ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តប្រទេសកម្ពុជា_និពន្ធដោយ_អាដេម៉ា_ឡឺក្លែរ

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 343 cak;mkelIcegáHeqVgrbs;RBH]braC eFVI[RBH]braCERsky:agxøaMg ehIydYleTAeGabeCIgRBHraCa. RBHraCarMePIbxøaMgNas; k¾»ncab;bIRBHGnuCeLIg be)asGEg¥l nigRBHkEnSgesakaCaxøaMg eFVI[RBH ]braCyl;fa RBHeromcaj;e)akeKehIy. RBH]braCk¾erobrab;fVay RBHeromGMBIerOgEdlvibulraC RsI )aneTAbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRBHGgÁ RBHGgÁ)anRbEkk b:uEnþRBHGgÁenAesom min)anTUlerOgenHfVay ehIyRTg;fasuMeTascMeBaHkarEdlmin)anraykarN_fVayenH. RBHraCak¾ecjbBa¢aPøam [eKcab; vibulraCRsI RbKl;[ecARkmdak;eTaseTAtamc,ab; enAkñúgExFñÚ qñaM1777. vibulraCRsIenH)anRbRBwtþxusqÁgmþgrYcmkehIy kalBImYy b¤BIrqñaMmun ehIyRtÚv)anRBHraCa eR)asRbNIelIkeTas[. CnenH)anRslaj;sñMmñak; EdlRBHraCasBVRBHT½y eTIbEtelIkeFVICasñM ÉkenAkñúgRBHraCvaMg. edayRtÚveFVI[PJak;ep¥IleBlTteXIjvibulraCenHenAelIETnsyna sñMÉk enAeBlEdlRTg;eTIbEtyagecj)anbnþic edIm,IeTAbMeBjkic©karsMxan;mYy CnenH)ansÞúHeTAkBaäk; ykdavmYymkkan;KMramRBHraCaedIm,IebIkpøÚvrt;ecj. BYkGñkyameXIjdUecñH RsLaMgkaMg mindwgfa manerOgehtuGVIekIteLIgenAkñúgRBHraCdMNak; k¾beNþay[vibulraCrt;ecjeTA. b:uEnþ dl;dwgerOgr:av sBVRKb;BYkGñkyamenaHk¾naMKñaedjtam ehIy)aj;RBÜjRtÚvvibulraCRtg;q¥wgCMnIr dYledknwgdI. b:uEnþ RBHraCaRTg;)anelIkeTaskMhus[eTot. vibulraCmkTUlRBHraCabgçÚcRBH]braCfa manbMNgcg;eFVI XatRBHraCa edayTUlfaedIm,IsgKuNRBHGgÁ Edl)anelIkElgeTas[BImunenaHÉg. eTaskMhus elIkenHCak;EsþgxøaMgNas; k¾b:uEnþeKKitfaRBHraCa EdlFøab;elIkeTaskMhus[vibulraCmþgmkehIy RTg;sBVRBHT½ynwgCnenHxøaMgNas; NamYyRTg;)aneCOeTAelIsmþIbgb¥Ún rbs;vibulraCTaMg4nak;KW eteCaETn ecAhVayRsukkMBg;sVay/ Bag ecAhVayRsuk)arayN_/ sUr ecAhVayRsukéRBkþI/ nigmU ecA hVayRsukRTaMg/ faRBH]braCFMBitCa)anerobEpnkark,t;RBHGgÁEmn ehIy)anesñIsuM[RBHGgÁelIk ElgeTas[mþgeTot. RBH]PeyaraC eRkayBI)anRCabGMBI]RkidækmµenH ehIyedaykMBugEtRbQYn Rsab; RTg;manRBHT½yrMeCIbrMCYlxøaMgNas; NamYyRTg;)armÖcMeBaHxøÜnRBHGgÁpg eTIbfVayRBHeyabl; dl;RBHraCafa RtÚvdak;eTasvibulraCRsI[F¶n;CaTIbMput. b:uEnþRBH]PeyaraC )ansuKtb:unµanéf¶eRkay mkkñúgRBHCnµ38RBHvsSaeKniyayfaRTg;k¾RtÚveKlYceFVIXatdUcCaRBHGnuCG‘ÍcwgEdr.´)ansÁal; tacas;mñak; EdlCItarbs;Kat;manCab;Bak;B½n§nwgerOgenH )anniyayfa Kat;Føab;B¤«BukKat; R)ab;fa RBH]PeyaraCRtÚvsuKtedayeKeFVIXatcak;nwgdavFøúHRBHkay. eBlenaHm®nþITaMgLaymin)anKitdl;erOgGVIEvgq¶ayeT k¾seRmckat;eTassmøab;vibulraCRsI ecaleTA.

karkat;eTasRbharvibulraCRsIenH )aneFVI[mþayeQµaH CMTavLag mankMhwgCaxøaMg ehIy seRmccitþeFVIkarsgswkvij b:uEnþminEmnsgswknwgBYkecARkmeT KWsgswknwgRBHraCaEtmþg eRBaHKW RBHraCaenHÉgEdl)an[sBaØa[smøab;RBH]braCk,t; ehIyEbrmkcab;kMhusGñkTTYlraCbBa¢aeTA vij. CMTavLag)aneTAsuMyksBvibulraCRsImkeFVIbuNüy:agGFikGFm rYcehIybBa©úHbBa©ÚlkUnKat; TaMg4nak;eTot [naMKñabHe)areLIgRbqaMgnwgRBHraCa. k¾b:uEnþecAhVayExRtTaMgGs;enaH fVIebIeKarB mþaynwkGaNiteBleXIjTwkEPñkKat;hUrFøak;mknigeXIjKat;beBa©jkMhwgeTAelIRBHraCak¾edayk¾BYk eKmincg;eFVItamKat;Edr. erOgr:avhak;dUcCas¶b;eTAvij TTYleBlbuNüP¢úMbiNÐcUlmkdl;. CMTavLag )anGeBa¢IjeTAvtþykcgðan;eTARbeKnelak]TÞiskuslCUndl;matabitaCIdUnCItadUcFmµtarYcehIyKat; )anehAkUnTaMg4eTApÞH edIm,IbMeBjBiFIkñúgRKÜsarbEnßmeTot. eTAdl;pÞH Kat;ykGdæiFaturbs;vibulraC RsI Edldak;kñúgekadimasmkbgðaj ehIyniyayfaFaturbs;bgkUnTaMgGs;KñaenHkMBugEtdegðayehA [kUnsgswkCYs dUecñHkUnRtÚvEtRbEmRbmUlmitþPkþi bkSBYk jatimitþTaMgLay begáItCaT½BmYyCa Rbjab;edIm,IsgswknwgRBHraCa.ecAhVayExRtTaMg4Rsab;EtRceLatxwgtamkarjúHjg;rbs;elak CMTavCamþay k¾snüafanwgsgswkRBHraCavij rYcvilRtlb;eTAkan;ExRterog²xøÜn kñúgcitþnwkKitEtGMBI erobcMEpnkarsgswkbu:eNÑaH. enAqñaMbnÞab;esþcesomPüatak)ancgsm<½n§emRtIPaBCamYyRBHraCakm<úCaehIy)anerobcMEpn kareTAvayesþclavEdlesayraCüenAevogc½nÞ edaysuMCMnYyBIT½BExµr1muWnnak;. sm<½n§emRtIPaBCa mYyesom edIm,IvaylavEdlkm<úCaminEdlmanpulrmas;GVIbnþicesaHenaH )aneFVI[RBHraCaGs;RbCa RbiyPaB. enAkñúgExRtkMBg;sVayEdlT½BRtÚvedIrkat; KWmYykg)ansMedAeTArkcM):asak; nigmYykg eTotsMedAeTArkTenøemKgÁ eK)anekNÐRsI²[bukRsUvEdlRbmUl)anBIGñkRsuk eFVIGgár[kgT½B eFVI[ GñkRsukxwgsm,abHe)areLIg. eBleTAdl;Rsuklav manTahanmYycMnYnEdleKerIsecjBIExRtkMBg; sVayenH )anrt;ecalCYrRtlb;mkvij ehIyBYnenAkñúgéRB. RBHraCa)anbBa¢ÚnmnusS[tamedIrrkBYk Edlrt;ecalCYrTaMgGs;enaH edIm,Icab;ykmkdak;eTas k¾b:uEnþebskCnTaMgenaH )anRtÚvGñkRsukRBÜt Kñacab;kab;smøab;ecalGs;. eteCaETn CaesþcRtaj;EdndIkMBg;sVay min)anraykarN_GMBIsPaB karN_enHfVayRBHraCaeT cMENkÉbgb¥ÚnKat;2nak;eTot KWEsnxagh‘VaBag ecAhVayExRt)arayN_ nigm®nþIesñhasUr ecAhVayExRtéRBkþI k¾min)aneFVIGVIEdr edIm,Icab;cgBYkTahanrt;ecalCYr nigTb;Tl;kuM [karbHe)arrIkraldalEfmeTot. ecAhVayExRtTaMg3nak;enH)anRtÚveKekaHehA[mkcUlKal; RBHraCaenAbnÞayeBRCrYcehIykat;eTasRbharCIvit.k¾b:uEnþeTasrbs;BagecAhVayExRt)arayN_ 344 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 345 )anRtÚvRBHraCasRmalmkRtwmbBa©úHzan³ nigvay50rMBat; ÉesþcRtaj;ETnRtÚvdkdMENgecj. GtItesþcRtaj;eteCaETn)anvilRtlb;mkkñúgExRtrbs;xøÜnvijCamYynwgb¥ÚnRbúsBag ehIyk¾ taMgRbkasbHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHraCacab;BIqñaMbnÞab;mk KWqñaM1779. edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgskmµPaB TaMgGs;enH RBHraCa)ancat;[bgRbúsrbs;GñkTaMg2 KW]kj:amU ecAhVayExRtRTaMg EdlkalBImunCa esþcRtaj;EdndIkMBg;sVay CaGñkcab;GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁnn;rama nigGgÁC½ydak;RTúgEdkkñúgqñaM1757 [ ecjmkb®gáab. eQµaH mU enH CamnusSskmµ nwgnrmineqvqav k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgRBHraCvaMgminsUvmaneK cUlcitþeT eRBaHCamnusSelaPln; ebIcg;)anGVIehIy Kat;h‘aneFVIGVI²TaMgGs;[Et)andUcbMNg. mUdwknaMT½Bmkdl;kMBg;FM CYbT½BbHe)arrbs;b¥ÚnTaMg2 k¾Qb;crcaKñasin. enATIbBa©b; Kat;k¾eCO tamsmþIb¥Ún ehIyyl;RBmcUlédCamYy eFVIs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgRBHraCavij. TaMg3nak;bgb¥Ún mU Bag nigETn k¾naMT½Bmkkan;bnÞayBamEsn EdlvibulraCsYsdkecjeTA)at;. Cnk,t;enHmanbkSBYkenAÉExRt)asak; nigRBHRtBaMg ¬Rtavij¦ EdlBYkGaNÑameTIbEtdeNþIm ykdak;CaTwkdIrbs;eKk¾cat;taMgPñak;gareTAeRCIserIskgT½BkñúgcMeNamBYkExµrenATIenaH[eLIgmkvay ykbnÞayeBRC EdlenAcm¶ayEtb:unµanKILÚEm:Rtb:ueNÑaHBI]tþúgÁ. T½BbHe)ark¾elIkmkdeNþImyk bnÞayenH)an ehIycab;GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁeGg CabuRtarbs;RBH]PeyaraC]T½ysurieyaBN’ EdlsuKt eTAkalBIExFñÚ qñaM1777 ehIyEdleTIbEtmanRBHCnµ6RBHvsSab:ueNÑaH. rYcehIyCnk,t;enH)an cab;buRta 4GgÁeTotrbs;RBHraCanusiT§i[eKsmøab;ecal eTIbcakecjeTAvij edaynaMykRBHraCRTBü TaMgGs;eTACamYypg eRkayBI)anbBa¢a[dutRBHraCmnÞIrecalrYcehIy. GñkRsukRtÚvrt;ecalpÞHsEm,g eRBaHBYkGaNÑamEdlBYkbHe)ar)anehAmk edjBIeRkaytam eFVI)ab nigdeNþImykRTBüsm,tþi. Km<Irsa®sþak,Ünc,ab;epSg²EdlmanenAtamvtþGaram )anRtÚvBYk enH e)aHRKvat;ecaleTAkñúgTwk GENþtBaseBjTenø eFVI[RbCaCnTaMgmUlGs;sgÇwmy:agxøaMg. raCBgSavtarerobrab;famannarI²CaeRcInnak;ERskyM enAeBlEdleXIjk,Ünc,ab;CMenOsasnaenH )anRtÚveKbMpøicbMpøaj [xUcxat)at;bg;y:agenH. enAeBlenaHRBHraCaRTg;kMBugEtKg;enAÉkMBg;FM. eBlRTg;)anTTYlBt’mansþIBIGMeBIeXareXA TaMgenH ehIyeXIjvibulraCsYsbgðajxøÜnEk,r²raCFanI RBHGgÁk¾yagRtlb;mkvij ehIy)anCYb RbyuT§CamYyT½BBYkbHe)arenAkMBg;qñaMg. edayminGacvayykC½yCmñH)anenAERBkbUBagNamYy RTg;)armÖxøacvibulraC EdlenAkMBg;eBRCelIkKñamkRBÜtvayEfmeTotenaH RBHGgÁk¾ePosRBHkay ecjBIsmrPUmi fyeTARCkRBHkayenAPñMkMerog kñúgExRtRkg.

eKniyayfa enATIenaH RBHraCaRTg;Tal;RBHtRmiHmindwgfaetIRtÚveFVIy:agNaeT Rsab;Etelc elakFutgÁmYyGgÁeQµaHfasIlmasecjmkTUlsuMGnuBaØatdwknaMT½BehIyFanafanwgdeNþImykC½y CmñHmkfVay. RBHraCaEdlkMBugEtGs;sgÇwmeTAehIy k¾yl;RBmtam. b:uEnþsIlmask¾minman sMNagl¥CagRBHraCab:unµanEdr Kat;)anecjRbyuT§ Etmin)aneCaKC½yesaH. enAeBlenaH mU )an TTYlBt’manc,as;faRBHraCaRTg;Kg;enAq¶ayBIkgBlerh_nig manEtesnabnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaHenAkarBar ehIydac;es,ógKµaneRKÓgsa®sþavuFpgk¾naMT½BcUlrhUtmkdl;kEnøgEdlRBHGgÁKg;enAcab;RBHGgÁnaM ykeTAdl;bwgxüg56 enAxagt,Úg]tþúgÁ rYccab;RCmuCkñúgTwk smøab;RBHGgÁeTA enAkñúgExsIha qñaM1779 RtÚvnwgmhaskraC1701 ¬culøskraC1141¦. RBHGgÁramraCa esayraCü)an 4qñaM. eBlenaH RTg;manRBHCnµ 39RBHvsSa. 37- ry³kalcenaø HraCü ¬1779¦ mU deNþImGMNac)an rYc)anRbkasxøÜnCaecAh‘Va KWfñak;Canaykrdæm®nþI. Kat;)anelIk]kj:a GFivgSab:uk «BukciBa©wmrbs;GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁeGg [eLIgeFVICa]kj:avaMg ÉRBHGgÁeGgpÞal;CaRBHmha ]braC.vibulraCsYs)aneLIgCa]kj:aRkLaehamKWrdæm®nþIT½BeCIgTwk.Bagb¥Únrbs;Kat;Kat;[eLIg Ca]kj:acRkI KWrdæm®nþIxags®gÁam. k¾b:uEnþRbCara®sþ nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIcg;[manesþcesayraCü mYyGgÁ. fVIebIman]TahrN_hUrEhmkBIxagRbeTsPUma EdlGaeLagRpa)andeNþImykraCblø½gá enAkñúg qñaM1753nigBIRbeTsesomEdlPüatak)anRbkasxøÜnCaRBHraCakñúgqñaM1767k¾edayk¾b:uEnþecAh‘Va mU min)anGnuvtþtam b¤k¾manmhicätax<s;dl;møwgeBkeT. Kat;)anerobcM[eFVIkareRCIserIsrkRBHraCa mYyGgÁ ecjBIkñúgRBHraCvgSanuvgS eTAtambMNgrbs;RbCara®sþ nigRbéBNIBIburaN. 36- RBHGgeÁ Gg ¬1779-1796¦ namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI nigecAh‘VamU)anÉkPaBKñaeRCIstaMgGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁeGg EdlRtÚvCabuRtrbs; RBH]PeyaraCRsIsurieyaBN’ ¬RBH]T½y¦ EdlsuKtenAqñaM1777 [eLIgRKgraCsm,tþiTaMgRBHGgÁ 346 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 56 ÉksarxøHniyayfa enAbwgRbma enAcMBIxagmuxRBHraCvaMg.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 347 eTIbEtmanRBHCnµayu6RBHvsSab:ueNÑaH. eFVIy:agenH ecAh‘VamU Kat;GaceKcputBIkarTietonrbs; saFarNmti k¾b:uEnþKat;enArkSaGMNac)andEdl. CnNaeFVIkarrMxan ecAh‘VamUbeNþjCnenaHecj kñúgenaHrYmmanTaMg]kj:aEbn EdlCa]kj:a eyamraC rbs;RBHbitaRBHraCapgEdr. eRkaymk ecAh‘VamU)anbBa¢Ún]kj:aEbneTA[esþcesom Püatak tamry³karesñIsuMrbs;GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁEkvDYg edIm,IeFVITNÐkmµtbeTAnwgkarEdlEbn)anRb yuT§tTl;nwgRBHGgÁ eBlRBHGgÁdwknaMT½BcUlmkkñúgkm<úCa. Püatat enAeBlEdlBinitüeXIjfakarRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCacuHTn;exSayEbbenH k¾Kitfa xøÜn GacdeNþImykRsukenH)an ehIyk¾erobcMT½BCa3kg mYykg²manKña7Ban;nak; rYc[ecjdMeNIrmk vayykbnÞayeBRCenACit]tþúgÁ nKrvtþ nigkMBg;sVay. ecAh‘VamUminRBegIykenþIyeT Kat;)anecj bBa¢a[ekNÐT½BCaeRcInenAtambNþaExRtEdlTTYlkarKMramkMEhgPøam. Kat;dwgfa karRbyuT§nwgbuk sMedAmkrkraCFanI EdlCacMNucsMxan;éns®gÁam dUecñH RtÚverobcMkarBarTItaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al[)an rwgmaMeTIbKat;ecjbBa¢aRbmUlkmøaMgT½BTaMgGs;kñúgRBHnKr[mkQreCIgenACuMvij]tþúgÁenARtg;kMBg;høÜg BamCMnIk nigkMBg;reTH ehIycat;[ksagbnÞaykarBary:agrwgmaM enATITaMgenaH. Kat;ebþCJafanwgts‘U RbyuT§rhUtdegðImcugeRkaybg¥s;. Kat;)ancat;mnusSnaMbBa¢aeTA[Gñk RsukRkecH sm,úk nigsm,Úr enAelITenøemKgÁ [RbmUlTUkykmkTukenAekonsVay57 rg;caMTTYlbBa¢a rYcehIy)anbBa¢ÚntMNag eTAsuMCMnYyBIkUsaMgsuInPaKxageRkam. GaNÑam)anbBa¢ÚnT½BmYykgtUc dwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_eQµaH GugCrm:a mke)aHT½BenAnwgeRCaycgVa cMBImuxPñMeBj. cMENkyuvkSRtRBHGgÁeGg RtÚveKykmkdak;enAeRCaycgVa [q¶ayputBIkarlbvayqµk; Edl GacnwgekItmaneLIg ehIypÞúkpþak;[RkLaehamsYs GtItvibulraCenAkarBar. T½BExµrEdldwknaMedayBjaeteCaETn)anRtÚvT½Besomvay[braC½yenAkMBg;sVay. T½Besom EdlQñHenaH)anbnþeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ TTYlelcB¤dMNwgfaesþcesom PüatakFøak;xøÜnqáÜt ehIyRtÚvBYkGñkRbqaMg EdldwknaMedayBjasancab;)an eRkayBIkarRbyuT§Gs;3em:ag Edlmankar KaMRTBIBYkkan;sasnakatUlikpg rYc)anRtÚveKbMbYsCaRBHsgÇtamsMNUmBr nig[Kg;enAkñúgvtþmYy edaymanTahanyamkarBary:aghµt;ct;. 57 enAkñúgExRtekonsVay xagt,ÚgPñMeBj enAelITenøemKgÁxageRkam.

emT½Besom2nak;kñúgcMeNamemT½BTaMg3nak;EdlCaembBa¢akarRbyuT§enAkm<úCa eBl)anTTYl Bt’manxagelIBIecAhVayExRtkUr:at; k¾RsuHRsYlKñaehIyyl;RBme)aHbg;s®gÁam ehIydwknaMT½B RbjibRbjab;vilRtlb;eTA)agkkvijPøam. eBleTAdl;raCFanIEdlmanRbCara®sþkMBugEtbHe)ar eFVIbdivtþn_ BYkemT½BTaMgenaHk¾deNþImykGMNac b:uEnþminEmneFVItamrebobecAh‘VamUeT KWeFVItam Püatak nigGaeLagRpa ³ BjamhaRksaEsk naykrdæm®nþI EdltaMgxøÜnCaRBHmhakSRtesom ¬RBHecAvaMg høÜg¦ Etmþg. sasI b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;RksaEsk Edlmanzan³RtwmEtCa]tþmesnIy_ )aneLIgCa]braC ¬RBHecAvaMgNa¦.ÉkµÜyRbúsrbs;Kat;eQµaHm:aLak;RtÚv)an[eLIgCaEkvh‘Va.cMENkBYkGñkeFVIbdivtþn_epSgeTotrYmTaMgBjasanpgeKkab;smøab;ecaledaylak;elomenAExmInaqñaM1782.mYyEx eRkaymk RBHraCafµI)anbBa¢a[ykPüatakecjBIvtþ mkeFVIXatCamYynwgbuRtTaMgGs; enAéf¶TI7 Ex emsa qñaM1782 edayykelsfa PüatakGacnwgbMpuskarbHe)areLIgvij)an. enAeBlEdlehtukarN_TaMgGs;enH ekItmaneLIgenAÉRsukesom enARsukGaNÑamÉeNaHvij k¾ekItmanRBwtþikarN_EdlminCaRsalb:unµanEdreT. BYkétsWn EdleyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmk ehIyfa)anegIbbHe)arenAkUsaMgsuIn )anlblYccUlmkkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa edIm,IerobcMkmøaMgeLIgvij. esþcGaNÑameQµaH y:aLúg58 ¬egVógPukGaj;¦ EdlKg;enAsayhÁntaMgBIqñaM1777mk )anpþl;dMNwg enH[rdæaPi)alExµr edaysuM[CYybeNþjBYkenHecjeTAvij. emdwknaMkm<úCa KWecAh‘VamU nigsYs )an cat;[RkLaehameBaFidwknaMT½BmYykgtUc eTAvayBYkétsWn enAvaleBaFiy:gbeNþjecjBIkm<úCa. b:uEnþ elakRkLaehambraC½y RtÚvBYkbHe)arGaNÑamsmøab;)an ÉkgT½Bk¾rt;Ebk ExJkKñaGs;. BYk étsWn )anvilRtlb;cUleTAkñúgkUsaMgsuInvij deNþImyksayhÁn)anenAkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM1781 eFVI[ esþcy:aLúg rt;ePosRBHkayeTARCkekanenAÉRsukesom suMkarkarBarBIRBHyuv³cULaelak59 . minyUrb:unµaneRkaymk emT½BGaNÑameQµaH GugCrm:a )anesñIsuMkarGnuBaØatBIrdæaPi)alkm<úCa eFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;eTARsukesomCamYym®nþImYycMnYn edIm,InaMykesþcy:aLúgmkvij. ecAh‘VamU nigsYs )anÉkPaBpþl;karGnuBaØat[ ehIyEfmTaMg)anpþl;kmøaMgkarBarCUneTAeTotpg. k¾b:uEnþenAeBleFVI 348 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 58 esþcenHeLIgesayraCüenAkñúgqñaM1779bnþBIegVógPuktan;cajEdlTTYlraCsm,tþibnþBIegVógPukFn;Edldak;raCü fVay kalBI1qñaMmun. 59 elak ):aLWhÁ½r ehARBHGgÁfa RBHBuT§iecAhøÜg )anniyayfa RTg;esayraCü)an 29qñaM KWBIqñaM1766dl;1811.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 349 dMeNIrmkdl;ExRt)at;dMbg BYkkmøaMgkarBar)ansmøab;GugCrm:a nigbkSBYkecal rYcEckrbs;rbrKña vilRtlb;mkRsukvijGs;eTA. ]RkidækmµenHminRtÚv)aneKrkxusrkRtÚvdak;TNÐkmµeT. enAkUsaMgsuIn eKKitfa KWrdæaPi)alkm<úCa EdlbBa¢a[BYkkgkarBarRbRBwtþbTelµIsenH ebIBuMenaHeT KWBYkenHRtÚvr:Uv CamYyBYkétsWn. EterOgenH)anbBa©b;EbbenaHeTA. T½Besom)anvilRtlb;eTA)agkkvijehIyÉT½BGaNÑamk¾)anqøgRBMEdneTAvijEdrRBHraCaekµg k¾yagRtlb;cUlmkkñúgraCFanI]tþúgÁvijenAkñúgqñaMdEdlenaH.T½BEdleK)anekNÐ)any:ageRcInk¾RtÚv rMsay[vilRtlb;eTARsukvij minTan;)anb:unµanpg Rsab;EtecAh‘VamU nig]kj:asYs ekItmanTMnas;nwg Kña KWenAkñúgExmifuna qñaM1782. mundMbUg sYs minsb,aycitþTal;EtesaH )ancab;nwkKitesaksþay cMeBaHGMeBIcUlédcUleCIgCamYynwgecAh‘VamUk¾sresrlixitmYyepJIeTA[EbnEdlenACab;CaeQøIyrbs; esomedaybbYl[vilRtlb;mkkm<úCavij.eKmindwgfaEbneFVIy:agNaeTeTIb)anCaesomyl;RBm edaHElg[vilmkvij eBleFVIdMeNIrmkdl;)at;dMbg)an CYbCamYysYsEdlrg;caMenATIenaH. GñkTaMg BIr)anbMpusGñkRsukExRt)at;dMbg[bHe)areLIg eRCIserIs)anT½BmYykgFM rYcnaMKñamkvayyk raCFanI]tþúgÁ)an.ecAh‘VamURtÚveK)aj;RBÜjcMRtg;cMehogxøÜnxagsþaMehIy)anRtÚvExµrmkBIsukRtaMgEdl manétsWnCaemekayvaybEnßmsmøab;ecalEtmþg.cRkIBagb¥Únrbs;ecAh‘VamUk¾RtÚveKsmøab;Edr. enAeBlTTYldMNwgfakUnTaMg2cugeRkayrbs;Kat;KWecAh‘VamUnigcRkIBagRtÚveKsmøab;Gs;ehIy elakCMTav Lag Camþay )anRbkUkRbkasehArkmitþPkþiTaMgGs;rbs;kUnKat; rYmTaMgGñkEdlFøab;)an TTYlplBIxøÜnKat;pg [cUlrYmCYyKat;eFVIkareXasnaRbqaMgeLIg. Kat;CiHdMrIdwknaMT½BRbyuT§y:agGg; Gackøahan elIsBImnusSRbúseTAeTot. k¾b:uEnþCMTavLagRtÚveKcab;xøÜn)anCamYynwgemT½BmYycMnYn enAkñúgkarRbyuT§suIsac;hutQammYyenA]tþúgÁ. eBlenaHEbn)aneLIgCaGñkdwknaMRbeTs ehIyKat; KµankarsenþasRbNITal;EtesaHcMeBaHBYkGñkRbqaMgnwgKat;. Ebn)an[eKxøúHRcmuHCMTavLag nigbkS BYkrYceFVITaruNkmµBYkenHcat;TukdUcCastVRkbIKW[varnwgCgÁg;ral;éf¶eTAkan;TIvalNaEdlenACitehIy eFVIhak;dUcCasuIesµAG‘Ícwg. eK[cMNICa)ayEtmYyBMnUtb:ueNÑaH ehIyenAeBlNaEdlBYkenHsÁm varElgrYc eTIbeKkat;k,alsmøab;ecal. eRkayeBldeNþImykGMNac)anehIy Ebn)anRbkasxøÜnCaecAh‘Va KWnaykrdæm®nþI rYcehIy 60 GrCUn Cagarrbs;esþcRtaj; EdlCaecAhVayExRtdIt,ÚgXµúM.

