ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តប្រទេសកម្ពុជា_និពន្ធដោយ_អាដេម៉ា_ឡឺក្លែរ

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 93 CMBUkTI8 RbeTskm<úCa BIstvtSr_TI10 dl; stvtSr_TI14 1- RBH)aThsv’ rn½µ T1I ¬908- ?¦ enAeBlEdlRBH)aTyesavrµ½n suKteTAenAqñaM908 raCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCü bnþeRkamRBHGPiesknamfaRsIhs’vrµ½n.RBHRsIhs’vrµ½nRTg;Kg;enAyesaFbur³dEdlk¾b:uEnþRbEhl Ca)anbþÚreQµaHraCFanIeTACa hs’Fbur³ tamTmøab;. RBHGgÁ)ansem<aFR)asaTPimanGakas Rbkb edayranhalx<s; Edlcab;epþImsagsg;enAkñúgrC¢kalRBHbitaRBHGgÁ. eKmin)andwgeTfakSRtGgÁenHsuKtenAqñaMNaeTRKan;EtdwgfaRTg;manRBHmrNnamfaruRTelak mann½yfa RTg;CaePJóvrbs;RBHruRT³. 2- RBH)aT|sanvrn½µ T2I ¬? -928¦ RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aThs’vrµ½n KWRBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ EdlCaRBHraCbuRtrbs; RBH)aTyesavrµ½nEdr ehIymanRBHGPiesknamfa RsI|sanvrµ½n. RBHGgÁmanRBahµN_buerahitman eQµaHfaEsþgGjkumar³sVamIEdlGtßbTmYy)anelIksresIrfaCa{GñkBUEkxagBiFIbUCanigFøab;eFVICa buerahitrbs;RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI1. RBH)aT|sanvrµ½n suKteTAenARKisþskraC928 RtÚvnwgmhaskraC850 ehIyRTg;man RBHmrNnamfa RBHbrmruRTelak mann½yfa CaePJóvrbs;RBHbrmruRT³. 3- RBH)aTCy½ vrn½µ T5I ¬928-942¦ RBHraCaEdleLIgesayraCübnþBIRBH)aT|sanvrµ½nenAqñaM928 RbEhledayERCkraCü KWRBH bitularbs;RBHGgÁ RBHnam RBH)aTRsIC½yvrµ½n EdlCaRBHGnuCrbs;RBH)aTyesavrµ½n. mindwgfaedaymankarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgkareLIgesayraCürbs;RBHGgÁBIraCFanIcas;b¤k¾faRBH GgÁ manmhicätacg;sg;raCFanImYy Edll¥CagraCFanIEdlRBHerom)ansg; RBH)aTRsIC½yvrµ½n )an e)aHbg;GgÁrFMehIynaMykeTvraCeTAtaMgraCFanIenAÉeCaKKK’üar1 EdlRbEhlCaGninÞtþbur³¬mann½y 1 tamelakéGm:UnIej/ KK’üar CaeQµaHedImKKIr EdlkøaymkCaekaHekrþ×.

faraCFanIénBYkRBanRbmaj;¦KWekaHekrþ×sBVéf¶sßitenAkñúgExRtRBhµeTBenABIxageCIgExRtkMBg;FM2 . ehararbs;RBHGgÁKW EsþgGj|sanmurTi RtÚvCaecArbs;vmsiv³ nigCaemRKÜsarsiv³ékvlü³ EdlCabuerahitTImYyéneTvraC. silacarwkmYy3 )anelIkBIRBHGgÁfa RTg;)aneFVIs®gÁammanC½yCmñHelIBYkcam ehIy)an{eFVI s®gÁameTARKb;TisTaMgbYn}. RBH)aTC½yvrµ½TI5 suKtenAqñaM912 ehIyRTg;manRBHmrNnamfa RBHbrmsiv³bT CaePJóv rbs;RBH]tþmsiv³. 4- RBH)aThsv’ rn½µ T2I ¬942-944¦ RBHraCbuRtab¥Únrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI5 )aneLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁenAeCaKKK’üar eRkam RBHGPiesknamfa RsIhs’vrµ½n. ehararbs;RBHraCaGgÁenH KWEsþgGjGtµsiv³ CaGñkerobcMBiFIbUCa fVayRBHeTvraC. Gtµ³siv³enH CakµÜyrbs;|sanmurTi EdlCabuerahitrbs;RBHbitaRBHGgÁ. silacarwkRBH\nÞekasiy )anelIksresIrRBHraCaGgÁenHfa CaRBHecAGFiraC Edl {man nxa ¬Rkck¦ RBH)aTPøWrelagedaysarb:HnwgmkudRBHraCaTaMgLayenAelIBiPBelakenH EdlmkRkabbgÁ¿ Kal;} nigfa RBHGgÁeRbób)aneTAnwg {RBHGaTitünaGrueNaT½ypg nigRBHc½nÞeBjvg;\tpÞwmpg}. eK niyayfa KWCa {RBHc½nÞénraCvgSekaNÐBaس CaTIRbCuMénKuNFm’TaMgLay}4 . k¾b:uEnþRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI2RTg;esayraCüminTaMg)anBIrqñaMpgCaehtueFVI[eKsYrfaetIRBHGgÁ)an deNþImraCüsm,tþiBIRBHeromEdlesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁb¤y:agNa. ebIBuMenaHeT RbsinebIRBHGgÁ min RtÚvRBHeromeFVIXateT etIRBHGgÁ nigRBHbita CabkSBYksRtÚvnwgmhanKr ehIyRBHraeC®nÞvrµ½n CaRBH eromCabkSBYkxagyesaFrbur³ b¤GVI? RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI2 manRBHmrNnamfa RBhµelak ³ mann½yfa CaePJóvrbs;RBHRBhµ. 94 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 2 RkúmR)asaTekaHekrþ×mansarsMxan;Nas;EdrKWmanR)asaTcMnYnRbEhl15kb;)at;kñúgéRB.elakéGm:UnIej)an rkeXIjsilacarwkCag40 man 1500bnÞat; manerobrab;eQµaHGñkbeRmICag 4000nak; edayminTan;KitBI´pg. sUmGanesovePArbs;elak éGm:UnIej/ km<úCa k,alTI1TMB½r397-411 nigk,alTI2 TMB½r368. 3 silacarwkR)asaTKuk sUmGanesovePArbs;elakéGm:UnIej eQµaHkm<úCa k,alTI2 TMB½r419. 4 k,alTI1 TMB½r90.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 95 5- RBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½nTI2 ¬944-968¦ RBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½n CaRBHraCbuRtac,grbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI5 nigRtÚvCaRBHeromrbs;RBHraCa mun.RTg;RbkbeTAedayRBHsmösSl¥éRkElg.RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCüenAqñaM944ehIy)annaM RBHraCvgS/raCbriBarnigeTvraCRBmTaMgRBahµN_buerahitRtlb;mkKg;enAnKrRsIyesaFrbur³¬GgÁr FM¦ vij EdlRtÚve)aHbg;cMnYn16qñaMmkehIy. RBHGgÁ)aneFVI[raCFanIenH {ERbkøayeTACal¥sem,Im nigRss;RbwmRbIy_ edaysg;pÞHeFVIGMBImascaMgepøk nigsg;vaMgrMelceTAedayt,Úgfµ eRbób)aneTAnwg R)asaTrbs;RBHmeh®nÞ³sg;enAelIdI}5 . enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBHraCaGgÁenH Edlmanry³eBl24qñaM manGPiCnmñak;maneKarmügarCa kRmetgeQµaHfanK³Kul³)ansagsg;R)asaTCaeRcIn]TÞisdl;RBHsiv³nigmanrdæm®nþImñak;eToteQµaH fakvi®nÞrimtßnaCaGñksm,ÚrRTBüsm,tþidUcCaExSRkvat;/fUTwk/ERKEsñg/Rkvil.l.)ansagsg;RBH bdimaRBHBuT§mYycMnYn. RBHraCapÞal; )anksagR)asaTembuNüenAcMkNþalGagTwkmYy rYcsagbdima virBa©³mYy/ bdimaeTvImYy/ \s³ ¬siv³¦ mYy/ srigÁin ¬visÑú¦ mYy nigligÁRBHsiv³ mYy. silacarwkRBH\nÞekasiy)anelIksresIrRBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½nfaCa{TIeKarBbUCaénRBHraCaTaMg Lay RTg;CaesþcGbraC½y nigEtgEtmanC½yCmñHCanic©elIxµaMgsRtÚv. RTg;eRbób)aneTAnwgrtnvtßú enAelIkMBUlmkudénRBHraCaTaMgGs;enAelIEpndIenH. C½yCmñHrbs;RBHGgÁl,IrnÞWeTARKb;TisTI}. TaMgGs;enH hak;dUcCabBa¢ak;fa RBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½n )aneFVIs®gÁamCaeRcIn ehIy)anedjvaysRtÚv rhUtdl;kñúgépÞRbeTseKeTotpg. silacarwk)aTCuMenAkñúgExRtesomrab)anniyayfa {RBHnaglkSµ I EdlCanarIl¥elIs®sþITaMg LaykñúgPBTaMgbI RTg;enOyNayCaxøaMgnwgkarfñak;fñmrbs;BYksur³ nigGsur³ ehIyEbrmkCab;citþnwg RBHP½®kþd¾Rss;RbimRbiyrbs;RBHGgÁ edIm,IeRkbCBa¢k;ykTwkdménsmösSrbs;RTg;vij. RBHnag BwgEp¥kmkelIRBHvisÑúelIdIenH EdleBareBjeTAedayesckþIkøahankRmitkMBUl enAeBlEdlFUlIhuy RTelameLIg )anbgáCaPaBggwtsUnüsugmYydUceBlyb;}. {RTg;CastVsigðkñúgcMeNamRBHraCaTaMgLay nigCastVsigðénmnusSCati}. RTg;)anvayyk nKrcam:,aenAqñaM960 KWenAkñúgrC¢kalesþccam RBHbremsVrvrµ½n b¤k¾kñúgrC¢kalRBHraCaEdlesay 5 silacarwk)aTCuM

raCübnÞab; EteKmin)ansÁal;RBHnameT. silacarwkbkSIcaMRkúg)anelIksresIrBIRBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½n fa {RBHGgÁeRbób)aneTAnwgRBHGKÁI Edlduteralral;raCaNacRkbc©amiRt CaBiess KWnKrcam:,a}. bEnßmBIelIenaHÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anbBa¢ak;fakm<úCasm½yenaHCamhaGMNacmYymanRBHraCa cMNuHeRcInCag60RBHGgÁ. mansilacarwkcammYy KWsilacarwkeBaFinKr )anerobrab;faenAkñúgs®gÁamCamYycam BYkExµr Edl{eBareBjeTAedayesckþIelaPln; nig)abFm’} )anlYcykeTAnUvRBHbdimaRBHPKvaTi eFVIGMBI mas {manBnøWRtcHdUcRBHc½nÞeBjvg;elIevhas_ nig)anlHbg;RBHkaykñúgkardwknaMnKrcam:,a Edl esþcRsI\®nÞvrµ½n{)anksageLIgkñúgqñaM918dak;kñúgRBHvihar.silacarwkenaH)anbEnßmeTotfa{BYk ExµrenaH eRkaymkRtÚvsøab;Gs;} k¾b:uEnþ min)anbBa¢ak;fa etIsøab;edayrebobNaeT6 . enAsm½yenaHÉksarcin)anehAraCaNacRkbRgÜbbRgÜmTaMgBIrfaCamLab;RbEhledayyk BüagÁdMbUgéneQµaHraCFanIcam:,aKWCamecndak;P¢ab;nwgBüagÁeRkayrbs;eQµaHkm<úCaKWcinLab;.k¾b:uEnþ nKrcam:,aRbEhlCamin)anenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;km<úCayUreTBIeRBaHfamanesþccammYyGgÁ)an sagsg;RBHbdima RBHPKvaTi eLIgvijEtGMLúgeBlR)aMqñaMeRkayEdlBYkExµrlYcykeTAEtb:ueNÑaH. RBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½n7 )ansuKtenAqñaM968énRKisþskraC RtÚvnwgmhaskraC890 ehIyman RBHmrNnamfa sivelak ³ mann½yfa RTg;CaePJóvrbs;RBHsiv³. 6- RBH)aTCy½ vrn½µ T6I ¬968-1002¦ RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½n KWRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ RBH)aTRsIC½yvrµ½n TI6 EdlCaRBHraCaEkTRmg; b¤Rbtüasßabnik nigCaRBHraCaBUEkxageFVIs®gÁam EtmanGFüaRs½yl¥. silacarwkRBH\®nÞekasiy )andMNalfa {RBHGgÁ)anerobcM[mansNþab;Fñab;l¥kñúgvNѳ} eRbóbbI dUcCaerobcMeLIgedayRBHRBhµpÞal;. RBHGgÁRbkbeTAedayeTBekaslü nigmanRBHhtßakan;kg 96 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 6 RBHbdimaenH )anRtÚvBYkcamsagsg;eLIgvij R)aMqñaMeRkaymk enAqñaM965 edayRBHraCacamRBHnamfa C½yi®nÞ- vrµ½n. 7 elak éGm:UnIej )anesñIfa RBHraeC®nÞvrµ½n enHKWCatYGgÁRBHbkSIcaMRkúgkñúgerOgniTan. karsnµtienHminRtwmRtÚveT ehIyrwtEtminRtwmRtÚvNas;eTAeTot eRBaHfaerOgenHk¾manEdrenAÉRsukesom RKan;EtmaneQµaHepSg nigenATIkEnøg epSgb:ueNÑaH.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 97 cRk. enAeBlRTg;ecjdMeNIrmþg² sn§wkeCIgkgT½Brbs;RBHGgÁ eFVI[keRkIkEpndI nigéRBPñMTaMgLay eRbób)annwgmhasaKrEdlRtÚvrBa¢ÜyedayBüúHxül;} dUecñaHEdr. eBlenaH {sn§wksÁrlayLMCamYysMeLgkgrMBgrbs;KgeXµaHeFVIGMBIs<an; nigERt xøúy s½gç>>> eFVI[BYksRtÚvP½y)ak;bbxøbxøacCaxøaMg}. silacarwkk¾)anelIkBIRBHGgÁEdrfa RTg;)andutbMpøaj RbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlRBHGgÁeFVIs®gÁamCamYy edayniyayfa {GNþatePøIgénkarbUCaEdlekIt eLIgBIRbtibtþikarrbs;RBHGgÁ bgá)anCaEpSgFMEvg eRbób)annwgTg;C½ycm,aMg eFVI[sRtÚvP½yxøac ehIyrt;eKcecj)at;Gs; ebIeTaHCaGg;Gacy:agNak¾eday}. RBHGgÁKYr[xøacxøaMgNas; enAeBl EdlRTg;xJal; ³ {kalNaRBHGgÁRKhwmdUcraCsIh_eBlmankMhwg RBHraCaCasRtÚvTaMgLayrt;eKccUl éRBeRCA eRbób)annwgstVQøÚsd¾kMsak. enAeBlEdlRBHGgÁelIkdavd¾mutføa RbLak;eTAedayQam EdlhUrecjBIsirsasRtÚv eKeXIjRBHGgÁdUcCaRBHnagC½yCmñHd¾Rss;s¥at EdlmanRBHhsþ nig RBH)aTRkhmeTAedaylm¥gpáa}. silacarwkdEdl)anniyayEfmeTotfa {RBHhsþRBHGgÁEdleRbób)annwgs<anyutþiFm’ qøg kat;mhasaKrd¾esµakeRKakénstvtSr_ >>> manragsgðaRss;RbimRbiy} s¥atelIsBIRBHnagkameTB ehIyeFVI[BiPBelakenH manBnøWeRbóbbIdUcRBHc½®nÞkMBugrH}. dUcCaRBHraCamun² cab;taMgBIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI3mk RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI6 k¾manbuerahitsRmab; erobcMBiFIbUCafVayRBHeTvrraCpgEdr. buerahitrbs;RBHGgÁKW EsþgGjGtµ³siv³ EdlCabuerahit rbs;RBH)aTraeC®nÞvrµ½nCaRBHvraCbita. RTg;k¾manrdæm®nþImYyrUbCaGñkkan;BuT§sasna EdlFøab;)an beRmIRBHbitaEdr ehIyEdlRTg;manTMnukTukcitþCaxøaMg. rdæm®nþIenaHmaneQµaHfa RKitþibNÐit )aneFVI karCYsCulRBHBuT§bdimaEdlRtÚveKbMpøicbMpøajRbEhlCakñúgsm½ymanvibtþisasna ehIyk¾)ansag sg;RBHBuT§bdimafµI²CaeRcIn. RBHraCa )anRbKl;[m®nþIenHerobcMtubEtgraCFanIEfmeTot. RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI6 )anCMruj[mankarGnueRKaHkan;EtxøaMg. vahak;dUcCaRBHGgÁmanbMNgcg; pþl;siT§i[BuT§sasnanigpþl;snþiPaBxagCMenOdl;RbCanura®sþedayTajsasnaTaMgBIrmkCitKñaeBalKW [RBahµN_buerahiténBiFIeTvraCeKarBRBHBuT§ehIy[BuT§sasnikCneKarBRBHeTvraCvij.eFVIy:agenH KWcg;bRgÜbbRgÜmsasnaTaMgBIrmkEtmYy edaycat;TukRBHBuT§esµInwgGaTieTBmYyGgÁénRBhµBaØsasna ehIyebIeTaHCasasnaTaMgBIrmanRTwsþIxusKñaxøaMgy:agNak¾eday KW[TaMgRBahµN_ TaMgRbCaCn eTAeFVI BiFIbUCaRBHsiv³ nigRBHnagkalI TaMgGs;Kña rYcehIynaMKñaeTAfVaybgÁ¿bdimaRBHBuT§ EdlFøab;)anbgðat; beRgónGMBIbrmtßviC¢a/ snþiPaBpøÚvcitþ/ ]ebkçacitþcMeBaHvtßúTaMgLayelIelak nigkarlHbg;ecalnUvkar

