spoken express

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Present Continuous Tense

Active voice: Sub+is, am, are (not)+VI+ing+obj
Passive voice: Obj+is, am, are (not)+being+VIII+by+ sub

He is writing a letter. A letter is being written by him.
I am listening to you. You are being listened to by me.
What is she doing? What is being done by her?

eq[; ckras% present continuous tense dks active ls passive eas cnyrs le;
subject ds vulq kj is being, am being rFkk are being ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k
dh third form dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Past Continuous Tense

Active voice: Sub+was,were (not)+VI+ing+obj
Passive voice: Obj+was,were (not)+being+VIII+by+sub

He was writing a letter. A letter was being written by him.

I was drawing a map. A map was being drawn by me.

Why was he not calling you? Why were you not being called by him?

Who was praising you? By whom were you being praised?

eq[; ckrsa% past continuous tense dks active ls passive eas cnyrs le;
subject ds vuqlkj was being, rFkk were being ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh
third form dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Present Perfect Tense

Active voice: Sub+has, have (not)+VIII+obj
Passive voice: obj+has, have (not)+been+VIII+by+sub

He has written a letter. A letter has been written by him.
They have taken tea. Tea has been taken by them.
Who has stolen my pen? By whom has my pen been stolen?

eq[; ckras% present perfect tense dks active ls passive esa cnyrs le;
subject ds vuqlkj has been rFkk have been ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh third
form dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Note: past perfect esa has/have ds LFkku ij had dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA

He had written a letter.
A letter had been written by him.
He had finished the work before I came.
The work had been finished by him before I came.

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Future Perfect Tense

Active voice: Sub+will /shall (not) have +VIII+obj
Passive voice: Obj+will/shall (not) have+been+VIII+by+sub
India will have won the match. The match will have been won by

India.
Will Mohan have taken the meal? Will the meal have been taken by

Mohan?
eq[; ckrsa% future perfect tense dks active ls passive eas cnyrs le;
subject ds vuqlkj will/shall have been ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh third form
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Note: future continuous tense/present perfect continuous tense
/past perfect continuous tense rFkk future perfect continuous tense
ds passive voice ugha curs gSaA

Imperative Sentences:

Active Voice Passive Voice

Listen to me, please. You are requested to listen to me.

Please/kindly help me. You are requested to help me.

Please don’t make a noise. You are requested not to make a

noise.

Note: ikz FkZuklwpd okD;ksa esa please/kingly dks you are requested to eas

cny nrs s gSaA ;fn izkFkZuklwpd okD; negative gks rks] please dks you are

requested not to esa cny nsrs gaS rFkk okD; ds “ks’k Hkkx dks T;ksa dk R;ksa j[krs

gSaA ;fn okD; ls lykg ;k lq>ko dk cks/k gks rks passive voice esa cnyrs le;

you are advised to dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rFkk okD; ds negative gksus ij you

are advised not to dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn imperative sentence ls

order/command dk cks/k gks] rks passive voice uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds
vuqlkj cukrs gSaA

Active Voice Passive Voice
vI+obj let+obj+be+vIII+by+sub

Do it right away. Let it be done right away.
Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Bring a glass of water. Let a glass of water be brought.
Let him eat food. Let the food be eaten by him.

;fn okD; intransitive verb ls “kq: gkrs k gS rks passive voice cukrs le;
okD; ds Hkko ds vulq kj you are ordered/ you are advised dk iz;ksx djrs
gSaA

Active Voice Passive Voice

Stand up. You are ordered to stand up.

Go there. You are ordered to go there.

Work hard. You are advised to work hard.

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let us okys okD;ksa dks passive voice eas cnyus ds fy, let us dks

suggested esa cny nrs s gaSA

Let us think. It is suggested that we should think.

;fn okD; dh cukoV (is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had+to+v1) tSlh
gks rks passive voice uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds vulw kj cukrs gSaA

Is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had+ to+be+v111

You are to learn it. It is to be learnt by you.
They were to do it. It was to be done by them.
We had to prove it. It had to be proved by us.

;fn okD; dh cukoV There + v + noun+ infinitive tSlh gks rks passive
voice uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds vuqlkj cukrs gSaA

There + v + noun+ to be + v111
There was nothing to worry. There was nothing to be worried.

;fn okD; dh cukoV It + is + time+ to+ v1 tSlh gks] rks passive voice
uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds vulq kj cukrs gSaA

It is time for noun/pronoun+ to be + v111

It is time to take lunch. It time for lunch to be taken.

Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought
to okys okD;kas dks passive eas cnyuk%

Active Voice Passive Voice

Sub+can/could…(not)+vI+obj
Obj+can/could…(not)+be+vIII+by+sub

I can speak English. English can be spoken by me.

You may miss the train. The train may be missed by you.

What can I do for you? What can be done by me for you?

May I see the book? May I be allowed to see the book?

We can do nothing without hard work. Nothing can be done

without hard work by us.

Corruption will ruin our nation. Our nation will be ruined by

corruption.

eq[; ckrsa% modal verbs ls cus okD;kas dks passive voice esa cnyrs le; can

be /could be /should be… ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh third form dk iz;ksx
djrs gSA

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surprised, astonished, distressed, disappointed, displeased,
alarmed bR;kfn “kCnksa ds ckn active voice ls passive voice esa cnyrs
le; by dk Á;ksx u djds at dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls(

His intelligence surprised me. I was surprised at his intelligence.
Her result disappointed me. I was disappointed at her result.
Her failure distressed me. I was distressed at her failure.
That news alarmed me. I was alarmed at that news.
Your behaviour displeased everybody. Everybody was displeased
at your behaviour.

dqN intransitive verbs ds lkFk preposition dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
preposition ds lkFk ç;ksx gksus ij ;s fØ;k,a transitive verb dh rjg dk;Z
djrh gSaA

He laughed at me. I was laughed at by him.
They listened to me. I was listened to by them.
He looks after his family. His family is looked after by him.

Verb ds nks objects gksus dh n”kk esa passive voice esa cnyrs mu nks
objects esa ls ,d subject gks tkrk gS rFkk nlw jk object vius gh LFkku ij
object dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA

He gave me a pen.
I was given a pen by him.
Or a pen was given me by him.
Or a pen was given to me by him

known rFkk obliged ds ckn to dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls(

Everybody knows Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi is known to
everybody.
They will oblige me. I shall be obliged to them.

Pleased, satisfied, disgusted, charmed, lined bR;kfn “kCnksa ds ckn
passive voice esa ‘with, dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%

His behaviour pleased me. I was pleased with his behaviour.
Her sweet voice charmed the listeners. The listeners were charmed
with her sweet voice.
The passengers lined the booking window. The booking window was
lined with the passengers.
His performance satisfied us. We were satisfied with his performance

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Contained rFkk Interested ds ckn passive voice esa in dk Á;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tlS s%

This box contains many things. Many things are contained in this box.

Cricket interests me. I am interested in Cricket.

Note: ;fn active voice dk drkZ someone, one, somebody, nobody,

people bR;kfn gks] rks passive voice eas cnyrs le; budks fNik fn;k tkrk

gSA tSls( Someone stole my mobile. My mobile was stolen.

People say it. It is said.

Miscellaneous Examples

Active voice Passive voice

It is time to take lunch. It is time for lunch to be taken.

Rahul used to call me daily. I used to be called by Rahul daily.

I like people to praise me. I like to be praised.

I want someone to help me. I want to be helped.

He asked me to help Amit. I was asked to help Amit.

I requested him to attend my party. He was requested to attend my party.

They told me to wait outside. I was told to wait outside.

I want someone to repair this mobile. I want this mobile to be repaired.

Someone will serve the food soon. The food will be served soon.

They elected him captain of the team. He was elected captain of the team.

Someone has stolen my pen. My pen has been stolen.

We expect you to be faithful. You are expected to be faithful.

We can gain nothing without hard work.

Nothing can be gained without hard work.

We should not encourage dowry system.

Dowry system should not be encouraged.

One should keep one’s promise.

A promise should be kept.

They believe that she passed the exam.

It is believed that she passed the exam.

The authorities will prosecute the trespassers.

The trespassers will be prosecuted.

Someone has tampered with the statement.

The statement has been tampered with.

She is going to cook a delicious lunch today.

A delicious lunch is going to be cooked by her today.

People speak English all over the world.

English is spoken all over the world.

They said that she knew it. It was said that she knew it.

Or she was said to know it.

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Part- A

Exercise 1 : Change the following sentences into passive voice:

1. I know him very well.
2. People always admire the freedom fighter.
3. I often do it.
4. The teacher beat the mischievous boy.
5. Did he kill the tiger?
6. Sita can not do this work.
7. Who writes a letter?
8. Tell him to complete the work.
9. What have you done today?
10. His reply surprised me.

Solved:

1. He is known to me very well.
2 Freedom fighters are always admired.
3. It is often done by me.
4. The mischievous boy was beaten by the teacher.
5. Was the tiger killed by him?
6. This work can not be done by Sita.
7. By whom is a letter written?
8. Let him be told to complete the work.
9. What has been done by you today?
10. I was surprised at his reply.

Part – B

Exercise 1: Change the following sentences into passive voice:

1. Walk to the left.
2. He decided to sell his house.
3. The beauty of The Tajmahal charms everybody.
4. Keep your surroundings clean.
5. One should keep one’s promises.
6. Don’t sit here, please.
7. Tell him to leave the office immediately.
8. People believe that guilty will be punished.
9. His behaviour vexes me sometimes.
10. Please bring me a glass of water.
11. They close shops at 8 p.m.

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12. His behaviour astonished me.
13. It is time to open the shop.
14. Summer follows winter.
15. Subject him to a severe punishment.
16. It is time to look into the matter.

Solved:

1. You are advised to walk to the left.
2. It was decided by him to sell his house.
3. Everybody is charmed by the beauty of the Tajmahal.
4. Let your surroundings be kept clean.
5. Promises should be kept.
6. You are requested not to sit here.
7. Let him be told to leave the office immediately.
8. It is believed that guilty will be punished.
9. I am sometimes vexed at his behaviour
10. You are requested to bring me a glass of water.
11. Shops are closed at 8 p.m.
12. I was astonished at his behaviour.
13. It is time for the shop to be opened.
14. Winter is followed by summer.
15. Let him be subjected to severe punishment.
16. It is time for the matter to be looked into.

Exercise 2: Change the following sentences into passive voice:

1. The hunter shot the tiger.
2. He gave me a glass of water.
3. Have they helped you?
4. He is calling me.
5. Who beat Rahul?
6. People say that the good are honoured.
7. I am to do this work.
8. Someone stole my watch.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences into passive voice:

1. Someone is knocking at the door.
2. He gave me a book.
3. Open the window.
4. Speak the truth.
5. Your bahaviour astonished me.
6. I was to assist him.

Exercise 4: Choose the correct option.

1. The management was discussing the issue. (into passive voice)

(a) The issue was being discussed by the management .
(b) The issue was been discussed by the management .
(c) The issue is being discussed by the management .

2. He is writing a letter. (into Passive voice)

(a) A letter is written by him.
(b) letter was written by him.
(c) A letter is being written by him.

3. My pocket has been picked. (into Active voice)
(a) My pocket was picked by someone.
(b) Someone has picked my pocket.
(c) My pocket was picked.

4. Let the door be opened. (into Active voice)

(a) The door must be opened.
(b) The door is open.
(c) Open the door.

