Timelines of History_ The Ultimate Visual Guide To The Events That Shaped The World

flight continued France continued Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 263, Gaul continued Germany continued
flights across Atlantic 357, 357, League of Augsburg and 228 340 Franks invade 92 , 93, 100 Young Plan 369
373 literature 226 “Gallic Empire” 89 see also East Germany; Holy
long-distance flights 370 Maginot Line 371 Franz Josef I, Emperor of Austria revolt against Romans Senones Roman Empire; Prussia; West
turbojet engines 383 Matignon agreements 380 347 71 Germany
Wright brothers 331, 331 and Mexico 309, 312 Roman conquest of 68
Napoleonic Code 285, 285 Frederick I, King of Prussia 235 Geronimo 318
Florence 150 Napoleonic Wars 285–8, 285–8 Frederick II, Emperor 141, 142 Gautama Siddharta see Buddha Geta, Emperor 86
banking crisis 152 Nine Years’ War 229, 229, 232, 234 Frederick II the Great, King of Gaveston, Piers 151 Gettysburg, Battle of (1863) 309
Bonfire of the Vanities 176 North African colonies 320, 337 Gaza Strip 415, 445, 450 Ghana 128, 416
Guelph–Ghibelline conflict 148–9, North American explorers 248 Prussia 248, 258, 266, 272 Gbagbo, Laurence 464
150 North American settlements becomes King 248 Gdansk shipyard strike 437 see also Gold Coast
Medici family 161, 176 186, 186, 192, 202, 227, 227 death 272 Gehry, Frank 454 Ghassanid Arabs 105
Renaissance 151, 151, 160, 174, overseas territories 422 Seven Years’ War 258, 259, 259 Gelimer 102 Ghent 186
177, 204, 204 protest movement 426–7, 427 War of the Austrian Succession Gelon 51 Ghibellines 131, 131, 132, 148–9, 150
rearmament 380 General Motors 463 Ghiberti, Lorenzo 166, 166
Flores 16, 17 Reign of Terror 278, 279 248–9 genetics 415, 428–9, 457 Ghilzai people 248
Florida 192, 193, 200, 271 Resistance 398, 398 Frederick III, Emperor 163, 167 Geneva Convention, Fourth (1949) Ghiyas-ud-Din, Emir 137
Foch, Ferdinand 352, 353 revolution of 1848 302–3 Frederick V, Elector Palatine 209 Ghurids 137
Ford, Henry 332, 333, 337 Second Republic 303 Frederick Augustus III, King of 410 Gia Long, Emperor of Vietnam
Formosa see Taiwan September Massacres 278 Genghis Khan 140, 140, 141, 142, 153
Fornovo, Battle of (1495) 176 Seven Years’ War 257–61, 258, 260 Poland 246 Gengshi, Emperor of China 76 284, 284
Fort Caroline, Florida 192 Seventh Crusade 143 Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor Genoa 125, 149, 149, 156, 160 Gibbon, Edward 269
Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania 259 sinks Rainbow Warrior 444, 444 Geoffrey of Anjou 132 Gibraltar
Fort Jesus, Mombasa 200, 200 St. Bartholomew’s Day 131, 136, 137, 138, 139 Geoffrey of Monmouth 132, 132
Fort Matanzas, Florida 192 Massacre 194–5, 194 Frederick of Swabia 132 George I, King of England 241 ceded to Britain 236
Fort Moultri, Charleston 308 Stavisky affair 378 Frederick William I, Elector of George II, King of England 246, 260 IRA members shot in 445
Fort Rosalie, Mississippi 245, 245 Suez Crisis 416, 416, 422 George III, King of England 260, Spain besieges 244
Fort St. David, India 252 Tennis Court Oath 276, 276 Brandenburg 225, 228 sovereignty dispute 441
Fort Sumter, Charleston 308, 308, Third Republic 314, 378 Frederick William I, King of 260, 267 Gibraltar, Strait of 152, 152
Thirty Years’ War 212, 218, 221 George V, King of England 336, Giffard, Henri 364, 364
310, 311 Tour de France 331 Prussia 246, 246, 248 Giffords, Gabrielle 465
Fort William, Calcutta 232, 232 Triple Alliance 241, 321 Frederick William II, King of 337, 363 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 196
Fossett, Steve 458 Vichy government 391 George VI, King of England 381, Gilbert, William 298
France Vikings in 121 Prussia 278 Gilgamesh 31, 31
war between Burgundians and Frederick William III, King of 382, 382, 402, 414 Giotto di Bondone 151
18 Brumaire Coup 281 Armagnacs 158 Georgia (Russia) 195, 294, 462 Glenn, John 412
abolition of slave trade 273 War of Devolution 223, 223, 224 Prussia 286 Georgia (US) 246 global economy 466–7
Académie Française 213 War of the Austrian Succession French and Indian War (1754–63) Germanicus 76 global warming 460, 463
African colonies 326, 326, 327 252, 253, 258 Germany Kyoto Protocol 454, 461
Albigensian Crusade 140–41, 142 War of the First Coalition 278, 257 Glorious Revolution (1688) 229, 229
and Algeria 419, 419, 420 280, 281 French Revolution (1789–99) 276–9, African colonies 321, 326, 331 Glycerius, Emperor 100
and Algiers 295, 302 War of the Quadruple Alliance annexes Austria 384–5 Goa 178
alliance with Ottoman Empire 181 242, 242 276, 278, 279 Anti-Comintern Pact 381 Gobind Singh, Guru 225, 236–7, 236
alliance with Scotland 149 War of the Spanish Succession Friedan, Betty 420 appeasement of 384–5 Godaigo, Emperor of Japan 157
Amoco Cadiz oil slick 435 235, 236, 237, 240, 240, 241 Friedland, Battle of (1807) 286 banking crisis 372 Godoy, Manuel de 273
architecture 226, 226 war with Holy Roman Empire 278 Fujiwara clan 109, 118, 138 Bauhaus 363, 363 Golan Heights 433
assassination of Henry IV 206 war with the Second Coalition 285 Fulani Empire 285 Berlin Olympics 381, 381 Gold Coast 171, 315, 330
becomes nation-state 131 Wars of Religion 192, 192, 194–5, Fulbe Revolution 245 concentration camps 376, 396, 404 Golden Horde 142, 146, 157, 159
Burgundy 170, 170 194, 197, 200, 201, 211, 228 Fulton, Robert 272, 274 Dawes Plan 363, 369 Gomes, Fernão 169, 169
Canal du Midi 227 wars with Spain 201, 273 Fundamental Laws (Russia, 1905) “Degenerate Art” exhibition 382 Gondar 213, 213
Capetian dynasty 142 wines 224 democratic government Gorbachev, Mikhail 441, 443, 444,
Cardinal Richelieu and 210 World War I 340–42, 346, 348, 334
Carnatic Wars 257 349, 353 Funj Sultanate, Sennar 177 collapses 371 445, 447, 448
centralization of royal authority World War II 386–7, 390–91, 390, fur trade 224 economy 467 Gordian I, Emperor 88
391, 397, 398 end of Empire 422 Gordian III, Emperor 88, 88, 89
168 see also Franks; Gaul G in EU 453 Gordon, Charles George 315, 315
Cochinchina Campaign 307 Hindenburg airship disaster 383, Gore, Al 456
Code Noir 243 Francia al-Gaddafi, Mu’ammar 431, 464 Gorée Island 208, 208
colonization of Cambodia 334 East 119, 124 Gagarin, Yuri 365, 412, 412, 419, 419 383 Gothic literature 289
colonization of Canada 237 West 119 Gaiseric, King of the Vandals 98 Hitler’s rise to power 376, 376 Goths 88–9, 90, 94–5
communism 380 Gaixia, Battle of (202 BCE) 63 hyperinflation 362, 362 Goya, Francisco 286
Day of Dupes 211 Francis, Duke of Anjou 196, 196 Galápagos Islands 296 invasion of Poland 386, 386, 387, Gracchus, Gaius 68
disputes with papacy 150 Francis I, Emperor 259 Galba, Emperor 78 Gracchus, Tiberius 68
Dreyfus Affair 331 Francis II, Emperor 286 Galerius, Emperor 90, 91 388 Graf Spee 387
Dual Control of Egypt 321 Francis of Assisi, St. 142, 142 Galileo 206, 212, 212 Kristallnacht 385, 385 Gran Colombia 292, 295
Egyptian campaign 281, 281 Francis Xavier, St. 186 Gallic Wars (58– 51 BCE) 71 Locarno Pact 366 Granada 143, 152, 152–3, 175
Encyclopédie 256 Franciscan order 141, 142 Gallienus, Emperor 89 Munich agreement 385, 386 Grand Alliance 228, 229, 232, 233,
Estates-General 207 Franco, General Francisco 380, Gallipoli 152, 343, 343, 344 Munich Putsch 362, 363
explorers 172, 173 Gallipoli, Battle of (1416) 160 Night of the Long Knives 378 234
famines 233 381, 386, 434 Gallus 92 Nuremberg Laws 379 Grant, Ulysses S. 309
Fashoda Incident 329 François I, King of France 181 Gama, Vasco da 174, 176–7, 180 occupies Prague 386 Gratian, Emperor 94, 95
Fifth Republic 417 Frank, Anne 407 Gambia 424 occupies Rhineland 380, 380 Gravelotte, Battle of (1870) 314
Franco-Dutch War 224 Franklin, Benjamin 256, 298 Gandhi, Indira 425, 432, 440 Peasants’ War 181 Gravettian culture 17
Franco–Hova War 321 Franklin, Rosalind 428 Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma) 370 rearmament 380 Great Exhibition, London (1851)
Franco–Prussian War 314 Franks Reichstag fire 376, 376
French Academy of Sciences 223 assassination 408, 408 reunification of East and West 304, 304
French Revolution 276–9, 276, and Arab incursions 113 civil disobedience campaign 360, Great Kanto earthquake (1923)
campaigns against Visigoths 102 Germany 448
278, 279 Carolingian Empire 114–17, 119, 360, 370, 373 revolutions of 1848 303 362–3
Fronde uprising 218, 218 Indian independence 408 rise of Nazis 371, 371 Great Northern Exploration 246
“Hundred Days” 288, 344 121, 124 Quit India Movement 396–7 Spartacists 356 Great Northern War (1410) 158–9
and Haiti 279, 284, 285 conversion to Christianity 101, 102 reconciliation campaign with Sudetenland crisis 385 Great Northern War (1700–21) 237,
Hundred Years’ War 151–3, 159, Donation of Pepin 114, 400–401, telegraph 302
Muslims 406 Thirty Years’ War 210–14, 218 243
160–62, 166 401 Gandhi, Rajiv 449 Three Emperors’ League 315 Great War (World War I, 1914–18)
in EU 453 Merovingian dynasty 102, 104 Ganja, Battle of (1826) 294 unification 314, 314
Indochina Wars 406, 414, 415, 415 wars with Romans 89, 90, 92, 93, Gaozong 132 war reparations 356, 358, 358, 340–53, 344–5, 354–5
Italian Wars 176, 177, 179, 188, 189 Gaozu, Emperor of China 63, 66, 66 Great Western 297, 297
July Revolution 294, 295 100 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 308 362, 363, 369 Great Zimbabwe 130, 130, 163, 163,
Knights Templar arrested 150 see also Crusader kingdoms Garland, Judy 387 Weimar Republic 358
Garrett, Pat 320, 320 World War I 340–43, 340, 342, 166
Gates, Bill 434 Greece
Gaudi, Antoni 336 346–9, 352–6, 352, 356
Gaugamela, Battle of (331 BCE) 58 World War II 386–405, 390, 392–3, Alexander the Great and 58–9
Gaul alphabet 28, 28
401
decline of Roman Empire 99
Frankish kingdom 101

499

Greece continued Haiti Heraclius, Emperor 108 Holy Roman Empire continued I
arts and crafts 48–9 earthquake 463 Hercules 86 sack of Rome 184, 184
city-states 41, 44, 45, 46 republic declared 285 Hereford 150, 150 Thirty Years’ War 208, 209 Iazyges tribe 83
civil war 407 slave rebellion 277, 277, 279, 284 Herero people 331 under Charles V 180, 181, 181, Ibelin, Battle of (1123) 131
colonies 45 takes over Santo Domingo 292 Hermopolis 56 184–6 Ibn Battuta 151, 151
Dark Age 36 US invades 451 Hero of Alexandria 274, 275 Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia
in EU 452, 453 Voodoo 277 Herod I, tetrarch of Galilee 72, 73, Homer 34, 41
financial crisis 463, 465 war with France 279, 284, 285 hominins 12–13 330, 330
First Balkan War 337 79 Homo erectus 12, 13, 13, 16 Ibn Yasin 128
Indo–Greek kingdoms 66, 68 Halfpenny Hatch 265 Herodotus 50, 51 Homo ergaster 12, 13, 13 Ice Age 17, 17
Minoan civilization 24, 27, 30, 30, Halicarnassus, Mausoleum of 57 Herschel, William 183, 183 Homo floresiensis 12, 17 Iceland
35 Halifax, Nova Scotia 253 Herzegovina 167, 449 Homo georgicus 12
money 64, 64, 65 Halil, Patrona 245 Hess, Rudolf 392 Homo habilis 12, 13 outdoor assembly 121, 121
Mycenaeans 34–5, 36, 36 Halland 237 Heydrich, Reinhard 396 Homo heidelbergensis 13, 13 Vikings settle in 118–19, 118
Olympic Games 328, 328 Halley, Edmond 236 Hezbollah 439 Homo neanderthalensis 13, 13, volcano erupts 463, 463
Peloponnesian Wars 51, 52–3 Halley’s Comet 236, 236 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel 287, 287 Iceni 78
in Roman Empire 66, 67, 74 Hallstatt culture 40, 40 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi 196, 196, 197, 16–17, 16, 17 Ieyasu, Tokugawa 202, 202
Thirty Days’ War 329, 329 Hamaguchi, Osachi 371, 371 Homo rudolfensis 12, 13 Ife 128, 128
war of independence 292, 293, Hamas 463 200, 201, 213 Homo sapiens 13, 14, 15, 16–17 Ignatius of Loyola 185, 185
293, 294 Hamburg 143, 143, 399 Hieron 51 Honduras 242, 242, 297 Igor I, Prince of Kiev 120–21, 120
war with Turkey 360–61, 361 Hamilcar Barca 61, 62 Hillary, Edmund 414, 415 Honecker, Erich 446–7 Il-Khanate 146, 147
wars with Persia 50–51, 51 Hammurabi, King of Babylon 31, Himiko, Queen of Japan 89 Hong Kong 300, 300, 440, 454 Ile-de-France 247
World War II 392 Hinckley, John 438 Hong Xiuquan 304 Illipa, Battle of (206BCE) 63
31, 34, 65 Hindenburg, Paul von 341, 347, Hongwu, Emperor of China 153 Imad el-Din Zengi 133
“Greek fire” 110, 112 Handel, George Frideric 241 Honorius, Pope 132 imperialism 323, 324–5, 422–3
Green Line 410 Hann 57 373, 376 Hooke, Robert 222, 222, 428, 428 Inca Empire 169
Greenland 125, 126 Hannibal 62–3, 62, 63 Hindenburg airship 383, 383 Hoover, Herbert 359, 368–9, 369, arts and crafts 144–5
Greenpeace 432, 444, 444 Hanover 258 Hindenburg line 344 expansion of 169
Gregorian calendar 256 Hanseatic League 143, 143 Hinduism 371, 373 Machu Picchu 162, 162
Gregory I, Pope 105 Harald Bluetooth, King of Hoover, J. Edgar 378 Spanish conquest 184, 184, 194,
Gregory VII, Pope 128 Cholas 126, 126–7 “Hoovervilles” 373
Gregory IX, Pope 142, 142 Denmark 124 conflict with Muslims in India Hopewell culture 70, 70 194
Gregory XI, Pope 156 Harappa 25, 26 Horace 73 India
Gregory XIII, Pope 196 Hargreaves, James 264, 264 406, 407 Horthy, Admiral Miklós 357
Grenada 439 Harihara I 151 in India 224 Hou Zhu, Emperor of China 105 Afghan–Maratha War 259, 260
Grey, Charles 295 Hariri, Rafik 460 hippies 431 Hounsfield, Godfrey 283 All India Muslim League 334
Griffith, D. W. 343 Harold II, King of England 128 Hippocrates 282, 428 Houston, General Samuel 296 Amritsar massacre 357
Grito de Dolores (1810) 287 Haroun al-Rashid, Caliph 115, 115, Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 405 Howard, Luke 261 Anglo–Maratha Wars 268, 285
Grito de Ipiranga (1822) 292 Hiroshima 395, 405 Hsiung-nu tribes 67, 77, 80 assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
El Grito de Yara (1868) 313 116 Hitler, Adolf 362, 368, 373 Huaidi, Emperor of China 91
Grünenthal 431 Harper’s Ferry 307, 307 annexes Austria 384–5 Huan Gong 44 449
Guadalajara, Battle of (1860) 307 Harrison, John 238, 238, 239, 239 assassination attempt 400 Huandi, Emperor of China 83 Awadh dynasty 243
Guadalcanal 396 Harry Potter series 461 Battle of Stalingrad 397 Huárez, Benito 312 Bengal famine 399
Guadeloupe 259, 260 Harsha 104 Berlin Olympics 381, 381 Hubble, Edwin 182, 183 Bhopal gas tragedy 440, 440
Guang Wudi, Emperor of China 76–7 Harunobu, Suzuki 191 death 404 Hubble Space Telescope 444–5, Black Hole of Calcutta 258
Guatemala 93, 297 Harvey, William 211 invasion of Poland 386 Britain’s territorial ambitions
Guatemala City 293 Hasdrubal 62 Mein Kampf 363 461
Guelphs 131, 131, 132, 148–9, 150 Hasmonaean kingdom 67, 68, 71, 73 Munich Putsch 362, 363 Hudson, Henry 206, 207 280, 281
Guernica 382, 382–3 Hassan-i Sabbah 129, 129 murder of mental patients 387 Hudson’s Bay Company 224 British Raj 307, 307
Guevara, Ernesto “Che” 425 Hastings, Battle of (1066) 128, 128 Night of the Long Knives 378 Huguenots 210 British trading posts 223
Guiscard, Robert 128 Hatshepsut, Queen of Egypt 34 Nuremberg Laws 379 Buddhism 81
Guiscard, Roger 128 Hattin, Battle of (1187) 139, 139 occupies Prague 386 Edict of Nantes 228 capital moved to Delhi 336–7
Guizot, François 302–3 Hattusas 34, 36 occupies Rhineland 380 siege of La Rochelle 211 Carnatic Wars 257, 257
Gujarat earthquake (2001) 457 Hattusilis III, King of the Hittites 36 rise of Nazi Party 371 St. Bartholomew’s Day caste system 37
Gulf Stream 179 Hauksbee, Francis 298 rise to power 376, 376 Cholas 117
Gulf War, First (1991) 449 Havana 260, 261, 329 Sudetenland crisis 385 Massacre 194, 194 civil disobedience 360, 370, 373
Gundobad 100 Havel, Václav 446 World War II 391, 392, 401 Wars of Religion 192, 192, 194–5, conflict between Muslims and
gunpowder 151 Hawaii 269, 287, 329, 329 Hittites 34, 34, 35, 36
Gustavus III, King of Sweden 266, Hawking, Stephen 445 HIV (virus) 438, 444 201, 228 Hindus 406, 407
Heligoland 326 Ho Chi Minh 406, 418 Huidi, Emperor of China 91 Delhi durbar 336
266, 273 Helsingborg, Battle of (1710) 237 Ho Chi Minh City 434 Hulagu Khan 146 Delhi sultanate 139, 158, 166
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Helvetii tribe 70 Ho Hau-wah, Edmond 455 Human Genome Project 428, 429, East India Company in 232, 232
Henotikon (482) 102 Hoare, Samuel 379 economy 467
Sweden 211, 212, 214 Henry I, King of England 131, 132 Hobbes, Thomas 219 457 Gujarat earthquake 457
Gutenberg, Johannes 154, 154–5, Henry I the Fowler, King of Hogarth, William 246, 246, 256, Human Rights, Universal Gupta Empire 92, 92, 95, 95, 104
Gurjara-Prathihara dynasty
167, 167 Germany 121, 124 256 Declaration of (1948) 409
Guthrum, King of Denmark 118, 119 Henry II, King of England 65, 137, Hohenfriedeberg, Battle of (1745) humanism 152, 246 116
Guy of Lusignan, King of Hundred Years’ War (1338–1453) independence 407, 408, 411, 411,
139 252, 252
Jerusalem 139 Henry II, King of France 189, 189 Hohokam people 112 151–3, 159, 160–62, 166 422
Guzman, Domingo de 141 Henry III, King of England 141, 147, Holbein, Hans the Younger 205 Hungary India Acts 271, 271, 382
Gyges, King of Lydia 44 Holland 194 Indian National Congress 372–3
150 communism 357 Indira Gandhi assassinated 440
H Henry IV, Emperor 128, 128, 130 see also Dutch Republic; end of communism 446, 447 Indo-Greek kingdoms 66, 68
Henry IV, King of England 159 Netherlands in EU 453 invades West Pakistan 424, 425
Habsburg Empire see Austria; Henry IV, King of France 197, 200, Joseph II’s reforms 273 and Kashmir 416
Holy Roman Empire Hollywood 343, 369, 384, 387 Magyars 119 Khalji dynasty 149
201, 206, 206, 226, 228 Holocaust 396 Ottomans driven out of 228 kingdom of Magadha 46–7, 50
Habyarimana, Juvenal 450 Henry V, Emperor 130, 131 Holstein 309 Revolution 416 Kushan Empire 68, 77, 78, 80, 81,
Hadrian, Emperor 81, 81, 82 Henry V, King of England 159, 160 Holy Land 139, 147, 149 revolutions of 1848 303
Hadrian’s Wall 81, 81, 82 Henry VI, King of England 160, 162, Holy League 176, 179, 184 under Matthias Corvinus 167 81, 87
Hadron Collider 462, 462 Holy Roman Empire Huns 94, 99, 100 last native empire 108
Haidar Ali Khan 270 163, 167, 167, 174 hunter-gatherers 18 Maratha Empire 225, 242, 242,
Haig, General Douglas 346, 347, 349 Henry VII, King of England 167, 174 Burgundy and 170 Huo family 70
Haile Selassie, Emperor of Henry VIII, King of England 185, 188 Carolingian Empire 115–17, 119, Hurrians 34 244, 247, 249, 259, 260, 268
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony Hurricane Katrina (2005) 460, 461 Mauryan Empire 59, 60, 68
Ethiopia 378, 379, 380, 420, 121, 124 Hus, Jan 159 Mongol invasions 158
433, 433 132–3 end of 286 Hussein, King of Jordan 450 Mughal Empire 181, 181, 198–9,
Henry the Navigator, Prince 159, expansion of 132–3 Hussein, Saddam 448–9, 455, 459,
Golden Bull 153, 153 200, 211, 220–21, 224, 225,
161, 161, 163, 169 Guelph and Ghibelline dispute 459, 460 234, 236–7, 242, 325
Henry the Proud 132 Hussites 159, 161 Mughals 149, 184, 188, 189, 193
Henry, Joseph 299, 299 131, 132 Hyder Ali 260, 260 Muslims in 151
Hephthalite Huns 100 invades Italy 136, 137 Hyderabad 249 Mysore Wars 270, 281
religious tolerance 188 Hyksos 34

500

India continued Iraq Islam continued Jamaica Jérôme, St. 95
Nanda Empire 57, 59 Abu Ghraib prison 460 spread of 108–9 Eyre attacks black community Jerusalem
nationalism 360, 372–3 First Gulf War 449 terrorism 458 312
nationalist movement 322, 334 invasion of Kuwait 448, 448 the Hidden Imam 119 independence 420 Babylonians capture 46
nuclear weapons 455 Iran–Iraq War 437, 437, 438–9, Wahhabi sect 286, 289 maroons 280, 280 Bar Kochba revolt 81
and Pakistan civil war 432 441, 445 Port Royal earthquake 232, 232 Christians expelled from 143
Pandyas 148 Israel destroys nuclear plant Isle of Wight Festival 431 slave rebellion 260 Crusader state 129, 138
Parsees 112 438 Ismail I, Shah 177, 177 Dome of the Rock 111, 111
partition of 407, 407 Kurdish rebels 434 Isonzon River offensives 345 James I, King of England 202, 203, Hasmonaean kingdom 67, 68
Persia attacks 248, 253 military coup 417 Israel 206–7, 208 King David establishes 40
Portuguese colony 178 UN weapons inspection 454, 455 Knights Templar 131
Quit India Movement 396–7 US occupies 459, 460 Arab–Israeli wars 408, 410, 416 James II, King of England 221, Maccabean revolt 67
Saka kingdom 68, 69 creation of 408 226, 228, 229, 232, 241 Romans capture 70
Salt March 370 Ireland destroys Iraqi nuclear plant Saladin conquers 139
Sangama dynasty 151 1798 rebellion 281, 281, 284 Jamestown 203, 203, 207, 208, 209 Sixth Crusade 142
Satavahana dynasty 68 Act of Union 284 438 Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland Temple destroyed 79
Sepoy Rebellion 306 becomes republic 410 intifada 445 World War I 349
Seven Years’ War 258–60, 260 Catholic Relief Act 294 invades Gaza 463 225, 228 Jesuits 185, 186
Shishunaga dynasty 53 civil war 360 invades Lebanon 435, 439, 439, Japan and colonization of Brazil 188
Sikh Wars 303 conversion to Christianity 104 banned from Massachusetts Bay
Simla Agreement 432 Easter Rising 346, 346 440, 456 47 ronin uprising 235, 235
Sunga dynasty 66 emigration 301 Kingdom of 40 annexes Korea 336 Colony 215
Taj Mahal 219, 219 famines 249, 301, 301 Palestinian terrorism 432 Anti-Comintern Pact 381 expelled from Portugal 259
terrorist attacks 450, 458, 461, financial crisis 463, 465 peace process 434, 435, 448, antiforeigner acts 309 expelled from Spain 265, 265
462 Home Rule 358, 359 assassination of prime minister in China 232, 241
Tughluk dynasty 151 independence 271 450, 460 New World settlements 265, 265
under Kharavela 71 Irish Free State 359, 382 raids Gaza Strip 415 371, 371 purged in Japan 197
war with China 420 James II in 229, 232 Six-Day War 425, 425 Asuka Enlightenment 104 Jesus Christ 77, 77, 82, 112
war with Pakistan 407 joins EEC 433, 452 Suez Crisis 416 Christianity banned in 197, 201 Jews
partition of 359, 359 Yom Kippur War 433 civil war 157 anti-Semitism in Soviet Union
Indian National Army 397 Protestant settlements 207, 207 Issus, Battle of (194) 86 control of daimyo 213
Indian National Congress 322, Protestant supremacy 232 Istanbul 459 earthquake and tsunami 464, 465 414
rejects Lisbon Treaty 462 see also Constantinople Edo period 190–91 Babylonian exile 46
360 under de Valera 373 Italy end of Empire 422 Balfour Declaration 349
Indian Ocean Vikings defeated by Brian Boru after end of Roman Empire 101 first emperor 44 British Union of Fascists and 381
126 Aldo Moro kidnapped 435 first novel 126 Dreyfus Affair 331
trade 96 and World War II 387 annexes Albania 386 Fujiwara regency 118, 138 and Hitler’s rise to power 376,
tsunami (2004) 460, 460 see also Northern Ireland Berlusconi crisis 465 Gempei Wars 138, 138
Indiana 247 Charlemagne and 114 Great Fire of Meireki 220 376
Indochina Wars 406, 414, 415, 415 Irene, Empress 115 city-states 131, 148–9, 161, 163, Great Kanto earthquake 362–3, Holocaust 392, 396, 402
Indonesia Irish National Liberation Army Khazars 118
attempted coup 424 167 363 Kindertransport 386
first humans 16, 17 (INLA) 436 colonies 321 Hiroshima 405 Kristallnacht 385, 385
independence 410 Irish Republican Army (IRA) Donation of Pepin 114 independence 414 migration to Palestine 360, 406,
martial law 416 end of Empire 422 isolationism 212, 302
Indus Valley civilization 25, 26, 26, assassinates Lord Mountbatten Etruscans 41, 44, 45, 53, 53 Jomon culture 37, 37 406
436 in EU 453 Kobe earthquake 451 Nuremberg Laws 379
31, 32 Fascism 361, 361, 363 Kyoho famine 246, 246 Palestine homeland proposal
Industrial Revolution bombs hotel in Brighton 440 Frederick Barbarossa invades Meiji Restoration 313, 313
bombs mainland Britain 433, Middle Yayoi period 66, 66 385
metalworking 55 136, 138 Minamoto shogunate 138, 139 Portuguese Inquisition 185, 185
steam power 274–5 439, 454 independence from Holy Roman Mongols try to invade 148, 148 Romans outlaw Judaism 81
textile industry 266 ceasefire 450–51 Mukden incident 372 Russian pogroms 320
Innocent II, Pope 132 disarms 457, 461 Empire 137 Muromachi period 163 Warsaw ghetto 387
Innocent IV, Pope 140, 141 internment 432 independence movement 308 Noh drama 156, 156 see also Israel
Inquisition members shot in Gibraltar 445 invasion of Abyssinia 328, 328, occupation of Manchuria 372, Jimmu Tenno 44
Papal Inquisition 141, 142, 212 occupies Dublin court building Jin Wen Gong 44
Portuguese Inquisition 185, 185 379, 380 372, 373 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 406, 407
Spanish Inquisition 171 360 Italian Wars 176, 177, 179, 184, Onin War 168 Joan, Queen of Portugal 171
Insubre tribe 62 Irish Republican Brotherhood 346, Portuguese traders 186, 187, 192 Joan of Arc 160–61, 160
International Brigades 381 188, 189 recession 455, 455 João I, King of Portugal 156
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 346 Lateran Treaty (1929) 369 Russo-Japanese War 331, 331 John, King of England 141
Iron Age 40 Lombard invasions 104 Samurai 139, 168 John, King of France 153
456, 463 Iron Curtain 389, 444, 446 Ostrogoths capture 103 Shintoism 245 John I, King of Castile 156
International Space Station (ISS) Isabella, Queen of Castile 169, 171, Regency of Carnaro 357, 357 Sino-Japanese War 327, 327 John II, King of Portugal 171
Renaissance 152, 160, 174, 204–5 Soga family 104 John V Palaeologus, Emperor 156,
456, 456 175 terrorism in 437 Taika reforms 109
Internet 374, 375, 456 Isabella of France 151 unification 314 Tempo Reforms 297 162
Investiture Controversy 128, 130, Isauria 102 Visigoths invade 98 Tokugawa shogunate 202, 212, John VI, King of Portugal 292
Isfahan 130 World War I 342, 349 John XXIII, anti-pope 159
131 Islam World War II 387, 390, 392, 252, 309, 313 John the Baptist 77
Iona 104, 104, 114 trade opened up 304, 304 John the Fearless, Duke of
Ipsus, Battle of (301 BCE) 59 in Africa 177 398–9, 400 unification of 196, 200
Iquique, Battle of (1879) 319 Almoravids 128 see also Romans war with China 383 Burgundy 158
IRA see Irish Republican Army arts and crafts 134–5 Iuthungi 89 war with Korea 200 John of Gaunt 156
Iran Blue Mosque, Constantinople Ivan III “the Great,” Grand Duke of war with Soviet Union 386 John of Seville 132
Warring States Period 168–9 John Paul II, Pope 438
American hostages 436, 438 208 Moscow 168, 168 weapons 195 John Tzimisces, Emperor 124
Arab Spring 464 conflict between Muslims and Ivan IV “the Terrible,” Czar 188–9, World War II 393–4, 399–401, Johnson, Amy 370, 371
Bam earthquake 459 Johnson, Denis 289
Embassy siege in London 437 Hindus in India 406, 407 189, 193, 203 401, 404, 405, 405 Johnson, Lyndon B. 421, 424, 426
fatwah against Salman Rushdie Crusader wars 129, 129, 130 IVF (in-vitro fertilization) 439 Yamato kingdom 89, 100, 100 Johnson, Samuel 257, 257
fatwah against Salman Rushdie Ivory Coast 464 Yoshino period 157 Jolliet, Louis 225, 227
446 Iwo Jima, Battle of (1945) 404, 404 Jarrow Crusade (1936) 381 Jomon culture 37, 37
Iran–Iraq War 437, 437, 438–9, 446 Jassy 247 Jordan 96, 411, 450, 464
flight to Medina 108 J Java 208 José I, King of Portugal 256
441, 445 in Ghana 128 Jayavarman II 116 Joseph II, Emperor 264, 273
Islamic Revolution 436, 436 in India 151, 224, 334 Jacinto, Battle of (1836) 296 Jayavarman VII 140, 140, 141 Jovian, Emperor 94
nationalizes oil industry 414 Iranian revolution 436, 436 Jackson, Michael 439 Jefferson, Thomas 284, 284, 285, Juan of Austria, Don 194, 195
Pahlavi dynasty 366 Nizari Ismailis 129 Jacobins 279 Juan Carlos, King of Spain 434
possible nuclear weapons 461 Safavid Empire 177 Jacobites 229, 241, 252, 264 292 Juárez, Benito 307, 309
protests against Shah 435 science 116 Jadwiga of Poland 157 Jemaah Islamiyah 458 Juba II, King of Mauretania 72, 73
terrorism in 438 Seljuk empire 127 Jaffa 130, 131 Jemappes, Battle of (1792) 278
US “Irangate” scandal 441 Spanish Reconquista 141, 141, Jagiello of Lithuania, King of Jena, Battle of (1806) 286, 286
see also Persia Jenner, Edward 280, 282
143, 146, 152, 175 Poland 157
split between Sunni and Shi’ite

Muslims 110

501

Judaea Khmer Empire 116, 133, 140, 161 Laennec, René 282 Lhasa 241 Louis XII, King of France 177, 179
Jewish revolts against Rome 78, Khmer Rouge 434, 435, 435, 436, Laetus 86 Li Si 61 Louis XIII, King of France 206, 210,
79, 79 Lagos Bay, Battle of (1759) 259 Li Ssu 62, 63
Maccabean revolt 67 455 Lahore 303 Li Yuan, Emperor of China 108 211, 218
Romans annexe 76, 79 Khoikhoi people 331 Laiazzo, Battle of (1294) 149 Liberia 292, 292 Louis XIV, King of France 221
Khoisan people 240–41, 240 Lancaster, House of 174 Libius Severus, Emperor 100
Judah 46 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 436, Landsteiner, Karl 283 Libya 431, 440, 441, 445 attempts to extend France’s
Judaism Langobardi tribe 83 Licinius, Emperor 91 frontiers 228
436, 437, 446 language, evolution of 13, 16 Ligny, Battle of (1815) 288
Khazars 118 Khorramshahr 437 Laos 415 Lille, siege of (1667) 223 becomes King 218
Romans outlaw 81 Khrushchev, Nikita 416, 416, 418, Lapérouse, Comte de 272 Lincoln, Abraham 307, 307, 308, Canal du Midi 227
see also Jews lasers 418 Code Noir 243
Jugurtha, King of Numidia 68 420, 424 Latin America see Central 309, 309, 311, 312, 312 coronation 219, 219
Julia Domna 86, 86 Khyber Pass 319 Lindbergh, Charles 365, 365, 367, death 241
Julian the Apostate, Emperor 92, Kievan Rus 119, 120–21, 124 America; South America Franco–Dutch War 224
Kim Il Sung 408 Latin Empire 147 367, 373 Nine Years’ War 229, 229
93, 94 Kindertransport 386 Latin League 57, 58 Lindisfarne Gospels 112, 112 revokes Edict of Nantes 228
Julian calendar 196, 256 King, Martin Luther 418, 421, 421, Latvia 392, 453 Lingdi, Emperor of China 83 Versailles 226
Julianus, Didius 86, 86 Laval, Pierre 379 Linnaeus, Carl 247, 247, 249, 257, War of Devolution 223, 223
Julius II, Pope 178, 179, 204 424, 425, 426, 426 Lavalleja, Juan Antonio 294 War of the Spanish Succession
Julius Nepos, Emperor 100 King, Rodney 449 Lawrence, T.E. 346 257
Jupiter 436 King James’ Bible 206–7, 206 Laws of the Twelve Tables Lipany, Battle of (1434) 161 235
Justin I, Emperor 102 Kirina, Battle of (1235) 142 Lippershey, Hans 182, 206 Louis XV, King of France 241, 267,
Justin II, Emperor 104 Kirov, Sergei 378 (Roman) 52 Lisbon earthquake (1755) 257, 257
Justin Martyr 82 Kissinger, Henry 432 League of Nations 406 Lissitzky, El 350, 350 267
Justinian I, Emperor 102–3, 102, 103 Kitchener, Lord 341, 341 Lister, Joseph 283 Louis XVI, King of France 266, 267,
Justinian II, Emperor 111, 112 Kleist, Ewald Georg von 298 creation of 356 literature
Jutes 99, 101 Knights Hospitaller 147, 147 and Italian invasion of Ethiopia 271, 276, 277, 278
Jutland, Battle of (1916) 346 Knights Templar 131, 131, 139, 150, American writers in Paris 366 Louis XVIII, King of France 288, 292
379, 380 antiwar books 369 Louis the German 116, 117
K 150 US does not ratify 358–9 English 157, 226, 226, 302 Louis the Pious, King of the
Knossos 30 Leared, Arthur 282 first Japanese novel 126
Kadyrov, Akhmad 460 Kobe earthquake (1995) 451 Lebanon French 226 Franks 116–17, 116
Kahlenberg, Battle of (1683) 228, Korea British hostages 441, 444, 449 Gothic 289 Louis-Philippe, King of France
civil war 417, 434 Renaissance 152
228 annexed by Japan 336 Israel invades 435, 439, 439, 440, Roman 73 294, 302–3
Kaifeng 132 independence 328 Lithuania Louisbourg, Nova Scotia 258, 259
Kalahari Desert 303 Korean War 411, 411, 415 456 in EU 453 Louisiana 227, 261, 284–5
Kalinga 60, 66, 71 Koryo Empire 157 Syrian troops withdraw from 460 Soviet Union suppresses protest Lowell, Francis Cabot 272
Kalmar, Battle of (1611) 206–7 Koryo kingdom 121 US embassy bombed 439 Luanda 224
Kalmar War (1611–13) 207 Neo-Confucianism 157 US “Irangate” scandal 441 in 448 Lübeck 143
Kamehameha II, King of Hawaii 287 printing 154, 154 Lechfeld, Battle of (955) 124 under Nazi rule 392 Lucius Verus, Emperor 82, 83
Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii 294 Silla kingdom 110, 110, 121 Lee, Robert E. 307, 312 union with Poland 157, 193, 219 Lucknow, siege of (1857) 306, 306
kamikaze attacks 401, 404 Sino–Japanese War 327, 327 Legnano, Battle of (1176) 138 war with Teutonic Knights 168 Lucullus 70
Kandahar 200, 248, 248 war with Japan 200 Lehman Brothers 462 Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876) 318, “Lucy” 12, 12
Kandy 281, 288, 288 Yi dynasty 157 Leibniz, Gottfried 225, 225 Luddites 287, 287
Kangxi Emperor of China 225, 225, see also North Korea; South Leif Ericson 126 326 Ludendorff, Erich 341, 347, 353,
Leipzig, Battle of (1813) 288 Little Ice Age 215, 228, 228, 233
228, 232, 233 Korea Leisler, Jacob 229, 229 Little Turtle, Chief 277 362
Kanishka 81, 87 Koresh, David 450 Lemnos 220, 220 Liu Bei 86, 87 Lule, Yusufu 436
Kant, Immanuel 257, 270 Koryo kingdom 121 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 348, 350, Liujang 14 Lumumba, Patrice 418
Karabakh 288 Kosovo 447, 455, 462 Liu Xiaobo 463 Lunda kingdom 249
Karadzic, Radovan 462 Kosovo, Battle of (1389) 157 352, 358, 359, 361, 363 Live Aid 440, 441 Luoyang 44
Karbala 286 Kostunica, Vojislav 456 Lennon, John 431 Livingstone, David 303, 303, 305, Lusatia 167
Karbala, Battle of (680) 110, 111 Krak des Chevaliers 147, 147 Lenoir, Jean-Joseph-Étienne 332 Lusitania 342–3
Karnak 34, 34 Krakatoa 321 Leo I, Emperor 101 318 Luther, Martin 180, 180, 181, 184
Karnal, Battle of (1739) 248, 248 Krefeld, Battle of (1758) 259 Leo I, Pope 100 Livonia 142, 192 Lutheranism 188, 196, 253
Kartalini-Kakhetia 284 Kristallnacht (1938) 385, 385 Leo III, Emperor 112 Lloyd George, David 356, 356 Lutter, Battle of (1626) 210, 210
Karzai, Hamid 460 Krum, Khan 116 Leo IV, Emperor 115 Locke, John 232, 232 Lutyens, Edwin 337
Kasavubu, Joseph 418 Ku Klux Klan 359, 416 Leo VI, Emperor 119 Lockerbie air crash (1988) 445 Lützen, Battle of (1632) 212, 212
Kashmir 407, 416, 424, 432, 458 Kublai Khan 146, 147, 148 Leon 121, 125 Lodi dynasty 166, 166 Luwum, Dr. Janani 434
Katanga 330, 418 Kujula Kadphises 77, 78 Leonardo da Vinci 176, 177, 204, Lollards 156 Luxembourg 390, 453
Katsuyori, Takeda 195 Kulasekhara I, King of the Lombard League 136, 137, 138 Lyautey, General 337
Kazembe 249 205, 332, 364, 364 Lombards 104 Lydia 44, 45, 64, 64, 65
Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk) 335, Pandyas 148 Leonidas I, King of Sparta 50, 51 Lon Nol, General 431 Lysimachus 59, 60
Kun, Bela 357 Leonov, Alexsei 412, 412 London
358, 360, 361, 362 Kunersdorf, Battle of (1759) 259 Leonowens, Anna 304 M
Kennedy, Edward 426 Kuomintang 368, 406 Leontius, Emperor 111 al-Qaeda bombs 460–61
Kennedy, Jacqueline 418 Kurds 434, 449, 451, 454 Leopold I, Emperor 228, 229 Blitz 391, 391 Macaranda, siege of 58
Kennedy, John F. Kursk, Battle of (1943) 398 Leopold I, King of the Belgians frost fairs 228 Macau 189, 455
Kushan Empire 68, 77, 78, 80, 81, Great Exhibition 304 Maccabee, Judah 67
assassination 421, 421, 424, 426 295, 300 Great Fire 223, 223, 240 McCandless, Bruce 440
Cuban Missile Crisis 420 81, 87 Leopold II, Emperor 273 Great Plague 222–3, 222 McCarthy, John 441, 444, 449
elected as president 418, 418 Kushites 41, 41 Leopold II, King of the Belgians IRA terrorism 439, 450, 454 McCarthy, Senator Joseph 411, 415
Peace Corps 419 Kut-al-Alara 346 Iranian Embassy siege 437 McCarthyism 411
Kennedy, Senator Robert 426 Kuwait 259, 448, 448 322, 335 London Underground 309, 309 McCarty, Maclyn 428, 429
Kenya 414, 414, 421 Kyoto 169 Leopold III, King of the Belgians 390 St. Paul’s Cathedral 240, 240 Macdonald, Ramsay 363, 372
Kenyatta, Jomo 406, 421 Kyoto Protocol (1997) 454, 461 Leopold of Hohenzollern- Stock Exchange 462 Macedonia 57, 60, 337, 456
Kepler, Johannes 182 World War I 342 Macedonian Wars
Kerensky, Alexander 348 L Sigmaringen 314 Londonderry 431, 432, 432
Kew Palm House 301 Lepanto, Battle of (1571) 194, 194 Longinus 102 First (215–205BCE) 63
Khameini, Ali 438, 439, 446 La Condamine, Charles Marie de Lepidus, Marcus 72 longitude 238 Second (200–197BCE) 66
Khanwa, Battle of (1527) 184 247 Lepinski Vir 18 Longshan culture 24, 27, 27 Third (171–170 BCE) 66
Kharavela 71 Leshan Buddha 115, 115 Lorraine 314 McGuinness, Martin 461
Kharkov 398 La Coruña, Battle of (1809) 286 Lespugue Venus 21 Los Angeles police force 449 Machiavelli, Niccolò 179, 248
Khartoum 321 La Cosa, Juan de 205 Lesseps, Ferdinand de 307, 320 Lothair 116–17 Machu Picchu 162, 162–3
Khazar Empire 112, 116, 118 La Hogue, Battle of (1692) 232 Leuctra, Battle of (371 BCE) 56, 56 Lothair II, Emperor 131, 132 Maclean, Donald 414
Khitan Mongols 120 La Rochelle, Battle of (1372) 153 Levant 36 Louis VI, King of France 131 MacLeod, Colin 428, 429
Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648) 219 la Salle, Robert de 227 Levassor, Émile 333 Louis VII, King of France 133 Macmillan, Harold 418
La Tène culture 52 Lewinsky, Monica 455, 455 Louis IX, King of France 143, 147 Macrinus, Emperor 87
La Venta 40 Lewis, Meriwether 285, 285 Louis XI, King of France 168, 168, Madagascar 321
Lade, Battle of (494 BCE) 50 Lexington, Battle of (1775) 268, 268 Madeira 161
Leyden jar 253, 253, 298, 298 170
Leyte Gulf, Battle of (1944) 401

502

Madero, Francisco 336 Mao Zedong continued Maya Mexico continued Mons Graupius, Battle of (87) 79
Madras 92, 252, 253 Long March 379 arts and crafts 144–5 Monte Albán 52, 52, 69, 69 Monte Albán 52, 52, 69, 69
Madrid 286 People’s Republic of China Chichen Itza 119, 119 National Revolutionary Party 368 Monte Cassino 400
Maecenas 73 founded 410, 410 Classic period 93, 113 Obregón government 359 Montenegro 318, 458, 461
Maesa, Julia 88 resistance to Kuomintang 368 decline of 118, 119 Porfirio Díaz’s revolt 318 Montes Claros, Battle of (1665) 223
Magadha 46–7, 50, 53 US restores relations with 432 gods 113 Regeneration movement 336 Montesinos, Antonio de 179
Magdalenian technologies 17 rise of 40 Spanish conquest 184 Montesquieu, Charles de
Magdeburg, siege of (1631) 211, 211 Maoris 148, 202, 202, 300, 301 Tikal 93, 93, 95, 110, 111, 113, 119 Spanish occupiers expelled 226–7
Magellan, Ferdinand 172, 180–81 Mappa Mundi 150, 150 Teotihuacán 70, 71, 82, 82, 86, Secondat, Baron de 256
Maginot Line 371 Maratha Empire 225, 242, 242, Mayflower 209 90, 90, 111, 111, 119 Montfort, Simon de 147
Magna Carta (1215) 141, 141 Mazarin, Cardinal 218, 219, 221 Texas War of Independence 296 Montgolfier, Joseph and Etienne
Magnentius 92 244, 247, 249, 259, 260, 268 Mbeki, Thabo 455 War of Independence 287
Magyars 117, 119, 120, 124, 273 Maratha Wars Mecca 108, 108, 286, 287, 289 War of the Reform 307, 307, 309 271, 271, 364, 364
Mahapadma Nanda 57 Medes 46 war with US 302, 303 Montgomery, General Bernard
Mahayana Buddhism 140 First (1775–82) 268 Medici, Cosimo de 161, 161 see also Aztecs
Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad bin Second (1803–1805) 285 Medici, Lorenzo “the Magnificent” 397, 397, 398, 401
Marathon, Battle of (490 BCE) 51 Miao people 168 Moon
Abd Allah) 321 Marcian, Emperor 101 de 176 Michael III, Emperor 118
Mahmud 126 Marcionism 82 Medici family 204, 205 Michelangelo 177, 177, 178, 178, 204 landings on 412–13, 412–13, 426,
Mahmud Hotaki, Shah of Persia 243 Marcomanni tribe 76, 79, 83 medicine 282–3 microscopes 222, 222 427, 430, 431, 431
Maiden Castle, Dorset 69 Marconi, Guglielmo 328, 328, 381 Microsoft 434
Maiman, Theodore 418 Marcos, Ferdinand 441 artificial heart 414 Middle East see individual countries space probes 418
Maine (France) 168 Marcus Aurelius, Emperor 82, 83, artificial sperm 461 Midway, Battle of (1942) 394, 396, Moors 112, 121, 129, 133, 141, 143
Majorian, Emperor 100 organ transplants 411, 425 Morant Bay 312
Makarios, Archbishop 416, 433 83 penicillin 368 397 Moravia 117, 118, 167
Malacca 178, 214, 214, 280 Marengo, Battle of (1800) 284, 284 plague 82, 83, 152, 156, 222–3, Miescher, Friedrich 428 Morgan, Henry 223, 223, 283
Malan, Dr. D. F. 408 Margaret of Anjou 163 Mikhail, Czar 203, 207 Morgan, Thomas Hunt 428, 429
Malay Archipelago 137 Margaret of Parma 194 222 Mihailovic, Draza 398 Morges Manifesto 419
Malay Peninsula 289, 408 Maria Luisa of Parma 273 polio vaccination 415 Milan 160, 161, 163, 269, 269 Moro, Aldo 435
Malaya 416 Maria Theresa, Empress 248, 249, scurvy 253 Milan, Edict of (313) 91 Morocco
Maldon, Battle of (991) 125 smallpox 280, 282, 437, 437 Milazzo, Battle of (1718) 242
Malenkov, Georgi 414 252, 258, 264, 269 stethoscopes 282 Milosevic, Slobodan 447, 448, 449, Almoravids 128, 129
Mali 326 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France syphilis 176 Arab Spring 464
Mali Empire 151, 158, 171 thalidomide 431 455, 456, 458 as French protectorate 337
Malichos I, King of the Nabataeans 266, 266, 271, 278, 278 vaccines 280 Milton, John 223 Barbary pirates 259, 259
Marie de Medici, Queen of France Medina 108, 286, 289 Milvian Bridge, Battle of (312) 91 independence 416
73 Mediolanum 62 Minamoto clan 138 invasion of Songhay Empire 200
Malik Shah 130 211, 211 megaliths 18–19, 19, 24 Minas Gerais 233 Marinid dynasty 152
Mallard (steam locomotive) 384, Marius, Gaius 68, 69 Megiddo 40 Minden, Battle of (1759) 259 Ottoman influence 195
Marlborough, Duke of 236, 236, Mehmed I, Sultan 160 Mindi, Emperor of China 91 Rif republic 359
384–5 Mehmed II, Sultan 166, 167, 167, Minoan civilization 24, 27, 30, 30, 35 Sa’di dynasty 179
Mallet, Pierre and Paul 248 237 Minorca 237, 258, 271 Spanish colonization 179
Malplaquet, Battle of (1709) 237, Marley, Bob 438 170, 230 Minotaur 30 and Spanish Reconquista 152
Marne 344, 341 Mehmed V, Sultan 335, 335 Minuit, Peter 210, 210 under Spanish rule 380
237 Marquette, Jacques 225, 227 Mehrauli 166 Miró, Joan 366, 366 Morse, Samuel 296–7, 301, 301, 374
Malta 284, 453 Marrakech 133 Meissen porcelain 237, 237 Mirwais Khan Hotak 237, 240 Mortimer, Roger 151
Mamertines 61 Mars Polar Lander 455 Mekong basin empire 116 Mississippi River 225, 225, 227, Moscow 189, 287, 287
Mamluks Marshall, Master William 150 Melisende 133 Mosley, Oswald 378, 378
Marshall Plan 407, 408 Memphis 27 248, 367, 367 Mostar Bridge 450
architecture 147 Marston Moor, Battle of (1644) 215 Menander I, King of Bactria 66, 67 Mississippian culture 136 Moulin, Jean 398
armor 175 Martinique 330 Mendel, Gregor 428 Missolonghi 293, 293 Mound City, Ohio 70
campaigns against Crusader Martyropolis 105 Menelik II, Emperor of Abyssinia Mithridates I, King of Parthia 62, Mount Pelée 330
Marx, Karl 301, 302, 303, 312, 313 Mount St. Helens 437, 437
kingdoms 147, 149 Mary, Queen, consort of George V 328 67 Mountbatten, Lord Louis 407, 436
defeat Mongols 146 Menes, King of Egypt 24 Mithridates II, King of Parthia 69, Mozambique 300, 434
handguns 151 336, 363 Meng Zi 59 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 261, 261
invasion of Sudan 292, 292 Mary, Queen of Scots 197, 197 Mentuhotep, King of Egypt 27, 30 96 Mu’awiya, Caliph 110
Napoleon defeats 281 Mary I, Queen of England 188, 188, Mercator, Gerardus 193, 193 Mithridates IV, King of Parthia 81 Mubarak, Hosni 438, 464
peace treaty with Ottomans 175 Mercedes-Benz cars 322 Mithridates VI, King of Pontus 69, Mugabe, Robert 437, 458, 463
rise to power 143 189 Meroë 93 Mughal Empire 198–9, 234
Manchuria Mary II, Queen of England 229 Mesoamerica 70 Aurangzeb’s reign 220–21, 224,
Chinese occupation of 330 Mary Celeste 315 Mitochondrial Eve 16
Japanese occupation of 372, 372, Masaccio 160–61 arts and crafts 144–5 Mitterand, François 451 236–7
Masada 78, 79 Monte Albán 52, 52, 69, 69 Moche culture 83, 83, 144 decline of 221, 224, 236–7
373 Masai people 270 Olmecs 37, 40, 144 Mohammed V, King of Granada 152 expansion of 200
Liao dynasty 120 Masaryk, Jan 408 Zapotecs 40, 52 Mohenjo-daro 25, 26, 26 foundation of 181, 181
Soviet invasion of 405 Massachusetts Bay Colony 215 see also Aztecs; Maya Moimir I 117 and Maratha expansion 242
Trans-Siberian railroad 331 Massilia 45 Mesopotamia Molière 226 persecution of Hindus 224
Mandalay 322 Massinissa, King of Numidia 63, city-states 24, 25, 26, 27 Moluccas 178–9, 179 Shah Jahan’s reign 211
Mande people 142 early civilizations 19, 28, 32 Mombasa 200, 200, 245, 252 Sikh threat to 225
Mandela, Nelson 446, 455 67 in Ottoman Empire 213 money 64–5 Muhammad, Prophet 108, 113
becomes president of South Masurian Lakes, Battle of the Roman province 81, 86 Mongkut, King of Siam 304, 305, Muhammad III, Sultan of Morocco
World War I 346
Africa 450 (1914) 341 Messalina 77 305 259
imprisonment 420, 424, 424 Mathura 92 Messene 56–7 Mongolia 233 Muhammad of Ghur 137, 137
release from prison 448, 448 Matilda, Empress 132, 132 Messenian helots, revolt of Mongols 141 Muhammad Ali, Pasha 285, 287,
sabotage campaign 419 Matilda of Tuscany 128, 132
Mandela, Winnie 448 Matthias Corvinus, King of (464 BCE) 51 attempted invasion of Japan 148, 289, 292, 296
Manhattan 210, 210 metalworking 54–5 148 Muhammad Tughluk 151
Manhattan Project 405 Hungary 167 Mühlberg, Battle of (1547) 187
Manila 260, 261 Mau Mau rebellion (1952) 414, 414 ironworking 34, 36–7, 40, 54, 55, campaigns against Seljuks 146, Mujahideen (Afghanistan) 436, 446
Mansa Musa 151 Maues, King of the Sakas 68 138 146 Mujahidin (Iran) 438
Mantinea, Battle of (418 BCE) 52 Mauretania 73, 98, 125 Mumbai (Bombay) 223, 450, 461, 462
Manuel I, King of Portugal 176 Maurice, Emperor 104, 105 Mesopotamia 24 conflicts with China 168, 256, 260 mummies 19, 21, 38
Manuel II, King of Portugal 335 Mauritius 233, 288, 288 Prehistoric peoples 19, 19, 21 expansion of empire 142, 143, Munda, Battle of (45BCE) 71
Manupur, Battle of (1748) 253 Mauryan Empire 50, 57, 59, 60, 68 Metaurus River, Battle of (207 BCE) Munich agreement (1938) 385, 386
Mao Zedong 359 Maxen, Battle of (1759) 259 146 Munich Putsch (1923) 362, 363
civil war 406 Maxentius, Emperor 91 63 Genghis Khan’s empire 140, 140, Murad I, Sultan 153, 157, 230
Cultural Revolution 425 Maximian, Emperor 90 Metellus, Quintus Caecilius 68 Murad II, Sultan 160, 160, 162
death 434 Maximilian I, Emperor 170 Mexico 141 Murad IV, Sultan 213
“Great Leap Forward” 417, 417 Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico Marco Polo’s travels 147 Murasaki Shikibu 126, 126
Little Red Book 425 assassination of Obregón 368 Timurid Empire 153, 157, 157, 158 Mursilis 34
309, 312, 312–13 civil war 340, 340, 346 Monophysite Christianity 102 Mus, Publius Decius 60
Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of French involvement in 309, 312 Monroe, James 293, 293
Grito de Dolores 287 Monroe, Marilyn 420, 420
Bavaria 269 independence 292, 292 Mons 237
Maximin Daia 91 Mons, Battle of (1914) 341
Maximinus, Emperor 91
Maximus, Magnus 95

503

Muscovy 168 Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of newspapers 203, 203, 374, 374 North America continued oil
Musharraf, General Pervez 455, (1212) 141, 141 Newton, Isaac 182, 182, 183, 229, Ponce de León discovers Florida Amoco Cadiz oil slick 435
179 Gulf of Mexico oil spill 463, 463
461, 462 navigation 238–9 357 prelude to American Revolution North Sea oil 434
music Nazca culture 57 Ngami, Lake 303 264, 266, 267 politics of 433
Nazis Niagara Falls 226, 226 Pueblo peoples 121, 126, 126,
Baroque 234, 242 Nicaea 129, 140 136 Ojin, King of Japan 100
jazz 363 annex Austria 384–5 Nicaea, Council of (325) 92, 92 Salem witch trials 232, 232 Okinawa Island 404
Muslims see Islam Anti-Comintern Pact 381 Nicaragua Seven Years’ War 257, 258 Oland, Battle of (1564) 192
Musschenbroek, Pieter van 253, Berlin Olympics 381, 381 slave trade 208 Oldowan tools 12, 12, 20
concentration camps 404 free elections 448 South Dakota explored 249 Olduvai Gorge 12, 12
298 “Degenerate Art” exhibition 382 independence 297 Spanish colonies 192, 193, 200, Oleg, Prince 119
Mussolini, Benito 379 exclusion from government 371, Sandinistas 436, 439 241, 265 Olmecs 37, 40, 144
US “Irangate” scandal 441 Spanish explorers 186 Olybrius, Emperor 100
annexes Albania 386 373 William Walker and 305 Tuscarora War 240 Olympia 41
becomes prime minister 361, 361 Kristallnacht 385, 385 Nicephorus, Patriarch of Vikings and 126 Olympic Games
death 404–5 Munich Putsch 362, 363 Yamasee War 241
dictatorship 363 parliamentary seats 368, 371 Constantinople 112 see also American Indians; Athens (2004) 460
dismissed from office 398 rise to power 371, 376, 376 Nicephorus I, Emperor 116 Canada; United States of Beijing (2008) 462
“March on Rome” 361, 362 try to seize power in Austria 378 Nicephorus II, Emperor 124 America Berlin (1936) 381, 381
Munich agreement 385 World War II 396, 396, 402 Nicholas I, Czar 305 London (1948) 408–9
Salo Republic 399 Ndongo 224 Nicholas II, Czar 327, 327, 334, North Korea 408, 415, 456, 461, Munich (1972) 432, 432
World War II 390 Neanderthals 13, 13, 16–17, 16, 17 463 revival of 328, 328
Mustafa III, Sultan 267 Neave, Airey 436 340, 348, 352 Oman 245, 252, 464
Mutapa empire 166 Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Nicholas V, Pope 163 see also Korea Omar Khayyam 130, 130
Mutina, siege of (43BCE) 72 Nicopolis Crusade (1396) 157, 157 North Sea oil 434 Omura Sumidata 193
Mwene Mutapa see Great Babylon 46 Niépce, Joseph-Nicéphore 294 North Vietnam 415, 424, 434 Onin War (1467–78) 168
Nectanebo II, Pharaoh 56, 57 Niger, Pescennius 86 Ono, Yoko 431
Zimbabwe Negroponte 171 Niger River 280, 321 see also Vietnam OPEC 418, 433
My Lai massacre (1968) 426 Nehru, Jawaharlal 424 Nigeria 128, 431, 431, 439, 440 Northern Ireland (Ulster) Opium Wars
Mycenaeans 34–5, 36, 36 Nelson, Horatio 281, 285 Night of the Long Knives (1934) 378 First (1839–42) 297, 297, 300
Mylae, Battle of (260 BCE) 60, 61 Neo-Confucianism 157 Nightingale, Florence 305 “Bloody Sunday” 432, 432 Second (1856–60) 306
Myriocephalum, Battle of (1176) Neolithic 18–19, 250, 282 Nile, Battle of the (1798) 280, 281 direct rule ends 461 Orange Free State 304
Nepal 265, 461 Nile, River 24, 329 emigration 249, 249 Orestes 100–101
138 Nepos, Aulus Platorius 81 Nine Years’ War (1688–97) 229, peace process 448, 450–51, 455 Oretani 62
Mysore 253, 260 Nero, Emperor 77, 78 Protestant paramilitaries 340 Organization of African Unity
Mysore Wars Nerva, Emperor 80 229, 232, 233, 234 remains British 410
Nestorian Christians 109 Nineveh 41 the Troubles 425, 431, 432, 432 (OAU) 420, 458
Second (1780–84) 270 Netherlands Nivelle Offensive (1917) 348 see also Irish Republican Army Organization of American States
Fourth (1799) 281 Nixon, Richard 418, 418, 426, 431, Northwest Passage 269, 285
Anglo–Dutch Wars 219, 222, 223, Northwest Territory (US) 277, 277 (OAS) 408
N 270 432, 433 Norway 126, 390, 422 Organization Armée Secrète (OAS)
Nizari Ismailis 129 Nova Scotia 272, 280
Nabataean kingdom 73, 80 creation of Belgium 295 Nkrumah, Kwame 406, 416 Novgorod 420
Nabopolassar, King of Babylon 46 Dutch Revolt 189, 193–7, 193, 201, Noah’s Ark 137 Cathedral of St. Nicholas 130, Orkney Islands 126
Nader Shah 247, 247, 248, 253, 259 Nobel Peace Prize 424, 435, 443, Orlando, Vittorio 356, 356, 357
Nagabhata II 116 201, 206 130 Orléans 156, 161
Nagasaki 193, 395, 405 East Indies colonies 214 456, 463 Ivan III annexes 168 Orrorin tugenensis 12
Nagashino, Battle of (1575) 195, explorers 172, 173, 208 Nobel Prize for Physics 337 Swedes capture 203 Ørsted, Hans Christian 298
in EU 453 Nobunaga, Oda 192, 192, 195, 196, trade with Hanseatic League 143 Ortega, Daniel and Humberto 436
195 North American settlements 207 Vikings found 119, 120 Orthodox Church 292, 305
Nagy, Imre 416 overseas territories 422 200 Novo Carthago 63 Oscars 369
Nájera, Battle of (1367) 153, 153 slave trade 208, 208 Nootka Sound 279 Nubia 26, 30, 33, 34 Osman I, Emperor 148
Najibullah, Mohammad 446 spice trade 201, 201 Nördlingen, Battle of (1634) 212, nuclear power 299, 414, 441, 441, Osman II, Sultan 209, 209
Namibia 445, 448 War of Devolution 223, 224 Osroes, King of Parthia 81
Namur, siege of (1695) 233, 233 World War II 390, 401 212 465 Ostend 202
Nanchao, Kingdom of 146 see also Dutch Republic Noricum 73 nuclear weapons Ostrogoths 101, 102, 103
Nancy 170 Neuve Chapelle, Battle of (1915) Norman Conquest (1066) 128, 128 Oswald, King of Northumbria 109
Nancy, Battle of (1477) 171 Normandie 379 Cuban Missile Crisis 420, 420 Oswald, Lee Harvey 421
Nanda Empire 57, 59 342 Normandy landings (1944) 400, 400 Hiroshima 405 Otho, Emperor 78
Nanking 99, 300, 383 Neves, Tancredo 440 North, Frederick 281 hydrogen bombs 414 Otlukbeli, Battle of (1473) 170
Napata 45 New Amsterdam 207, 222, 222 North Africa in India and Pakistan 455 Ottawa people 261
Napier, John 207 New Deal 373, 377, 378–9, 384 Manhattan Project 405 Otto I the Great, Emperor 121, 124,
Napoleon I, Emperor 262, 280–81, New Granada 270, 287, 289 Barbary pirates 188 Rainbow Warrior sunk 444, 444
New Guinea 203, 321, 396 French colonies 337 treaties 421, 432, 444, 458 124
280, 284–8, 284 New Mexico 236 Ottomans gain control of 195 Numa Pompilius, King of Rome 44 Otto II, Emperor 125
Napoleon III, Emperor 308, 309, New Model Army 215 Roman campaigns 68, 72 Numidia 68 Otto III, Emperor 125
New Orleans 284–5, 309, 460–61, World War II 397 Nuradin, Emir 136, 137 Otto, Nikolaus August 332
314 see also individual countries Nuremberg Laws (1935) 379 Ottoman Empire 230–31, 325
Napoleonic Code 285, 285 461 North America “Nutcracker man” 12
Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) 262, New York Adena culture 40 Nyasaland Districts Protectorate alliance with France 181
British settlements 196, 203, and Egypt 267, 284, 287
285–8, 285–8 9/11 bombings 456, 457, 461 326 Arab revolt 346
Narmer, King of Egypt 24, 24 Brooklyn Bridge 321 203, 207, 209 Austro–Turkish War 222, 248
Narseh, King of Persia 90, 90 Empire State Building 372, 372 Cabot reaches Newfoundland O Balkan Wars 318
Narses 103 Freedom Tower 461 besieges Constantinople 160, 162
NASA 417, 455 jazz 363 176 Oaxaca, Valley of 69 besieges Vienna 184, 184, 228, 234
Nasrid dynasty 143 Leisler’s Rebellion (1689) 229, 229 Cahokian culture 136, 136 Obama, Barack 462, 465 captures Baghdad 213
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 414, 416, Stock Exchange 369, 369, 444, Continental Congress 267 Obii tribe 83 captures Constantinople 166,
Cumberland Gap discovered 225 Obote, Milton 432
422, 431 444 Daniel Boone 265 Obregón, General Álvaro 359, 368 167
Natal, Republic of 301 World’s Fair (1939) 387 Deerfield massacre 236 O’Connell, Daniel 294 collapse of 358
Natchez American Indians 245 New York Radical Women 427 Dutch settlements 207 Octavian 71, 72, 73 conflict with Venetians 160, 241
nation states 262–3 New Zealand exploration of 172, 173 Odaenathus, Septimius 89 conquers Georgia and
National Colonisation Society 296, Christchurch earthquake 464 first Lutheran Synod 253 Odo, Count of Paris 121
Cook discovers 265 French settlements 192, 227, Odoacer, King of Italy 101 Azerbaijan 195
300 Maoris 148, 202, 202, 300 Offa’s Dyke 115, 115 decline of 234
National Recovery Administration overseas territories 422 227, 248 Ogé, Vincent 277 expansion of 153, 157, 162, 167,
Rainbow Warrior sunk 444, 444 fur trade 224 Ogodei, Great Khan 142, 143
(US) 377, 377 settlement of 300, 300 Georgia founded 246 O’Higgins, Bernardo 289 175, 179, 180, 220
Native Americans see American Wairau Massacre 301 Hohokam people 112 First Balkan War 337, 337
women’s suffrage 327 Hudson explores 206, 207 Greek war of independence 292,
Indians Newcomen, Thomas 234, 236, 268, Irish immigrants 249
NATO 410, 410 Jolliet and Marquette descend 293, 293, 294
Navarino, Battle of (1827) 294, 274, 274, 275 invades Europe 152
Newfoundland 176, 196 Mississippi 225, 225
294 Mallet brothers’ exploration 248
Navarre 121 Niagara Falls discovered 226

504

Ottoman Empire continued Palladio, Andrea 194 Perennis, Tigidius 86 Philip V, King of Macedon 63 Port Royal, Jamaica 232, 232
Janissaries 153, 157, 170, 209, Palme, Olof 441 Peres, Shimon 440 Philip V, King of Spain 234, 234, Port Stanley 438
286, 286 Palmyra 89, 89, 96 Pergamum 68 Porto Bello 223, 244
Long War 200 Palo Alto, Battle of (1846) 302 Pericles 51 235, 241 Porto Bello, Battle of (1739) 248,
massacre of Armenians 327 Pan-Am, Lockerbie air crash 445 Pérignon, Dom 224 Philip VI, King of France 151, 152
Mongol invasions 158 Panama 223, 244, 331, 447 Perón, Eva 414, 415 Philip “the Arab,” Emperor 88 248
naval power 176–7, 177, 186, 186, Panama Canal 320, 320, 323, 331, Peron, Juan 406, 406, 415 Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy Portugal
194, 194, 195 Peroz 100
Nicopolis Crusade and 157, 157 331, 340 Perry, Commodore Matthew 304, 156 African trading posts 169, 171,
Polish–Ottoman War 225 Pandya kingdom 117 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy 194
rise of 148, 170, 171 Panhard, René 333 304
Russo–Turkish Wars 248, 265, Panipat, Battle of (1556) 188 Persepolis 58, 58 170 and Angola 194, 224
266, 267, 272, 294, 318–19, 319 Panipat, Battle of (1761) 260 Pershing, General John 346, 352, Philippi, Battle of (42 BCE) 72 Atlantic outposts 161, 171
Thirty Days’ War 329, 329 Pannonia 73 Philippicus 105 Avis dynasty 156
Tulip Period 245 paper 114, 147, 147 353 Philippine Sea, Battle of (1944) 401 Carnation Revolution 433
Turko–Egyptian Wars 296, 297 Papin, Denis 274, 274 Persia Philippines 329, 396, 406, 441, 456 colonial boundary 256
war with Serbs 157 Paraguay 312, 312 Phnom Penh 434, 436 colonization of Brazil 177, 184,
wars with Persia 244 Paranthropus 12, 13 Alexander the Great conquers 58 Phocas, Emperor 108
wars with Spain 188 Paris civil war 53 Phoenicians 37, 40 188, 233, 292
wars with Yemen 303 conversion to Islam 109 photography 294, 315 Euro debt crisis 465
World War I 341, 343, 346 siege of (885–86) 119 divided into two 87 Picardy 168 expeditions across Pacific 203
Yamak revolt 286 architecture 226, 226 Ghurids 139 Picasso, Pablo 382, 382–3 expels Jesuits 259
Young Turks 335, 337 as centre of art 366 Great Rebellion of the Satraps 56 pictograms 29 explorers 172, 173
see also Turkey Commune 314, 314 growth of empire 46–7 Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) 185 Henry the Navigator 159, 161,
Eiffel Tower 323, 323 invades India 248, 253 Pilsudski, Marshal Jozef 366
Ouattara, Alassane 464 February revolution 302, 302 invasion of Syria 88 Ping Di, Emperor of China 76 163
Oudh 243 German occupation 390, 391 occupation of Afghanistan 247, Pinochet, General Augusto 433, independence 223
Outremer see Crusader kingdoms liberation of 400–401, 401 Indian Ocean explored 174
Overlord, Operation (1944) 400 Metro 330 248 455 Inquisition 185, 185
Owens, Jesse 381, 381 protest movement 427 Qajar dynasty 280 Pinto, Fernão Mendes 186 joins EU 441, 452
Oyo Empire 245, 253 siege of (1590) 200, 200 Safavid Empire 177, 177, 179, 213, Pisa, Leaning Tower of 137, 137 Lisbon earthquake 257, 257
ozone layer 440, 441 siege of (1870) 314 Pisano, Andrea 151, 151 revolution 335
storming of the Bastille 276, 276 240, 243, 247 Pisistratus 46, 47 Santa Maria hijacked 419
P World War I 349 Sasanian Empire 87, 87, 100, 108, Piso, Calpurnius 78 slave trade 177, 300
Park, Mungo 280 Pitt, William the Elder 260 in Spice Islands 178–9, 179
Pachacutec 162, 162 Parks, Rosa 415 109, 116 Pitt, William the Younger 271, 284, succession crisis 195, 196
Pacific, World War II 394–5 Parsees 112 Seleucid dynasty 61 Teixeira explores Amazon River
Padang 270 Parsons, Sir Charles Algernon 275 the “King’s Peace” 53 284
Pagan 117, 117, 127 Parthamaspates, King of Parthia 81 Timur Leng conquers 157 Pius XII, Pope 410 213
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, Shah of Parthia under Abbas I 201 Piye, King of Egypt 41 territorial disputes with Spain
Arsaces conquers 61 under Chosroes I 103 Pizarro, Francisco 184
Iran 435, 436 rise of 60, 62 wars with Byzantine Empire 102, plague 171, 176, 269
Pahlavi, Reza Khan, Shah of Iran trade with China 96 trade with China 180, 189
wars with Romans 72, 73, 80–81, 103, 104, 105, 108 in Rome 82, 83 trade with Japan 186, 187, 192
366, 366 wars with Egypt 56 Black Death 152, 156 Treaty of Tordesillas 176, 176
Paine, Thomas 268, 268, 269 82–3 wars with Greece 50–51, 51 Great Plague in Britain 222–3, 222 war with Castile 156, 159
Paisley, Ian 461 Paschal II, Pope 130 wars with Ottoman Empire 213, Plantagenets 167, 174 Porus 58
Pakistan Passchendaele, Battle of (1917) Plassey, Battle of (1757) 259 Postumus, Marcus 89
244 Plautus, Aulus 77 Potala Palace, Lhasa 215, 215
Benazir Bhutto assassinated 461 348–9, 349 wars with Romans 90, 93, 94 Plevna, siege of (1878) 319, 319 potato blight 301, 301
Benazir Bhutto becomes prime Pasteur, Louis 321 wars with Russia 288, 294 Pliny the Younger 81 Potemkin, battleship 334, 334
Pataliputra 50, 53 see also Iran Plymouth Colony 209, 209 Potosí 187, 187
minister 445 Patrick, St. 104 Persian Gulf 161 Poindexter, John 441 Potsdam Declaration (1945) 405
civil war 432 Patton, Charles 299 Pertinax, Helvius 86 Poitiers, Battle of (1356) 153 Poussin, Nicolas 214, 214
creation of 407, 407 Patton, George S. 398 Peru Pol Pot 434, 435, 436, 446, 455 Powell, Enoch 426
military coup 434, 455 Paul, St. 77, 186 Chavín culture 40 Poland Powhatan Indians 203, 207, 209,
nuclear weapons 455 Paul I, Czar 284 Chimú 130, 140 in EU 453
Osama bin Laden killed in 465 Paulinus, Suetonius 78 early civilizations 25, 31 First Northern War 220, 220 209
Simla Agreement 432 Paullus, Aemilius 66 independence 292, 293 German invasion 386, 386, 387 Prague 153, 386, 450
terrorist attack in India 458 Pavia, Battle of (1525) 181, 181 Moche culture 83, 83 Great Northern War 158–9 Prague, Defenestration of (1619)
wars with India 407, 424, 425 Pavia, League of 136 Nazca culture 57 mass murders 390
Palenque 118, 118 Payens, Hugues de 131 Quisopango rebellion 249 partitions of 266, 266, 279, 280 208, 208
Palermo 117 Pearl, Daniel 458 Sicán culture 130, 130 Pilsudski coup d’état 366 Prague Spring (1968) 427
Palestine Pearl Harbor 393, 393, 394 Túpuc Amaru revolt 270 Polish Rebellion of 1794 279, 279 Prasad, Rajendra 411
as Jewish homeland 385, 385 Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 156, 156 war with Chile and Bolivia 319 Polish-Ottoman War 225 Pre-Raphaelites 303
Balfour Declaration 349 Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil 292, 292 war with Spain 312 politicians killed in air crash 463 Prehistoric peoples 12–21
British Mandate 360 Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil 323 see also Inca Empire Red Army invades 358, 358 Presley, Elvis 417, 417
Hasmonaean kingdom 67, 68, 71, Pegu 249 Peruzzi family 152 Solidarity 437, 438, 438, 439, 446 Preston, Battle of (1715) 241
Peipus, Lake, Battle of (1242) 143, Pétain, Marshal Philippe 346, 348, Thirteen Years’ War 219, 220 Prestonpans, Battle of (1745) 252
73 union with Lithuania 157, 193, 219 Préveza, Battle of (1538) 186, 186
Jewish immigration 360, 406, 406 143 390–91 Versailles Treaty 356 Pribina, Prince 117
Jordan annexes part of 411 Peking 306 Peter I the Great, Czar 227, 229, War of the Polish Succession Primo de Rivera, General 362
Mamluk conquests 149 Peloponnesian Wars (431–404BCE) printing 29, 154–5
partition proposals 382, 407, 408 233, 233, 237, 244 246, 246, 247
population growth 360 51, 52–3 Peter II, King of Aragon 141 war with Teutonic Knights 168 in China 127, 127
under Roman rule 77, 78 Pemba 326 Peter III, Czar 261 wars with Russia 202–3, 212, 223 Gutenberg Bible 167, 167
see also Israel; Palestinians Penang 280 Peterloo Massacre (1819) 289, 289 World War II 401 William Caxton 170, 170
Palestine Liberation Organization Penda, King of Mercia 109 Petra 73, 96 polio vaccine 415 Prithvi Narayan Shah 265
Peng Zhen 418 Petrarch, Francesco 152, 153 Polk, James K. 302, 303 Probus, Emperor 90
(PLO) 431, 432, 440–41, 445, Penghu, Battle of (1683) 228, 228 Phalangists 439 Polo, Marco 129, 147, 147, 148 Prokops, Andrew 161
450 penicillin 368 Pharsalus, Battle of (48BCE) 71 Poltava, Battle of (1709) 237 Protestants
Palestinians Peninsular War (1808–14) 286, 286 Philiki Etaireía 292 Polynesians 148 Calvinism 188, 213
hijack Achille Lauro 440–41 Penn, William 227, 227, 240, 241 Philip II, King of Macedon 57, 58 Pombal, Marquis of 256, 256, 257 Dutch Revolt 193
hijack planes 431, 431 Pennsylvania 227, 240 Philip II, King of France 139, 140–41 Pomeranians 142 French Wars of Religion 192,
intifada 445 Pensacola 242 Philip II, King of Spain Pompeii 79, 79
Israel invades Lebanon 435 Pepin III, King of the Franks 113, Pompey 69, 70, 71, 74 192, 194–5, 194, 197, 200, 201,
peace process 460 Dutch Revolt 193, 195, 196 Ponce de León, Juan 179 211, 228
terrorism 432 114, 114 and French Wars of Religion 192 Pondicherry 259, 260 intolerance of heresy 188, 188
Palkhed, Battle of (1728) 244 Pepys, Samuel 221, 222 marriage to Mary I 188 Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) 261 in Ireland 232
Perdiccas III, King of Macedonia Spanish Armada 197 Port au Prince 463 Lutheranism 188, 196, 253
war with France 189, 189 Port Royal, Arcadia 237 Reformation 180, 181, 188
57, 59 colony in Mombasa 200 settlements in Ireland 207, 207
Philip III, King of Macedon 59 see also Church of England
Philip IV, King of Spain 220, 221 Provaznikova, Marie 409
Philip IV the Fair, King of France 150 Provence 168

505

Prussia Rama I, King of Siam 271, 271 Romans continued Royal Society 222, 223 Saigon 307, 434, 434
army 246 Ramesses II, Pharaoh 36, 36 Dacian Wars 79, 80 rubber 337, 337 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Franco-Prussian War 314 Ramesses III, Pharaoh 36 decline of 99, 100–101 Rubicon River 71
growth of 249 Ramleh 130 defeats Etruscans 53 Rublev, Andrei 159, 159 (1572) 194–5, 194
kingdom proclaimed 235 Rangoon 293, 293 dictatorship of Sulla 69 Ruby, Jack 421 Saint-Domingue see Haiti
Napoleonic Wars 286, 288 Rappaport, Maurice 282 Diocletian’s reforms 90 Rudd, Kevin 462 St. Gotthard, Battle of (1664) 222,
Prussian–Danish War 309, 309 Rasputin, Grigori 347 early history 44–5 Rudolf of Swabia 128
Second Silesian War 252 Ravenna 102, 102 First Triumvirate 70, 71 Rufus, Verginius 78 222
Seven Weeks’ War 312–13, 314 Ray, James Earl 426 “Gallic Empire” 89, 89 Ruhr 362, 363 St. Helena 288
Seven Years’ War 258, 261 Ray, Man 366 invades Armenia 78, 82 Rum, Sultanate of 128, 130, 138 St. John’s, Newfoundland 237
Teutonic Knights cede territory Raymond IV of Toulouse 130 Jewish revolts 78, 79, 79 Rumelia 153 St. Mihiel salient 353
to 168 Razin, Stepan 224, 224 law codes 52 Rushdie, Salman 446 St. Petersburg 227
Reagan, Ronald 437, 438, 439, 440, literature 73 Russia St. Petersburg Academy of
Thirteeen Years’ War 167 Macedonian Wars 63, 66
War of the Austrian Succession 441 Marcomannic War 83 abolition of serfdom 308 Sciences 244, 244
248–9 Rechiarius, King of the Sueves 100 “military anarchy” 88 and South Ossetia 462 St. Valentine’s Day Massacre
War of the Bavarian Succession Red Brigade 435 Mithridatic Wars 69, 70 assassination of royal family 352
269 Red Cross 403 money 65 Azov campaigns 233, 233 (1929) 368
war with France 278 “Red Eyebrows” 76 North African campaigns 68, 72 Bolshevik Revolution 348, 348 Saipan, Battle of (1944) 401
see also Germany Red Sea 303, 318 paganism 94, 95 Catherine the Great 261 Sakas 68, 69
Reformation 180, 181, 188 Parthian wars 72, 73, 80–81, 82–3 Civil War 350, 356–7, 356, 358 Sakhalin 331
Psammetichus I, King of Saïs 44 refrigeration 320 plague 82, 83 Cossack uprising 224, 224 Saladin, Sultan 136, 137, 138, 138,
Ptolemy, Claudius 182, 182, 238, 238 Regan, Donald 441 plebeian protest 50, 50 Crimean War 305, 305
Ptolemy I, Pharaoh 59, 60 Reid, Richard 456–7 praetorian guard 76 economy 467 139
Ptolemy II Philadelphos, Pharaoh Renaissance 152, 160, 174, 204–5 Punic Wars 61, 61, 62–3, 62, 67, 74 expansion of 284 Salamis, Battle of (480 BCE) 51
Republican Party (US) 307 religion 61, 61 famine 359, 359 Salem witch trials 232, 232
60 Revere, Paul 258, 268 republic established 47 Golden Horde Khanate 146, 159 Sallust 73
Ptolemy III, Pharaoh 60 Reynaud, Paul 390 revolt in Britain 95 Great Northern War 234, 237, Salonika 343
Ptolemy XIII, Pharaoh 71 Rhineland 380, 380 Rhine and Danube frontier 73, Salt March (1930) 370
Pueblo peoples 121, 126, 126, 136, Rhodes, Cecil John 323 76, 82 243 Salza, Hermann von 142
Rhodesia 424, 437 rise of Roman Empire 74–5 icons 159, 159 Samakhi earthquake (1667) 223
226–7, 227 rules Palestine 77, 78 Kievan Rus 119, 120–21, 124 Samarkand 130
Puerto Rico 313, 315, 322 see also Zimbabwe Samnite Wars 58, 59, 60 Mongol invasions 142, 146 Samarra 113
Pugachev, Emelyan 267, 267 Riade, Battle of (933) 121 Second Triumvirate 72 Muscovy 168 Samnite Wars
Pulcher, Publius Claudius 60 Richard I the Lionheart, King of Severan dynasty 86, 87, 88 Napoleonic Wars 286, 287, 287
Pulitzer Prize 433 Social Wars 69 New Economic Policy 359 Second (326–304BCE) 58, 59
Pune 242 England 139, 139 in Spain 63, 67, 72, 100 occupies Chechnya 451, 454 Third (298–290BCE) 60
Punic Wars 74 Richard II, King of England 156 Spartacus revolt 69, 69 Peter the Great and 227, 229 Samnites 59, 60
Richard III, King of England 174 split into Eastern and Western pogroms 320 Samoa 243
First (264–241 BCE) 61, 61, 62 Richelieu, Cardinal 210, 211, 213, divisions 95 Pugachev rebellion 267 Samudragupta 92
Second (219–201BCE) 62–3, 62 trade 96 relations with China 244 Samurai 139, 168
Third (149–146BCE) 67 218 war with Latin League 57, 58 Revolution of 1905 334 San Diego de Alcalá 265
Punjab 92, 253, 259 Richthofen, Manfred von 352 wars with Celts 53, 62 Russo-Austrian-Turkish War 247 San Francisco
Pupienus 88 Ricimer 100 wars with Persia 90, 93, 94 Russo-Japanese War 331, 331 earthquake 334, 334
Puritans 209 Rimini 76 wars with Pyrrhus 60 Russo-Swedish War 249, 273 Golden Gate Bridge 383, 383
Pusyamitra Sunga 66 Rio de Janeiro 240, 240 “Year of the Four Emperors” Russo-Turkish Wars 248, 265, gold rush 303
Putin, Vladimir 458 Rio de La Plata 269 78–9 San Martín, José de 289, 289, 292
Pydna, Battle of (170 BCE) 66, 66 Rio Salado, Battle of (1340) 152 see also Byzantine Empire 266, 267, 272 Sandinista National Liberation
pyramids Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland terrorism in 458, 458, 465
Egypt 25, 25 Rome Third International 357 Front 436, 439, 448
Teotihuacán 82, 82, 90 150, 151 Byzantine army occupies 102 Thirteen Years’ War 219, 220 Santo Domingo 292
Pyramids, Battle of the (1798) 281 Robespierre, Maximilien 278–9, 279 Charles V sacks 184, 184 Three Emperors’ League 315 Saracens 117, 129
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus 60, 60 Rochambeau, Comte de 270 foundation of city 41, 41 Trans-Siberian railway 326, 326, Saragossa 115
Rocket 294 Ostrogoths capture 103 Sarajevo 449, 449, 451
Q Rockies 249 urban planning 223 331 Sargon, King of Akkad 26, 27
Rococo art 249, 256, 256 Visigoths sack 98, 98 under Ivan IV 188–9, 189, 193 Sargon II, King of the Assyrians 41
Qadesh, Battle of (c. 1275BCE) 36, 36 Rocroi, Battle of (1643) 214, 214 under Yeltsin 450 Sarmatians 79, 94
Qatar 432 Rodrigues, Francisco 178–9, 179 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 392, wars with Persia 288, 294 Sarmizegetusa Regia 80, 80
Qin 57 Roger II, Count of Sicily 132, 132, 133 397, 400 wars with Poland 202–3, 212, Sarnath 87
Quadi tribe 79, 83 Röhm, Ernst 378 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Quakers 268 Roland 114, 115 Romulus 41, 41 223
Québec 202, 267 Rollo Hrolf 121 Romulus Augustulus, Emperor wars with Sweden 208 Syndrome) 459, 459
Quiberon Bay, Battle of (1759) 259 Rolls Royce 333 wars with the Ottoman Empire Sasanian Empire 87, 87, 100, 108,
Quito 264 Romanticism 302 100–101
Qu’ran 109 Romania Roncaglia, Diet of (1158) 136 294, 318–19, 319 109, 116
Roncesvalles 115 World War I 340–42, 346, 347, Satakarni, King of the
R Ceausescu comes to power 425 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad 328, 328
communism ends 454 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 377 352 Satavahanas 68
R101 airship 370–71, 371 joins European Union 453, 461 see also Soviet Union Satavahanas 66, 68
Rabat 136 peasant revolt 334, 334 banking crisis 376–7 Rwanda 450, 451, 454 Saturninus 80
Rabin, Yitzhak 450 Romans Casablanca conference 398, 398 Saudi Arabia 330, 434
Racine, Jean 226 agriculture 250 death 404 S Saudi dynasty 286, 301
Radić, Stjepan 368 alphabet 28, 28 enters World War II 393 Savery, Thomas 234, 236, 274
radio 328, 361, 361, 374, 375, 375 Antonine Constitution 87 imposes oil embargo on Japan Sabah II, Sultan of Kuwait 259 Savonarola, Girolamo 176
Raduyev, Salman 454 army 68, 68 Sacco, Ferdinando 367 Savoy 242
Raetia 73 arts and crafts 84–5 393 Sacred Band 56, 57 Saxon Dynasty 121
Raffles, Sir Stamford 289 assassination of Julius Caesar interns Japanese 396 Sacred War, Third (356–346 BCE) Saxons see Anglo-Saxons
railroads 293, 293, 294, 384, 384–5 New Deal 373, 377, 384 Saxony 115
Raimond, Julien 277 71, 71, 72 Second New Deal 378–9 57 Scania 237
Rainbow Warrior 444, 444 Augustus founds empire 72–3 second term 381, 382 Sadat, Anwar 435, 438 Scanian War (1675–79) 225
Rajai, Ali 438 Bar Kochba revolt 81 wins third term 391 Saebert, King of Essex 105 Scapa Flow 356, 387
Rajasthan 92 barbarian invasions 88–9, 90, Yalta Conference 404 Safavid Empire Scapula, Ostorius 77
Rajendra III, King of the Cholas 148 Roosevelt, Theodore 329, 331 Scargill, Arthur 440
Rajendra Choladevra 126 94–5, 98, 98, 99 Rorke’s Drift, Battle of (1879) 319, expansion of 179 Schleswig 309
Raleigh, Sir Walter 196, 208 campaigns against Franks 89, decline of 243, 247 Schlieffen Plan 341
319 defeated in Afghanistan 240 Schmalkaldic League 184, 187
90, 92, 93, 100 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel 414, foundation of 177, 177 scholasticism 131, 131
campaigns in Gaul 68, 71 Ottomans capture Baghdad 213 Schuschnigg, Kurt 378, 384
Christianity 77, 77, 91, 92, 95 414 Saguntum 63 Schwarzenegger, Arnold 459, 459
Civil Wars 71, 71 Rosetta Stone 281, 281 Sahara 200 science, Islamic 116
conquers Greece 66, 67 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 256, 261 Sahelanthropus tchadensis 12 Scipio, Publius Cornelius 63
conquest of Britain 70–71, 77, 78, Roussillon 168 Scipio Aemilianus 67
Scipio Africanus 63, 63
79, 79, 81, 82, 86 Scopes, John 366

506

Scotland Siam see Thailand Sokoto Caliphate 285 Soviet Union continued Spain continued
Act of Union 237 Siberia 189, 244, 326, 326, 331 Solidarity 437, 438, 438, 439, 446 poor relations with China 418 silver from Potosí 187, 187
alliance with France 149 Sicán culture 130, 130 Solomon, King of Israel 40 propaganda 350–51 Spanish-American War 329, 329
Canmore dynasty 149 Sicily 237 Solon 46, 46 satellite states 406 territorial disputes with
Covenanters 213 Somalia 449 Socialist Realist art 383 Portugal 171, 176, 269
Jacobite rebellions 241, 252 Arab conquest of 117, 131 Somerset, Duke of 188 space race 412–13, 416, 416, 418, Thirty Years’ War 212–13, 218, 221
Lockerbie air crash 445 Mount Etna erupts 233, 233 Somersett, James 266 419, 419 Trienio Liberal 292
Roman invasions 79, 86 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 303 Somme, The 344 spies 414 under Bourbons 234
see also Britain War of the Quadruple Alliance 242 Somme, Battle of the (1916) 347, Stalin’s death 414 under Moors 112, 121, 129
World War II 398 suppresses protest in Lithuania unification of 169, 169
Scott, Dred 306 Siemens, Werner 302 347 448 Viceroyalty of New Spain 248
Scottish Presbyterian Church 249 Siena 162–3 Somoza, Anastasio 436 tractors 370 War of Jenkins’ Ear 248
scurvy 253 Sierra Leone 272, 272, 432, 458 “Song of Roland” 115 Trotsky expelled from 367 War of the Quadruple Alliance
Scythians 45, 45, 68 Sigebert, King of East Anglia 105 Song Yingxing 213 under Stalin 368 242, 242
Sea Beggars 194 Sigismund, Emperor 157, 159, 159, Songhay Empire 158, 158, 171, 196, war with Japan 386 War of the Spanish Succession
Sea Peoples 36 Warsaw Pact 415, 415 235, 236, 237, 240, 240, 241
Sechin Alto 31 161 200 Winter War 387, 387, 390 war with Peru 312
Sedan, Battle of (1870) 314 Sigismund II, King of Poland 193 Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité 279 withdraws from Afghanistan 446 wars with Dutch Republic 209
Sejanus 76 Sigismund III, King of Poland 203 Sony Walkman 436 World War II 351, 392–3, 392–3, wars with France 201, 273
Seleucid Empire 60, 61, 62, 67 sign language 253 Sophia, Regent of Russia 229 397, 397, 398, 398, 401 wars with Ottoman Empire 188
Seleucus 59, 60 Sihanouk, Prince Norodom 431 Sophiatown 415 see also Russia
Selim I, Sultan 179, 179, 180, 230 Sikh Wars 303 Soto, Hernando de 186 “Spanish Flu” 353
Seljuks 127, 128, 130, 146, 146 Sikhs 225, 440 South Africa Soweto 434, 441 Spanish Morocco 380
Senegal 259, 271, 304 Sikorsky, Igor 364, 364 space 412–13 Spanish Netherlands see
Senna, Ayrton 451 Silesia 167, 248–9, 258 Anglo-Zulu War 319
Sennar 177 Silk Road 80, 96, 109, 142, 156, 256 annexes Basutoland 313 International Space Station 456, Netherlands
Senones 71 Silla kingdom 110, 110, 121 antiapartheid protests 418, 424, 456 Sparta 44, 45, 52–3, 56–7, 66
Sentinum, Battle of (295BCE) 60 Simpson, James 283 Spartacists 356
Senwosret I, King of Egypt 30 Simpson, Wallis 381 434, 441 Mars Polar Lander 455 Spartacus 69
Senwosret III, King of Egypt 30 Sinai Peninsula 416 apartheid 408, 408, 411, 415, 446 Mir space station 441, 441 Special Air Service (SAS) 437
Serbs and Serbia Singapore 289, 396 apartheid dismantled 448 Moon landings 412–13, 412–13, Sperry, Elmer 239
Sioux Indians 318, 326, 326 assassination of Verwoerd 425 Spice Islands 179, 185
Bosnian Crisis 335 Siraj-ud-Dawlah, Nawab of 258 Boer settlers 269, 269, 301 426, 427, 430, 431, 431 Spinola, General Ambrogio 202
Bosnian War 449, 449, 451 Sirhan, Sirhan 426 Boer Wars 320, 329, 329, 330 space probes 436 Spinola, General Antonio de 433
“ethnic cleansing” 449, 451, 455 Siris River, Battle of (280 BCE) 60 Boers 320 space shuttle 365, 365, 438, 441, Spitamenes 58
First Balkan War 337 Sitka 288 diamonds 313 Sprague, Howard 282
Kosovo crisis 447 Six-Day War (1967) 425, 425 economy 467 458 Sputnik 416, 416
and Ottoman Empire 157, 167, 318 Siyaj Chan K’awiil I, King of Tikal 93 gold rush 314, 318 Sputnik 416, 416 Srebrenica 451
Second Serbian Uprising 289 Siyaj Kak 95 Great Trek 301 Telstar 420 Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
World War I 340, 343 slaves 300 independence 304, 419 Spain
Yugoslavia breaks up 458 Mandela becomes president 450 Almohads invade 133 civil war 439, 458
serfdom 286, 308 abolition of slave trade 273, 286 political system modernized 446 al-Qaeda terrorist attacks 460 Srivijaya empire 137
Serra, Junípero 265 abolition of slavery 296, 300, 315, smallpox epidemic 240–41, 240 Anglo-Spanish War 244 Tamils 148
Serrão, Francisco 178–9, 179 war with Namibia and Angola Armada 197, 197 under British rule 281, 288
Servetus, Michael 188, 188 322, 323 attempted coup 438, 438 Srivijaya 116, 137, 137
Servius Tullius, King of Rome 47 abolitionist movement 259 445, 448 Basque separatists 433, 461 Stalin, Joseph 368
Sevastopol 305 American Civil War 308, 309, South America Carlist Wars 262, 315 anti-Semitism 414
Seven Years’ War (1756–63) Charlemagne invades 114–15 assassination of Kirov 378
310, 311 agriculture 250 Civil War 380–81, 380, 382, 382, collectivization of agriculture 370
257–61, 258, 260, 261 American War of Independence Depression 371 death 414
Severus, Julius 81 early civilizations 25, 27, 31 386, 386 and death of Lenin 363
Severus, Septimius, Emperor 86, 86 268 platinum 253, 253 colonial boundary 256 and famine 377
Seychelles 288, 434 apologies for slave trade 462 independence 287, 287, 289, 292 and Columbus’s transatlantic Great Terror 382–3
Shah Jahan 211, 211, 219, 220 in Caribbean 260 see also individual countries Khrushchev denounces 416
Shaka 288 Code Noir 243 South Dakota 249 crossings 175 “Lenin’s Testament” 361
Shakespeare, William 201 Dred Scott case 306, 306 South Korea 408, 415, 456 conquest of Incas 194, 194 mass murder of Poles 390
Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria 40 early slave trade 208 see also Korea conquest of Mexico 184 propaganda 350, 351
Shamshi-Adad 31, 36 Emancipation Proclamation 309 South Ossetia 462 conquistadors 179, 180, 236 purges rivals 367
Shang civilization 30–31, 30, 31, 35, establishment of Sierra Leone South Vietnam 415, 424 Córdoba caliphate 114, 114, 120, World War II 401
see also Vietnam Yalta Conference 404
37 272 Soviet Union 121, 125, 127 Stalingrad, Battle of (1942) 388,
Shapur I, King of Persia 88, 88, 89, first Atlantic system 177 Anti-Comintern Pact 381 Cortes 287
in French colonies 300 anti-Semitism 414 and Cuban independence 313, 313 397, 397, 398
89, 90 Fugitive Slave Act 310 assassination of Kirov 378 decline of 214, 223 Stanley, Henry Morton 318
Shapur II, King of Persia 93, 93, 94 from Dahomey 243, 327 blockade of Berlin 409 Dutch Revolt 189, 193–7, 193, Star Carr 18
Sharif, Nawaz 461 Haitian revolution 277, 277, 279, Chernobyl accident 441, 441 “Star Wars” 439
Sharon, Ariel 439, 460 Cold War 351, 409, 409, 410, 446 201, 201, 206 Starving Time (1609–10) 207
Sharpeville 418 284 Cold War ends 445, 447 in EU 441, 452, 453 Stavisky, Alexandre 378
Shatuo Turks 120 Missouri Compromise 292, 292, collapse of 442–3, 448 expelled from Mexico 226–7 steam power 234, 274–5
Shawar 136 collectivization of agriculture expels Jesuits 265, 265 Stephen, King of England 132, 137
Shelley, Mary 289, 289 310, 311 exploration of North America Stephenson, George 275, 293, 294
Sheppard, Allen 412 in Mosquito Coast 242 370, 377 Steptoe, Patrick 435
Sheppard, Kate 327 Nicaragua and 305 creation of 361 179, 186 stethoscopes 282
Sherman, William T. 309 Pennsylvania bans importation crushes Hungarian Revolution explorers 172, 173, 177, 180–81, Stevens, Nettie 429
Shetland Islands 126 Stilicho 95
Shi Huangdi, Emperor of China 61, of 240 416 193 Stirling Bridge, Battle of (1297)
price of 260 Cuban Missile Crisis 420, 420 expulsion of Moriscos 206
62, 62, 63 slave labor 324 economic growth 384 and Gibraltar 441 149, 149
Shi’ite Muslims 110, 119, 129, 449 Slavs 105, 119, 133 ends occupation of Austria 415 Inquisition 171, 256 Stockton to Darlington railway
Shiloh, Battle of (1862) 309 Sloane, Sir Hans 257, 257 famine 377 Italian Wars 176, 177, 179, 188,
Shimen, Battle of (364BCE) 57 Slovakia 450, 453 Great Terror 382–3 293, 293
Shimonosekei, Straits of 309 Slovenia 448, 453 Gulag 370 189 stone tools 12, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20–21
Shinto religion 245 Small, James 251 invades Manchuria 405 juntas 286 Stonehenge 24, 24
Shiraz 121 smallpox 280, 282, 437, 437 invasion of Afghanistan 436, 436 Latin American independence Stradivarius violins 234
Shirkuh 136 Smith, Adam 269 Krushchev denounces Stalin 416 Straw, Jack 156
Shivaji 225, 225 Smith, Ian 424, 437 Mir space station 441, 441 287, 287, 289, 292 Stresemann, Gustav 362, 366
Shizugatake, Battle of (1583) 196 Smolensk 212 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 387 military dictatorship 362, 362 Struensee, Johann Friedrich 264
Sholes, Christopher Latham 29 Smolensk, Battle of (1812) 287 normalization of relations with missions in California 265 Stuart, Prince Charles Edward
Shona peoples 130 Social War (91–89 BCE) 69 New World trade 194
Shu Han kingdom 88 Société des amis des noirs 273 Britain 444 North American colonies 192, (Bonnie Prince Charlie) 252,
Society Islands 243 nuclear treaties 444 264, 264
Society of United Irishmen 281 nuclear weapons 410 193, 200, 241, 265
Socrates 52, 52 occupies Czechoslovakia 427 Peninsular War 286, 286
Soga no Iname 104 in Roman Empire 63, 67, 72, 100
Reconquista 141, 141, 143, 146,

152, 175
Second Republic 372, 372
Seven Years’ War 260, 261

507

Stuart, Prince James Francis T thermometers 249, 249 Tshisekedi, Etienne 454 United States continued
Edward (James III, the Old Thermopylae, Battle of (480BCE) Tsvangirai, Morgan 463 Camp David Peace Accord 435
Pretender) 235, 264 T’aejo, King of Korea 121 Tu Duc, King of Vietnam 307 car industry 337
Taejo, King of Korea (Yi Songgye) 50, 51 Túcume 130 car ownership 367, 367
Stuyvesant, Peter 222 Thessaly 329 Tughril Beg 127, 128 Chicago World’s Fair 377, 377
Su Sung 129 157 Thibaw, King of Burma 322 Tukulor Empire 326 child labor 300
Sucre, Antonio José de 293 Tafari Benti, General 433 “thirty-three immortals” 294 Tula 119 cinema 384, 387, 387
Sudan Taharqa, Pharaoh 44, 44, 45 Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) 208–14, Tulip Mania 213, 245 civil rights movement 415, 416,
Tahiti 148 Tull, Jethro 235, 235 418, 424, 425
Egypt invades 292 Taiping Rebellion (1850) 304, 304 218, 218, 221 Tullus Hostilius, King of Rome 44–5 Civil War 308–12, 308, 310–11
Darfur civil war 459 Taiwan (Formosa) Thrasybulus 51 Tulsa, Oklahoma 359 Cold War 351, 409, 409, 410, 446
General Gordon in 315 Thrax, Maximinus 88 Tung Chee Hwa 454 Cold War ends 445, 447
splits into two parts 464 China gives up to Japan 328 Three Gorges Dam 461, 461 Tunis 185, 185 conflict with Indians 318, 326,
US bombs 455 Dutch East India Company Thugs 149 Tunisia 236, 320, 464 326
war with Britain 321 Tiberius I, Emperor 73, 76, 76, 77 Túpac Amaru 194 Constitution 226, 272
Sudbury, Archbishop 156 controls 222, 222 Tiberius II, Emperor 105 Túpac Amaru II 270 consumerism 363, 367, 367
Sudetenland 385 Srivijaya empire 137 Tibet Tupac Yupanqui 169, 169 cotton industry 278, 279
Sueves 98 Tunging kingdom 228 Turcomans 170 and Cuban independence 329
Suez Canal 307, 313, 313, 321, 414 Taizong, Emperor of China 108, 109 China annexes 242 Turkey Cuban Missile Crisis 420
Suez Crisis (1956) 416, 416, 417, Taj Mahal 219, 219 China invades 336, 411 Declaration of Independence
Taksin, King of Siam 271 Dalai Lama 215 campaigns against Kurds 451 269, 269
422 Talas River, Battle of (751) 114 expansion of empire 116 invades Cyprus 433 disputes over Oregon 302
Suharto, General 424 Talavera, Battle of (1809) 286 rebellion against China 418 republic founded 361, 362 Dred Scott case 306, 306
Suiko, Empress of Japan 104 Tamati Waka Nene 300 Zunghar Mongols sack Lhasa 241 Russo–Austrian–Turkish War 247 Dust Bowl 378
Sukarno, Ahmed 410, 416, 424 Tamil people 148 Tigellinus 78 Turko-Egyptian Wars 296, 297 economy 466
Suleiman I the Magnificent, Sultan Tamil Tigers 439, 449, 458 Tigranes VI, King of Armenia 78 war with Greece 360–61, 361 Emergency Quota Act (1921) 359
Tannenberg, Battle of (1410) 158–9 Tikal 93, 93, 95, 110, 111, 113, 119 World War I 349 establishment of NATO 410
184, 230 Tannenberg, Battle of (1914) 341 Timbuktu 151, 304 see also Ottoman Empire execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
Sulla, Lucius 69 Tarim basin 256 Timur Leng (Tamerlane) 153, 153, Tuscarora War (1711–15) 240 367
Sumatra 137, 137, 270 Tarquinius Priscus, King of Rome Tutankhamun, Pharaoh 35, 35, 360 Fifteenth Amendment 313
Sumer 24 157, 158, 177, 230 Tuthmosis I, Pharaoh 34 financial crisis 462, 463, 465
45 Timurid Empire 157 Tuthmosis III, Pharaoh 34 First Gulf War 449
agriculture 250 Tarquinius Superbus, King of Tintagel 132 Tyler, Wat 156, 156 gold rush 303
city-states 27 Tipu Sultan 270, 280, 281 Tz’u Hsi, Empress Dowager of Great Mississippi Flood 367, 367
cuneiform writing 19, 28, 28, 29, Rome 47 Tiridates, King of Armenia 78 Gulf of Mexico oil spill 463, 463
Tartars 140, 247 Titanic 275, 275, 454 China 330 Hurricane Katrina 460, 461
154, 154 Tashkent 432 Tito, Josip Broz 398, 437, 447 immigration 314
metalworking 24 Taylor, Elizabeth 465 Titus, Emperor 79, 80 U invades Haiti 451
trade 19 Tea Party 463, 465 Tiwanaku 98, 98, 113, 113, 124, 124 invasion of Panama 447
Sun Quan 86, 87 teenagers 415 Tlatelolco 170 Uganda 432, 434, 436, 437, 456 inventions 272
Sun Yat-sen 336, 336 Tehran 435, 436 Toba, Mount 16 Ukraine 193, 219, 377 “Irangate” scandal 441
Sundara, King of the Pandyas 148 Teixeira, Pedro 213, 213 Tobago 271 Ulm, Battle of (1805) 285 Iranian hostages 436, 438
Sundiata, King of the Keita 142 Telamon, Battle of (225BCE) 62 Tokyo (Edo) 200, 220, 362–3, 363, Ulster see Northern Ireland Iraq War 459, 460
Sunni Muslims 110 telegraph 296–7, 296, 301, 304, Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) 425 jazz 363
Surrealism 366, 366 404 Ulugh Beg 182, 182 and League of Nations 358–9
Suryavarman II 133 328, 374, 374 Toledo 131 Umar, Caliph 108–9 and Lebanon 417
Sushun, Emperor of Japan 104 telephones 318, 318, 374–5, 374–5, Toltecs 119, 119, 125, 146 Umar Tall 304 Lend-Lease 393
Sussex 101 Tondibi, Battle of (1592) 200 Umayyad dynasty 110, 113, 120, Louisiana purchase 284–5, 285
Sutton Hoo ship burial 54, 109, 109 459 Tone, Theobald Wolfe 281 Manhattan Project 405
Suvla Bay 343 telescopes 206, 444–5, 461 tools 121, 125 “March on Washington” 421
Swan, Joseph 299 television 366, 366, 374, 375, 375, United Arab Republic 417 McCarthyism 415
Sweden Bronze Age 26 United Kingdom see Britain and Mexican civil war 340, 340
Democratic Party 441 381, 381 metal 19, 19 United Nations (UN) Miss America pageant disrupted
extent of empire 221 Telstar 420 stone 12, 12, 13, 16, 20–21 427, 427
First Northern War 220, 220 Tenedos 156, 220 Torch, Operation (1942) 397 China joins 432 Missouri Compromise 292, 292
Great Northern War 234, 237, 243 Tenochtitlán 158, 158, 170, 175, Torres, Luis Váez de 203 creation of 406 money 65, 65
joins EU 452 Torres Strait Islanders 203 General Assembly 407 Monroe Doctrine 293
Kalmar War 207 175, 180, 180 Torricelli, Evangelista 214, 214 and First Gulf War 448–9 Moon landings 412–13, 412–13,
Oresund Link 456 Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa 414, 415 Totila, King of the Ostrogoths 103 Peacekeeping operations 449 426, 427, 430, 431, 431
and Polish-Russian conflict 203 Teotihuacán 70, 71, 82, 82, 86, 90, Toulouse, Battle of (721) 113 weapons inspection in Iraq 454, Mount St. Helens erupts 437, 437
reign of Gustavus III 266 Toungoo kingdom 249 New Deal 377, 384
Russo–Swedish War 249, 273 90, 111, 111, 119 Tours-Poitiers, Battle of (732) 113 455 nuclear treaties 444, 458
Scanian War 225 Tepanecs 146 Toussaint Louverture, General United Provinces (Netherlands) nuclear weapons 410, 414
Thirty Years’ War 211, 211, 212, Tesla, Nikola 299, 299 Oklahoma bombing 451, 451
test tube babies 435, 435, 439 Pierre 279, 284 196 Operation Desert Fox 455
214, 218 Tetricus 89 Townshend, Charles 266 United Provinces of Central Osama bin Laden killed 465
Treaty of Stolbovo 208 Teutoberg Forest 76 trade overseas territories 422
wars with Denmark 192, 192, 220 Teutones 68 America 293 and Panama Canal 331, 331
Swift, Jonathan 244 Teutonic Knights 142, 143, 146, Classical world 96–7 United States (of America) Pancho Villa’s raid 346
“Swinging Sixties” 425 global economy 466–7 Peace Corps 419
Syagrius 101 158–9, 167, 168, 168 paper money and 65 9/11 bombings 456, 457, 461 Pearl Harbor 393, 393
Sydney 273, 456 Texas 241, 242, 296, 301, 302 Trafalgar, Battle of (1805) 285, 285 abortion legalized 433 population growth 330, 330
Syllaeus 73 Thailand (Siam) Trail of Tears 294 abuses in Abu Ghraib prison 460 power-cuts 424
Symeon of Bulgaria 119, 119 Trajan, Emperor 74, 80–81 Alaska purchase 312 prohibition 358, 368
syphilis 176 Chakri dynasty 271 Trang Bang 432 American War of Independence race riots 359, 424, 425, 426, 449
Syracuse 45, 51, 53, 56 conflict with Burma 272 Trans-Siberian railway 326, 326, 331 restores relations with China
Syria raids on Khmer Empire 161 Translation Movement 116 268–71, 268, 270, 271 432
Arab Spring 464 reign of King Mongkut 304, 305 Transvaal 304, 318, 320, 329 assassination of Kennedy 421, Rosenberg spy trial 414, 414
Egypt invades 295, 296, 300 Thales of Miletus 46, 298 Trasimene, Lake, Battle of (217BCE) Scopes trial 366
and Lebanese civil war 434 thalidomide 431 424 Second New Deal 378–9
Ottoman conquest 179 Thames River, frost fairs 228 62 assassination of Martin Luther settlement of the west 295, 296
Persian invasion 88 Thapsus, Battle of (47 BCE) 71 Trebia 62 shoe bomber 456–7
as Roman province 72, 74, 86 Thatcher, Margaret 434, 438, 440, Trent, Council of (1545) 187 King Jr 426 slaves 292
Seleucid dynasty 60, 61, 70 Trevithick, Richard 274, 275, 332 attacks Afghanistan 456 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 371
United Arab Republic 417 444 Trichinopoly 249 banking system supported 376–7
withdraws from Lebanon 460 Thebes (Greece) 56–7, 56 Trinidad 284 Barack Obama becomes
Syrian Wars Themistocles 51, 51 La Trinitaria 301
First (274 BCE) 60 Theodora, Empress 102 Triple Alliance 242, 321 president 462
Second (260–253 BCE) 60, 61 Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths Tripoli 130, 188, 441 “Bay of Pigs” 419
Third (246–241 BCE) 60 Trotsky, Leon 334, 348, 356, 356, Bill Clinton impeached 455
Fourth (219–217 BCE) 62 99 bombs Cambodia 431
Theodoric II, King of the Visigoths 367, 390 Bonnie and Clyde 378, 378
Truman, Harry S. 395, 404, 405, Bonus Army 373
100 Branch Davidian siege 450
Theodoric the Great, King of the 407, 409, 409, 410, 410

Ostrogoths 101
Theodosius I, Emperor 94–5
Theodosius II, Emperor 101

508

United States continued Venice continued W Wilberforce, William 286 Y
Southern Confederacy 308 War of Chioggia 156, 156 Wilcox, Stephen 275, 275
space exploration 417, 447, 447 wars with Genoa 149 Wahhabi sect 286, 289 Wilhelm I, Kaiser 314 Yalta Conference (1945) 404
space race 412–13, 418, 419, 419 wars with Ottoman Empire 160, Wairau Massacre (1843) 301 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 340, 348, 353 Yamamoto, Isoroku 393
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre 368 171, 176–7, 177, 220, 241 Waite, Terry 444, 444, 449 Wilkins, Maurice 428 Yamasee War (1715–17) 241
stock market crashes 444, 444, Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 296 William, Prince, Duke of Yamato kingdom 89, 100, 100
447 “Venus” figurines 17, 17, 21 Waldensians 137, 140 Yangtze River 461
Strategic Defence Initiative 439 Veracruz 307, 340, 340 Waldeyer, Heinrich 428 Cambridge 464 Yao people 168
Tea Party 463, 465 Vercellae, Battle of (101 BCE) 68, 69 Wales 79 William I, King of Prussia 313 Yashima, Battle of (1185) 138
telegraph 296–7, 301 Vercingetorix, King of the Averni 71 Walesa, Lech 437, 439, 448 William III, King of England 228, Yax Nuun Ayiin 95
Texas War of Independence 296 Verdun 344, 346, 347 Walker, William 305, 305 Yeager, Chuck 365
Trail of Tears 294 Verrazano, Giovanni da 181 Wall Street Crash (1929) 369, 369 229, 229, 232 Yellow River 30, 318
transcontinental railroad 313 Versailles 226 Wall Street Crash (1989) 447 William the Conqueror, King of Yellow Turban revolt 86
“Truman Doctrine” 407 Verus, Martius 83 Wallace, William 149, 149 Yeltsin, Boris 443, 448, 450, 450, 451
unemployment 370–71, 371, 373, Verwoerd, Hendrik 425 Wallenstein, Albrecht 212, 212 England 128, 128, 129 Yemen 286, 303, 441, 464
382, 384 Vesalius, Andreas 187, 205, 282, 282 Wallia 98 William of Orange 194 Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia
Vietnam War 418, 424, 424, 425, Vespasian, Emperor 78–9 Wandiwash 260 William the Pious, Duke of
426, 426, 432, 433, 434, 434 Vesuvius, Mount 79 Wang Mang, Emperor of China 315, 318
Vietnam War protests 426, 431 Vichy government 391 Aquitaine 120 Yom Kippur War (1973) 433
votes for women 358, 358 Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy 76 Wilson, E.B. 429 Yoritomo, Minamoto 139
Wall Street Crash 369, 369 Wang Shen 154 Wilson, Woodrow 356 York, House of 174
War of 1812 287 308, 314, 398 War of 1812 287 Yorktown, Battle of (1781) 270, 270
war with Mexico 302, 303 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy War of the Austrian Succession League of Nations 356, 358 Yoruba people 128, 245, 253
Watergate scandal 433, 433 Pancho Villa’s raid 346 Yorubaland 326
Women’s Liberation 427 361 (1740–48) 248–9, 252, 253, World War I 347, 348, 352, 353 Yoshimasa, Ashikaga 163, 168–9
women’s suffrage 315 Victoria, Queen of England 296, 258 Wimshurst, James 298, 298 Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga 157
World War I 343, 347, 348, 348, War of the Bavarian Succession Winter War (1939) 387, 387, 390 Young, John 438
352–3 297, 297, 330, 330 (1778–79) 269 Wladyslaw II Jagiello, King of Young Plan 369
World War II 387, 391, 393–5, Victoria Falls 305 War of the First Coalition (1792–5) Young Turks 335, 337
393, 397, 398, 399, 399, 401, Vidin 294 278, 280, 281 Poland 158–9, 158 YouTube 461
401, 404, 404 Vienna 184, 184, 228, 234 War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739) 248 Wollstonecraft, Mary 278, 278 Ypres 344, 349
see also American Indians Vienna, Congress of (1814–15) 288 War of the Polish Succession Wolseley, Sir Garnet 315, 315 Ypres, First Battle of (1914) 341
Vienne, Council of (1311–12) 150 (1733–35) 246, 246, 247 women Ypres, Second Battle of (1915) 342
Universal Declaration of Human Viet Cong 424, 425, 426, 426 War of the Quadruple Alliance Yuan Shikai 336
Rights (1948) 409 Viet Minh 414 (1718–20) 242, 242 feminism 420, 421, 427 Yuandi, Emperor of China 73, 89, 91
Vietnam War of the Spanish Succession right to vote 315, 327, 337 Yucatán peninsula 179
Ur 25, 25, 27, 31 (1701–14) 235, 236, 237, 240, World War I 342 Yuezhi nomads 77
Ur-Nammu 27 and Cambodian civil war 446 240, 241 Woodstock 431 Yugoslavia
Urban II, Pope 129 Champa kingdom 169 War of the Triple Alliance (1865–70) Woodville family 174
Urban VI, Pope 156 China invades 436 312, 312 Woodward, Bob 433 Bosnian War 449, 449
Urdaneta, Andrés de 193 Cochinchina Campaign 307 Warren Commission 421, 424 Worcester, Battle of (1651) 219 breaks up 448, 449, 458–9
Uribarri, Juan de 236 Indochina Wars 406, 414, 415, 415 Wars of the Roses (1455–85) 163, World Bank 456 independence movements 437
Urnfield culture 36 invades Cambodia 435, 436 167, 174 World Economic Conference murder of Stjepan Radić 368
Uruguay 294, 440 Le dynasty 161 Warsaw 387, 401 World War II 392
Uruk 19 Nguyen dynasty 284 Warsaw, Battle of (1656) 220 (1933) 377 Yusuf I, King of Granada 152
Usman dan Fodio 285 Vietnam War (1955–75) 424 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 262 World Population Day 444 Yusuf abn Ya’qub 136
Ustaše movement 392 antiwar protests 425, 431 Warsaw Pact 415, 415, 427, 443 World Trade Organization (WTO)
Utica 63 ceasefire 433 Washington, George 268, 270, 270, Z
Utrecht, Union of 195 fall of Saigon 434, 434 272, 272 455, 455
Uttar Pradesh 92 first American deaths 418 Watergate scandal (1973) 433, World War I (Great War, 1914–18) Zab, Battle of the (750) 113
Uzbeks 179, 201 My Lai Massacre 426 433 Zaire 454
Uzun Hasan 170 napalm bomb 432 Waterloo, Battle of (1815) 288 340–53, 344–5, 354–5. 388 Zama, Battle of (202BCE) 63
Operation Crimp 425 Waterman, L.E.29 World War II (1939–45) 386–95 Zambezi River 305
V Operation Rolling Thunder 424 Watson, James 415, 428, 429, 429 Zanzibar 245, 326
Vigo 242 Watt, James 234, 268, 268, 274, war in Europe 388–9 Zapata, Emiliano 336, 336
Vaballathus 89 Vigo Bay, Battle of (1702) 235 275 war in the Pacific 394–5 Zapotecs 40, 52
Vahram III, King of Persia 90 Vijayanagar 151, 151 weapons see arms and armor weapons 402–3 Zeeland 194
Valens, Emperor 94 Vikings 124–5 Wedgwood, Josiah 259, 259 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 419 Zengid dynasty 133, 136
Valentinian I, Emperor 94 arts and crafts 115, 122–3 Wei kingdom 57, 88 Worms 131 Zeno, Emperor 101, 102
Valentinian II, Emperor 94, 95 and Franks 117, 121 Weismann, August 428 Wounded Knee, massacre of Zenobia of Palmyra 89
Valentinian III, Emperor 99 Danegeld 125, 127 Welf clan 132 Zenta, Battle of (1697) 234
Valerian, Emperor 88, 88, 89 defeated in Ireland 126 Welles, Orson 385 (1890) 326, 326 Zeppelins 364, 364
Valmy, Battle of (1792) 278 discovery of North America 126 Wellesley, Richard 280, 280, 281 Wren, Christopher 240 Zha Kuangyin 124
Valparaiso 312 raid British Isles 115 Wellington, Duke of 286, 288, Wright brothers 331, 331, 364, Zhang Qian 67
Vandals 98, 100, 102 settlement of Greenland 125 294 Zhao Zheng 61
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo 367 settlement of Iceland 118–19, 119 Wendi, Emperor of China 105 364–5, 365 Zhaodi, Emperor of China 70
Varangians 119 Villa, Francisco “Pancho” 336, Wends 124, 125 writing 19, 28–9 Zhaozong, Emperor of China 120
Varennes 277 Wessex 101, 117, 118 Zheng He 158, 159, 161
Vargas, Getúlio 371 346, 346 West Bank 445 cuneiform 25, 25, 154, 154, 374 Zhu Yuanzhang 153
Varna 294 Vincennes 247 West Bengal 92 glyphs 40 Zhukov, Georgy 386, 398
Varna, Battle of (1444) 162, 163 Vindex, Gaius Julius 78 West Germany Linear B script 35 Zhuwen, Emperor of China 120
Varus, Quinctilius 76 Virgil 73, 73 Berlin airlift 409, 409, 410 oracle bones 35 Zimbabwe 437, 458, 463
Vasili IV, Czar 203 Virginia Colony 196 East Germany closes border 414 Phoenician alphabet 37, 40
Vatican see Catholic Church Visconti, Filipo Maria, Duke of formation of 410 Wu, Empress of China 109, 111 see also Great Zimbabwe;
Velázquez, Diego 220, 220 see also Germany Wu kingdom 88 Rhodesia
Veneti tribe 70 Milan 160, 160, 163 West Pakistan see Pakistan Wuchang 336
Venezuela 287, 288, 289, 295 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Wexford, County 281 Wudi, Emperor of China Zimmerman telegram 348
Venice Weyden, Rogier van der 204 Zionism 349
Milan 160 Wheatstone, Charles 296 (r.141–87 BCE) 68–9, 68 Ziyadat Allah I, Emir 117
diplomatic isolation 179 Visigoths 98, 98, 99, 100, 101, 112 White Lotus sect 280 Wudi, Emperor of China (r. 265–89) Zonchio, Battle of (1499) 176–7, 177
Doge’s Palace 160, 160 Vitellius, Emperor 78–9 White Mountain, Battle of (1620) Zorndorf, Battle of (1758) 259, 259
Fourth Crusade 140 Vitigis, King of the Ostrogoths 102 209, 209 89–90 Zoroastrianism 112
glass-making 149, 149 Vladislas II, King of Poland 175 White Sheep Turcomans 170 Wycliffe, John 156 Zulus 288, 319, 450
Rialto Bridge 200 Vladivostok 326 Whitney, Eli 278, 279 Zunghar Mongols 241, 242
rise of 125, 125, 131 Volga River 119 Wikipedia 457 X Zutphen, Battle of (1586) 197, 197
Volkswagen 333, 418
Vologeses III, King of Parthia 81 X-rays 328, 328
Volta, Alessandro 298 Xenophon 53
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de Xerxes I, King of Persia 51
Xhosa people 269, 269
246, 246, 256, 257, 259, 261 Xiandi, Emperor of China 86, 87
Voodoo 277 Xiang Yu 63
Vouillé, Battle of (507) 101 Xingo National Park 419
Xiongnu confederacy 66, 80, 81,

91
Xuandi, Emperor of China 70
Xuanzang 109, 109
Xuanzong, Emperor of China 112

509

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Courtesy of 3M: 282cr. Jon Arnold Images / Demetrio Images 259crb. Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg, EPA 29cl; Patrick Escudero /
akg-images: British Library, Carrasco 7ftr; Wolfgang Kaehler Bibliothèque Nationale De Russia / Bernard Cox 244tl; Hemis 67tr; Dominique Faget,
London 222bl, 232tr; CDA / 34-35t; LatitudeStock 151br; France, Paris: 154crb; Victoria & Albert Museum, 438-439cb; Najlah Feanny-
Guillemot 188-189t, 192cl, 206tc, Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo The Bridgeman Art Library: London 198bl; Wallace Hicks, 454tl; Fine Art
218cr; DEA Picture Library Library 185c, 207tr, 225tr, 234br, 103r, 143tr, 184tr, 253tr, 264cra, Collection, London 214bl; Photographic Library 180b;
188cl; François Guénet 77t; 289ca, 364cb; David Lyons 88cl; 269cr, 271tr, 374bc; Archives Courtesy of the Warden and Werner Forman 69b, 83b, 156b,
Joseph Martin 200tl; Nimatallah Celia Mannings 288tc; Mary Charmet 157tr, 167tr, 208bl, Scholars of New College, Oxford 238clb; Michael Freeman 129cl,
208-209b, 223b; North Wind Evans Picture Library 51b, 98c, 236cr, 253cl, 277tr, 288tr, 328tr; 131b; © Trustees of the Watts 236bl; The Gallery Collection
Picture Archives 292tc; Ru– 99cr, 157tl, 163cr, 181tr, 232tl, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Gallery, Compton, Surrey 301tr. 6tl, 17crb, 17br, 47br, 54bc,
ssian Picture Service 319tl, 240bl, 259tc, 261tc, 306t, 318br, Sydney 319tr; Ashmolean The Trustees of the British 61cra, 124tc, 128tr, 142tl, 158-
351tl; Sotheby’s 233tr; Yvan 323cr, 330tc, 364clb; Steven May Museum, University of Oxford, Museum: 2, 6tc, 8b, 25c, 27tr, 159b, 184c, 197cr, 204tc, 204bc,
Travert 137tr; Tretjakov Gallery 330br; John Mitchell 305tr; UK 40cr, 243t; Bibliothèque de 54bl, 64t, 67c, 87bl, 93c, 108tl, 205cl, 210bl, 218tr, 261tr, 287tr,
235r, 309tr, 318t; Ullstein Bild Carver Mostardi 136tl; Niday l’Institut de France 205bc; 149cr, 176-177b, 257clb. 295cb, 303br, 312-313tc; Christel
334br; World History Archive / Picture Library 222tc, 303tr; Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris ChinaFotoPress: 30cr. Gerstenberg 362clb; Karie
IAM 28cr, 154cb, 186bl; Erich North Wind Picture Archives 6ftr, 129tl, 130cl, 140tl, 152tc, Corbis: 7tc, 7r, 89cl, 186br, Hamilton, 455tr; Blaine
Lessing 40cl, 108tc, 182fbr, 183t. 126tc, 150c, 211tr, 224br, 244cr, 156tr; Bildarchiv Steffens Henri 205bl, 222tl, 238bl, 252br, 256tc, Harrington III 287tl; Ron Haviv /
Alamy Images: AAA Photostock 270tr, 277tl, 285tc, 301tc, 321tr, Stierlin 40tr; Bonhams, London 278clb, 282bl, 284ca, 330tl, VII, 449tr; Gavin Hellier / JAI
193cl; Nir Alon 301cr; Ayhan 322tl, 329ca; B O’Kane 147tl; 314tl; William Bradley 273cr; 346bl, 348cla, 350tr, 373cla, 215c, Hemis / Tuul 142tr;
Altun 94-95t, Ancient Art & Oasis / Photos 12 336br; Olivier Bristol City Museum and Art 393cra, 404c, 414ca, 426t, Heritage Images 117bc, 132-
Architecture Collection Ltd 41t, Parent 73cr; David Paterson Gallery, UK 297ca; © British 439cra, 441tr, 444-445, 450t, 133t, 185bl; Jon Hicks 73tc;
70c, 146c; Antiques & 245t; PhotoEdit 454clb; Library Board. All Rights 456cla, 457c, 459tl, 459cla, Historical Picture Archive 46tl,
Collectables 240br, 244bc; Arco Photos-12 150tr, 329tl; Pictorial Reserved 118tc, 132tc, 141cla, 460clb; Mike Agliolo 238crb, 60tl, 108tr, 304tl, 304tc, 323tc;
Images GmbH 25t; Art Directors Press Ltd. 197tl, 220-221t, 200tr, 272tr, 301tl; Brooklyn Albright-Knox Art Gallery / © Hoberman Collection 204tr;
& TRIP 36-37t, 78l, 213tr; The 295cra, 296tc, 414clb; Pictures Museum of Art, New York, USA Successió Miró 2011, 366bl; Angelo Hornak 101cr, 199ca,
Art Archive 30bl, 34tl, 35br, 36c, Colour Library 118c; Paris 169cb; Brooklyn Museum of Art, Alinari Archives 357cla; Paul 199bc, 199br; Hulton-Deutsch
41cr, 48tl, 64bc, 65c, 72b, 92t, Pierce 320tr; Mark Pink 140- New York, USA/Gift of K. Almasy 88bc, 128bl, 213c; Collection 260tl, 335br, 341tl,
112c, 114tc, 116tc, 138cl, 142tc, 141t; Pink Sun Media 215tr; Thomas amd Sharon Amanaimages 192tl; Mladen 342bc, 343tr, 364br, 406crb;
143cl, 156cl, 160cl, 170bl, 171b, PjrStudio 88tc; Niels Poulsen Elghanayan 110-111t; Burgos Antonov, 455cra; H. Armstrong Mimmo Jodice 64br; Dewitt
182cb, 192b, 193c, 194-195t, DK 239br; The Print Collector Cathedral, Burgos, Spain 175tr; Roberts / ClassicStock 433crb; Jones 126tl; Mark Karrass 63tr;
195tr, 195cl, 196tl, 201tr, 201c, 31br, 112tr, 151tr, 162tl, 166c, Byzantine / Prado, Madrid, Tony Arruza 161cr; Arte & Karen Kasmauski 405bc; Alain
206-207t, 211cl, 216crb, 218tl, 175ca, 194bl, 251bc, 289crb, Spain 112tc; Chester Beatty Immagini 205tc; 237cl; Asian Art Keler / Sygma 436tr; Keystone
220tc, 226cr, 234tr, 242tr, 259tl, 305b, 313cra; Prisma Archivo Library, Dublin 220br; Chicago & Archaeology, Inc. 105br, 138tl; 340t; Lebrecht Authors /
272cl, 273tr, 284tc, 288tl, 292tr, 319br; Prisma Bildagentur AG History Museum 312bl; Chiostro Atlantide Phototravel 87cr; Lebrecht Music & Arts 130tl;
294ca, 296tl, 302-303tc, 304tr, 249tr; Ria Novosti 143tl, 207bl; dei Morti, Santissima Maher Attar / Sygma 444clb; Lebrecht Music & Arts 202-203t,
313tc, 332clb, 335tl, 358bl, Rolf Richardson 163tc; Robert Annunziata, Florence 149tl; Nathan Benn 21cb, 21bc; 246t; Danny Lehman 52-53t;
402ftr, 410crb, 411cra; The Art Estall Photo Agency 109tc; Christie’s Images 243tl; City of Bettmann 29bc, 47c, 65br, 68c, Charles & Josette Lenars 93t;
Robert Harding World Imagery Edinburgh Museums and Art 87t, 139tr, 175cr, 176cl, 201cr, Diego Lezama Orezzoli 269tl;
108-109t; Robert Preston Galleries, Scotland 264tr; 208tc, 210cr, 225tl, 229br, 264tl, Philippe Lissac / GODONG 150b;