sb,ayeRKatRKaténEpndIenH. KWCaectnarMlaysasnacUlKñad¾cEmøk RbEhledaysßanPaB neya)ayépÞkñúgehIyemIleTA CaBiess KW\T§iBlkan;EtekIneLIgénRBHBuT§sasna kñúgRsTab;Gñk TIRkúg k¾dUcCaGñkERscmáar nigraCbriBar. cMNucmYyeTotEdl´cg;bBa¢ak;GMBIrC¢kalenHKWnarI²ebIehacNas;k¾m©as;kSRtIy_ehIyk¾Gac manbuRtIrbs;BYkRBahµN_ nigesnabtIxøHpgEdr Edl)aneronsURtGacecHGanesovePA)an. sila carwkRBH\®nÞekasiy )an[dwgfa emRkúmelxapÞal;rbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI6 KWRBHnagR)aCJa EdlCa RBHGKÁmehsImYyGgÁrbs;RBHbitaRBHGgÁ. RBHraCaGgÁenHRTg;suKteTAenAqñaM1002énRKisþskraC RtÚvnwgmhaskraC924. RTg;man RBHmrNnamfa brmvIr³elak mann½yfa CaePovrbs;RBHbrmGKñi. 7- RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI1 ¬1002-1049¦ RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nmanRBHnamedImehAfavIrC½yvrµ½n RTg;Cabcäajatiq¶ayrbs;RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½n EdlesayraCüBIqñaM877dl;899ehIyRTg;manRBHGKÁmehsIKWRBHnagRsivIr³lkSµ IEdlCab;sac; CamYyRBH)aTyesavrµ½n. RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI6 taMgEtBIqñaM1002 k¾b:uEnþ luHRtaEtbIqñaMeRkaymk eTIb)anTTYlkarGPiesk. tamemIleTA RBHGgÁminEmnCarC¢TayaT EdleK)aneRKagTukenaHeT RbEhlCaRBHGgÁ)anbeNþjRBHraCamunBIraCüsm,tþipgk¾mindwg BIeRBaH silacarwkRBHx½n)anniyayfa {RBHGgÁ)andeNþImykRBHnKrBIRBHraCamYyGgÁ kñúgcMeNamyuT§CnCa eRcIn}.RBHGgÁ)anTTYlRBHnamfasuriyavrµ½n¬RBHGaTitüCaGñkkarBar¦ehIysilacarwkRBHEkv)an elIkGMBIRBHGgÁfa {RTg;manrsµIPøWciBa©ac eRbób)aneTAnwgRBHGaTitüenAelIevhas_ CavgSRtkUlrbs; RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½n}. RBHGgÁesayraCü)ancMnYn47qñaM. RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nkan;RBhµBaØsasna tamTmøab;EdlmanCahUrEhrhUtmk k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁ dUcCa )ancab;citþnwgRTwsþIrbs;RBHBuT§xøaMgNas;Edr fVIebIRBHGgÁmin)anbgðajxøÜnRBHGgÁfa CaBuT§sasnikCn mYyGgÁk¾eday. RTg;)anksagbdimaRBHsiv³ nigRBHvisÑú k¾b:uEnþRBHmrNnamfa niBVanbT EdleKfVay dl;RBHGgÁeBleRkaymk nigkarsagsg;vtþmYy]TÞisfVaydl;RBHBuT§ bBa¢ak;fa RBHGgÁ)anykcitþTuk dak;cMeBaHRBHBuT§sasnaCaxøaMg. minEtb:ueNÑaH RBHGgÁ)anTaMgdak;raCbBa¢aGMBI {sikçabTBisidæ Edl CnTaMgGs;RtÚvRbtibtþi} edIm,I[TaMgtabsb£sI/ TaMgsßavIr³ nigRBHsgÇ EdlKg;enAtamTIskáar³/ vihar/ vtþGaramnigGaRsmepSg²{GnuvtþnUvtbkmµedIm,IpSBVpSaykusldl;RBHraCaCam©as;}eTotpg8 . 98 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 99 tamemIleTA RbEhlCamankareFVITukçbukemñjdl;RBHBuT§sasnaenAkñúgraCümun² rYcsasnaenH enArgkarKMramkMEhgenAeLIyehIyBuT§sasnikk¾enArgGMeBIhigSaenAeLIyEdreRBaHsilacarwklBburI )anbBa¢ak;EfmeTotfa mankarkat;eTasdak;TNÐkmµF¶n;F¶rdl;{CnTaMgLayNaEdlcUleTAkñúgsmaFi sßan ehIyeFVIkarrMxandl;tabs b¤sasnik kñúgkarGnuvtþn_katBVkic©rbs;xøÜn}. eKGacelIksMNYr)an fa etIRBHraCaGgÁenH manBuT§sasnikCnenACamYyeTeBlRTg;eFVIkarRbyuT§deNþImraCblø½gá b¤k¾RBHGgÁ eFVIkartbsñgsgKuNcMeBaHkarKaMRTrbs;BYkBuT§sasnikCnTaMgenaH? eTaHCay:agNakþI k¾vac,as;Nas;fa manectnaeFVI[sasnaTaMgBIrrlaycUlKñaxøaMgCagmun enAeRkamrC¢kalenH. silacarwkRBHEkv)an[dwgfa RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n)anerobcM[mankarEbgEck RbCaCnCavNѳeLIgvij ehIyRTg;dak;RBHmunIsiv³criya[dwknaMvNѳRBahµN_ RBHmunIenH {evahar )an Rbtibtþivin½ytwgrwug nigesµaHRtg;nwgkarebþCJa nigKuNFm’ ehIyFøab;)anRtÚvRBHraCamun² cat;[ RKb;RKgelIhim³RsigÁKirI BinitüelIKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþi}. silacarwkRBHEkv )anelIkGMBIeKarmügarmYyenAEk,rRBHraCa EdleyIgminEdldwgBImunmkKW muxgarCaCMnYykarmYyEbbehAfa RsIkSiTÞiRTkl,³. zan³enHmanrYceTAehIymunesþcsuriyavrµ½nTI1 eRBaHfa RBahµN_sivvin§ú EdlCa{GñkR)aCJecHdwgeRCARCHsmnwgTTYlkareKarBBIbNþaGñkmanGMNac TaMgLay nigCabBVCiténRsIk)aelsVr³ CacaghVagéntbkmµ EdlKµankarxusqÁg} )anTTYlzan³enH EtenAeBlEdl«BukmaxagmþayEdlmanzan³enH )anTTYlmrNPaBeTA. silacarwkRBH\nÞekasiy )anniyayfa enAqñaM890énRKisþskraC RsIFrNi®nÞb,kl,³)anTTYlnUvzan³enH KWCag100qñaMmun raCüRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anniyayfa enAqñaM1030énRKisþskraC esþcGgÁenH)ancgsm<½n§ emRtICamYynKrcam:,a kñúgrC¢kalesþccammYyGgÁEdleyIgmin)ansÁal;RBHnam EtesayraCü kñúg cenøaHesþcC½yvrµ½n nigC½ybremsVrvrµ½n ehIynigRbeTscin pgEdr. sm<½n§emRtIenHmanry³eBl 60qñaM nigmaneKalbMNgcg;eFVI[mansnþiPaBCamYynKrcam:,a ehIyFanasnþiPaBenH edaymha GMNacTI3mYyeTot edIm,ITukeBl[RBHGgÁeFVIkarb®gáabesþccMNuHTaMgLayEdlbHe)ar CaBiess KWBYkkSRtRbeTsenAxageCIgPñMdgErk nigenAGagTenøemNamxagelI EdlmanraCFanIenA lBburI 8 silacarwklBburI.

KWTVarvtI enaHÉg9 . etIenaHminEmnCaBYkéfénGagTenøemNamxagelI EdlcuHmkBIRbeTscinPaKxag t,Úg b¤mkBIPUmaEdlBYkenH)anmkrs;enACayUrNas;mkehIy ehIy)anmkbgðajxøÜnenAnwgRBMRbTl; énGaNacRkkm<úCaeT b¤GVI? silacarwklEgVk)anehARBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nfaCa{RBHecAGFiraC nigCaGñkRTRTg;EpndI} Edl {RBHGñkbegáItelak)ansagmk[dUcxøÜnRBHGgÁ}. {enAeBlRTg;yagecjc,aMgykC½yCmñHelIGs; esþcEdlxøaMg²TaMgLay sUm,IEtRBHGaTitük¾lak;xøÜnbM)aMgkayEdr edayxøac)armIrbs;RBHGgÁ. ePøIgEpSgEdlhuyecjBIkarbUCarbs;RBHGgÁminRKan;EteFVI[épÞemXggwtb:ueNÑaHeTKW)an)aMgbiTGs; nUvkitþiKuNrbs;RBHraCaTaMgLay EdlFøab;maneQµaHl,Il,ajeTotpg. RBHGgÁKYrEtTTYl)annUvkitþi KuNrbs;GaruN³ >>> RTg;)aneronecHcaMGMBIRTwsþIbnIni TaMgRTg;l¥\tex©aH ehIyRbkbedayR)aCJa)armI dUcCabNÐit >>> KWCaRBHraCasaklEdleRbób)annwgGFiraCénGaTieTBTaMgLay}. RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI1 )anksagR)asaTPñMCIsUrenAkñúgExRt)aTI ehIyk¾)anCYsCuleLIgvijnUv R)asaTmYycMnYneTotpgEdr. RBHGgÁsuKtenAqñaM1049 ehIymanRBHmrNnamfa brmniBVanbT mann½yfa RTg;yagcUlRBH niBVanTaMgRsugehIy. 8- RBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½nTI1 ¬1049-1079¦ RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI1KWRBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½n b¤]Tyak³vrµ½n Edl RtÚvCaecA b¤kµÜy rbs;RBHGgÁ. karEdlesþcGgÁenHeLIgesayraCühak;dUcCaminRbRktI KWdUcCaeLIgesayraCüedayC½yCmñH rbs;RkúmraCbriBarEdlmanRbtikmµRbqaMgnwgBuT§sasna.esþcGgÁenHmanRBHCnµekµgx©IenAeLIyeBl eLIgRKgraCüsm,tþi eRBaHRBHGgÁenAbnþeronsURtKNitsa®sþ tarasa®sþ evyüakrN_ c,ab; nigRkm TaMgLaytak;EtgeLIgsRmab;RBHraCa BIsMNak;RBHraCRKÚrbs;RBHGgÁeQµaHfa RsIkar³bNÐit. {edayRBHGgÁcab;bdisn§ieLIgkñúgRtkUlénesþcelIBiPBelak RTg;maneRbóbdac;eKkñúgkareFVI[narI TaMgLay lg;nwgsmösSrbs;RBHGgÁ [Gñkcm,aMgTaMgLaycuHcaj;vIrPaBrbs;RBHGgÁ [bNÐitTaMg100 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 9 sBVéf¶KWleva BImunKWlUv:U/ elaEvk/ lBburI/ lvburI/ nvburI.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 101 LayTTYlsÁal;KuNFm’rbs;RBHGgÁ [bNþaRbCanura®sþcMNuHnwgGMNacrbs;RBHGgÁ nig[RBahµN_TaMg LayTTYlsÁal;nUvsb,úrsFm’rbs;RBHGgÁ. tamemIleTA esþcGgÁenH eKarBbUCaRBHsiv³ xøaMgNas; {eRBaHRBHGgÁ)ancat;[eKelIkPñMmasmYyenAcMkNþalraCFanI rYc[sagsg;R)asaTmasmYy manBnøW PøWciBa©acciEBa©g dak;siv³ligÁmYy sRmab;erobcMBiFIeRsacTwkeKarBbUCa} ehIyRTg;)ancat;[cn½Þkar³ bNÐitEfrkSa. RBahµN_enHeKeRcInsÁal;fa y:alIcn½Þkar³ eRBaHCatabsb£sI nigCabuerahitrbs; RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nehIyRtÚvbnþEfrkSaligÁenHrhUtdl;raCüesþceRkaymkeTotEdlesayraCübnþBI RBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½n KWRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3. kñúgrC¢kalesþcGgÁenH bNþaGaNaExRtxagt,Úg)anbHe)areLIg ehIyRtÚvT½Brbs;Cnmñak; eQµaHfa Garvi®nÞaT³ deNþImyk)an. T½BTI1rbs;RBHraCaEdlbBa¢ÚneTAb®gáab RtÚvbraC½yeRkaméd {emekaysRtÚvd¾hankøa}enH. k¾b:uEnþT½BmYykgeTotEdldwknaMedayesnabtImñak; KW]kj:aBiC½y s®gÁammanC½yCmñHelIGarvi®nÞaT³.]kj:aBiC½ys®gÁamenHCa]tþmesnIy_Edl{rh½srhYnNas;kñúg karrgGavuFxµaMgnigvayRbhartbeTAvijedayeRbIédTaMgBIrCaGñkRbyuT§KµanKUeRbóbpÞwm)anCayuT§Cn eqñImEdlsRtÚvTTYlsÁal;fVIédehIyehAfaCaRBHRKwsñ³mYyGgÁfµIb¤k¾CaGaruN³mYyrUbeTotCavIrburs KµannrNaesµIelIelakenH}.eRkaybraC½yGarvi®nÞaT³)aneKcxøÜneTAenAÉcam:,abur³raCFanIrbs;nKr cam:,a. b:unµanqñaMeRkaymk man]tþmesnIy_mñak;eQµaHfa kMv:U Edlminsb,aycitþ k¾naMT½Brbs;xøÜnecjBI raCFanIehIyRbkasbHe)areLIg.kMv:UenaHCa{mnusSqøatmanvIrPaBEdl)anTTYlkarsenþasRbNI BIRBHraCaRTg;RbTanbuNüskþi[.eKmanragkaymaMmYnmanGavuFRKb;RKan;rh½svagévGaceFVICam©as; elIEpndITaMgmUl)an. T½Brbs;eKk¾køahan nigsm,ÚredayGavuFyuT§PNÐ h‘anlHbg;CIvit mancMnYn eRcIn\tKNna nigmanenARKb;TisTI}. eBlenaHesnabtIBiC½ys®gÁam)andwknaMT½Becjc,aMgCamYykMv:Uedayman]tþmesnIy_CaeRcIn cUlrYmenAeRkambBa¢apg KWmaneTvRsU/ vøúg/ vñÜr/ KaM/ ecnÁIRsU/ kmñat;/ rBaØ/ xµÜj. eBlelIkT½Bedjtam sRtÚv esnabtIBiC½ys®gÁam)anQb;enAelIx<g;rabmYy eFVIBiFIbUCafVaydl;RBHsiv³ suMC½yCmñH. eBlenaH kMv:U )anRtlb;eRkaymkvij ehIykarRbyuT§k¾)ancab;epþImeLIg. kMv:U nigBiC½ys®gÁam {rt;rkKñaeRbóbdUcRBHram nigRkúgraBN_} rIÉemkgrbs;T½BTaMgBIrk¾sVHEsVgrkKURbyuT§erog²xøÜnpg Edr. BYkeKRbkUkRbkasehAKña eCrRbeTcpþasaKña KMramKñaeTAvijeTAmk. kMv:U )aj;RBÜjmYymkRtÚv cgáarbs; BiC½ys®gÁam k¾b:uEnþBiC½ys®gÁamKµanrYjra ehIy)an)aj;RBÜjbIEtmþgsMedA kMv:U RBÜjmYy