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Direct & indirect Narration
¼ÁR;{k rFkk vÁR;{k dFku½

vaxzst+h Hkk’kk esa fdlh O;fDr }kjk dgh x;h ckr dks nks rjg ls izdV fd;k tkrk
gSA

1. direct speech ;k direct narration ¼izR;{k dFku½
2. indirect speech ;k indirect narration ¼vizR;{k dFku½
In direct speech, the actual words of the speaker are repeated. vFkkrZ
direct speech eas ge oDrk (speaker) }kjk dgh x;h ckr dks T;kas dk R;kas j[k
nrs s gaSA tSls%

1. David said, “Mohan will learn English.” (direct speech)
2. Abdul said, “I am hungry.” (direct speech)

okD; u01 rFkk 2 eas iz;ksx gq, said dks reporting verb dgrs gaS rFkk igys
okD; eas inverted comma ds vUnj okys Hkkx Mohan will learn English
vkSj nwljs okD; esa inverted comma ds vUnj okys Hkkx I am hungry dks
reported speech dgrs gSaA

In indirect speech, we give the meaning of a person’s speech
without using the speaker’s words. vFkkrZ indirect speech esa ge oDrk
}kjk dgh x;h ckr dks T;kas dk R;kas u j[kdj mlds Hkko dks vius “kCnksa esa O;Dr
djrs gSaA tlS s%

3. David said that Mohan would learn English. (indirect speech)
4. Abdul said that he was hungry. (indirect speech)

Direct Speech ls lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ fu;e%

1. direct speech eas reporting verb ds ckn lnSo comma ( , )
vkrk gSA nsf[k, okD; ua0 1 rFkk 2

2. reported speech dks lnoS inverted comma (“…”) ds vUnj
j[kk tkrk gSA nsf[k, okD; ua0 1 rFkk 2

Indirect Speech ls lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ fu;e%

1. indirect speech esa reporting verb ds ckn vkus okys comma
( , ) dks gVkdj that dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA nsf[k, okD; ua0 3 rFkk 4

2. indirect speech esa inverted comma dks [kRe dj nsrs gSaA
nsf[k, okD; ua0 3 rFkk 4

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Direct Narration dks Indirect Narration esa cnyuk

Rule no 1:;fn reporting verb present ;k future tense eas gks] rks
reported speech dh verb ds tense eas dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA

1. Mohan says, “Ram is happy.” (direct)
Mohan says that Ram is happy. (indirect)

2. Raul will say , “Ahmad is tired.” (direct)
Rahul will say that Ahmad is tired. (indirect)

Note: indirect speech eas says to dks tell eas cny nrs s gSaA

Rule no 2: ;fn reporting verb, past indefinite esa gks] rks reported
speech dh fØ;k dks uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds vuqlkj cny nrs s gSaA

Simple Present dks Simple past eas
1. Mohan said, “Ahmad writes a letter.” (direct)
Mohan said that Ahmad wrote a letter. (indirect)

Present continuous dks past continuous esa

2. Rahul said , “I am learning my lesson.” (direct)
Rahul said that he was learning his lesson. (indirect)

Present perfect dks past perfect esa
3. Rekha said, “I have prepared tea.” (direct)
Rekha said that she had prepared tea. (indirect)

Present perfect continuous dks past perfect continuous esa

4. He said to us, “I have been waiting for two hours.” (direct)
He told us that he had been waiting for two hours. (indirect)

will/shall/can/may dks would/should/could/might esa cny nrs s gSaA tlS s%
5. Laxman said, “Mohan will go to Kanpur.” (direct)
Laxman said that Mohan would go to Kanpur. (indirect)

Rule no 3: ;fn reporting verb Hkwrdky esa gks vkSj reported speech dh

fØ;k Hkh Hkrw dky eas gks] rks reported speech dh fØ;k past indefinite dks

past perfect ra Fkk past continuous dks past perfect continuous eas cny
nrs s gSaA tSls%

1. Ram said, “Mohan wrote a letter.” (direct).
Ram said that Mohan had written a letter. (indirect)

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Pronoun ls lEcfU/kr ifjorZu

Rule 1: reported speech esa first person ds pronoun (I, me, my,
mine, we, us, our, ours) dks reporting verb ds person, number rFkk
gender ds vuqlkj cny nrs s gaSA tSls%

1. Mohan said to me, “You have come late.” (direct).
Mohan told me that I had come late. (indirect)

2. They said, “We have bought a house.” (direct)
They said that they had bought a house. (indirect)

3. Rekha said to Ravi, “I can speak Spanish.” (direct)
Rekha told Ravi that she could speak Spanish. (indirect)

4. You said, “I play Tennis everyday.” (direct)
You said that you played Tennis everyday. (indirect)

Note: okD; u0a 1 esa reported speech ds drkZ you dks reporting verb ds
object (me) ds vulq kj I eas cny fn;k x;k gSA

Rule 2:a reported speech esa vk;s second person ds pronouns(you rFkk
yours dks reporting verb ds object ds person, number rFkk gender ds
vulq kj cny nsrs gaSA

1. He said to me, “You are worried.” (direct).
He told me that I was worried. (indirect)

2. He said to you, “You are my friend.” (direct).
He told you that you were his friend. (indirect)

3. Rahul said to them, “You are wasting time.” (direct).
Rahul told them that they were wasting time. (indirect)

Note: reporting verb ds object u gksus dh n”kk esa reported speech ds
second person dks mlds vk”k; ds vulq kj first person ;k third person eas
cny nrs s gSA tSls%

1. He said, “You should respect elders.” (direct).
He told me that I should respect elders. (indirect)

Note: ;fn reporting verb ds subject rFkk object nksukas third person eas gkas
rks] indirect cukrs le; cszdsV esa muds lkeus mu O;fDr;ksa dk uke fy[k fn;k
tkrk gSA tlS s%

1. Rahul said to Mohan, “I can help you.” (direct).
Rahul told Mohan that he(Rahul) could help him(Mohan).
(indirect)

404

Rule 3: Third person ds pronoun (he, she, it, they, his, her, hers,
they, them, their, theirs) eas dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gkrs kA

1. Amit said, “He is busy.” (direct).
Amit said that he was busy. (indirect)

2. I said, “He is not a reliable person.” (direct).
I said that he was not a reliable person. (indirect)

Rule 4: Direct ls Indirect cukrs le; LFkku dh fudVrk ÁdV djus okys
“kCnkas dks uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds vuqlkj cny nrs s gSaA

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

Here/hither there/thither this that

these those now then

today that day tonight that night

tomorrow the next day yesterday the previous day/the day before

come go thus so

next week the following week ago before

last night the previous night /the night before hence thence

1. He said to me, “I will go now.” (direct).
He told me that he would go then. (indirect)

2. Amir said to Amjad, “I cannot help you today.” (direct).
Amir told Amjad that he(Amir) could not help him(Amjad)
that day. (indirect)

3. He said, “I have been very busy these days.” (direct).
He said that he had been very busy those days. (indirect)

4. They said, “We shall complete the work tomorrow.”
(direct).
They said that they would complete the work the following
day. (indirect)

Note: ;fn dksbZ noun, vocative case (nominative address) ds :i esa
reported speech esa vk tk;s rks] mls reporting verb dk object cuk nsrs gSa
;k bls address as ds ckn j[krs gSaA tlS s%

1. Rahul said, “ Amit, I shall call you later.” (direct)
Rahul told Amit that he would call him later. (indirect)

2. “My son, “Said the mother, I will give a special gift on
your birthday.” (direct).
The mother told her son that she would give a special gift
on his birthday. (indirect)

405

3. “Naughty boy, “said the teacher, “You are creating
mischief again.” (direct)
Addressing the boy as naughty, the teacher said that he was
creating mischief again. (indirect)

4. Rahul said to his guest, “You need not bother yourself.”
(direct)
Rahul told his guest that he needn’t bother himself. (indirect)

Note: indirect speech cukrs le; needn’t eas dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tkrk gSAa

Rule 5: ;fn advice ysus dh ckr dgh x;h gks rks indirect speech cukrs
le; second ;k third person ds pronoun ds lkFk would dh txg ij
should dk ç;ksx djuk mfpr gkrs k gSA

1. Amjad said, “What shall I do now, mother?” (direct).
Amjad asked his mother what he should do then. (indirect)

Interrogative Sentences dks Indirect eas cnyuk%

First type-Interrogative: tc okD; dh “kq:vkr helping verb ls gksA

Rule 1: iz”uokpd okD; dks indirect eas cnyrs le; reporting verb said
dks asked ;k enquired eas cny nsrs gaS rFkk ‘that, conjunction ds LFkku ij
if ;k whether dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ‘Sir, vk tkus ij bls asked
respectfully eas cny nsrs gSa vkjS indirect speech ds vUr esa iz”uokpd fpUg
¼\½ dk iz;ksx ugha djrs gaSA tSls%

1. Mohan said to Abdul, “Are you learning English?” (direct)
Mohan asked Abdul if he was learning English. (indirect)

2. David said to the teacher, “Sir, may I go out?” (direct)
David asked the teacher respectfully if he might go out. (indirect)

Rule 2: tc reported speech ds vUnj okD; dk igyk “kCn why, what,
who, how bR;kfn gks] rks indirect cukrs le; if ;k whether dk iz;ksx ugha
fd;k tkrk gS cfYd question word (why, what, who, how bR;kfn½ ls gh
indirect speech cukrs gSaA tlS s%

1. Mohan said to me, “What are you doing?” (direct)
Mohan asked me what I was doing. (indirect)

2. He said, “How are you?” (direct)
He asked me how I was. (indirect)

3. Ahmad said to me, “Can you lend me your book?” I said,
“yes” (direct)
Ahmad asked me if I could lend him my book. I replied in

the affirmative. (indirect)
Note: yes ds LFkku ij no gksus dh n”kk esa replied in the negative dk ç;ksx
djrs gSaA

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Universal truth ¼lkoZHkkSfed lR;½

bl Ádkj ds okD;ksa esa lnSo lp jgus okyh] vknr (habit) ;k LoHkko (nature)
izdV djus okyh ckr dgh tkrh gSA ,sls okD;kas ds tense esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha
fd;k tkrk gS pkgs reporting verb fdlh Hkh tense esa gksA tlS s%

1. Gandhiji said, “Honesty is the best policy.” (direct)
Gandhiji said that honesty is the best policy. (indirect)

2. The teacher said to the students, “The earth moves round the
Sun.” (direct)
The teacher told the students that the earth moves round the
sun. (indirect)

3. My mother said to me, “Milk is a complete food.” (direct)
My mother said that milk is a complete food. (indirect)

4. The teacher said, “The crow is black.” (direct)
The teacher said that the crow is black.

Note: dHkh&dHkh dqN nouns, reported speech eas vocative case vFkkrZ ~
nominative of address esa vk tkrs gSa] ,sls nouns dks indirect speech esa
reporting verb dk object cuk nrs s gaSA tSls%

1. Father said, “Abdul, I shall give you money.” (direct)
Father told Abdul that he should give him money.

2. “Naughty boy,” said his father, you are quarrelling again.”
(direct)

Addressing his son as naughty boy, the father said that he was
quarrelling again. (indirect)

Imperative sentences dks Indirect esa cnyuk%

Rule 1: reporting verb ‘said’ dks reported speech ds okD; ds Hkko ds
vuqlkj ordered, advised, requested, warned, begged, forbade,
proposed bR;kfn eas cny nsrs gSa rFkk reported speech dks infinitive esa
j[krs gaS vFkkZr~ to ds ckn verb dh first form dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s%

1. The student said to the teacher, “Please excuse me.” (direct)
The student requested the teacher to excuse him. (indirect)

2. I said to my servant, “Sit down.” (direct)
I ordered my servant to sit down. (indirect)

3. The teacher said to the student, “Stand up.” (direct)
The teacher ordered the students to stand up. (indirect)

5. Abdul said, “let us play cricket.” (direct)
Abdul proposed /suggested that they /we should play cricket.

407

6. He said to me, “You learn your lesson.” (direct)
He told me that I learnt my lesson. (indirect)

7. They said to us, “You do your work now.” (direct)
They told us that we did our work then. (indirect)

8. He said to me, “I think you should consult a doctor.” (direct)
He told me to consult a doctor. (indirect)

9. Amit said to her, “Please tell me what really happened.”
(direct)
Amit begged her to tell what really happened. (indirect)

Note: please dks requested esa cny nsrs gSaA

1. He said to the boys, “Please sit down.” (direct)
He requested the boys to sit down. (indirect)

[

Note: reported speech ds vocative case ds noun dks reporting verb
dk object cuk nrs s gSaA

1. The teacher said , “Raise your hands, boys.” (direct)
The teacher ordered the boys to raise their hands. (indirect)

Rule 2: reporting speech ds negative gksus dh n”kk eas reporting verb dks
Forbade eas cny nsrs gSa rFkk reported speech esa vk;s do not dks gVkdj
verb ls igys to dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA ;k Hkko ds vulq kj advised, ordered
vFkok request eas cny nsrs gSa rFkk reported speech esa vk;s do not esa ls do
dks gVk nrs s gSa rFkk verb ls igys to yxk nsrs gaSA

1. Father said to his son, “Don’t insult anyone.” (direct)
Father forbade his son to insult anyone. (indirect)

2. My teacher said to me, “ Don’t waste your time. (direct)
My teacher advised me not to waste time. (indirect)

3. Mother said to her child, “Don’t tease the dog.” (direct)
Mother warned her child not to tease the dog. (indirect)

4. He said to me, “Don’t forget to take an umbrella.” (direct)
He reminded me to take an umbrella. (indirect)

5. My father said to me, “ Never tell a lie. (direct)
My father advised me never to tell a lie. (indirect)

Note: never dk ç;ksx gksus dh n”kk esa forbade dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

408

Rule 3: Reporting speech ds if ls vkjEHk gksus dh n”kk esa ;fn okD; ls lykg
dk Hkko çdV gks rks] indirect cukrs le; should dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%

1. My friend said, “ If you suffer from fever, consult a doctor.
(direct)

2. My friend said that if I suffered from fever, I should
consult a doctor. (indirect)

Or My friend advised me to consult a doctor if I suffered from
fever.