k¾EbrmkRbqaMgnwgsYsCaédKUk,t;rbs;Kat;vijehIy[eKsmøab;ecaleTAenAeBlEdlsYsRtÚvr:UvKña CamYyelak GrCUn60 ecAhVayExRtt,ÚgXµúM RbúgekNÐT½BRbqaMgnwgKat; enAkñúgqñaM1790. GñkEdl smøab; sYs KWkUnRbsarbs;Kat; maséksWn61 EdlKat;)ansmøab;«BukkalBImun rYcehIy)anelIk kUnRsI[edIm,IkuM[cgcitþxwgnwgKat;. smøab;«BukekµkrYcehIy mas smøab;RbBn§Edl)ansþIbenÞas[ xøÜnecaleTot edayniyayfa edIm,IsgswkCYs«Buk. eBldwgfasYsRtÚveKsmøab;ehIy elak GrCUn k¾dwknaMT½BEdlmancammYycMnYnFM eFVIdMeNIrmk kan;PñMeBj ehIycat;[Cnm:aeLeQµaH TYnest Edlkan;T½BRsYc ecjvayRbhareTAelIecAh‘VaEbn. ecAh‘VaEbn nig]kj:aRkLaehamb:uk)anrt;eKcxøÜneTAkan;ExRt)at;dMbg rYceTARsukesom edaynaMyk yuvkSRtRBHGgÁeGgRBHmatucäa2GgÁnigRBHeromkSRtI3GgÁeTACamYypg.esþcesomTTYlsaTrRkúm GñkePosxøÜnExµr ehIyRBH]braC b¤ecAvaMgNak¾TTYlykRBHkSRtITaMg3GgÁ CaRBHCayaEtmþg. esþc esom)anelIkecAh‘VaEbnCahY emOg ¬ecAhVayExRt¦ )at;dMbg enAkñúgqñaM1791 mangarCaecABja GP½yFIEbsviesss®gÁamram.l. EdlCagarrbs;esþcRtaj;ExRt)at;dMbg kalenACaTwkdIkm<úCa enAeLIy. enAkñúgqñaM1794 ecAhV‘aEbn )anerobcMBiFIGPieskRBHraCa GgÁeGg EdlmanRBHCnµ 20 RBH vsSaehIy enA)agkk edayfVayRBHnamfaRBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHnrayN_raCaFiraC. karEdlerobcMGPieskRBHraCakm<úCaenAÉraCFanI)agkkrbs;esom edayesþcesomdUecñH Cakar bBa¢ak;fa km<úCaTTYlsÁal;faxøÜnCanKrcMNuH ehIyTTYlkarRKb;RKgrbs;esom. KWkñúgnamCaGñkkar BarenHÉg EdleBleRkaymkesþcesom)anerobcM[T½BesommYykg manecAh‘VaEbnCaembBa¢akar CUndMeNIrRBHraCamkkan;]tþúgÁ. eBlTTYl)andMNwgfaecAh‘VaEbneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;ExRt)at;dMbgehIy elakymraC kuy )an dwknaMT½BmYykgtUceTATb;Tl; EtRtÚvbraC½yehIysøab;enAkñúgkarRbyuT§enaHeTA. eXIjpøÚvcUleTA ]tþúgÁRsLHehIy ecAh‘VaEbnk¾Rbjab;rYsran;dwknaMT½BcUleTA CYbCamYyT½BGaNÑamBYkétsWn Edl 350 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 61 tamemIleTAéksWnmasenHKWCaeQµaHmasEdlmanedImkMeNItenAsukRtaMgCab;nwgRBMEdnrbs;GaNÑamenAkUsaMgsuInxageRkam ehIy)ancUlédcUleCIgCamYyBYkétsWn EtExµreyIgehAfa éksWn² eTAvij edayehtuenaHehIy eTIb )anCamaneQµaHfa éksWnmas² dUecñHeTA. tamkarniTant²KñaenAkm<úCa k¾dUcCaenAÉsukRtaMg masenHCamnusS sVahab; køahanminecHxøac ehIysahav.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 351 eLIgmkCYyBYkExµrtamkaresñIsuM manGugCrm:a nigGugFugb‘íjCaembBa¢akar. ecAh‘VaEbn)anvayT½B GaNÑamenaH bgç¿[dkfyecjeTAkUsaMgsuInvij. eBlenaHmanenAsl;EtemT½BGaNÑammñak;b:ueNÑaH enAkm<úCa cMENkenA)asak;-sukRtaMg KWGugcuksuIm. eRkayBIdeNþIm)anC½yCmñHelIBYkExµrEdlCasRtÚv nigsm<½n§miRtGaNÑamrYcehIy ecAh‘VaEbn )ancat;[elakcRkI Ekb nigelakymraC kan EdlEtgtaMgfµI dwknaMT½BeCIgTwkeTAmat;RCÚk ¬cUvduk¦ vaydeNþImykTwkdImYycMnYnmkvij. cRkIEkb)anCYbRbyuT§CamYyT½Brbs; GugcuksuIm enAERBkFøag ehIyvaybgç¿[GugcuksuImrt;cUleTAsayhÁn tamemT½B2nak;muneTA. eBlenaHBYkétswn enAkUsaMgsuInminTan;manlT§PaBeFVIkarsgswkmkelIkm<úCa )anenAeLIyeT eRBaHBYkeKeTIbEtRbyuT§suIsac;hutQamCamYyesþcy:aLúg deNþImyk)anraCFanIev: RsukenArMeCIb rMCYlenAeLIy eKenARtÚvRbyuT§CamYyT½BRBHraCaEdlenAesssl; ehIyRtÚvbnþb®gáabPUmiRsukEdl minRBmcMNuHEfmeTot. cMENkesþcy:aLúgvij )anrt;eTARsukesomsuMCMnYy ehIyRtÚvePos RBHkayBIRkúg)agkkmkKg;enAÉekaHRtl;¬ekaHPUkuk¦enAkñúgQUgsmuRTesomenATnÞwmnwghaeTognig kMBt. eBleRCIserIs)anT½BfµI nigRbmUl)anbkSBYkCaeRcIn RTg;cab;epþImlukluyykExRtTwkexµA ¬kaem:A¦ nigRtany:ag ¬r:acy:a¦ dak;mkkñúgGMNacRBHGgÁ. RbtibtþikarenH)aneFVI[RBHGgÁsþar)annUv RBHkitþinameLIgvij RTg;k¾yagmkkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁsuMCMnYyBIecAh‘VaEbn edIm,IbeNþjBYkétsWnecjBI sayhÁn eFVI[RBHGgÁ)anRtÜtRtaelIkUsaMgsuInPaKxagt,ÚgTaMgmUl. ecAh‘VaEbn)anerobcMT½BmYykgtUc dak;P¢ab;CamYyT½BGaNÑamrbs;esþcy:aLúg ehIyecj dMeNIreTAsayhÁn CamYyelakcRkI nigelakymraC. T½Bsm<½n§miRt)anvayBYkétsWn[braC½y ehIyemrbs;eKKWGugcuksuImk¾RtÚvsmøab;)an. esþcy:aLúg )anyagRtlb;eTAraCFanIev:vij ÉT½B km<úCak¾Rtlb;mkkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁB¤C½yvijEdr enAkñúgqñaM1792. enAeBlT½BExµrRtlb;mkBIs®gÁamenAkUsaMgsuIn)anbnþic esþcesom kñúgnamCaesþcmanGFiraC PaBelIkm<úCa )ansuM[ecAh‘VaEbnRbKl;kmøaMg1muWnnak; eTACYyCIkERBkRsHektenAÉ)agkk enAkñúg sgáat;smEsn mann½yfa RKÜsar 1Esn. ecAh‘VaEbneKarBtambBa¢aenH ehIy)aneFVI[Kat;man sRtÚvCaeRcInenAkm<úCa. KWenAeBlenaHÉgEdlesþcesombBa¢ÚnRBHGgÁeGg EdleK)anerobcMBiFIGPieskfVayenAÉ )agkk [mk]tþúgÁvij KWrg;caMrhUtdl;eBlenHeTIbeK[RTg;mansiT§iRKb;RKgRBHraCaNacRk. RBHraC kayvikardMbUgrbs;RBHGgÁKWkarelIkelakRkLaeham[eLIgCa ecAh‘VaTlð³ nigkarRbKl;RtaeTA[m®nþI

EdlecAh‘VaEbn)anEtgtaMg RsbeTAtamTMenomTmøab;BIburaN. rYcehIyRTg;)anCRmabeTAecAh‘VaEbn fa RBHraCaesomcg;[Kat;eTAenAcat;EcgRKb;RKgExRt)at;dMbgrbs;Kat;vij. karelIkRBHGgÁeGg EdlmanRBHCnµ21RBHvsSa [eLIgRKgraCsm,tþivijdUecñH vasmRsbeTAnwgbMNgrbs;RbCara®sþ ]tþúgÁEdlenOyNaynwgkarxVHesþcesayraCüyUrmkehIy eRBaHelak GrCUn esþcRtaj;dIt,ÚgXµúM minGaceFVI[eKeKarB)an minecHdwknaMcat;Ecgkargar. ecAh‘VaEbn eRkayBI)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat BIRBHraCarYcehIy k¾dwknaMT½BesomRtlb;eTA)at;dMbgvij CaTIEdleyIg)aneXIjrYcmkehIyfa Kat;)anTTYlkarEtgtaMgBIesþcesomCaecAhVayExRt. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHrhUtmkdl;qñaM1907 dIenaH rYmTaMgExRtGgÁrpg EdleK)anP¢ab;eTAnwg)at;dMbg enAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;ecAh‘VaEbn EdlcMNuHehIyTTYlbB¢aaBIesþcesom )ankøayeTACaTwkdIrbs;elakm©as; KWecAh‘Va Ebn enHÉg Kµan TMnak;TMngrdæ)alGVICamYynwgRBHraCakm<úCaeT. cMENkÉbNþaExRtEdlsßitenABIxageCIg)at;dMbgvij manmgÁlburIsirIesaP½NnigkUr:ateKmincaM)ac;sgS½yGVIeLIyBYkesom)anykdak;eFVICaTwkdIrbs;eK y:ages¶óms¶at; enAkñúgqñaM1795. eKGacnwggayyl;GMBIskmµPaBrbs;esom ehIyTTYlsÁal;viFIsa®sþEdleK)aneRbINas; edIm,IeFVI[TwkdId¾FM nigmansarsMxan;CayuT§sa®sþxagEpñkeyaFaenH )anRtÚvpþac;ecjBIkm<úCa eday mindwgxøÜn.ecAh‘VaEbnCamnusSk,t;R)akdNas;eRBaH)andwgehIyfaxøÜnmantYnaTIx<g;x<s;mYyEtEbrCa kat;ykTwkdImYycMENkFMecjBIRBHraCaNacRkykmkRKb;RKg eRkameKarmgaresomCahYemOg eRbób)aneTAnwgRBHraCaNacRktUcmYysßitenAcenøaHkm<úCanwgesomeTAvij. eRkayBI)anerobcM [manRBHraCaKg;elIraCblø½gávijrYcehIy Kat;)anrkSaT½BEdl)anCYyKaMRTdl;kargarenHTukenAkñúg ExRtrbs;Kat;sin edayKat;faedIm,IbgáarsRmab;CYyRBHraCaebIsinNaCaRBHGgÁTTYlkarKMram kMEhg. edayT½BenaHCaT½BbreTs EtmanKat;CaembBa¢akar Rtg;enHmann½yc,as;Nas;faKat;KWCa ecAhVayExRtExµr b:uEnþKat;sßitenAeRkambB¢aakarrbs;esþcesom ÉTwkdIEdlKat;rs;enACaTwkdIExµr. b:uEnþGVI²enAes¶óms¶at; KµannrNa)anKitdl;eT. enAeBleRkay²mk ecAh‘VaEbneKarBtamEtbBa¢a mkBI)agkk minTTYlbBa¢aBI]tþúgÁeT nigeLIgcuHecjcUlraCvaMgTaMg2 k¾b:uEnþelIktgVayeTAfVayEtesþc esom minEmnkñúgnamCaecAhVayExRteT KWkñúgnamCaemT½Besom. cMENkcMNUlepSg²enAkñúgExRt Kat;rkSaTukedIm,IciBa©wmTahanEdlenACamYyKat; k¾b:uEnþ)anfVayCMnUneTAesþcesomdEdl EdlrwtEt bBa¢ak;[eXIjGMBIPaBcMNuHrbs;Kat;. kUn²rbs;Kat;)anbnþdMENgBIKat; ehIyk¾)anbnþneya )ayenHrhUtmk. karkat;ykTwkdIkm<úCadak;CacMNuHesom )anRbRBwtþeTAEbbenHbnþicmþg²eTAtam 352 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 353 kal³eTs³ edayKµanGñkNacab;GarmµN_Tal;EtesaH dMbUgeLIydwknaMedayGñkEdlmanbMNgc,as; las;rYcbnþedaykUnecArbs;Kat;.ehtukarN_enH)ansßitesßrKg;vgSenArhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enHeday KµankarcuHGnusBaØaGVImYyCalayl½kçGkSr b¤CaBaküsmþIesaHeT manEtkarcgcaMt²Kñamkb:ueNÑaH. tamBiteTA km<úCaenAkñúgstvtSr_TI19KµankmøaMgGVInwgeFVIkarTamTarykTwkdImkvijeLIy Etkarkat; ykTwkdIeTAedayBYkesomenH)anRtÚveKTTYlsÁal;kñúgcitþKMniteTAehIy taMgEtBImuneBlEdlman sn§isBaØa)araMgesomenAkñúgqñaM1867 eTAeTot. sn§isBaØaenHKµantémøGVIesaH eRBaHeKnaMKñacuHhtß elxaedaymin)ansYreyabl;RBHraCakm<úCapgeT RBHGgÁk¾)anRbEkkminTTYlsÁal;EfmeTot. k¾ b:uEnþvaenAEtmantémørhUt edaymkBIRbeTs)araMgEdlKµanBt’manc,as;las; )ancuHhtßelxa. enAqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot kñúgeBlEdleKkMBugEtrvl;ksagraCvaMgedIm,IRBHraCafµIenABIxagekItvtþ vaMgkþar RBH)aTGgÁeGg)anbBa¢ÚnsMeNIeTAesñIsuMesþcesom sUm[bBa¢ÚnRBHmatucäamYyGgÁkñúgcMeNam RBHmatucäaTaMg2GgÁ KWsemþcRBHPKvtI mehsITaMg3GgÁ nigraCbuRtTaMg4GgÁ RBmTaMgesnaPIelogpg mkkm<úCavij. RBHraCaesom)anbBa¢ÚnGñkTaMgGs;enaHmk enAkñúgrvagEx]sPa qñaM1795. RBH)aTGgÁeGg )anecjRBHraCbBa¢aCaeRcIn EdlKYrEtelIkykmkerobrab;. RBHraCbBa¢a mYyenaHTak;TgeTAnwgBYkmhatlik mhaeTB nigmham®nþI EdlmanRtarMelceTAedayPJIpáamYyrgVg; RtÚv)aMgkøs;2Can;eFVIGMBIsURtBN’RkhmBak;GavpayBN’páakUlabnigmankan;fg;rgpg62 eBlcUlmk kñúgRBHraCvaMg. m®nþIEdlmanskþi 8-9h‘UBan;63 GacBak;GavpayBN’ébtg ehIy)aMgkøs;sURtmYy Can;BN’ébtgEdr. GñkEdlmanskþi6-7h‘UBan;manGavpay nigkøs;BN’sVay. ÉGñkmanskþi4-5 h‘UBan; vij GacmanRtwmEtGavpayBN’exovb:ueNÑaH. RBHraCbBa¢aenaHk¾)an bBa¢ak;pgEdrfa Priya rbs;m®nþImanskþi 9-10h‘UBan; RtÚvmanzan³Ca XunNag64 . enAqñaMbnÞab;mkRBHraCaGgÁeGgRTg;RbQYnrYcsuKteTAenAkñúgRBHCnµ26RBHvsSa.RTg;esay raCüsrubTaMgGs;)an20qñaMEckecjCa2rC¢kalEdlcenøaHBIKña3qñaM.raCBgSavtark¾dUcCakarniTan t²Kña min)ankt;smÁal;eXIjmanGVIEdlCasñaédBiessrbs;RBHraCaGgÁenHeT nigKµankarsagsg;GVI 62 RbGb;søaeFVIGMBIeQI eRsabedayRkNat;. 63 Bakü{h‘UBan;}enHsmÁal;zannþrskþim®nþImkBIBaküesom2m:at;KW³h‘Ub¤hY=emekay/Ban;=1Ban;.dUecñHBaküenH mann½yfa emekaykan;Bl1Ban;nak;. 64 KW Xun=em/ nig Nag=nag.

CaplRbeyaCn_dl;sasnaEdr. RTg;min)aneFVIGVICaduMkMPYneT eRBaHeBjmYyCIvitrbs;RBHGgÁRtÚv dwknaMedayCnbreTs b¤k¾m®nþIEdlRBHGgÁmin)anEtgtaMgeLIg EteK)andak;mk[RBHGgÁTTYlyk. eKGacniyay)anfa RBHGgÁk,t;Cati eRBaHvahak;dUcCaRTg;)anedaHdUrraCsm,tþiCamYynwgTwkdI )at;dMbg nigGgÁr. 39- ry³kalcenøaHraCü10qñaM ¬1796-1806¦ ecAh‘Vab:uk naykrdæm®nþI )andwknaMkic©karRBHraCaNacRkedaymin)anxitxMRbwgERbgeRCIserIs RBHraCafµImYyGgÁNaeT. RBHraCvgSanuvgSeBlenaHesÞIrEtrlt;)at;putBUCGs;eTAehIyenAsl;Et raCbuRtarbs;RBHGgÁeGg EdlenAtUc²enAeLIy. ecAh‘VaEbnEdlsuxRsYleTAehIy enAkñúgdIrbs; Kat; k¾enAes¶ómmin)anxVl;xVaynwgGVIbnþicesaH. cMENkesþcesom EdlEtgEtRbkasxøÜnfa CaGñk karBarrC¢TayaT nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI Edlhak;dUcCamankarP½yxøaccMeBaHkarTietonGMBIkarRKb;RKg KYr[eGonxµasenH emø:aHehIyk¾enAes¶ómEdreTA. rIÉRbCaCneTotesat k¾hak;dUcCa)at;bg;Gs;nUv esckþIkøahan mincg;eFVIs®gÁam cg;)ansnþiPaBvijmþg smnwgeBlEdleKTuk[rs;eTAtamEtsmµaGaCI eva. BYkecAhVayExRtkan;EtÉkraCeLIg² edaymkBIKµankardwknaM ehIyeBjcitþNas;nwgsPaB karN_EbbenHRbmUlBn§)anrkSaTukbg;mk[naykrdæm®nþIEtGVIEdlxøÜncg;bg;CYnkalminTaMgbg;[eTot k¾man. niyayedayxøIKW RBHraCaNacRkeBlenaHkMBugEtrlYyBukpuy )at;bg;eTA²edayexSaHGs; kmøaMgGñkNacg;eFVIy:agNak¾)an. RbsinebIkm<úCaminRtÚvGaNÑamcUlmkkan;kab;lukluyratt,at vaydeNþImyk rYckat;ykdIkUsaMgsuIndak;Carbs;eKeT eBalKWfa ebIsinNaCaRsukExµrKµanBYkGñk QøanBanmkBITisxagt,Úg manEtsRtÚvesomEtmYyKt;enaH RbEhlCaesomkat;ykRbeTsTaMgmUl dak;eTAkñúgRsukeK)at;eTAehIy enAcugstvtSr_TI18 ehIyvasnakm<úCak¾dUcCavasnaRbCaCnExµrTaMg mUlk¾RtÚvcb;)at;eTAehIyEdr. k¾b:uEnþ GacniyayfaeyIgmansMNagEdr EdlmansRtÚv2nak;enA sgxagEdleRskXøans®gÁWtcg;)anTwkdIeyIgdUcKña emø:aHehIy k¾tamdanRtÜtBinitü KñaeTAvijeTAmk. sRtÚvTaMg2enHxøacrGaKñaeTAvijeTAmk cMENkcMNIEdlsßitenAkNþalvij P½yj½rcMRbb; rg;caMEt[ GñkNaEdlmkmunehIyelb)at;. b:uEnþsRtÚvmñak;²sÞak;esÞIrminTan;h‘anlUkédmkb:HcMNIenaHeT edayxøaceFVI[mçageTotPJak;dwgxøÜn. sßanPaBEbbenH)anrkSakm<úCa rhUtdl;eBlEdlBYk)araMgmk dl; CYyRbeTsenHkuM[søab; minEtb:ueNÑaH )anCYydas;RbCaCn[PJak;eRkakeLIgvijFana)annUv ÉkraCCatiCYykarBarRBHraCaCYypþl;kmøaMg[RbeTsTaMgmUlpþl;suPmgÁledaykarFana)annUvsux 354 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 355 snþiPaB BaNiC¢kmµ rYcbnÞab;mk pþl;[nUvraCrdæaPi)alGcié®nþy_mYy sucrit mannamuWnm®nþIeFVIkarTTYl )annUvR)ak;ebovtSeTogTat; emø:aHehIymin)anTijmuxtMENgrbs;xøÜneT. BYk)araMgeTIbEt)anRbKl;mk[RbCaCnExµrvijnUvTwkdIEdlesom)ankat;yk taMgBImat;smuRT rhUteTAdl;PñMdgErk TwkdITaMgenaHesomminEdl)ansnüafanwgRbKl;mk[ExµrvijmþgNaeT Et)an yl;RBmRbKl;[)araMg. edayehtuenH GtItkm<úCaénstvtSr_TI17 Gacrs;ranmanCIviteLIgvij manesþcesayraCü edaymanGñkcaMCYykarBarxøaMgkøaEdlminEdlnwkKitcg;lubbM)at;RBHraCaNa cRkenHeT pÞúyeTAvij manEtcg;[RbCara®sþExµrrs;enAmanesrIPaB enAkñúgRsukmYyEdlmankarRKb; RKgl¥ manGarüFm’ ehIyKµans®gÁammkrMxan. RBHraCaesom)anTamTar[eKyksBRBHGgÁeGgeTAbUCaenAGyuFüa. k¾b:uEnþenAeBlEdleKdwk RBHsBmkdl;ExRtmgÁlburI Rsab;EtmanbBa¢amkfaRtÚvdwkRBHsBykeTA]tþúgÁvij65 ehIyqab;bBa¢Ún T½BeTACYyvayBYkPUma EdlcUlmklukluyRsukesom. elakcRkIEkb )andwknaMT½B 5Ban;nak;ecj eTAPøam ehIyeKniyayfa T½BExµrenHBUEkGs©arü )anvayBYkPUma[braC½y rYceTIbvilRtlb;mkkm<úCa vij eBareBjeTAedayC½yCmñH. T½BenHmkdl; minTan;rMsayecjeT Rsab;EtRBHraCaGyuFüaepJIbBa¢amkecAh‘Vab:uk [bBa¢ÚneTA CYyesþcy:aLúg Edl)anERsksuMCMnYy. T½BenaHk¾ecjdMeNIreTA eRkambBa¢akarrbs;]kj:a vaMg Lag.k¾b:uEnþkarEdlrdæaPi)almYyeKarBsþab;tambBa¢arbs;esþcbreTseRbób)aneTAnwghVÚgTaskr EbbenH )aneFVI[ekItkarekþARkhay nigGam:as;CaxøaMg kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn. emø:aHehIykgT½BenaHmin )aneTANaq¶ay KW)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;RtwmrMdYl k¾EbkExJkKñaGs;eTA eRBaHTahanmñak;²vilRtlb;eTA rkRKÜsarrbs;eK. ecAh‘Vab:uk)anecjbBa¢a[eKtamcab;TahanEdlrt;ecalCYrTaMgGs;enaHykmk vij ehIyeFVIeTassmøab;ecal. manTahanCaeRcInEdlRtÚveKGarksmøab; esssl;b:unµaneKbBa¢Ún eTAraCFanIev:. RbCaCnrwtEtmaneTamnsSxøaMgeLIg². enATIbBa©b; esþcy:aLúg TTYl)anC½yCmñH elIBYkétsWn deNþImykGMNac)anmkvij rYcehIy)anbBa¢ÚnkaMePøIgFM 2edIm manrMelcedayrUbmkr 65 tamemIleTARbEhlCaeKykmkbnÞayeBRCeT. eTaHCay:agNakþI sBRBHraCa)anRtÚveKbUCaenAeBlEdlT½BnaM Rtlb;mkvijenAkñúgqñaM1728rYcehIyeK)anykRBHGdæiFatuRBmTaMgrUbcmøak;2eFVIGMBIlgðineTAbBa©úHenAkñúgectiymYy EdleK)ansg;eLIgBIxagekItectiyFM enAelIxñgPñMRBHraCRTBüEk,r]tþúgÁ. BiFIbuNübUCaRBHsBenHmanry³kaleBj mYyqñaM.

mkkm<úCa kaMePøIgenH)anRtÚvemT½BGaNÑamGugh‘UykeTA eRkayBIKat;)aneFVIXatRBHramraCarYc. kgT½BExµrEdleTAc,aMgenAGaNÑamenaHl,Il,ajxøaMgNas; rhUtTal;EtemT½B KW]kj:aRkLa ehamRBhµ eTACaRkGWtRkTm KitfaxøÜn)anCYyesþcy:aLúg[eLIgRKgraCblø½gáev:vij)an ehIy k¾cab;emIlgayemIlefakecAh‘Vab:uk minmkcUlrYmRbCuMKN³rdæm®nþIeT. ecAh‘Vab:uk)an[eKcab;xøÜn RkLaehamRBhµ bBa¢ÚneTAfVayesþcesomedIm,Idak;eTasTNÐ. RBHraCa)agkkrkSaRBhµTuk rYc)an[ høÜgeBRCNaBiciRtemOgmkCMnYsvij ehIy)anTaMgbBa¢ÚnGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁc½nÞmkEdr edIm,IRKb;RKg RbeTsCati. enAqñaM1805 eRkayBIesþcGaNÑam)anbB¢ÚanRkNat;sURt68duMmkfVay RBHGgÁc½nÞ )anyag naMykkMNat;TaMgGs;enaHmk)agkkCamYyecAh‘Vab:uk edIm,IcUlKal;esþcesom. ecAh‘Vab:uk k¾søab;enA É)agkkenaHeTA kñúgGayu65qñaM. Kat;)anEfrkSaraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁeGg nigCaraCanusiT§ RBHraCa NacRkkm<úCaGs;eBl11qñaM. 40- RBHGgcÁ n½ Þ ¬1806-1834¦ enAqñaM1806 RBHGgÁc½nÞCaraCbuRtac,grbs;RBHGgÁeGgmanRBHCnµ15RBHvsSaehIy. esþcesom)anseRmcGPieskRBHGgÁ[eLIgRKgraCüedayfVayRBHnamfaRBH)aTsemþcRBHraC»gáar RBH]T½yraCaFiraCramaFibtIRBHRsIsurieyaBN’. enHKWCaelIkTI2ehIy Edlesþcesombgðaj[ eXIjGMBIGFiraCPaBrbs;eKmkelIkm<úCa. RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaeBlenaHrgnUvkar)ak;EbkeRbHRsaMxøaMgNas; minRbEkkRbNaMgGVIeT yl;RBmTTYlRBHraCatamEtehtukarN_vivtþ. eBlenaHecAh‘VaEbn)aneFVIkic©karmYyEdlnaMKat;[ GacvilRtlb;mkkan;km<úCavij)an. KWKat;)annaMykbuRtIrbs;Kat;mñak;mkfVayRBHraCaGgÁc½nÞ. RBHraCaRbEhlCaminh‘anRbEkkeT eTIbRTg;yl;RBmTTYlykeFVICamehsIeTA. enAeBlenaHesþcGaNÑamk¾cab;RbqaMgCMTas; ehIy)anbBa¢ÚnT½BmYykgmkkan;PñMeBj. esþc GaNÑamTTYlyl;RBmfa[esomerobcMBiFIGPieskRBHraCakm<úCaenAÉ)agkkcuH k¾b:uEnþebIRBHraCa km<úCayl;RBmcMNuHesþcesom RBHGgÁk¾RtÚvcMNuHesþcGaNÑamEdr ehIyRtÚvelIksYysarGakreTA fVayCaeTogTat; kñúgenaHmandMrIeQµalkm<s;5htß2k,al Ecrmas2 PøúkdMrI3KU Rkvaj RkmYn Rm½kSN_.l. eBlenaHBYknamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIrbs;RBHraCaminh‘anRbEkknwgsMeNId¾RbmafenHeT mindwgfa 356 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 357 etIkm<úCaKYrcMNuHesompg nigcMNuHGaNÑampg b¤k¾y:agNa KWmanGFiraC2EdlnwgRbkab;Rbcak; KñaedIm,ImUlehtunKrcMNuH val¥CaCagmanGFiraCEtmYy EdlnwgelbRt)ak;ykTwkdIGs;Etmþg. emø:aHehIyBYkeKk¾yl;RBmtam eFVI[T½BGaNÑamvilRtlb;eTAsayhÁnvijeTA Et)anTukemT½B2nak; [enAkarBarPñMeBj. tamry³sn§isBaØaenH BYkesom nigGaNÑam)anmkRbQmCYbmuxKñaenAkm<úCa ehIyenHminEmnedaysarkal³eTs³écdnüGVIeTKWedaymaneKalkarN_c,as;las;RbqaMgKñaEtTTYl sÁal;TaMgGs;Kña. s®gÁamnwgekItmanyUrGEgVg b:uEnþKWedIm,I[RBHraCaNacRkrs;ranmanCIvit. karEdlRBHraCaGgÁc½nÞ TTYlsÁal;GFiraCPaBrbs;GaNÑam min)aneFVI[raCvaMg)agkk sb,ay citþb:unµaneT ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmkTMnak;TMngl¥ EdlFøab;EtmanrvagesþcesomCamYyRBHraCa]tþúgÁ k¾cab;epþImeRbHqaEdr. niyayBIesþcy:aLúgvij edIm,IbBa¢ak;[rwtEteXIjc,as;GMBIGFiraCPaBrbs;RBHGgÁ RTg;)an RsemIRsémeXIjrhUtdl;[eFVIRtaragbYnRCúgesµImYyGMBImasy:agF¶n; epJImkfVayRBHGgÁc½nÞ ¬tam Fmµta RtaExµrmanragmUl¦. RBHraCakm<úCa)anTTYlykRtaenaH ehIyeBalsresIrfa sBVRBHraC hb£T½yxøaMgNas; k¾b:uEnþRTg;minEdl)aneRbIvamþgNaeLIy. mrNPaBrbs;ecAh‘VaEbnesþcRtaj;EdndI)at;dMbgrYcbnþmkeTotmrNPaBrbs;esþcesomenA kñúgqñaM1811 ehIynigkarelIkbuRtaRBHnamfaePnDinxøag[eLIgesayraCübnþ min)aneFVI[sßan karN_FUres,IyeT. esomminyl;RBm[km<úCamanGFiraC2dUecñHeT km<úCaRtÚvcMNuHEtesommYy Kt; eRBaHfamanEtesomeTEdl)anGPieskesþcExµr. karbBa¢ÚnGñkGgÁm©as;s¶Ün nigGñkGgÁm©as;Ém Ca RBHGnuCrbs;RBHraCaeTAraCvaMgesomCamYynwgRkLaehamemOgEdlCaCnCatiesomRsab;ehIynig cRkIebnpg edIm,IeTAcUlrYmkñúgRBHraCBiFIQabnkic©esþcesom enAkñúgExemsa qñaM1810 KWCakar sMEdg[eXIjGMBIkareKarBkñúgnamCanKrcMNuH )aneFVI[kMhwgrbs;esomFUres,Iybnþic k¾b:uEnþmin)an eFVI[varlt;)at;eT. edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjnUvsiT§iGFiraCrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarEtgtaMgRBHraCa nigraCvgSa nuvgS esþcesom)anRbkasEtgtaMgy:ag»Larik[GñkGgÁm©as;TaMg2GgÁ eLIgCaTI]PeyaraC nigCa ]braC edaymin)ansaksYreyabl;RBHraCakm<úCapgeT. enAsm½yenaH eteCaemOg ecAhVayExRtdIkMBg;sVay manbMNgcg;bMpusGñkRsukkñúgExRt [bHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHraCaeLIg. enA)at;dMbgÉeNaHvij ecAhVayExRtfµIEdl)anykeQµaHfa Ebn dUcCa«BukxøÜnEdr)ancab;epþImksagkMEBgkarBarTIRkúg.niyayBIRkLaehamemOgnig]kj:acRkIEbn enAeBlvilRtlb;mkdl;raCFanI]tþúgÁvijk¾RtÚvefáaleTasfaCaPñak;garrbs;esom nig)anXubXit[

esomEtgtaMgGñkGgÁm©as;TaMg2GgÁ. sPaBkarN_eBlenaH)anbgðajfaBitCamankarrYmKMnitk,t; Emn ehIyKMramkMEhgmkelIRBHraCa. b:uEnþRBH)aTGgÁc½nÞmin)anRbEhsbnþicNaeT RTg;)anecj RBHraCbBa¢a[Xat;xøÜnelakRkLaeham nigelakcRkI EdlsßitenAkñúgédRBHGgÁRsab; rYc[eKsmøab; ecal.bnÞab;mk RTg;)anEtgtaMg]kj:avgSaGKÁraC[eLIgeFVICaecAhVayExRtkMBg;sVay rYcbBa¢ÚneTA kan;TIenaH ehIy[cab;eteCaemOg. b:uEnþm®nþImñak;enHqøatenAeBl)andwgfa bkSBYkrbs;xøÜnTaMg2nak; )anRtÚveKeFVIXateTAehIy nigbMpusbMpulRbCaCnkñúgExRt [bHe)armin)anseRmc Kat;k¾eKcxøÜn rt;eTARCkekanenAÉRsukesomeTA. enA)at;dMbgÉeNaHvij ecAhVayExRtfµIrwtEtxitxMBRgwgkar karBarbnÞayEfmeTot. esþcesomkan;eCIgBYkbHe)ar ehIy)anbBa¢ÚnT½BmYykgmk)at;dMbg. karEdlesomeFVIdUecñH naM[eKmanCMenOfa karrYmKMnitk,t;)ancab;epþImeLIgenAÉ)agkkEmn edaymankarKaMRTBIesþcesom pg. RBHraCakm<úCa)anekNÐT½BCaRbjab; rYc)ancat;[ykmYykgeTAe)aHTItaMgenAnwgBamEsn Rtg;mat;BamsÞwgkMBg;FM nigkMBg;sVay. T½BmYykgeTot RTg;[eTAenAkMBg;qñaMg ÉkgTI3 RTg;[eTAe)aH TItaMgenAsÞwgBak;knþil. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH RBHGgÁc½nÞRTg;)ancat;m®nþI 2nak; [eTAsuMCMnYyBIesþc GaNÑam. esþcy:aLúg eRtkGrNas;nwg)ancUlmkeFVIGnþraKmn_mþgeTotenAkm<úCa ehIy)ancat;bBa¢Ún T½BGaNÑammYykgBIsayhÁnmk EdldwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_5nak;. T½BGaNÑamenHeFVIdMeNIrtamTenø eLIgmky:agrYsran; mkdl;PñMeBjmin)anQb;eT k¾bnþdMeNIreTAe)aHTItaMgcab;BIRtwmERBkmanlaP ¬BImunehAfaERBkBak;RB½Rt¦ enAelIekaHeRCaycgVa rhUtdl;ekaHcin cMBImuxkMBg;høÜg rYcehIyk¾naMKña sRmakedayes¶óms¶at; rg;caMEtbBa¢anwgGalecjRbyuT§ EtminsUvCacg;b:unµaneT. KµanT½BNa)anmk vayeTAelIT½BGaNÑamenHeT rhUtdl;eBlEdlT½BesomRtÚv)aneKvay[braC½y ehIyrt;eTAkan; RsukesomvijGs;eTA T½BCMnYyrbs;GaNÑamenHk¾dkfyecjeTAvijEdr edayKµan)an)aj;kaMePøIg mYyRKab;NaesaHeT. edaysBVRBHT½yxøaMgNas; nigC½yCmñHelIkenH RBHGgÁc½nÞ nigRBHGnuCTaMg3GgÁ )anyagcUl sagRBHpñÜsenAvtþPñMRBHraCRTBü enACit]tþúgÁ )anb:unµans)þah_ RTg;k¾laRBHpñÜscaksikçabTmkvij. raCBgSavtar)anerobrab;faenAsm½yenaHnavaB½rTuyehÁmanbegÁalekþag3)anmkcUlctenA nwgkMBg;eBaFitUc ¬kMBg;høÜg¦ ehIym®nþImñak;Edlkan;sasnakatUlik)anTijrbs;rbrmkBIGWr:ub BInay k):al; ykeTAfVayRBHraCa edayedaHdUrCamYyplitplrbs;km<úCa ¬Exemsa qñaM1811¦. 358 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 359 raCBgSavtark¾)ankt;smÁal;GMBIRBwtþikarN_mYycMnYneTotpgEdr mankarbHe)arrbs;mnusS mñak;maneQµaHfa sIlC½y EdlRtÚveKdak;eTassmøab;bg;/ karbkERbesovePAdkRsg;GtßbTKm<Ir RBHéRtbidkmkCaPasasamBaØ edayKN³kmµkarecAGFikarvtþ EdlRbmUlpþú¿KñaeFVIkarenAvtþPñMRBH raCRTBü/ karcUlTivgÁtrbs;GñkGgÁm©as;RBHGgÁEkvDYg EdlmanRBHCnµ82RBHvsSa/ ehIynigkar eXIjmanpáayduHknÞúyelcecjenATisxaglic66 . xül;BüúHEdlRbmUlpþú¿Kñabnþicmþg²mkenABIelIRsukExµr )anpÞúHxøaMgeLIgenAeBlEdlRBHraCa GgÁ c½nÞ RbRBwtþkMhusqÁgmYy. bBaða)anekIteLIgrvagRBHGgÁCamYynwgRBHGgÁs¶Ün EdlesþcesomfµI)an EtgtaMgCaTI]PeyaraC. edaymankarP½yxøac RBHGgÁs¶Ün)anrt;ePosRBHkayeTAKg;enAeBaFisat; CamYyRBHraCvgSanuvgS nigPIelogesnaTaMgGs; EdlenAcm¶ayEt 50KILÚEm:Rtb:ueNÑaHBIdI)at;- dMbg. RBHraCa)anbBa¢ÚnRBHsgÇ2GgÁ rYcm®nþI4nak;eTot [eTAyagRBHGgÁRtlb;mkbnÞayeBRCvij b:uEnþRBHGgÁs¶Ünminyl;RBmRtlb;eTAvijeT. minEtb:ueNÑaH RTg;)ancab;m®nþITaMg4nak;enaHTukeFVICa cMNab;xµaMgEfmeTot rYccab;RbEmRbmUlT½B nigGavuFyuT§PNÐ TamTar[RBHraCaRbKl;bNþaextþRkg RkKr nigxøúgfVay. RBHraCaGgÁc½nÞ manRBHtRmiHfa RBH]PeyaraC)anRtÚvesþcesomEtgtaMgeLIg esþcesom nwgKaMRTRBH]PeyaraC rYmTaMgRbCara®sþExRteBaFisat; EdlFøab;GbGrsVaKmn_RBHGgÁpg. eqøIytb eTAnwgsPaBkarN_enHRBHGgÁc½nÞ)anesñIsuMCMnYyBIesþcy:aLúg.]tþmesnIy_GaNaÑmeQµaHGugCrGuwg DijelOgEdlbBa¢aenAsayhÁnehIyCatMNagesþcy:aLúgRbcaMenAkUsaMgsuIn)anbBa¢ÚnT½B5rynak; [mkQreCIgenAnwgekaHcin enAkñúgTenøsab Tl;muxnwgkMBg;høÜg. kmøaMgT½Bb:unenH minRKb;RKan;eT Gac eRbób)anRtwmkgnKr)al EdleKeRbIsRmab;EtTb;Tl;kuM[mankarlYcBRgt;RBHraCab:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþ 66 páayduHknÞúyenHmaneQµaHfa haLI eKemIleXIjRKb;KñaenAelIsklelak. enARsuk)araMg páayduHknÞúyenH )aneFVI [eKdak;eQµaHRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr EdlplitenAkñúgqñaM1811 faCa RsapáayduHknÞúy. páayduHknÞúydEdlenH )anbgðajxøÜnmþgeTotenAkñúgqñaM1910 manBN’s¥atl¥Nas; ehIy)aneFVI[mankarrMeCIbrMCYkkñúgbNþaGñktarasa®sþ TaMgLaynasm½yenaH eRBaHeKmanCMenOfaBiPBelakGacnwgRtÚvbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaMenaH. eK)aneXIjpáayduHknÞúy enHelIkdMbUgenAkñúgqñaM1456 enAeBlEdlBYkmUsøúImcUlkan;kab;TIRkúgEblRkad. karelcecjnUvpáayduHknÞúyenH enAeBlenaH)aneFVI[T½BTaMgsgxag mankarPitP½y ehIysemþc):abkalIsTI3)anseRmcfa cab;BIeBlenaHmk eK RtÚvsURtFm’Gg;ehSlusral;éf¶ enAeBléf¶Rtg;.

ebIeTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾RBHraCakm<úCa)anerobcMTTYlsVaKmn_ T½BenHy:agsmrmü bgðaj[eXIjfa enAeBlEdlmankarKMramkMEhgBIBYkbHe)ar RBHGgÁsBVRBHT½ynwgehArkRBHraCaGaNÑam[mkCYy CaCagrt;eTArkesþcesom ehIyRTg;TukcitþGaNÑam CagTukcitþesom. esþcesom)anseRmccitþeFVIGnþraKmn_mþg. RTg;)anbBa¢ÚnT½B2kg mYykg²manKña 5Ban;nak; EdlmYykgdwknaMedayelakymraC mYykgeTotdwknaMedayBuhuløaeTB. RBHraCakm<úCa )anbeBa©j T½B2kgtUcTb;Tl; mYykg²manKña1Ban;nak; ehIynigT½BeCIgTwkmYykgEdldwknaM edayesþcRtaj; ExRt)aPñM. k¾b:uEnþT½BtUc²TaMgGs;enHminGacTb;Tl;CamYynwgT½BsRtÚvEdleRcInCag5dg)aneLIy emø:aHehIyk¾naMKñadkfyminh‘anRbyuT§eT.enAeBlEdlRBHraCaTTYl)andMNwgfaRBH]PeyaraCkMBug dwknaMT½BExµr3Ban;nak; nigT½Besom2Ban;nak; eFVIdMeNIrmkkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ RTg;k¾ePosRBHkayecjBI raCFanIeTACamYynwgRBHraCvgSanuvgS eRkamkic©karBarrbs;T½BGaNÑam eTAKg;enAÉekaHdIenAkñúgTenø emKgÁ enAxageRkamPñMeBjbnþic. enAeBlEdlRBHraCakMBugEtyagcuHtamTenø T½Brbs;RBHGgÁ)anebIkkarvayRbhareTAelIT½B esomenAkMBg;qñaMg EtRtÚvbraC½y k¾rt;cuHeTATisxagt,Úg edaynaMRbCaCnykeTApg edIm,IkuM[esom ekor.eBlTTYl)annUvBt’mansþIGMBIbraC½yenHRBH]braCGgÁÉmnigGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁDYg)annaMKñae)aH bg;RBHraCaCaRBHeromehIyrt;Rtlb;eRkaymkkan;]tþúgÁvijEdlT½BesomkMBugEtkan;kab;.kare)aH bg;ecaledayRBHGnuCTaMg2 )aneFVI[RBHraCaGgÁc½nÞGs;sgÇwmCaxøaMg eTIbbeNþayxøÜnRBHGgÁtamEt BYkGaNÑam EdlbnÞab;mk)annaMRBHGgÁeTAkan;sayhÁn. eBlenH RBHraCaNacRkRtÚvKµanGñkdwknaMmþgeTotehIy eRBaHRBHraCaKg;enAÉRsukGaNÑam cMENkÉGñkGgÁm©as;bHe)armYyGgÁKWRBH]PeyaraC k¾minTan;h‘ancab;kan;GMNacenAeLIyEdr ehIy Kg;enAÉeBaFisat;ÉeNaH. RBH]braCGgÁÉm nigRBHGgÁDYgk¾erobcMrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñmYyeLIg EdlmanBak;kNþalCaExµr nigBak;kNþaleTotCaesom rYcehIy)annaMKñayageTA)agkkenAkñúg Exkkáda qñaM1811 edIm,IsuMeyabl;ÉkPaBBIesþcesom. bnþiceRkaymkRBHraCaGgÁc½nÞmanesckþIkøahaneLIgvij )andwknaMT½B2muWnnak;cUlmkkñúgraC FanI]tþúgÁ kñúgenaHmanT½BGaNÑam5Ban;nak; nigT½BExµrEdlKaMRTtamdEgðRBHGgÁ. RbCara®sþTaMgGs; sVaKmn_GbGrTTYlRBHGgÁehIyRBHraCa)anyagcUlkñúgRBHraCvaMgenAéf¶TI14Ex]sPaqñaM1813. T½BesommankarPJak;ep¥IlCaxøaMgnwgkaryagRtlb;mkvijy:agrh½srbs;RBHraCaEbbenHNamYy)an B¤sMeLgRbCaCnTHédGbGrsaTrGWgkgpg GñkRsukERscmáark¾dkédecjBIxøÜnGs;eTApg ÉnamuWnsBV 360 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 361 muxm®nþIk¾)annaMKñaeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ edIm,IcUlKal;RBHraCapg T½BesomTaMgenaHKitfa nKrTaMgmUlnwgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgxøÜnCaminxan emø:aHehIyk¾RbjibRbjab; qab;naMKñaeFVIdMeNIreTAkan; RBMEdnCabnÞan;. b:unµanExeRkaymk RBH]PeyaraCGgÁs¶ÜnsuKtenA)agkkenaH. esom)anbBa¢Ún RBHGdæiFaturbs;RBHGgÁ mkfVayRBHGgÁc½nÞenAkñúgqñaM1824. karEdlBYkGaNÑam )anCYyelIkRBHGgÁc½nÞ [yagmkKg;elIraCsm,tþivij enAeBlenHhak; dUcCa)anRbRBwtþeTAedayKµankarbgðÚrQamesaHeLIy GVI²hak;dUcCavilRtlb;mkrkPaBs¶b;s¶at;vij ehIyRsab;EtecAhVayExRtkMBg;sVayeQµaH em:g EdlCaGñkcUlrYmsmKMnitCamYynwgRBHGgÁÉm nig RBHGgÁDYg )ancab;epþImbMpusbMpulGñkRsuk[bHe)areLIg edIm,ITak;Taj[manGnþraKmn_BIesomsaCa fµI nig[Kat;TTYl)ansiT§iGMNacdUcmitþcas;rbs;Kat;enAÉ)at;dMbg KWEbnkalBImunG‘Ícwg. em:g)an bBa©úHbBa©Úlb¥ÚnKat;EdlCaecAhVayExRt)arayN_[edIrtamKat; rYccab;epþImeRCIserIsT½B Rsab;Et RBHraCa)ancat;T½BmYykgtUc[eTAkMBg;sVay edIm,ITb;kuM[karbHe)arrIkraldal. em:g nigb¥ÚnRbús minGacTb;Tl;nwgT½BRBHraCa eRBaHminTan;erIsT½B)an k¾naMKñart;eTARCkekanenAkñúgExRtTenøreBA67 . bnþiceRkaymk edayP½yxøacGñkRsukcab;ykmkRbKl;[RBHraCa GñkTaMg2 )annaMKñart;qøgeTAenAÉ exanvij. TwkdIexanenH ExµrminEdlRbKl;[eTAlavmþgNaeT k¾b:uEnþ )aneKarBsþab;bBa¢arbs;ecAenA )asak;68 taMgEtBI75qñaMmunmkemø:H. em:g)anecjdMeNIrbnþBIenaHeTAkan;)agkk ehIy)anjúHjg;[esþcesomdeNþImykdIkMBg; sVay. esom)anerobcMRbtibtþikarmYy vaydeNþImykkMBg;sVay nigbnÞaykarBar EdlecAhVay ExRt)ane)aHbg;edaykMsak k¾b:uEnþBYkesomRtÚvbgç¿citþe)aHbg;ecaleTAvij eRkayBImankarxUcxat eRcIneBk. enAkñúgqñaM1814 T½Besom)anelcmuxenAkUr:at; rYcehIy)andeNþImykTwkdITaMgGs; Edlsßit enAcenøaHExRtRBhµeTB nigPñMdgErk ehIyk¾)anykExRtmøÚéRB nigTenøreBApgEdr EdlsßitenAkñúg 67 ExRtenHsBVéf¶CaTwkdIrbs;km<úCavijehIy ehIysßitenAelIeRtIyTenøemKgÁxageqVg enAxageCIgExRtmøÚéRB nigxag t,ÚgExRtKg;rbs;lav. 68 cab;taMgBIqñaM1715mk dI)asak;enAcMNuHevogc½nÞenAeLIy k¾b:uEnþ)anBRgIkÉkraCPaBl¥RKan;ebIehIy. eBlenaH høÜgR)a)ag)anpþac;xøÜnecjputBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;evogc½nÞEdr. esommin)anCMTas;eT enAeBlEdlesþc)asak; RbkasxøÜnCaRBHraCa.

dIkMBg;sVay k¾b:uEnþenAq¶ayBIraCFanI]tþúgÁxøaMgeBk CaehtueFVI[RBHraCaminsUv)anykRBHT½yTukdak;. deNþImykTwkdITaMgGs;enaH)anedayRsYlrYcehIy T½Besom)anqøgTenøeTAdeNþImyksÞwgERtg dak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkesomEfmeTot69.KWenAsÞwgERtgenHÉgEdlRBHraCalEgVkmYyGgÁ )anrt;mkRCkekan enAcugstvtSr_TI16 eRkayBIesomcUllukluy. RBHraCakm<úCaeBlenaHmin)anRbEkktv:aRbqaMgGVIeT beNþay[esomeFVItamEtcitþcg; emø:aH ehIy km<úCak¾RtÚvkat;pþac;ElgmanRBMRbTl;EdnCab;CamYyRbeTslaveTotehIy eRBaHmanTwkdI Edl køayeTACarbs;esomenAcenøaHkNþal. enAkñúgqñaM1815km<úCa nigesom)ancuHsn§isBaØasnþiPaB mYy k¾b:uEnþeKmin)anniyayGMBITwkdIEdlesomeTIbEtykeTAenHeT. TwkdIenH)ankøayeTACarbs; esom k¾b:uEnþebIeKKittampøÚvTUtvij KµanlkçN³GVI[c,as;las;eT dUcEtdI)at;dMbg nigGgÁr EdleyIg )aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIy. KWenAsm½yenaHÉg EdleK)anCIkERBkCIkvij etraCBgSavtarkm<úCaniyayfaenAkñúgqñaM1815/ raCBgSavtarGaNÑamniyayfakñúgqñaM1816 EtesovePAmYymaneQµaHfa {y:aDijGugCI}=RbvtþidI kUsaMgsuInfa enAkñúgqñaM182070. ERBkenHeKCIkecjBIsÞwgvijet tRmg;eTArkédsmuRThaeTog. kmøaMgcUlrYmmanTaMgGs;1muWnnak; KWGaNÑam5Ban;nak; nigExµr5Ban;nak; CIkERBkRbEvgTaMgGs; 53 KILÚEm:RtTTwg33Em:RtCeRmA2Em:Rt60.Blkrmñak;²TTYl)anR)ak;7®hVg;nigGgár30KILÚRkam kñúg1Ex². manvisVkrGaNÑam3nak;dwknaMkargarenH k¾b:uEnþBYkBlkrmanemekaypÞal; CaCatisasn_ erog²xøÜn. esþcnKrTaMg2 KWesþcy:aLúg nigRBH)aTGgÁc½nÞ )anÉkPaBKña[eKCIkERBkenHeLIg Edl tP¢ab;TenøemKgÁeTAnwgQUgsmuRTesom k¾b:uEnþRbCaCnExµr)ancat;TukkMENnenHfa CakarCiHCan;mYy ehIynigCakarGn;exSayrbs;RBHraCakm<úCaenAcMeBaHmuxesþcGaNÑam eRBaHCIkERBkenAkñúgTwkdIExµr. GñkRsukenAkñúgExRtBam/bnÞaymas/RTaMgnigéRBkb,asenAcgcaMGMBIkMENnenHenAeLIyebIeTaHbIfa kéRmEdleK)anTTYlenAeBlenaHsmrmüehIyk¾eday 0/23®hVg; ¬sRmab;Ggár1éf¶¦. enAeBl EdlGaCJaFr)araMgesñIsuMBlkr[cUlrYmCYyelIkpøÚvCati edayebIkkéRm[eRcInCag4dg eKEtgEtB¤ 362 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 69 ExRtsÞwgERtg)ankøayeTACaExRtlav-)araMgenAkñúgqñaM1894eRkayeBlEdleRtIyxageqVgrbs;TenøemKgÁ)an RtÚvkat;bBa©Úlmk. )araMg)anbgVilmk[km<úCavijehIy enAkñúgqñaM1904. 70 eKcab;epþImCIkenAkñúgqñaM1815-1816 kñúgExmiKsir ehIyCIkcb;enAkñúgExmkra.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 363 GñkRsukt¥ÚjEt¥rBIsm½yCIkERBkenaH EdlRtÚveKbgç¿[eFVIkareBjmYyrdUv {CIkERBk[yYn}. GVIEdleFVI[ExµrrwtEtxwgxøaMgeLIgEfmeTotenaH KWenAeRkayeBlCIkERBkenHrYc BYkGaNÑam )ankat;ykdITaMgGs;EdlsßitenAxagt,ÚgERBk cat;TukERBkenaHfaCaRBMEdnnKrTaMg2. minEtb:ueNÑaH GaNÑam)anbegáItb:usþ×KyenAelIeRtIyxagsþaMTenøemKgÁ Rtg;kEnøgRckcUleTAkñúgERBk enAekaHkþak nigenABamCr EfmeTot. enAeBlEdlExµr nigGaNÑamkMBugEtRBÜtédKñaCIkERBkvijetxagnirtIRbeTs enAxageCIgRbeTs ÉeNaHvijmanBYkbHe)ar1Rkúm )anelcmuxeLIgenAkñúgExRtkMBg;sVay. ]kj:aeteCa ecAhVayExRtkMBg;sVay)anrYsran;ekNÐT½B)anmYykgtUc edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgBYk bHe)ar k¾b:uEnþminGacTb;)an k¾vaydkfymkvij eRkayBICMnYykarrbs;ecAhVayExRtRtÚvsRtÚv smøab;)an. ]kj:aeteCa)andwknaMT½BeKceTAkMBg;Elg enAkñúgExmIna qñaM1816 CamYynwgecAhVay ExRtéRBkþI CaExRttUcmYyenAelIsÞwgEsn. RBHraCaxJl;CaxøaMgnwg]kj:aeteCa EdlminbMeBjParkic© [)anRtwmRtÚv RTg;k¾dak;]kj:anrinÞesnam:aCMnYsvij. ]kj:anrinÞesna)anekNÐT½BmYykgPøam ehIy )anvayeTAelIBYkbHe)ar eFVI[BYkenaHbraC½yenAkñúgEx]sPa qñaM1816. RBHraCakm<úCaeBlenaHRTg;hak;dUcCa)anxitxMføwgEføg eFVIy:agNa[manPaBesµIKñarvagRbeTs CaGñkkarBarTaMg2. y:agNamij RTg;)ancat;bBa¢Ún[eTAtamkMBt nigtamsMeBA nUvsac;R)ak;cMnYn 200qñaMg eTAfVayesþcesom ehIyk¾)ancat;m®nþI2rUb[naMRkmYn 2hab/ Rkvaj 1hab/ Rm½kSN_ 1hab/ s<an;F½r 1hab/ degáa 1hab/ PøúkdMrI 2hab nigEsñgx©I 2KU eTAfVayesþcGaNÑamEdr. enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM1816enaHEdr manerOgFMmYyekIteLIg KWkUnecAmñak;rbs;BYkB½rTuyehÁ Edlmk rs;enAkm<úCakalBIb:unµanstvtSr_mun)anTTYlkareR)asRbNIBIRBHraCaEdlEtgtaMg[eLIgCa]kj:a RkLaeham KWrdæm®nþIT½BeCIgTwk. CnenaHmannamRtkUlfam:ugetr:U ehIymaneQµaHpÞal;xøÜnfa Ebn nig manzan³CaRBHraCBiePk KWRKÚeBTüsRmab;RBHraCa. CnenHCakUnkat;eT k¾b:uEnþeKcat;TukKat;fa CaCn GWr:ub.RBHraCa)ancat;TukKat;faCaGñkbeRmIesµaHRtg;mñak;k¾b:uEnþBYkshesvikTaMgLays¥b;Kat;eday eRBaHEtKat;Cab;ExSRsLayGWr:ub ehIyKat;qøatvagévCageK emø:aHehIyk¾rkerOgecaTRbkan;Kat;fa éKbnøM sahav manbT]Rkidæ10y:ag. RBHraCa)anseRmc[eKnaMykKat;eTAtulakar. tulakar)an rkeTAeXIjfa Kat;mankMhusedaysarKat;)anykR)ak;BIGñkEdlKat;)anrkbuNüskþi[ )anlak;´ rbs;eKEdlrt;mkRCkekannwgKat; pÞúyeTAnwgc,ab;RBHnKrEdlkMNt;fa RtÚvEtRbKl;eTA[m©as;edIm vijebIBuMenaHeTm©as;fµIRtÚvTij´enaHBIm©as;edIm)anRbRBwtþkamKuNCamYyRbBn§b¤shayrbs;GñkdéT

EdlKat;)anTak;Taj[mkpÞHKat; CYnkalKat;ykrhUtEtmþg nigkat;esckþIeTAtamEtlaPskáar³Edl )anTTYl. Ebnm:ugetr:U )ansarPaBTTYlsÁal;kMhusrbs;xøÜn k¾b:uEnþdl;Es¥keLIg Kat;eKcxøÜn)at;. eK)antamcab;Kat;mkvij ehIyRBHraCa)anseRmckat;eTasKat;[eKsmøab;edaykat;k,al. cMENkkUnRbúsrbs;Kat;Edl)anerobcMkarrt;eKcrbs;Kat; RBHraCa)anelIkElgeTaskMhus[ edayRTg;KitfaKñaRbRBwtþdUecñHk¾edaysarEt edIm,ItbsñgsgKuN«Bukb:ueNÑaH. RBHGgÁc½nÞmanRBHraCbMNgcg;[karpþl;yutþiFm’rbs;RBHGgÁRtÚv)anGnuvtþeBjelj emø:aH ehIy RTg;)andak;TNÐkmµelIGñkEdl)ancUlédcUleCIgCamYy Ebnm:ugetr:U TaMgGs; eTaHbICaGñkTaMg Gs;enaHCaGñkenAeRkambBa¢arbs;Ebnk¾eday. RkLabBa¢Ir½tñ nigRkLabBa¢InURtÚvvay50rMBat; rYcehIyRtÚvcat;TukCa´raCkardUcCaBYkGñkEfTaMesHG‘Ícwg.GñkrYmKMnitÉeTot²RtÚvdak;TNÐkmµepSg² rYmTaMgm®nþIGñkyamKukpgEdl)aneFVI[GñkeTasrt;rYc.BYkraCkarNaEdl)anTijbuNüskþiRtÚvbBa©úH zan³ Tmøak;[mkCara®sþsamBaØ ehIyRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;RtÚvrwbGUs71 . enAkñúgqñaM1817 raCkar)ankMNt;ykBn§RsUv 5faMgelIRsUv50faMg dMbUg rYc)anseRmcfa teTAGnaKtBn§enHnwgRtÚvKitrhUtdl;cMnYnkUnecAnig´kMdrEdlsßitenAkñúgbnÞúkRKÜsarEfmeTot.emø:aH ehIy RBHraCa)anecjRBHraCbBa¢a[eKeFVIsRmg;cMnYnRbCaCn manerobrab;GMBIeQµaHemRKÜsar RbBn§ kUn ecA nig´kMdr edaybBa¢ak;c,as;GMBIePT nigGayupgEdr. enAkñúgqñaMenaH eRkayBImanPaBraMgs¶ÜtxøaMgrYcmk manTwkCMnn;mYyy:agFMEbøkBIsBVdg eFVI[pl RsUvfycuHmü:agedaysarRbCaCnminGacP¢Ürras;dI)anTan;eBlmü:ageTotedaysarsMNabsnÞÚgRtÚv Twklic)at;Gs;. pÞHCaeRcInRtÚvTwkCMnn;hUrnaMykeTA)at; stVBahN³k¾lg;Twksøab;eRcIn stVFaturt; eTARCkenAÉdIx<g;rabx<s;²Gs;. GñkRsukRtÚvnaMRKÜsar nigeKaRkbIeTArkTIx<s;Edr. eBlenaH mankar cab;CMrt;mnusS niglYceKaRkbICaeRcIn. bnÞaylVaÉm EdlBYkGaNÑam)ansagsg;eLIg RtÚvbMpøaj exÞcGs; ehIyTwklicRBHraCvaMgkm<s;2htßknøH. TurÖikSraldalBaseBjnKr eRBaHRsUvlicTwkxUc Kµansl; RsUv 1faMg témø 5)at KWRbEhlCa 47RkamR)ak;suT§ esµInwg 10®hVg;. manekItecaredIr kab;smøab;lYcbøn;CaeRcIn NamYymanGasnñeraK CMgWstV nigGut BaseBjRbeTseTotpg. enAdMNac;qñaM emT½BGaNÑamRtÚvpøas;ecj RBHraCa)anCUndMeNIrrhUteTAdl;sayhÁn edIm,I)an 364 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 71 mankUnecArbs; Ebnm:ugetr:U mñak; eQµaHfa kuldWm:ugetr:U Edl)ansøab;enAkñúgExvicäika qñaM1908 kñúgzan³CaGKÁmha esna KWnaykrdæm®nþI.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 365 cUlsMEdgkarKYrsmcMeBaHelakesnaRbmuxEdlQreCIgenATIenaHpg.b:unµanExeRkaymkbnÞab;BI)an sMEdgkareKarBkñúgzan³CanKrcMNuHdl;GaNÑamrYcehIyRBHraCa)ancat;m®nþICan;x<s;2nak;[cuHsMeBA tamkMBteTAcUlrYmRBHraCBiFIbUCasBRBH]braCesom. enHCakarsMEdg[eXIjnUvkarTTYlsÁal;PaB CacMNuHesþc)agkk. enAqñaM1818Gñkkan;sIlmñak;enA)aPñMeQµaHfaEkekItCMgWLb;stiehIyRbkasfaxøÜnCaGñkman buNü )anekNÐT½Bsmøab;]kj:aeteCam:unCaecAhVayExRtecal ehIyTak;Tajm®nþI3nak; Edlmin sb,aycitþ[cUlédCamYy cab;epþImkab;smøab;BYkGaNÑamy:agrgÁal. edIm,IkarBarCnrYmCatirbs;eK emT½B GaNÑam2nak;KWGugtakVan ¬eLv:an;eyot¦ nigGugcan;dUv )andwknaMT½B5Ban;nak; mke)aHTItaMgenA ekaHsUTin kñúgExRtkMBg;cam. eBlenaHRBHraCakm<úCa)anbBa¢ÚnecAh‘VaTYnpa [dwknaMT½B 2Ban;nak;eTA vayBYkbHe)arEdr.T½BTaMg2kg)anebIkkarvayRbhareTAelIT½BbHe)arEdlmancMnYnticCagminGac Tb;Tl;)an ehIyeLamB½T§cab; Ek smøab;ecaleTA. BYkm®nþI3rUbEdlminsb,aycitþ ehIycUlédcUl eCIgCamYyBYkk,t; RtÚvcab;)anCaeQøIy ehIybBa¢ÚneTA[emT½BGaNÑamenAÉebnEj ¬sayhÁn¦. eRkayBIsaksYrcemøIyrYc emT½BGaNÑamk¾bBa¢ÚnGñkTaMg3nak;mkfVayRBHraCakm<úCavij. RBHGgÁ)an ecjRBHraCbBa¢a[smøab;ecaleTA. db;qñaMeRkaymk KWenAkñúgqñaM1829 esþcesom)anbBa¢ÚnecAXunbDin72 [eTAeFVIs®gÁamCamYy esþclav deNþImykraCFanIevogc½nÞ)an. ecAXunbDincab;esþclav)anCaeQøIy ehIynaMykmk )agkkdak;[RbCaCnsþIeCrrYceFVIXatecaleTA.esomdutbMpøajraCFanIevogc½nÞexÞcxÞIehIy)anekor GñkRsukykmkdak;enAelIeRtIyTenøemKgÁxagsþaM rYcEbgEck[eTArs;enAtamExRtepSg². eKRtÚv rg;caMrhUtdl;eBlEdlBYk)araMg)anmkRtÜtRtaelIRbeTslav eTIbraCFanIenHRtÚv)aneKEklm¥ kab; éRBeQIecj ykeFVICaraCFanIrbs;laveLIgvij. sBVéf¶enHmaner:suIdg;FM)araMgmñak;rs;enATIenaH. eRkayBI)aneFVIs®gÁambMpøicbMpøajlav Km<Irk,Ünc,ab; nigGarüFm’rbs;RbCaCnlav [vilFøak; cUleTAkñúgsPaBéRBépSdUckalBI 6-7stvtSr_munrYcmk RBHraCa)agkk)ancUlmklukluykm<úCa tamsMeNIrbs;ecAhVayExRteBaFisat; EdleTIbEtnaMGñkRsukrbs;xøÜncMnYn 2PaK3 eTArs;enAÉRsuk 72 ecAXunbDinenHsøab;enA)agkkkñúgGayu77qñaMenAkñúgqñaM1847b¤1848.GñkxøHKitfaKat;enHmansBa¢ati)araMg k¾b:uEnþtamBit Kat;CaCnCatiesomeT.

esom edayminTaMg)anRbkass®gÁampgeT. esomeFVIy:agenH KWedIm,IkuM[GaNÑammanGFiraCPaB mkelIkm<úCaxøaMgeBk. kareBIbRbyuT§dMbUg)anpÞúHeLIgenAkMBg;qñaMg eBlEdlBYkesom)aneTAdl;eRkayBIqøgkat; )at;dMbg nigeBaFisat;rYc. eBlenaHRBHraCakm<úCaminTan;ekNÐT½B)anenAeLIy. T½BExµrRtÚvbraC½y ehIyemT½Belak]kj:acRkIPitP½yCaxøaMg rt;rhUteTAdl;ExRtéRBkb,as enAxagt,ÚgÉeNaH. RBHraCaEdlKg;enAPñMeBj )annaMRBHraCvgSanuvgS rt;eKcRBHGgÁeTAenAÉlg;eha ¬vijLúg¦. mYyéf¶bnÞab;BIRBHraCayagecjdMeNIrput T½Besom4kgcUlmkdl;]tþúgÁ rYcbnþdMeNIrmkdl;PñMeBj b:unµanéf¶eRkaymkCamYynwgRBHGnuCrbs;RBHraCaTaMg2GgÁKWRBH]braCGgÁÉmnigRBHGgÁDYg.T½BTaMg 4kgenHbBa¢aedayGKÁbBa¢akarecAXunbDin CavIrbursEdleTIbEt)anvaykemÞcraCFanIevogc½nÞ nig GtItecAhVayExRteBaFisat;eQµaH ka. mkdl;PñMeBj)anb:unµanéf¶ BYkenH)anbnþdMeNIreTAvayyk cUvduk enAnwgmat;BamERBkvijet edIm,IFanarkSa[)anTMnak;TMngCamYyQUgsmuRTesom EdlmanT½B mYykgRtÚvecjdMeNIrmk. T½BeCIgTwkenH)anmkcuHctenAhaeTog vaydeNþImykTIRkúgenH)an edayKµankarRbyuT§ehIyTukT½BmYykg[enAEfrkSa rYck¾bnþdMeNIreTACYbCamYybDin enAÉcUvduk. ecAXunbDin k¾seRmceFVIdMeNIrcuHeTAvijLúgEdlRBHraCaKg;enA ehIyvayyk)anenAkñúgExFñÚ qñaM1831. enAeBlenaHenAtambNþaExRtPaKxagekItvijelakcRkILúgnigelakymraCh‘U)anerobcMT½B bMBak;GavuFy:agrh½s rYcvaykgT½BesommYykg[braC½yenAkñúgExRtéRBEvg. RkúmGñkkøahanExµr epSg²eTot )anRbEmRbmUlKñIKña erobcMCakgT½BEdr ehIyvayqµk;mkelIT½Besom EdledIrBaseBj RbeTsral;éf¶. emT½BesomTTYl)andMNwgenHCahUrEh k¾seRmccitþeFVIkarRbyuT§edayKµanEGGg;. kardeNþImykvijLúg)anCaC½yCmñHd¾Gs©arümYy eFVI[GñkRsukxøacrGaElgh‘anbHe)arRbqaMg nig TTYlsÁal;esomfa CaGñkmkrMedaHeTAvij. k¾b:uEnþCaeRKaHcéRg T½BeCIkTwkrbs;bDin)anRtÚvvay[ braC½y ehIybMpøicGs;TaMgRsug rhUtdl;emT½BesomenHKµansl;kmøaMg nwgbnþkarRbyuT§Tb;Tl; BYkGaNÑamEdlmkdl;tameCIgeKakpgnigeCIgTwkpgehIyxøaMgkøaeRBaHmanvin½ynigerobcMedaynay Tahan)araMgEdleTIbEtcUlbeRmIesþcy:aLúg manCaGaTielakvresnIy_eTa LÚr:g;)arIsuI. ecAXunbDin )anvilRtlb;cUleTARsukesomvij eRkayBI)andutkemÞcPñMeBjecal eRBaHGñkRsukminRBmeTAtam. cMENkT½BEdlesssl;)annaMKñaeTAcuHsMeBAenAhaeTogkMBtrYcRtlb;eTA)agkktamsmuRTGs;eTA. RBH]braCGgÁÉm nigGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁDYg EdlKg;enAÉPñMeBj k¾yagcuHTUkecjdMeNIreTAtamT½B 366 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 367 esomEdr ehIymin)anQb;sRmakenAnwg]tþúgÁeT eRBaHGñkRsukminGbGrsVaKmn_ dUecñHRTg;k¾eFVIdMeNIr rhUtmkdl;)at;dMbg.tampøÚvRTg;)ancab;bgç¿TUkTaMgGs;Edl)anCYbnigGñkRsukEdlrs;enAtammat; RcaMgTenø [cUlrYmdMeNIreTACamYy. k¾b:uEnþenAeBlBYkGñkRsuk mancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg² BYkenaH k¾naMKñabHe)areLIg erIbRmHvilRtlb;mkPUmiRsukvijGs;. eBlGs;T½Besom GaNÑam)ankøayCam©as;km<úCamþgeTot. esþcGaNÑam)anbBa¢ÚnT½B 1muWn 5Ban;nak;mkkm<úCa ehIyedIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjBIqnÞ³yutþiFm’rbs;RBHGgÁ RBHGgÁ)anykR)ak;cMnYn 141ENnmkfVayRBHraCakm<úCa CasMNgéfødMrIcMnYn88k,alEdlemT½BGaNÑammñak;)ancab;ykeTA edayminmanRBHraCbBa¢apgeT.tamBiteTAtémøsMNgenHminCaeRcInb:unµaneTKWEt130®hVg;sRmab; dMrImYyk,alb:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþesþcGaNÑameFVIy:agenHKWcg;bgðaj[eXIjfa RTg;minrMelaPbMBaneT ehIyCaneya)aypgEdr.bnÞab;mkesþcGaNÑam)aneFVIRtab;tamRBHecAGFiraCcinnigBYkm:ugehÁal edayRTg;)anepJIsemøókbMBak;EbbGaNÑam manrYmTaMgmYkpg mkfVayRBHraCakm<úCaCaCMnUn. éf¶Es¥k eLIg RBHraCakm<úCa)anRKgRBHB®sþaenHyagcUlmkPñMeBj eFVI[namuWnsBVmuxm®nþImYycMnYnmankar Gam:asCaxøaMg. k¾b:uEnþk¾enAmannamuWnxøHEdlesøókBak;tamRBHGgÁEdr edIm,IEGbGbpg nigedayP½y xøacpg eRBaHBYkeKk¾)anTTYlsemøókbMBak;enHBIesþcGaNÑamdUcKña. mþgenH eKeXIjc,as;fa BYk GaNÑammaneRbóbxøaMgCagBYkesomR)akdNas;. eRkayBI)anelIkRBHraCakm<úCa[eLIgRKgraCblø½gávijrYcehIy BYkGaNÑamk¾naMKñadkfyecj eTAkUsaMgsuInvijGs;eTA edaymanCMenOeCOCak;fa mþgenHBYkesomElgh‘anmktv:adeNþImsiT§i RtÜtRtaelIRsukExµreTotehIyeRBaHfaBYkeK)anvayesom[braC½ynig)anelIkRBHraCaEdlesom Tmøak;BIraCsm,tþi[eLIgesayraCüvij. k¾b:uEnþmanmUlehtumYyepSgeTot Edlbgç¿esþcGaNÑammijm:ag[ehAT½BRtlb;eTAkUsaMg suInvij KWedIm,Ivayb®gáabBYkbHe)ar Edlcg;bMEbkkUsaMgsuInecjBIGaNÑam. BYkenaH)anRKb;RKg elIsayhÁn ehIyEfmTaMg)anERskehArkCMnYyBIesom eTotpg. T½Besom)ancUllukluykm<úCa ehIybgç¿[RBHraCaeKcRBHGgÁeTAKg;enAÉvijLúgmþgeTot. eBlenaHesþcGaNÑam)anekaHehAemT½BEdlenARbcaMkarenAPñMeBj eQµaH Gug)avhU Edl RTg;sgS½yfa)ancUlédcUleCIgCamYyemrbs;BYkbHe)areQµaH GugKam:a [vilRtlb;eTAraCFanIev: vij. k¾b:uEnþGug)avhUmin)aneKarBtamRBHraCbBa¢aenHeT EbrCart;eKcxøÜneTARsukesomeTAvij. esþcGaNÑam)anpøas; GugfYy [mkCMnYs Gug)avhU.

T½BesþcGaNÑam)anvaydeNþImyksayhÁn)anmkvij eRkayBI)aneLamB½T§Gs;eBl 4Ex nigeFVIkarRbyuT§CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa. ecAhVayRkúgeQµaH GugpUevxUy RtÚveKsmøab;)an eFVI[KñaKat; eQµaH GugdugCuk ¬ecAhVayRsukmat;RCÚkcUvduk¦ rt;eKccUlmkkñúgkm<úCa. RBHraCa)an[Kat;eTABYnenA ÉBamCIkg enAeRtIyTenøFMxageqVg eRkamkMBg;cambnþic. enAqñaMbnÞab; eBlEdlRBHraCaGgÁc½nÞsuKtedayeraKrakmYlenAelIRBHTInaMgnava EdlctenA ekaHeBaFiRBH)aT BYkGaNÑamKiteXIjfa RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaeBlenHc,as;CaRtÚvFøak;kñúgédesþc mijm:ag73 Edl)aneLIgesayraCübnþBIesþcy:aLúgtaMgEtBIqñaM1811mk EmnETnehIy. eKarB tambBa¢arbs;esþcmijm:agGugxaMm:ag)anekaHRbCuMnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIrdæm®nþIRBHsgÇraCnigBYk)arKUpg edIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIsRBHraCafµImYyRBHGgÁ. kareRCIserIsRBHraCafµIenH eKmin)an[dMNwgeTAesþc esom RCabpgeT. RBH)aTGgÁc½nÞ KµanRBHraCbuRtaeT buRtamYyRBHGgÁEdlRbsURtenAÉ]tþúgÁ)ansuKteTAEtb:unµan em:agb:ueNÑaHeRkayBIRbsURtrYc. niyayGMBIRBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ manRBH]braCGgÁÉm GñkGgÁm©as; GgÁDYg nigGgÁs¶Ünvij BYkGaNÑamminyl;RBm[eLIgesayraCüeT eRBaHGñkTaMg 2xagedIm )anRbyuT§ RbqaMgnwgRBHraCa cUlédCamYyesom nigeTArs;enARsukesom. dUecñH KµanGñksñgraCüCaburseT. RkúmRbwkSaminyl;RBmRbKl;RBHraCblø½gáeTA[RBHraCbuRtIc,grbs; RBHGgÁc½nÞRBHnamEbneLIy eRBaHRBHnagRtÚvCaecArbs;ecAh‘VaEbn Edl)anelIkkUnRsIfVayRBHraCa eRkayBI)anRbKl;dI )at;dMbg[eTAesomrYc NamYyRBHnagRbqaMgnwgGaNÑamxøaMgNas;eTot. eK)anÉkPaBKñaelIk RBHGgÁm©as;kSRtIGgÁmuI[eLIgesayraCüvij. 41- RBHkSRtGI gmÁ Iu ¬1834-1841¦ RBHkSRtIGgÁmuI74 CabuRtIrbs;RBHraCaGgÁc½nÞCamYyRBHCayalMdab;TI3 maneQµaHfa Gñkmñag Rkcan; eBlenaHRTg;manRBHCnµ21RBHvsSaehIy. RBHGnuCkSRtIrbs;RBHnag RBHnamfaRBHGgÁ m©as;eBA RtÚv)anelIk[eLIgeFVICaRBH]braC EdltaMgEtBIeBlNamkminEdlmannarITTYlnUvzan³enH eT. RBHkSRtIs¶Ün EdltUcCageK )anKg;enACamYyRBHeromTaMg2GgÁ ehIyTTYlzan³CaRBHEkvh‘Va. 368 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 73 esþcenHmanRBHCnµ44qñaM ehIy)anesayraCü18qñaMehIy. 74 BYkGaNÑamfVayRBHzan³fa )akugCY mann½yfa RBHkSRtICam©as;CIvit EtExµreyIgsresr )aKuncav eTAvij.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 369 RbCaCnhak;dUcCaminmankarPJak;ep¥IlGVIeT cMeBaHkarEdleKeRCIserIsRBHkSRtImYyGgÁ [eLIgKg;elI raCblø½gádUecñHBIeRBaHfafVIebIknøgmkeKminEdleXIjmanRBHmhakSRtIesayraCsm,tþik¾edayk¾b:uEnþ eKFøab;RbTHeXIjRBHraCadak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHGKÁmehsI b¤RBHmataCajwkjyEdr edIm,IRTg;Gac yagcUlsagRBHpñÜs)an. emø:aHehIyRbCaCnhak;dUcCaRtÚvbgVwkbgðat;[ecHTTYlyksPaBkarN_ enH CabeNþIr²mkehIy. k¾b:uEnþmanGñkxøH)anGHGagRbkbeTAedaymUlehtuRtwmRtÚvfa kareRCIs erIsykkSRtImYyGgÁ[eLIgesayraCüdUecñHRtÚvcat;TukCaemaX³ BIeRBaHfa ebItamTMenomBIburaN EdlknøgmkKµannrNamñak; cab;GarmµN_dl; KWfaRbsinNaebIKµanrC¢TayaTCaburs edIm,IbnþevnBIRBH raCaeT rdæm®nþI nigGñkmuxGñkkarTaMgGs;RtÚveRCIserIsRBHraCaecjBIkñúgcMeNamemRkúm)arKU. GñkxøH eTotniyayfa TMenomBIburaNenaHminEmnniyayfa {KµanrC¢TayaTburs}enaHeT Etfa {kñúgkrNIEdl KµanraCvgSanuvgSbnþevn}Etmþg.\LÚvenHeKenAmansl;GñkGgÁm©as;kñúgraCvgSanuvgSenAeLIydUecñH minGacniyayfaKµanraCvgSanuvgSbnþevn)aneT. BYkm®nþIFM²mYycMnYn)anRbCuMKñaCasm¶at;enAelI kMBUlPñMRBHraCRTBü BiPakSaerOgenH ehIymanm®nþImñak;h‘anrhUtdl;niyayfa {ebIeKerIskSRtamYy GgÁmin)aneTkareRCIstaMgenHRtÚvcat;TukCaemaX³.ebIsinCaerIs)ankSRtamYyGgÁk¾b:uEnþRbCara®sþ nigRBHraCaesomminTTYlsÁal; enaHeyIgnwgmans®gÁam. b:uEnþebIsinNaCaeKerIs)ankSRtImYyGgÁ ehIyebIsinCaesþcesommineFVIGnþraKmn_eT enaHvasnaRsukExµrnwgRtÚvcb; eRBaHc,as;CaGaNÑamkat; bBa©ÚleFVICaTwkdIrbs;eK CaseRmcEtmþg}. RBHsgÇmYyGgÁ)anesñIeLIgfa eyIgKYrnaMKñaeFVIdMeNIr eTARsukesom. k¾b:uEnþ GñkEdlmanKMnitTaMgGs;enH min)anRtÚveKGeBa¢Ij[cUlrYmkñúgkareRCIserIs RBHraCapgeT. cMENkÉRbCaCnvij eKGs;kmøaMgenOyNaynwgs®gÁam nigcg;)ansnþiPaBNas; Etmin)anKitdl;fa RBHmhakSRtInwgKµan\T§iBl ehIyk¾min)andwgfaemT½BGaNÑam GugTYnKun EdlenABI xageRkayRBHnagmanGMNacxøaMgNas;GacnwgbBa¢aelIral;rdæm®nþI)an.edayBinitüeXIjfaRBHmha kSRtITn;exSay ehIycMNuHGaNÑamxøaMgeBk manBaküccamGar:amelceLIgkñúgcMeNambkSBYkGñkGgÁ m©as; nigesom sayPayeTAdl;kñúgRsTab;RbCaCnfa RBHnag)anshayCamYyemT½BGaNÑam. erOgenHminBiteT k¾b:uEnþkarniyaybgçÚcRBHkitþinam)anrIkralsayPayTb;Elg)an rhUtTal;Et RBHmhakSRtIFøak;xøÜneTACamnusSqáÜt75 . 75 RBHnagsuKtenA]tþúgÁ enArvagqñaM1878.

\LÚvenHGVI²)ansMEdgecj[eXIjc,as;Nas;fa GaNÑamRbúgeRbóbnwgykkm<úCaeFVICaTwkdI rbs;eKEmnETnehIy ehIykarEdleKerobcMRBHmhakSRtIGgÁmuI [eLIgRKgraCblø½gáenH KWRKan;Et edIm,ITmøab;RbCaCn[suaMnwgPaBKµanesþcesayraCü [bMePøcRBHraCvgSanuvgSecalb:ueNÑaH ebIeTaHCa fa knøgmkRbCara®sþFøab;)aneFVIBlIkmµCaeRcIn edIm,IraCblø½gák¾eday. tamRBHraCRkwtümYyrbs;esþcGaNÑam RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaRtÚvRKb;RKgedaym®nþIGaNÑam 3nak; KWeRTÓgmijy:ag pamv:an;Dan nigRtan;v:an;Nag EdlmkenAdwknaMRbeTsedaymanCMnYyBIrdæm®nþI nigecAhVayExRtExµrCaeRcInnak;. raCFanIPñMeBjeBlenaHeKdUr[ehAfaRtantayb¤RtanNaMy:agvij ¬PñM=NaM/ eBj=y:ag¦. er:suIdg;GaNÑameBlenaHnwkKitfaeKmanGMNacxøaMgNas; ehIy)anbgç¿[m®nþITaMgGs; esøók semøókbMBak;tamrebobGaNÑam76 [bYgsk; nigpþl;zan³[tamrebobGaNÑam ehIy)andak;emGaNÑam mñak;enACab;nwgecAhVayExRtkm<úCa edIm,IRtÜtBinitüelIral;skmµPaBpg nigdwknaMkargarrdæ)alpg. minEtb:ueNÑaH GaNÑammanbMNgcg;eFVI[RBHraCaNacRkExµr)at;bg;Gs;nUvFatuedImrbs;xøÜn eday)anbþÚreQµaHRsukeTsTaMgGs;EfmeTot. eyagtamsMeNIrbs;BYkGñkEdlenACab;nwgecAhVay ExRtExµr RBHraCaGaNÑam)anseRmcbþÚreQµaHExRt edaybnßycMnYnBI56mkenARtwm33 vij ehIy )anbegáItRsuk2sRmab;TwkdIEdlmanBYkGñkRsukéRBrs;enA rYc[ehAtameQµaHGaNÑamTaMgGs;. eQµaHExRtTaMg33enaHman Namy:ag b¤Rtantay sRmab;PñMeBj/ eRkABIenHCaeQµaHExRtfµI EdleK)anbRgÜm[tic Edl´mindwgfaeQµaHNaRtÚvnwgExRtcas;NamYyeT ³ fanFU/ taMdn/ TuyLab;/ )aNam¬)ak;Nam¦/)aLay¬)arayN_¦/b‘íjFan¬ekaHGeBa©ón¦/xa)at/Laevn¬éRBEvg¦/éhdug/ KimeRTÓg/cavCug/kaGav/v:agv:an/hab‘íj/CugLy/sanPU¬RbEhlKWsm,Úr¦/sanbuk¬sm,úk¦/taMvU/ xayebon/ éhtay/ xas‘um ¬ekaHsUTin¦/ efLab;/ taMkay/ LÚevot ¬lEgVk¦/ LúgTn ¬sMeragTg¦/ kVagebon/ hYyI/ cantay/ GuIyI/ canfaj;/ m:at;lYt/ G‘mGan. ÉRsuksRmab;GñkRsukéRB2enaHKW kaj;ec ¬RkecH¦ nigkan;eyIu ¬kBa¢r¦. manm®nþITaMgGs;107rUbEdlTTYlbnÞúkkargarrdæ)alsuIvil nigxagkgT½B. KWman ³ TYgkVan b¤ esnaRbmux1rUb/ famtan; b¤GñkmanPar³cat;Ecg nigEfrkSaRTBükgT½B1rUb/ edduk b¤GKÁembBa¢akar 1 370 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 76 zan³enaHman Gugcaj;/ Gugp/ dUy/ kayLag/ fun/ eRTÓg/ RtaM.l.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 371 rUb/ h‘abtan; b¤vresnIy_Ék1rUb/ Laj;b‘íj b¤vresnIy_RtI2rUb/ pLaj;b‘íj b¤CMnYykarvresnIy_RtI 2rUb/ b‘íjb‘Ídav b¤qµaMkgT½B1rUb/ elOgb‘Ídav b¤qµaMxagPsþuúPar1rUb/ evong:yLag b¤naykariyal½y RksYg2rUb/CUs‘Ub¤nayrgkariyal½yRksYg3rUb/)atvUb¤Epñkxagrebob4rUb/)atpamb¤elxaFikar fñak;TI8cMnYn8rUb/ KYnpam b¤elxafñak;TI9cMnYn8rUb/ fLay b¤nayeTapÁt;pÁg;es,óg60rUb/ hYndav b¤ sa®sþacarü12rUb/ ehIynigy:avf b¤RKÚbeRgón. eRTÓgminy:ag)anTTYlkarcat;taMg[eFVICaTYgkVanenAPñMeBjÉeLédeKOgKWCafamtan;.manCan PUs‘U mñak; sßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;GñkTaMg2 manParkic©RtÜtBinitüesvasuIvil nigeyaFaenAkñúgPU ¬ExRt¦ 3 KWhaytay/ haydug nigsanTij. T½BGaNÑamenAkm<úCak¾)anRtÚveKerobcMeLIgvijEdr edayEbgEckCa 25kgBl nigmankgBl BiessmYy TTYlbnÞúkEfrkSaBRgab nigbgðat;dMrIcm,aMg. eyIgnwgvilRtlb;mkemIlkarerobcMenHenAeBleRkay. km<úCaTaMgmUl)anRtÚvGaNÑam Ebg EckecjCa8PU ¬ExRt¦ manTaMgGs;18ehVón ¬mNÐlrdæ)al¦ KW ³ - PURtan;tay/ PñMeBj/ manehVón 2KW éfGan niglUGan - PUjahVa manehVón 2EdrKW eFOgpug nigpugjÜg - PUNamnij manehVÓn 3KW NamFij/ Naméf nigPUNam - PUv:Ukug manehVón 3EdrKW b‘íjCug/ KItU nigCugFuy PUTaMg4enH RtÜtRtaeday TYgkVan nigfamtan;. - PUhaytay manehVÓn 2KW hayb‘íj nigfanCug - PUhab‘íj manehVón 2EdrKW Cugha nigPULay PUTaMg2enH RtÜtRtaeday CanPUs‘U. - PUsanTij manehVón 2KW ekVLaM nigsandug - PUmILam manehVón 2EdrKW mILam nigdavLam PUTaMg2enH RtÜtRtaeday CanPUs‘U enAsanTij. cMENkÉkgBlTahanTaMg5 mYy²man5kgvresnaFM edayminmanKitdl;kgGnuesnaFM km<úCapgeT man ³ kgBlkNþal man2696nak;/ kgBlebIkpøÚv man2116nak;/ kgBlsøab xageqVgman2530nak;/ kgBlsøabxagsþaMman2200nak;/ nigkgBlbiTKUTman2255nak; srub TaMgGs;RtÚvCa 11>796nak;.

erobcMdUecñHrYcehIy esþcGaNÑam )ancat;taMg eLv:an;Duk [eFVICaFijlukraCGFikarrbs; RBHraCaRbcaMkm<úCa. BYkGaNÑam)anehARBHkSRtIGgÁmuIfag:ukv:anehIyfVayRBHzan³CaPasaGaNÑam famILamkVanCY ¬RBHmhakSRtIénPUmILam¦. RBHeromrbs;RBHnag RBHkSRtIEbn TTYlzan³falUGankVan ¬kSRtITI2 énlUGan¦/RBHGnuCkSRtImYyGgÁTTYlzan³CafavCugkVankVannigmYyGgÁeTotCa tab;nijkVankVan. mankargarmYyEdlmanRbeyaCn_ k¾b:uEnþ)aneFVI[GñkRsukxwgsm,aCaxøaMg KWkMENn[eFVIpøÚv yuT§sa®sþmYyedayKµanpþl;kéRm tP¢ab;BIPñMeBjeTAs<anymraC bc©úb,nñenAelIpøÚveTAkMBt ¬RbEhl Ca 4KILÚEm:RtBIPñMeBj¦rYcbnþeTARTaMgnigbnÞaymasnigkarbegáIt[manRkúmrt;sMbuRtbnþKñaRbcaMtam salanImYy² EdlmanKña30nak;pøas;bþÚrevnKña eRCIserIsecjBIGñkRsukrs;enAkñúgPUmiCit². pøÚvenH EdleRkaymkKWpøÚvBIPñMeBjeTAkMBt ExµrehAfapøÚvGaNÑam77. enAsm½yenaH KWkñúgqñaM1835 enAÉkMBg;esam manbgb¥Ún2nak; Edlmanzan³Ca]kj:a KW ]kj:aC½y nig]kj:aCU )anRbEkkminRBmeKarBtambBa¢arbs;GaNÑameT ehIycab;epþImkan;GavuF RbqaMgeLIg. TaMg2nak;bgb¥ÚneFVIkarRbyuT§Gs;kaly:agyUrEtminGacb®gáabT½BcRmúHGaNÑam-Exµr )anehobEtnwgRtÚveKcab;)aneTAehIy k¾naMKñart;eKcqøgRBMEdneTARCkekanenAÉ)agkk)at;eTA. enAqñaM1836enAExRtkMBg;sVayÉeNaHvijeteCaramEdlbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrbbfµI)anRtÚveK cab;ykmkPñMeBj ehIyGugTYgKunecjbBa¢a[eKsmøab;ecaleTA. eK)anelIksñgGI CMnYykarrbs; eteCaram [eLIgkan;GMNacbnþBIKat;. mundMbUgsñgGI)anbMeBjkargarl¥Nas; k¾b:uEnþ dl;mkqñaM 1837 Rsab;EteQµaHenH)ancab;er:suIdg;GaNÑamsmøab;ecal ehIycab;ekNÐT½B. sñgGI eFVI skmµPaB)anb:unµans)þah_ k¾rt;eKcxøÜnedaynaMykGñkRsukesÞag nigCIERkgmYycMnYnFMpg eTAenAÉTenø reBA EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;esomenAeLIy. BYkGaNÑam)ansmøab;RbCaCnExRtkMBg; sVayGs;CaeRcIn EdleKecaTfa)anKaMRT sñgGI. GñkRsukmYycMnYneTot eKnaMykeTAGaNÑam. RBwtþikarN_TaMgGs;enH rYmTaMgkarbHe)ar nigkarRbqaMgGaNÑampg )aneFVI[RbCaCnkm<úCa man karRBÜy)armÖCaxøaMg. eKk¾cab;taMgnaMKñagakEbreTArkExRt)at;dMbg dIExµrBImun Et\LÚv)ankøayeTACa 372 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 77 pøÚvenHsg;ecjBIPñMRtg;Ek,rpÞHelakRKÚeBTüFM. manmYycMENk eKehAfa pøÚveb:RtÚl.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 373 rbs;esomehIy EdlmanraCvgS2GgÁkMBugrs;enA KWRBHGgÁÉm nigRBHGgÁDYg78. esþcesom )an GnuBaØat[RBHGgÁÉmKg;enAnwg)at;dMbgÉRBHGgÁDYg[Kg;enAmgÁlburI.kSRtTaMg2GgÁ)anXøatq¶ayBI raCblø½gáehIy edayRtÚvGaNÑambMEbk beNþjkat;kalecal nigenACamYyesom k¾esþcesommin )anpÁt;pÁg;[l¥Nas;NaEdr eRBaHmaneKRcENnninÞa. k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁ enAEtCaesckþIsgÇwmcugeRkay rbs;RbeTsCatidEdl. Tmøab;CaRbéBNImYy)anniTant²Kñafa {kalNaTwkhUrcuHBIxageCIgmkxag t,Úg kat;BImuxkMBg;høÜg TwkenaH)anR)ab;GñkRsukfa RBHGgÁm©as;TaMgLaymanRBHkayBll¥eT RBH mehsITaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgÁ)anRbsURtRBHraCbuRtafVayRBHGgÁ ehIyGñkRsukniyayfa RBHGaTitü enAEtrHÉeCIgemXerogral;éf¶ minTan;rlt;)at;enAeLIy}. enAeBlEdlehobnwgrlt;eTAehIy RbCaCnExµrd¾kmSt;enAEtnwkdl;RBHraCvgSanuvgSenAeLIy ebIeTaHbIfaraCvgSanuvgSenaH)andwknaMeKGs;kalCaeRcInstvtSr_ [eFVIs®gÁamkab;smøab;EtKñaÉg b¤RbqaMgnwgbreTs/ [KaMRTsmaCikraCvgSdeNþImGMNac deNþImraCblø½gáKña/ kat;ykExRtepSg² eTAkan;kab; k¾b:uEnþminecHRKb;RKg/ ehIyminEdl)annwkKitdl;suxTukçrbs;RbCaCnd¾kmSt;bnþicNak¾ eday. eTaHCay:agNakþI RbCaCnenAmanesckþIsgÇwmEtelIraCvgSmYyenHb:ueNÑaH eRBaHfaKµanGñk manbuNüNamñak;ecjmuxmkCYy dUcCaenARsukcin/ GaNÑam/ PUma/ esom edIm,IbMpusGñkRsuk[naMKña bHe)areLIgvayRbhareTAelIBYksRtÚvrbs;RBHraCaNacRk ehIybeNþjecj deNþImykraCblø½gá mkvij rYceLIgGgÁúyelIraCblø½gáenaH eRkamsñÚrTHédGbGrsaTrBIRbCaCnTal;EtesaH. ecAh‘VaEbn nigecAh‘VamURbEhlCaGacbMeBjnUvtYnaTICavIrCnenH)an k¾b:uEnþ GñkTaMg2nak;enHminEmnCaGñkman buNüeT ehIyk¾KµanqnÞ³x<s;nwgbMeBjParkic©enHEdr minEtb:ueNÑaH EfmTaMg)ank,t;CatiCabnþbnÞab;eTA eTot kat;pþac;ykTwkdImatuPUmieTA[esomeTAvij. emø:aHehIy RbCaCnEdlhak;bIdUcCaRtÚvsNþMeTA ehIy )anePøcGñkTaMgGs;enaHsUnüQwg eTIb)anCanaMKñaEbrmkrkraCvgSesþcEdlesayraCüelIBYk eK ehIysmøwgemIleTA)at;dMbg EdlmankSRtaTaMg 2GgÁKg;enA. 78 RBHGgÁDYgmanbuRta3RBHGgÁ nigbuRtImYyRBHGgÁ BIqñaM1834dl;1844 ³ manRBHraC»rsmYyRBHGgÁ)anRbsURtBIGñkmñagEb:nCamehsITI3enAkñúgExmaXFMqñaM1834RTg;TTYlRBHnamfaRcLwgrYcfaGgÁvtIKWRBH)aTneratþm. enA kñúgqñaM1839 RTg;manbuRtImYyGgÁ KWGñkGgÁm©as;cgáúlNI. dl;mkqñaM1840 GñkmñageBARbsURt)anbuRtamYyGgÁ EdleRkaymkmanzan³CaRBHEkvhV‘arYcCaRBH]braCehIyCaRBHraCasuIsuvtßieRkayBIRBHneratþmsuKteTA.enAkñúgqñaM 1841GñkmñagxaMRbsURt)anbuRtamYyGgÁKWRBHGgÁmas;vtßab¤suIvtßaEdleRkaymk)anbHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHerom.