RtÚvcMk,al/ mYycMk nigmYyeTotcMRTÚg. kMv:U dYlsøab;Pøam edayERskeraT_RThwg eFVI[eTvtaTaMgLay eRtkGrsVaKmn_CaxøaMg. BiC½ys®gÁamk¾Rtlb;mkkan;viharRBHsiv³vij ehIy)anfVayRTBürbs;xøÜn TaMgGs; edIm,ICakartbsñgsgKuNRBHGgÁ. eRkayBI kMv:U søab;eTA enAmanbHe)armYyeTotekIteLIgenAkñúgsrTrdUvbnÞab; mindwgfa Cakar bHe)arfµIb¤k¾T½Bcas;rbs;kMv:UbHe)armþgeTotb¤k¾y:agNaeT.karbHe)arelIkenHdwknaMedaybgb¥ÚnBIr nak;KWslVat;{EdlmankmøaMgxøaMgKµanpÞwmkøahanmanl,iceRcInehIyBUEkkñúgkarRbyuT§edayemags½k} nigb¥ÚnRbúsbegáIteQµaHsiT§ikr³ehIynigemT½Bmñak;eToteQµaHfasasnþiPUvn³{EdlmankmøaMgKYr[xøac enAkñúgkarRbyuT§}. BiC½ys®gÁam)andwknaMT½Becjc,aMgeTot eBlCYbslVat;k¾eCrRbeTcpþasa bbYl cUlc,aMgKña.slVat;eCrtbvijrYc)aj;RBÜjeRsacmkelIBiC½ys®gÁam.BiC½ys®gÁamcab;ykRBÜj mkdak;elIExSFñÚ rYcTajywtedayédd¾maMTaMgBIr)aj;tRmg;sMedAsRtÚv. enAeBlEdlslVat;RtÚvRBÜj søab; T½BsRtÚvTaMgGs;k¾dkfyrt;)at;Gs;eTA10. b:uEnþclaclenHenAbnþeRcInqñaMteTAeTot TRmaMrlt; )at; ehIyBiC½ys®gÁamk¾Qb;edjtameTotEdr. edayBiC½ys®gÁam )anbric©aKRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnbUCafVayRBHsiv³ kñúgkareFVIs®gÁamb®gáab sRtÚv RBHraCa )anRbTanraCRTBüsgvij nig)anRbTanrgVan;[CaeRcIn EtBiC½ys®gÁam)anlHbg; RTBüTaMgGs;enaH kñúgnamCavIrCn Edl {manBnøWPøWeRbóbdUcrah‘U}. KWenAeRkamraCürbs;RBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½nenHÉg EdlT½BExµrmYykgeRkambBa¢arbs;emT½B mñak;eQµaHfaRsInnÞ³nvm’eTv³c,aMgcaj;T½BcamenAÉesaemsVr³eRkamraCüesþccamRBHnamRsIhrivrµ½n TI2 ¬1078¦. 9- RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 ¬1079-1090¦ rC¢kalrbs;RBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½neBareBjeTAedayPaBvwkvrCaktþabBa¢ak;famhanKresÞIrEt KµansnþiPaBeT mans®gÁamkñúgRsuk nigkarbHe)arRbqaMgBIesþcRtaj;b¤esþccMNuHCajwkjab;. GMeNIHGs;BIRBHGgÁeTA RBHraCGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCübnþ manRBHnamfa hs’vrµ½nTI3. enAeBlesþcGgÁenHeLIgesayraCü manekItPaBvwkvrmþgeTot k¾b:uEnþ RBHGgÁ)anb®gáab[rab 102 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 10 silacarwkRBHegak esovePAkRmg TMB½r161.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 103 Gs; eFVI[RsukmansnþisuxeLIgvijeday {RTg;bBa¢a[GnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;vNѳTaMgbYny:agmuWgm:at;}. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anerobrab;fa edayesþcGaNÑamRBHnamlIjújtug)anelIkT½Bmk vaycin smøab;RbCaCncinGs;CaeRcInnak; RBHecAGFiraCcin)anGMBavnavsuMCMnYyBIRBHraCaExµr nig cam:,a EdlFøab;)ancuHsn§isBaØasm<½n§emRtICamYyKña kalBIqñaM1000énRKisþskraC. esþcExµr nig esþccam )anekNÐT½BeTACYycintamsMNUmBr k¾b:uEnþRtÚvcaj;GaNÑameTot EdlCaehtueFVI[cinRtÚvsuM crcarksnþiPaB. erOgcm,aMgCamYyGaNÑamenH fVIebIminmansilacarwkExµrb¤cam b¤ÉksarRbvtþi sa®sþ GaNÑamNamYy)anelIkeLIgk¾eday k¾b:uEnþRbEhlCaekItmaneLIgEmn BIeRBaHfa Éksar Rbvtþisa®sþcin CaÉksarEdlhµt;ct;CageKenAGasuIcugbUB’a. RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 )ansuKteTAenAqñaM1090 ehIyRTg;manRBHmrNnamfa sT³sivbT. 10- RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 ¬1090-1109¦ RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 KWRBH)aTRsIC½yvrµ½nTI7 EdlesayraCü )an19qñaM cab;BIqñaM1090mk. RBHGgÁeKarBbUCaRBHvisÑúxøaMgNas; ehIyRTg;k¾CabUCnIeysk_d¾esµaHsµ½RKmñak;pgEdr. silacarwkvtþPU )anerobrab;fa enAkñúgrC¢kalRBHraCamun² mannarImñak;eQµaHfa Tilk³ nigGñk R)aCJKm<IrevTmñak;eQµaHfa suPRT³ EdleKehAeRkAfa nam³sivy³. nagTilk³CabuRtIrbs;GñkR)aCJmñak;enAkñúgRBHraCvaMg ehIyCItarbs;nagCaTsSnviTUd¾l,Il,aj mñak;. matarbs;nagCabuRtIrbs;kvImñak;. nagmansmösSl¥s¥at mancriyarmüTm nigmaneTB ekaslüx<s; smnwgRtkUlx<g;x<s;rbs;nag. bNþaGñkR)aCJl,Il,ajTaMgLay ekatsresIrl,ic d¾Qøasévrbs;nagkñúgkarCECkBiPakSaehIy)andak;eQµaH[nagfaPKvtIvaKisVrImann½yfaeTBkBaØa xagevahar. nagTilk³enH )anRtÚvmatabitaerobcMTukdak;CaPriyarbs;GñkR)aCJ suPRT³ ehIynagmanbuRt mñak;CamYysVamIenH Edlnagdak;eQµaHfa bUCsiv³ EtGñkpgehAfa suPRT³ dUc«BukEdr. suPRT³enHxitxMeronsURtRTwsþIénsasnaRBHsiv³xøaMgNas;ehIyedayR)aCJad¾Qøasévrbs;xøÜn BUEkdac;eKkñúgkarRbmUlGtßbTGkSrsa®sþcas;²ykmkcgRkgeLIgvij EdlKµanbNÐitNamñak; mansmtßPaBnwgeFVIdUc)an. kvIbNÐitFM² ekatsresIrsñaédd¾KµanpÞwmenH. éf¶mYy mankarCECk BiPakSamYyFMenAcMeBaHRBHP½®kþRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7suPRT³)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkareqøIyedaHRsaynUv

sMNYrd¾lM)ak²TaMgLay EdlKUbdibkçrbs;xøÜnebIkesovePAecaTsYreLIg {edaysarR)aCJad¾xøaMgkøa eRbób)aneTAnwgkaMrnÞH}. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk suPRT³ RtÚv)anRbCanura®sþTUTaMgRBHnKreKarBekatxøac ehIyRtÚvRBHra Cacat;taMg[eFVICaGFikarelIGaRsmPavna bUCnIysßanTaMgGs; nigCaGaCJakNþalelIral;karBiPakSa GMBIpøÚvFm’nigpøÚvelak.RBHraCak¾)anRbTanry:amasExSmasnigRkNat;l¥².l.[pgEdr11. silacarwksMerag)anerobrab;fa enAeRkamraCüRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 mankarpþÜlrMlMbdimaRBH nrayN_RBHPKvtInigsivligÁmYyrYcmanbBa¢a[ksagbdimaTaMgGs;enaHeLIgvij.dUceyIg)aneXIj BIxagelIrYcmkehIyfa kalBIrC¢kalRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI1 k¾manehtukarN_EbbenHekIteLIgEdr KW mankarpþÜlrMlMRBHBuT§bdima ehIyRBHraCamankarlM)akCaxøaMgnwgkarBarkuM[ {mnusSkaceXareXA {ebotebonRBHsgÇsURtFm’. TaMgGs;enHCakarbBa¢ak;faRbeTsmanPaBvwkvrxagsasna CaBiess RBHBuT§sasnanigRBhµBaØsasna.´KitfaenaHehIyCamUlehtuEdlnaM[mankarERCkraCünigs®gÁam épÞkñúg. RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 suKtenAqñaM1109 ehIyRTg;manRBHmrNnamfa brmkv½lü³ mann½yfa RTg;CaePJóvrbs;elakénbrmsuPmgÁl. 11- RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI1 ¬1109-1112¦ RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI1 EdlRtÚvCaRBHeromrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 )aneLIgesayraCübnþ enA qñaM1109énRKisþskraCRtÚvnwgqñaM1031énmhaskraC.RBHGgÁmincg;esayraCüeTehIyebItam silacarwk RTg;)anbdiesFmþgrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 CaRBHeromesayTivgÁt. k¾b:uEnþ edaymankaresñIsuMy:agTTUcBIRbCanura®sþ RBHGgÁ k¾yl;RBm {TTYlyknUvbnÞúkd¾F¶n;}enH. RBHGgÁ)andwknaMRBHnKredayRbúgRby½tñ nigyutþiFm’xøaMgNas; CaBiess KW)anykRBHT½yTukdak; cMeBaHsuxumalPaBrbs;vNѳTaMg7 EdlmanenAkñúgRsTab;RbCaCnnasm½yenaH Kab;CYnCaRbeTs mansuxsnþiPaB ehIyRBHGgÁk¾manRBHCnµcMNas;pg. 104 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 11 esovePArbs;elak éGm:UnIej maneQµaHfa km<úCa k,alTI2/ TMB½r167-168 tamkarbkERbrbs;evC¢bNÐit EKn.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 105 RBHGgÁCamitþénc,ab; k¾b:uEnþmunnwgGnuvtþc,ab; RBHGgÁsBVRBHT½y[GñkR)aCJbNÐit suPRT³ Edl ecHcaMGkSrsil,RKb;Ebb eFVIkarbkRsayBnül;sin12 . RBahµN_EdlerobcMGPieskRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n KWbNÐiteTvkar³ CavIrCnmñak;Edlman\T§iBl taMgEtBIrC¢kalRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½TI1mk ehIyFøab;)aneFVIkarGPieskRBHraCaBIrRBHGgÁmunenH rYcmk ehIynigRtÚverobcMkarGPieskRBHraCaEdlRtÚvesayraCübnþKWRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2EfmeTot. RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n )ane)aHbg;raCsm,tþieRkayBIdwknaMRbeTs)an3qñaM. RBHGgÁmanRBH mrNnamfa brnisáal³bT³. 12- RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2 ¬1112-1162¦ RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI1 KWRBH)aTRsIsuriyavrµ½n EdlRtÚvCaRBHntþa rbs;RBHGgÁ ehIyk¾RbEhlRtÚvCaecArbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 pgEdr BIeRBaHfa RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n )anykkµÜyRsIxøÜnÉg CabuRtIrbs;RBHeromRBHGgÁeFVICaRBHCaya. enAeBlEdleLIgRKgraCsm,tþi RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n minTan;eBjv½y ehIyminTan;)anbBa©b;kar sikSaenAeLIyeT. silacarwk)anelIkBIRBHGgÁfa {CavIrbursEdleRbób)aneTAnwgRBHGaTieTBén s®gÁam EdlCabdibkçd¾KYr[P½yxøacrbs;RBHraCakñúgBIrrC¢kalmun}. etIRBHGgÁTTYlraCüsm,tþi eRkayBIRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n suKteTA b¤mYyk¾edaykarRbyuT§? tamemIleTA RBHGgÁRbEhlCamin RbkYtRbECgCamYyRBHraCaEdlkMBugesayraCüeT EtRtÚvRbkYtRbECgCamYyrC¢TayaTmYyGgÁNa epSg EdlmansiT§iTTYlraCsm,tþieRcInCagRBHGgÁ. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anniyayfa cab;BIqñaM1128énRKisþskraCrhUtmk cinmandak; tMNagmñak;enAnwgraCvaMgRBHraCakm<úCaenAÉ\nÞbtþ KWnKrFM. tamBittMNagenaH KWCaraCTUtcin Edl dak;enAkm<úCasRmab;mYyry³kalEtb:ueNÑaH minEmnCaGñkRtÜtBinitü CaGFikar b¤k¾CaTIRbwkSa ehIyk¾ minEmnCaGñkkarBarGVIEdr. Éksarcink¾)anerobrab;pgEdrfa km<úCanaeBlenaH)an)at;bg;PaBfáúMefáIg BIGtItkalGs;ehIy k¾b:uEnþ´Kitfa dUcCaminRtÚv eRBaHfa KWs®gÁamenAeBlémÖqñaMeRkay naedIm 12 esovePArbs;elakéGm:UnIejmaneQµaHfakm<úCak,alTI2Rtg;silacarwkRBHeKa/TMB½r168tamkarbkERbrbs; evC¢bNÐit EKn.