Rule 4: dqN okD; ftuls fouezrk dk Hkko çdV gksrk gS ;s imperative gksrs
gq, Hkh ns[kus eas interrogative yxrs gSaA ,sls okD;ksa dks reporting verb ds Hkko
ds vuqlkj indirect eas cny fn;k tkrk gSA

1. He said to me, “ Would you please help me? (direct)
He requested me to help him. (indirect)

2. He said , “ Could I use your pen? (direct)
He asked me to use my pen. (indirect)

3. He said , “ Would you like a cup of tea? (direct)
He offered me a cup of tea. (indirect)

4. Rahul said , “ Would you like to have lunch with me? (direct)
Rahul invited me to have lunch with him. (indirect)

5. She said to me , “ Would you like to sit down? (direct)
She requested me to sit down. (indirect)

Let ds fu;e:

Rule 1: let okys okD;kas ls çLrko dk cks/k gkrs k gSA bUgas indirect esa cnyus ds
fy, reporting verb dks proposed ;k suggested esa cny nrs s gaS rFkk
inverted comma ds LFkku ij That dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA let dks should esa
cnydj bls we ;k they ds ckn j[krs gSA tlS s%

1. Rahul said, “Let us go to market.” (direct)
Rahul proposed that they should go to market. (indirect)

2. I said to my friend, “Let us help the Covid-19 affected
people. ” (direct)
I suggested to my friend that we should help the covid-19
affected people. (indirect)

3. Let’s go to the fair,” said Amit, “Let’s not,” said
Rahul.(direct)
Amit suggested to Rahul that they should go to the fair but

Rahul objected/was against it. (indirect)

409

Rule 2: ;fn let okys okD; ls vuqefr ekaxus ds fy, çkFkZuk dk cks/k gks rks] bls
indirect speech esa cnyrs le; reporting verb dks requested eas cny nsrs
gaSA let dks to let esa ;k let ds LFkku ij that dk ç;ksx djrs gaS rFkk noun vFkok
pronoun ds lkFk might be allowed fy[kdj verb dh first form dk ç;ksx
djrs gSaA tlS s%

1. He said to his boss, “ Let me go home.” (direct)
He requested his boss to let him go home. (indirect)
Or He requested his boss that he might be allowed to go home.

2. He said , “ Let there be no inquiry into this matter.” (direct)
He requested that there should be no inquiry into that matter.
(indirect)

Rule 3: ;fn let okys okD; ls vkns”k nsus dk cks/k gks rks] bls indirect speech
eas cnyus ds fy, reporting verb dks ordered eas cny nrs s gaSA let dks LFkku ij
that dk ç;ksx djrs gSa rFkk noun vFkok pronoun ds lkFk should dk ç;ksx
djrs gSa rFkk vU; “kCnkas dks fy[k ysars gSaA

1. The judge said , “ Let the accused be hanged.” (direct)
The judge ordered that the accused should be hanged.
(indirect)

Exclamation and wishes dks Indirect esa cnyuk%

Rule 1: reporting verb ‘said’ dks reported speech eas vk;s okD; ds Hkko ds
vuqlkj exclaim, regret, scold, applaud, confess bR;kfn eas cny nrs s gSa rFkk
interjection ¼what, hurrah, alas, ah, oh bR;kfn½ dks gVkdj conjunction
‘that, dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA

Note: [kq”kh@g’kZ@mYykl ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys “kCnkas (hurrah/wow/ha) dks
exclaimed with joy eas cny nsrs gSaA
nq[k@”kksd@i”pkrki@vQlkls ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys “kCnksa
(what/oh/how/alas/ah) dks exclaimed with sorrow/regret/grief
eas cny nsrs gSaA
Øks/k ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys “kCnk dks exclaimed with anger esa cny
nrs s gSaA
frjLdkj@uQjr@?k`.kk ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys “kCnksa
(pooh/nonsense/oh) dks exclaimed with contempt/disgust eas
cny nrs s gSaA
iz”kla k@rkjhQ ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys “kCnksa (well done /bravo) dks
exclaimed with applause esa cny nrs s gSaA

● vk”p;Z ds fy, Á;ksx gksus okys “kCnks (what/good heavens/good
good/) dks exclaimed with surprise/wonder eas cny nrs s gSaA

410

1. The captain said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” (direct)
The captain exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
(indirect)

2. The old lady said, “Alas! My son is no more.” (direct)
The old lady exclaimed with sorrow that her son was no
more. (indirect)

3. She said, “Alas! I am ruined.” (direct)
She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined. (indirect)

4. Mohan said, “Good morning, Rahul! How are you?” (direct)
Mohan wished Rahul good morning and asked him how he
was. (indirect)

5. She said, “What a beautiful flower it is!” (direct)
She exclaimed with wonder that the flower was very
beautiful. (indirect)

6. Mohan said, “Happy Diwali!” (direct)
Mohan wished me a happy Diwali. (indirect)

7. He said, “Oh! Enough!” (direct)
He exclaimed with disgust that it was enough. (indirect)

8. Rahul said, “What an idea!” (direct)
Rahul exclaimed with surprise that it was a great idea.
(indirect)

9. Abdullah said, “Goodbye, Friends!” (direct)
Abdullah bade his friends goodbye. (indirect)

10. He said, “Good morning sir!” (direct)
He respectfully wished me good morning. (indirect)

11. He said, “ Good night, Amit ! We will meet tomorrow.”
(direct)
He wished/bade good night to Amit and said that they would
meet the next day. (indirect)

12. She said, “Congratulation!” (direct)
She congratulated me. (indirect)

13. Bravo! Well done! They cried. (direct)
They applauded him, saying that he had done well. (indirect)

14. “Help me God!” He cried, “I will not do the sin again.” (direct)
He prayed to God to help him in his resolve not to do the sin
again. (indirect)

15. He said, “Congratulation! What are you doing?” (direct)
He congratulated me and asked what I was doing. ( indirect)

16. Mohan said to Rahul, “Fie! Fie! You are a mean fellow, you
have duped me.” (direct)
Mohan called Rahul a mean fellow and exclaimed with
contempt that he(Rahul) had duped him(Mohan). (indirect)

411

17. She said, “My God! I am ruined.” (direct)
She called upon his God to witness that she was ruined.
(indirect)

18. Rahul said, “O, what a surprise!” (direct)
Rahul exclaimed that it was a surprise. (indirect)

19. He said, “Oh! enough!” (direct)
He exclaimed with disgust that it was a enough. (indirect)

20. He said, “ What a fool I am!” (direct)
He exclaimed that he was a great fool. (indirect)

21. He said, “ Bravo! You have done well” (direct)
He applauded us saying that we had done well. (indirect)

22. He said to me, “ What about going to Mumbai.” (direct)
He suggested me going to Mumbai. (indirect)

23. He said, “ If I were you, I would buy that shirt.” (direct)
He advised me to buy that shirt. (indirect)

Note: vk/kqfud English eas exclaimed with ds LFkku ij dsoy exclaimed
that dk Á;ksx dj ldrs gSA

Rule 2: ;fn reported speech esa thank you vk;s] rks indirect speech esa
reporting verb dks thanked esa cny nrs s gSaA blh rjg reported speech esa
vk;s hope, feel bR;kfn dks gh reporting verb cuk nsrs gSaA tSls

1. They said, “Thank you!” (direct)
They thanked me. (indirect

2. The employee said to the manager, “Thank you Sir for your
help.” (direct)
The employee respectfully thanked the manager for his help.
(indirect)

3. Mohan said, “I hope India will win this match.” (direct)
Mohan hoped that India would win that match. (indirect)

4. Sita said, “I feel sorry for my mistake.” (direct)
Sita felt sorry for her mistake. (indirect)

Optative sentences dks Indirect eas cnyuk%

Rule 1: indirect speech cukus ds fy, okD; ds Hkko ds vuqlkj reporting
verb ‘said’ dks wished, prayed ;k cursed esa cny nrs s gSa rFkk okD; dks
optative form ls assertive form esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA tSls%

1. Father said to the daughter, “May you live long!” (direct)
Father wished that his daughter might live long. (indirect)

2. The priest said, “May God bless you!” (direct)
The priest prayed that God might bless him. (indirect)

3. He said, “If I were a king!” (direct)
He wished that he had been a king. (indirect)

4. The people said, “May God save the king!” (direct)
The people prayed that God might save the king. (indirect)

412

Exercise 1 : Change the following sentences into Indirect

speech:

1. My brother asked, “Are you feeling well” I replied, “Yes.”
2. The hermit said, “May you go to hell!”
3. The boys said to the teacher, “Please, help us.”
4. He said, “Oh, what an opportunity!”
5. The boy said to the teacher, May I come in, sir?”
6. The director of the Military Academy said to the cadets, “

‘Future sentinels of mother India’, the country reposes great
hope in you”. Work hard in disciplined manner and come up
to the expectations of the country”.
7. “Good heavens! I have dropped my purse somewhere and it
had handsome amount of money”, he said.
8. Pandit Nehru said to the large gathering in the Ramlila
Maidan,“My dear noble countrymen, I shall ever remain
serving the cause of mother India”.
9. The wolf said, “You have become very talkative. Be silent
otherwise, I will eat you.”
10. Hari said to Ram, “Have you completed your homework?”
Ram said, “No”
Hari said, “Why?”
Ram said, “because I could not get time to complete it.”
11. John: “Will you go to school today?”
Richard: “No”
John: “Why”
Richard: “because my mother is ill and I have to look after
her.”

Solved:

1. My brother asked me if I was feeling well. I replied in positive.
2. The hermit cursed that they might go to hell.
3. The boys requested the teacher to help them.
4. He exclaimed with wonder that it was a great opportunity.
5. The boy requested the teacher with respect to enter the class.
6. Addressing the cadets as future sentinels of mother India, the

director of the military academy believed that the country
reposed great hope in them. Lastly he advised them to work
in disciplined manner and come up to the expectation of the
country.
7. He cried with sorrow that he had dropped his purse
somewhere and it had a handsome amount of money.
8. Addressing his dear and noble countrymen lovingly, Pandit
Nehru told the the large gathering in the Ramlila Maidan that
he would ever remain serving the cause of mother India.

413

9. The wolf told (the lamb) that he had become very talkative.
Further he warned him to be silent otherwise, he would eat
him.

10. When Hari asked Ram If he had completed his homework,
the latter told that he had not. Again Hari enquired of him
why he had not done so. Ram replied that because he had not
got time to complete it.

11. John asked his Richard if he would go to school that day.
Richard answered that he would not. Johan asked Richard the
reason of it. Richard told him that his mother was ill and he
had to look after her.

Part -A

Exercise 1:Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

1. She says, “It is very hot in Delhi.”
2. Ahmad said, “They don’t know my phone number.”
3. Mohan said, “Dogs bark at strangers.”
4. My teacher said, “Solomon was famous for his justice.”
5. Abdul said to me, “Why did you break my pen?”
6. Rekha said, “It is raining.”
7. My friend said, “Take exercise daily.”
8. He said, “ You should obey your parents.”

Exercise 2 : Change the following sentences into Indirect speech.

1. Rahul says, “Mohan is a good singer.”
2. He said, “The students are learning their lesson.”
4. Rahul said, “Alas! We can not win this match.”
5. The boys said, “Hurrah! I have bought a nice car.”
6. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
7. Rahul said to Amjad, “Will you like to help me today?”
8. The pilgrim said to the police, “ Is this the way to Sangam?.”
9. Geeta said to Radha, “Do you like to read this novel?
10. He said to me, “Are you waiting for my father today?”
11. The teacher said to the principal, “Please grant me leave for

two days.”
12. The teacher said to the student, “ Obey your elders.”
13. I said to my teacher, “Sir, please explain this stanza again.”
14. The teacher said to the boys, “Work hard for success.”
15. Rahul said to me, “Are you reading newspaper?”
16. The principal said, “Boys, stand up.”

414

Part – B

Exercise: 1

1. The boys said to the teacher, “Please, help us.”
2. The captain said, Bravo! You have performed well.”
3. All the fans cried out, “Bravo, your game was excellent.”
4. My mother said to me,” don’t worry.”
5. My friend said to me, Don’t drive fast on busy road.
6. The teacher said, “What an excellent boy you are!”
7. He said, “Good morning, friend! How are You?”
8. He said, Alas! How foolish I have been.”
9. He said, “Let us not make a noise.
10. The doctor said to the patient, “Don’t smoke cigarette.”
11. He said, May you live long.”
12. He said, “What a chance!
13. He said to me, “ I should consider his decision.”
14. He said to his Boss, “Pardon me, please.”
15. He said to me, “May you succeed!”
16. My mother said, “Be punctual.”
17. He asked me, “Are you going?.”

Exercise 2: Choose the correct indirect sentences.