emT½BGaNÑam GugTYgKun )anyl;c,as;Nas;fakm<úCaenAmanfamBlEdlkMBugEtRkabsm¶M ehIyGacnwgegIbeRkakeLIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgkarRtÜtRtarbs;yYn elIraCvgSanuvgSenHÉg. Kat;)an ebþCJafanwgkm©at;km©aykSRtTaMg2GgÁenHecj edayeFVIy:agNabMEbkbM)ak;BIKñasin eRBaHknøgmk kSRtTaMg2GgÁsamKÁIKñas¥itlµÜtNas;rYcswmeqøótyk»kasEdlelcecjBIRBwtþikarN_enHedIm,IbMpøic bMpøajecalEtmþg. GugTYgKun)ancat;[CnGaNÑammñak;EkøgxøÜneFVICaExµr edaydak;eQµaHfa PKva naMlixitmYyeTA fVayRBH]braCGgÁÉmTUlfaGaNÑammkkm<úCaenHkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,ICYyeFVI[mansnþiPaB.karEdl elIkRBHmhakSRtIGgÁmuI[eLIgesayraCüenH k¾eRBaHEtfaRBHnagRKan;EtCaRBHmhakSRtIbeNþaH Gasnñb:ueNÑaH rg;caMEteBlEdlmankSRtaExµrmYyGgÁcg;vilRtlb;mkesayraCüvij GaNÑamnwgCYy eRCamERCg. k¾b:uEnþRBH]braCmanKURbECgmYy KWRBHGgÁDYg CaGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ EdlerobcMEpnkar k,t;nwgRBHGgÁrYceTAehIy. RBH]braC KitfaP½BVsMNagRBHGgÁ)anmkdl;ehIy² eCOsmþIGaNÑamfa RBHGnuCCaKURbECg rbs;RBHGgÁ RTg;k¾)ancarRBHsarlixitmYyc,ab;eTAfVayesþcesomfa RBHGnuCkMBugEteFVIclna RbqaMgnwgplRbeyaCn_esomenARsukExµr. esþcesom)ancat;m®nþI2nak;[mkyagRBHGgÁDYg eTA )agkkPøam ehIyhampþac;min[yagmkmgÁlburI vijeT. edaykm©at;RBHGnuC[)at;BImuxBImat;rYcehIy RBH]braC)anyageTAKg;enAeBaFisat;CamYy RBHraCvgS RBHraCbuRtabuRtIrbs;RBHGgÁDYg EdlRTg;rkSaTukCacMNab;xµaMg nigm®nþIExµrCaeRcIneTotenA )at;dMbgEdlRTg;minGacTukecal)an. emT½BGaNÑamEdlbBa¢aenATIenaH)ancab;xøÜnGñkTaMgGs;enaH ehIybBa¢ÚnmkPñMeBj.RBH]braCGgÁÉmminyl;faehtuGVIk¾manerOgdUecñHeTEtcMeBaHxøÜnRBHGgÁemT½B GaNÑamTTYlrak;Tak;bMput emø:aHehIyRTg;k¾yagmkPñMeBjCamYynwgeKÉg mankgkarBarCUndMeNIr hak;bIdUcCamankitþiysNas;. eBlyagmkdl;PñMeBj GugTYgKun)anTTYlsVaKmn_ RBHGgÁKRKwk KeRKgTaMgRbCaCnk¾THédGbGrsaTreRBaHemIleXIjfaRBHGgÁenHehIyCaGñkmkrMedaHeK.karEdl RbCaCnGbGrsarTTTYlRBH]braCxøaMghYsehtueBk)aneFVI[GugTYgKunGn;citþ dl;yb;eLIgk¾cab; RBHGgÁdak;kñúgRTúgEdk ehIybBa¢ÚneTAkan;raCFanIev:enAéf¶Es¥keLIg ¬1840¦. cMeBaHm®nþImkBIExRt)at;dMbg manmYycMnYnFMRtÚveKsmøab;ecalPøamedaymincaM)ac;kat;eTas enAsl;xøHeKbBa¢ÚneTAev:EdrehIyXuMTukenATIenaH. cMENkenA)agkkÉeNaHvij RBHGgÁDYgEdlRBHeromecaTRbkan;fak,t; )anRtÚvesomXat;xøÜn 374 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 375 dak;Rcvak;TukenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMgEdr. enAeBlEdlsßankarN_enAkm<úCakMBugEtGaRkk;eTA² er:suIdg;GaNÑamk¾minecHsáb;sál;nwgcMNg; rbs;eKEdr. eKcg;[ExµrbþÚrsasnakan;tameKvij emø:aHehIyeKbeNþjelaksgÇecjBIvtþGaram bBa¢a[kab;edImeBaFiKas;rMelIgRBHBuT§bdimanig[vaykemÞcectiyecal.elIsBIenaHeTAeToteKcg; [RsukenHKµanGVICatMNag eday)an[rdæm®nþIrbs;RBHmhakSRtI eFVIdMeNIreTAsayhÁn Et)anPrfa[ eTAev:kñúgenaHmanelakecAh‘VaLúgsemþcecABjah‘UnigelakRkLaehamKijedayykelsfaesþc GaNÑam cg;CYbrYmKñaCamYynwgRBH]braCEdleTIbEtyageTAdl;. b:unµanéf¶bnÞab;mk eK)anbBa¢ÚnRBH mhakSRtI RBHGnuCGgÁeBACaRBH]braC nigRBHGnuCGgÁs¶Ün eTAsayhÁneTot. RBHeromkSRtIGgÁEbn CaecArbs;ecAh‘Va Ebn Edl)anRbKl;ExRt)at;dMbg eTA[esomkalBImun eBlenHRTg;manRBHCnµ 32RBHvsSaehIy¬1841¦)anRtÚveKnaMykeTAlg;eha¬vijLúg¦.eK)anniyayfaRBHkSRtIGgÁ enH nwgRtÚvedaHRsayxusBIRBHGnuCTaMgGs; eRBaHRTg;manRBHmataCabuRtIrbs;ecAh‘VaEbn Edl)an eKcRBHGgÁ eTAenAÉ)at;dMbg ehIyRTg;manRBHbitulamñak;CasRtÚvsøab;rs;rbs;GaNÑam. eTAdl; vijLúg eKXuMRBHnagTuksin bnÞab;mk eKykRBHnagecjBITIXuMXaMg eTARCmuCTwkTenøsmøab;ecaleday mindwgCa manerOgGVI ¬1842¦. karEdlGaNÑameFVITaMgb:unµanenHRbCaCn)aneXIjnigdwgB¤TaMgGs;eFVI[Kat;Gackat;sµan)anfa ebIRBHraCvaMgGaNÑambnþeFVIGVIteTAeTotenaHKWminyUrminqab;eKnwgykRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCadak;bBa©Úl eTAkñúgTwkdIkUsaMgsuInCaminxan. GaNÑam)anerobcMGnuvtþviFankar2 EdlmansarsMxan;RKan;ebIEdr ehIyEdlral;RbCaCnsuIvil½yEtgEteFVI KWkareFVIsRmg;sßitiRbCaCn nigkarcuHbBa¢IsurieyadIGcln RTBü dUcEdleK)aneFVIrYcehIyenAGaNÑam. k¾b:uEnþRbCaCnyl;fa enHKWCaskmµPaBdMbUgénkarkat; ykTwkdIehIy²mankMhwgkan;EtxøaMgeLIg². eBlenaHBYkGñkEdlRslaj;esom KWbkSBYkrbs;RBH ]braCGgÁÉm nigGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁDYg )anlYccuHeTAbMpusRbCaCntamRsukERscmáar[bHe)areLIg ehIycab;epþImkab;smøab;CnGaNÑam\terIsmux. karkab;smøab;enH )anrIkraldalrhUtmkdl; PñMeBj EdlT½BGaNÑam)annaMKñart;mkRCkenATaMgkg² Etk¾RtÚveKlYcsmøab;enAeBlyb;Edr. kñúg ry³eBlEt8éf¶b:ueNÑaH km<úCaTaMgmUlswgEtKµanvtþmanGaNÑamteTAeTot elIkElgEtenAtamTIRbCuM CnFM² EdleKminnwksµanfaRbCaCnExµreBlenaH GaceFVIdUecñH)anesaH. RbCaCn)anbHe)arCaTUeTA ehIyBYkm®nþIFM²)anlYcRbCuMKñaCasm¶at; nig)anseRmcfa RtÚvehA rkesom [mkCYykm<úCamþgeTot. eKnaMKñabegáItKN³kmµkarrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñmYy rYc)ancat;

taMgm®nþIFM2rUb KW]kj:avibulLúg CaGnurdæm®nþIxagT½BeCIgTwk nig]kj:asYK’aelak mYk ecAhVayExRt eBaFisat; [naMykjtþimYyeTA)agkk suMGnþraKmn_rbs;esom nigkarelIkRBHGgÁDYg [eLIgesay raCüelIraCblø½gákm<úCa tamcMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;RbCara®sþ. esþcesom)anÉkPaBtamkaresñIsuMTaMg2 rYc)ancat;taMgecAXunbDin[ekNÐT½B mkerobcM elIkraCvgSkm<úCa[esayraCüeLIgvij. b:unµans)þah_eRkaymk emT½BGaNÑamTaMg3nak;EdlQreCIgenAeBaFisat;)anRtÚvvay[braC½y ehIy)annaMKñaerIsmÖardkfyecj edaye)aHbg;bnÞayeBaFisat;Tuk[T½Besom. ecAXunbDin )andwknaMT½bbnþdMeNIrcUlmkkñúgépÞRbeTs eRkamsñÚrTHédGbGrsaTrBIRbCaCnEdl)annaMKñaegIb eRkakQreLIgCYyKaMRTvayRbhareTAelIkgT½BsRtÚvEdlrt;eKcBaseBjRbeTs. eBlenaHRBHecAGFiraCGaNÑam)anbBa¢ÚnT½BCMnYymYykg mkCamYyRBH]braCGgÁÉm/ raC buRta rbs;RBHGgÁRBHnamfaGgÁPwmnigRBHkSRtITaMg3GgÁEdlCabuRtIrbs;esþcGgÁc½nÞedaysgÇwmfa nwgeFVI[mankarEbk)ak;KñarvagExµrnigExµr. k¾b:uEnþeRkayBImanGavuFkan;enAkñúgéd RkúmenH )anEbr eTARbqaMgnwgBYkGaNÑamEdlCiHCan;BYkeKGs;eBl7qñaMmkehIy rYck¾naMKñart;eTAcuHcUlCamYyT½B esomvij ePøcGs;GMeBIeXareXArbs;esomkalBIeBlmun. T½BesomvayrujRcanT½BGaNÑam EdldyfyeTACaRkúmtUc² edayedjtamrhUteTACitdl; cUvduk. enATIenaH manemT½BGaNÑamCaeRcIn kñúgenaHrYmmanTaMgemT½BRbcaMExRteBaFisat;TaMg3nak;pg )annaMKñapwkfñaMsmøab;xøÜn edIm,IeCosvagkarTTYlTNÐkmµBIRBHecAGFiraC. 42- RBH)aTGgDÁ gY ¬1841-1859¦ enAeBlenaH enAraCFanI]tþúgÁÉeNaHvij RbCaCnkMBugEtnaMKñarak;Tak;sVaKmn_emT½Besom ecAXunbDin nigRBHGgÁDYg Edl)ancab;epþImdwknaMkic©karRbeTsCatiehIy. RBHGgÁ)anecjRBHraC bBa¢aeTARKb;ExRtx½NÐ EtgtaMgecAhVayExRt b¤TTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;BYkemdwknaMbHe)ar rYc)anyag mkKg;enAkñúgRBHraCvaMgmYyeFVIGMBIeQIenAXøaMgsøwk CitBjaB¤ EdlRbCara®sþ)annaMKñasg;fVay kñúg eBlEtb:unµans)þah_b:ueNÑaH. cMENkBYkGaNÑamvij )anRbmUlkmøaMgT½B nigPsþúParCaeRcInenAkñúgERBkCIkhaeTog eFVI[ecA XunbDin mankarRBÜy)armÖCaxøaMg eRBaH)anrMsayT½BeTAvijxøHeTAehIy ehIyebIenATaMgGs; k¾T½BenaH ticminGaceRbóbeTAnwgT½BGaNÑam)aneT. Rsab;Etelck):al;TwkesommYykg mkcuHctenAnwgkMBt 376 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 377 edaymandwkT½BCMnYymanesomExµrm:aeLnigBYkGWr:ubmkpg.ecAXunbDinRbúgfanwgecjT½BeTAtP¢ab; CamYyT½BCMnYyenaH TTYlmandMNwgelcB¤faBYkenaHRtÚvGaNÑamvayRbhar ehIy)annaMKñacuHTUkecj eTA RsukesomvijeTAehIy. braC½yenH)aneFVI[ecAXunbDinrwtEtmankarlM)akEfmeTot eRBaHeTIb EtbraC½yenAkñúgkarRbyuT§tameCIgTwkmYyenAelIcUvdukEdr eRkaykarb:HRbyuT§KñaGs;eBl 2éf¶. eBlenaHRBHGgÁDYg)anyagmkKg;enAÉExRtRTaMgvijCamYyT½BExµrmYykg.T½BGaNÑamEdl eTIbEtvayRbhareTAelIT½Besom ehIybgç¿[cuHTUkecjeTARsukvij )anEbrmkvayT½BRBHGgÁmþg edayCYbRbyuT§KñasuIsac;hutQamenAeCIgkBa©úM ¬1841¦. RBHGgÁDYg )anyagRtlb;mk]tþúgÁvij TaMgkþIGs;sgÇwm. k¾b:uEnþbDin)anebþCJaenAttaMg ehIy )ancat;[eKsg;r)aMgkarBarenATenøFM elIédTenøcUvduk nigédTenøtUc²10kEnøgeTot sRmab;Tb;bg¥ak; dMeNIrruleTAmuxrbs;BYkGaNÑam fVIebIr)aMgxøHtUck¾eday. T½BsRtÚvTaMgsgxag )ane)aHTItaMgenAelITwkdIEdleKdeNþImyk)an ehIylYcecjvayKña mYydgmYykal CYnkalenAeBlyb; eFVI[mankarxUcxathinehacCaxøaMg. esom nigGaNÑamc,aMgKña enAelITwkdIkm<úCa emø:aHehIyeKminRbjab;Rbjal;nwgdeNþImykC½yCmñHBIKñaeTAvijeTAmkeT. mñak;² KitEtdeNþImykGaNaExRtkm<úCamYycMnYndak;cUleTAkñúgTwkdIrbs;xøÜn EbgTwkdIExµrEckKña emø:aHehIy xitxMeFVIem:ckan;kab;TwkdI[)aneRcIn tamEtGaceFVIeTA)an. GñkTaMg2mankgVl;EtmYydUcKña KWkan;kab; PñMeBjctumµúx[)aneRBaHCaebHdUgnigCacMNucyuT§sa®sþrbs;RbeTs.ebIsinCaminKitBIctumµúxenHeT eKRbEhlCa)ancuHsn§isBaØasnþiPaBrYc)at;eTAehIyehIykm<úCaTaMgmUlk¾nwgRtÚvEbgEckrvagesom nigGaNÑamGs;eTAehIyEdr. dUecñHPñMeBjEdl20qñaMeRkaymkCaraCFanIrbs;km<úCaeRkamkic©karBarrbs;)araMgKWCa]bsKÁ mYy EdlebIedIrCMBb;eTAnwgmanekIts®gÁam b¤mYysnþiPaB. T½BGaNÑamyl;GMBIbBaðaenHc,as;Nas; k¾b:uEnþedayRbCaCnTUTaMgRbeTs)anegIbRbqaMgehIy ehIyrdæaPi)alGacnwgRtÚveKdeNþImyk GugTYgKun )anseRmccitþdksñak;karBIPñMeBjeTAdak;enAÉcUvdukvij. ecAXunbDin)an»kask¾cUlmk kan;kab;raCFanIEdlGaNÑame)aHbg;ecal rYc)anbBa¢a[eKsg;vaMgmYyenAkMBg;evogP½®kþ Rtg;kEnøg EdlmansalaXuMtaMgBIqñaM1885mk sBVéf¶CaTItaMgeragcRkTwkkkenAxageCIgvtþ]NÑaelam. eBlenaHBYkGaNÑam)anedaHElgRBHGgÁÉm[manesrIPaB nigcat;TukRBHGgÁCaesþcmYyGgÁ eLIgvij ehIynaMRBHGgÁmkPñMeBj rYcnaMeTAcUvdukCamYyenAeBlEdlBYkeKdkfyeTA kñúgkþIsgÇwmfa nwg[RBHGgÁRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁDYgEdlra®sþRslaj;cUlcitþ nig[RBHGgÁ nigGñkEdlKaMRTRBHGgÁbnþeFVI

s®gÁamCamYynwgesomteTAeTot. edIm,Ilak;)aMgeKalbMNgGaRkk;rbs;xøÜn kuM[RbCaCnemIleXIj BYkGaNÑam)anerobGaBah_BiBah_RBH]braCGgÁÉm CamYyGñkGgÁeBA EdleK)anelIk[eFVICa]braC Edr rYcehIyerobGaBah_BiBah_GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁPwm buRtarbs;RBHGgÁÉm CamYyRBHkSRtIGgÁs¶Ün Edl eRkaymk)ankøayeTACamehsImYyGgÁrbs;RBHGgÁDYg eRkayBIRBHGgÁPwmsuKteTA. karerobcMTuk dak;enHl¥Nas; k¾b:uEnþmin)anb:unµanpg RBH]braCGgÁÉm79 EdlRbCaCnminEdlcUlcitþbnþicNaesaH taMgEtBIyUrNas;mkehIy)ansuKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1813ehIyGVI²k¾RtÚvbBa©b;eTAEdrTuk[RBHGgÁDYg enATamTarRBHraCblø½gáEtmYyRBHGgÁÉg. Gt;BIRBHGgÁÉmeTA BYkGaNÑamKitfaRtÚvEtbgç¿sPaBkarN_[)anqab;rh½s ebIBuMenaHeT RtÚveFVI karcrca. BYkeKcab;vaybnÞayBammanC½y ¬)aNam¦80 deNþImyk)anenAkñúgExsIha rYcehIy)an eLIgtamTenøtUcmkvayeTAelIbnÞayEdk EdlRBHraCakMBugEtKg;enAedayKµandwgfa BammanC½y RtÚv GaNÑamdeNþImyk)aneTAvijeT. RbyuT§KñaGs;eBl3éf¶ RBHraCa)anvaydkfyCamYyecAXunbDin eTAPñMeBjvij CamYynwgT½BesomEdlesssl; rYceKcbnþeTAkan;]tþúgÁ edaye)aHbg;ecalTwkdImYy cMENkFM rYmTaMgctumµúxpg [eTAsRtÚv. ]tþúgÁRtÚv)anerobcMkMEpgkarBar k¾b:uEnþeKhak;dUcCaGs;sgÇwmfanwgGacQñH)aneTotehIy NamYy ecAXunbDin EdlFøab;EtmaneQµaHl,Il,ajedaysarEtFøab;dutbMpøajraCFanIevogc½nÞexÞcxÞI k¾ElgmanTMnukcitþelIGVI²eTotEdr. CafµImþgeTotenH RbCaCnElgmansgÇwmelInrNamñak;eTotehIy Rsab;EtelcdMNwgfaT½Br):at;r):ay EdldwknaMedayBYkGñkRsukdeNþIm)anC½yCmñHeTAelIT½BGaNÑam mYykgFMenACitlEgVk edaysmøab;emT½BsRtÚv)an ehIyeFVI[T½BsRtÚvenH)ak;Ebkx©at;x©ay. emT½B sRtÚv mñak;eTotRtÚvcab;)an ÉT½BEdlrt;x©at;x©ayenaH RtÚvGñkRsuknaMKñaedjcab;kab;smøab;y:ag rgÁal. eBlenaHbriyakassb,ayrIkrayekItmanBaseBjRBHraCaNacRk GñkEdl)ak;sµartIk¾cab; manesckþIkøahaneLIgvij. eKnaMKñacab;kan;GavuFmþgeTot ehIyenATINaEdleKRbTHeXIj kgT½B GaNÑamkMBugEtrt;EbkExJk RbCaCnk¾RbmUlKña elIknrNamñak;[eFVICaem rYctamvayBYkGaNÑam 378 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 79 RTg;manRBHCnµ51RBHvsSa enAeBlEdlsuKtenaH. 80 sßitenAelIeRtIyTenøemKgÁxageqVg cm¶ayRbEhl 70KILÚEm:Rt xagelIPñMeBj.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 379 eday\tjejItéd. k¾b:uEnþkñúgcMeNamemT½BEdlRbCaCn)anelIk[eFVICaem edaymin)anRBagTukCa munenH manxøHCaemecar Edl)aneRCIserIsKñIKñaeKkñúgbMNgeFVIkarqk;bøn;pgEdr. RBHGgÁDYg )anecj bBa¢a[cab;emT½BEbbenH2nak; EdlminRBmcUlxøÜnmkbgðajmuxenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg mñak;manrhS namfa cRkIng mñak;eToteKehAfaRkLaehammYk. RBHGgÁ)ankat;eTas[eKsmøab;cRkIngecaleTA k¾b:uEnþRTg;)anelIkElgeTas[RkLaehammYk ehIy)ancat;taMg[eTAenAkarBarExRt)aPñM nigbnÞay Bamk,al ¬1844¦. rYcehIyRBHraCa)anyagRtlb;cUlmkPñMeBjvij. enAkñúgqñaMbnÞab; RBHGgÁDYg)anTTYldMNwgfam®nþIrbs;RBHGgÁmñak; KWcRkImuI ¬b¤emOn¦ )andwknaM clnak,t;mYyRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ. RTg;)anecjRBHraCbBa¢a[cab;emk,t;FM²7nak;smøab;ecal GñkÉeTot²EdlnaMKñart;eKcePosxøÜneTAcUvdukeTARCkekanCamYyBYkGaNÑamehIyRTg;)an[rwbGUs ykRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;. kñúgry³eBlEdlGaNÑamRtÜtRtakm<úCaCag7qñaMenH eK)ansg;bnÞayrwgmaM -b:meRcInCag 50 kEnøgKWmantaMgBIsm,ÚrrhUtdl;kUsaMgsuInBIERsGMbil-kMBg;esamEdleK)ansg;b:mmYyenAelIPñMvtþ pug rhUteTAdl;haeTog edaykat;tamkMBtEdlsBVéf¶manesssl;begÁalTUrKmnaKmn_mYy nig søaEkt enAtampøÚveTAhaeTog EdleKGacemIleXIjelNdæanmYyenAeLIy. bnÞayTaMgGs;enH suT§EtRtÚvBYkGñkRsukvayeTAelI eFVI[T½BGaNÑamEdlenAxagkñúgP½yjab;j½rrt;eKcecjGs;. eBlenaHRBHGgÁDYg nigecAXunbDin edayBinitüeXIjfaKµanGVInwgbnþeFVIs®gÁamteTAeTotehIy edayRTg;)ak;TwkcitþGs;kmøaMgpg k¾)anesñIsuMcrcasnþiPaBCamYyGaNÑam EdlmanGKÁbBa¢akardæanenA kMBg;høÜg. emT½BGaNÑamminRBmTTYlsMbuRtEdlepJIeTA[eTehIy)andwknaMT½BeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;]tþúgÁ. T½BExµr nigesomeBlenaH )anBRgwgkarTb;Tl;y:agsVitsVaj rhUtTal;EtGacbMpøajral;karvay Rbharrbs;BYkGaNÑam)an. enAeBlvayRbhareTA BinitüeXIjfaminGacdeNþImykC½yCmñHelIBYk ExµrEdlmanfamBlnigyuT§viFIx<g;x<s;)anBYkGaNÑamEdleTIbEtRbEkkminyl;RBmcrcasnþiPaB)an cab;epþImesñIsuMcrcaxøÜnÉgmþg. RBHraCaGgÁDYg nigecAXunbDin)anbBa¢Únsarlixitrbs;GaNÑameTAvij edayminmaneqøIytbeT. emT½BGaNÑam)anTTUcsuMcrcaeTot. RBHGgÁDYg )aneqøIytbfa RBHGgÁnwg eCOfa GaNÑammanbMNgcg;crcaBitR)akdEmn EtluHNaGaNÑamyl;RBmbBa¢ÚnRBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMg Gs; RBmTaMgnamuWnm®nþIehIynigRbCaCnExµrNa EdlGaNÑamcab;TukenAsayhÁn b¤enAÉraCFanIev: RtLb;mkvij. k¾b:uEnþemT½BGaNÑam)anTUltbmkRBHGgÁfa xøÜnKµanGMNacGVIRKb;RKan;nwgseRmcelI kic©karTaMgGs;enaH)aneT xøÜnRKan;EtCaemT½Bmñak;b:ueNÑaH. RBHraCa)anyl;RBmeFVIkarcrcasn§isBaØa

