: What a fool I am!
Assertive: I am a great fool.

;fn okD; hurrah/brave/alas ls ÁkjEHk gks rks] it is a matter of joy/
praise/ sorrow dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

Exclamatory: Hurrah! We have won the match.
Assertive: It is a matter of joy that we have won the match.

Exclamatory: Bravo! You did a great job.
Assertive: It is a matter of praise that you did a great job.

Exclamatory: Alas! He died so young.
Assertive: It is a matter of sorrow that he died so young.

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O, if, would that okys sentences dks wish esa cny nrs s gaS%

Exclamatory: If only I could meet him!
Assertive: I wish that I could meet him.

Exclamatory: Would that I were there!
Assertive: I wish that I were there.

Exclamatory: O that I were young again!
Assertive: I wish that I were young again.

Assertive sentences dks Exclamatory sentences eas cnyuk%

Assertive: I wish I were there.
Exclamatory: O that I were there! Or would that I were there!

Assertive: I wish that I were a bird.
Exclamatory: Would that I were a bird!

Assertive: The flower is very beautiful.
Exclamatory: What a beautiful flower it is!

Transformation of one part of speech into another part of
speech:

Verb: He advised me.
Noun: He gave me an advice.

Adverb: She talked politely.
Noun: She talked with politeness.

Noun: This is an act of grace.
Adjective: This is a graceful act.

Adverb: He faced the problem boldly.
Adjective: He was bold in facing the problem.

Adverb: They forcibly opened the door.
Verb: They forced the door open.

Exercise 1: Transform the following sentences as directed:

1. It is unlikely that he will help you. (Negative sentence)
2. There is no rose without a thorn. (Positive sentence)
3. He is greater than I. (Negative sentence)
4. I love my country. (Negative sentence)

5. None but a coward would flee from his duty. (Affirmative sentence)

6. Don’t tell a lie. (Affirmative sentence)
7. No sooner did he see the snake than he ran away. (Affirmative)
8. Obey your teachers. (Negative sentence)
9. He did not fail to attend the meeting. (Affirmative sentence)

10. Rohit is better than most of the batsmen. (Affirmative sentence)

11. Who does not know Him? (Affirmative sentence)
12. He is too miserly to spend any money. (Negative sentence)
13. The brave alone deserve the fair. (Negative sentence)
14. He did not fail to see me. (Affirmative sentence)
15. I found him dishonest. (Negative sentence)
16. Hardly had he seen me when he called me. (Negative)
17. O that the desert were my dwelling place!(Assertive sentence)
18. What a piece of work man is! (Assertive sentence)

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Solved:
1. It is not likely that he will help you.
2. Every rose has a thorn.

3. I am not as great as he.
4. I don’t fail to love my country.
5. Only a coward would flee from his duty.

6. Speak the truth.
7. As soon as he saw the snake, he ran away.

8. Don’t disobey your teacher.

9. He attended the meeting.
10. Rohit surpasses all the batsmen.
11. Everyone knows him.

12. He is so miserly that he can not spend any money.
13. No other than brave alone deserve the fair.
14. He saw me.

15. I did not find him honest.
16. No sooner had he seen me than he called me.
17. I wish that the desert were my dwelling place.

18. Man is a very fine piece of work.

Exercise 2 : Change the following sentences as directed.

1. He found him dishonest. (Negative)

2. There is no rose without a thorn. (Affirmative)

3. He will never call me. (Interrogative)

4. As soon as I reached there, he went out. (Negative)

5. Hardly had Ram seen me when he called me. (Affirmative)

6. It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the match. (Exclamatory)

7. I wish that I could see him. (Exclamatory)

8. I wish that I could speak English. (Exclamatory)

Exercise 3 : Change the following sentences as directed.

1. If only I could win the first prize! (Assertive)

2. Everybody loves him. (Interrogative)

3. How fine the weather is! (Assertive)

4. What a fine picture it is! (Assertive)
5. What if he doesn’t come? (Interrogative)

6. The music is very sweet. (Exclamatory)
Who does not want to earn name? (Assertive)

Exercise 4 : Transform the following sentences as directed:

1. Who would like to be slave? (Assertive sentence)
2. A man can never change his nature. (Interrogative)
3. Would that I were happy! (assertive sentence)
4. No wise person will behave so. (Interrogative sentence)
5. Who would not like to meet you? (assertive sentence)
6. Nobody else could have done it.( Interrogative sentence)
7. Who does not know APJ Abdul Kalam? (Assertive sentence)
8. Is that the way to talk to a teacher? (Assertive sentence)

9. No one can put up with such an insult. (Interrogative sentence)

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Interjection og “kCn gS tks g’kZ] [kq”kh] foLe;] vk”p;]Z ?k`.kk] uQjr bR;kfn tSls
vpkud mB jgs eu ds Hkkokas dks izdV djrk gSA

An interjection is a word, which expresses some sudden feelings or
emotions. - Wren
Interjection is the key to respond to a situation and express ourselves
by interjecting our feelings into our language to make it more
expressive. An interjection is usually followed by an exclamation
mark (!)

For example:

Hurrah! [kq”kh izdV djus ds fy,
Alas! Ah! Oh! nq%[k] Hk;] ?k`.kk] Øks/k ;k vkuUn izdV djus ds fy,
Hush! Lo! /;ku [khapus ds fy,
Farewell! fcnkbZ ds fy,
Hello! Ho! lEcks/ku ds fy,
Good heavens! jkgr dh lkla ds fy,
Wow! What! Aha! vk”p;Z izdV djus ds fy,
Tut! uQjr@frjLdkj izdV djus ds fy,
Oops! vk”p;Z ;k cspSuh izdV djus ds fy,
Phew! uQjr izdV djus ds fy, ¼vksgks!] Nh&Nh!½
Ouch! vpkud mBs nnZ dks izdV djus ds fy,
Well done! Bravo! “kkcklh ;k vuqeksnu ds fy,

fuEufyf[kr okD;kas dks /;kuiow Zd Ik<sa+%

Hurrah! We have won the match.
Hello! How are you?
Alas! India lost the match. Phew! It was too close. vksg! Ckky&cky cpsA
Wow! What a beautiful present! Oops! I dropped the cup.
Ouch! Ram yelled after falling down on the ground.
Oh! What a bad behaviour! ¼;gk¡ ij oh dk iz;ksx ?k`.kk] Øks/k rFkk frjLdkj
O;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA½
Oh! What a lovely flower! ¼;gk¡ ij oh dk iz;ksx iz”kla k rFkk vkuUn izdV djus ds
fy;s fd;k x;k gSA½
Oh! Our future is in danger! ¼;gk¡ ij oh dk iz;ksx Hk;] ladV rFkk fpUrk dks
izdV djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA½

Note: Interjection ds vkxs foLe;kfncks/kd fpUg ¼!½ vo”; iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA