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vaxzsth+ esa a, an rFkk the rhu articles gksrs gaSA a rFkk an dks indefinite
articles dgrs gaS D;kasfd ;s fdlh fuf”pr O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku dh tkudkjh ugha
nsrs gSaA the dks definite article dgrs gSa D;ksafd the ls fdlh fuf”pr oLrq]
O;fDr ;k LFkku dh tkudkjh ÁkIr gkrs h gSA
A dk iz;ksx% A dk iz;ksx mu lHkh singular common nouns ls igys djrs gSa
ftUgas fxuk tk ldrk gS rFkk ftudk mPpkj.k consonant ls “kq: gksrk gSA tSls%
a doll, a toy, a boy, a girl, a friend, a mobile, a ten-rupee note, a
cup of tea, a European, a useful book, a university, a unicycle, a
one-eyed person,
Åij fn;s x;s “kCnkas esa doll, toy, boy bR;kfn ,sls nouns gaS ftUgas fxuk tk
ldrk gSA vr% buls igys a dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Note 1: tc fdlh “kCn esa u dh /ofu (sound) ;w dh rjg gks] rks ml “kCn ls
igys a dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s% a university ¼v ;fw uoflZVh½
Note 2: tc fdlh “kCn esa o dh ?ofu ^o] dh rjg gks, rks ml “kCn ls igys Hkh a
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% a one- eyed man ¼ou vkbM eSu½
An dk iz;ksx% An dk iz;ksx mu lHkh singular common nouns ls igys
fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa ge fxu ldrs gSa rFkk tks fdlh vowel (a, e, i, o, u) ls
ikz jEHk gksrs gaS vkSj mudk mPpkj.k Hkh vowel dh rjg gkrs k gSA tlS s(
an apple, an orange, an elephant, an umbrella, an orphan, an hour,
an honest man, an MLA, an owl
Note: ftl “kCn eas ‘h, silent jgrk gS ml “kCn dk mPpkj.k h ds ckn vkus
okys vowel ls gkrs k gS vkSj ,ls s “kCn ls igys ge ‘an, dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
1. I waited for an hour.
2. She lives in an hostel.
‘The’ dks definite article dgrs gaS D;kasfd bldk iz;ksx fdlh fuf”pr oLrq]
O;fDr ;k LFkku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
‘The’ is called definite article because it is used for some particular
person, place or thing.
Rule no 1: tc igys ls ekywe gks fd fdl pht+ ds ckjs esa ckr dh tk jgh gS]
rks the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
Turn the TV on. Vh-oh- [kksy nksA ¼dksbZ vke Vh-oh- ugha cfYd og Vh-oh- ftls
ge igys ls gh tkurs gSa] tks gekjs ikl gS½
The cat jumped upon the table. fcYyh ets ij dwn x;hA ¼ml fcYyh dh
ckr dj jgs gSa tks est in dwn x;h u fd fdlh vke fcYyh dh½
The doctor has come. ¼ml MkWDVj dh ckr gks jgh gS ftls ge igys ls gh
tkurs gaS vFkkrZ ~ dksbZ ifjfpr MkDVj½
Rule no 2: igyh ckj ifjp; nsus ij a dk iz;ksx rFkk nqckjk mlh dh ckr
djus ij the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% There is a boy. The boy is happy.
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Rule no 3: mu oLrqvkas ls igys tks lalkj eas dos y ,d gSa the dk iz;ksx djrs
gaSA tSls% the Sun, the Moon, the Sky, the Earth
Rule no 4: pkjksa fn”kkvkas ds uke ls igys rFkk le; ls igys the dk Á;ksx
djrs gaSA tSls% in the North, in the South, in the East, in the West, in
the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon
Rule no 5: ufn;kas (rivers), leqUnjkas (seas), egklkxjkas (oceans) rFkk igkM+kas
(mountains) ds uke ls igys the dk Á;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Atlantic Ocean, the Himalayas
Rule no 6: fdlh lenq k; (community), jk’Vªh;rk (nationality), oa”kt
(dynasty), jktuhfrd ny (political party) ls igys the dk Á;ksx djrs gaSA
tSls%
the Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians, the French, the English,
the Indian, the Mughal Dynasty, the Tudor Dynasty, the Congress
Party
Rule no 7: izfl) ,sfrgkfld Hkouksa rFkk Lekjdkas ds uke ls igys the dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% the Tajmahal, the Qutub Minar, The Red Fort
Rule no 8: /kkfedZ xzUFkksa ds uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
tSls% the Quran, the Geeta, the Bible, the Ramayana
Note: ijUrq tc xzUFk ds lkFk mlds ys[kd dk uke tqM+ tk,, rks mlls igys
the dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA tSls Valmiki’s Ramayana. (not the
Valmiki’s Ramayana)
Rule no 9: Adjective dh superlative degree ls igys the dk Á;ksx djrs
gSaA tSls% the best book, the most beautiful building, the highest
building
Rule no 10: singular common noun ls ijw h tkfr dk cks/k djkus ds fy,
the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s%
1. The dog is a faithful animal.
2. The cow is a useful animal.
Rule no 11: tc fdlh adjective dk iz;ksx laKk dh rjg fd;k tk,] rks mlls
igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA tSls the brave ¼cgknjq yksx½] the rich ¼/kuh yksx½]
the poor ¼fu/kZu yksx½] the needy ¼t+:jrena yksx½ the weak ¼detk+ sj yksx½
Rule no 12: dHkh&dHkh proper noun ls igys Hkh the dk iz;ksx gkrs k gS] rc
bl proper noun dks common noun dh rjg le>k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Munshi Prem Chand is known as the Shakespeare of India.
¼”ksDlih;j tSlk ukVddkj u fd “ksDlih;j½
2. Kashmir is the Switzerland of India.
¼fLoV~t+jyS.M tlS k ikz d`frd lkSUn;Z u fd fLoV~tjyS.M½
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Rule no 13: ;fn common noun dk iz;ksx abstract noun dh rgj fd;k
tk,] rks blls igys the dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% 1. The father in him
is still alive ¼firk tSlh Hkkouk u fd firk½
Rule no 14: all, both rFkk whole ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
1. All the players played well.
2. Both the sisters are doing MBA.
Rule no 15: adverb dh comparative degree ls igys the dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tlS s% The higher we went, the colder we felt.
ge yksx ftruh vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij x;]s mruk gh vf/kd B.M eglwl fd;sA
Rule no 16:;fn fdlh okD; dh cukoV noun+of+noun dh rjg gks] rks the
dk iz;ksx igys noun ds lkFk djrs gSaA tSls% 1.The bangle of Firozabad is
very famous. (not bangle of Firozabad) 2.The mangoes of
Malihabad are liked everywhere.(not mangoes of Malihabad)
Rule no 17: ljdkjh foHkkxkas (government departments) rFkk rhukas
lsukvksa ds uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% the Ministry of
Education, the Judiciary, the Legislative, the Air Force, the Navy,
the Army
Rule no 18: musical instruments ds ukeksa ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA
tSls% the Tablas, the Violin, the Guitar, the Harmonium, the Sitar
Rule no 19: eghuksa dh rkjh[k ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%
1. I shall go to Mumbai on the fifth of March,
2. Mohan will celebrate his birthday on the second of July.
Rule no 20: vfo’dkjkas ds uke ls igys the dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
Who invented the TV /the Radio /the Mobile /the Telephone
Note: ;fn bu vfo’dkjksa dk iz;ksx ,d fo”ks’k vFkZ eas fd;k tk,] rks the dk
iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA tSls%
1. I like watching TV. (not the TV)
2. I listen to news on Radio. (not the Radio)
Rule no 21: ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks mlds in ls bafxr fd;k tk;s] rks the dk
Á;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
The Director, the Chairman, the Chief Minster, the Home Ministry
Rule no 22: ;fn fdlh singular noun dk iz;ksx ^dh nj ls* ds vFkZ esa gks]
rks the dk Á;ksx djrs gSsA tSls%
1. Milk is sold by the liter. 2. Cloth is sold by the meter.
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Rule no 23: dqN ikz Urksa] n”s kkas rFkk HkkSxksfyd ukekas ls igys Hkh the dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
The Punjab (land of five rivers), the Deccan, The United States of
America
Rule no 24: ;fn proper noun ls igys adjective vk;s rks the dk ç;ksx
gkrs k gSA tSls%
The great Shakespeare, the immortal Gandhi
Rule no 25: dqN txgksa ij dqN fo”ks’k ifjfLFkfr;kas eas the dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj dqN txgksa ij ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Lucknow University the University of Lucknow
April 10 the 10th of April
May 15 the 15th of May
by car /by aeroplane /by train/ catch the train/ be on the aeroplane
Rule no 26: dqN txgkas ij fcuk fdlh fUkf”pr fu;e ds Hkh the dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s% speak the truth.Turn to the right/left, Keep to the
left, in the wrong/right, in the difficulty, to play the fool, work in
the day. write the letter in the ink. during the day, during the night.
Note: ;fn fdlh “kCn dk igyk v{kj consonant gks] rks ml “kCn ls igys the
dk mPpkj.k ^n* gksxk vkSj ;fn fdlh “kCn dk igyk v{kj vowel gks] rks ml “kCn
ls igys the dk mPpkj.k ^fn* gksxkA tSls%
The boy ¼n½ The owl ¼nh½
Zero Article (No Article)
Uncountable nouns rFkk proper noun ¼ekSle] fnuksa] eghukas] R;ksgkjksa]
chekfj;ksa] fu;fer Hkkstuksa ¼regular meals), [ksy&dwn½ ls igys article ‘the’
dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Winter has set in. (not the winter)
2. They will come on Saturday. (not the Saturday)
3. January is the first month of the year. (not the January)
4. Holi is a big festival of The Hindus. (not the Holi)
5. Cholera is a dangerous disease. (not the cholera)
6. I take breakfast in the morning. (not the breakfast)
7. Diamond is a rare metal. (not the diamond)
8. He died of Cancer. (not the cancer)
9. I am a great fan of Cricket. (not the cricket)
10. He can speak English fluently. (not the English)
11. India is a great country. (not the India)
12. GT roads are only few. (not the GT)
13. Man is mortal. (not the man)
14. He will come on Monday. (not the Monday)
15. Honesty is the best policy (not the honesty)
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● church, school, market, hospital, prison, town, court ls igys tc
bu LFkkukas dk ç;ksx muds mnns”; ds fy, gks jgk gksA
1. He goes to Church on every Sunday. (for prayer)
2. She went to School. (to study)
3. Kind of, sort of, type of, manner of ds ckn vkus okys noun ls
igys the dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
What sort of man is he? (not the man)
● ?kj ds lnL;ksa dh rjQ ladsr djus okys “kCnkas ls igys Hkh lkekU; :i ls the
dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk gSA tSls% father, mother, sister, brother, uncle
1. Mother is cooking food.
2. Sister is taking care of her brother.
● appoint, elect, crown, make ds ckn vkus okys Noun ls igys the dk
ç;ksx ugha gkrs k gSA
1. She was appointed principal.
2. He was crowned king.
3. They made him emperor.
● fuEufyf[kr okD;k”ksa (phrases) ls igys Hkh the dk ç;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
by train, on foot, by air, by sea, by water, by land, by name, by
mistake, by letter, by telegram, in trouble, in question, in front, in
favour of, in debt, at sea, at home, at night, at sunrise, at ease, at
daybreak, last month, next year, last year, on sale, on duty, by demand
The Determiner fu/kkZjd½
Determiners are used before a noun to clarify it.
fu/kkZjd noun ls igys vkdj noun dks clarify djrk gSA
For examples: my book, his father, our school, one girl, two boys,
some students, all people, etc.
Kinds of determiners ¼fu/kkjZ d ds çdkj½%
1. Articles– A, An, The
2. Demonstratives– this, that, these, those
3. Possessives – my, your, his, her, their, our
4. Quantifiers– one, two, three…. first, second, third, all, enough,
many, much, some, any, little, a bit, a lot of, a number of, each and
every
Note: bls fdldh@fdruk yxkdj Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
This is my book. ç”u% fdldh fdrkc\ mRrj& esjh ¼my½
Some girls are talking. ç”u% fdruh yM+fd;ka\ mRrj& dqN ¼some½
vr% any rFkk some fu/kkZjd ¼determiners½ gSaA
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Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles a, an,
the:
1. We should always speak…truth.
2. He is…actor.
3. This is…parrot.
4. Eat…apple everyday.
5. Show me…book you have written.
6. Honesty is…best policy.
7. … Godan express is arriving soon.
8. We have been waiting for…hour.
9. He is.…strongest man in the village.
10. …Times of India is a popular newspaper.
Exercise 2: Fill in the following blanks with appropriate
articles:
1. There is … book on …table.
2. I am looking for…opportunity.
3. He is… European.
4. Which is…better of these two pens.
5. I have eaten…mango you gave me.
6. He is…M.L.A.
7. He lost his leg in…accident.
8. This is…university.
9. The sun is shining in… sky.
10. The cow is … useful animal.
Exercise 3: Correct the following sentences:
1. Take an umbrella with you before leaving.
2. Kalidas is shakespeare of India.
3. Ganga is holy river of India.
4. He is one of wisest persons in our village.
5. I like watching the TV.
6. Times of India is a popular newspaper.
7. We went to Mumbai by train.
8. Lat month we went to U.S.A.
9. More we get, more we want.
10. Muslims offer Namaz.
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Preposition og “kCn gS tks fdlh noun ;k pronoun ls igys vkdj mldk
lEcU/k okD; ds vU; Hkkx ls O;Dr djrk gSA
A preposition is a word, which is placed before a noun or pronoun to
show its relation with another part of the sentence.
tSls% 1. Mohan is standing at the door.
2. She talked to me.
3. He is fond of reading.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa lHkh bold “kCn prepositions gaSA
igys okD; esa preposition ‘at, door ¼tks fd ,d noun gS½ ls igys vkdj mldk
lEcU/k okD; ds nwljs Hkkx Mohan is standing ls izdV dj jgk gSA nlw js okD; esa
preposition; ‘to, me ¼tks fd ,d pronoun gS½ ls igys vkdj mldk lEcU/k
okD; ds nwljs Hkkx she talked ls izdV dj jgk gSA
Kinds of Prepositions: Prepositions eq[;r% ikap izdkj ds gksrs gaSA
1. Simple Prepositions:
bu prepositions esa dos y ,d gh ”kCn gksrk gS( TkSls(
at, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, to, till, up, with, through, etc.
`
2. Double Prepositions:
;s nks simple prepositions ls feydj cus gksrs gSaAa tSls%
from among, from within, from under, up to, out of, into, etc.
3. Compound Prepositions:
bu prepositions ds vUrxrZ uhps fn;s x;s prepositions vkrs gSaA tlS s%
about, among, amongst, between, beside, before, behind, below,
beyond, underneath, beneath, within, without, outside, inside, along,
amidst, around, above, across, etc.
4. Participle Prepositions:
Ing ij lekIr gksus okys dqN “kCn vdsys ç;ksx gksus ij prepositions dh rjg dk;Z
djr gSa] tks participle preposition dgykrs gSaA tSls%a
Concerning, regarding, considering, notwithstanding, saving, during,
etc.
5. Phrase Prepositions:
“kCnksa dk ,ls k lewg tks ,d preposition dk Hkko çdV djrk gS] phrase
preposition dgykrk gSA tSls% Due to, in order to, according to, in front
of, in case of, etc.
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Along: bldk iz;ksx *fdukjs&fdukjs* ;k *lkFk&lkFk* ds vFkZ eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I was walking along the road. 2. There were trees all along
the road.
Around: bldk iz;ksx ^yxHkx] ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I reached college at around 10 O’clock.
2. Lucknow is around 150 kilometers from here.
Above: bldk iz;ksx *ds ijs* ;k *ds Åij* ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. Nobody is above the law.
2. His honesty is above the question.
3. Above all, Abdul is an honest person.
Across: bldk iz;ksx ^ds ml ikj* ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. My village is across the river.
2. His popularity spread across the world.
About: bldk iz;ksx ^fo’k; esa* ;k ^yxHkx] ds vFkZ eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. Tell me something about your village. ¼fo’k; ds vFkZ eas½
2. The city is about five kilometers away. ¼yxHkx ds vFkZ esa½
3. It is about 3 o’clock by my watch. ¼yxHkx ds vFkZ eas½
Against: bldk iz;ksx ^ds fo:)] ;k ^ds lgkjs] ds vFkZ eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. They are against me. f[kykQ@fo:) ds vFkZ eas
2. We placed the ladder against the wall. nhokj ds fo:) vFkkZr lgkjs
3. The police took action against him. f[kykQ ds vFkZ esa
Before: bldk iz;ksx ^igys] ;k ^fdlh ds lkeus] ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. He returned home before Mohan. og eksgu ls igys ?kj ykSVkA
2. The criminal was produced before the judge. vijk/kh dks tt
ds lkeus is”k fd;k x;kA
Beyond: bldk iz;ksx ^ijs@dh nlw jh vksj@ds ml ikj] bR;kfn ds vFkZ esa fd;k
tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. It is beyond my capacity. ;g ejs h {kerk ds ijs gSA
2. My village is beyond the hills. esjk xk¡o igkM+h ds ml ikj gSA
By: bldk iz;ksx ^ewY;@nj (rate)@lk/ku@ikl@rd@ds }kjk* rFkk fuf”pr
le; bR;kfn ds Hkko dks izdV djus fy, fd;k trk gSA tlS s%
1. Cloth is sold by the meter. ¼ehVj ls½
2. Milk is sold by the liter. ¼yhVj ls½
3. Rahul is taller than you by three inches.
4. He is Srivastava by caste. ¼tkfr ls½
5. He was standing by me. ¼esjs ikl½
6. The letter was written by Abdul. ¼ds }kjk½
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7. They will come by Monday. ¼lkseokj rd½
8. He paid me by cheque. ¼ds }kjk½
9. He missed the accident by inches.
10. It is 4 o’ clock by my watch. ¼ds }kjk½
11. They contacted me by E-mail. ¼bZ&eys ls½
12. Don’t judge a person by appearance. ¼gko&Hkko ls½
13. I am an Indian by birth. ¼tUe ls½
14. I met him by chance.
15. His condition is improving day by day.
16. I swear by God.
17. We went to Mumbai by plane/train/bus/boat/sea ¼;krk;kr ds
lk/ku ds fy, ^ls* ds vFkZ eas½
Below: bldk iz;ksx ^uhps] ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Read the examples given below. uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kkas dks i<a+sA
2. The names of successful candidates are mentioned below.
lQy Nk=kas ds uke uhps fn;s x;s gSaA
During: bldk iz;ksx ^nkSjku] ds vFkZ esa ,d fo”ks’k le; vof/k crkus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I was away from home during Eid. bZn ds nkjS ku eaS ?kj ls nwj
FkkA
2. The cold increased during the night. jkr ds nkSjku BMa c<+ x;hA
From: From dk iz;ksx ^ls* ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I am suffering from fever.
2. We make curd from milk.
3. We saved him from drowning.
4. She returned from Mumbai.
dHkh&dHkh from ls Jksr (origin) dk irk pyrk gSA tSls%
We get light from the sun.¼Jksr½
1. Fluency comes from practice. ¼Jksr½
2. These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Mercy, ¼Jkrs ½
from dk iz;ksx le; crkus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq bldk iz;ksx
perfect continuous tens esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I was ill from Monday to Friday.
2. We have been waiting since 4 o’ clock.(not from 4 o’
clock)
In: esa^ ds vFkZ esa fn”kk@voLFkk@is”kk@iks”kkd bR;kfn ds Hkko dks izdV djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fdlh cUn txg ;k ckmUMªh ds vUnj gksus ds
Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gS
1. The book is in the bag.
2. The chair is in the bedroom.
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3. They were in the forest/ in the garden/ in the park.
4. She is in the village.
5. We are in Mumbai.
6. Mohan is in trouble.
7. She was in the bad mood /temper.
8. There are twelve months in a year.
9. There is enough water in the bucket.
10. The election was held in three phases.
11. He is in the Army.
12. Priyanka was in sari at the party.
13. Is he in good health?
14. Rekha was dressed all in white.
15. I am not interested in politics.
16. All the students were in uniform.
17. We are in the same situation.
Standard expressions; in the morning/ in the evening/in
hospital/in prison/in the sky, etc.
Note: Sit in an armchair/ sit on a chair/ on a stool.
On: bldk iz;ksx ^ij@dks rFkk fdlh laLFkk dk lnL; gksus* ds Hkko esa fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls%
1. He wrote on a paper. ¼dkxt ij½
2. She hit the dog on the head. ¼flj ij½
3. I shall come on Monday. ¼lkseokj dks½
4. I am writing on English language.
5. Write an essay on ‘corruption.’
6. He can speak half an hour on any topic.
7. We will reach there on time. ¼Bhd le; ij½
8. I am on the committee. ¼deVs h dk lnL; gksus ds Hkko eas½
9. We are on tour/business /holiday /leave. ;k=k ij@O;kikj
ij@NqV~Vh ij bR;kfn ds Hkko esa
Off: bldk iz;ksx vyxko@tqnkbZ (separation) ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Take your hand off my book.
2. Mohan fell off his bike.
3. Keep off the grass.
4. The ball rolled off the table.
5. One button of my shirt came off. ¼ejs s “kVZ dh ,d cVu
VwVdj fudy x;h vFkkZr cVu dk “kVZ ls vyxko dk Hkko½
6. Get the ring off your finger. ¼viuh maxyh ls vaxBw h fudky
nks vFkkrZ vaxwBh dk maxyh ls vyxko dk Hkko½
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Over: bldk iz;ksx ^lVk gqvk@Nwrk gqvk@ds Åij@ds ml ikj@,d Nksj ls
nlw jh Nkjs rd@ls vf/kd@lekIr^@gj txg^ bR;kfn ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s%
1. He put his hand over my head.
2. Spread the sheet over the bed.
3. I had an umbrella over my head. flj ds Åij ijUrq Nrw k gqvk ugha
4. There is a bridge over the river. ¼unh ds Åij½
5. She is over ninety. ¼90 ls vf/kd o’kZ dk½
6. We stayed in America over two years.
7. The match is over. ¼lekfIr dk Hkko½
8. He is famous all over the world. ¼gj LFkku dk Hkko½
9. I heard it over the radio. ¼jsfM;ks ij½
10. He has no control over his emotions. ¼Hkkoukvksa ds Åij½
Out of: bldk iz;ksx ^[email protected]@vusdksa eas ls ,d@ls@ds ckgj* bR;kfn ds
Hkko esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. My manager is out of the city. ¼“kgj ds ckgj½
2. He came out of the room. ¼dejs ls ckgj vk;k½
3. I had to pay for the bills out of my own pocket. ¼viuh tsc ls½
4. I helped the beggar out of pity. ¼n;k ls½
5. She beat the child out of anger. ¼Øks/k ls½
6. I asked many questions out of curiosity. ¼ftKklk ls½
7. You have to attempt five questions out of 10. ¼10 esa ls ik¡p½
To: bldk iz;ksx LFkku ds lUnHkZ esa ^dks@dh vkjs @rd* bR;kfn ds Hkko eas fd;k
tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. He went to office. Okg vkWfQl x;k vFkkZr vkWfQl dks x;kA
2. We are going to Kanpur. ¼dkuijq dh vksj@rjQ½
3. Please turn to the left. ¼ck;ha vksj½
4. I work in my office from 10 to 5 o’clock. ¼10 ls 5 rd½
Through: bldk iz;ksx ^“kq: ls vUr rd@esa ls@ds }kjk@ls gksdj@ds
dkj.k@ds gkFk] bR;kfn ds Hkko esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Have you gone through the newspaper? ¼ “kq: ls vaRk rd½
2. We went through the main gate. ¼eq[; xsV ls½
3. Don’t look through the window of the train. ¼esa l½s
4. I sent the message through a person. ¼ds gkFk½
5. I came to know about it through Mohan. ¼ds }kjk½
6. I got success through your help. ¼ds dkj.k½
354
Towards: bldk iz;ksx *fdlh fn”kk] oLrq ;k O;fDr ^dh rjQ@ds izfr* ds vFkZ
eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. He came towards me. og ejs h rjQ vk;kA
2. We should be polite towards children.
geas cPpkas ds izfr fouez gksuk pkfg,A
3. We should contribute towards the building of the nation.
gesa jk’Vª fuekZ.k ds izfr ;ksxnku djuk pkfg,A
4. He is very friendly towards his neighbours.
5. og vius iMk+ sfl;kas ds izfr cgqr fe=or gSA
Under: bldk iz;ksx ^uhp@s vUnj@v/khu^ bR;kfn ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. The cat was sitting under the table. fcYyh est ds uhps cSBh gqbZ FkhA
2. If you are under 18, you cannot vote. ¼18 Lks de ds Hkko esa½
3. Thirty people are working under me.¼ds uhps ;k v/khu ds Hkko esa½
4. Under the captaincy of Dhoni, India has won many Series.
5. ds v/khu ;k vUnj ds Hkko easA
6. My house is under construction. ¼fuekZ.k dh voLFkk eas½
Without: bldk iz;ksx ^ds fcuk* ;k ^ds cxSj* ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. We cannot live without air and water.
2. She cannot read without glasses.
3. Abdullah passed the examination without copying.
With: bldk iz;ksx ^ds lkFk@lkFk&lkFk@,d lkFk@ls@ds dkj.k@ds ckotwn*
bR;kfn ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. Mohan is playing with his friends.
2. He was carrying an umbrella with him.
3. She cut the apple with a knife.
4. We were jumping with joy. ¼[kq”kh ls½
5. She was sick with fever. ¼cq[kkj ls½
6. His face got red with anger. ¼Øks/k ls½
7. I shall do it with pleasure. ¼[kq”kh ls½
8. They heard the speaker with patience. ¼/kS;Z ls½
9. I am pleased with you.
10. We are with you in this matter.
11. They quarreled with each other.
12. With all his wealth, he is unhappy. ¼ds ckotwn½
13. With all his mistakes, I forgave him. ¼ds ckotwn½
355
Ago, Before: before dk iz;ksx fdlh vfuf”pr le; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tlS s%
1. I have met him before.
2. We have seen the Taj before.
3. The roof must be repaired before the rainy season starts.
before dk iz;ksx ml le; Hkh djrs gaS tc ge fdlh ,ls s le; dk ft+Ø
djrs gSa tks past ls ihNs (back) dh rjQ okil tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. He had left before I came.
2. The rain had stopped before we reached the office.
ago dk Ikz;ksx ml n”kk eas djrs gSa tc ge ,ls s le; dh ckr djrs gaS] tks vc
ls “kq: gksdj past ds fdlh fcUnq (point) rd tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. It was five years ago when I first used computer.
2. I met her eight months ago.
3. Two years ago, I lived in Lucknow but before that, I lived
in Delhi.
After, Behind: after dk iz;ksx ^ds ckn^ ;k ^ds ihNs^ ds vFkZ esa gkrs k gS tcfd
behind dk iz;ksx ^ihNs^ ;k ^ds ihNs* ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. The cat ran after the rat. ¼ds ihNs½
2. The dog was walking behind its master. ¼ds ihNs½
3. He came after me. ¼ds ckn½
4. I will not look behind. ¼ihNs½
Beside, Besides: beside dk iz;ksx ^cxy* ;k ^ut+nhd* ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk
gS] tcfd besides dk Ikz;ksx vfrfjDr ;k vykok ds Hkko eas fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. Come and sit beside me.
2. My house is situated beside the Union Bank.
3. Besides Hindi, I can speak English also.
4. Besides a good batsman, Virat Kohli is a good fielder as well.
By, Till: by dk iz;ksx fuf”pr le; ds fy, djrs gSa tcfd till dk iz;ksx
vfuf”pr le; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. She will reach here by 3 o’clock. og rhu cts rd ;gk¡ ig¡qpsxh
vFkkZr fuf”pr le; ijA
2. I shall wait till he comes. eaS mlds vkus rd bUrts +kj d:axk vFkkrZ
tc rd og ugha vkrk gS ¼vfuf”pr le; dk cks/k½A
356
Between, Among: between dk iz;ksx nks oLrvq ksa ;k O;fDr;kas ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS tcfd among dk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd oLrvq ksa ;k O;fDr;kas ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA TkSls%
1. Distribute this money between Mohan and Abdul. ¼eksgu rFkk
vCnqy vFkkZr nks ykskxsa ds chp eas½
2. We distributed sweets among the students. ¼nks ls vf/kd Nk=ksa ds
chp eas½
3. It is between you and me. ¼rqEgkjs vkSj esjs chp ea½s
For, of: for dk iz;ksx ^mn~ns”;^ rFkk of dk iz;ksx ^dkj.k^ ds vFkZ esa fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls%
1. He is working hard for success. og dke;kch ds fy, dfBu ifjJe
dj jgk gS vFkkrZ dke;kch ikus ds mn~n”s ; lsA
2. He died of cholera. og gSts ls ejk vFkkZr gSts ds dkj.kA
For, Since: for dk iz;ksx le; vof/k (period of time) crkus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS tcfd since dk iz;ksx le; fcUnq (Point of time) crkus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. We have been waiting for three hours.
2. Abdul has been learning English for four months.
3. They have been living in Lucknow since 2001.
4. Mohan has been working since morning.
In, At: in dk iz;ksx cM+s “kgjksa] cM+s LFkkukas rFkk n”s kkas ds uke ls igys fd;k
tkrk gS tcfd at dk iz;ksx NksVs “kgjkas] xk¡oksa rFkk dLcksa ds uke ls igys fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls%
1. She lives in Lucknow.
2. I was born at Azamgarh in UP.
3. They live in America.
in dk iz;ksx le; ds fdlh iwjs Hkkx ds fy, rFkk at dk iz;ksx fuf”pe le;
(point of time) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. He will reach Mumbai in 36 hours.
2. I get up at six O’clock daily in the morning.
at dk iz;ksx ml le; Hkh djrs gSa tc fdlh LFkku dks as a meeting
point@feyus dk LFkku ysrs gSaA tlS s( at the college/ at the club/ at the
cinema hall/at the library/at the community hall
357
fdlh events dks n”kZkus ds fy,A tSls% at a party/ at a meeting/ at a
conference/ at a concert, etc.
at dk Á;ksx festival or special time of the year ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
1. We met him at Christmas.
2. We are going to London at Easter.
;k=k ds nkSjku stop vFkok break n”kkZus ds fy,A
1. We stopped at a small village.
2. The train to Mumbai stops at several places.
Bhd&Bhd (exact) address crkus ds fy,] I live at parliament street.
at dk iz;ksx fdlh building ;k organization ds proper noun ds lkFk Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls(
1. She works at LG Company. (not in LG company)
2. He studies at Shibli inter College.(not in Shibli inter College)
Note: tc fdlh company ;k building dk uke fy;s fcuk mldh ckr djrs gaS]
rks in dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkjS ;fn uke ysdj ckr djrs gaS] rks at dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls(
1. She works in a big electronic company.
2. She works at LG electronics.
3. I first met her at Jaipur literature festival, 2010.
4. I first met her in a literature festival.
Standard expressions: at the end of the month/at the top of/ at the
bottom/ at the end of the street/ at the door/at the window/ at home/
at work/ at reception.
In, Into: in dk iz;ksx fLFkjrk ds fy, tcfd into dk iz;ksx xfr”khyrk
(motion) ;k voLFkk ifjorZu (change of state) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. He is in the room. ¼fLFkjrk½
2. Students are in the classroom. ¼fLFkjrk½
3. The frog jumped into the well. ¼,d voLFkk ls nwljh voLFkk esa
ifjorZu vFkZkr xfr”khyrk½
4. Translate these sentences from Hindi into English. ¼fgUnh ls
vaxzsth vFkZkr voLFkk ifjoruZ ½
5. Heat turns water into vapour. ¼ikuh ls Hkki cuuk vFkZkr voLFkk
ifjorZu½
6. Samajwadi Party came into power in UP in 2012. ¼lRrk eas
vkuk vFkkZ r voLFkk ifjorZu½
358
In, Within: in dk iz;ksx ^le; dh lekfIr* tcfd within dk iz;ksx ^le; ds
vUnj^ ds Hkko dks n”kkZrk gS vFkkrZ ~ le; jgrs gq,A
1. I shall return in a week. ¼le; lekIr gksus ij½
2. He will return within a week. ¼le; lekIr gksus ls igys½
Over, Above: bu nksuksa dk vFkZ ^Åij* gksrk gSA tc ,d oLrq nlw jh oLrq ds
Bhd Åij rFkk yEcor gks] rks over dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rFkk tc ,d oLrq nwljh
oLrq ds Åij rks gks ijUrq yEcor u gks] rks above dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s%
1. The sky is above our head.
2. The plane flew over my head.
With, By: With dk iz;ksx ;a=@vkStkj (instrument) dks n”kkrZ k gS tcfd
by dk iz;ksx ;a= dks bLrseky djus okys dks n”kkrZ k gSA
1. The lion was killed by a hunter with a gun.
2. Mohan was beaten by his father with a stick.
To, From: to dk iz;ksx vf/kdrj tksM+us (join) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
from ls vyxko (separation) dk cks/k gkrs k gSA tSls%
1. We are going to Agra on picnic. ge yksx vkxjk fidfud ij tk
jgs gSa vFkkZr vkxjk ls tqM+us dk HkkoA
2. Mohan belongs to Kanpur.
eksgu dkuijq ls lEcU/k j[krk gS vFkkZr dkuiqj ls tqM+k gSA
3. He came from college.
og fo|ky; ls vk;k vFkkrZ fo|ky; ls tqnk gksus dk HkkoA
To, Till, Until: to dk iz;ksx fn”kk (direction) dks crkus ds fy, tcfd till
rFkk until dk iz;ksx le; dks crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
1. He went to Agra. ¼fn”kk dk Hkko½
2. Wait until I come back. ¼le; dk Hkko½
3. I study till late night. ¼le; dk Hkko½
On, Upon: On dk iz;ksx fLFkjrk ds Hkko esa gksrk gS tc nks oLrqvkas dh Lkrg
(surface) vkil eas Li”kZ (touch) gks jgh gks] tcfd upon dk iz;ksx xfr ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr tc dksbZ ,d oLrq xfr ls nwljh oLrq ds Åij fxjs ;k
tk,A tSls% on the floor/on the ceiling/ on the page.
1. The book is on the table.
2. They were sitting on the roof.
Attachment fdlh oLrq dk fdlh vU; oLrq ls tqMk+ oA
1. She was wearing a ring on her finger.
2. There are ten mangoes on the tree.
359
Coast/ river/road ds fy, at dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. The Taj is on the bank of the river Yamuna.
2. Agra is on the river Yamuna.
fuf”pr rkjh[k rFkk fnu ds fy,@For specific date and day
1. The school will be closed on Sunday.
2. We had a function on her Birthday
3. They visited my house on Christmas day.
4. His daughter was born on 25th April.
5. My exam is on February 12.
Movement ¼xfr½ ds lkFk fxjus ;k voLFkk ifjorZu ds fy,%
1. The cat jumped upon the table.
2. The tree fell upon the road.
Standard expressions: on a journey/on the left/on the right/on the
ground floor/ on the second floor/ on the radio/on the television/ on
a ship
Due to ¼ds dkj.k½&He failed due to lack of effort. His fitness is due to
regular exercise. His low grade was due to lack of study.
In front of ¼ds lkeus½&Don’t park the truck in front of my house.
For the sake of ¼ds fy,½&Many freedom fighters sacrificed their lives
for the sake of independence.
On behalf of ¼dh vkjs ls@dh rjQ ls½&Father received the award on
behalf of his son. On behalf of the entire organization, I want to say
thank you for your kind support. He filed a suit on behalf of the victims.
In case of ¼dh n”kk eas½& In case of any danger, call this number.
In course of ¼ds nkSjku½&In course of my education, I faced a number of
hardships. You will learn everything in course of time.
With reference to ¼ds lanHkZ eas½&I am writing with reference to your
article of April 12, 2020.I am writing with reference to your job application.
According to ¼ds vulq kj½&According to rumours, he has been fired
from the company. You will be paid, according to your performance.
Because of ¼ds dkj.k½&India lost the match because of poor fielding.
360
On account of ¼ds dkj.k½&He got promotion on account of good
performance. She could not take her exam on account of her illness.
By virtue of ¼ds dkj.k½&He became rich by virtue of hard work and
good business sense. He was exempt from the charges by virtue of the
fact that he was so young. He got the job by virtue of his experience.
In spite of ¼ds ckotwn] gkrs s gq, Hkh½&In spite of so many odds, we were
able to achieve our aim. In spite of the opposition, I continued my work.
By means of ¼ds }kjk½&By means of sincere effort, we solved the issue.
Along with ¼ds lkFk½&Students went to Agra along with their teachers.
By mistake ¼xYkrh ls½&I paid the bill twice by mistake.
In favour of ¼fdlh ds i{k eas½&We are not in favour of dowry system.
In order to (ds fy,½&I kept quiet in order to avoid my involvement in
the argument. We need more feedback in order to improve our quality
By the time ¼tc rd½& He had left home by the time we got there.
On paper ¼fyf[kr esa½& Put your ideas down on paper.
Within reach ¼igaqp ds vUnja½&That place is within my reach.
At least ¼de ls de½&At least you could have called me.
At risk ¼[krjs eas½&He saved my life at the risk of his own.
With regard to ¼fo’k; esa½&I am writing with regard to your complaint.
Under treatment ¼t+js s bykt½&He is under treatment and is in stable
condition. She is under treatment for Malaria
By the way ¼oSls½&By the way, how is your business?
At discount ¼NwV ij½&The house was sold at a discount of 25%.
In debt ¼dtZ+ eas gksuk½&He is in debt from top to toe.
At all costs ¼gj dher ij½&Security of the area must be maintained at
all costs. Let’s pledge to defend our country at all costs.
For ages ¼dkQh le; ls½&I haven’t heard from her for ages.
For a change ¼cnyko ds fy,½&Let’s go to Shimla for a change.
361
Words followed by Fixed Prepositions
¼dqN “kCnkas ds lkFk fuf”pr lEcU/kcks/kd dk ç;ksx½
Absent from xSjgkftj+ gksuk Abdul was absent from the meeting.
Accused of vfHk;Dq r gksuk He is accused of many crimes.
Act upon lykg Ikj dke djuk He acted upon my advice and got success.
Adapt to ifjLFkfr eas <yuk He quickly adapted himself to the new
environment. Businesses must adapt to change or stagnate.
Affiliate to lEc/k gksuk Our school is affiliated to CBSE Board.
Afraid of Mjuk Don’t be afraid of asking question. It’s all over, there
is nothing to be afraid of. Why be afraid of sufferings and troubles.
Agree to lger gksuk ¼fopkj ls½ The manager agreed to my proposal.
Agree with lger gksuk ¼O;fDr ls½ We agree with you.
Angry at ukjkt+ gksuk ¼O;ogkj ls½ He was angry at your behaviour.
Angry with ukjkt+ gksuk ¼O;fDr ls½ He is still angry with me.
Apply for vkosnu djuk I have applied for the job.
Ashamed of /at “kfeZUnk gksuk I am ashamed of myself. I am ashamed at
your behaviour. I feel ashamed of what I said in anger.
Believe in fo”okl djuk I believe in the existence of God.
Belong to lEcU/k j[kuk She belongs to Kanpur.
Blame for bYtk+ e yxkuk Please don’t blame others for your failure.
Blind of vk¡[k dk vU/kk gksuk He is blind of his eyes.
Blind to xyrh ds izfr vU/kk gksuk He is blind to his own fault.
Boast of Mhax ekjuk I don’t want to boast, but I can buy Mercedes.
Care for fpUrk djuk I just take care of my character, my reputation
will take care of itself. I don’t really care for tea. I don’t much care for
that sort of man. Would you care for a cup of tea?-
Care of [;ky djuk You should take care of your health.
Charge against fdlh ds fo:) f”kdk;r gksuk There is no charge against him.
Charged with fdlh pht dk nks’kh gksuk He was charged with murder.
Confident of vkRefo”okl j[kuk I am confident of myself.
Congratulate on c/kkbZ nsuk All my friends congratulated me on my success.
Consist of eas gksuk] j[kuk My family consists of seven members.
Compensate for {kfriwfrZ djuk Who will compensate for my loss?
Compete with eqdkcyk djuk My colleague competed with me for the
promotion. I never wanted to compete with you.
Comply with lger gksuk They complied with my request.
Consent to lgefr nsuk His parents refused consent to his marriage.
Collide with VDdj gksuk The truck collided with a bus. The interests of
the two countries collide with each other.
362
Contribute to ;ksxnku djuk Let us contribute to the flood relief fund.
Nobody knew that most of the money was contributed to by him.
Co-operate with lg;ksx djuk I hope you will co-operate with me.
Deal in O;kikj djuk He deals in antiques. I deal in rare books.
Devote to lefiZr djuk] ns nsuk He devoted his whole life to the poor.
Deprive of oafpr djuk He was deprived of all his power after charges
of corruption. Many children are deprived of good education.
Dedicate to lefiZr djuk I want to dedicate this song to my friends.
Disqualified for v;ksX; gksuk Due to over age, he was disqualified for the job.
Depend on fdlh ij fuHkZj gksuk I depend on my family for my support. I
don’t know he will come or not, it depends on weather.
Delete from feVk nsuk I decided to delete my email address from every
page of his website. I accidentally deleted all the files from my hard
disk. Delete my name from the list.
Delegate to lkSaiuk] nsuk] çfrfuf/k The manager delegated more authority
to his deputies. We sent a delegate to the conference.
Die of ejuk He died of heart attack. She died of old age. He died of
broken heart. She died of great distress caused by her husband.
Eligible for ;ksX; gksuk He is not eligible for this post. He is not eligible
for sick pay. I am not eligible for membership of the association.
Escape from cp fudyuk There is no escape from death.
Evict from fudky nsuk He evicted his tenant for not paying the rent on time.
Entrusted with ft+Eesnkjh lkSaiuk I entrusted him with departmental
responsibilities.
Entitled to vf/kdkj j[kuk] uke nsuk You are not entitled to use official
phone for personal calls. I entitled my book” Spoken Express.”
Embark at foeku ij lokj gksuk They embarked at Mumbai for Dubai.
Expel from fudky nsuk He was expelled from college for misconduct.
Extract from fudkyuk] ysuk Fragrance is extracted from flowers.
Exempt from eqDr djuk] ekQ djuk She was exempted from fine.
Exchange for cnyuk He gave me food in exchange for money.
Exchange with vknku&iznku djuk Exchange your ideas with others
to enrich your knowledge.
Expect from vk”kk djuk I expect good behaviour from him. We expect
nothing less from you.
Excel in lcls c<+dj gksuk He excels in many sports.
Faithful to oQknkj gksuk He has been a faithful friend to me. A dog is a
faithful companion. He was rewarded for 40 years’ faithful service.
Free from vktkn gksuk Now I am free from my responsibilities.
Grateful to/for fdlh dk fdlh dke ds fy, vkHkkjh gksuk I am grateful to
you for your kind cooperation.
363
Guilty of eqtfje gksuk He was guilty of robbery. He feels guilty, but he
can’t change himself. He was guilty of wrongdoing.
Hostile to fo:) gksuk Some countries are hostile to India. The
experience has made me hostile to men. His hostile look showed that I
was unwelcome there. The child feels hostile towards his mother.
Impressed with izHkkfor gksuk I am impressed with her beauty and
intelligence. He is impressed with the teachings of Islam.
Interested in fnypLih j[kuk He is interested only in the pursuit of
wealth. I am interested in learning new ideas.
Invite to vkeaf=r djuk Ravi invited all of us to his birthday party.
Indebted to _.kh gksuk@dt+Znkj gksuk I am deeply indebted to you for
your help.
Jealous of tyu j[kuk I don’t know why he is jealous of my popularity.
Key to ewy] pkch Money is the key to open all doors.
Listen to /;ku ls lquuk Listen to all, but follow yourself.
Lame in yaxMk+ gksuk He is lame in one leg.
Lack of deh gksuk He has lack of computer knowledge. I am suffering
from lack of sleep lately. Many people lack the necessities of life.
Laugh at galuk He laughed at my idea. We had a good laugh at his joke.
The daring climbers laugh at danger. Laugh at ills, and save doctor’s bills
Match for tksM+ dk rksM+ gksuk Rahul is a good match for her.
Menace to [krjk gksuk Pollution is a big menace to environment.
Negotiate with/over eksy&Hkko djuk We negotiated with the
management for increment. The customer wanted to negotiate over
the price. He has good negotiating skills.
Obedient to vkKkdkjh gksuk I am obedient to my teachers.
Object to fojks/k djuk I don’t object to your visiting her.
Obstacle to ck/kk gksuk Poverty was an obstacle to her education.
Opposed to fo:) gksuk We are opposed to corruption in any shape or form.
Obliged to vkHkkjh gksuk I feel obliged to ask him to dinner.
Opposite to lkeus] mYVk The bank is opposite to my shop.
Partial to i{kikr djuk An officer should not be partial to his relatives.
Pleased with [kq”k gksuk I am pleased with my lot. ¼ HkkX;@fdLer½
Popular with yksdfiz; gksuk Mr. Shah Alam is popular with his students.
Prefer to rjthg nsuk I prefer reading to writing.
Prepare for rS;kjh djuk Abdul is preparing for the I.A.S. examination.
Proud of xoZ djuk I am proud of myself for not giving up. I am proud
of being an Indian. We are proud of our past glory.
Protect from j{kk djuk We wear woolen clothes to protect ourselves
from cold. We carried our gun to protect from the dangerous forest.
Quarrel with >xMk+ djuk I don’t want to pick quarrel with him.
364
Related to lEcfU/kr gksuk Good or bad action is related to behaviour.
Rely on fuHkjZ gksuk I rely on my father for good advice.
Remind of ;kn fnykuk Please don’t remind me of that tragic incident.
Reply to mRrj nsuk You have to reply to my question.
Respite from jkgr feyuk That medicine brought temporary respite
from pain. We have no respite from oppressive heat.
Restrain from jksd yus k Restrain from bad work.
Retire from fjVk;j gksuk He is retiring from his job next month.
Revenge on cnyk ysuk He took revenge on me by smashing up my
car. Revenge is a dish best served cold.
Respect for lEeku j[kuk I have respect for my elders.
Satisfied with lUr’q V gksuk I am satisfied with my child’s progress report.
Search for <wa<uk He is searching for the lost key.
Short of deh gksuk] de gksuk We are short of funds for our new project.
Sorry for vQlksl djuk I am so sorry for what I did in anger.
Speak to ckr djuk He spoke to me softly. Speak gently/politely.
Subject to ftlds izHkkfor gksus dh lHkkouk gks Eid may be celebrated tomorrow
subject to the visibility of the moon. The time- table is subject to
alteration.
Sure of fo”oLr gksuk I am sure of getting through the final test.
Sympathy for gennhZ j[kuk I express my sympathies for the victims.
Talk to ckr djuk Let me talk to your higher authority on this matter.
Taste for fdlh pht ds izfr :fp j[kuk I have no taste for music.
Tired of Fkdk gqvk I am tired of your endless questions about where I
went, who I spoke to. I am tired of all these lies and deceit in relation.
Trust in fo”okl djuk I think my trust in him was misplaced.
Wait for Árh{kk djuk Wait for a moment outside the office.
365
Part – A
Exercise 1: Choose the correct prepositions from the ones given
in the brackets to fill in the blanks:
1. Ghee is made…………….milk. (out, of, from, by)
2. She died.…breast cancer. (with, of, by, for)
3. The house was….fire. (on, at, into, onto)
4. My uncle visited me…Diwali. (since, for, during, from)
5. The sun sets….the west. (in, into, to, within)
6. He is suffering…fever. (for, with, from, by)
7. Ramu reached his school…any delay. (for, with, of,
without)
8. He is good….mathematics. (in, for, at, with)
9. The boys have been playing Football……three hours.
(since, for, from, by)
10. He has been charged…theft. (from, for, by, with)
11. She has been ill…Monday. (from, into, by, since)
12. The soldiers fought….courage. (from, by, into, with)
13. I am very sorry….being late. (at, upon, for, on)
14. He will return home…. 4 o’ clock. (since, from, by, for)
15. Please look….the matter personally. (in, off, into, of)
16. My friend does not talk….me. (with, to, by, from)
Solved 9. for
10. with
1. 1. from 11. since
2. 1. of 12. with
3. 1. on 13. for
4. 1. during 14. by
5. 1. in 15. into
6. 1. from 16. to
7. 1. without
8. 1. at
366
Exercise 2: Choose the correct prepositions from the ones
given in the brackets to fill in the blanks:
1. I am proud….my daughter. (at, of, from)
2. He is addicted….alcohol. (at, of, to)
3. Pay attention…what I say. (at, to, in)
4. He was ashamed….his behaviour. (at, on, of)
5. The cat jumped….the table. (to, upon, over)
6. Please write….ink. (in, with, from)
7. We should always abide….the rules of the traffic. (by, of,
from)
8. He prevented me….going there. (in, on, from)
9. I have liking…English. (to, on, for)
10. Comply….my instructions, otherwise you will repent.
(from, of, with)
11. Shatabdi Express runs….new Delhi and Lucknow. (in,
between, from)
12. It is five o, clock….my watch. (from, in, by)
13. The boy jumped….into the pond. (in, upon, into)
14. He was admitted….the hospital. (into, to, in)
15. He has passion….English. (in, within, for)
16. Smoking is injurious….health. (for, about, to)
17. Someone is knocking….door. (on, into, at)
Part – B
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given in
the brackets:
1. I am angry…him. (with, at, from)
2. I am angry …. his behaviour. (at, upon, with)
3. He was sitting…the chair. (on, in, at)
4. This house is made…bricks. (from, with, of)
5. Pay attention…what I say. (on, to, upon)
6. Health is preferable…wealth. (to, from, than)
7. I am not afraid…anyone. (from, of, to)
8. His respect fell…my eyes. (in, from, on)
9. Learn this poem…heart. (by, from, with)
10. He belongs…Mumbai. (to, from, with)
11. I cannot compromise…this matter. (on, upon, over)
12. She was cured …her disease. (of, with, from)
367
Exercise 2 : Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given in
the brackets:
1. He is very popular…his students. (with, between, among)
2. I am greatly obliged…you for this kind act. (to, with, of)
3. Divide this fruit…Abdul and Rahul. (between, among, in)
4. Priyanka gets …the market by car. (to, at, in)
5. Throw the ball…me. (at, on, upon)
6. The boy is standing…the tree. (under, in, upon)
7. Divide the sweets…the three boys. (among, between, in)
8. He spread the carpet…floor. (on, upon, onto)
9. Winter begins…October .(from, on, since)
10. Put your purse…your pocket. (into, in, onto)
11. Sita is standing…the door. (near, at, on)
12. She sits…the armchair. (in, into, on)
Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:
1. We should refrain…smoking.
2. We are tired….this fellow.
3. He is accused……….murder.
4. Listen…….what I say.
5. I prefer tea…..coffee.
6. She is jealous…..me.
7. He hails………UP.
8. Why are you bent……buying the car?
9. I am confident……myself.
10. This book consists……ten lessons.
11. He could not cope ……heavy workload.
12. She filled…….the form to open the bank account.
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The Punctuation ¼fojke fpUg~½
Capital letter, full stop, comma, mark of interrogation, mark of
exclamation, apostrophe bR;kfn ds lgh iz;ksx dks punctuation dgrs gSaA
punctuation dk iz;ksx fdlh okD; ds vFkZ dks Li’V djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
fojke fpUgkas ds }kjk ,d okD; dks nlw js okD; ls ;k okD; ds ,d Hkkx dks nwljs Hkkx
ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA
Use Of Capital Letter:
Rule no1: izR;sd okD; ds igys v{kj dks capital esa fy[krs gaSA
The cow is a domestic animal. He is a good person.
Rule no 2: proper noun/proper adjective ¼tSls% O;fDr] Hkk’kk] ns”k] R;ksgkj
bR;kfn½ ds igys v{kj dks capital esa fy[krs gSaA
Ram. India. Mahatma Gandhi, Red India, Hindi, English, Arabic, March,
April, Christmas, Eid, Holi
Rule no 3: “kCnksa ds laf{kIr :Ik (abbreviation) ds izR;sd v{kj dks capital esa
fy[krs gaSA
B.A. M.A. M.B.A. B.Com. Ph.D. M.L.A.
Rule no 4: God ds fy, ç;ksx gksus okys igys v{kj dks lnk capital esa fy[krs
gaSA We should pray to God everyday. The Almighty will help us.
Rule no 5: pronoun ‘I, rFkk interjection ‘O, lnoS capital esa fy[ks tkrs gSaA
I will visit you if I happen to be there. O sleep! Come to me.
Rule no 6: conjunction, preposition rFkk article dks NksM+dj fdlh story,
report, article ¼y[s k½ ;k chapter of the book ds title esa iz;qDr lHkh “kCnksa dk
igyk v{kj capital gkrs k gSA
My Struggle for Education, Art of Living, Unity in Diversity
Rule no 7: ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa eas iz;qDr izR;sd “kCn dk igyk v{kj capital gksrk gSA
Independence Day, Republic Day, French Revolution
Rule no 8: dqN cM+h inoh;ksa (titles) vkSj vksgnksa (designations) esa iz;qDr
izR;sd “kCn dk igyk v{kj capital gkrs k gSA
Prime Minister, Chief Minister, Governor, Chief Justice
Rule no 9: dfork dh izR;sd iafDr (line) dk igyk v{kj capital gksrk gSA
Work while you work,
Play while you play.
Rule no 10: lM+dksa] ckt+kjkas] foekukas rFkk lekpkj i=ksa ds uke dk igyk v{kj
capital gkrs k gSA Parliament Street, Chandni Chowk, The Vikrant, The
Times Of India
369
Full stop ( . ) bls fgUnh Hkk’kk esa iw.kZ fojke dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule no 1: izR;sd Assertive rFkk Affirmative okD; ds vUr esa full stop dk
iz;ksx djrs gaSA
1. These are books. 2. Don’t make a noise.
Rule no 2: gLrk{kjksa (signatures) rFkk laf{kIr :iksa (abbreviations) ds lkFk full
stop dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA
M.N. Gupta S.K. Sharma B.A. M.A. M.P. M.L.A. B.Ed.
Comma ( , ) bls fgUnh Hkk’kk esa fojke fpUg dgrs gaSA bldk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvksa esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule no 1: yes rFkk no ds ckn comma dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%
1. Yes, I shall go with you. 2. No, I can’t help you in this matter.
Rule no 2: ftl Noun ds ckjs eas dqN dgk tkrk gS mlds ckn comma dk -
iz;ksx djrs gaSA 1. Anil, please come here. 2. Abdul, keep silence.
Rule no 3: frfFk fy[krs le; fnukad ;k ekg dks o’kZ ls vyx djus ds fy,
comma dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
May 10, 2009. 10th May, 2009.
Rule no 4: O;fDr;ksa ds uke] muds in (post) rFkk mikf/k;ksa (title) ds chp
comma dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1. Mr. Ravi Kumar, I.A.S., is our chief guest today.
2. Pro. L .K. Singh, M.B.A., Ph.D., will take my interview.
Rule no 5: ,d gh “kCn dks nqgjkrs le; muds chp esa comma dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA 1. Come, come my dear friend. 2. Try, try again.
Semicolon ( ; ) bls v)Zfojke fpUg~ dgrs gSaA ;g comma ds eqdkcys esa vf/kd
rFkk full stop ds eqdkcys eas de njs rd Bgjus dk fojke fpUg~ gSA bldk iz;ksx
fuEu n”kkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule no 1: Compound sentences ds fofHkUu principle clauses dks fcuk
linking words ds ,d gh okD; eas iz;ksx djus ds fy,A
1. My boss is simple, strict, outspoken; but I like him.
2. Start early; finish early
3. “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right
things.”
Rule no 2: mu clauses ls igys ftuds verb dks yqIr dj fn;k x;k gksA
1. Abdul got first division; I, second.
2. Wise men learn from others’ mistakes; fools from their own.
370
Rule no 3: ,sls okD;kas dks vyx djus ds fy, ftuesa fopkj/kkjk leku gks vkSj tgk¡
full stop yxkuk mfpr (justified) u yxsA tSls% Today we love what
tomorrow we hate; today we seek what tomorrow we shun; today we
desire what tomorrow we fear.
Colon ( : ) ;g fojke ls Hkh vf/kd fojke dks iznf”kZr djrk gSA bldk iz;ksx
fuEufyf[kr n”kkvkas eas fd;k tkrk gSA
Rule no 1: igys ls dgh x;h ckr ds lEcU/k eas dksbZ O;k[;k ;k ckn esa vk, fopkj
dks izdV djus ds fy,A
1. I like cold drink: my brother coffee.
Rule no 2: laokn (dialogue) esa speaker ds uke ls igys colon dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Teacher: where are you, Mohan?
2. Mohan: I am here, Sir.
Rule no 3: fdlh “kCn ds ckn mldh ifjHkk’kk (definition), o.kZu
(description) ;k O;k[;k (explanation) nsus ds fy,A tlS s%
1. Noun: noun is the name of a place, person or thing. 2. Peacock: a
multi-coloured beautiful bird. 3. Read the following topics: noun,
pronoun, adjective and adverb.
Inverted Comma ( “ ” ) inverted comma dks fgUnh Hkk’kk esa m)j.k fpUg
dgrs gSaA
Rule no 1: bldk iz;ksx direct speech eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
1. Mohan said, “I am learning English.” 2. The teacher said to the
student, “Why did you not complete your homework?”
Rule no 2: fdrkckas] fucU/kksa] ys[kksa ds “kh’kZd (title), foekuksa] lekpkj i=ksa bR;kfn ds
uke dks inverted comma ds vUnj j[krs gSaA tSls%
1. I have read ‘India wins freedom’.
2. The times of India’ is a popular newspaper.
Rule no 3: ;fn Quotation ds vUnj Quotation gks] rks vUnj okys Quotation ds
fy, single inverted comma rFkk ckgj okys Quotation ds fy, double
inverted comma dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s%
He said, “Have you ever read ‘Godan’?”
Mark of interrogation/Question Mark ( ? ) bls fgUnh Hkk’kk esa iz”uokpd
fpUg dgrs gSaA
Rule no 1:izR;sd iz”uokpd okD; ds vUr esa Question Mark dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
1.What is your aim? 2. Will you call me later?
Rule no 2: question mark dk iz;ksx indirect question ds ckn ugha fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls%
1. I asked him what he was doing.
2. My teacher asked me if I had completed my homework.
371
Mark of exclamation ( ! ) bls fgUnh Hkk’kk eas foLe;lwpd fpUg~ dgrs gaSA
Rule no 1: exclamation mark dk iz;ksx exclamatory sentences rFkk
interjection ds vUr eas fd;k tkrk gSA
1. What a lovely flower! 2. How sweet you are !
Rule no 2: dHkh&dHkh laf{kIr vkns”k (short order) dh rhczrk dks O;Dr djus ds
fy, exclamation mark dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA
1. Shut up! Don’t speak a word.
2. Get lost! Don’t show me your face again.
Rule no 3: lEcks/ku drkZ (nominative of address) ls igys foLe;kfncks/kd o
yxk gksus ij foLe;lwpd fpUg~ laKk ds ckn ;k okD; ds vUr eas iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA O Doctor! I have the pain all over my body.
Hyphen ( - ) bls fgUnh Hkk’kk eas lekl fpUg~ dgrs gaSA
Rule no 1: bldk iz;ksx nks “kCnksa dks tksM+dj la;Dq r “kCn cukus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
tSls% pre-paid, reading-room, forty-five, ex-M.P. twenty-one forty-
five, anti-Christian mentality
Rule no 2: fdlh iafDr ds vUr esa vk, gq, “kCn ds “ks’k Hkkx dks vxyh iafDr ls
fy[kk tkrk gS RkFkk txg dh deh ds dkj.k ml v/kjw s “kCn ds ckn hyphen dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls% du-tiful beau- tiful ex-pectation
Rule no 3: fdlh prefix ds vfUre v{kj ds ckn mlh v{kj ls “kq: gksus okys nlw js
”kCn dks tksM+us ds fy,A
tSls% Anti-India, re-elect, co-operate, re-educate re-elect
Note: twenty-oner ls ninety-nine ds “kCnkas ds lkFkA
tSls% Anti-India, re-elect, co-operate, re-educate re-elect
Dash ( ) Dash dk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvkas esa djrs gaSA
Rule no 1: vpkud :dkoV ;k Hkko ifjorZu ds fy,A tSls%
Do you? I mean& can you operate computer?
Rule no 2: fdlh Quotation ds “kq: esa dash dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa tlS s%
Bacon says& “Reading makes a full man, writing an exact man,
speaking a ready man.”
Rule no 3: fdlh ckr ij cy nsus ds fy, dash dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls%
Mohan is intelligent, hardworking &but very rude.
Rule no 4: fdlh dgh x;h ckr dh O;k[;k ls igys dash dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA tSls%
1. We pray to God& the creator of the universe. 2. He has got
everything& name, fame and popularity.
372
Rule no 5: ckn eas vk;s fopkj ;k extra information ds fy, dash dk iz;ksx
djrs gaSA tSls%
There is no second chance to make the first impression& or so we
have to believe.
Rule no 6: fdlh ys[kuh; dks ltho ;k ukVdh; cukus ds fy, dash dk iz;ksx
djrs gSaA tSls%
The fire broke out& people ran helter-skelter.
Houses caught fire& it was a scene.
So you are telling me the cock and bull story& How can I believe it?
Rule no 7: nks la[;kvksa ds chp yIq r la[;k dks izdV djus ds fy, Hkh dash dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA tlS s%
2009&2012 ¼2009 ls 2012 rd½ Chapter I&X ¼v/;k; 1 ls 10 rd½
Parenthesis ( ) dk iz;ksx fuEu n”kkvkas eas djrs gaSA
Rule no 1: Extra information , after thoughts ;k comment ds fy,A
Mount Everest(8848 feet) is the highest peak of the World.
I think ( i.e. The world Economy) is derailed after Covid-19.
Rule no 2: Cross reference ds fy,A
This thing is clearly mentioned in his book (see chapter five)
Rule no 3: Tex esa fdlh la[;k ;k v{kj ds fy,A
Our aim is (1) to educate children (2) to build their character and (3)
to inculcate good moral values in them.
Exercise: Part-A
Exercise 1: Punctuate the following sentences using capital
letters wherever necessary:
1. what is your name asked my senior i replied my name is
rohit
2. mohan said to ramu have you washed your cloth
3. the teacher said to amit have you completed your
homework
4. punkaj has visited tajmahal of agra twice but he has never
been to lucknow
5. he said to me i am going to delhi to see my ailing mother.
6. sister your friend has come Rekha said to me
7. ram said to suresh did your sister call you
8. I said to Abdul you will not fail if you work hard
373
Solved:
1. “What is your name?” Asked my senior. I replied, “My
name is Rohit.”
2. Mohan said to Ramu, “Have you washed your cloth?”
3. The teacher said to Amit, “Have you completed your
homework?”
4. Punkaj has visited Tajmahal of Agra twice, but he has
never been to Lucknow.
5. He said to me, “I am going to Delhi to see my ailing
mother.”
6. “Sister, your friend has come.” Rekha said to me.
7. Ram said to Suresh, “Did your sister call you?”
8. I said to Abdul “You will not fail, if you work hard”.
Exercise 2 : Punctuate the following using capital letters
wherever necessary:
1. is this your final decision asked Ramesh I am afraid I can’t
change my decision
2. i said to my father will you give me two hundred rupees as
i wish to buy a new dress.
3. her father said to meena give this book to neetu.
4. my brother said to me do not waste your time on sundays.
5. Ravi has visited tajmahal of agra many times but has never
gone Delhi.
6. During our journey to madras we slept, read and play cards
7. i may be slow said the tortoise but I can win the race
8. he said to me please help me i am in trouble
9. hurrah we have won the match shouted the captain
Part- B
Exercise 1: Punctuate the following using capital letter
where necessary:
1. who are you to talk to me like this i am the master why
should i help you it is your work not mine to dig the canal
3. My teacher said you should work hard for brilliant success
4. Father said to the son don’t waste your time
5. Ramu said to her mother will you give me two thousand
rupees i wish to purchase some books
6. akbar was a very famous king he ruled all over India he
loved his people very much
7. a king was seriously ill he consulted many doctors but
none could cure him
374
“kCnkas ds vFkZiw.kZ lewg dks okD; dgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh Hkk’kk dh bdkbZ okD; gksrk gSA
okD; dk iz;ksx cksyus rFkk fy[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
A group of words that makes a complete sense is called a sentence.
Work the hard to is key success. (Incorrect)
Hard work is the key to success. (Correct)
Parts of the sentence ¼okD; ds Hkkx½
izR;sd okD; ds nks Hkkx gksrs gaSA igys Hkkx dks subject rFkk nwljs Hkkx dks
predicate dgrs gaSA
Subject ¼mn~ns”;½% ;g okD; dk og Hkkx gS ftleas fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku
ds fo’k; esa dqN dgk tkrk gSA
Predicate ¼fo/ks;½% subject ds fo’k; eas tks dqN dgk tkrk gS mls predicate
dgrs gSaA Predicate eas dos y verb Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk verb ds lkFk&lkFk
vU; “kCn tlS s%& object ;k complement Hkh gks ldrk gSA
Subject Predicate
1. Mohan is playing cricket.
2. The dog was lazy.
3. We sleep.
4. They eat.
5. He goes to office.
igys okD; eas Mohan ds ckjs eas dqN dgk tk jgk gS] vr% Mohan ,d
subject gS vkSj ;s dgk tk jgk gS fd og fØdsV [ksy jgk gS vFkkrZ is playing
cricket fo/ks; (predicate) gSA subject ds Hkh dbZ Hkkx gksrs gSaA
Subject (pronoun) Predicate
(noun)
He (noun) reads.
Rahul (gerund) learns his lesson.
Birds (infinitive) fly in the sky.
Swimming is a good exercise.
To smoke is harmful for health.
Note: ;fn subject ,d word dk gks rks ;g Noun/pronoun/gerund ;k
infinitive esa ls dksbZ gks ldrk gSA Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa dks /;kuiow Zd ns[ksaA
Qualifier Head–word/Noun Predicate
A (article) boy was playing
Some sing
The (determiner) girls moves
Honest get respect
Her (article) earth is faithful
(adjective) people
(possessive pronoun) servant
375
Note: mijksDr rkfydk eas subject ds nks Hkkx gSa qualifier rFkk head-word
bleas head-word lnSo noun gh jgrk gS rFkk bl head-word dh fo”ks’krk
çdV djus ds fy, article, determiner, adjective ;k possessive pronoun
dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Determiner Adjective Head–word Predicate
A green parrot is sitting on the tree
The little girl is very pretty
My elder brother is a doctor.
Note: ?;ku nsa fd subject (head-word) ls igys ,d word vkus dh n”kk esa
;g qualifier dgykrk gS nks words vkus dh n”kk esa adjective dks qualifier
rFkk adjective ls igys vkus okys word dks determiner dgrs gSaA ;fn
subject dh O;k[;k dbZ “kCnksa ls dh tk;s rks adjective phrase dk Hkh Á;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls(
1. The little girl in the pink frock is very cute. eas
The = determiner, little = qualifier, in the pink frock = adjective
phrase gSA qualifier dk ç;ksx head word ls igys rFkk adjective phrase
dk ç;ksx head word ds ckn fd;k tkrk gSA okD; u0 1 esa little ,d
qualifier gS tks head word (girl) ls igys vk;k gS rFkk in the pink frock
head word ds ckn vk;k gSA
Note: complement dk vFkZ iwjd gkrs k gS vFkkZr ;g okD; ds vFkZ dks iw.kZ
djrk gSA
1. Peacock is a beautiful bird.
2. You look tired.
3. She prepares tea.
4. We appointed him secretary.
5. We work in the day.
6. This is what I like.
7. He is a man of word.
igys okD; eas ‘peacock is’ dk vFkZ a beautiful bird ds fcuk iwjk ugha gks
ldrk gS vr% a beautiful bird ,d complement gSA blh Ádkj nwljs okD; eas
you look tired esa tired ds fcuk you look dk vFkZ iwjk ugha gks ldrk gSA vr%
tired ,d complement gSA complement nks Ádkj ds gkrs s gaS] 1. subjective
complement 2. Objective complement.
;fn complement subject dh O;k[;k djs rks ;g subjective complement
dgykrk gS] vkSj ;fn ;g object dh O;k[;k djs rks objective complement
dgykrk gSA igys okD; esa a beautiful bird peacock dh O;k[;k dj jgk gSA
vr% a beautiful bird ,d subjective complement gSA okD; u0 4 eas
secretary “kCn him dh O;k[;k dj jgk gSA vr% secretary “kCn object
‘him’ dk objective complement gSA
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Kinds Of Sentences ¼okD; ds çdkj½
vyx&vyx Hkkokas ds vk/kkj ij okD; ik¡p izdkj ds gkrs s gSa
1. Assertive Sentences ¼dFkukRed okD;½% bu okD;kas ls fdlh ?kVuk ds gksus
;k u gksus dh lwpuk nh tkrh gSA A sentence that declares or states
something is called assertive sentence.
For example:
1. Honesty is the best policy. bZekunkjh lcls vPNh uhfr gSA
2. The sun sets in the west. lwjt iwjc esa Mwcrk gSA
3. I can speak so-so English. eaS dkepykÅ vaxszt+h cksy ldrk g¡wA
4. She always speaks the truth. og lnoS lp cksyrh gSA
5. I don’t play cricket. eaS fØdsV ugha [ksyrk gw¡A
6. Mohan is not rich. eksgu /kuh ugha gSA
Assertive sentence nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1. Affirmative sentences ¼LohdkjkRed okD;½ okD; u0 1] 2] 3 rFkk 4 nsa[ksaA
2. Negative sentences ¼udkjkRed okD;½ okD; u0 5 rFkk 6 nsa[ksaA
Note: assertive sentence ds vUr eas full stop (.) dk iz;ksx gkrs k gSA
2. Interrogative Sentences ¼iz”uokpd okD;½: bu okD;kas dk iz;ksx iz”u
iwNus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
A sentence that asks a question is called interrogative sentence.
For example:
1. What are you doing here? rqe ;gk¡ D;k dj jgs gks\
2. Is he at home? D;k og ?kj ij gS\
3. Will you give me a lift in your car? D;k rqe eq>s viuh xkMh+ eas
ys pyksxs\
4. Have you done your work? D;k vki viuk dke dj pqds gS\
5. What should we do to check pollution? geas iznw’k.k jksdus ds
fy, D;k djuk pkfg,\
6. Can you speak broken English? D;k vki VwVh&QwVh vaxszt+h cksy
ldrs gSa\
Note: iz”Ukokpd okD;ksa ds vUr eas Question mark (?) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
3. Imperative sentences ¼vkKklwpd okD;½: bu okD;ksa ls vkns”k (order),
lykg (advice), ikz FkZuk (request), ;k izLrko (proposal) dk Hkko izdV gksrk gSA
A sentence that expresses a command /order/advice/request/proposal
is called imperative sentence.
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bu okD;ksa esa drkZ (subject) vf/kdrj fNik jgrk gSA imperative sentences eas
okD; fØ;k ds izFke :Ik (first form) ls “kq: gksrk gSA ;fn okD; negative gks]
rks don’t ;k never dk iz;ksx fØ;k ls igys fd;k tkrk gSA okD; eas fuosnu
(request) gksus dh n”kk eas please dk iz;ksx okD; ds “kq: esa fd;k tkrk gS ;k
please dks comma ds lkFk okD; ds vUr esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
V1 + O.W. Don’t/Never+V1+O.W.
Order
1. Bring a glass of water. ,d fxykl ikuh ykvksA
2. Let him go. mls tkus nksA
3. Shut up. pqi jgks A
9. Unpack the luggage. lkeku [kksy nksA
10. Turn on the tap. uy [kksy nksA
11. Read out this letter to me. eq>s ;g i= i<+dj lqukvksA
12. Don’t make a noise. “kksj er djksA
13. Please give me your pen. d`i;k e>q s viuh dye nhft,A
Advice
1. Never cheat the people. yksxksa dks dHkh /kks[kk er nksA
2. Take medicine. nok [kkyksA
3. Always obey your parents. vius ekrk&firk dk lnSo dguk ekuksA
Request
1. Please keep it to yourself. —i;k bl ckr dks vius rd gh jf[k,A
2. Please help me.Or Help me, please. —i;k esjh enn dhft,A
3. Kindly do me a favour. —i;k ejs s lkFk ,d esgjckuh djsaA
Proposal
1. Let us go to Agra. vkvks vkxjk pysaA
2. Let us speak in English. vkvks vaxzst+h eas ckr djsaA
Note 1: first person (me, us) rFkk third person (him, her, it, them) ds
fy, let dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA let dk vFkZ allow (vkKk nsuk) gkrs k gSA
tSls% Let him go = allow him to go, Let me sleep = allow me to
sleep.
Note 2: dqN vkns”kkRed okD;kas esa drkZ Hkh lkFk eas jgrk gS vFkkrZ fNIkk ugha
jgrk gS] tSls%& You, keep quiet. You, mind your own business. bl
rjg ds okD; :[ks vkSj vf”k’V ekus tkrs gSa] ijUrq please yxkdj budk :[kkiu
dqN de fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj okD; dks fouez cuk;k tk ldrk gSA tSls% You,
please keep quiet. You, please mind your own business.
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dHkh&dHkh rr` h; iq:’k ¼third person) drkZ okys vkns”kkRed okD; bl rjg ls
cksys tkrs gSaA tSls%
1. Everybody, come in. lHkh yksx vUnj vk tkb,A
2. Somebody, switch on the fan. dksbZ ia[kk pkyw djksA
3. Rahul and Arvind, go over there.
4. jkgqy vkSj vjfoUn ogk¡ pys tkvksA
4. Exclamatory Sentences ¼foLe;kfncks/kd okD;½% bu okD;kas dk iz;ksx
g`n; dh rhoz Hkkoukvksa ^tSls& vk”p;Z] g’kZ] [kq”kh] “kksd] Hk; ;k ?k`.kk bR;kfn dks
izdV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
A sentence that expresses some strong and sudden feeling is called
exclamatory sentence.
vuoq kn dh lja puk% What+a/an+adj+noun+sub+Verb (be)
Or How+adj+noun+verb (be)
For example:
1. Wow! What a beautiful rainbow! okkg! fdruk lqUnj bUnz/kuq’k gS!
2. Alas! He is dead. vQlksl! og ej x;kA
3. Bravo! What a good shot! “kkck”k! fdruk I;kjk “kkWV gS!
4. What a wonderful creation an elephant is! gkFkh D;k deky
dk tkuoj gS!
5. What an interesting match it was! ;g eSp fdruk etsnkj Fkk!
6. What a great fall! fdruk cM+k iru!
7. What nonsense! D;k csgwnxh gS!
8. What a fool you are! rqe fdrus ew[kZ gks!
9. How good those days were! oks fnu fdrus vPNs Fks!
10. How surprising! fdruk vk”p;Ztud!
11. How kind you are! rqe fdrus n;kyq gks!
12. How great! fdruk egku!
5. Optative Sentences ¼bPNkcks/kd okD;½
bu okD;kas dk iz;ksx izkFkZuk] bPNk] vk”khokZn] ojnku] vfHk”kki] “kqHkdkeuk bR;kfn
izdV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls okD;kas ds vUr eas foLe;lwpd fpUg ¼!½
yxk;k tkrk gSA bu okD;kas dh “kq:vkr may ls djrs gSa] fQj okD; lk/kkj.k
dFku (statement) dh rjg fy[kk tkrk gSA
vuoq kn dh lajpuk May + sub +VI + O.W.
1. May you live long! bZ”oj djs rqEgas yEch vk;q feys!
2. May you prosper in your life! bZ”oj djs vki thou esa Qyas&Qwyas!
3. May your business flourish! bZ”oj djs rqEgkjk dkjksckj Qys&Qwy!s
4. May he be ruined! mldk loZuk”k gks!
5. May God save the king! [kqnk jktk dh lqj{kk djs!
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Part-A
Exercise 1:Frame a correct sentence by re-ordering the words:
1. week last madras i was in.
2. gave his the father poor five hundred treatment rupees for.
3. on sunday play hockey they every.
4. innings by an the match won india.
5. to gift brother sent my a me birthday my on.
6. ever shall you remember i
7. loss regretting seller the greedy cried.
8. the morning good to early it is get up in.
9. been for they travelling have two days.
10. never hard goes waste work.
Solved:
1. I was in Madras last week.
2. His father gave the poor five hundred rupees for treatment.
3. They play Hockey on every Sunday.
4. India won the match by an innings.
5. My brother sent to me a gift on my birthday.
6. Shall I ever remember you?
7. Regretting the loss, the greedy seller cried.
8. It is good to get up early in the morning.
9. They have been travelling for two days.
10. Hard work never goes waste.
Exercise 2 : Frame a correct sentence by reordering the words:
1. success should hard work for we.
2. we on foot village go his to.
3. my taught swimming me brother.
4. him eat please give something
5. walk good for morning health is.
6. me give eat to something please.
7. fit keeps us exercise regular.
8. the crow clever is a very bird.
9. amit not did hard work he failed so.
10. She market never to goes alone.
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Affirmative, Negative rFkk Interrogative sentences
Affirmative sentences ls negative sentences cukus ds fu;e%
Rule1:;fn affirmative sentence eas linking verb(is/am/are/was/were)
gks] rks negative cukus ds fy, linking verb ds rjq Ur ckn not dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
tSls(
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
This is a book. This is not a book.
They are honest. They are not honest.
Akbar was a great king. Akbar was not a great king.
Rule2:;fn affirmative sentence esa helping verb(is/am/are/was/were
/has /had) gks rks negative cukus ds fy, helping verb ds rjq Ur ckn not dk
ç;ksx djrs gSaA tSls(
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
He is playing cricket. He is not playing cricket.
English is spoken everywhere. English is not spoken everywhere.
I have taken tea. I have not taken tea.
Rule 3: ;fn helping verb esa dbZ “kCn gkas rks not dks igyh helping verb
ds rjq Ur ckn j[krs gSaA tlS s(
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
He has been waiting for long. He has not been waiting for long.
She will be making tea. She will not be making tea.
Rule 4: ;fn affirmative sentence esa modal verb(can/could/should/will,
etc) vk;sa rks not dks buds rjq Ur ckn j[krs gaSA
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
He will sing a song. He will not sing a song.
You should park the car here. You should not park the car here.
Rule 5:;fn affirmative sentence eas dksbZ helping verb u gks dsoy main
verb gks] rks main verb ds vulq kj does not/do not/did not dk ç;ksx djds
okD; dks negative cukrs gSaA
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
He reads a book. He does not read a book.
We go there every week. We do not go there every week.
Everybody liked his idea. Nobody liked his idea.
Sit here. Do not sit here.
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Note: imperative sentence dks negative cukus ds fy, do not dk ç;ksx
djrs gSaA
Rule 6: has/have/had ds ckn no two, three,
many, much bR;kfn yxk gksus ij not
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
She has a bag. She has no bag.
I have some friends. I have not any friends.
He had four sons. He had not four sons.
Rule 7: ysfdu tc Has/have/had dk ç;ksx [kkus ihus ;k vuqHko djus ds vFkZ
eas gks] rks negative cukus ds fy, does not/do not/did not dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
She has some relief now. She does not have any relief now.
I have my lunch at 12 pm. I do not have my lunch at 12 pm.
I had a sound sleep last night. I did not have a sound sleep last night.
Rule 8: Introductory there ds ckn no
“kCn two, three, many, much bR;kfn gksus dh n”kk esa not
Affirmative sentences Negative sentences
There is a book on the table. There is no book on the table.
There is some water in the jug. There is no water in the jug.
There are many problems. There are not many problems.
Affirmative sentence ls Interrogative sentences cukuk%
Rule 1: ;fn affirmative sentence esa dksbZ linking verb/helping
verb/modal verb gks rks bUgsa subject ls igys fy[kus ij okD; interrogative gks
tkrk gSA
Affirmative sentences Interrogative sentences
He is my brother. Is he my brother?
She is knitting sweater. Is she knitting sweater?
They were playing. Were they playing?
He will wait for me. Will he wait for me?
We must work hard. Must we work hard?
Rule 2 : assertive sentence dh fØ;k first form eas gksus ij does not/do
not rFkk second form eas gksus ij did not dk ç;ksx djrs gaSA
Affirmative sentences Interrogative sentences
He learns driving. Does he learn driving?
You come late. Do you come late?
Rahul insulted me. Did Rahul insult me?
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Exercise 1: Change the following sentences into negative:
1. Rahul goes to school daily.
2. Amit is stronger than Rahul.
3. He likes playing Tennis.
4. She gets up early in the morning.
5. You can call me anytime.
6. She speaks the truth.
7. He obeyed his parents.
8. India won the match.
9. He is interested in politics.
Exercise 2: Change the following sentences into affirmative:
1. He will not be there on time.
2. Is he working hard?
3. People are not talking.
4. He did not win the prize.
5. We can not go there.
6. Do they help you?
7. We did not kill a lion in the forest.
8. Can you help me?
9. He does not know me very well.
Exercise 3: Change the following sentences into interrogative:
1. This fan makes much noise.
2. He reads the book.
3. I have paid the bill.
4. She did not sing a song.
5. Children make a lot of noise.
6. Our team will win the match.
7. He goes for morning walk daily.
8. There is a problem.
9. We should respect elders.
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The sequence of tenses ¼dkykas dk vuqØe½
bl fu;e ds vuqlkj vkfJr miokD; (sub-ordinate clause) esa iz;ksx gq,
verb dk tense eq[; miokD; (principal clause) dh fØ;k ds vuqlkj cnyrk
gSA
Rule no 1: ;fn principal clause dh fØ;k present tense esa gks] rks sub-
ordinate clause dh fØ;k fdlh Hkh tense eas iz;ksx gks ldrh gSA tlS s%
1. Mohan says that he is learning English.
2. Rohit says that he was busy at home.
3. David says that he will call me daily.
4. He works hard so that he may pass in the examination.
Rule no 2: ;fn principal clause dh fØ;k future tense eas gks] rks sub-
ordinate clause dh fØ;k vko”;drkuqlkj fdlh Hkh tense esa gks ldrh gSA tSls%
1. Rahul will say that his father is a businessman.
2. Mohan will say that he was busy yesterday.
3. The servant will say that he obeyed his master.
Rule no 3: ;fn principal clause dh fØ;k Hkrw dky esa gks] rks sub-ordinate
clause dh fØ;k lnSo Hkwrdky eas gksxhA tlS s%
1. He worked hard so that he might pass in the exam.
2. We heard that you were on the way.
3. Abdul said that he had finished his work.
Rule no 4: ;fn principal clause dh fØ;k Hkwrdky esa gks] ijUrq sub-
ordinate clause ,d lkoZHkkSfed lR; (universal truth) ;k vknr dks izdV
dj jgk gks] rks sub-ordinate clause dk tense ugha cnysxkA tSls%
1. Gandhiji said that honesty is the best policy.
2. Abdullah told his friends that the poor are honest.
Rule no 5: ;fn sub-ordinate clause fdlh mn~n”s ; dks O;Dr djs vkSj
principal clause dh fØ;k orZeku ;k Hkfo’;dky esa gks] rks sub-ordinate
clause dh fØ;k orZekudky eas gksxhA tSls%
1. We eat so that we may live.
2. I shall support him so that he may win the election.
3. He learns English so that he may get a job.
384
¼drkZ rFkk fØ;k ds chp rky&esy½
vaxzst+h Hkk’kk eas fØ;k dk iz;ksx mlds drkZ ds vulq kj fd;k tkrk gS vFkkrZ ;fn
drkZ ,dopu esa gks] rks fØ;k Hkh ,dopu eas gksxh vkSj ;fn drkZ cgoq pu eas gks] rks
fØ;k Hkh cgqopu eas gksxhA bls le>us ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s fu;eksa dks /;kuiow Zd
i<as+A
Rule no 1: ;fn drkZ ,dopu esa gks] rks fØ;k Hkh ,dopu eas gksxh vkSj ;fn
drkZ cgqopu esa gks] rks fØ;k Hkh cgoq pu eas gksxhA tSls%
Mohan is reading a book.
¼drkZ Mohan ,dopu eas gS] vr% fØ;k is Hkh ,dopu eas gSA½
These children are making a noise.
¼drkZ these cgqopu esa gS] vr% fØ;k are Hkh cgoq pu esa gSA½
He plays cricket. ¼drkZ he ,dopu eas gS] vr% fØ;k plays Hkh ,dopu eas gSA½
We were waiting for you. ¼drkZ we cgqopu eas gS] vr% fØ;k were Hkh
cgoq pu esa gSA½
Rule no 2: ftu okD;kas esa subject dh cukoV nounI+preposition+nounII
tSlh gkrs h gS] rks mu okD;kas esa verb dk iz;ksx izFke noun ds vuqlkj djrs gaSA tSls(
The quality of the mangoes is not good. ¼bl okD; eas drkZ quality gS u
fd mangoes, vr% quality ,dopu eas gksus ds dkj.k fØ;k is Hkh ,dopu eas
iz;ksx dh x;h gSA½
His knowledge of Indian states are perfect. incorrect
His knowledge of Indian states is perfect. correct
¼bl okD; eas drkZ knowledge gS u fd Indian states, vr% fØ;k is ,dopu
eas iz;ksx dh x;h gSA½
The introduction of IT and management courses has opened more
options for the students. ¼bl okD; eas drkZ introduction gS u fd IT and
management courses, vr% fØ;k has drkZ introduction ds vulq kj
,dopu esa iz;ksx dh x;h gSA½
Rule no 3: tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd drkZ and ls tqM+s gkas] rFkk vyx& vyx
Hkko çdV dj jgs gksa rks mudh fØ;k cgqopu esa gksxhA tSls%
Gold and silver is precious metal. incorrect
Gold and silver are precious metals. correct
Hard work and honesty is necessary for success. incorrect
Hard work and honesty are necessary for success. correct
385
Rule no 4: ;fn nks drkZ and ls tqMs+ gksa] ijUrq os ,d gh O;fDr] oLrq ;k fopkj
dks izdV dj jgs gksa] rks mudh fØ;k ,dopu eas gksxhA tSls%
Death and customer has no calendar. ¼;gk¡ ij ekrS vkSj xkz gd ,d gh
oLrq le;^ dks izdV dj jgs gSa] vr% fØ;k has ,dopu esa iz;ksx gqbZ gSA½
Time and tide waits for none. ¼;gk¡ ij le; rFkk Tokj feydj ,d gh
oLrq ^le;^ dks izdV dj jgs gSa] vr% fØ;k waits ,dopu eas iz;ksx gqbZ gSA½
The horse and carriage is at the gate. ¼;gk¡ ij ?kksM+k rFkk xkM+h nksukas feydj
,d gh oLrq *xkM+h* dks izdV dj jgs gaS] vr% fØ;k is ,dopu esa iz;ksx gqbZ gSA½
Honour and glory is his reward. ¼;gk¡ ij honour vkjS glory ,d gh oLrq
lEeku^ dks izdV dj jgs gSa] vr% fØ;k is ,dopu eas iz;ksx gqbZ gSA½
The rise and fall of the tide happens due to lunar influence.
Bread and butter is not the only reason for my teaching.
¼;gk¡ ij bread rFkk butter ,d gh oLrq ^Hkkstu^ dks izdV dj jgs gSa] vr% fØ;k
is ,dopu esa iz;ksx gqbZ gSA
Rule no 5: dqN okD;ksa ls dksjh dYiuk ;k vfHkyk’kk dk cks/k gkrs k gS ftldk
iwjk gksuk lEHko ugha gksrk gS] ,ls s okD;ksa esa ,dopu drkZ ds lkFk cgoq pu fØ;k
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
If I was a bird! incorrect
If I were a bird! correct
Rule no 6: plenty of /a lot of /most of /half of /some of /all of /
none of bR;kfn ds drkZ dh rjg iz;ksx gksus ij buds lkFk fØ;k dk iz;ksx of
ds ckn vkus okys noun ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
Most of the students is absent today. incorrect
Most of the students are absent today. correct
Rule no 7: ;fn fdlh preposition ds lkFk noun dks nksgjk;k tk,] rks ;g
noun ,dopu esa iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk blds lkFk vkus okyh fØ;k Hkh ,dopu eas
iz;ksx gkrs h gSA tSls% Day by day, year after year
Year after year pass by. incorrect
Year after year passes by. correct
Rule no 8: each, every, either, neither rFkk many a ds lkFk fØ;k lnSo
,dopu esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA tSls%
Many a person go for morning walk daily. incorrect
Many a person goes for morning walk daily. correct
Each day and each moment bring a joy. incorrect
Each day and each moment brings a joy. correct
386
Rule no 9: ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd subjects ,dopu esa gksa rFkk or,
either… or ;k neither… nor ls tqM+s gkas] rks mudh fØ;k lnoS ,dopu eas
gksxhA tSls%
David or Mohan have gone. incorrect
David or Mohan has gone. correct
Rule no 10: ijUrq nks ;k nks ls vf/kd subjects cgqoiu eas gksa rFkk or,
either...or ;k neither...nor ls tqM+s gksa rks] fØ;k dk iz;ksx ckn okys drkZ ds
vuqlkj djrs gaSA tSls%
Either Mohan or his friends has taken my mobile. incorrect
Either Mohan or his friends have taken my mobile. correct
Rule no 11: ;fn nks drkZ not only…but also ls tqMs+ gksa] rks mudh fØ;k ckn
okys drkZ ds vuqlkj iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tSls%
Not only the manager but also his workers was hardworking. incorrect
Not only the manager but also his workers were hardworking. correct
Rule no 12: ;fn fdlh cgqopu laKk ls fdlh vdsyh oLrq ;k bdkbZ dk cks/k
gks] rks fØ;k ,dopu esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA tSls%
‘The Arabian nights’ are a very popular book. incorrect
‘The Arabian nights’ is a very popular book. correct
Rule no 13: ftu cgoq pu la[;kvksa ls fuf”pr jde (sum)] njw h (distance)
;k le; (time) dk cks/k gksrk gS] rks muds lkFk vkus okyh fØ;k lnoS ,dopu esa
iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tlS s%
Seventy rupees are a small amount. incorrect
Seventy rupees is a small amount. correct
Rule no 14: dqN nouns ns[kus eas cgqopu yxrs gSa ysfdu vFkZ ds vuqlkj
,dopu gkrs s gaS] ,ls s nouns ds lkFk fØ;k lnoS ,dopu esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tSls%
News, Mathematics, Physics, Civics, Arts, etc.
Civics are not my favourite subject. incorrect
Civics is not my favourite subject. correct
Rule no 15: ;fn dbZ nouns ,d lkFk vk,a vkSj izR;sd noun ds igys the dk
iz;ksx gks] rks muds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k lnSo cgqopu eas iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tSls%
The manager and the director were present at the meeting.
The manager and the director was present at the meeting. incorrect
The manager and the director were present at the meeting. correct
;gk¡ ij the manager rFkk the director nksuksa vyx&vyx O;fDr gSaA
The manager and director were present at the meeting. incorrect
The manager and director was present at the meeting. correct
;gk¡ ij ,d gh O;fDr ds ikl nks in gSaA
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Rule no 16: ;fn nks drkZ as well as ls tqM+s gksa] rks fØ;k dk iz;ksx izFke
drkZ ds vulq kj gkrs k gSA tSls%
They as well as Abdul was present at the party. incorrect
They as well as Abdul were present at the party. correct
Rule no 17: ;fn nks ;k rhu persons ds pronoun ,d lkFk vk,a] rks igys
second person, fQj third person vkjS vUr esa first person dk pronoun
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk buds lkFk fØ;k cgoq pu eas iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tlS s%
You, he and I was watching cricket match. incorrect
You, he and I were watching cricket match. correct
Rule no 18: tc collective noun ls gekjk rkRi;Z iwjs lewg ls gksrk gS] rks
fØ;k ,dopu eas iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA class, army, mob, public, team,
gentry, government, orchestra, etc. tSls%
The Army have taken over the power. incorrect
The Army has taken over the power. correct
Rule no 19: ;fn fdlh lewg dh fHkUUk&fHkUu oLrq ;k O;fDr dks ,d bdkbZ ekuk
tk,] rks fØ;k ,dopu esa iz;ksx gksxh vkSj ;fn fdlh lewg dh fHkUUk&fHkUu oLrq
;k O;fDr dks vyx&vyx ekuk tk,] rks fØ;k cgoq pu esa iz;ksx gksxhA tSls%
The Jury were divided on this point. izR;sd T;wjh esa bl ckr ij erHksn
FkkA ¼;gk¡ ij T;jw h ds lHkh O;fDr;ksa ls rkRi;Z gSA½
The Jury has given its decision. T;jw h us viuk QlS yk fn;k gSA ¼;gk¡ ij
T;jw h dks ,d bdkbZ dh rjg ekuk x;k gS vkjS T;jw h ds Áfr,d lnL;ksa ls dksbZ
rkRi;Z ugha gSA½
The committee is divided on a minor point. incorrect
The committee are divided on a minor point. correct
Rule no 20: dqN adjectives ls igys the yxkus ij os plural noun dh
rjg dk;Z djrs gaSA buds lkFk fØ;k cgqopu eas iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tSls% the
rich, the poor, the miser, the brave
The rich is miser. incorrect
The rich are miser. correct
Rule no 21: dqN “kCn ns[kus eas ,dopu yxrs gSa ¼tSls%& folk, gentry,
people, cattle, ship, deer, children, police, data½ ijUrq os cgqopu gksrs
gSaA buds lkFk cgqopu fØ;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
The police is chasing the thief. incorrect
The police are chasing the thief. correct
Note: data cgqopu laKk gSA bldk ,dopu datum gkrs k gSA
388
Rule no 22: none rFkk any pronoun ds lkFk singular rFkk plural nksuksa
rjg ds verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls%
None of my children has/have blonde hair.
Any of these pens is/are nice.
Rule no 23: both, many rFkk few ds lkFk cgqopu fØ;k dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA TkSls%
Both of them is right. incorrect
Both of them are right. correct
Rule no 24: dqN nouns lnSo ,dopu eas jgrs gSa vkSj budk cgqopu ugha
gksrk gSA buds lkFk fØ;k ,dopu esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA TkSls%
information, scenery, advice, traffic, percentage, furniture, poetry,
electricity, knowledge, money, coffee, music, dust, dirt, luggage,
hair, mischief, alphabet, offspring/larku, etc.
His knowledge in maths are good. incorrect
His knowledge in maths is good. correct
His informations were wrong. incorrect
His information was wrong. correct
The new furnitures are decent in looking. incorrect
The new furniture is decent in looking. correct
I gave him many advices. incorrect
I gave him many pieces of advice. correct
Rule no 25: dqN oLrqvkas ds nks Hkkx gksrs gaS ftUgsa ,d nwljs ls vyx ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gS] buesa s/es igys ls gh yxk jgrk gSA buds lkFk lnSo cgoq pu fØ;k
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA TkSls% scissors, trousers, tongs, forceps, pincers,
pants, spectacles, etc.
Your scissors is not sharp. incorrect
Your scissors are not sharp. correct
Note: riches¼/ku½, spirits ¼tks”k½, alms Hkh[k½ ds lkFk Hkh fØ;k ,dopu eas
Á;ksx dh tkrh gSA
Rule no 26: dqN chekfj;kas] [ksyksa] fo’k;kas rFkk n”s kksa “kgjksa ds uke ds vUr eas s
yxk jgrk gSA ;s ns[kus esa cgqopu yxrs gSa ijUrq ,dopu gkrs s gSaA buds lkFk
singular verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls% measles, billiards,
gymnastics, physics, mathematice, arts, civics, etc.
Billiards are a Royal game. incorrect
Billiards is a Royal game. correct
389
Rule no 27: former, latter, following rFkk as follows dk iz;ksx
pronoun dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ;s ,dopu laKk ds lkFk iz;ksx gksa] rks
,dopu fØ;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;fn cgoq pu laKk ds lkFk gksa rks]
cgoq pu fØ;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tlS s%
Both the teacher and student could not participate in the college
function, the former was ill and the latter was out of the city.
The following are the names of the successful candidates.
The following is the weather report.
The names of the successful candidates are as follows:
The list of the successful candidates is as follows:
Rule no 28: appointed, elected, considered rFkk called ds lkFk as dk
ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq regard ds lkFk as dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
He was appointed as the president of the organization. incorrect
He was appointed the president of the organization. correct
I regard him my best friend. incorrect
I regard him as my best friend. correct
Rule no 29: wages dk :i plural gkrs k gS ijUrq vFkZ ds vulq kj singular
rFkk plural verb dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Wages of sin are death. incorrect
Wages of sin is death. correct
His wages is three hundred rupees per day. incorrect
His wages are three hundred rupees per day. correct
Rule no 30: abstract rFkk material noun(water, milk, wheat, rice,
iron, kindness, sympathy, anger, brick, stone, etc.) lnk singular esa
Á;qDr gksrs gSa buds lkFk fØ;k singular eas ç;qDr gksrh gSA tSls%
Wheats are grown in our country in large quantities . incorrect
Wheat is grown in our country in large quantities. correct
My sympathies are with you. incorrect
My sympathy is with you. correct
Bricks are very important for making houses. incorrect
Brick is very important for making houses . correct
Rule no 31: compound word (ten-mile, five-rupee) eas Á;qDr noun
,d adjective dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS rFkk blds lkFk fØ;k lnSo singular esa
ç;ksx dh tkrh gSA tSls%
A hundred-rupees note were given to me. incorrect
A hundred rupee- note was given to me. correct
390
Rule no 32: means ;fn income ds Hkko eas iz;ksx gkrs k gS] rks blds lkFk
fØ;k lnSo cgqopu eas iz;ksx gksxh vkSj ;fn means lk/ku ds Hkko eas iz;ksx gkrs k
gS] rks fØ;k ,dopu ;k cgoq pu nksukas esa iz;ksx gks ldrh gSA tSls%
Our means are limited. (Jksr@income)
All possible means have been used. (lk/ku)
What means are used by the people to travel in the city? (lk/ku)
What means is used by you to come here daily? (lk/ku)
Rule no 33: ;fn dksbZ singular subject fdlh vU; Noun ls with,
together with, in addition to, besides, like bR;kfn connectives ls tqMk+
gks] rks fØ;k blls igys vk;s gq, “kCn ds vulq kj Á;qDr gksrh gSA tlS s%
The manager, together with his employees were present. incorrect
The manager, together with his employees was present. correct
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in the
brackets:
1. Hamid as well as I…ready to go. (am, is)
2. The great poet and the novelist… dead (is, are)
3. Each of the boys…got a prize. (have, has)
4. Gold as well as silver…a costly metal. (is, are)
5. Punishment or awards…before me. (was, were)
6. No news…a good news (is, are).
7. The jury…divided on this matter. (was, were)
8. Two thousand dollars…not a big amount. (is, are)
9. The captain with his team …in the field. (was, were)
Exercise 2: Correct the following sentences:
1. Virat and Dhoni is great Cricket players.
2. You, Raul and I am going shopping.
3. By the death of Gandhiji, a great philosopher and patriot
were lost.
4. Either Ravi or David have stolen my mobile.
5. The cost of essential commodities have risen.
6. The Himalayas lies to the north of India.
7. Neither Rekha nor Rashmi were present there.
8. One of the the questions were difficult in the exam.
391
¼drZ`okP; vkSj deZokP;½
Voice nks izdkj ds gkrs s gSaA
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
Active Voice: tc fØ;k }kjk drkZ ij cy fn;k tkrk gS] rks fØ;k active
voice eas gksrh gSA
1. Mohan plays cricket.
2. She will write a letter.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;kas esa play RkFkk write fØ;k,a active voice eas gSa D;kasfd bu
dk;kasZ dks djus okyk drkZ gS vFkkrZ ~ ;gka ij fØ;k }kjk drkZ ij cy fn;k x;k gSA
Passive Voice: tc fØ;k }kjk deZ ij cy fn;k tkrk gS] rks fØ;k passive
voice eas gksrh gSA
;fn doer of the action vFkkrZ subject dks vf/kd egRo nsuk gks] rks active
voice dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;fn receiver of the action vFkkrZ
object dks vf/kd egRo nsuk gks] rks passive voice dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Note: okD; active voice eas gksxk ;k passive voice ea]s bldk fu/kkZj.k bl
ckr ij fuHkjZ djrk gS fd doer of the action vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS ;k receiver
of the action vFkkZr bu nksukas esa ls dkSu fLFkfr dks vf/kd Li’V djrk gSA
3. Cricket is played by Mohan. 4. A letter will be written by her.
okD; u0 3 rFkk 4 ls irk pyrk gS fd fØ;k }kjk deZ ij cy fn;k x;k gSA
Note: ;kn jf[k, fd ftu okD;ksa esa ldeZd fØ;k (transitive verb) dk iz;ksx
gkrs k gS mUgha okD;ksa dks passive voice esa cnyk tk ldrk gS rFkk ftu okD;kas esa
vdeZd fØ;k (intransitive verb) dk iz;ksx gksrk gS mu okD;ksa dks passive
voice eas ugha cnyk tk ldrk gSA
Active ls Passive Ekas cnyus ds eq[; fu;e%
1. subject dks object rFkk object dks subject eas cny nrs s gaSA
2. passive voice ds okD; dh fØ;k dks third form esa j[krs gSaA
3. Uk;s object ls igys by yxkrs gaSA
4. tense ds vuqlkj helping verb dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Pronoun dks uhps fn;s x;s fu;e ds vuqlkj cny nrs s gSAa
Subject (in active voice) Object (in passive voice)
I me
we us
you you
they them
he him
she her
it it
who by + whom
392
Present Indefinite Tense
Active voice: Sub+VI+obj
Passive voice: Obj+is, am, are+VIII +by+sub
He writes a letter. A letter is written by him.
Do you know Anuradha? Is Anuradha known to you?
Does Mohan help you? Are you helped by Mohan?
What do you eat? What is eaten by you?
Who teaches you English? By whom are you taught English?
eq[; ckrsa% present indefinite tense dks active ls passive esa cnyrs le;
subject ds vuqlkj is, am rFkk are ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh third form dk
iz;ksx djrs gaSA
Past Indefinite Tense
Active voice: Sub+VII+obj
Passive voice: Obj+was, were+VIII +by+sub
We played cricket. Cricket was played by us.
She sent me a present. I was sent a present by her.
We made him captain. He was made captain by us.
Did he punish his child? Was his child punished by him?
The boys called him a hero. Her was called a hero by the boys.
The government sanctioned a lot of money for the help of the poor.
A lot of money for the help of the poor was sanctioned by the
government.
eq[; ckrsa% past indefinite tense dks active ls passive eas cnyrs le; subject
ds vulq kj was rFkk were ds lkFk e[q ; fØ;k dh third form dk iz;ksx djrs gaSA
Future Indefinite Tense
Active voice: Sub+will, shall (not)+VI+obj
Passive voice: Obj+will, shall (not)+be+VIII+by+ sub
He will call me. I shall be called by him.
Everybody will blame us. We will be blamed by everybody.
Will he teach you? Will you be taught by him?
Who will support you? By whom will you be supported?
eq[; ckrsa% future indefinite tense dks active ls passive eas cnyrs le;
subject ds vuqlkj will be rFkk shall be ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh third form
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
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