510

Yi Lu 174-175tl; Frank Lukasseck Galleries 144tr; British Airways 125b, 135tr, 182ca, 198tl, 198tc Hulton Archive 337tr; Allan Viollet 225tc, 405cr; Science &
115tr, Rick Maiman, 456tl; Luis 365crb; By permission of The 275bc; National Motor Museum, Baxter 454-455cb; Pietro Society Picture Library / NMeM
Marden / National Geographic British Library 28bc, 173clb; The Beaulieu 332bl, 354bl, 354bc; Benvenuti 286tl; Bloomberg / Kodak Collection 319cla; DEA /
Society 287cb; John Marian / Trustees of the British Museum National Museum, New Delhi 396cl, 398tl, 398tr, 398clb, M. Seemuller 54crb, Frank
Transtock 333bc; Francis G. 20tc, 25b, 28t, 29clb, 48tr, 48cb, 199tr, 199tc, 199cl, 199cr, 247bl; 399cra, 400-401b, 401tl, 456- Siteman 24t; Sports Illustrated
Mayer 52cr, 63cl, 211tl; Ulli 48crb, 48bl, 48br, 49tr, 49bl, Trustees of the National 457t, 459cra, 460tl, 460crb, 451cra, 451clb; SSPL 180-181b,
Michel / Reuters 448tc; 54tl, 54ca, 54cb, 54br, 59cl, 65cr, Museums of Scotland 215br, 461tr, 462cl; Bridgeman Art 225cl, 261crb, 265ca, 268tl,
Momatiuk - Eastcott 28cl; David 84tl, 84tc, 84cra, 84bc, 84br, 252ca; National Railway Library 101c, 180-181t, 184tl; 268cr, 270cra, 271tc, 272tc,
Muench 70tl, 206bl; NASA 458bl; 84ftr, 85tc, 85tr, 85br, 92br, Museum, York 384-385b; Sisse Brimberg 16-17t; Bronze 274bc, 275cl, 275cr, 275cb,
NASA / Science Faction 55crb; 108ca, 109cr, 122r, 123cl, 134r, Natural History Museum 12cr, Age 19crb; Father Browne / 275bl, 276tl, 276cl, 276cr, 282c,
National Gallery - London 280tl, 140-141b, 145tc, 162b, 198bc, 13cr, 54clb; New York City Police Universal Images Group / Hulton 282br, 283t, 283cb, 293crb,
280tr, 281tl, 281clb, 283br, 284tl, 204tl, 216cl, 216clb, 216cb, Museum 368cra; Gary Ombler Archive 186-187t, 189cl, 209tr, 366cra, 378tl, 412tc, 440tl,
284tr, 284crb, 285tr, 292tl, 293tr, 279cra, 290tr, 317crb, 374cb, 268cra, 290tl, 290tc, 290c, 300tr, 315tr; Michelangelo 428tr; Keren Su 36tl;
296-297t, 297tr, 297cb; Michael 406cra; © CONACULTA-INAH- 290cr, 290bl, 290ca, 290cra, Buonarroti 178; Buyenlarge SuperStock 188tr, 267tl, 368tl,
Nicholson 57cb, 350tl, 350bl, MEX. Authorized reproduction 290bc, 290fbl, 291tl, 291tc, 291tr, 331cla; Central Press / Hulton 368cr; David Sutherland 79tr;
351bl, 351br, 380cl; Richard T. by the Instituto Nacional de 291ca, 291ca/2, 291cr, 291bl, Archive 302tl, 321b, 359cra, Jane Sweeney 113tr, 256tr; The
Nowitz 203tr; Christine Osborne Antropología e Historia 111r, 291ftl, 291ftr, 375bl, 391cb, 392c, 362tl, 363tr, 380tr, 381cl; Bridgeman Art Library 39bl,
130tc; Nigel Pavitt / JAI 8–9; 113c, 119tc, 119br, 144tc, 144cra, 398crb, 402cla, 402bc, 403cb, Philippe Chery 60cb; Manuel 59br, 114-115t, 130cr, 131c, 132tr,
Jacques Pavlovsky / Sygma 144c, 144cr, 144br, 145c, 145cl, 449c; Gary Ombler / Collection Cohen 51cr, 336bl; Cosmo 140c, 158tr, 161tc, 168cl, 176-
434ca; Philadelphia Museum of 145cr, 145b, 170t; Captain Cook of Jean-Pierre Verney 354tl, Condina 111tr; Cover 373t, 373cr, 177t, 184bl, 185t, 186t, 192tr,
Art 327br; PictureNet 265tr; Birthplace Museum, 354tc, 355ca, 355cl; Opera di S. 376tr, 379tl, 382b; De Agostini 193br, 197br, 219t, 221c, 226-
Matthew Polak, 451cla; Radius Middlesbrough Council 269cra; Maria del Fiore di Firenze 150tl; Picture Library 34cl, 34-35c, 227t, 232br, 233cr, 247t, 248b,
Images 174c; Enzo & Paolo Andrew L Chernack 434cb; City Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford 37bl, 56t, 100ca, 110bl, 175clb, 249cr, 274clb, 304ftr; Time &
Ragazzini 182crb; Vittoriano Palace Museum, Jaipur 198br; 20ca, 326c, 145cra; Pitt Rivers 232cl, 294clb, 385tr; DEA / Life Pictures 58-59t, 120-121b,
Rastelli 80tr; Carmen Redondo Joe Cornish 286crb; Courtesy of Museum, University of Oxford / W.Buss 168-169t; DEA / A. 218br, 235tl, 257tc, 265tl,
72-73tc, 200bl; Reuters 108b, the Charlestown Shipwreck and David King 20cb, 20bc, 64cl; Jemolo 44bl; DEA / G. Dagli Orti 277cla, 280clb, 382t, 384t,
171tr, 183br; Bertrand Rieger / Heritage Centre, Cornwall Martin Plomer 401cb; Rob 26cr, 44bc, 56-57t, 76ca, 120c, 385cra, 386cra, 387t, 387crb,
Hemis 126-127t; Robert Harding 251bl; Courtesy of the RAF Reichenfeld 256tl; Alex Robinson 250br; DEA / L. Pedicini 250fbr, 390tl, 391tl, 407br, 409tr, 415tr,
World Imagery 224tl; Royal Museum, Hendon 355cr, 355crb; 271tl; Rough Guides 133tr, 141tr, 258t, 258cl, 259clb; Danita 418tr, 424cra, 424clb, 432cla,
Ontario Museum 90bl, 236-237t; Andy Crawford 383c, 413tr, 433tc; Royal Green Jackets Delimont 83tr, 223tl; Patrick 445crb; Time & Life Pictures /
David Rubinger 408crb; Michael 413cb, 447cra; Danish National Museum, Winchester 329crb; Dieudonne 18-19t; Dinodia Mansell 236tl, 241tl, 313cla,
Runkel / Robert Harding World Museum 115cr, 119ca, 122tl, Courtesy of the Science Photos / Brand X Pictures 307cl; 321tl, 348br; Topical Press
Imagery 182br; Brendan Ryan / 122tr, 122cr, 123tr, 123tc, 123c, Museum, London 123br, 134c, Macduff Everton 81t, 104t; Agency / Hulton Archive 336tl,
Gallo Images 12-13t; Rykoff 123cra, 123cr; The Eden Camp 182tr, 207br, 238cb, 250-251, Gamma-Keystone 286tr, 293tl, 357tr, 359tr, 361bl, 368bl; Travel
Collection 416tr; Sakamoto Museum, Yorkshire 374crb, 268cl, 274t, 274bl, 296cr, 298cb, 293ca, 293clb, 296clb, 299clb, Ink 69cl; Roger Viollet 101t,
Photo Research Laboratory 37br, 375crb, 375bc, 386crb; English 298crb, 298bl, 298-299c, 299cb, 353br, 371ca, 372-373t, 392clb, 272crb, 352t, 352bl, 357cr,
66b; Michael T. Sedam 82tc; Paul Civil War Society 198c; English 299bl, 299bc, 318bl, 328cla, 397t, 405t, 410tr, 431cla; 362cra, 379cla, 392tl, 425cra;
Seheult / Eye Ubiquitous 83cl; Heritage 112bl; Ermine Street 332cb, 361cra, 428bl, 413tl; Dave Gamma-Rapho 407cra, 408t, Art Wolfe 233tl.
Smithsonian Institution 116bc, Guard 85ca, 85cr, 216br; Bob Shayler / Astro Info Service Ltd 408clb, 409cr, 417t, 417cra, Robert Hooke, Micrographia,
259cra; Hubert Stadler 124tl; Gathany 412bl, 416ca; Steve 413c; Shuttleworth Collection, 418ca, 425tr, 432tr, 437tl, 438- London 1665: Ant from Scbem.
Stapleton Collection 86tl, 159tc, Gorton 413bl, 413bc, 413br; Ellen Bedfordshire 364tr, 364-365c; 439t, 441cl, 462t, 463t, 464c, XXXII and p203 222cra.
160-161t, 214tl, 260tr, 288cb; Howdon 291cra; Wilberforce Spink and Son Ltd, London 464-465t, 465cl; Kenneth International Instituut voor
State Hermitage Museum, St House, Hull City Museums 358cra; James Stevenson 412- Garrett 44-45t; Giraudon 102cr; Sociale Geschiedenis (http://
Petersburg 238bl, 327tr; George 208bc; Imperial War Museum, 413, 413cl, 413cr; Jane Stockman Deborah Lynn Guber 67b; Henry www.iisg.nl/): Take steel as the
Steinmetz 147tc; Keren Su 117tr, Duxford 459b; Imperial War 283bc; Harry Taylor 253cra; Guttmann / Hulton Archive key link for a leap forward in all
136tr, 461clb; Summerfield Museum, London 217br, 349cra, Universitets Oldsaksamling 349tr; Hulton Archive 58bl, fields, Tianjin People’s Fine Arts
Press 153tl, 161tr; Swim Ink 2, 356bl, 354tr, 354cla, 355tl, 123bl, 123bc; University 118cr, 136tc, 179cr, 188b, 193tr, Publishing House, 1958; offset,
LLC 301cla, 328cra, 343cla, 355tc, 355tr, 355bl, 355bc, Museum of Archaeology and 202tl, 222tr, 223tr, 228b, 229c, 53 x 77 cms, inv. nr. BG E12 /
351cr, 390cla, 399l; Frédéric 355br, 397cr, 402tl, 402cr, 402bl, Anthropology, Cambridge 20tr, 237t, 244cl, 248tr, 280br, 301bl, 530 417bl.
Soltan / Sygma 147tr, 160tc, 402br, 402ftl, 403tl, 403l, 403tr, 20-21ca, 21tl, 21cra, 144bl, 305tc, 314tr, 320cla, 326tc, Riccie Janus: 461cr.
270tl, Sygma 2-3, 351tr; Homer 403cra, 403c, 403crb, 403br, 145tr; Lorenzo Vecchia 250bl; 330tr, 334tr, 336tr, 342tr, 342cla, David King Collection: 350br,
Sykes 115tc; Luca Tettoni 104b, 403fcrb; Prem Kapoor 411cla; Jean-Pierre Verney 342cra, 346t, 404tl; Imagno 261cla, 351bc.
137cl; The Art Archive 63br, 95tc, Colin Keates 298clb; James 346ca; Vietnam Rolling Thunder 267cra, 269cb, 372l; Imagno / The Kobal Collection:
120cl, 131tr, 150cr, 160tl, 162- Mann 418clb; Jamie Marshall 426cla, 426ca, 428clb, 428bc; Austrian Archives 279cb; Islamic Paramount 369bl; Warner Bros
163t, 166tr, 173crb, 189tr, 193tl, 82cl, 98tl, 219b, 299crb; Mary Vikings of Middle England 122bc, School 46b; Jean I. Juste 179tl; 367br.
200c, 211cr, 214tr, 228tl, 246cr; Rose Trust, Portsmouth 55cb, 122br; Wallace Collection, Keystone-France / Gamma- Library Of Congress,
The Print Collector 112tl; Arthur 55clb; Andrew McRobb 250bc; London 198tr, 198cla, 216-217, Keystone 332cl, 341cra, 346cr, Washington, D.C.: 266tl,
Thévenart 166clb; Travelasia / Judith Miller 190br, Judith Miller 217crb, 233b, 266cla; Matthew 366tc; Michael Langford 270clb; Battelle Memorial Institute /
Asia Images 157br; Peter Turnley / Bath Antiquities Centre 124cl, Ward 400ca, 401cra; Warwick Gottfried Lindauer / The 126770pu, 155br.
438tl, 446t, 448ca; Underwood & Judith Miller / Kevin Conru 148c, Castle, Warwick, 17bc, 132cl, Bridgeman Art Library 300cla; Magnum Photos: Rene Burri
Underwood 352cra, 356br, 361tl; Judith Miller / Lyon and Turnbull 132cr, 303cra; York London Stereoscopic Company / 420t; Steve McCurry 447l.
US Air Force 460-461t; Ruggero Ltd. 313b, Judith Miller / Sloan’s Archaeological Trust for Hulton Archive 315br; Michael Mary Evans Picture Library:
Vanni 45t, 77cr, 117tc; Sandro 29c, 190tr, 316tl, 316tc, Judith Excvation and Research Ltd Melford 81cr, 120-121t, 138cr, 287tc; AISA Media 234c; Alinari
Vannini 24bc, 40bl, 56ca, 75br; Miller / VinMagCo 412br, Judith 28br; Michel Zabe 144tl. 142c, 148tl; Nakshi 209br; Archives, Florence 160-161b; IBL
Brian A. Vikander 58cla; Nik Miller / Wallis and Wallis 134clb; Dreamstime.com: SeregaI 130tr. National Archive / Newsmakers Collections 247cr; Suddeutsche
Wheeler 83tl, 126cb; Roger Wood The Ministry of Defence Pattern Éditions Gallimard: Simone de 331tl; New York Daily News Zeitung 170br, 203bl.
84bl; Adam Woolfitt 77cl, 132bc, Room, Nottingham 387ca; Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe I 353tr, 356t; National Geographic Moviestore Collection: 420b;
157c. Museo Archeologico Nazionale Les Faits et Les Mythes, 1949 69t, 315ca; Nativestock / Marilyn Disney 384ca.
Dorling Kindersley: 412tl; The di Napoli 79c; Museu da Cidade, 421cl. Angel Wynn 227bl, 376cl; New NASA: 365br, 441cb; GSFC /
American Museum of Natural Lisbon 256cl, 257tr; Courtesy of John Frost Historical York Daily News Archive 367tr; JPL, MISR Team 245cl.
History 291crb; The Board of the Museum of English Rural Newspapers: 426crb. Richard T. Nowitz 89tr; National Maritime Museum,
Trustees of the Armouries 48ca, Life, The University of Reading Getty Images: Sylvester Adams Panoramic Images 90tr; Per- Greenwich, London: 238bc,
139c, 160cr, 168-169b, 217bl, 250cb, 251clb; Museum of 78-79t; AFP 86tr, 284clb, 347tr, Anders Pettersson 376cra; 238br, 379cr; Ministry of
242br, 306b, 306cb, 402cb, London 20bl, 20br, 21bl, 21br, 370cra, 420-421t, 424tl, 444tl, 377cra, 377clb, 432cr, 433tr, Defence Art Collection 238tr,
436cra, 438cr, 440cra; 21fbr, 28cr; Museum of Mankind 451c, 458t, 463cr, 463b, 464- 448-449t, David Poole 128tl, 239c.
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Museum of Mankind / The 465c, 465cr; Alterndo Images 435tc, 435cla; Popperfoto 269ftl, NRAO / AUI / NSF: 183bc.
135cr; Sarah Ashun 425ca; Trustees of the British Museum 243b; Altrendo Travel 91t; 309cl, 341bl, 347bl, 348t, 348bl, David Parfitt: 251crb.
Bayerische Verwaltung der 21cr; Museum of the Revolution, Marilyn Angel Wynn / 371tr, 383tr, 390clb, 393clb, Photolibrary: Wayne Fogden
staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten Moscow 370clb; Royal Museum Nativestock.com 70bl; Apic / 396t, 398ca, 411tl, 414-415t, 125tr; Erwin Bud Nielsen
und Seen 256crb; BFI Stills, of Scotland 144-145t; NASA Hulton Archive 331tr, 335cra, 419c, 431tr; Emile Prisse 155crb; Sites & Photos 56-57b.
Posters and Designs 334bl; 412cl, 440l, 275bc; National 337cra, 347cra, 363b; Edward A. d’Avennes 286cb; Rischgitz / Press Association Images:
Birmingham Museum and Art Maritime Museum, London 124- Armitage 94tl; Arthur Barrett / Hulton Archive 322tr; Roger 416tc; AP / Zoran Bozicevic

511

438clb, 450clb. 31cl; White Images 154bc, 155tl. Socialdemokraterna (www. Navy, (1884-1943) Official Endpaper Front: Alamy Images:
Rex Features: 455tl; Science Museum / Science & socialdemokraterna.se): portrait, by Shugaku Homma, Imagebroker. Endpaper Back:
Royal Geographical Society: Society Picture Library: 55br, 441cra. 1943 (inv NH 79462-KN) 393cb. Getty Images Andy Caulfield.
Alfred Gregory, 414crb. 155bl, 183cl, 214br, 222br, 239bl, SuperStock: De Agostini 55cr; Werner Forman Archive:
The Royal Bank of Scotland 239bc, 251cr, 253bl, 269ftr, Science and Society 233cl, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid Jacket images: Front and Back:
Group: © 2011 65bc. 299cr, 332br, 365cb, 381crb, 332bc, 375cl. 127tc. Alamy Images: Craft Images
Giovanni Sarbia: 90c. 429t. TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Wikipedia: 65cl; Apple Inc.
Photo Scala, Florence: 269tc; Science Photo Library: Martin Collection 125cla, 182bl, 264clb, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ All other images © Dorling
BPK, Bildagentur fuer Kunst, Bond 275crb; Jean-Loup 272tl, 272ca, 307tl, 307tc, 308t, File:Apple_Computer_Logo_ Kindersley
Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin Charmet 282bc; Eye of Science 326tl; Public Record Office / HIP rainbow.svg) 434crb; Courtesy For further information see
212b; Heritage Images 110cr; 429bc; John Greim 283bl; NASA 300bc; RIA Novosti 294tl; World of the Rare Book Room/Andreas w w w.dkimages.com
The Metropolitan Museum of Art 436clb; Science Source 208tr. History Archive 271cb. Vesalii, De Humani corporis
/ Art Resource 182fbl, 195br; Courtesy of The Schøyen US Naval History & Heritage fabrica p184-185, printed
Vorderasiatisches Museum, Collection, Oslo and London: Command: Admiral Isoroku Johannes Oporinus c1543
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin 154clb, 154bl. Yamamoto, Imperial Japanese 282crb.

512 ~StormRG~