stvtSr_TI11eT EdleFVI[RbeTsman»nPaB. EteTaHCay:agNak¾eday RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n RtÚvRbQmmuxnwgkarbHe)arenAkñúgRbeTs ehIy nigs®gÁamCamYynKrcameTot. Éksarcin)anniyayfa enAqñaM1154énRKisþskraC RtÚvnwgmha skraC1076 RBHraCakm<úCa)anbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTsTaMgBIr KWkm<úCa nigcam:,a mkEtmYydUckalBIkñúg rC¢kalrbs;RBH)aT|sanvrµ½n nacugstvtSr_TI9Edr. silacarwkeBaFinKrrbs;cam)an[dwgfa enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTRsIC½yhrivrµ½n EdleLIg esayraCsm,tþienAqñaM1145 rhUtdl;qñaM1170 b¤k¾eRkayenaHpg {nKrcam:,aRtÚvrgkarvay RbharBIT½Bkm<úCa nigT½BviC½y ¬KWb‘íjDij¦ y:agxøaMg}. T½Bcamcaj;édenAkñúgvalsakøag ehIyT½BExµr deNþIm)anraCFanIviC½y.eRkayBI)anelIkRBHGnuCéføRBHnamhrieTv³[esayraCüenAcam:,akñúgnam CaRBHyuvraC b¤]braC rYcmk RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n )anyagRtlb;mkkm<úCavijenAqñaM1145. db;bIqñaMeRkaymk enAqñaM1158 BYkcamtamExRt)anbHe)areLIgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;emeK ehIyelIkKñamkeLamB½T§vayRBHyuvraC EdlRtÚvbgçaMg[enAEtkñúgraCFanI karBaredayT½BExµr nig cammYycMnYntUc. eBlTTYl)andMNwgenH RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n )andwknaMT½BeFVIdMeNIrkat;RBMEdn eTACYy RBHyuvraCPøam. T½BTaMgBIrRBÜtKñavayeTAelIBYkbHe)ar eFVI[BYkenHbraC½yenAnwgvalvIrbur³. enAqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot esþccamRBH)aTRsIC½yhrivrµ½n EdlRtÚvbeNþjecjBIraCsm,tþikalBI qñaM1145 )anelIkT½BmkvaymþgeTot ehIycab;RBHyuvraC)anCaeQøIyenAelIvalmhi. eBlenH T½BExµr nigviC½y RtÚvbgç¿[dkfymkkm<úCavij ehIyRBH)aTRsIC½yhrivrµ½n k¾eLIgesayraCüsm,tþi enAcam:,a CafµI enAqñaM1159. RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n )anelIkT½BeTAdl; {ekaHdMrI nigs<an;}pgEdr. elakevC¢bNÐit EKn )anpÁÚ {ekaHdMrI nigs<an;}enH eTAnwgekaHRsIlgáa k¾b:uEnþ tamemIleTA RbEhlCaminEmneT13. RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n minRKan;EtCaesþcBUEkxagcm,aMgmYymuxb:ueNÑaHeT RTg;k¾RbEhlCaGñkRKb; RKgrdæ)ald¾buinRbsb nigCaGñkc,ab;mñak;Edr ehIyRTg;eKarBRBHsiv³pg RBHvisÑúpg nigCaBuT§sasnik CnEfmeTot eBalKWRTg;RbkbeTAedaylkçNsm,tiþeRcIny:ag. tamemIleTA RbEhlCaRBHGgÁecH 106 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 13 GñkxøHyl;faBaküfaekaHenH emIleTARbEhlCasMedAykbnÞayEdlmankMEBgrwgmaMeT. ´Kitfa enaHKYrEtCaekaH enAkNþalsmuRT minEmnCakMBUlPñMNamYy enAelIx<g;rab\NÐÚcinenaHeT.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 107 eFVIkareRCIserIseTAtamdMeNIrbt;Ebnrbs;sPaBkarneya)ayehIyeTIb)anCa RBHGgÁ xitxMdUcCa RBHraCamun²Edr edIm,IeFVI[sasnaTaMgbIrlaycUlKñaEtmYy kñúgsµartI[ecHGt;»n eyaKyl;Kña eFVI y:agNaeCosvagkuM[manl¥k;kkrxagCMenOsasna nigkuM[eKecaTRBHGgÁfa manlem¥ógmçag². eK)ancat;TukfaRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nCaGñkksagR)asaTEdleyIgehAsBVéf¶faGgÁrvtþ b¤ebI ehacNas; k¾fa RTg;CaGñk)anbBa¢a[eKcab;sagsg;R)asaTenHEdr. eyIgnwg)aneXIjenAeBl bnþiceTotfaKµanÉksarNaEdlbBa¢ak;faKMnitenHRtwmRtÚvenaHeTehIynwgeXIjfaminEmnedaysar eKRbTHeXIjrUbcmøak;rbs;RBHGgÁ nigRBHmrNnamrbs;RBHGgÁ ¬brmvisÑelak¦ enAelIcmøak;rak;mYy eTIbeKGaccat;TukfadUecñH)anenaHeT. eKRtÚvkar[manPsþútagepSgeRkABIenH edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa karcat; TukdUecñHRtwmRtÚv. kMNt;cMNaM ³ ´KµanbMNgnwgGHGagfaRBHraCarbs;km<úCaBIrRBHGgÁeRkayenHKWCaRBHraCaTI4 nigTI5 EdlmanEcgenAkñúgraCBgSavtarrbs;km<úCaburaN Edl´mankñúgédbIc,ab;EdrenaHeT. tam emIleTA raCBgSavtarenHminsUvRtwmRtÚvR)akdRbCab:unµaneT ehIy´sgS½yfa enaHKWRKan;EtCa kRmgerOgniTan EdlmankarBitRtwmEtxøH²b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþ)anRtÚveKcgRkgerobcMtamlMdab;eBlevla RbkbeTAedaysµartIRbúgRby½tñ. Et´cg;bBa¢ak;fa RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI2 nigRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2 EdlesayraCübnþbnÞab;KñaenAstvtSr_TI12enAkm<úCa eFVI[eyIgnwkeXIjCaBiessdl;RBH)aTFr Ni®nÞaenAkñúgraCBgSavtarEdl´manehIyEdlmanc,ab;mYyenaH)anbEnßmRBHnamfavrµ½ncugeRkay fVay nignwkeXIjdl;RBHraCamYyRBHGgÁeTot KWRBH)aTGaTitüvrµ½n. eKdwgehIyfaenAkñúgPasaExµr suriya nigGaTitü sMedAykRBHGaTitüdUcKña. 13- RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI2 ¬1162-1163¦ RBHraCaEdlesayraCsm,tþibnþBIRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2 KWRBHerom b¤RBHGnuCCIdUnmYy rbs; RBHGgÁmYyGgÁ Edl)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYynwgbuRtIrbs;RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3. RBHraCaGgÁenaH )aneLIgRKgraCblø½gáenAqñaM1162edayTTYlRBHGPiesknamfaRBHRsIFrNi®nÞvrµ½nehIyhak;dUcCa esayraCsm,tþi)anEtb:unµanExb:ueNÑaH. 14- RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8 ¬1162-1201¦ RBH)aTC½yvrµ½n )aneLIgesayraCsm,tþibnþBIRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n CaRBHbita enAqñaM1162.

silacarwkmYyenAR)asaTGgÁrvtþ )anerobrab;fa RBHGgÁ )aneRCIserIsykRBahµN_ vieFüsviF³ Ca ehara ehIy)anGPieskRBHGnuCCaRBHyuvraC edIm,I[eKeRCIserIsRBHGnuCenaH esayraCsm,tþi bnþBIRBHGgÁ. enAeRkamrC¢kalesþcGgÁenH s®gÁamCamYynKrcam:,a )anqabeqHeLIgvij edaykMhusrbs; esþccam RBH)aTRsIhrivrµ½nTI1 Edl)aneFVIkarQøanBanbNþaExRtxagt,Úgrbs;tugkwg/ nKrviC½y - b‘íjDij14 -EdlCaTItaMgraCFanI/ nKrpanr:ag EdlmanesþccamERCkraCümYyGgÁ b¤k¾esþcsñgbnþ mYyGgÁesayraCü nigvaykm<úCapgEdr edaycUlrhUtmkdl;CitraCFanI\nÞbtþ. eRkayBI)andut bMpøajrYcehIy BYkcammin)anbnþdMeNIreTAq¶ayBIRBMRbTl;Ednrbs;xøÜneT Et)anRtlb;eTARsukvij edaynaMykeTACamYynUvC½yPNÐCaeRcIn. elak ehÁab‘Íl enAkñúgesovePArbs;Kat;eQµaHfa kMNt;smÁal;sþIGMBIkUsaMgsuIn )anniyayfa esþcExµreBlenaHsm¶MeFVImindwgminB¤yUrNas; rhUtTal;Etdl;18qñaMeRkaymk KWenAqñaM1197 eTIb {RBHGgÁelIkT½BmkvaykemÞckUsaMgsuIn ¬KWnKrcam:,a¦ cab;esþccamCaeQøIy bMpøicbMpøajexÞcxÞI rYc elIk]kj:aExµrmñak;[esayraCümunnwgdkT½Bfymkvij.silacarwktaRBhµ)an[dwgfaRBHGgÁk¾)an edaHElgesþccam[mansiT§iesrIPaBeLIgvijpgEdr EdlCaehtueFVI[RBHraCaTaMgLay eTACavegVg Elgyl; {enAeBlEdleXIjGMBIviessPaBénRBHraCGakb,kiriyaenH}. silacarwkcamenAmIsWnniyayfaRBwtþkarN_enHekIteLIgenAmhaskraC1112RtÚvnwgRKisþ skraC1190 KWmunÉksarExµr7qñaM. xageRkamenH KWCaesckþIsegçbrbs;GtßbTsilacarwk Edl elak hVúINU k¾)anbkERb ³ esþccamRBHnamC½y\®nÞvrµ½nGugv:aTU15 CaGñkbgás®gÁam.eBlenaHemT½Bkm<úCaKWCaCnCaticam mYyrUbEdlesþcExµr)anykmkciBa©wm nigEtgtaMgCaRBHyuvraC ¬sRmab;nKrcam:,a¦ maneQµaHfa RsI viFünnþ³ mankMeNItedImecjmkBITuMRbÚk-viC½y. esþccamnaMT½BecjmkCYbnwgT½BExµrenAkñúgvalcakøag ehIyRtÚvbraC½y. ExµrdeNþImykraCFanIviC½y ¬KWb‘íjDij¦)an rIÉesþccamRtÚvcab;)anCaeQøIy 108 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 14 ´cat;Tuk panr:ag faCardæsm<½n§emRtI CaCagExRtmYycMNuH[cam:,a. 15 elak hVúINUt_ niyayfaesþcenaH {CaesþcERCkraCü} k¾b:uEnþKµanehtukarN_NabBa¢ak;eT ehIyGtßbTrbs;Kat; eFVI[eKeFVIkarsnñidan)aneRcIny:ag. eQµaH Gugv:aTU RbEhlCaeQµaHsamBaØ rIÉC½y\®nÞCaeQµaHeBlGPiesk.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 109 bBa¢Únmkkm<úCa. enAeBlenaH ]tþmesnIy_Exµr KWRBHyuvraC k¾)anelIkRBHGgÁm©as; Guin EdlRtÚvCaRBHGnuCéfø rbs;RBHraCakm<úCa [eLIgesayraCüeRkamRBHnamfa suriyC½yvrµ½n rYcehIyxøÜnÉgesayraCüenAÉ raCbur³¬panr:ag¦ manRBHnamfa suriyavrµ½n16 . esþcenAviC½y ¬b‘íjDij¦ eBalKW RBHGnuCéførbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8 minTan;esaysuxnwgraC sm,tþiyUrb:unµanpg k¾RtÚvraCvgScammYyGgÁeQµaH rasUbti edjkm©at;ecjBIraCFanI ehIyeLIg esayraCüxøÜnÉgeRkameQµaHfa C½y\®nÞvrµ½n. bnÞab;BImanRBwtþkarN_enH kgT½BExµrRtÚvbgç¿citþcakecjBInKrcam:,a b:uEnþ T½BmYykgEdlenAÉ raCburI ¬panr:ag¦ CamYynwgesþcsuriyavrµ½n-viFünnþ RbEhlCamin)anRtlb;mkkm<úCavijeT. kgT½B TaMgGs;enaH )anvilRtlb;eTAcam:,avijenAeBleRkaymk EtmþgenH dwknaMedayesþccam Edl esayraCüenAviC½yBImun KWRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nv:aTU EdlRtÚvnaMykmkkm<úCaCaeQøIy b:uEnþRtÚv)anRBHraCa km<úCaTukRBHT½y ehIycat;[Rtlb;eTArMedaHnKrcam:,avij. eBlmkdl;nKrcam:,a \®nÞvrµ½nv:aTU )an GMBavnavsuMCMnYyBIesþcraCburI. esþcraCburIsuriyavrµ½n)anelIkT½BvaylukdeNþImykviC½y)anmun cab;esþcC½y\®nÞvrµ½nrasUbtieFVIXatrYcehIyRbkasxøÜnÉgCaRBHraCa. \®nÞvrµ½nv:aTUxUccitþCaxøaMgnwgkarRbRBwtþrbs;suriyavrµ½n ehIyRbEhlCaRtÚvkgT½BExµre)aHbg; ecalpg k¾eKcxøÜneTAenAÉGmravtI KWkVagNamsBVéf¶ bgáT½B rYcvilmkvayviC½yEdlesþcpanr:ag Kg; enA.v:aTURtÚvsuriyavrµ½neFVIXat)anenAkñúgkarRbyuT§mYyenAeBleRkaymk.eBlenaHRBHraCakm<úCa )aneQVgyl;GMBIGMeBIk,t;rbs;GtItyuvraC k¾bBa¢ÚnT½BeTAb®gáab EtRtÚvbraC½y. eTaHCay:agNakþI esþcsuriyavrµ½n)ane)aHbg;raCFanIviC½yecal Rtlb;eTAesayraCüenAÉpanr:agvij edayTukrC¢TayaTbYnGgÁ enAesayraCübnþbnÞab;KñaenAelIraCblø½gáviC½y. ÉksarBgSavtarGaNÑam)anniyayfa esþcenH)anbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTAKal;esþcGaNÑam lIGaj; tugenAqñaM1190Edl)anc,aMgmanC½yCmñHelICnk,t;mñak;Edlcg;eFVIxøÜnfaCaraCbuRtesþcehIynig ]tþmesnIy_k,t;mñak;. 16 ehtukarN_enHbBa¢ak;GVIEdl)anGHGagxagelI ³ RBHyuvraCmin)anbegáItrdæmYyfµIeT KWesayraCüenAraCburImYy EdlmanrYcmkehIy.

ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin )anelIkGMBIraCTUtkm<úCamñak; EdlnaMsYysarGakreTAfVayesþccinenA qñaM1200. eqøót»kasEdlcamQøanBankm<úCa nigkareFVIs®gÁamGUsbnøayminecHcb; kSRtRbeTscMNuH TaMgLayenAxageCIgRsukExµr)aneRkakTamTarÉkraCü pþac;cMNgTak;TgCamYymhanKr. b:uEnþRBH)aT C½yvrµ½nTI8)anelIkT½Bb®gáabrhUteTAdl;cnÞnbur³¬evogc½nÞ¦/RsIFmµKirI¬høÜgR)a)ag¦ehIycab;esþc nKrTaMgBIr[elIksYysarGakrmkfVay. kñúgeBlEdlRBHraCakm<úCasßitenAq¶ayRbmaNCa 900 KILÚEm:RtBIraCFanIdUecñHmanT½BmCÄimmYykgEdlsßitenAeRkambBa¢arbs;RBHkRmetgCaGPi)alnKr raCsIma¬kUr:at;¦eQµaHfaGjraeC®nÞvrµ½n)ancab;vatGMNacRtÜtRtaelIral;GaNaExRtxaglicKWRtÚv nwgRsukesom17sBVéf¶. tamemIleTAGaNacRkExµreBlenaHlatsn§wghYsTwkdIsuexaT½yeTAeTot ehIykSRtRbeTs d¾xøaMgBUEkmYyenHk¾enAcMNuHesþcExµrpgEdr ebIehacNas;k¾tampøÚvkarEdr eTaHbIfamanesþcéf esay raCük¾eday. KWenAsuexaT½yenHÉgEdleKrkeXIjsilacarwkExµrmYycMnYn ehIynigÉksar man eQµaHfa éRtPUmi EdlRbEhlCaeKsresrenABak;kNþalTImYyénstvtSr_TI13 RtÚvnwgstvtSr_ TI12énmhaskraC. esþcGjraeC®nÞvrµ½n k¾RbEhlCa)andwknaMT½BrhUtdl;RbeTsPUmaeTotpg. dUcCaRBHraCamun²Edr RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8 minRKan;EtCaesþcEdlBUEkxagcm,aMgb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾BUEkxagkarRKb;RKgRbeTs nigCaGñkc,ab;mñak;pgEdr. silacarwk)anelIkeLIgfa {RBHGgÁ )anRbKl;Gvyv³TaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgÁ[eKaéRB} mann½yfa RBHGgÁGnuvtþnUvyutþiFm’. RTg;yl;dwg nigrMElkTukçlM)akrbs;RbCara®sþ ehIy)ancat;[ksagmnÞIreBTüCaeRcIn enAtamTIRkúg nigvtþGaram EdlmanRKÚeBTüBIrrUbenAcaMBüa)alCMgWvNѳTaMgbYn CamYynwgKilanubdæakmñak; KilanubdæayikaBIrnak; Gñkkan;XøaMgBIrnak; GñkdaMsøBIrnak;.l. 15- RBH)aT\®nvÞ rn½µ T2I ¬1201¦ RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI2 EdlRtÚv)anGPieskCaRBHyuvraCtaMgEtBIkñúgrC¢kalmun )aneLIgesay110 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 17 tamemIleTA TMnabGagTenøemNamxageRkam)anRtÚvcinehAfa LÚhU ehIyGagTenøemNamxagelIEdlmanBYkesom b¤éf kan;kab;rYceTAehIy cinehAfa eson.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 111 raCübnþBIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8enAqñaM1201eRkayeBlEdlkm<úCa)anbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTARsukcinbnþic. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anerobrab;fa esþcGgÁenH )anvaylukratt,atTwkdICaeRcIn Edlsßit enAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;cin CaGaTiKWTwkdIEdlsßitenABIxageCIghøÜgR)a)ag ehIyesþccin)an bBa¢ÚnTUtmkkm<úCaenAqñaM1206edIm,IsaksYrmUlehtuehIyesþcExµrk¾yl;RBmbBaÄb;karvayRbhar enaH. RbmaNCa12qñaMeRkaymk RBHyuvraCEdldwknaMnKrcam:,a CMnYsRBHraCakm<úCa )aneqøót »kasEdlmans®gÁamépÞkñúgeFVI[GaNÑamcuHexSay k¾erobcMT½BmYykgmancRmúHExµrcam ehIyeFVIkar lukluyExRteg:GannigvayeTAelIT½BGaNÑamEdlecjmkTb;Tl;.b:uEnþBIrqñaMeRkayBIeCaKC½yenHKW enAqñaM1220 mindwgCaedaymUlehtuGVI Rsab;EtRBHyuvraCe)aHbg;nKrcam:,aecal ehIydwknaMT½B Rtlb;cUlmkkm<úCavij.mkTl;nwgeBlenaHnKrcam:,a)ansßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmrbs;km<úCaehIy manraCvgS ExµresayraCüGs;eBl 32qñaMKt;. tamemIleTA RbEhlCaenAedImstvtSr_TI13enaH manekItkarbHe)arrbs;BYkGñkRsukesom ehIyCaeBlEdlesþcéfcab;epþImbHe)arTamTarÉkraCüEdr18 . ebIeTaHCay:agNakþI enAcugstvtSr_TI13 raCTUtcin)anerobrab;faRsukExµreBlenaHxSt;RbCa CnGaRs½yedaymans®gÁamminecHcb;minecHehIyCamYyBYkesom.ebIsinCaerOgehtu)anekItman dUecñaHEmn enaHehIyCamUlehtuEdlnaM[e)aHbg;nKrcam:,aecal eRBaHExµrRtÚvRbmUlpþú¿kmøaMgTb;Tl; nwgBYkesomvij. 16- RBH)aTRs®I nvÞ rn½µ RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI2KWRBH)aTRsI®nÞvrµ½n EdlRbEhlCaRBHGgÁKg; enA yesaFbur³ dEdl k¾b:uEnþeKmindwgfa etIRTg;eLIgesayraCüenAqñaMNa nigsuKtenAqñaMNaeT. 18 eKRbEhlCaRtÚvniyay[RsYlsþab;CagenHvijfa KWenAsm½yenaHehIyEdlBYkéf )anmkrs;enABaseBjTwkdI esomsBVéf¶ EdlBImunCaTwkdIrbs;BYkmnExµr )ancab;epþImbHe)areLIgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;esþcsuexaT½y nigkSRt RbeTsEk,rxagmYycMnYn. ebIdUecñaHEmn TwkdITaMgGs;enaHRtÚv)at;bg; putBIédExµreTA EdleKcab;epþImcat;TukfaCasRtÚv vij ehIyRbCara®sþ RtÚvFøak;kñúgGMNacBYkéfvijmþg.

17- RBH)aTCy½ vrm³Tbi remsrV ³ RBH)aTC½yvrm³TibremsVr³ EdlsilacarwkxøHehAfa C½yvrm³bremsVr³ )aneLIgesayraCü bnþBIRBH)aTRsI®nÞvrµ½nb:uEnþeKmin)andwgBIkalevlaeT.RBHGgÁ)anb®gáabBYkbHe)arrYc)aneFVIs®gÁam CamYymhaGMNacsRtÚvmYy {EdlRTg;)andeNþImykraCFanIy:agRsYldUcCaeKdkesµA} ehIy {eFVI[C½yCmñHRBHGgÁmanrsµIbIdUcCabus,úkmYy EdleKelIkeLIgenAcenøaHstVsigðBIrk,al}. KWCaesþcmYyGgÁEdlmankusll¥{RbesIrCagTaMgRBH\®nÞeTAeTot edaysarRTg;)aneR)aHRBM BiPBelak\tQb;QredayTwkePøógéneTBekaslürbs;RBHGgÁ ehIyRTg;senþasRbNIEteTAtam Rkmc,ab;EdlmanEcgenAkñúgKm<Irsa®sþa nigeRkayBI)anBinitühµt;ct;}b:ueNÑaH. RBHGgÁk¾RtÚv)aneKcat;Tukfa CaRBHraCamYyGgÁEdlRbkbeTAedaykitþiKuN edayniyayfa {RBHGgÁQr enABIelIsirsaénRBHraCaTaMgLay} ehIyGMNacrbs;RBHGgÁvatrhUteTAdl;mat; smuRT. enHKWCaesþccugeRkayEdleKsÁal;tamsilacarwkehIyc,as;Nas;faRTg;CaRBHraCaénsm½y kalGab;»n CaRBHraCanacugbBa©b;énmhaGaNacRkkm<úCaRBhµBaØniym. k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs; RBHGgÁ raCaNacRkExµrenAmanvisalPaBFMeFgenAeLIy KWlatsn§wgBI GatUBW énnKrcm:,aBIxagekIt eTAdl;QUgsmuRTesom nigeTAdl;PñMPYglYg enAÉnayTenøsalUGg; BIxaglic eTAdl;RBMRbTl;Rsukcin q¶ayhYshøÜgR)a)agehIyenAxageCIgrhUtdl;smuRTcinnigcMNuckam:g;enAxagt,Úg.TwkdIGaNacRk km<úCaeBlenaHFMNas; KWmanRbEhlCamYylanKILÚEm:RtRkLa EdlEbgEckecjCakSRtRbeTs sVy½tRbmaNCaémÖ kSRtRbeTsTaMgenaH cMNuH b¤k¾RKan;EtTTYlsÁal;GnutþrPaBrbs;RBHraCakm<úCa b:ueNÑaHb:uEnþrMeCIbrMCYlxøaMgNas;ehIyeRtómxøÜnCaeRscnwgcab;kan;GavuFts‘UEdleFVI[RBHraCakm<úCa RtÚvvayb®gáabCaerOy² edIm,IXuMRKgTukenAkñúgGMNac. enAsm½yEdleyIg)anQanmkdl;enaH vahak;dUcCafa BYkkSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH rg;caMEteBlGaNacRkkm<úCamankar)ak;EbkKña nwgGal egIbeRkakrkesrIPaB nigÉkraCüb:ueNÑaH CaBiess KWBYkesom b¤éf Etmþg EdlkeRmIkmuneK. 18- RBHraCaEdleKmin)ansÁal;RBHnam ¬1250?-1300?¦ enAeRkamrC¢kalrbs;RBHraCamYyGg ÁEdleyIgminsÁal;RBHnam Gacnwgniyayfa enAeRkam raCüRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nbremsVr³ CaRBHraCaEdleKsÁal;eRkayeKbg¥s;tamsilacarwk b¤k¾fa enAeRkam raCürbs;esþcEdlesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁ manraCTUtcinmYyrUbmkdl;km<úCa enAqñaM1296. cinmñak; 112 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 113 Edl)anmkCamYyEdr b:uEnþminEmnCasmaCikrbs;KN³RbtiPU eQµaH QavtakVan; )ansresrkMNt; Rtad¾cEmøkmYyGMBIkm<úCa EdleK)anbkERbBIrelIkCaPasa)araMg19 . QavtakVan;ehARsukExµrfa qanLa b¤eqnLa Et)anniyayfaeKk¾ehAfa kanBUeq pgEdr Ca eQµaHEdlRtÚvnwgBaküsM®sáwt km<úC³ sBVéf¶Ganfa km<úCa. GñkniBn§)aneFVIkarerobrab;RtÜs²GMBIraCFanIGgÁrFMnigfaraCvaMgmanR)asaTmasmYymankMBUl sRmab;RBHraCapÞM. RbCara®sþTaMgRbúsTaMgRsIbYgsk; esøóksMBt; RBHraCaBak;mkuddaMeBRC nigman RBHhsþ nigRBH)aTlabBN’Rkhm ehIykan;RBHx½nmaseBlecjBIRBHblø½gá. QavtakVan;)anerobrab;lm¥itpgEdrGMBITMenomTmøab;rbs;GñkRsuk GMBIkarRbsURtkUn BiFIerob GaBah_BiBah_nigBiFIepSg²munerobGaBah_BiBah_.Kat;)anniyayBIBYkQYgEdlRtÚv)aneKykmkeFVI Ca´beRmI³R)akdNas;faenaHKWBYkCgEdlrs;enAExRtkMBg;esamcnÞtab‘unry:gnigRsukEdlsßitenA BIxagekIt nigxagt,ÚgExRtTaMgGs;enaH. Kat;)anR)ab;GMBItémøEdleKlk;BYkenaH nigniyayfa BYkenaHRtÚveKemIlgayemIlefakxøaMgNas;ebIeLIgpÞHRtÚvlUnnwgCgÁg;ehIydak;édsMBHelIf¶as.Cn NaRslaj;RsICg nwgRtÚveKemIlgayemIlefakdUcBYkenaHEdr. bnÞab;mk QavtakVan; niyayGMBIc,ab; CMgWXøg; EdlekItmaneRcInedaysarGñkRsukmanTmøab; gUtTwkeRkayBI)anrYmsgVasnwgKñarYc. mnusSsøab;eKykeTAecalkñúgéRBb¤dut ebICaesþcvij eKyk sBb¤GdiæFatudak;kñúgectiy.QavtakVan;k¾)anBiBN’naGMBIksikmµnigBaNiC¢kmµplitplksikmµnig pléRBeQIpgEdr. Kat;)anniyayfa km<úCaeBlenaH mankSRtRbeTscMNuHeRcInCagekAsib PUminImYy²manvtþ mYy ehIyeKeKarBemmñak;EdlKat;ehAfaém:suI. tamemIleTABaküenH RbEhlCakarehAminRtÚvnUv Baküem. bnÞab;mk Kat;niyayGMBIT½BefµIreCIgEdlmanxøÜnTeT kan;lMEBg nigExl b:uEnþKµanFñÚRBÜj ehIyKµanGaveRkaHb¤mYkRkas;Bak;eT. Rtg;enHhak;dUcCaminRtÚv eRBaHeyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYc ehIyfa FñÚRBÜj)anRtÚveKeRbIenAkñúgkarRbyuT§ ehIycmøak;rak;enAR)asaTGgÁrvtþ )anbgðajrUbGñk 19 enHCaerOgmYyKYr[sgS½yNas; BIeRBaHeKRtÚvTTYlsÁal;fa manesþcbIRBHGgÁesayraCüenAkñúgstvtSr_TI13 edaymYyGgÁ²esayraCüCamFümcMnYn31qñaM.

RbyuT§xøHmanBak;GaveRkaH ehIyédeqVgmankan;ExlEdr. QavtakVan;)anbBa©b;kMNt;Rtarbs;Kat;edayniyayfa RBHraCakRmnwgyagecjBIraCvaMg Nas; xøÜnKat;)aneXIjRBHraCaEtbYnR)aMdgb:ueNÑaH ehIyvahak;dUcCaRBHGgÁxøaceKeFVIXat. RBHkayrbs;RBHraCamanBaseRkaHEdk. eBlyageTANamkNa RTg;Kg;elIERKEsñgEdlEsg edaynarIbYnnak; ehIyCnTaMgGs;EdlsßitelIpøÚvRtÚvRkabf¶asdl;dI. Rtg;enH QavtakVan;ehAfa sanBas KWsMBH. RBHraCaebIksvnakarmYyéf¶BIrdg edIm,IedaHRsaykic©karRbeTs. namuWn nigRbCara®sþ Edl cUlmkKal;esþcGgÁúypÞal;dI. enAxageRkAÉeNaH sMeLgePøgcab;bnøWeLIg eKpøúMs½gç rYcPIelog cab; ebIkvaMgnn. RBHraCaelcRBHP½®kþenAmat;bg¥Üc RBHhsþkan;RBHx½nmas. BYkGamatü elIkhtßRbNm ehIy»nk,aldl;dIrhUtTal;EtsMeLgs½gçcb;. eBlcb;svnakar RBHraCayagRtlb;cUlR)asaT vij PIelogTaMgBIrTmøak;vaMgnn rYccakecjeTA. teTAenHKWCakarBiBN’naGMBIk,ÜnBüúhyaRta enAeBlEdlRBHraCayagecjedaydMrI. eKsegát eXIjfa karBiBN’naenH Rbhak;RbEhlnwgk,ÜnBüúhyaRta EdleKRbTHeXIjsBVéf¶ enAPñMeBj b¤enA RbeTsesom eBlmanbuNüTanmþg²Edr. CaBiess KWsvnakarenAeBlEdlRBHraCaTTYlGgÁTUt dUc Edlelak LalUEb‘r/ bBVCitQUsuI/ dWsUm:ug nigdWhV½r)aMg )anerobrab;enAcugstvtSr_ TI17. {eBlRBHraCayagecjBIRBHraCvaMg k,ÜndEgðcab;epþImedaykgT½BesHCadMbUg. bnÞab;mk KW Rkúmkan;Tg; nigRkúmePøg. BYkRsIPIelogmanBIbIryeTAR)aMrynak; esøókés,PJIpáa esotpáakñúgsk; kan; eTonFM²kñúgédeTonTaMgenaHdutCab;Canic©eTaHbICaeBléf¶k¾eday.bnÞab;mkKWRkúmPIelogkan;]bePaK PNÐeFVIGMBImas nigR)ak; nigeRKÓglm¥epSg²RKb;EbbRKb;m:Ut mindwgfasRmab;eFVIGVIxøHeT. bnÞab;mk eTot KWRkúmnarIkan;lMEBg nigExl EdlCakgrkSaRBHGgÁCaBiess. bnþBIenaH KWRkúmreTHecom reTHesH Etglm¥edaymas. rdæm®nþI GñkGgÁm©as; suT§EtCiHdMrI ecjdMeNIrmunemIlpøÚv )aMgkøs; BN’Rkhm. bnÞab; mkeTot KWRkúmRsIsñMrbs;RBHraCa GgÁúyelIERKEsñg b¤CiHreTH b¤dMrI. mankøs;CagmYyryEdltubEtgedaymas. eRkaykøs;TaMgenaH KWRBHraCa Kg;QrelIdMrI RBHhsþkan;RBHx½nmas. sUm,IEtPøúkdMrIk¾suT§Etlm¥eTAedaymasEdr. mankøs;sRbEhlCaémÖ EdlEtglm¥eTAedaymas nigmandgeFVIGMBImas. T½BdMrImandMrICaeRcInenAB½T§CMuvijRBHraCa. 114 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 115 CMBUkTI9 bdivtþn_enAstvtSr_TI14 ´)anerobrab;rMlgedayectnanUvRBwtþikarN_mYy EdlmansarsMxan;Nas;Edr. \LÚv´sUm Rtlb;mkerOgenHvij. GñkniBn§cinmin)anR)ab;[eyIgdwgpgeTfaetInrNaCaesþcesayraCüenA km<úCa enAeBlEdlKat;mkdl;enAcugstvtSr_TI13 ehIyeyIgk¾mindwgfanrNaesayraCü enAeBl enaHEdr. k¾b:uEnþKat;)anniyayfa RBHraCaEdlkMBugesayraCüenaH RtÚvCabuRtsuNisarbs;RBHraCa mun. RBHGgÁ)ancUleFVIT½BtaMgBIekµg rYcehIy)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYybuRtIesþc. enAeBlEdl buRtIesþclYcRBHx½nraCüBIRBHbitaykmk[ RBHGgÁk¾eLIgesayraCüeTA1 . RBHraCaEdlFøak;BIraC sm,tþienaHmanRBHraCbuRtamYyGgÁEdrb:uEnþedayKµanRBHx½nraCüminGacesayraCü)anRTg;k¾ekNçT½B RbqaMgnwgRBHeroméfø ehIyRtÚvRBHraCacab;kat;RmameCIgecjGs; CaehtueFVI[rwtEtKµansiTi§esay raCüNas;eTAeTot rYcehIyRtÚvXuMxøÜnkñúgKukggwt. erOgenHRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgerOgenARbeTs)araMg sm½yraCvgSemr:UvaMgsuIyag EdlkalNaeKekarsk;ecjGs;ehIy minGacesayraCü)aneT. etIRBHrC¢TayaTEdleKbeNþjecjBIraCsm,tþiedaydkhUtRBHx½nraCüenaHCanrNaehIyetI RBHraCaEdlERCkraCünigesayraCüenAeLIyenAqñaM1296enaHCanrNa?TaMgGs;enHeyIgmin)an dwgeT ehIyRbEhlCasilacarwkNamYyEdleKminTan;rkeXIj b¤minTan;)anbkRsay nwgR)ab;[ eyIgdwgenAéf¶eRkayNamYyminxan. b:uEnþmanerOgniTanmYyEdlelakDUdadWLaeRK/mUr:anigéGm:UnIejRbEmRbmUl)anmaneKniyay R)ab;´Cajwkjy Edl´KitfaKYrEtelIkykmkniyaynaeBlenH. ebIsinCaerOgenHminGacbMeBj )annUvcenøaHxVHxatcab;BIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nbremsVr³ EdlRTg;esayraCüenAqñaM1240 mkdl;RBHraCa EdlQavtakVan; CYbenAqñaM1296 erOgenHRbEhlCaGacbMeBjcenøaHxVHxat cab;BIqñaM1296 rhUt dl;qñaM1340)an KWrhUtdl;eBlEdlmanraCBgSavtarkm<úCasm½yTMenIb. 1 deNþImykRBHx½nraCü)an b¤esVtcäRt)an )ann½yfaGacesayraCü)anehIy. cMNucRtg;dUcKñanwgenARbeTs \NçaEdr ³ GñkNaGacdeNþImeLIgGgÁúyelIraCblø½g)an KWkøayCaesþcehIy.

teTAenHCasac;erOgEdleFVI[eyIgcab;GarmµN_2 ³ manTwkCMnn;d¾FMcEmøkmYy EdleKyl;fa bNþalmkBIRBHraCakm<úCa )anbBa¢a[eKsmøab;kUnrbs;RBahµN_buerahitmñak;. eBlenaH esþcnKr GyuFüa )ancat;[ecjTUkCaeRcInmkCYyRsg;esþcExµr RBHEkv nigKm<IrRBHéRtbidk. TwkCMnn;enaH k¾)aneFVI[kgT½Bcam EdlkMBugEtratt,atcUlmkkñúgkm<úCa dkfyeTARsukpagrI-panr:ag vijEdr. RBH)aTesnk³ énkm<úCaRTg;suKteTA RBHraCbuRtRBHnam RBHsIhnuraC k¾eLIgesayraCübnþ Kab;CYnTwkRsk RTg;k¾vilRtlb;mkKg;enAraCFanI\nÞbtþvij3 . RBHraCaGgÁenHmanbuRtImYyRBHGgÁ RBHnambTum nigbuRtImYyRBHGgÁeTot EdleyIgnwgeXIjfa )ankøayCaRBHGKÁmehsIrbs;RBHmha kSRtEdlesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁ. enAeBlenaHmanGñkcmáarmYyrUbeQµaHfatacayEdlÉksarBgSavtarmYyenaH)anbBa¢ak;fa mankMeNItedImCaCnCatiPaKticsMEr: BUEkxagdaMRtsk;Ep¥m. eKnaMKñaehAKat;fa {nayRtsk;Ep¥m} EdlEtgEtykRtsk;mkfVayRBHraCaesayCajwkjy eFVI[RBHraCasBVRBHT½y k¾bBa¢a[Kat; EfrkSapldMNaMRtsk;rbs;Kat;TaMgGs;TukfVayRBHGgÁ. nayRtsk;Ep¥mTUlRBHraCafa manecarEtg cUllYcebHRtsk;eBlyb; RBHraCasIhnuraC k¾RbTanlMEBgmYyTukRKan;yamcmáar nigsmøab;nrNa Edlh‘ancUlmklYcRtsk; lMEBgenaHsBVéf¶sßitenAkñúgraCvaMgPñMeBj. eBlbnþiceRkaymk RBHraCacg;dwgfa etItaRtsk;Ep¥myamkamEfrkSadMNaMEdrb¤eT yb;mYy eBls¶at; RTg;)anlYccUlkñúgcmáarRtsk; edaymanEtmhatlikBIrrUbtamEhhmb:ueNÑaH4 . b:uEnþ 116 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 2 mkdl;Rtg;enH ´sUmCMrab[dwgGMBIkarrkeXIjrbs;elak h‘UEb‘ EdlrkeXIjenAPUmanUverOgeRBgmYy edayKat; )ancmøgCaGkSrLataMgehIybkERbrYcBicarNaGMBIcMNucdUcKñarevagerOgeRBgExµrnigerOgeRBgPUma.Kat;k¾)aneFVIkar dkRsg;nUvsñaédPUmamYymaneQµaHfa suFmnsarim:agsamiFmµasaFRBHFM. erOgenaHdUcKñaRbhak;RbEhlnwgerOgecARtsk;Ep¥m EdleyIgnwgniTanteTAenH ehIyKat;)ankMNt;kalbriecäTenA stvtSr_TI10 cMENkesckþIdkRsg;vijfa mantaMgEtBImunsm½yRBHBuT§eTAeTot. enAkñúgerOgTaMgbI esþcmannamfa esþcBal. eXIjfa karrkeXIjenaH hak;dUcCaeFVI[RcbUkRcbl;Nas;Edr. sUmGanGtßbTenAkñúgRBwtþibRtsala)araMgcugbUB’a (Bulletin de l’ Ecole Française d’ Extrème-Orient) Rtg;Epñk Les Etudes Indochinoises rbs;elak Hubert k,alTI5 qñaM1905TMB½r176-184 ³ Le Jardinier régicide qui devient roi. 3 erOgTwklicraCFanI\nÞbtþenH)ansßitdk;Cab;kñúgkarcgcaMrbs;GñkRsukminEmnfamanelIkeLIgEtkñúgerOgeRBgxag elIenHeT. manlixitmYybBa¢ak;fa erOgenHekItmantaMgBImunTwkFMenAGgÁrFMeTAeTot KWmunerOgtaRtsk;Ep¥m. 4 tamkarniTanpÞal;mat;mYyniyayfamhatlikTaMgBIrenaHCanarI.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 117 taRtsk;Ep¥mdwgTan; ehIysµanfa RBHraCaCaecarcUlmklYcRtsk; k¾ecallMEBgEdlRBHraCa RbKl;[enaH eTARtÚvRBHraCasuKteTA5 . eBlenaH namuWnsBVmuxm®nþIRbCuMKñariHrkmnusSmñak;[esayraCü edIm,IkuM[raCblø½gáTMenr dl;min dwgfaRtÚveRCIserIsyknrNa k¾seRmcelIktaRtsk;Ep¥m[esayraCüEtmþg edayfVayRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcRBHbrmmhabBiRtFmµikmharaCaFiraC ehIyGPieskRBHraCbuRtIc½nÞvravtI CaRBHGKÁ mehsI manRBHnamfa RsIcnÞraC. RBH)aTsemþcRBHbrmmhabBiRtFmµikmharaCaFiraC manRBHraCbuRtBIrRBHGgÁCamYyRBHGKÁ mehsIenH KWRBHbrmniBVanbT nigRBHsiT§anraCa. RBHGgÁRTg;esayraCü)an17qñaM eTIbsuKteTAkñúg RBHCnµ 70RBHvsSa kñúgqñaM1340. RBHraCbuRtac,gesayraCbnþBIRBHbita)an 6qñaM k¾suKteTA eTot ehIyRtÚv)anRBHGnuCsiT§anraCaesayraCüsm,tþibnþenAqñaM1347 ebIeTaHbIfaRBHGgÁmanRBH raCbuRtadl;eTABIrRBHGgÁk¾eday. erOgniTanenH ebIeTaHbIfa CakarcmøgykerOgniTanPUma b¤k¾erOgniTan\NÐaEdlmanv½ycMNas; Cag mkeFVICaerOgExµrk¾eday k¾erOgenHGacnwgmanbgáb;nUvRBwtþikarN_d¾Gaf’kM)aMgmYy enArvagqñaM 1320 b¤1325 EdlmanRBHraCamYyGgÁ)anRtÚveKeFVIXat ehIyXatkrenaHminEmnCaGñkcaM cmáarRtsk;eT EtCam®nþImñak;EdlmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiPaKticsMEr:6 . erOgenHbMeBj)annUvcenøaH EdleK)anelIkBIxagelI sRmab;stvtSr_TI14 ebIehacNas;k¾erOgenH)anR)ab;GMBIRbPBénraCvgS sBVéf¶ nigR)ab;fa RBHraCaExµrElgkan;RBhµBaØsasnaeTotehIy Ebrmkkan;BuT§sasnavij. eKGacTTYlsÁal;fa RBHraCamYyGgÁ EdlFøab;EthuWhaEbbRBHraCakm<úCanastvtSr_TI13 5 erOgniTandEdl)anniyayfa GdæiFaturbs;RBHraCa)anRtÚvRBHraCbuRtIRBHnamfa bTum ykmktmál;TukenAkñúg R)asaTERbrUbsBVéf¶ enABIxagekItGgÁrFM Ek,rTVarmrN³. {ERbrUb} CacMENkénBiFImYyEdl´GFib,ayenAkñúg esovePAmaneQµaHfa{Qabnkic©nigBiFIbBa©úHsBenAkm<úCa La Crémation et les rites funéraires au Cambodge}. kñúgBiFIenaH eKRbmUlykepHEdlsl;BIkarbUCasBmksUnüCaragmnusSedk rYcehIyeTIbeKerIsFatueTAtmál;Tuk. 6 manerOgmYyEdleKCYbRbTHenAesomrab EdlRcLMesþcsIhnuraCfaCaesþcBal EdlesayraCüenAstvtSr_TI 10 )anniyayfaR)asaTbnÞaysMEr: enABIxagekItGgÁrFM sagsg;eLIgedaytacay manedImkMeNItCaGñksMEr:. elakéGm:UnIejeRkayBI)anBinitüR)asaTenHrYc)anniyayfaR)asaTenHeKsg;munR)asaTGgÁrvtþCakarbBa¢ak;faebI minEmnsagsg;edaytacayeT vaGacCaR)asaTsg;eLIgedayBYksMEr: edIm,IbUCaGaTieTBNamYyEdlBYkeKeKarB.

yageTANamkNamanesnaEhhmes¥ksáH ebIehacNas;k¾manRsImhatliktamkarBarEdr eBl yagecjBIRBHbrmraCvaMg RTg;Bak;GaveRkaHeFVIGMBIEdkkarBarRBHkay GacnwgyagecjeBlyb; s¶at;eTARbBatcmáarRtsk;EdlRTg;sBVRBHT½yesay edIm,IBinitüemIlfa etIecAcaMcmáar)anyamkam karBarRtsk;EmnEdrb¤eT. k¾b:uEnþebIeKcg;TTYlsÁal;fa RBHraCaRtÚveKeFVIXatenaHminEmnCam©as; cmáareTEdlCaXatkrvaR)akdfaKWnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþINamñak;CaXatkrRKan;EtfaXatkmµenHeKeFVIenA kñúgcmáarRtsk; enAcMeBaHmuxGñkcaMcmáar b¤k¾XatkrenaHCanayRkúmdMNaMk¾mindwg. mü:ageTot ebIRBHraCaRTg;suKtehIy ehtuGVIk¾namuWnsBVmuxm®nþImineRCIserIsGñkesayraCüsñg kñúgkSRtiyvgS EdlR)akdCabnþkan;RBhµBaØsasnateTAeTot EtEbrCaeRCIserIsRbCara®sþ ehIy GacCaXatkrpgdUecñHeTAvij?Rtg;enHbBa¢ak;favaR)akdCamankarsmKMnitb¤faRBwtþikrN_enaH)an beRmI[plRbeyaCn_BYkeK b¤k¾mkBIfa eKsßitenAcMeBaHmuxRkúmXatkrEdlmanGMNacxøaMgCag ehIy RtÚvEtelIkBYkenaH[eLIgelIblø½gáraCüminGacnwgelIkykerOgXatkmµb¤erOgmansarCatiCaBYksMEr: ykmkBicarNa)aneT7 ? TaMgesþcneratþm TaMgGñkGgÁm©as;TaMgLay )anTTYlsÁal;karBiténRbPBedImenH ehIyminxøac nwgniyayfa raCvgSbc©úb,nñecjmkBIvgStaRtsk;Ep¥m EdlmanedImkMeNItedImCaBYksMEr: )aneFVI Xatesþc rYcerobGPieskCamYybuRtIesþc. erOgEbbenH P¢ab;CamYynwglMEBgraCüEdleKrkSaTukenAkñúgraCvaMgsBVéf¶ EdlminCal¥b:unµan sRmab;raCvgSbc©úb,nñ CaPsþútagmYycMENkbBa¢ak;GMBIlkçN³Rbvtþisa®sþénerOgniTan TaMgGMBIcrit lkçN³ TaMgGMBIkarBit. ehIyGVIEdlCakarBitCak;EsþgenaHKWfa RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTsIhnuraC Caesþc 118 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 7 TaMgGs;enHKµanGVIKYr[sgS½yeT. eyIgFøab;)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIyfa manGñkEdldeNþImykRBHx½nraCü )an)anecjmkbgðajmux[RbCara®sþelIk[esayraCü.eyIgk¾Føab;)aneXIjEdrfaBYkRBahµN_buerahitEdlCaGñk EfrkSaeTvraC )anQremIleKeFVIXatesþcEdlxøÜn)anerobcMGPiesk rYcehIyTTYlerobcMGPieskXatk[eLIg esayraCübnþeTot. eyIgnwg)aneXIjeRkaymkeTot enAstvtSr_TI17 faRBHx½nraCüenH)anRtÚveKykeTAlak;Tuk kñúgrn§eQI rg;caM[RBHraCamYyGgÁyagmkkan;ykeTAelIkRKvI edIm,I[RbCara®sþTTYlsÁal;eRCIserIsCaesþc esayraCü. enAkm<úCa RBHx½nraCüCasBaØasmÁal;raCaniym. kalBIsm½ymhanKr RBHraCaRTg;kan;RBHx½nraCükñúg RBHhsþ eBlRTg;bgðajRBHGgÁtambg¥Üc.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 119 kan;RBHBuT§sasna. karEdlRTg;manRBHnamfa RBH)aTFmµikCaPsþútagRsab;. ehIyRBHnamrbs; RBHraCbuRtc,gfa niBaVnbT mann½yfa RTg;)ancUlRBHniBVanehIynigRBHnamRBHGnuCfa siT§an man n½yfa CMenOsasna bBa¢ak;fa suT§EtCaBuT§sasnikTaMgGs;Kña. raCvgSfµIElgeKarBbUCasasnamun ElgbUCayBaØmnusSfVayRBHnagkalI enAkñúgR)asaTmYyenAÉxagbUB’araCFanI dUcEdleKerobrab; kalBIstvtSr_TI7 eTotehIy8 . ebIsinCadUecñHEmn bdivtþn_Edl)anekItmaneLIgenH CaerOgsasna minEmnCaerOgneya)ay eT Etk¾)anbeRmIplRbeyaCn_EpñksmÖarxøH Edlbgáb;enABIxagkñúgTMnas;enaHEdr ebIeTaHCafa eKemIl mineXIj k¾eday. k¾b:uEnþ edIm,I[karpøas;bþÚrd¾RCaleRCA dUcEdleyIg)anelIkxagelIenH GacseRmceTA)an ehIymankarKaMRTpgenaHvaetagEtRBHraCaNacRkmanmnusSmYycMnYnFMCaBiessenAraCFanI\nÞbtþ manmenaseBa©tnaCamYyRBHBuT§sasnamYyry³kalrYcmkehIypgEdr. tamemIleTA RbEhlCa RBHBuT§sasna )anQñHsasnadéT²eTotEmn enAcugstvtSr_TI13enaH ehIyRBHsgÇ EdlsuT§Ca 8 tamraCBgSavtarmYyc,ab;eTotEdl´man RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBInayRtsk;Ep¥m b¤tacay minEmnCa RBHraCbuRtRBHniBVanbTeT EtKWb¥ÚnEdlmaneQµaHfa tasYs EdlesayraCüsm,tþi 50qñaMeRkam RBHnamfa semþc RBHbrmmaXraCa. bnÞab;mkmanRBHraCaesayraCübnþCahUrEhdUcteTA ³ -RBHRsIsirIbuRt CabuRtnayRtsk;Ep¥m esayraCü)an39qñaM -RBHbrmlMBgSraCa CabuRtRBHRsIsirIbuRt eLIgesayraCüenAkñúgRBHCnµ 16RBHvsSa esayraCü)an55qñaM -RBHbrmraC»gÁarCabuRtRBHlMBgSraCaeLIgesayraCyenARBHCnµ16RBHvsSaEdresayraCü)an60qñaM -RBHRsIsurieyaBN’ CabuRtrbs;RBHbrmraC»gáar eLIgesayraCüenARBHCnµ16qñaMEdr esayraCü)andl;eTA 76qñaM RBHniBVanbT -rYcRBHsiT§anraCaCaRBHraCbuRtRBHGgÁ. ebItamraCBgSavtarenH manesþcdl;eTA 6GgÁEdlesayraCüenAcenøaHcab;BItaRtsk;Ep¥m mkdl;RBHniBVanbT nigsiT§anraCa EdleKcat;Tukfa CaRBHraCbuRtGs;ry³eBlrhUtdl;eTA 279qñaM eXIjfa EvghYseBk ebIeTaHCayk eTAbMeBjcenøaHtaMgBIRBHraCaEdleyIgsÁal;tamsilacarwkmk k¾minsmEdr. raCBgSavtarenH RbEhlCaÉksarEdlRBHsgÇmYyGgÁ)ancmøgykeTAbgðajdl;elak éGm:UnIej Etmanmun yUrehIy KWtaMgEtBIqñaM1848 KWmuneBlEdlelak éGm:UnIej mkdl;km<úCaemø:H.