1. Gandhiji said, “Honesty is the best policy.” (direct)

(a) Gandhiji said that honesty was the best policy.
(b) Gandhiji told that honesty was the best policy.
(c) Gandhiji said that honesty is the best policy.

2. He said, “I don’t have money to buy this book.” (direct)

(a) He said that he didn’t have money to buy this book.
(b) He said that he didn’t have money to buy that book.
(c) He told that he didn’t have money to buy that book.

3. He said to me, “Good Evening!” (direct)

(a) She told me good evening.
(b) She wished me good evening.
(c) She offered me good evening.

4. Sita said, “I completed my work yesterday” (direct)
(a) Sita told that she completed her work the previous day. (direct)
(b) Sita said that she had completed her work the previous day.
(c) Sita told that she had been completed her work the previous day.

415

¼orZuh dk lgh ç;ksx½

Spelling dk vaxzsth+ Hkk’kk esa cgqr egRo gSA spelling dk dksbZ fuf”pr (fixed)
fu;e ugha gSA buds vyx&vyx fu;e (rules) gSa] tks uhps fn;s tk jgs gSaA

Some Important Rules of Spelling ¼orZuh ls lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ fu;e½%

Rule no 1 : v{kj q ds lkFk lnSo u vkrk gSA tSls%& quality, qualify,
quarrel, question, queen, queue, quiet, quite, quit, quick, quantity
bR;kfnA

Rule no 2 : ;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr eas full tksMr+ s gSa] rks full dk ,d L de gks
tkrk gSA tSls%

care+full = careful faith+full = faithful oQ
fear+full = fearful help+full = helpful
harm+full = harmful wonder+full = wonderful
dread+full = dreadful law+full = lawful

Rule no 3 : ;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr eas LL gks vkSj mleas dqN tksM+k tk,] rks ,d
L de gks tkrk gSA tlS s%

all+ready = already all+ so = also
well+come = welcome well+fare = welfare
all+most = almost all+mighty = almighty

Rule no 4 : ;fn well ;k will “kCn dks fdlh “kCn ds vUr esa tksM+rs gS] rks well
;k will dk ,d L de ugha gksxkA tSls%

un+well = unwell good+will =goodwill

fare+well = farewell

Rule no 5: ;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr eas y vkrk gS] rks ml “kCn esa full tksM+rs
le; y dks i eas cnydj full dk ,d L de dj fn;k tkrk gSA tSls%
beauty+full = beautiful lqUnj mercy+full= merciful

duty+full = dutiful QtZ dks iwjk djus okyk plenty+full = plentiful

Verb esa ing tksM+us lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ fu;e%

Rule no 1: tc fdlh verb ds vUr eas vuqPpkfjr (silent) e vkrk gS] rks ml -

“kCn eas ing tksM+rs le; e dks gVk nrs s gSaA tSls%

write+ing = writing Make+ing = making

shake+ing = shaking Take+ing = taking

give+ing = giving come+ing = coming

rise+ing = rising live+ing =living

care+ing = caring

Exception: Dye +ing = dyeing

Rule no 2 : ;fn fdlh “kCn ds vUr esa ee vk,] rks blesa ing tksMr+ s le; vfUre
e dks ugha gVk;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Agree + ing = agreeing see + ing = seeing flee + ing = fleeing

416

Rule no 3 : ;fn verb ds vUr eas ,d consonant gks rFkk mlls igys dsoy
,d vowel (a, e, i, o, u esa ls dksbZ ,d) gks] rks vfUre consonant dks double dj
nrs s gaSA tSls%

run+ing = running stop+ing = stopping shut+ing = shutting

set+ing = setting get+ing = getting cut+ing = cutting

put+ing = putting sit+ing = sitting beg+ing = begging
fit+ing = fitting
regret+ing = regretting quarrel+ing = quarrelling

viokn (Exception) open + ing = opening
pardon + ing = pardoning

Note: ysfdu h,w,y, r rFkk x v{kjkas ij lekIr gksus okys “kCnkas ij mijksDr fu;e
ykxw ugha gkrs k gSA tSls%

Grow+ing = growing fix+ing = fixing answer + ing = answering

buy+ing = buying blow+ing = blowing draw+ing = drawing

Rule no 4 : ;fn fdlh verb ds vUr eas consonant gks ijUrq mlls igys double
vowels gks rks ing tksMr+ s le; vfUre v{kj dks double ugha djrs gaSA tSls%

feel+ing = feeling meet+ing= meeting

weap+ing = weeping

rain+ing = raining school+ing= schooling

Rule no 5: ftu verbs ds vUr eas ie vkrk gS mueas ing tksMr+ s le; ie dks y esa
cny nsrs gSaA tSls%
tie+ing = tying lie+ing = lying die+ing = dying vie+ing= vying

Rule no 6: ftu verbs ds vUr esa y ;k ll gks rks] muesa ing tksM+rs le; LL ;k
y dks ugha gVkrs gSaA tlS s%

kill+ing = killing call+ing= calling fly+ing = flying

play+ing = playing tell+ing = telling will+ing= willing

study+ing = studying buy+ing= buying = try +ing = trying

Rule no 7: dqN ,sls “kCn gkrs s gaS ftuds vUr esa ing tksMr+ s le; dksbZ ifjoZru
ugha gksrk gSA tSls%

do+ing = doing try+ing = trying fly+ing = flying

finish+ing= finishing end+ing = ending obey+ing = obeying

go+ing = going cry+ing = crying deny+ing = denying

Exercise 1 : complete the spellings of the following words:

1. Abil_ _y 16. S_u_ce
2. s_i_nc_ 17. d_sc_pl_n_
3. d_te_m_nat_on 18. math_m_ti_ _
4. a_ _ident 19 ch_ _m_ng
5. b_l_ _ve 20. pr_y_r
6. st_d_nt 21. f_il_re
7. p_og_ess 22. Fr_ _k
8. c_ u _l 23. s_ lf_ sh
9. ne_ghb_ur 24. tong_ _
10. su_ _er 25. qu_st_on
11. imp_rt_nt 26. s_g_if_c_nc_

417

12. Ci_iz_n 27. i_t_l_i_e_t

13. co_ _y 28. t_ ng_ _
14. al_v_ 29. g_ _ lty
15. gr_m_ _r 30. ne_th_r

Solved: 1. Ability 2. Science 3. Dtermination 4. Accident

5. believe 6. Student 7. Progress 8. Cruel 9. neighbor 10. suffer
11. important 12. citizen 13. convey 14. alive 15. grammar
16. source. 17. discipline 18. mathematics 19. charming
20. Prayer 21. Failure 22. Frock 23. selfish 24. tongue
25. question 26. Significance 27. Intelligent 28.tongue 29. Guilty
30. neither

Exercise 2 : Complete the spellings of the following words:

1. c_r_y 20. s_ge
2. twel_th 21. w_c_ed
3. ex_ib_t_on 22. ordin_ _ _
4. Kn_wl_ _ge 23. He_ _th
5. T_e_s_r_d 24. Suc_e_d
6. s_ lf_sh 25. fact_ _ _
7. c_ l_br_t_ 26. d_zz_ness
8. Va_ _trion 27. c_nt_mpt
9. d_str_y 28. s_st_m
10. b_g_ _r 29. rec_ _ pt
11. me_ _cine 30. ch_ic_ten
12. col_ _ge 31. col_n_l
13. va_ _tion 32. v_l_able
14. gl_r_ous 33. amb_t_ous
15. app_ _cation 34. att_nt_on
16. anx_ _us 35. al_h_ugh
17. gr_ _f 36. for_ _gn
18. c_ _ling 37. rec_ _pt
19. lit_rat_re 38. att_nd_nce

Learn some typical spellings:

A: Balloon Umbrella Giraffe Fluorescent Millennium Committee
Pneumonia Haemhorrage Shakespeare Caesar Lieutenant Colonel
Surgeon Indict Extempore Twelfth Exaggerate Environment Gauge
Questionnaire Liaison Perseverance Rhythm

B: Foreign Loquacious Supersede Impasse deadlock Pierce
Champagne Embarrassment Fahrenheit Acquaintance Caribbean
Forfeit Heinous Vengeance Pavilion Vacuum, Sovereignty
Psychiatrist Chameleon Camouflage Hierarchy Pierce Assassin
Magnificent

C: Commissioner Superintendent Ambassador Entrepreneur
Bureaucracy Cigarette Cassette Scissors Colleague Acquisition
Equilibrium Grievance Promiscuous Nuisance Omitted Clientele
Inconvenience Recession Manoeuvre Definitely Deceive Believe
Receipt Psychology Missile

418

Á”u VSx eas nks Hkkx gksrs gSa] igyk Hkkx dFku ds :Ik eas gksrk gS rFkk nlw jk Hkkx
tag ds :Ik eas gksrk gSA nlw jk Hkkx iz”u ds :i eas gksus ds dkj.k question tag
dgykrk gSA question tag eas drkZ pronoun gksrk gS vkSj nks ckj vkrk gSA ;fn
okD; positive gks] rks tag vFkkrZ nlw jk okyk Hkkx negative gksxk vkSj ;fn
okD; negative gks] rks nwljk okyk Hkkx positive gksxkA

Statement ¼dFku½ Tag ¼iawN½

1. He is a doctor, isn’t he?
og ,d MWkDVj gS] ugha gS D;k\

2. He doesn’t play cricket, does he?
og fØdsV ugha [ksyrk gS] [ksyrk gS D;k\

3. I am your fast friend. Aren’t I?
eaS rqEgkjk ije fe= gwaA ugha gwa D;k\

Åij fn;s x;s okD; u0 3 eas question tag okys Hkkx esa am ds LFkku
ij Are dk ç;ksx gksxkA

;fn statement eas drkZ proper noun gks] rks question tag eas bls
Personal pronoun eas cny nsrs gaSA tlS s%

Amit learnt his lesson, didn’t he?
vfer us viuk ikB ;kn fd;k ugha fd;k D;k\

Some more Examples:

1. Everybody helped me, didn’t they?
2. Somebody called you, didn’t they?
3. Everything is fine here, isn’t it?
4. Nothing could stop us, could it?
5. All of us can speak English, can’t we?
6. Either of you are responsible, aren’t you?

419

Figures of speech ¼vyadkj½

Figures of speech adorn the language to create a special effect.
They add colour and interest, awaken our imagination, and cause a
moment of excitement. They paint and depict a vivid picture in the
readers or listeners’ mind, and as we know a picture is equivalent
to a thousand words. So the figurative language helps us
understand the message better than words alone.

Simile ¼miek½% In this figure of speech, a comparison is made
between two unlike things using words: as, so, like

1. Our soldiers are as brave as lion.
2. They are as two peas in a pod.
3. He was as wise as Solomon.

Metaphor ¼:id½% In this figure of speech, we make a comparison
between unlike things or ideas without using the words: as, like or so.

1. Life is struggle.
2. Time is money.
3. She has a heart of stone.
4. The camel is the ship of the desert.

Hyperbole ¼vfr”k;ksfDr½% In this figure of speech, we exaggerate or
overstate an statement to emphasize a point.

1. I saw thousands at a glance.
2. He died of embarrassment.
3. It must have cost a billion dollars.
4. I have a million things to do.
5. The world is like a stage.
6. I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
7. He has got tones of money.

Personification ¼ekuohdj.k½% In this figure of speech, human
qualities are given to lifeless objects. Or it represents a non-human
things as human.

1. Anxiety is sitting on his face.
2. A lie has no legs.
3. Opportunity knocks the door but once.
4. The stars danced playfully in the sky.

420

Oxymoron ¼fojks/kkHkk’k½% In this figure of speech, opposite ideas are
expressed that seem to contradict each other.

1. All the politicians agree to disagree.
2. It is an open secret.
3. He is regularly irregular.
4. He was clearly confused in his decision.
5. Provide me the original copy of the document.

Onomatopoeia ¼?ofulwpd½% It imitates the natural sounds of a
thing. making the description more expressive and interesting. It is
the word which is the sound of it.

1. The buzzing bee flew away.
2. The snake hissed at me.
3. The gushing stream flows in the forest.
4. The rustling leaves kept me awake.

Apostrophe ¼lacks/ku½% In this figure of speech, some absent or non-
existent person or thing is addressed as if it were a living object.

1. Life! I never understood you.
2. Why don’t you ever work, you stupid computer!
3. dear captain! I appreciate your patient.
4. Dear eyes! Am I seeing the truth?

Irony ¼O;aX;½% In this figure of speech, real meaning is exactly the
opposite of that which is literally conveyed.

1. The police station got robbed.
2. A fire station was burned down.
3. A pilot has a fear of heights.

Pun ¼”ys’k½% Words with same pronunciation but different meanings
are called pun.

1. The cat sat near the computer to keep a watch on the mouse.
2. A bicycle cannot stand on its own because it is two-tired.
3. If you sit by the window, I will help you out.
4. Is life worth living, depends upon the liver.;gka ij liver ls

rkRi;Z xqnkZ rFkk thou thus okyk gSA

Homonym ¼leuke@geuke½%: In this figure of speech, words with the
same pronunciation are repeated more than one time with different
meanings.

1. Can you can a can as a canner can can a can.
2. He ate dinner at eight o’ clock.

421

Alliteration ¼vuqÁkl½% In this figure of speech, the beginning
consonant sounds of neighbouring words are repeated.

1. She sells seashells on seashore.
2. Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
3. Big black bear.

Consonance ¼vuq:i½% In this figure of speech, a consonant sound is
repeated in the beginning, middle or end of a word.

1. The duck struck some luck.
2. The cook broke his back.
3. the traffic figures to be tough on July forth.

Assonance ¼Lojko`fRr½% In this figure of speech, the same vowel
sound is repeated within the words either at the beginning or
middle of the word.

1. Hear the mellow wedding bells.
2. Fleet, fleet sweep by sleeping geese.
Anaphora ¼vk+|iqu:fDr½%: In this figure of speech, words repeat at
the beginning of successive clauses, phrases or sentences.

1. I came, I saw, I conquered.
2. In every cry of every man.
Metonymy ¼y{k.kkyadkj½%: In this figure of speech, the word or
phrase is used for another one with which it is associated with.
1. Our previous boss was quite a silence box.
2. Pen is mightier than the sword.
3. Our organization need more blood.

Exercise:

Name the figures of speech in the following sentence:

He is as cunning as a fox……….. …….
He fought like soldier………………….
The branches are rustling……………….
That joke nearly killed me……………..
This is a big small car…………………..
You are looking million dollars today…
Blood is thicker than water…………….

422

Set -1 Incorrect:

1. We are tired from waiting.
2. The fish is not fit to eating.
3. He jumped in the river.
4. This is one of my favorite book.
5. The population of Delhi is larger than Agra.
6. Only few students are good.
7. Mohan’s mother died from cholera.
8. She does not want to part from her books.
9. America attacked on Afghanistan.

Set -2
Incorrect:

1. Rahul is senior than her.
2. His computer is smaller than of his friend.
3. One must do his duty.
4. She as well as her friends were present in the party.
5. Being Sunday, the colleges were closed.
6. This is the person whom he thought was dead.
7. The general with all his soldiers were killed.
8. I gave him a chair to sit.
9. All boys are wearing white shirts.
10. Ram’s daughter’s sons are well-behaved.
11. Mr. S.P.Sen is the eldest teacher of the school.
12. The sick long about health.
13. Neither they nor Mohan were present in the party.

Set -3 Incorrect:

1. Four and four makes eight.
2. He is most perfect gentleman.
3. No nook or corner were left unexplored.
4. Many a boy were playing in the field.
5. It is I who is your best friend.
6. He made no farther remarks.
7. Today is the latest day for receiving letters.
8. My father is in bad mood.
9. There are fine furniture in the house.
10. An university degree is no guarantee for a job.
11. A ship swims on water.

423

12. I have written a letter to my father a month ago.
13. He is eligible to the post.
14. Bread and butter are his chief food.
15. This question is the easiest of the two.

Set -4 Incorrect:
1. Always speak truth.
2. The Taj Mahal is the most unique building in the world.
3. You as well as he is guilty.
4. This pen is the best of the two.
5. The wages of sin are death.
6. One ought to be obedient to his teachers.
7. You should avail of this opportunity.
8. Out of iron, silver and gold, the latter is the most precious.
9. No less than five boys were present.
10. He is well conversant in Hindi.
11. He enjoyed at the party.
12. I am ill for two days.
13. A series of lectures have been arranged.

Set -5 Incorrect:
1. He is true to his words.
2. I do not know who are you.
3. It is half past four in my watch.
4. There is no place in the car.
5. All my family members have arrived.
6. My foot is paining.
7. Give me three and half rupees.
8. I have heard the news an hour ago.
9. Kind man will pity poor.
10. It is the world where rich hate poor.
11. The law says that it will punish the wrong-doer.
12. Do it now as you forget.
13. Myself did this work.
14. You are responsible for this fault yourself.
15. When you do not know how to dance, why do you dance?
16. Of these two boys, the first is better.
17. The sun rises in east and sets in west.
18. Many a men come to me.
19. Help you have extended is very meager.
20. My pen’s nib is broken.
21. The train started before I arrived.

424

Set -6 Incorrect:

1. The news are correct.
2. One must do his duty.
3. This flower smells sweetly.
4. Being a very cold day, I could not go out.
5. I could not get good mark in English.
6. He availed his casual leave.
7. Taj is an unique building in the world.
8. The wages of sin are death.
9. He is my oldest brother.
10. This book comprises of 45 conversations.
11. Beside Shakespeare, I have read Milton.
12. I, you and he went to Delhi.
13. I have headache.
14. Ten sheeps are grazing in the field.
15. It is a nice poetry.
16. Five times five are twenty-five.
17. Don’t try to make fool of me.
18. He is an European.
19. I forbade him not to go outside.

Set -7 Incorrect:

1. He assisted to me in this matter.
2. I ordered for a cup of tea.
3. I asked to him a question.
4. He told to me a story.
5. He is dear for me.
6. Listen me.
7. We should pray God.
8. It was bitter cold.
9. You both are responsible.
10. Tell me where are you.
11. He is in the committee.
12. Until it rains, I will not go.
13. He speaks very well English.
14. He went home back.
15. He writes with ink.
16. He came today morning.
17. He is taller than me.
18. The poet describes about the nature.

425

19. Give me a bread.
20. He was deaf for my request.
21. He fell from the horse.
22. He comes from a noble family.
23. He reminded me about my promise.
24. He is afraid to me.
25. It is I who is your friend.
26. It is me who will help you.
27. This is the same book which I bought.
28. Such people who are careless suffer.

Solution

set -1 correct

1. We are tired of waiting.
2. The fish is not fit to eat.
3. He jumped into the river.
4. This is one of my favourite books.
5. The population of Delhi is larger than that of Agra.
6. Only a few students are good.
7. Mohan’s mother died of cholera.
8. She does not want to part with her books.
9. America attacked Afghanistan.

Set -2 correct
1. Rahul is senior to her.
2. His computer is smaller than that of his friend.
3. One must do one’s duty.
4. She as well as her friends was present in the party.
5. It being Sunday, the colleges were closed.
6. This is the person who he thought was dead.
7. The general with all his soldiers was killed.
8. I gave him a chair to sit in.
9. All the boys are wearing white shirts.
10. The sons of Ram’s daughter are well-behaved.
11. Mr. S.P.Sen is the oldest teacher of the school.
12. The sick long for health.
13. Neither they nor Mohan was present in the party.

426

Set -3

Correct:
1. Four and four make eight.
2. He is the perfect gentleman.
3. No nook or corner was left unexplored.
4. Many boys were playing in the field.
5. It is I who am your best friend.
6. He made no further remarks.
7. Today is the last day for receiving letters.
8. My father’s mood is bad.
9. There is fine furniture in the house.
10. A university degree is not guarantee for a job.
11. A ship floats on water.
12. I wrote a letter to my father a month ago.
13. He is eligible for the post.
14. Bread and butter is his main food.
15. This question is easier of the two.

Set -4
Correct:

1. Always speak the truth.
2. The Taj Mahal is a unique building in the world.
3. You and he are guilty.
4. This pen is better of the two.
5. The wages of sin is death.
6. One ought to be obedient to one’s teachers.
7. You should avail yourself of this opportunity.
8. Among iron, silver and gold, the last is the most precious.
9. No fewer than five boys were present.
10. He is well conversant with Hindi.
11. He enjoyed himself at the party.
12. I have been ill for two days.
13. A series of lectures has been arranged.

Set -5
Correct:

1. He is true to his word.
2. I do not know who you are.
3. It is half past four by my watch.

427

4. There is no room in the car.
5. All the members of my family have arrived.
6. My foot is aching.
7. Give me three and a half rupees.
8. I heard the news an hour ago.
9. A kind man takes pity on the poor.
10. This is the world where the rich hate the poor.
11. Law says that it will punish the wrong-doer.
12. Do it now lest you should forget.
13. I myself did this work.
14. You yourself are responsible for this fault.
15. Why do you dance if you do not know how to dance?
16. The first boy is better of the two.
17. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
18. Many a men comes to me.
19. The help that you have done is very meager.
20. The nib of my pen is broken.
21. The train had departed before I arrived.

Set -6
Correct:

1. The news is correct.
2. One must do one’s duty.
3. This flower smells sweet.
4. It being a very cold day, I could not go out.
5. I could not get good marks in English.
6. He availed of his casual leave.
7. The Taj is an unique building in the world.
8. The wages of sin is death.
9. He is my eldest brother.
10. This book comprises 45 conversations.
11. Besides Shakespeare, I have read Milton.
12. You, he and I went to Delhi.
13. I have a headache.
14. Ten sheep are grazing in the field.
15. It is a nice poem.
16. Five times five is twenty-five.
17. Don’t try to make me a fool.
18. He is a European.
19. I forbade him to go outside.

428

Exercise based on various Competitive Exams:

Exercise 1 : Arrange the sentences in proper order:

1. A high percentage of
P- In cold weather
Q. and more people experience
R- heart failure on Monday than
S- heart attacks occur
6. on any other day

(a) QSPR (b) RPSQ (c) SPQR (d)PSRQ Answer: c

2. We must give up
P- in which not a single
Q- our conservative outlook
R- we should create an atmosphere.
S. women remains uneducated

(a) QSPR (b) QRPS (c) SPQR (d) PSRQ

3. Continuing reports from doctors

P- how people live and what they eat
Q. who are measuring the incidents of heart attack
R- disclose the pattern linking
S- all over the world
6. with the number of heart attacks they have.

(a) QSPR (b) RPSQ (c)SPQR (d)SRPQ

4. The government of India is

P- a market driven special purpose vehicle
Q- a global Indian consortium to
R- in the process of creating
S- that will help to establish
6. facilitate investment by overseas Indians
(a) QSPR (b) RPSQ (c) SPQR (d) PSRQ

5. on our stopping the
S- was on, the
P- when we stopped the car
Q- police man waved to us
R- car, when the red light
6. he came to us and demanded for the driver’s license

(a) QSPR (b) RPSQ (c) SPQR (d) RSQP

429

Exercise 2: Find the errors and correct the Sentences:

1. When I will see him (A)/I will ask him to (B)/return my book he

borrowed from me(C)/No error(D)
2. Rahul asked me (A)/What my name is (B)/And where I came
from(C)/No error(D)
3. The survey, we performed (A)/recently showed that(B)/most of the
customers are satisfied (C)/No error(D)
4. If I was the principal(A)/I would give scholarship(B)/To the poor
students(C)/No error(D)
5. My sister-in-laws (A)/ have gone to America (B)/ to attend a
marriage party there (C)/No error(D)
6. I eagerly look forward (A)/to see you(B)/in the next month(C)
/No error(D)
7. I went to Delhi (A)/but I could not meet him(B)/because he went to
Kanpur(C)/No error(D)
8. Either of us (A)/are going to attend (B)/the meeting this
evening(C)/No error(D)
9. The government urged to (A)/the people to remain inside their
houses (B)/ during the lockdown period (C)/No error(D)
10. It is high time(A)/we rise to the occasion (B)/and fight social
evils(C)/No error(D)

Solved: 1. If/unless/when ds lkFk will dk Á;ksx ugha gksrk gS vr% ;gka ij

when I see him dk ç;ksx gksxkA 2. ;fn igys okD; dh fØ;k past esa gS rks nwljs
okD; dh fØ;k Hkh past eas gksxhA what my name is esa is ds Lfkku ij was gksxkA
3. No error 4. Present conditional eas I ds lkFk were dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA ;gka
ij was ds Lfkku ij were dk ç;ksx gksxkA 5. ;gka ij sisters-in-law dk ç;ksx
gksxkA 6. Look forward to ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k eas ing dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA vr%
see ds Lfkku ij seeing dk ç;ksx gksxkA 7. ;gka ij went ds Lfkku ij had gone
dk ç;ksx gksxkA 8. Either/neither ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k çFke :I esa gksrh gSA
vr% ;gka ij are ds Lfkku ij is dk ç;ksx gksxkA 9. Urge ds ckn to dk ç;ksx ugha
gkrs k gSA vr% ;gka ij urged to ds Lfkku ij dsoy urged gksxkA 10. High time
ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k lnSo second form eas gksrh gSA vr% rise ds Lfkku ij
rose dk ç;ksx gksxkA

Exercise 3 : Find the errors and correct the Sentences:

1. Both of you three (A)/ can discuss the issue (B) with me (C)/No

error(D)

2. All the political parties (A) of our country (B)/ are fighting with

each other (C)/No error(D)

3. When I reached the school (A)/I found that (B) The class already

started (C)/No error(D)

4. She burnt her (A)/ and her two children(B) while bursting crackers

(C)/No error(D)

430

5. success or failure (A)/ largely depend on (B) hard work (C)/No
error(D)
6. It is time (A)/ The court should take the decision (B) on this long
pending issue (C)/No error(D)
7. Sania Mirza(A)/is one of the best Tennis player (B)in the country
(C)/No error(D)
8. A number of bills(A)/ has been passed (B) by the parliament this
year(C)/No error(D)
9. The officer(A)/who was on duty in the office (B) dismissed for
negligence (C)/No error(D)
10. The man is (A)/ the only creature(B) that has the power of
intelligence (C)/No error(D)
11. Sachin in him (A)/ was always hungry(B) for making more and
more runs (C)/No error(D)
12. He is no longer popular (A)/ as he has (B) only few fans (C)/No
error(D)
13. Both of you three (A)/ can discuss the issue (B) with me (C)/No
error(D)
14. All the political parties (A) of our country (B)/ are fighting with
each other (C)/No error(D)
15. When I reached the school (A)/I found that (B) The class already
started (C)/No error(D)
16. She burnt her (A)/ and her two children(B) while bursting
crackers (C)/No error(D)
17. success or failure (A)/ largely depend on (B) hard work (C)/No
error(D)
18. It is time (A)/ The court should take the decision (B) on this long
pending issue (C)/No error(D)

Exercise 4 : Find the errors and correct the Sentences:

1. India is the (A)/ second larger country (B) in the world after china
in the world (C)/No error(D)

2. It is truth (A)/ that honesty (B) is the best policy (C)/No error(D)
3. I decided to drop my study (A)/ but most of my class fellows (B)
opted for high education (C)/No error(D)
4. The servant (A)/ was supposed to be (B) more vigilance on his duty
(C)/No error(D)
5. Corona epidemic is (A)/ one of the worse problem (B) the whole
world is facing these days (C)/No error(D)
6. The climate of UP(A)/ is better (B) than Delhi (C)/No error(D)
7. His essay (A)/on Environment (B) is relatively better than that of
yours (C)/No error(D)
8. Amit is a dull boy (A)/ but his brother is (B) cleverer and wise.
(C)/No error(D)

431

9. They have (A)/ sent me a message (B) last week (C)/No error(D)
10. It is said that (A)/ Munshi premchad was (B) Shakespeare of India
11. She was (A)/one of the wisest and (B) cleverer students in the
class. (C)/No error(D)
12. The two first to arrive (A)/ were the lucky recipients (B) of a
surprise gift (C)/No error(D)

Solved: 1. large ds LFkku ij larger gksxkA 2. truth ds LFkku ij true gksxkA 3.
high ds LFkku ij higher gksxkA 4. vigilence ds LFkku ij vigilant gksxkA 5.
worse ds LFkku ij worst gksxkA 6. Delhi ds LFkku ij that of Delhi gksxkA 7.
better ds LFkku ij good gksxkA 8. wise ds LFkku ij wiser gksxkA
9. have sent ds LFkku ij sent gksxkA ;gka chrs gq, le; ds fy, past indefinite
dk ç;ksx gksxkA 10. Munshi premchand ds LFkku ij the Munshi
Premchand gksxkA bls le>us ds fy, Article ‘the’ dk ç;ksx i<s+aA 11.
Cleverer ds LFkku ij cleverest dk ç;ksx gksxkA ;kn j[ksa adjective dh lHkh
voLFkk;as fdlh ,d O;fDr dh xq.k ;k nks’k crkus ds fy, ,d gh voLFkk esa ç;ksx dh
tkrh gaSA 12. two first ds LFkku ij first two dk ç;ksx gksxkA ;kn j[ksa oddinal
ls igys cardinal vkrk gSA

Exercise 5 :Find the errors and correct the Sentences:

1. He is comparatively (A)/ better in Maths (B) as compared to me.
(C)/No error(D)
2. Kanpur is (A)/ further from Lucknow(B) than Azamgarh(C)/No
error(D)
3. The higher we went (A)/ the cold (B) we felt. (C)/No error(D)
4. In absolutely terms (A) the problem may not be very serious (A)
but it should not be ignored. (C)/No error(D)
5. You should (A) avoid to travel (B)/ in the rush hour (C)/No
error(D)
6. In Dubai (A)/ my father-in-law (B) with his children were present
in the function (C)/No error(D)
7. Terrorists as well as his accomplices have been killed (A)/ in the
encounter(B) last night (C)/No error(D)
8. During the last five years (A)/ the organization has been working
hard(B)to survive in this competitive world. (C)/No error(D)
9. She is working (A)/in the reliance Industries (B) since 1990 (C)/No
error(D)
10. We have been knowing (A) each other(B)/since our childhood (C)
/No error(D)
11. I have met (A)/ him last year (B) but I don’t remember his name
(C)/No error(D)
12. I don’t receive (A)/ any letter from my parents (B) for the last two
years (C)/No error(D)

432

leku vFkZ okys “kCnkas dks Synonyms dgrs gaSA blesa ,d gh vFkZ ds dbZ “kCn gks
ldrs gSaA Synonyms are the words, which have identical or similar

meanings.

Abandon NksM+ nus k] R;kx nsuk leave, forsake, give up
Abdicate R;kx nsuk renounce, abandon, relinquish, resign
Abject ifrr] Hkz’V degraded, base, sordid, squalid, wretched, despicable
Ablution /kqyuk wash
Abridge laf{kIr shorten, edit, condense, abbreviate, slash, reduce, curtail
Abrogate fujLr djuk abolish, repeal, revoke, retract, nullify
Absolute iw.kZ] edq Eey entire, total, complete
Absurd Hkn~nk senseless, ridiculous, illogical, irrational
Abuse xkyh nsuk scold
Accede lger gksuk agree, comply, assent, consent
Accoutrements ?k`f.kr] dkfcys uQjr hateful, loathsome
Accuracy Bhd&Bhd exactness, precise, correct, exactitude
Acknowledge Lohdkj djuk accept, admit, confess
Acquisition vf/kxzg.k] vtZu accession, addition, buy, purchase, acquirement
Active lfØ; dynamic, nimble, agile, vigorous, lively, energetic
Acute rhcz] fodV severe, critical, crucial, grave, dire
Adamant ft+n~nh obstinate, resolute, unwavering, immoveable, unyielding
Adept fuiq.k] ekfgj skilful, proficient, expert
Adept fuiq.k skilled, expert, proficient, adroit, practiced, clever, skillful
Adhere ikyu djuk follow, observe, stick, abide by
Admonition MkaV&QVdkj reprimand, rebuke, reproach, scolding
Adverse fo’ke disparaging, unfavorable, opposed, hostile
Adversity foifŸk misfortune, disaster, calamity
Affluence /ku wealth, prosperity
Affront vieku outrage, insult, disrespect, slur, slight
Aim y{; goal, ambition, target, purpose, intention, objective
Alchemist jlk;u cukus okyk diviner, charmer, conjurer, enchanter
Alien fons”kh] nlw jh nfq u;ka dk foreigner, outlander, impertinent, stranger,
unfamiliar
Amalgamate feykuk merge, combine, mingle, join, integrate
Ambiguous vLi’V] vusdkFkhZ obscure, vague, unclear, puzzling, dubious
Amiable feyulkj affable, sociable, agreeable, cordial
Anger Øks/k wrath, rage, fury, ire
Angry Øksf/kr] ukjkt+ annoyed, irritated, irate, heated, livid, furious
Animosity nq”euh acrimony, antagonism, antipathy, enmity, bitterness
Answer mRrj nsuk reply, respond, retort, reaction, rejoinder
Antagonise fojks/k djuk] nq”euh eksy yus k provoke, irritate, upset, alienate
Anticipate vuqeku yxkuk+] igys ls lksp j[kuk antedate, forestall

433

Antithesis fojks/k opposite, contrast, reverse, contention, contradiction
Apology {kek pardon, excuse, regret
Apparent izdV seeming, outward

Applaud okg&okg djuk clap, congratulate
Applause “kkcklh] okgokgh ovation, clapping, kudos, praise, acclamation
Arid lw[kk dry, parched, bake
Arrogance ?keaM] vfHkeku pride, haughtiness
Arrogant ?ke.Mh bigheaded, proud, pompous, haughty, conceited
Assault vkØe.k attack, foray, raid, incursion, set on
Assertive vko”;d insistent, forceful, emphatic
Astute pkykd shrewd, wise, intelligent
Atrocious u`”kla ] ?kkjs grisly, disgusting, vicious, wicked, terrible
Atrocity ;kruk brutality, massacre, outrage, barbarism
Attach tqM+uk] yxkuk join, fasten
Audacious lkglh] <hB cheeky, bold, overconfident, risky, impudent
August jktlh imposing, impressive, dignified, majestic
Auspicious “kqHk] exy favourable, fortunate, good, propitious, opportune
Authentic izekf.kr genuine, real, bona fide, trustworthy, true, accurate
Autocratic rkuk”kkgh despotic, repressive, tyrannical, authoritarian

Auxiliary lgk;d secondary, ancillary, assisting, supporting, supplementary
Aversion uQjr hatred, disgust
Avoid cpuk nwj jguk evade, dodge, duck, elude
Awe Mj] Hk; fear
Awkward Hkn~nk climsy, difficult
Backcombed ckykas dh ,d LVkby teased, fluffy

Baffle pfdr djuk confuse, puzzle, perplex, flummox, nonplus, mystify
Bane “kki curse, harm, mischief
Barbarous dVq+ cruel, brutal, barbaric, ferocious
Barbarous vlH; uncivilized, savage
Basic cqfu;knh] vk/kkjHkwr fundamental, primary
Battle yMk+ bZ fkght, combat
Bear lgu djuk tolerate, endure, suffer
Beautiful lqUnj lovely,pretty, handsome
Beckoned b”kkjs ls cqykuk Beckoned gestured, indicated, summoned

Bedevilment Hkwr dk vkos”k perturbation, annoyance, bother, harassment
Beguile eksg ysuk] Nyuk entice, mislead, mesmerize, lure, fascinate
Believable fo”oLuh; reliable, credible, convincing, acceptable
Benediction eUtjw+ h approval, sanction, blessing
Beseech fuosnu djuk entreat, beg, implore
Bewilder pdjk nsuk baffle, perplex, confound, confuse, nonplus
Bewitching eksfgr djus okyk captivating, enchanting, enrapturing

Bifurcated nks Hkkx eas caVk divided into two

Blatant Ácy flagrant, barefaced, deliberate, unashamed, unconcealed
Blister Nkys eruption, burn, sore
Boisterous v”kkra rowdy, unruly, noisy, overexcited

Bold fuMj brave, daring, courageous, audacious, gallant, valiant, unflinching

434

Breadth pkSMk+ bZ broadness, diameter, wideness, span, spread
Brevity laf{kIrrk briefness, conciseness , shortness, pithiness
Bristle dM+k cky]xqLls ls Hkj tkuk stiffen, hackle, stubble, quill, spine
Brutal funZ;h ruthless, fierce, vicious, cruel, pitiless, heartless, inhuman

Calamity foifRr trouble, distress, misfortune, mishap, catastrophe, misery
Callous funZ;h heartless, unfeeling, cruel, coldhearted, unsympathetic

Candid [kjk frank, truthful, outspoken, honest, open, straight, sincere
Candid lPpk] fu’diV outspoken, frank, straight-forward
Cantankerous >xMk+ yw quarrelsome, tetchy, belligerent
Capitulate vkReleiZ.k djuk succumb, surrender, yield, submit
Captivate eksfgr djuk enthrall, hypnotize, mesmerize, fascinate, enchant
Captivity dSn imprisonment, custody, detention, confinement
Capture idM+uk arrest, seize, apprehend
Caricature dkjVuw falsification, distortion

Castigate QVdkjuk reprimand, scold, rebuke, chastise, criticize
Catch idM+uk seize, grab, clasp, hook, latch
Celestial bZ”ojh; heavenly, divine, spiritual, Godly
Ceremonial jLeh formal, ritual
Champion fotsrk] leFkZd victor, defender, defender, protector

Chaos vjktdrk disorder, confusion, anarchy, pandemonium, bedlam,
Chaste “kq) pure, innocent, uncorrupt, virtuous, unsullied, spotless,

unblemished
Chaste ifo=rk] lknk pure, simple, virtuous
Chivalrous HkykbZ magnanimous, valiant, brave
Chronic iqjkuk persistent, lingering, prolonged
Cite mYys[k djuk] gokyk nsuk mention, quote
Coarse Hkn~nk rough, uneven, abrasive
Coax cgykuk] Qqlykuk Persuade, cajole, lure, wheedle
Coerce Mjkuk] etcjw djuk pressurize, compel, bully, intimidate
Combat ;q} battle, fighting, warfare, conflict, hostilities, action
Command vkns”k knack, grasp, knowledge
Commence vkjEHk+ start, initiate, begin
Communicate ckrphr djuk express, connect, link, join, converse
Comply lgefr gksuk obey, observe, submit
Conceal xzg.k] fuLrst djuk diminution, hide, eclipse, darken, obscure,

cover
Conceited vfHkekuh proud, vain, self-important, superior, snobbish
Concern fpUrk worry, anxiety, restlessness
Concoct eux<ar fabricate, create, invent, devise
Concord ,drk] lkeatL; agreement, harmony, accord
Confess Lohdkj djuk admit, acknowledge
Conflict la?k’kZ] fojks/k clash, fight, struggle, strife
Congested ladqfyr] Hkjk gqvk jammed, choked, overfilled, clogged, full
Congregation lekxe] bdB~Bk gksuk gathering, audience, flock
Conquer thruk win, overcome, triumph
Consensus loZlEefr agreement, accord, harmony

435

Considerate le>nkj] fopkjoku thoughtful, humane, regardful, selfless
Considerate nlw jksa dk [;ky djus okyk thoughtful, caring, selfless,

sympathetic, understanding
Consignee çsf’kfr] eky ikus okyk recipient, finder, beneficiary, payee
Consolation lkra ouk solace, comfort
Consolidate et+cwr djuk unite, join, fuse, merge, associate, combine
Contain j[kuk include, comprise, enclose
Contemplation xgu fopkj djuk review, observation, meditation
Contentment lar’q V satisfaction, gratification, happiness, serenity
Contradiction fojks?k ambiguity, conflict
Contribute ;ksxnku djuk subscribe, assist, help
Convict vijk/kh criminal, prisoner, captive
Convivial nksLrkuk joviality, jovial, pleasant, friendly, genial, cordial,

welcoming, warm, social, hospitable
Copious vR;kf/kd çpwj adequate, plentiful, ample, enough
Corrupt Hkz’V demoralized, dishonest, debased, unethical, shady
Counterfeit tkyh fake, forged, bogus
Courage lkgl boldness, bravery, valour
Covenant vuqca/k agreement, treaty, bond, pact
Cowardly Mjiksd] dk;j timid, chicken-hearted, gutless, spineless
Crabby fpM+fpMk+ grumpy, bad tempered, snappy, irritable, tetchy,

short-tempered
Crash VDdj gksuk] yM+ tkuk] VwVuk collide, bump into, bang, smash, thump

Cripple detk+ sj djuk debilitate, enervate, incapacitate, weaken, fatigue
Crooked eqMk+ gqvk bent, curved, twisted
Culpable nks’kh liable, guilty, blameworthy, answerable, responsible
Cultivate ikyu iks’k.k djuk nurture, grow, foster, raise, rear
Cunning prqj crafty, witty, shrewd
Curb dkcw esa j[kuk+ control, restrict, restrain curtail
Current lelkef;d present, existing, recent
Curtail de djuk reduce, diminish, lessen, shorten
Damage fcxkM+uk] Hkax dj nsuk weaken, ruin, impair, mar, spoil, harm
Damned cnulhc accursed, ill fated
Dead ejk gqvk lifless, deceased, extinct
Debase fcxkM+uk mar, disfigure, deface, impair, vandalize, ruin, spoil
Debt dt+Z liability
Deceive /kks[kk nsuk cheat, betray, mislead, trick
Decide fu.kZ; djuk finilize, settle, determine
Decipher xw<+ jgL;ksa dks le>uk decode, interpret, untangle, crack
Decline de gksuk decay, weakening
Decrepitude ijq kuh o:rq infirmity, frailty, weakness, debility
Deed dk;Z work, action, act, achievement
Defer Vkyuk] eqYroh djuk postpone, avert, avoid
Deficient deh lacking, scarce, short, incomplete, wanting
Defile fcxkM+uk despoil, besmirch, taint, sully
Defray vnk djuk pay, finance, spend, contribute

436

Delay LFkfxr djuk defer, postpone, suspend
Delicate dksey] uktqd tender, fragile subtle, faint, elusive
Delicious Lokfn’V charming, enjoyable
Delight çlUurk glee, gladness, amusement, enchantment, pleasure
Delightful vkuUnnk;d charming, enjoyable, pleasing, lovely, amusing
Delineate o.kZu djuk explain, describe
Delirium Hkze confusion, hallucination, restlessness, disorientation
Deluge ck<+ flood, inundation, torrent, overflow, surge, cascade
Demented ikxy tSlk O;ogkj wild, irrational, crazy, frenzy
Demonstrate çn”kZu djuk reveal, show, exhibit
Denounce vkykspuk djuk boycott, censure, condemn, criticize,

deprecate, deplore, belittle
Depend fuHkZj jguk rely, count on, trust
Dependent fuHkjZ reliant on, helpless, hooked on
Depict “kCnksa esa o.kZu djuk show, portrait, exhibit
Deprive oafpr djuk deny, dispossess, remove, withdraw, divest, rid,

stripe, despoil
Derogatory vieku tud ironic, mocking, derisive, satirical, sardonic,

cynical, sarcastic
Despair fujk”kk misery, depression, desolation, anguish, gloom,

despondency
Despise uQjr djuk detest, hate, disdain, abhor, loathe, dislike
Despondent fujk”kk hopeless, dejected, downcast, down-hearted
Destination y{;] eaft+y target, goal, end, terminus
Destitute vlgk; impoverished, indigent, impecunious, poor, penniless
Destroy feVk nsuk ravage, decimate, annihilate, ruin, devastate,

demolish
Deter jksd j[kuk daunt, dissuade, discourage
Determination iDdk bjknk] ladYi resolution, will, fortitude
Deviance fopyu anomaly, deviation, divergence, aberration
Devitalize cstku cukuk weaken, enervate, exhaust, weary, deplete
Dexterity gLr fuiq.k deftness, adroitness, agility, nimbleness
Dilate QSyuk widen, swell, prolong, develop, expatiate, augment
Diligent ifjJeh laborious, assiduous, tireless, industrious
Diminish de djuk abate, alleviate, relieve, mitigate, assuage, allay,

lesson
Disaster rckgh misfortune, calamity, trouble, adversity
Discard R;kx nsuk abandon, remove, reject
Disclose çdV dj nsuk reveal, unveil, make known
Discover [kkst djuk find, disclose, reveal
Disgrace vieku insult, dishonor, disfavor, humiliation
Disloyalty cos QkbZ treason, treachery, sedition, betrayal, subversion
Disparity vUrj] fHkUu difference, inequality, gap
Display fn[kkuk show, reveal, exhibit
Distinct fHkUu] vyx different, dissimilar, discrete, distinctive, divergent
Distress nq%[k] misery, dejection, suffering, agony, anguish, grief, ache

437

Diversity fofHkUurk variety, difference, dissimilarity
Divine nos h;] bZ”ojh godlike, superhuman, godlike, deific, Godly
Docile foue]z fouhr submissive, compliant, meek, dutiful, obedient,
Doleful nq[kn sad, woeful, mournful, downcast, dejected
Dreadful Hk;kud fearful, awful, terrible
Dream liuk vision, daydream, reverie, trance, spell
Dubious langs iw.kZ doubtful, uncertain, skeptical, equivocal, unclear
Dull uhjl monotonous, boring, stupid
Duplication udy replication, copying
Dwarf de] ukVk diminutive, petite, little, tiny, wee, miniature
Dynamic xfr”khy vibrant, vigorous, energetic
Eager mRlqd keen, acquisitive, impatient, fervent, zealous, ready
Earnest xEHkhj] mRlqd sincere, determined, serious
Ease vklkuh] lqfo/kk facility, amenity, convenience
Ebb ?kVuk] de gksuk subside, retreat, recede
Ecstasy [kq”kh stupor, joy, happiness, delight, exultation, trance, frenzy
Ecstasy vfr vkuUn rapture, joy, exultation, bliss
Edge fdukjk verge, border
Eerie Hk;kud strange, fearful, frightening, terrible, horrible
Efface feVkuk erode, obliterate, delete, rub out, eradicate, wipe out
Efficient n{k] fuiq.k competent, effectual, capable, effective
Effort iz;kl attempt, try, struggle, energy, exertion, sweat
Elevate MBkuk raise, upraise, uplift, hoist, lift, lift up
Eloquence OkkD;iVrq k]lqopu articulacy, fluency, expression
Emerge fudkyuk appear, issue, come forth
Emigrant vkÁoklh expatriate, migrant, settler, exile
Empty [kkyh unfilled, blank, vacant, unoccupied, uninhibited
Empty [kkyh vacant
Encourage çksRlkfgr djuk inspire, promote, strengthen
Endeavour ç;Ru djuk effort, exertion, attempt, strive
Endurance lgu”khyrk fortitude, patience
Enemy nq”eu opponent, adversary, foe
Enigmatic jgL;e; puzzling, perplexing, unknowable
Enliven ltho cukuk invigorate, brighten, cheer
Enormous fo”kky] cMk+ monster, massive, huge, colossal, mammoth,

giant, gigantic, huge
Enraged Øksf/kr furious, angry, infuriated, angry
Enthusiasm mRlkg] tks”k zeal, fervor, spirit
Entreat çkFkZuk djuk request, implore, solicit
Eradicate tM+ ls m[kkM+ Qasduk destroy, exterminate, abolish, uproot

eliminate, obliterate, remove
Erudite fo}ku scholar, well-educated, intellectual, learned, scholarly
Esteem lEeku] vknj respect, regard, honour
Estranged fojDr] vyx&Fkyx separated, alienated, antagonistic
Eternal “kk”or] lukru everlasting, perpetual, endless, unchangeable
Evicted fudkyk x;k dispossessed, expelled

438

Exile ns”k ls fudkyuk banish, expel, dismiss
Exotic vthc] vuks[kk unusual, bizarre, mysterious, outlandish
Expansion foLrkj extension, enlargement
Extrapolate fu’d’kZ fudkyuk conclude, generalize
Exultant mRlkfgr jubilant, overjoyed, elated, thrilled
Fabricate x<+uk] tkyh cukuk manufacture, construct, formulate, devise,

engineer, make
Fabulous cgqr cf<+;k excellent, wonderful, marvelous, magnificent
Facilitate vklku djuk ease, enable, simplify
Faculty ;ksX;rk ability
Faint ejq >kuk fade, weaken
Fallacy Hkze delusion, misconception, myth, misjudgment, canard
False >wBk untrue, lying
Falter yM+[kMk+ uk stumble, demur, waver, hesitate
Fame [;kfr reputation, renown, distinction
Fanatical dV~Vj narrow-minded, biased, obsessive
Fatal ?kkrd deadly, lethal, fateful
Fear Mj] Hk; terror, horror, fright
Feasible lEHko] dYiuh; possible, viable
Feeble det+kjs frail, fragile, weak, weedy, puny, delicate, meager
Ferocious Mjkouk fierce, brutal, unruly, aggressive, violent, vicious
Feud vnkor strife, quarrel, vendetta, hostility, disagreement, grudge
Flourish Qyuk&Qwyuk thrive, boom, prosper, embellishment
Fiery vkx mxyrk gqvk burning, angry
Flaw deh imperfection, defect, fault, blemish
Flimsy uktq+d fragile, delicate
Fluctuate mrkj&p<+ko deflect, vacillate, alter, oscillate, swing, change
Fluster gypy] ?kcMk+gV commotion, turmoil, flap, disturbance
Flutter QM+QMk+ uk flap, fluctuate, ruffle, palpitate, vibrate
Forbid euk djuk prohibit, hinder, ban
Foreboding v”kqHk ladrs ill omen
Forsake R;kx nsuk renounce, desert, disown, quit, ditch, reject
Fortify et+cwr djuk strengthen, reinforce

Fortitude lgu”khyrk endurance, courage, patient

Fragile ukt+qd delicate, brittle, flimsy, crumbly, breakable, insubstantial
Fragment VqdM+k piece, portion, part, chip, bit, splinter
Frantic ludh] mUeDr violent, agitated, desperate, panicky, hysterical,

wild, anxious
Fraud /kks[kk deceit
Frivolous rqPN] fNNkjs k] vksNk flippant, waggish, facetious, light-hearted
Frugality LoYiO;f;rk economy, thriftiness, stinginess, parsimony
Futile O;FkZ] csdkj useless, pointless, vain
Gallant ohj brave, valiant, bold, courageous, chivalrous, heroic
Gamble tqvk [ksyuk bet, wager
Garb os”k dress, clothing
Garnish ltkuk relish, trimming, enhancer
Gather bdV~Bk djuk assemble, collect, converge, amass, accumulate

439

Generosity mnkjrk altruism, bounty, liberality
Generous mnkj] nkuh liberal, lavish, plentiful, princely, reverie, trance
Gently /khjs ls softly, lightly, mildly, quietly, smoothly
Genuine lPpk]okLrfod authentic, factual, absolute, real, legal, legitimate
Gift migkj present, donation
Glee [kq”kh delight, happiness ,pleasure, elation, hilarity
Gloomy mnkl] f[kUu melancholy, sad, depressing, dejected
Glory ;”k grandeur, brilliance, dignity, magnificence, splendor
Glut cgqyrk] Hkjekj surplus, excess, surfeit, superfluity
Gnaw dqrjuk] uk”k djuk nibble, munch, chew, bite, crunch
Gnome tkbqbZ ckSuk] fi”kkp] Hkwr dwarf, pygmy, shorty
Goodwill lk[k kindness, favour
Grabby ckrwuh chatty, garrulous, loquacious, talkative
Gracious n;kyw] fouhr courteous, kind, civil, polite, amiable, cordial
Gradual /khjs&/khjs steady, slow, plodding
Grant Lohd`r accept, funding, endowment, contribution, donation
Gregarious feyulkjq outgoing, sociable, unreserved
Grudge vlUrks’k hatred, complaint, rancor, dislike, bitterness, antipathy
Gruesome Hk;kud fearful, ghastly, hideous
Gruff ddZ”k] vf”k’V bad-tempered, crotchety, curt, snippy, rough, harsh
Grumble f”kdk;r djuk complaint, object
Guile Ny] /kks[kk cunning, deceitful, treachery, craftiness, slyness
Haggard fpfa rr worried, anxious
Hale LoLFk healthy, fit, robust, hearty, well, lusty
Hale LoLFk healthy, well
Halt :duk stop, check
Hamper :dkoV hinder, obstruct, impede, fetter, retard, prevent
Haphazard csrjrhc disorganized, slapdash, chaotic, messy, jumbled
Hapless cnulhc unfortunate, ill-fated, ill starred, unlucky
Happen ?kfVr gksuk occur, take place, ensue, materialize, transpire
Happy [kq”k joyful, pleased, glad, cheerful, blissful
Harass lrkuk pester, annoy, irritate, molest, vex, bother, stalk, hassle, tease
Harbinger vxznwr forerunner, herald, forewarning, outrider, sign, signal
Hard dfBu tough, difficult, firm, solid
Harmony lkSgknZ accord, concord, congruence, agreement
Harsh dBksj cruel, callous, ruthless, punitive, strict, severe,
unforgiving
Haste “kh?kzrk] tYnh hurriedness, rush, swiftness, rapidity, alacrity,
quickness
Haughty ?keaM+h self- important, conceited, puffed up
Haven lqjf{kr LFkku refuge, shelter, protection, sanctuary
Headless ew[kZ foolish, stupid, stranded, abandoned
Help lgk;rk aid, assistance, support, service, relief
Helpless etcwj incapacitated, destitute, deserted
Heretic fo/kehZ sectarian, misbeliever
Hideous f?kukSuk revolting, repugnant, repulsive, gruesome, dreadful
Homage J}katfy tribute, respect, reverence
Honour lEeku adoration, reverence, veneration, admiration
Hostility “k=rq k malice, malevolence, dissention, rancor, resentment

440

Humble fouez modest, meek, timid, shy, unassuming
Humble uhpk fn[kkuk disgrace, lower, demean
Humility fouerz k fawning, modesty, shyness, resignation
Humorous fouksniw.kZ funny, hilarious, jokey, witty, comical
Hunger Hkw[k appetite, starvation, malnutrition, lack of food, famine
Hypocrisy ik[kaM duplicity, deception, double standard, pretense
Idea fopkj] lksp clue, hint, indication, awareness, knowledge
Ideal vkn”kZ perfect, model, example
Identical leku same, alike
Idle lLq r sluggish, lazy, inactive, inoperative, indolent, slothful
Ignoble uhp worthless, base, low, immoral, shameful
Illegal xSj dkuuw h] voS/k unlawful, illegitimate, illicit, prohibited, banned
Illicit xSjdkuwuh illegal, unlawful
Illusion Hkze delusion, deception, magic
Illustration mnkgj.k example
Imaginary dkYifud Imaginary, fantasy, unreal, made up, invented
Imitate udy djuk copy, emulate, replicate
Immaculate csnkx spotless, tidy, exquisite, perfect, impeccable
Immerse Mwcuk submerge, plunge, involve, dip
Immigrant vkÁoklh settler, migrant, refugee, colonizer, émigré, colonist
Imminent tYn gh gksus okyk impending, brewing, forthcoming, looming
Immoral vuSfrd corrupt, unethical, depraved, dissolute, debauched
Immunity jksx Áfrjks/kd “kfDr protection, prerogative, resistance,
invulnerability
Impartial i{kikr jfgr fair, unbiased, neutral, unprejudiced, disinterested
Impediment ck/kk] :dkoV barrier, obstacle, hurdle, inhibition, disorder
Impenitent vkus okyk unrepentant, unremorseful, unapologetic, defiant
Imperative vfuok;Z] ykt+eh compulsory, obligatory, indispensable
Impervious vçHkkoghu resistant, impermeable, invulnerable, immune
Impious v/kehZ sinful, immoral, ungodly, irreligious, unholy, irreverent
Impolite vlH; xqLrk[k rude, bad-mannered, boorish, ill-mannered
Improvident fny [kksydj [kpZ djus okyk extravagant, wasteful
Impulsive vkosxhimpetuous, imprudent, thoughtless, unwary, rash
Impute e<u+ k] vkjksi yxkuk ascribe, attribute, impeach, credit, impose
Inadvertent bjknk uk gksuk unintended, unplanned
Inborn tUe tkr] iSnkb”kh natural, innate, inherited
Incapacitate v{ke] vikfgt cripple, paralyze, weaken, debilitate,
disabled
Inception vkjEHk djuk beginning, start, commencement, initiation
Incessant yxkrkj constant, continual, endless, uninterrupted
Incisive dkVk gqvk] rh[kk keen, sharp, penetrating, piercing, trenchant
Incite HkM+dkuk] mdlkuk stir, rouse, urge, instigate
Inclination >qdko disposition, leaning, liking, predisposition, affection
Incompetent v{ke inefficient, unskilled, inept, unable
Incongruence csesy incompatible, inconsistent, inappropriate, absurd
Indifferent mnklhurk apathetic, uninterested, unresponsive
Indignant Øksf/kr irate, outraged, vexed, incensed, annoyed, piqued
Inducement çyksHku] ykyp enticement, lure, bait, incentive, stimulus

441

Inevitable vifjgk;Z unavoidable, inescapable, expected, preordained
Infatuation lEeksg] eqX/krk obsession, rapture, crush
Infinite vuUr limitless, endless, boundless
Infringe mYya?ku djuk violate, encroach, trespass, overstep, invade
Infructuous fu’Qy] O;FkZ fruitless, unproductive, ineffective
Ingenious dYiuk”khy original, creative, nifty, imaginative
Ingenious ljy creative, nifty, original
Inheritance fojklr legacy, tradition
Initiate vkjEHk djuk commence, start
Innate tUe ls inborn, essential
Inscription fy[kuk writing, engraving
Insensitive vloa snu”khy unresponsive, unmoved, unaffected
Insert nkf[ky djuk insertion,
Insidious diVh sinister, crafty, sneaky
Insinuate ladsr djuk hint, allude, intimate, imply, suggest
Insipid mckÅ] jlghu tedious, prosaic, bland, unexciting
Insolvent fnokfy;k bankrupt, ruin, broke, bust
Install yxkuk] cSBkuk fit, fix, connect, mount, set up
Instill Hkjuk] cSBkuk impart, implant, inculcate, teach, drill
Integration ,dhdj.k addition, mixing, combination
Intentional bjkns ls deliberate, planned, intended

Interlocutor okrkZdkj panelist, debater, talker, discusser, converser, speaker
Intrepid fuMj] lkglh fearless, adventurous, dauntless, heroic, gallant
Intricate my>kuk complicated, tangled, complex, tricky, difficult
Intrigue lkft+”k plotting, trickery, conspiracy, maneuver, scheme
Intrinsic LokHkkfod inherent, genuine, fundamental, basic, core, central
Invective QVdkj censor, accusation, tirade, criticism, counterblast
Invincible vts; unconquerable, impregnable, invulnerable, unbeatable
Irk lrkuk bother, vex, annoy, trouble
Irrepressible vifjorZuh] vnE; irresistible, unconfined, incorrigible
Irreverence vuknj disrespect
Itinerant Hkze.kdkjh] nkSjk djus okyk travelling, wandering, roaming
Jaded Fkdk gqvkk worn out, fed up, tired, lackluster, exhausted
Jealous bZ’;kyw envious, spiteful, resentful, green eyed
Jealous bZ’;kZyw envious, gree-eyed, resentful, covetous
Jeer rat dluk taunt, deride, mock, hoot, jibe, sneer, hiss, catcall, boo
Jejune jlghu] cslwn boring, uninterested, superficial, lightweight
Jeopardize [krjs eas Mkyuk risk, endanger
Jubilant [kq”k overjoyed, euphoric, overjoyed, delighted, thrilled
Jubilant vfr çlUu ecstasy, delight, trance, frenzy
Judicious U;k;laxr wise, astute, prudent, sensible, thoughtful, cautious
Junk dwMk+ &djdV rubbish, waste, lump
Justifiable U;k; laxr] rdlZ axr reasonable, acceptable, valid, reasonable
Juvenile fd”kksj] cpdkuk young, youthful, infantile, babyish,
Knack dkS”ky flair, skill, talent, aptitude, dexterity
Knave /kwrZ] ikth scoundrel, rogue, rascal, villain
Knavish csbZeku corrupt, crooked unscrupulous

442

Lack deh want, shortage, deficiency
Laconic de ckr djus okyk short, concise
Lament foyki djuk wail, weeping, dirge
Languid “kkra unhurried, relaxed
Languish {kh.kZ@det+kjs gks tkuk weaken, trifling, minor
Lasting LFkk;h] fVdkÅ permanent, durable, lifelong, eternal
Laudable ç”kaluh; praiseworthy
Lavish [kphZyk] mMk+ Å Extravagant, profligate, immoderate, excessive
Lawful dkuuw ds vuqlkj legal, legitimate, allowed, legalized
Lazy lLq r sluggish, lethargic, torpid, inactive, slow moving
Lean iryk thin
Leap dwnuk jump, dive, spring, hop, rise, hike, increase
Liability nsunkj] nkf;Ro accountability, responsibility, answerability
Linger nsj rd jguk loiter, dawdle, delay
Listless mnklhu inactive, inert, languid, lethargic
Loiter eVjxLrh djuk idle, wander, stroll
Lovable I;kjk likeable, adorable, endearing, affable, congenial
Lunacy ikxyiu insanity, psychosis, madness
Lustre “kksHkk brilliance, brightness, splendor
Mad ikxy insane, crazy, lunatic, furious, irate, fuming, wrathful
Magnificent “kkunkj impressive, glory, grandeur
Mania ikxyiu+ obsession, passion, craze
Marvel vk”p;Z wonder, miracle
Massacre gR;k] ujlagkj slaughter, killing, butchery
Meadow pkjkxkg pasture, field
Mellow e/kqj] lqdksey soothe, soft, sweet, savory, sweet
Mentor ekxZn”kZd guide, counselor, adviser, teacher, coach, trainer
Merriment vkuUn jollity, gaiety, glee, mirth
Mince feykuk+ hamburger, mincemeat
Mirage e`xr`’.kk illusion, delusion
Modicum Hkkstu dh FkksMh+ ek=k fragment, scrap, particle, speck, crumb
Momentous egRoiw.kZ
Morbid jksxh+] nfw ’kr gruesome, unnatural, ghastly ghoulish
Mortality e`R;q nj@la[;k death, fatality, deadliness, killing
Motive bjknk+ reason, cause, purpose
Murky ?kqa?kyk shadowy, foggy, cloudy, dim, bleak
Mutilate viax dj nsuk disfigure, deface, mar, injure, maim
Mutinous ckxh rebellious, seditious, defiant, subversive, disobedient
Mutiny cxkor revolt, rebellion, uprising
Narrate o.kZu djuk describe, report, tell, recite, re-count
Need vko”;drk requirement, necessity, requisite, want, prerequisite
Nervous ?kcjk;k gqvk anxious, worried, uneasy, edgy, jumpy, nervy
Nice vPNk] euksgj attractive, fine, pleasant
Niggardly fo}ku meager, insufficient, miserly, parsimonious, paltry
Nimble papy sprightly, deft, agile, lively, quick, lithe
Nomadic ?kqeUrq wandering, itinerant, roaming
Notable fof”k’V] çeq[k outstanding , memorable, remarkable