snþiPaBCamYyemT½BGaNÑam ehIy)anNat;CYbKñaenAkñúgPUmiBéB ebIsinCabnÞab;BIenaHeTAesþcGaNÑam yl;RBmtamsn§isBaØaenaHEdr. kic©RbCuMenaH)anRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgExFñÚ qñaM1845 edaymankarcUlrYmGMBIecAXunbDin nig]tþm esnIy_GaNÑampg. karcrca)anÉkPaBKñafa nwgelIkRBHGgÁDYg[eLIgesayraCüCaRBHraCakm<úCa edaymankaryl;RBmBIrdæaPi)alesom nigGaNÑamTaMgGs;Kña rYcehIyGaNÑamnwgbBa¢ÚnRBHraCvgSa nuvgSExµr EdleK)anXat;Tuk[vilRtlb;mkvij CafñÚrnwgeQøIyswkGaNÑamTaMgnayTahan nigkUn Tahan EdlExµrcab;)an. rYcehIyeKk¾bMEbkKñaeTA. b:unµans)þah_eRkaymksn§isBaØaenH)anTTYlsc©ab½nBIrdæaPi)alesomnigGaNÑamehIyeK)an eFVIkarpøas;bþÚreQøIyswkKñaeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgExmifuna qñaM1846. GaNÑam)anbgVilRBHx½nraCümk PñMeBjfVayeTARBHGgÁDYg Edl)anykeTArkSaTukenAkñúgdMNak;BiessmYyenA]tþúgÁ. silacarwkmYyenAkñúgvtþ)arayN_)anniyayfa {RBH)aTGgÁDYgmin)anedjtamkm©at;km©ay sRtÚvrbs;RBHGgÁ[rlt;rlayTaMgGs;eTehIyk¾minykKuNFm’GMNacviTüasa®sþnigPaBl¥\tex©aH rbs;RBHGgÁmkRKbsgát;elIBYkenHEdr}.RBHGgÁ)anTTYlRBHraCaPieskenAcugqñaM1847enAcMeBaH muxtMNagmñak;BIraCvaMgev: KWGugxaMm:ag nigtMNag2nak;rbs;esþcesom KWecAPüaeBRCBiC½y nig)arKU mñak;mkBI)agkk. mancMNucmYycMnYnEdlKYrEtelIkykmkniyay edIm,I[eXIjnUvrhsSÚ)ayEdlnKrTaMgBIr )aneRbIsRmab;RBwtþikarN_d¾»LarikenHEdr. esþcGaNÑam)anepJICaCMnUnsRmab;karelIk[esayraCü enH nUvRtarag4RCúgmYyeFVIGMBImas nigRBHzan³fakavemnkVÜkevOg ¬mann½yfaRBHraCakm<úCa¦. esþc esom)anbBa¢Únmk[vijnUveRKÓg\sSriyyssRmab;raCblø½gákm<úCa EdleK)anykeTA)agkk kalBImun rYcehIy)ansuM[RBHGgÁDYgGnum½tyl;RBm tamry³sn§isBaØasm¶at;mYyEdlecAhVay ExRtkMBg;sVay)anfVay KWRbKl;TwkdImøÚéRB TenøreBA nigTwkdIÉeTot²EdlExµr)anyktaMgEtBI30qñaM munmkemø:H. RBHraCa)anmanRBHbnÞÚlfa {eyIgminyl;RBmRbKl;dIsUm,IEtbnþic eTA[BYkesomeT. k¾b:uEnþedayBYkeKxøaMgCag [eKrkSaTukdIEdleK)anykrYceTAehIy mYyry³eTotsincuH}. ecAhVay ExRtkMBg;sVay)annaMBaküeTAR)ab;esþcesomvij ehIy)anecjlixitmYyc,ab; cuHhtßelxa nig e)aHRtaxøÜnÉg bBa¢ak;fa)anyl;RBmRbKl;dIEdlesomesñIsuM kñúgnamRBHraCakm<úCa. ExRtTaMg2enH esþcesom)anyl;RBmbgVilmk[)araMgtamry³sn§isBaØarvagrdæaPi)al)araMg nigesomqñaM1904 rYcehIy)andak;bBa©ÚlmkkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCavijenAkñúgqñaMbnÞab;. 380 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 381 enATIbBa©b; s®gÁamGs;ry³eBl8qñaM EdleFVI[RbCara®sþrgTukçexøacpSaCaxøaMg )aneFVI[esom TTYl)anRtlb;mkvijnUvsiT§iGFiraCPaBmkelIkm<úCa EdleK)an)at;bg;eTAkalBIqñaM1833 nig)an eFVI[km<úCa EdlmanGFiraCRtÜtRtaEtmYyGs;eBlb:unµanqñaMmkehIy ehIyesÞIrEtRtÚvGaNÑamRsUb yk)at;eTA Rtlb;mkmanGFiraCRtÜtRta2saCafµIeLIgvij dUcEdlmankalBImunkalbriecäTenH81 . eRkayBIMmansn§isBaØasnþiPaBrYcehIy eK)anvaykemÞckMEBgkarBarPñMeBjecal cMENkduM\dæ nigsmÖarepSg²Edlesssl;BIkMEBgenH RtÚv)anykeTAeFVIkarsagsg;enA]tþúgÁ rYmmanvtþvaMgcas; RBHBuT§niBVan RBHviharsmN³ R)agÁRkaMgBénø salaeKa CaedIm. eK)annaMKñaelIkRBHBuT§rUb EdlBYk GaNÑam)anrujpþÜleTAdI nigtubEtglm¥eLIgvij. RBHraCa )anecjRBHraCbBa¢a[eKsagsg;RBHraCvaMgmYyfVayRBHGgÁenA]tþúgÁ. KWcab;BImansn§isBaØaenaHÉg EdlRbCaCnkm<úCacab;epþImeFVIdMeNIrcakecjBIbNþaGaNaExRt enAkUsaMgsuInEdlBYkyYn)andeNþImykBImunedaye)aHbg;dIERscmáarTuk[BYkGaNÑamBIeRBaHBYkenH ecHEtcak;rukrkerOgeQøaH yb;eLIgecjedIrlYcqk; bgákarlM)akmin[Exµrrs;enA)ansuxRsÜl. Kµan yutþiFm’cMeBaHm©as;dIeT³tulakarTTYlsÁal;ral;karbMBandeNþImykdIedayCnGaNÑammñak;kalNaCn enaHbgðaj[eXIjfaeKCaGñksabeRBaHelIdIenAeBlcugeRkayenH edayminKiteTfaetIeK)anCYldI enaH b¤mYyk¾eK)anlYcsabeRBaHmin[m©as;dwg ebIeTaHCafam©as;dICaExµrenaH)anP¢ÜrdIrYcehIy yYnmk lYcsabk¾eday.dIEdleKTukTMenrkalebImanCnGaNÑamNamñak;mkkan;kab;tulakarseRmcfam©as; edIm)ane)aHbg;ecalehIy. PaBGyutþiFm’enH)anbNþal[mankarsgswkKYr[P½yxøacekItman eLIg. mankarlYcdut karkab;smøab; karkayPøÅERsTmøay karElgstVBahN³ [suIbMpøajePaKpl CaedIm EdlbnÞab;mk)anRtÚvecARkmGaNÑamdak;TNÐkmµCaTm¶n;. ebIsinCaeKrkCnRbRBwtþelµIsmin eXIjeT eKRbKl;[PUmiTaMgmUlTTYlxusRtÚv. eKcab;emPUmi cab;cas;TuM nigksikrsamBaØ [sgsMNg y:agF¶n;F¶rb¤vaynwgdMbgepþAsYrcemøIyrhUtdl;søab;.CYnkaleTotmanekItCakarRbyuT§rvagBYkyYn CamYyBYkExµrTaMghVÚg² CaehtueFVI[ExµrminGacRTaM)an k¾naMKñart; e)aHbg;dIecalTuk[yYn ehIymkrk 81 esom)anTak;TajykGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁPwm buRtarbs;RBHGgÁÉm Edl)anRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgesomenAkñúgCYrkgT½B GaNÑam[yageTA)agkk ehIyk¾rkSaTukenATIenaHeTA. eFVIdUecñH eKGacmanmeFüa)aymYyenAkñúgédrbs;eK edIm,Ijak; km<úCaCabnþeTAeTot. k¾b:uEnþécdnüGaRkk; kSRtaGgÁenH)anFøak;GaBaF ehIysuKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1848.

RCkekanenAÉkm<úCavij. BYkGaNÑam)anbþÚreQµaHPUmiRsuk EdlBYkeK)anmktaMgenA rhUtTal;EteK ePøceQµaHedImCaExµrrbs;PUmiRsukenaHGs;. ebIsinCaeQµaHenaHmanGtßn½yGac[eKbkERb)an eKnwgbkERbeQµaH km<úCa enaH CaehtueFVI[)at;eQµaHenaHrhUtEtmþg. ExRtéRBnKreKdUreQµaHeTACa ExRty:aDij. kMBabRskaRtIdUreTACa ebonv:a/ )ariya eTACa )araC82/pSarEdkeTACaGany:agrYcCasaEdk/eBaFielIeTACa)ak;lIv/TwkexµAeTACakaem:A/)ayeqA eTACa )aysav/ BammanC½y eTACa mIfag/ RsukRTaMg eTACa sukRtag/ BamemEsn eTACa dugNay g:ay/RkmYnseTACar:aCy:a/ERBkb£sSIeTACakan;fW/GUrmreTACaGUm:UnenAkñúgExRtkan;fW/kMBUlmas eTACa b‘íjFuy/ mat;RCÚk eTACa cUvduk ehIyPñMsVam eTACa nUysam/ )araC eTACa LúgesVóg ÉPñM)aFI eTACanUy)aFI.ExRtmYjxaMeTACahaeTogehIyBamEdleKehAfamYjxaMEdrk¾eTACahaeTogEdr. RBHRtBaMgeTACaRtavij/kMBg;b£sSIeTACaebnERt/lg;ehaeTACavijLúg/emsreTACamIf/ekaHkug eTACahÁÚkug/kMBg;eKaeTACaeRTÓgGaj;sBVéf¶KWtan;Gan/)anliceTACaebnluk/eragdMrIeTACaétnij ÉPñMeragdMrIEdleKehABImunfaPñMeCIgemEdgeTACaPñMétnij/ekaHRtLaceTACaekaHBULÚkugD½r/ekaHRtl; eTACaPUKVÜk/PñMyYkeTACanUykavuy/BameCIgkeBa¢IeTACakan;eyuI¬eRCaysaMghSak;¦/eQITalmYyedIm eTACaFUdUm:Ut/bnÞayCIb£sSIeTACahugegVóg/kMBg;ekaHRkbIeTACaebnEg¬sayhÁn¦/pSarFMeTACacWLWg tamBakücinEdlmann½ydUcKñaEdr/ kgVardak;Bag eTACa ebonv:a/ dUgNay eTACa tugfaj; nigdugNay/ knkav eTACa )afak; KWCaRsukmYyenAelIeRtIyTenøemKgÁxaglic. enAeBlenaH BYkGaNÑamk¾dUcCaBYkesom min)ane)aHbg;ecalKMnitEdlcg;)anTwkdIkm<úCaeT k¾b:uEnþRBH)aTGgÁDYg EdlRbkbeTAedayR)aCJaQøasév )anBüayameFVIy:agNamin[BYkenaHman »kasl¥eLIy. RBHGgÁmanRBHT½y)armÖnwgBYkesomticCagBYkGaNÑam eRBaHRTg;Føab;)ansÁal;citþ sa®sþnigKeRmagkarrbs;esomrYcmkehIyÉBYkGaNÑamvijRTg;minTan;yl;GMBIkarKitKUrrbs;eKenA eLIy emø:aHehIyRTg;)anxitxMføwgEføgGFiraCTaMg2 eFVIy:agNamin[manlem¥ógnwgKñaeT. BYkGaNÑam )ancat;KñIKñaeK[tamdanRBHGgÁCab; eRBaHeKyl;c,as;Nas;fa enAkm<úCaebIeKminRslaj;esomeT eKk¾s¥b;GaNÑamNas;Edr. 382 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 82 BYkeGs,aj:úlnigB½rTuyehÁehAfa)arIraCaTIEdlebLÚsU)ancuHctk):al;eBlvilRtlb;mkBIm:anIlvijenAkñúgqñaM 1597 muneBlEdlmanXatkmµeTAelIRBHramaeCIgéRBbnþic.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 383 enAkñúgqñaM1848 RBHraCa)anbBa¢ÚnGñkGgÁm©as;RcLwg83 nigGgÁPwm84 EdleTIbEtekarCukrYc kalBIqñaMmun ehIy)ansagpñÜsb:unµanExenAkñúgvtþRkaMgBénø eTAkan;)agkk. ehtukarN_enH )aneFVI[ esþcGaNÑamxwgCaxøaMg. kMhwgenH)anEsþgecj[eKeXIjtamry³karlM)akEdlBYkGaNÑam )anbgáeLIgcMeBaHTUkExµr enAeBleFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgtamTenø ecjcUlkm<úCa EdlRtÚvqøgkat;Ky nigkarRtÜtBinitüBIm®nþIGaNÑam eRcInGenøI ehIyk¾mankarlM)akEdlbgáeLIgedayBYkBaNiC¢krGaNÑampgEdr. enHs[eXIjnUvqnÞ³ rbs;esþcGaNÑam Edlcg;biTExµrmin[ecjeTAsmuRTrYc ehIyeFVI[km<úCaeTACaÉekaBIBiPBelak. RBH)aTGgÁDYgRTg;eKarBbUCasasnaNas; ehIymancMeNHdwgx<g;x<s;elIseKÉgenAkñúgRBHraCa NacRk. RTg;mansuPnicä½yl¥ ehIyCamitþrbs;kvIbNÐitTaMgLay. RBHGgÁmanKMnitrIkceRmIn ehIy manKeRmagkarl¥² k¾b:uEnþRBHraCaNacRkeBlenaHcuHRkxøaMgeBkNas;eTAehIy RbCaCnk¾enAess sl;tictYc minGac[RTg;eFVIGVIekIt eRkAEtGMBIeRsacRsg;esvkamatüCaRBHraCbriBar RBHraCvaMg nig RBHraCvgSanuvgS[enAsßitesßrteTAb:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlenAbeRmIRBHGgÁ taMgBIRsIsñMRkmkarrhUtdl; GñkGgÁm©as;kSRtI nigmhakSRtIpg TTYl)annUvrgVan; nigR)ak;ebovtSy:agtictYcbMput. enAeBlEdl RBHvrraCmatasuKteTA R)ak;kasEdlRBHGgÁ)ansnSMsMéc manenAsl;RtwmEtR)ak;6ENn esµInwg 480®hVg;/ ¬sBVéf¶ KWenAEt 235®hVg;¦ b:ueNÑaH. RBHraCa)anRbKl;Parkic©TarykPasuIeTA[BYkcinEdlEtgEtekgkib k¾b:uEnþminsUvCasgát;sgáin RbCara®sþNas;NaeT. R)akdNas;fa RbCara®sþRkCagBYkemPasuITaMgenaH. BaNiC¢kmµRbRBwtþeTAEttamkaredaHdUr. BYkcinykTMnijBIRsukcin b¤BIsigðburI mkdUrykRsUv b¤Es,kstV Esñg Rm½kSN_ nigplitpléRBeQIepSgeTot ehIycMeNj5dg. mnusSCaeRcIn 83 eRkayRBHraCBiFIekarCukrYc GñkGgÁm©as;RcLwg )anbþÚrRBHnamfa RBHGgÁvtI. eRkaymkRTg;)aneLIgCaRBH]braC manRBHnamfa neratþm rYceLIgRKgraCsm,tþieRkamRBHnamdEdlenH. 84 GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁPwm CabuRtaTI3rbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYg. eRkayRBHraCBiFIekarCuk RTg;)anbþÚrRBHnamfa suIvtßa Ca RBHnamEdleKsÁal;RBHGgÁeRcInCageK. enAeBlEdlRBHeromneratþm eLIgesayraCü RTg;)anbHe)arRbqaMg. RTg;suKteTAenAéf¶TI31 ExFñÚ qñaM1891 enAPUmiPñMERkk xageCIgExRtsm,Úr elIeRtIyTenøemKgÁxagsþaM CaTIkEnøgEdl RBHGgÁ)anKg;enACamYybkSBYkCag 20qñaMmkehIy.

)ansøab;eTAedayminEdlmanR)ak;mYykak;esaHkñúgehae):A Føab;sÁal;EtR)ak;kak;eFVIBIs½gásI85 EdleKe)aHenA GaNÑam manrn§4RCúgenAkNþal nigmanGkSrcinenABIelI. masEdlmanEtbnþicbnþÜc eKykeTAeFVICaeRKÓgGlgáarsRmab;BYkm®nþI nigPriya nigeFVIRbGb;søaEdlCasBaØabBa¢ak;GMBIGMNac Gs;eTAehIy.eKElgyksnøwkmasEdlBYkcinkin[sMEb:trYckat;Caragkaer:manRCúgRbEvgRbEhl 3sg;TIEm:RtehIylk;éføNas;mkeRsabRBHBuT§bdimaeTotehIy.kalBImuneKFøab;eXIjm®nþIFMmñak; b¤®sþIEdleKarBbUCaRBHBuT§sasna cMNayfvikapÞal;xøÜnTijmassnøwkenaHykmkeRsabRBHBuT§bdima FM². \LÚvenHKµanGñkNamansmtßPaBeFVIdUecñH)aneTelIkElgEtRBHraCa. GñkEdleKarBbUCaRBH BuT§sasnaxøaMg eKGaceFVI)anRtwmEtyksnøwkmastUc²mkeRsabBIelIRTÚgRBHBuT§rUb ehIydl;yUr² eTAeTIbRBHBuT§rUbenaHGacRtÚv)aneRsabCuMCit edaymanGñkÉeTot² ecHEtyksnøwkmasmkeRsab t²Kña. km<úCaElgCaRbeTsmYysm,Úrsb,ay manekrþ×eQµaHl,IsuHsayrhUteTAdl;Rsukcin dUcBImuneTotehIy. s®gÁamCamYybreTs CaBiess KWs®gÁamrvagKñaÉgnwgKñaÉg )aneFVI[RbeTs hinehaceTA² ³ eK)annaMykePaKplTaMgGs;rbs;km<úCa ykmasR)ak;TaMgGs; RBmTaMgRbCaCnpg eTAkUsaMgsuIn eTARsukesom bnSl;TukenAEtGñkRsuksÁaMgsÁm TIT½lRkenAelIdIEdlexSaHGVI²Gs;eTA ehIy GñkTaMgGs;enaHP½yxøacEtBYkesom b¤GaNÑamelcxøÜnmkeTot kab;smøab;RbCaCn rMelaPnarI emm:ay nigkumarI86 dutbMpøajvtþGaram pÞHsEm,g kab;edImeQIsuIEpø nigedImetñatecal rYcdutPUmiTaMg mUl munnwgekorGñkRsukykeTACaeQøIy TaMgBan;²nak;. RBH)aTGgÁDYg enAeBlEdlGs;rtnsm,tþiehIyenAsl;EtBn§GakrEdlRbmUl)anBIBYk´ RTg; esÞIrEtminGacsþarRBHraCaNacRk nigRbCara®sþ [egIbeRkakQreLIgvij)aneT. edayBYkGaNÑam Edlkan;kab;TwkdIkUsaMgsuIn enAelITenøemKgÁxageRkam kat;pþac;raraMgmin[km<úCa eFVIdMeNIrcuHeTAsmuRT )anRTg;k¾seRmcRBHraChb£T½yebIkRckmYyecjeTAxagQUgsmuRTesomvijedIm,IGacdwkplitpl Edl)anmkBIBn§GakrCavtßúykeTAeRkA)an ehIyrkSa)annUvTMnak;TMngCamYyBiPBelak. RBHGgÁ)an eRCIserIsykkMBg;EpkMBt rYcehIyRTg;)an[eKeFVIsMeBAsmuRTFMmYy RbKl;[CnCatim:aeLmñak; Edl 384 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 85 edIm,I[)anmYy BIy:asmuiksuIk ¬luyCMnan;edIm¦ Edlman29RkamCaR)ak;suT§ eKRtÚvkarkak;6cegáam manTaMgGs; 3600kak;. 86 BYkesomeRcInrMelaPEtRsIRkmuM nigemm:ay emø:aHehIy kalNamanT½BesomcUlmk eKnaMKñaRbjab;Rbjal;erobcM karkUnRsI[ehIy. BYkGaNÑamminsUvCaGaRkk;eBkeT.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 385 CaGñkedIrsmuRTd¾BUEk sÁal;sigðburI sÁal;kMBg;EpTaMgLayenAeTobekaHm:aLaka nigesom c,as;. rYc ehIy edIm,ItP¢ab;kMBg;EpenHnwgraCFanI]tþúgÁ RTg;)an[eKsg;pøÚvEvgmYycm¶ay140KILÚEm:Rt man s<aneFVIGMBIeQInigsalasMNak;sg;enAEk,rRtBaMgmYynigdak;begÁalKILÚEm:trYcRTg;RbKl;[PUmiEdl enAEk,r²pøÚvenaHemIlEfrkSa[)anl¥ nig[pøas;evnKñayamsalasMNak; edIm,IbeRmIGñkeFVIdMeNIr. RBHGgÁ k¾)ancMNayfvika[eKelIkdIsg;pøÚvBIraCvaMg]tþúgÁ mkkan;kMBg;høÜg pgEdr. k¾b:uEnþKYr[sþayNas; BIeRBaHRbPBFnFanrbs;RBHGgÁeBlenaHmankMNt;. enAtambNþa ExRtCaeRcIneKminEdl)aneFVIkMENnRbCaCn[eFVIBlkmµedayeTogTat;Gs;CaeRcInqñaMeRcInstvtSr_ mkehIy emø:aHehIyenAeBlEdlmankMENnmþg² GñkRsukmincg;cUlrYmeT ehIyGaCJaFrk¾minsUv h‘anbgçitbgç¿b:unµanEdr. karmincUlrYmrbs;RbCaCnenH)aneFVI[raMgsÞHdl;KeRmagkarrbs;RBHraCa bgç¿[RTg;kat;bnßyKeRmagEpnkarsagsg;pøÚv s<an EdlRBHGgÁ)ansnüafanwgeFVI edIm,ITukCaekrþ×dM ENlCUnRbCaCneBlGt;BIRBHGgÁeTA. edayRTg;minGacksagGVI)anedaysarxVHfvika RBHGgÁk¾minGacerobcMGMNacraCaFibetyü eLIgvij)anEdr BIeRBaHfakm<úCaeBlenaH)ak;EbkexÞcxÞaMxøaMgNas; RBHGgÁ)anEbreTAeFVIkMENTRmg; epSg²vij. mundMbUgRTg;)anesIerIBinitüc,ab;eLIgvij EksRmÜlCaeRcIn ehIy)anecjRBHraCRkwtü bMeBjbEnßm. RBHGgÁ)anbegáItsala]T§rN_taMgBIqñaM1847 EdlRBHGgÁ)anyageTAcUlrYmpÞal; RBHGgÁpg ebIsinCacaM)ac;. RTg;)anTTYlkaryl;RBmBIRBHsgÇkñúgkarerobcMkmµviFIsikSa[)anl¥ RbesIrCagmun ehIyvtþnImYy²mansisSy:ageRcInmksikSa. RBHGgÁ)andkGñkl¶g;exøA nigGñkKµan smtßPaBecjBIkic©karraCkar ehIy)anbdiesFCMnUnepSg² EdlBYkecAhVayExRtEtgEtfVayRBH raCaenAeBlEdlRTg;RbTanRta. RTg;mWugm:at;Nas;cMeBaHGñkNaEdlbMBanc,ab; ehIy)andak;eTas F¶n;² dl;m®nþIFMNaEdlminRBmeKarBRBHraCbBa¢a. k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁRbkbeTAedayyutþuiFm’ manRBHT½y l¥cMeBaHGñkRkIRk RTg;manGMNt;Gt;Fn;cMeBaHGñkTaMgenaH elIkElgEtkarbþwgpþl;EdleFVIeLIgminRtwm RtÚv sresrminRtÚvtamk,Ünxñat enaHRBHGgÁminGt;»n[eT BIeRBaHRBHGgÁmincg;[sresrcmøgtamEt Kña minc,as;las; cg;bþwgpþl;RtÚvrt;eTArkGñkecHdwg[eKsresrBakü[. RBHGgÁ)anhamR)amm®nþIraCkarmin[pwksura GñkNaCk;GaePonRtÚvbeNþjecal RTg;twgEtg Rtg;cMNucenHrhUtTal;EtKµanm®nþINamñak;Ck;GaePoneT enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ. RTg;)anham min[eFVIFñs;biTCitsÞwgeT edIm,I[manRtImYycMnYnrYcputBIGñkensaT nigedIm,I[RtIGaceFVIcracreTAmk )anpg. tamsµartIeKarBRBHBuT§sasna RTg;k¾)anhamR)amkarbr)aj;stVpgEdr.