bBaØvnþkMBugEtbgðat;beRgónRTwsþIRBHBuT§dl;sisSKN³CaeRcIn pÞúyBIBYkRBahµN_ EdlKµansalabgðat; beRgón ehIylak;Km<IrTukEtkñúgcMeNamvNѳrbs;xøÜn minEckrMElkdl;GñkdéT dUcCaenARbeTs \NÐaEdr. RbEhlCamannamuWnm®nþImYycMnYnFM )anTTYlykRBHBuT§sasnarYcehIy manEtraCvgSanuvgS b:ueNÑaH EdlenAkan;RBhµBaØsasna edayxøacrGaGaTieTBEdlFøab;ksagGaNacRk ehIyk¾RbEhl edaymanBYkRBahµN_bNÐitenACuMvij eTIbRtÚvEtbUCamnusSmñak;fVayRBHnagkalI Caerogral;qñaM. mü:ageTotedayBuMTan;h‘ane)aHbg;kareKarBeTvraCecalecj kareKarBenH ekItmaneLIgtaMgBIrC¢kal RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI3 enAstvtSr_TI9 rhUtmk. CMenOsasnarbs;RbeTsCatiTaMgmUl RtÚv)anEkERbbnþicmþg² CamYynwgeBlevla EtraC vgSanuvgS EdlFøab;EtGPirkStamsPavKti ehIyEfmTaMgRbkan;TMenomTmøab;GaRs½yedaypl RbeyaCn_pgenaH enArkSaCMenOtamBImun EdleKarBGaTieTBRBhµBaØsasna eKarBRBHvisÑú eKarB RBHsiv³ nigRBHnagkalI b:uEnþ k¾FUrTUlayCamYyRBHBuT§sasnapgEdr. karrIkraldalénRBHBuT§sasnaeTAkñúgRsTab;RbCaCnkñúgRBHraCaNacRk enAeBlEdlRBHraCa enAEtRbkan;eKarBsasnacas;dUecñH GacnwgbegáIt[manbriyakasxagsµartI EdlGaceFVI[maneRKaH fñak;dl;raCaniym eFVI[GaNacRkRtÚvEbk)ak;edayRBHraCamin)ancab;GarmµN_eLIy. karbdivtþn_ mYy )ancab;epþImerobcMekIteLIgehIy b:uEnþ RBHraCamin)ancab;GarmµN_ dUcCaRBHecAGFiraCr:UmuaMg mun RBHecAkugsþg;taMg G‘ÍcwgEdr Edlmin)anemIleXIjfa GVIEdlkMBugEtKMramkMEhgmkelIGaNacRk. RBHraCaRbEhlCaRTg;)anTteXIj hVÚgmnusSEdlelIkKñaKas;rMelIgbdimaGaTieTB RBhµBaØsasna eXIjmanGñkxøHeTotnaMKñavaykemÞcRBHBuT§rUb nigeXIjBuT§sasnikCncUlrYmskmµPaBepSg² beRmI plRbeyaCn_sasna. RTg;k¾RbEhlCa)andwgGMBITMhMrIkraldalénBuT§sasna EdlTTYleCaKC½y rYceTAehIyenAkñúgbNþaExRtPaKBay½Bü hUrcUlmkkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkan;EtxøaMgeLIg BImYyéf¶eTA mYyéf¶. bdivtþn_naeBlenaH minEmnekIteLIgedayÉkÉgenaHeT b:uEnþvaCalT§plénPaBl¥k;kkr d¾yUrlg;mYy EdlekItecjBITMnas;CaeRcInrvagsasnaTaMgBIr BIPaBRcbUkRcbl; ehIyk¾RbEhlCa mankarbHe)arKaMRT b¤RbqaMgRTwsþIsasnafµIpgEdr. enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenH eBalKWbdivtþn_)ancak; b£senAkñúgstisµartIyUrNas;mkehIy caM)ac;RtÚvEtelIkRBHraCaEdlkan;BuT§sasna[esayraCü edIm,IbMeBjtambMNgrbs;RbCaCn eCosvagkarminsb,aycitþ CaBiess KWRbCaCnTIRkúg eRBaHfa GñkRsukGñkERstamCnbT RbEhlCaenAbnþeKarBGbiyCMenO eKarBGñkta eKarBligÁ enAeLIyeT. 120 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 121 kalNaebIGacekIteLIg)an bdivtþn_RtÚvEtekIteLIg ehIyTTYl)annUveCaKC½yCasßaBr. enAeBlenaH PasasM®sáwtEdlCaPasarbs;BYkRBahµN_ bNÐit buerahit GacarüRBhµBaØsasna CaPasarbs;RBHmhakSRtEdleKarBRBHsiv³ b¤RBHvisÑú b¤k¾eKarBRBHTaMgBIrRBHGgÁEtmþg eRkamrUb PaBCaRBHhrihr³ )anRtÚveKe)aHbg;ecalehIy ehIyCMnYsvijedayPasa)alI CaPasaBisidærbs; BuT§sasnikCnnasm½yenaHEdlbnÞab;mk)ankøayeTACaPasasRmab;GñkR)aCJenAeRkamraCvgSfµI. bdivtþn_etagEtCabdivtþn_RbCaRbiy ebIehacNas;k¾enAtamTIRkúgEdr. ebIdUecñH vaKWCabdivtþn_ RbCaFibetyü ehIyedIm,I[RbCara®sþenAEteKarBbUCa RBHraCak¾etagEte)aHbg;ecalnUvTmøab;xøH Ca BiessKWRbéBNIEdlRbCara®sþmincUlcitþCak;EsþgdUcCakarekNÐRbCaCnedayBYkRBHGgÁm©as;b¤BYk visVkmµ[elIkpøÚvfñl; [sg;vimanFM² sg;raCvaMg R)asaT bnÞay sRmab;lm¥raCFanI dUcCaR)asaT )ay½nPimanGakasGgÁrvtþbwgmalaRBHx½nb¤k¾R)asaTsRmab;karsRmakrbs;RBHraCaCaedImEdl RtÚvcMNaymasR)ak; TukçevTna nigTwkEPñkra®sþ CaeRcIn. KWedayehtuenaHehIy )anCakarsagsg; R)asaTmYycMnYn RtÚv)aneKe)aHbg;ecal dUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdleKcab;sg;taMgBIstvtSr_munmk Etcmøak;k,ac;rcnaenAminTan;cb;sBVRKb;enAeLIy KWenAdEdldUcBImun eRBaHeRkaybdivtþn_ RBHBuT§ sasna )ankøayeTACasasnapøÚvkar ehIyRBHraCaKµanmeFüa)ayxagsmÖar b¤sµartINanwgbnþkar sagsg;teTAeTot)aneLIy. mü:ageTot CMenOsasnaeRkayhak;dUcCaminrvIrvl;nwgbegðIyGVI Edl CMenOsasnamun)ancab;epþImenaHeT rIÉRbCara®sþEdlFøab;EtrgnUvkarKabsgát;BIraCaniymRBhµBaØ sasna k¾hak;dUcCamanesrIPaBCagmun manesckþIkøahanCagCamYynwgraCaniymfµI CaBiess enA eBlEdlGaNacRkTaMgmUlkMBugEtrgnUvkar)ak;Ebk dUcenHKµanplRbeyaCn_GVIEdleFVI[eKcg;eFVIkar gard¾lM)akTaMgGs;enaHEdr. KWedayEbbenHehIyEdlkarGab;»ncuHénGaNacRkExµr )anbNþal[ mankarGab;»ncuHénsßabtükmµniyayedayxøIfaeRkayBIbdivtþn_BuT§sasnaGVI²TaMgGs;RtÚv)ak;Rsut cuH enAkm<úCa. xagelIenHCakarerobrab;GMBIkar)ak;EbkénGaNacRkExµr bnÞab;BImanbdivtþn_sasnaEdlnaM [eKelIkesþckan;BuT§sasna manRBHnam nigRBHzan³tamvaküs½BÞBuT§sasna [esayraCüelIraC blø½gáesþcRBhµBaØsasnaEtElgeRbIRBHnamfa{vrµ½n-GñkkarBar}eTotehIy.´eCOfaKWcab;BIeBl enaHehIy EdlmankarEbgEckTwkdIedayesþcRtaj;TaMgLay EdlFøab;EtcMNuHRBHraCaExµr. raC BgSavtarrbs;RbeTsTaMgGs; EdlTTYlGarüFm’hiNÐÚenA\NÐÚcin suT§Etcab;epþImeLIgkñúgeBlEtmYy KWRbEhlCaBak;kNþalTImYyénstvtSr_TI14 enAPUma esom lav m:ata)an k¾dUcCaenAkm<úCa.