enAkñúgqñaM1848 RTg;)anseRmcbþÚrBiFIkar[eKehARBHraCafa {RBHkruNaBiess} nig{GgÁ m©as;CIvitelIt,Úg}vij. RBHraCmataTTYlRBHzan³faRBHvrraCCnnI ehIyRTg;manRtamYymanrUbkinñrI pg. RBHraCbuRtIc,g RBHGgÁfVayRBHzan³fasemþcRBHraCFIta RBHCayarbs;RBHGgÁ GñkmñagEb:n EdlCamatarbs;RBHraCbuRtac,gRTg;)anelIk[eLIgCaRBHCatikSRtI.GñkmñageBAmatarbs;RBHraC buRtabnÞab; RTg;elIk[eLIgCaRBHGcäraGkSr. rYcehIyRTg;)anerobcMRBHraCsgðarsmÁal;GñkTaMgGs; enaH RBmTaMgBaküeBcn_EdlRtÚveRbIpg KWeqøIyfaRBH)aTm©as;cMeBaHburs² nigRBHEm:cMeBaHnarI². RTg;k¾)anerobcMzan³®sþI²enAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMgpgEdr ehIy)anseRmc[ehAPriyarbs;m®nþIskþi4 dl;skþi10faCMTavehIy)anGnuBaØat[GñkTaMgenaHbg;kEnSgBN’Bak;ry:amasedatpáaelIsk;ehIy manRbGb;søadUcrbs;bþIEdr enAeBlcUlmkkñúgvaMg. RBHGgÁ)an[kat;bnßyk,ÜndEgðm®nþIFM² ehIyecjbBa¢a[BYkm®nþITaMgenaHRtÚvesøókexaEvg FMTUlaymanCrmasb¤esøóksMBt;sURt enAkñúgeBlmanBiFIepSg² Bak;GavBN’ Rkvat;RkNat;):ak; DinBN’mas Rkvat;davenAcegáH eTANamkNaCiHERKEsñg )aMgkøs;BN’Rkhm1Can;. karEkTRmg;enHemIleTAdUcCaerOgkMbuikkMb:ukeT k¾b:uEnþRtÚv)aneKGbGrsaTrNas; eRBaHva)an CYyerobcM[RBHraCvaMgrbs;RBHraCakm<úCamanrebobrbbeLIgvijnigCYysþarkitþinamEdl)an)at;bg; Gs;kalCayUrNas;mkehIy enAcMeBaHmuxRbCara®sþ. enAkñúgqñaM1849CMgWeb:sþ)anekItraldaly:agxøaMgkñúg1éf¶²manmnusSenACuMvijraCFanI]tþúgÁ søab;rhUtdl;eTA5rynak;. CMgWenHratt,atGs;eBl3Ex bnÞab;mkk¾rlay)at;eTAvij enAkñúgrdUv vsSa. kñúgqñaMenaHEdr edaymanemtþaFm’dl;RbCara®sþrbs;RBHGgÁ RTg;)anbBa¢a[eKsg;salaqTan edIm,IRTg;)anyageTAEck)aysmø nigRkmadl;GñkbYs nigTuK’tCn. RBHGgÁ)anerobcMExRtsaCafµI ExRtNaFMRTg;[EckCa2 b¤3 b¤4Rsuk. rYcehIyRTg;)andak; [sßitenAeRkam»vaTm®nþIFM²RtÜtRta. RBHGgÁ)ankMNt;kalbriecäTRBHraCBiFITVarTsmasTaMg17 ehIy)an[ykcitþTukdak;eKarBéf¶ sIl nigsikçabT. enAkñúgqñaM1853 RBHraCamanbMNgpøas;R)ak;)atéf¶EdlecHEtRkeTA²ecj ehIy)an[ e)aHBum<kak;sMEb:tCaR)ak;suT§3RbePT EdlmantémøenAeBlenaHesµInwg4®hVg; 1®hVg; nig5kak;. enAelImuxmçagmanrUbhgSkEvgdUcrUbhgSEdleKEtgEtdak;enAelIcugdgTg;xagmuxRBHvihar.enAelI 386 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 387 muxmçageTot manrUbR)asaTburaNkMBUl3 EdltMNagGgÁrvtþ. ebItamsmþIm®nþIcas;mñak;EdlRBHraCa]sSah_BieRKaHeyabl; )anniyayR)ab;´fa emIlBIxag eRkAeKeXIj RBHraCa dUcCasb,ayrIkrayNas; k¾b:uEnþkñúgRBHhb£T½yrbs;RBHGgÁvij RTg;dUcCaKµan TMnukcitþcMeBaHGnaKtkalesaH mü:agRTg;xøacBYkesomEdlRBHGgÁcat;TukdUcCasRtÚv87 esÞIrEtdUcBYk GaNÑam EdlRBHGgÁs¥b;xøaMgNas;G‘ÍcwgEdr. BYkGaNÑamenHmanTMenomTmøab; sasna semøókbMBak; sk;bYg nigTmøab;epSg² EdlRBHGgÁmincUlcitþesaH NamYyBYkenHQøanBanGaNaExRtPaKxagt,Úg \tQb;Qrpg. RBHGgÁCaGñkKaMRTsnþiPaB mincUlcitþs®gÁam eRBaHRTg;eQVgyl;fas®gÁamminGac deNþImykExRtEdl)at;bg;eTAenaHmkvij)aneT. k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IraraMgsRtÚvkuM[cUlmkrukKYnRBHraCa NacRk RTg;)anbBa¢a[eKsg;bnÞaykarBarCaeRcIn. RBHGgÁ)anmanRBHbnÞÚlfa {minRtÚvKitBIerOg deNþImykGVIEdl)at;bg;eTAehIymkvijeT b:uEnþ®RtÚvkarBarGVIEdlenAsl;[)an}. RBHGgÁ)armÖ Nas;cMeBaHGnaKt ehIy)anBiPal;fakm<úCanwgRtÚvEbgEckKñarvagesom nigGaNÑam. BYkesomnwg ykTwkdIeBaFisat; kMBg;sVay ]tþúgÁ sm,Úr RkecH t,ÚgXµúM ÉGaNÑamvijnwgykGaNaExRtxagt,ÚgTaMg Gs;rYmman )aPñM RTaMg PñMeBj pg. ebIsinCamans®gÁammYypÞúHeLIg eTaHCaCamYy esom b¤CamYy kUsaMgsuInk¾eday k¾s®gÁamenaHnwgeFVI[karEbgEckTwkdIKñaenHekItmankan;Etqab; emø:aHehIyRBHGgÁ mincg;[ekItmans®gÁamCamYynrNamñak;eT. KMnitEdlKitfaéf¶NamYyCaBiesskalNaGt;BIRBHGgÁeTAkm<úCaGacnwgRtÚv)at;bg;enAditCab; nwgRBHT½yrbs;RBHGgÁCanic© ehIy)aneFVI[RBHGgÁKitgakeTArksuMCMnYykarBarBIRbeTsGWr:ubNamYy edIm,IepJIvasnaRsukExµr nigsnþtivgSRBHraCa vijmþg. KMnitsuMCMnYyrbs;RBHGgÁeBlenaH minEmnCa karsuMGaNaBüa)alkñúgn½ydUcEdleyIgyl;sBVéf¶enHeT KWsuM[karBarRBHraCaNacRkkuM[nKrepSg deNIþmyk)an eTaHCaenAkñúgGasuI b¤k¾enAGWr:ubkþI. RTg;)annwkKiteTAdl;RbeTs)araMg EdlminTan;manEdndICakmµsiT§enAcugbUB’aenAeLIy ehIy EdlRBHGgÁFøab;)anB¤l,IkitþinamkalBIeBlEdlRBHGgÁKg;enAÉraCFanI)agkk. dl;mkExvicäika qñaM 87 RTg;xøacrGaBYkesom eRBaHfa RBHGgÁminGacEtgtaMgrdæm®nþINamñak;edayKµankarGnuBaØatBIesþcesom)aneT. Cak;Esþg KWenAkñúgqñaM1848 RBHGgÁ)anbBa¢Ún]kj:acRkI nig]kj:aRkLaeham eTARsukesom edIm,IsuMkarÉkPaB BIesþcesom EtgtaMgCaecAhV‘aTlð³ nigCasemþcecABja EtesþcesomkñúgnamCaesþcGFiraC EbrCaEtgtaMgm®nþI2rUb BIExRt)at;dMbg [TTYltYnaTIenH CMnYsvij.

1853 eRkayBI)anBicarNal¥inl¥n;rYcehIy RBH)aTGgÁDYg)ancat;bcäajati2rUbrbs;BYkB½rTuyehÁ Edlkan;sasnakatUlikKWecABjakuynigecABjaEb:n[eFVIdMeNIrCasm¶at;eTAsigðburInaMyksarlixit sresrCaPasa)araMgedayRBHsgÇkatUlik ¬eGEv:k¦ enAkm<úCaeQµaH mIsð tamsmþIrbs;RBHGgÁ eTA RbKl;CUnkugs‘ul)araMgenATIenaH [epJIbBa¢ÚnbnþeTAfVayRBHecAGFiraCNab:UeLGugTI3 {edIm,IsMEdg mitþPaB nigkareKarBd¾RCaleRCABIRBHGgÁ}. Cab;CamYynwgsarlixitenHmanvtßúGnusSavrIy_CaeRcIn hib rYmmanPøúkdMrIFM²4 kuyrmas2 C½rrgÁ7)avTm¶n;300KILÚRkam sásr7)avTm¶n; 300KILÚRkam nigeRmc7)avTm¶n; 300KILÚRkampgEdr. kugs‘ul)araMgRbcaMsigðburI)anTTYlykRBHsarlixit nig GMeNayTaMgGs;BITUtTaMg2 rYc)anepJIsareqøIytbmkRBH)aTGgÁDYgvijfaxøÜnnwgepJIRBHraCsar nigGMeNay TaMgGs;eTARbeTs)araMgtamnavacm,aMgekþag3eQµaH LakaRBIsuIyuW manvresnIy_RtI r:UkWm:UEr:l CaembBa¢akar EdlnwgnaMrbs;TaMgGs;enHeTAsalaExRtTULúg PøamenAeBlEdlk):al;eTAdl; edIm,I[ bBa¢ÚnbnþeTAfVayRBHecAGFiraC ¬1854¦. enAqñaMbnÞab;mk elak dWm:ugTIjI ebskCnrbs;)araMgRbcaMRsukesom nigRsukcin)anTTYlbBa¢a [mkcuHsn§isBaØaemRtIPaB nigBaNiC¢kmµmYyCamYyRBHraCakm<úCatambMNgR)afñarbs;RBH)aT GgÁDYg. ÉkGKÁraCTUtenHeTIbEt)ancuHsn§isBaØaBaNiC¢kmµmYyCamYyesþcesom RBHmhamgÁt EdlfVaydMNwgtamry³ eGEv:kmIsð taMgBIEx]sPa fanwgmkkm<úCaqab;²enH Et)anRbEhsniyay R)ab;eKÉgenA)agkk[dwgBIKeRmagkarfanwgmkcuHsn§isBaØaCamYyRBH)aTGgÁDYg. dMNwgenH)an elcB¤eTAdl;esþcesom²minyl;RBm[km<úCaEdlRTg;cat;TukCanKrsamnþraCmYy GaccuHsn§i sBaØaNamYy)anedayKµankarÉkPaBBIRBHGgÁeT. esþcesom)ancat;m®nþImñak;[cuHk):al;CamYy elak dWm:ugTIjI Casm¶at; edIm,IRtÜtBinitüemIlskmµPaBrbs;raCTUt)araMgenHpg nigedIm,InaMsar ENnaMmYymkfVayRBHraCakm<úCapg EdlGñkxøHniyayfaKWCaraCsarhamXat;min[RBHGgÁeFVIGVICa mYy)araMg. elak dWm:ugTIjI )aneLIgk):al;mkcuHenAkMBt enAkñúgExsIha qñaM1856. raCsarrbs; esþcesomeBareBjeTAedayBaküKMramkMEhg EdleFVI[RBH)aTGgÁDYgvitkáy:agxøaMg. RTg;manbMNg cg;cuHsn§isBaØaCamYy)araMgCasm¶at;sin kalNa)ansc©anumtirYcehIyswmpSBVpSay[eKdwgB¤ enA eBlenaHRTg;nwgKµan)armÖGMBIesomb¤GaNÑameToteT eRBaH)anTTYlkarkarBarBIRbeTsGWr:ubmYy rYcehIy. k¾b:uEnþ\LÚv RBHraCbMNgenH)anRtÚveKdwgmunGs;eTAehIyenA)agkk taMgBImuneBl EdlraCTUt)araMgecjdMeNIrmkemø:H. ÉkGKÁraCTUt)araMgGacnwgkat;bnßyRbsiT§PaBénkarKMram kMEhgrbs;esþcesommkelIRBHraCakm<úCa ehIyCYyrMgab;karRBÜy)armÖrbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYg)an 388 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 389 edayeFVIdMeNIrrhUtmkdl;]tþúgÁ rYcehIyraykarN_fVayGMBIGMNacd¾xøaMgkøarbs;)araMg. k¾b:uEnþ pÞúyeTAvij elak dWm:ugTIjI Edlmin)anyl;c,as;GMBIl,icklrbs;esommkelIRBHraCakm<úCaman karRbEhs EbreTACamincg;eFVIdMeNIrelIpøÚvd¾q¶aycm¶ayCag140KILÚEm:Rt kat;TIrehazantamEdl Kat;B¤eKniyayR)ab;eT. Kat;Qb;enAnwgkMBt ehIy)ancat;RBHsgÇkatUlik ¬Gaeb¦ eh ®sþis Edl eGEv:kmIsð eTIbnwgEtgtaMgmkQreCIgenATIenH [naMyksn§isBaØaBaNiC¢kmµmYy cmøgtamsn§isBaØa Edl)ancuHCamYyesom mkfVayRBH)aTGgÁDYgLayRBHhsþelxa. sn§isBaØaenaH KµanGtßn½yRKb; RKan;smtambMNgrbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYgeT eRBaHminEmnCasn§isBaØaemRtIPaBEdlRTg;cg;)an ehIyk¾ min)anFanaGtßiPaBrbs;km<úCa eRkamGaNaBüa)alPaBrbs;RbeTs)araMgEdr ebIeTaHCafa manEtkñúg BaküsmþIk¾edaycuH. RBH)aTGgÁDYg)an[eKsg;pÞHsMNak;mYysRmab;TTYlelak dwm:ugTIjI enAkMBt ehIyRTg;rg;caMTTYlKat;enA]tþúgÁ. RBHGgÁxkRBHT½yCaxøaMgenAeBleXIjkUnsgÇkatUliktUcmYy mk cUlKal;RBHGgÁeTAvij CaCag)aneXIjÉkGKÁraCTUtEdlRBHGgÁkMBugEtrg;caMTaMg eGEv:kmIsð k¾min yl;RsbtamEdr emø:aHehIyRTg;)anRbEkkminyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØa EdlKµankic©FanaGVI bnþicesaHenaHeT minEtb:ueNÑaHEfmTaMgeFVI[RBHGgÁmankarb:HTgÁicy:agxøaMg CamYyBYkesomeTotpg. PaBxVHkarbuinRbsb; nigkareFVsRbEhsrbs;ÉkGKÁraCTUténRBHecAGFiraC)araMg)aneFVI[ RBHraCakm<úCaCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)aky:agxøaMgEdlRBHGgÁkMBugEtxøacrGapg ehIyk¾eFVI[)araMg)at;bg; »kaskñúgkardak;GaNaBüa)almkelIkm<úCataMgBIqñaM1856 KWenAmuns®gÁam\NÐÚcinCaeRcInqñaM. RbsinebI)araMg)andak;GaNaBüa)almkelIkm<úCataMgEtBIeBlenaHmk )araMgGaceRbIkm<úCaeFVICa mUldæansRmab;Rbtibtþikar Edlnwgpþl;kargayRsYlCaeRcIndl;s®gÁamenaH. ehIyebIsinNaCa )araMg)anmkQreCIgenAkm<úCa ehIyeFVIskmµPaBedaymankarKaMRTBIRBHraCakm<úCapgenaH emø:Hsm )araMgGacdeNþImykkUsaMgsuInTaMgmUl)ankñúgeBlEtmYyCamYyKñaeTAehIy. eBlenaHmankarbHe)armYyrbs;GñkRsukenArlaeb¥ór nigbribUN_ dwknaMedayembHe)areQµaH Gasux nigGaRCúm. RBH)aTGgÁDYg)anecjbBa¢a[eKcab;BYkembHe)arenaHCamYybkSBYkmYycMnYn smøab;ecal. mankarbHe)armYyeTotekIteLIgenArvagqñaM1857 edayBYkExµrrs;enAkñúgExRtétnij enA kUsaMgsuIn Edl)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIExµrCaeRcInnak;mkBIkm<úCa. ehtukarN_enH)aneFVI[RBHraCaman RBHT½yRBÜy)armÖCaxøaMg xøacEtBYkGaNÑameqøót»kasKaMRTCnCatieKehIytamvayBYkbHe)arcUl mkdl;RBHraCaNacRk. RBHGgÁ)ancat;[sg;bnÞaykarBarenAtamRBMEdnxagt,Úg ehIy)anham

R)amRbCara®sþenAkm<úCaelI min[pþl;CMnYyeTABYkExµrenAkUsaMgsuIn EdlRTg;cat;Tukfa CaRbCara®sþ rbs;RBHGgÁEdr ebIeTaHCafaBYkenaHFøab;)anCYyvayBYkGaNÑam[braC½y edayCiHEtelIRkbI ehIy manGavuFminRKb;RKan;k¾eday. enAeBlenaH karcakecalRsukmYyelIkeTot)anekItmaneLIgenA kUsaMgsuIn. RbCaCnExµrd¾kmSt;CaeRcInnak; EdlegIbbHe)areLIgRbqaMgnwgkarKabsgát;BIBYkGaCJaFr GaNÑamnigjatiCitxagyYnEdllYcqk;sm,tþiRTBüsm,tþivaydMeFVI)abbMEbkbM)ak;\tmanls;eBl )annaMKñart;kat;RBMEdn qøgmkRCkekanenAkm<úCavij. enAkñúgqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot BYkcamenAExRtt,ÚgXµúM EdlFøab;)anbHe)ar2elIkrYcmkehIy RbqaMg nwgRBHraCakm<úCa mþgenAkñúgqñaM1599 nigmþgeTotenAkñúgqñaM1660 )annaMKñacab;kan;GavuFRbqaMgnwg ecAhVayExRt Edlminyl;RBmGnuBaØat[BYkenHbegáItrdætUcmYyenAkñúgrgVg;TwkdIExRtrbs;Kat;. BYkenHsþab;EtbBa¢arbs;emeKb:ueNÑaH88. RBHraCa)anbBa¢ÚnelakeyaFas®gÁam [eTAb®gáabBYkenH EtRtÚvBYkenHsmøab;)an eRBaHKat;mankgkarBarEtb:unµannak;b:ueNÑaH. RBHraCa )anekNÐT½BmYykg Pøam rYcdwknaMecjeTAt,ÚgXµúMedaypÞal;RBHGgÁ. BYkcamEdlCYnkalRtÚvT½B RBHraCavayRbhar[ braC½y CYnkaleTotTTYl)anC½yCmñHvij b:uEnþenATIbBa©b;k¾RtÚvbraC½y EbkExJkKña rYcbgç¿[eKceTA RCkekanenAÉcUvduk begáIt)anCaPUmicam5 EdleKRbTHeXIjmanrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH. BYkcamEdl minGaceKcxøÜn)an RtÚveKRbmUlcab;ykeTATukenAeBaFisat; enAlEgVk enAkMBg;RtLac nigenAkMBg; høÜg. GVI²hak;dUcCa)ancb;eTAehIy Rsab;EtBYkcamEdlrt;ePosxøÜneTArs;enAÉcUvdukenaH )annaMKña eLIgmktamTenøy:agrh½s karBaredaykmøaMgefµIreCIgmYykgqøgkat;PñMeBj rhUteTAdl;CMrMEdleK dak;BYkcamnaMmkBIt,ÚgXµúM CemøósBYkenaHykeTAGs;. RbtibtþikarenHRtÚv)an eKeRtómGs;eBlCa yUrmkehIy²TTYlBYkcamenAkm<úCaRbúgEtlYcrt;eKcpg emø:aHehIyk¾RbRBwtþeTAy:agelOn rhUtTal; EtRBHraCakm<úCaminGaccat;viFankarGVITb;Tl;Tan; eFVI[BYkGñkkan;sasnamham:at;naMKñart;qøgcUleTA kUsaMgsuInGs;eTA. cas;²)anniyayfa ehtukarN_enHGacekIteLIg)an mkBIPaKeRcInénBYkcam 390 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 88 emsMxan;3nak;rbs;BYkbHe)arenaHRtÚvCakUnrbs;cammñak; maneQµaHfa TYnEstGsµit b¤TYnpa. TYnpa enH )anvay BYkGaNÑamenAb‘íjFn; rYcehIy)anmktamvayBYkGaNÑamenAkm<úCaeTot enAkñúgrC¢kalesþcGgÁc½nÞ. RBH)aTGgÁc½nÞ )anelIkTYnpa[eLIgeFVICardæm®nþI b:uEnþdl;eRkaymk)ane)aHbg;ecaleTAvij enAkñúgqñaM1820 tamkarjúHjg;rbs; GaNÑam. kUnKat;TaMg3nak; KWTYnhuIm TYns‘U nigTYnGuit man\T§iBleTAelIBYkGñkkan;sasnadUckña. cMENkÉkUnTI4 Edl karBarBYkcam nigm:aeL xøaMgNas;EdrenAkñúgRBHraCvaMgkm<úCa )aneLIgCasemþcecABjaenAkñúgrC¢kalesþcneratþm.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 391 EdlRBHraCa)ancab;CaeQøIyenaHeRcInEtCa®sþI kumar nigmnusScas; BYkburs²)anrt;eKceTA kUsaMgsuInGs;eTAehIy²karEdlRBHGgÁeFVIdUecñH eRBaHmincg;[BYkeKcakecalRBHraCaNacRk. ÉksarmYyniyayfa RBHraCaxJal;xøaMgNas; NamYyxµas;nwgl,icBYkcampg RTg;)anRBman[ GaNÑamEdlRKb;RKgcUvdukbBa¢ÚnBYkbHe)arenaHmkfVayRBHGgÁvij. ecAhVayExRtGaNÑamenaH RbEkkminRBmeFVItamsMeNIrbs;RBHGgÁeT RBH)aTGgÁDYgk¾bBa¢ÚnT½BmYykgtUc dwknaMedayesþcRtaj; EdndIRTaMg eQµaH Ekb edIm,IeTAnaMykBYkcamTaMgenaHmkvij. BYkcamenaH)anRBÜtédKñaCamYyT½B GaNÑamEdleKbBa¢Ún[mkCYyc,aMgCamYyT½BExµrEtminGacTb;Tl;min[T½BExµrqøgcUleTAq¶ayBIRBMEdn )aneT. dUecñHs®gÁam)anekItmaneLIgmþgeTotCamYyGaNÑam EdlnwgeFVI[manGnþraKmn_BIesom edayecosminrYc RbsinebIKµanvtþmanrbs;)araMgenAkUsaMgsuIneT89 . enAeBlenaH BYkGaNÑamKµanlT§PaBTb;Tl;CamYynwgT½BExµreT. eRkayBIRtÚvr:UvKñaCamYyBYk Gg;eKøs nigcab;bgç¿RBHecAGFiraCcin[cuHsn§isBaØarYcehIy BYk)araMg)anvilRtlb;BIRsukcinmkvij ehIyedIm,ICakarsgswk[BYksasnTUtrbs;)araMg nigBYkGaNÑamkan;sasnakatUlik EdlRtÚvBYk m®nþIedjecjBIRsuk nigbgç¿[GaNÑamGnuvtþtamkic©snüakalBImunpgenaH BYk)araMg)anTmøak;RKab; EbkeTAelITIRkúgTYr:anenAéf¶TI1ExkBaØaqñaM1858cUlkan;kab;sayhÁnenAéf¶TI17ExkumÖ³qñaM1859 ehIykMejIjfa nwgdeNþImykkUsaMgsuInTaMgmUlEfmeTot. RBH)aTGgÁDYg mankarPJak;ep¥IlCaxøaMg enAeBlTTYl)andMNwgenH ehIyRTg;dUcCamankar RBÜy)armÖ mindwgfaetIehtukarN_enaHnwgnaMmknUvpll¥b¤plGaRkk;cMeBaHkm<úCa emø:aHehIyRTg;man karRbúgRby½tñy:agxøaMg. RBHGgÁcg;dwgGMBIeKalbMNgrbs;BYk)araMg faetIeKeFVIenHRKan;EtedIm,I sgswkeTAnwgkarRbmafemIlgayrbs;GaNÑam rYckan;kab;cMNucNamYyenAtameqñrsmuRT b¤k¾eKcg; deNþImykkUsaMgsuInEpñkxageRkamTaMgGs;. ebIdUecñaHEmn )araMgnwgkøayeTACaGñkmanRBMEdnCab;nwg km<úCa ehIyedIrtYCMnYsGaNÑamkñúgkarTamTarsiT§iGFiraCPaBmkelIkm<úCaeTdwg? tamBiteTA skmµPaB rbs;)araMgenAeBlenaHKµanGVICak;lak;eT ehIykMhusrbs;elak dWm:ugTIjI )aneFVI[RBH)aTGgÁDYgTIeTI NamYy)araMgk¾min)anbBa¢ÚntMNag[mkraykarN_fVay edIm,I[RTg;Gs;sgS½ypgEdr. ebIeTaHCa 89 raCBgSavtar)ankt;smÁal;famanpáayduHknÞúymYyenAkñúgqñaM1858 EdlelceLIgenATisBay½Bü ehIymanknÞúy EvgcuHeTAxagTisGeKñy_.páayduHknÞúyenHmanRbEvg90GgSaEdleKGacemIleXIjc,as;enARsuk)araMgkñúgrdUvekþA.

y:agNakþI karEdl)araMgvaydeNþImyksayhÁn)an²eFVI[RBHGgÁmanesckþIkøahaneLIgvij. ehIyenAeBleXIjfaT½B)araMgmin)anQreCIgenATIenaH KWvilRtlb;mk TYr:an vij b:uEnþ)aneFVIkarvay RbhareTAelIGtItsRtÚvrbs;RBHGgÁRKb;TIkEnøg RBHGgÁk¾seRmccitþcab;vaymkelIGaNÑamenAcUvduk cUlmkkñúgkUsaMgsuInrebobCakgCMnYy[BYk)araMgedayKµankarcrcaÉkPaBKñaCamuneT.eKniyayfa enaHehIyCakarsm¶at;éns®gÁam Edlhak;dUcCapÞúyeTAnwgneya)ayrbs;RBHGgÁEdlmanBImun. bnþiceRkaymk RBHraCa)anyageTAkMBt edIm,IeTATtemIlsMeBABaNiC¢kmµmYy EdlRTg;)an[ eKeFVIeLIgrYcRbKl;[Cnm:aeLmñak;enARtIkakan;kab;. enATIenaHRBHGgÁ)anCYbCamYyGñkRsavRCav mUhUt CECkCamYy)anbnþic RTg;k¾bBa¢a[eKpþl;meFüa)aysRmab;Kat;eFVIdMeNIrmk]tþúgÁeTot. enAeBlyagRtlb;mkkan;raCFanIvij eRkayeBlEdlelak mUhUt cUlKal;RBHGgÁenAnwgRBH raCdMNak;eFVIBIeQI)anbnþic RBH)aTGgÁDYgk¾Føak;RBHkayRbQYn ehIy)ansuKteTAenAqñaM1860 én RKisþskraC RtÚvnwgmhaskraC1782 culøskraC1222 ¬kñúgExktþik éf¶5ekIt cugExvicäika¦. karcUlTivgÁtrbs;RBHraCa)aneFVI[clnarbs;ExµrenAcUvduk RtÚvbBa©b; ehIy]kj:aEkbk¾naMT½B vilRtlb;cUlmkkm<úCavij. 43- RBH)aTneratmþ ¬1860-1904¦ RBH)aTGgÁDYgmanraCbuRta3RBHGgÁKWGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁvtI¬RcLwg¦CaRBHraCbuRtac,geBlenaH manRBHCnµ26RBHvsSaehIy/ GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁs ¬GY¦90 CaRBHraCbuRtabnÞab; manRBHCnµ 20RBH vsSa nigGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa ¬suIvtßa-GgÁPwm¦ CaraCbuRtaTI3 manRBHCnµ19RBHvsSa TaMg3RBHGgÁenH manRBHmataepSg²Kña. RBHvrraCmatarbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYg EdlRtÚvCaRBHGyükaxagRBHbitarbs;GñkGgÁm©as;TaMg3GgÁ )anekaHRbCuMRkúmRbwkSam®nþIFM²ehIy)aneRCIstaMgGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁvtICaRBHeromnigCaRBH]braCpg 392 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 90 enAeBlEdlGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁvtI RtÚv)anelIk[eLIgCamha]braC esþcesom)anelIkGñkGgÁm©as;senH [eLIgCa RBHEkvhV‘a. RBHGgÁ)anTTYlykbuRtI rbs;RBHGnuCkSRtImYyGgÁrbs;RBHkSRtIGgÁmuI CaRBHCaya EdlRtÚvCa RBHPaKieneyü rbs;RBHGgÁ EtmanRBHCnµeRcInCagRBHGgÁ1qñaM. GñkGgÁm©as;senH RbúgEtnwgedIrtamGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa eFVIkarbHe)areTAehIy EtRTg;)anRtÚveKelIk[eLIgCaRBH]braCenAkñúgqñaM1868 rYc)anesayraCübnþBIRBHerom neratþm enAkñúgqñaM1904.