enHk¾CaPsþútagmYyeTotEdlbBa¢ak;fa RBwtþikarN_d¾FMmYy)anekItmaneLIgnaeBlenaH cMeBaHbNþardæ TaMgLayEdlFøab;EtcMNuHGaNacRkExµr enaHKWkar)at;bg;GMNacrbs;vgSvrµ½nenAkm<úCa karpøas;bþÚr sasna nigkarcuHexSayénGMNacRBHraCa bNþalmkBIbdivtþn_. karrMeCIbrMCYlGacnwgekItmanRKb; TisTI. bNþardæTaMgLayEdlFøab;EtcuHcaj; dak;xøÜnCacMNuH ehIyyl;RBmTTYlsÁal;GnutþrPaBrbs; GaNacRkExµr eBlenaHRbEhlCacab;epþImcab;kan;GavuFerIbRmHTamTarsV½yPaB rYcehIyRbkas ÉkraCükñúgeBlEtmYy. RBHraCakm<úCa EdlGs;GMNac ehIyKµanynþkarsgÁmGVI edIm,IekNÐRbCa ra®sþrab;Ban;nak;[eFVIsMNg;FM² k¾KµanGMNacNanwgekNÐBlerh_eFVIs®gÁam {eTATisTaMgbYn} dUcBImun emø:aHehIyk¾minGacnwgcab;BYkbHe)ar[cUlmkkñúgnwmRtÜtRtavijdUckalBIedIm)anEdr. mü:ageTot ra®sþénbNþardæTaMgGs;enaH k¾RbEhlCa)ankan;RBHBuT§sasnamunrYceTAehIypg ehIyEfmTaMgman esþc 9 kan;RBHBuT§sasnamuneBlEdlkm<úCae)aHbg;esþckan;RBhµBaØsasnaeTAeTotCaehtubNþal[ rdæTaMgGs;enaH rwtEtmankmøaMgxøaMgeLIg ebIeRbóbeTAnwgRBHecAGFiraCEdlexSayRsab; enAkñúgRbeTs xøÜnÉgenaH. eKminGacBnül;tfPaBxagelIenHEbbdUcemþc)aneToteT KWfaGVI²TaMgGs;cMeBaHGñkRsuk \NÐÚcin hak;dUcCacab;ekItmaneLIgRtwmBak;kNþalstvtSr_TI14 eRbóbdUcCakarcab;epþImsaCafµI eLIgvij. munqñaM1340KWCayb;ggwtQwg eRkayenaHKWCaéf¶PøWRsLHETg. ehtukarN_TaMgLay BIGtItkal RtÚvkb;lub)at;eTAkñúgkarePøcPøaMg. eKePøcGs;taMgBIRBHnamesþcesayraCü ePøcTaMg eQµaHraCFanI ePøcGs;TaMgRBwtþikarN_sMxan;²TaMgLay. mansilacarwksM®sáwtCaeRcInEdlRtÚv)at; bg; KµannrNaGacecHGan)an eRBaHmü:agPasaenHRbCaCnminEdlecHRsab;pg rIÉGñkR)aCJk¾min GacemIldac; emø:aHehIyk¾RtÚvTukecal b¤elIkRKvat;ecaleTAkñúgTenø bwg ebIsinCamin)ankb;eTAkñúg dIeT. Rbvtþisa®sþRtÚv)anpøas;CMnYsvijedayerOgeRBgniTaneRcInrab;minGs; erOgPaKeRcInminBit KYr[cg;esIc xøHeTotmanPaBGcäriy³hYsehtu erOgekIteLIgeRcInRbTaMgRbeTIsKñaBImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶ yUr²eTA køayeTACaerOgniTanRsemIRsém. manerOgrbs;esomEdleKykmkeFVICaerOgExµr dak; eQµaHTIkEnøgtameQµaHkñúgRsukExµr ehIyerOgExµrERbCaerOgrbs;esom maneQµaHTIkEnøg RtÚvnwg 122 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 9 eK)ancab;eronsURtRBHBuT§sasnataMgEtBIedImstvtSr_TI13mk enAÉraCvaMgesþcsuexaT½y. Km<IréRtPUmiman kMeNItenAkñúgBak;kNþalTI1énstvtSr_ TI13enaH.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 123 eQµaHRsukPUmirbs;esom. karGnuvtþn_CMenOcas;enAmanesssl;xøHkñúgRsTab;RbCaCn CaBiess KWenAtamCnbTRsuk ERs EtecHEtsabrlabeTA² Cak;EsþgdUcCa rUbsMNakGaTieTBRBhµBaØsasna enAmaneKeKarBbUCa ehIyCYnkalxøacrGaeTotpg b:uEnþ GñkeKarBbUCaecHEtticeTA² ehIyCMenOenaH manGaf’kM)aMgkan;Et xøaMgeLIg kalNaeKXøatkan;Etq¶ayBIstvtSr_TI14. eKsÁal;eQµaHGaTieTBEdlrUbenaHtMNag[Et )anRtwmEtsÁal;y:agenaHb:ueNÑaH.km<úCaburaN)ankb;lic)at;eTAkñúgPaBggwterOgr:avBIGtIt)anpþit Cab;eTAnwgraRtIkal ehIyRbCara®sþExµrk¾dUcGñkRsuk\NÐÚcinÉeTot² EdlTTYlGarüFm’hiNÐÚEdr KW RtÚvcab;epþImecjdMeNIrsaCafµI RBmKñakñúgeBlEtmYy elImaK’afµImYy edayCMhanxusBImun ehIynaMKña kt;RtadMeNIrCIvitrbs;eKBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM xusBITmøab;mun. mü:ageTot ebIsinNaCaRBwtþikarN_stvtSr_TI14 min)aneFVI[BYkeKÉkPaBKñaelIkarkMNt;eBl cab;epþIménBgSavtarrbs;eKeT etImanGVIeTAEdleFVI[eKÉkPaBKña? BitR)akdNas;fa GVIEdlnaM[eK cab;epþImeFVIRBmKñanUvGVIEdleKminmanTmøab;eFVIBImun enaHKWkarEdleK)anrYccakputRBmKñaBIkarsßitenA eRkamGaNaBüa)alEtmYy enAeBlEdlkm<úCakMBugEtmanbdivtþn_ )at;bg;RbCaCnGs; edaysar s®gÁamruaMér: ehIy)at;bg;TwkdIq¶ay² EdlExµrBi)aknwgbBa¢ÚnT½BeTAkarBar KWenAeBlenaHehIy Edl eKcab;manKMnitcg;sresrkt;Rta cg;niyay eRBaHfa eKmanesrIPaBehIy. eRkayBITwkdImYycMnYnRtÚv)at;bg;eTA eBlenaHRBHraCaNacRkhak;dUcCaenArkSa)annUvGaNa ExRtmYycMnYnenAxagt,ÚgraCFanI rYmTaMgGaNaExRtCab;nwgQUgsmuRTesom mancnÞtab‘un/ )at;dMbg/ TwkdIBIxageCIgGgÁrFMrhUtdl;kUr:at; ¬nKrraCsIma¦ nigenAelICYrPñMdgErkelIkElgEtTwkdIraCaNacRk )asak;ecjehIynigeTAdl;GatUBWpgEdr.TwkdIEdl)at;bg;rYmman³RsukesomEdlCasRtÚvsahav nigFMCageK/ raCaNacRktUc²enAtamdgTenøemNamxagelI/ raCaNacRkevogc½nÞ/ raCaNacRk høÜgR)a)ag ehIynigkSRtRbeTstUc²RbEhlCa40 enAelITwkdIlavsBVéf¶. KYrrMlwkfa Éksar Rbvtþisa®sþcin)anniyayfamanRsukcMnYn60EdlsßitenAeRkamGnutþrPaBrbs;RBHraCakm<úCaehIy QavtakVan; niyayfa cMnYnTaMgGs;KW 90. RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaeBlenaH enACaGaNacRkd¾FMmYy enAeLIy manraCFanICabnÞay RbkbeTAedaykMEBgkarBard¾rwgmaMCageKenA\NÐÚcin nigCaraCFanIl¥ dac;eKkñúgcMeNamTIRkúgFM²TaMg30 b:uEnþ GMNac)ancuHexSay ehIyebIKitGMBIkmøaMgT½B EdlxVHvin½y ebIeRbóbeTAnwgsm½yenAeRkamRBHraCavrµ½n/ namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI nig]tþmesnIy_minsUveKarBekatxøac RBHraCa.km<úCaeBlenaHKµansmtßPaBnwgkarBarxøÜndUckalBI2stvtSr_muneToteTEtRtÚvRbQmmux

nwgs®gÁamCamYycam/ esom RBmTaMgkSRtRbeTscMNuHÉeTot²Cajwkjab; rIÉRbCaCnk¾bHe)ar eLIgEdr edayemIleXIjfa GMNacrbs;RBHraCa)ancuHexSayehIy. cab;BIeBlEdlmanbdivtþn_enaHmk karGab;»ncuHmanel,ÓnelOnKµanGVIGacTb;)an KWGab;»ncuH TaMgxagsßabtükmµ TaMgxagkarRKb;RKg. BUCsasn_ecHEtehaceTA² mü:agKWedaysarRkúmBYkhiNÐÚ EdlFøab;EtdwknaM)an)at;bg;eTACamYynwgraCaRBhµBaØniym mü:ageTot KWedaysarkarkat;rlaycUl KñaCamYyGñkrdævasI. eK)ansegáteXIjtaMgBIeRcInstvtSr_munbdivtþn_enaHem:øH faeQµaH \sSrCn nignayTahanCaPasasM®sáwtecHEtticeTA² ehIyeQµaHGñkrdævasItamPasasamBaØecHEtmaneRcIn eLIg² CakarbBa¢ak;fasmasPaKhiNÐÚecHEtehaceTA² ehIyFatuGñkRsukedImmankan;EteRcIn eLIg².bnþicmþg²ExµrElgenACaCatiFMmYymanGarüFm’hiNÐÚdUcBImunElgGPivDÆn_GarüFm’xøÜneTAtam maK’aEdlBYkhiNÐÚ)anRtÜsRtay[enaHeTotehIy. eKRtlb;EbrmkrkcritedImrbs;eKvij KWsßan PaBbuBVkaldUcEdlGñkRsukenArkSa)anenAeLIy. eBlenaH eKminGacTb;Tl;nwgcrnþBn§únisS½y Edl RbTaj[eKKaMgédKaMgeCIg ehIyFøak;cUl»nPaB)aneLIy. CMenOsasnafµIk¾KµanfamBlminsVahab; eFVI[kmøaMgfycuHBImYystvtSr_eTAmYystvtSr_. CamYyRBHraCavrµ½ncugeRkay famBlrbs;km<úCa )ancuHexSaybnþiceTAehIyb:uEnþenAGacTb;Tl;CamYyBYkesomEdl{e)assm¥atTIRkúgs¥atdUceKdk esµA} )anenAeLIy. b:uEnþeRkaymk eKKµansmtßPaBnwgkarBarxøÜnRbqaMgnwgBYkesomenaHeToteT eFVIs®gÁammþgcuHexSaybnþic rhUtTal;EtkøayeTACaGsmtßPaBEtmþg. cab;BIeRkayeBl Edlesom deNþImykRkúglEgVk)anenAqñaM1587 vahak;dUcCafa ElgmanGarüFm’ExµrteTAeTotehIy. BYk esom)annaMykKm<Irc,ab;nigePaKRTBüepSg²rbs;ExµreTAGs;ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmkesomk¾køay xøÜneTACaRbeTsmYymanGarüFm’Garüag eCOnelOnCageK enA\NÐÚcin. ExµrRtÚvcab;cmøgtamesom vij enAeBlNaEdleKmanlT§PaBegIbeRkakrYcmþg². mkdl;Bak;kNþalstvtSr_TI14enH munnwgeyIgeFVIdMeNIrbnþeTAq¶ayeTot ´Kitfa eyIgKYrEt kMNt;kalbriecäTénrC¢kalrbs;kSRt vrµ½n cugeRkay²enHsin. dMbUgKWRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nbremsVr³EdlRbEhlCaRTg;esayraCüenABak;kNþalstvtSr_TI13. bnÞab;mk manesþcEdlesayraCütBIRBHGgÁmk EteyIgminsÁal;RBHnam ehIyGacCaRBHraCa kMBugesayraCü enAeBlEdlraCTUtcinmkeFVITsSnkic©enAkm<úCaenAqñaM1296. bnÞab;mk KWraCbuRtrbs;RBHraCaxagelI EdlerOgniTanmYyfVayRBHnamfaGaLsraC. RBHGnuCrbs;RBHGaLsraC RBHnamRBHvrl½kraC )anesayraCübnþBIRBHerom. 124 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 125 bnÞab;mkeTot KWRBHesnkraC EdlCaRBHGnuCeBArbs;RBHGaLsraC nigRBHvrl½kraC Edl eLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHerom ehIyKWenAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;esþcGgÁenHehIyEdlmankareFVIXatkUn RBahµN_ nigmanTwkCMnn; EdleyIg)aneXIjxagelIrYcmkehIy. RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHesnkraC RBHnamsIhnuraC )aneLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHbita ehIyRtÚv eFVIXatedaytacay m©as;cmáarRtsk;Ep¥m enAkñúgRtImasTI1énstvtSr_TI14. TIbBa©b; KWtacay EdleLIgesayraCü)an17qñaM rhUtdl;qñaM1340 ehIyCasßabnikén raCvgSEdlkMBugesayraCüsBVéf¶enAkm<úCa. kNM tc; NM aM ³ ebIsinCaeKcat;TukerOgniTanmYyEdl´manenAkñúgédCa)ankar ehIyEdlGHGag fa RBH)aTsIhnuraCRtÚveKeFVIXatenAqñaM1290 enaHmansmµtikmµfµImYyeTot)anelceLIg. ´sUm elIkyk bBaðaenHmkCRmabCUnnaeBlenH nigsUmeFVIkarBiPakSaeTAtamkaryl;eXIjrbs;´ TaMg jejItjejIm edIm,ITajGarmµN_rbs;Gs;elakGñk cMeBaHRBwtþikarN_d¾RcbUkRcbl;énsm½ykal Rbvtþisa®sþmYy EdleyIgswgEtmindwgGVITal;EtesaH. RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 )ansuKt b¤)at;xøÜneTA enAqñaM1201. RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½n CaRBHraCbuRt)anesayraCübnþenAqñaMenaH ehIyenAesayraCüenAeLIy enA qñaM1220. RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH\®nÞvrµ½n RBHnamRsI®nÞvrµ½n )aneLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHbita mindwgfa enAqñaMNaeT EteRkayqñaM1220. RbEhlCaesþcGgÁenHÉg EdlGñkxøHehAfa RBHesnk³ EdlenA kñúgraCüRBHGgÁmanTwkCMnn;FM. RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTesnkraCRBHnamRBH)aTsIhnuraC)anRtÚvtacaynayc,ardMNaMeFVI Xat enAqñaM1290. tacay enaH RtÚveKelIk[esayraCü ehIyerobGPieskCamYybuRtIesþc. EtQavtakVan; )anerobrab;fa RBHraCaEdlesayraCüenAeLIy enAqñaM1296 CabuRtsuNisa rbs;RBHraCamun ehIy)aneLIgesayraCüedaydeNþImBIrC¢TayaTmYyGgÁ. ebIdUecñaH esþcEdl esayraCüenAqñaM1296 KWtacay EdlerOgniTanehAfa nayRtsk;Ep¥m. kñúgkrNIenH bdivtþn_sasna nigneya)ay EdlelIkRBHraCakan;RBHBuT§sasna[esayraCü enAelIraCblø½gávrµ½nRBhµBaØniym minEmnekIteLIgenAqñaM1320enaHeT KWenARbEhlCa30qñaMmun KWqñaM 1290. GtßbTRbvtþisa®sþmYyEdl´manenAnwgédniyayfa kalbriecäTénXatkmµeTAelIesþc sIhnuraCekIteLIgenAkñúgmhaskraC1212RtÚvnwgqñaMxaleTas½k.ÉksarenaHniyayfatacay

esayraCü)an 17qñaM ehIysuKtenAkñúgRBHCnµayu 70RBHvsSa KWRtÚvnwgqñaM1307. ÉksarmYyeTotehAtacayfaRBHC½yehIyniyayfaKWb¥ÚntacayeQµaHtasYsEdleLIg esayraCübnþeRkamRBHnamfaRBHmaXraCaesayraCü)an20qñaMehIysuKtenArvagqñaM1327. bnÞab;mk KWRBHniBVanbT CakµÜyRBHbrmmaX nigCabuRtrbs;tacay EdleLIgesayraCübnþ ehIyraCBgSavtar)anbBa¢ak;fa esþcGgÁenH enAesayraCüenAeLIyenAqñaM1340. ehtukarN_EdlQavtakVan;elIkeLIgfaRBHraCaEdlesayraCüenAqñaM1296eday)armÖxøac eKeFVIXat )anBak;GaveRkaHeFVIGMBIEdk nigmankgBlesnaEhhmENnNan;tan;tab; hak;dUcCaKaMRT dl;smµtikmµEdlniyayfa esþcesayraCüenAqñaM1296enaH KWCanaycaMcmáarenaHehIy eRBaHxøac eKtammkeFVIXatvij KWRbúgRby½tñeRcInCagesþcEdlesayraCütamc,ab;. KYrkt;smÁal;faGñkkt;Rtacin Edlniyayfa esþcesayraCüenAqñaM1296 )aneLIgesay raCütaMgBI5qñaMmunedayERCkraCüEtmin)anR)ab;fa)aneFVIKutesþcmunpgeTRKan;Etfa)anTmøak;BIraC sm,tþib:ueNÑaH. etIeKGackat;faeFVIXat)anEdreT? erOgXatkmµenHGacekItmanEmn)an eRBaHfaebIBuMenaH minEmnraCbuRteT EdlRtÚveKbMEbkecjBIraCsm,tþi. ebIraCTUtcinniyayEtBIraCbuRtenaH )an esckþIfa KµanRBHbitaeT eBalKWRBHbitaGacRtÚveKeFVIKutrYceTAehIy. enAmanerOgmYyeTot ³ GñkniBn§cinniyayfa buRtIesþcEdlesayraCümunqñaM1290 )anlYc ykRBHx½nraCümkRbKl;[sVamI eTIbsVamIenaHÉgRbkasEtgtaMgxøÜnÉgCaesþcesayraCüeTA. EtGñkniBn§cinmin)anbBa¢ak;eTfa RBHnag)anlYcRBHx½nraCüBIRBHbita. dUecñHeKGacsnñidan)anfa RBHnag)anlYcykRBHx½nraCüenAeBlEdlRBHbitasuKt rYcRbKl;[RBHsVamI edIm,I[RBHGgÁ)aneLIg esayraCüCMnYsRBHGnuC. ehIyenAmanerOgmYyeTot ³ QavtakVan;)anerobrab;Edrfa RBHraCaEdlesayraCüenAqñaM 1286 )ancab;ykGaCIBkñúgkgRbdab;GavuF taMgEtBIRTg;enAv½yekµg rYcehIy)anerobGaBah_BiBah_ CamYyraCbuRtIrbs;RBHraCa cMENkÉerOgniTan)anniyayfa munnwgeLIgesayraCü RTg;CaRbFan RkúmdMNaM TTYlbnÞúkEfrkSacmáarRtsk;Ep¥m. cMeBaHkarGHGagrbs;GtßbTTaMgBIrenH PaBxusKña RbEhlsßitenARtg;Bakü {nay} sMedAyk em b¤RbFan rIÉBakütavij sMedAykzan³CaemT½B munnwg )anmkeFVICaRbFanRkúmdMNaMkñúgraCvaMg. b:uEnþ GVIEdleFVI[q¶l;xøaMgbMputenaH KWRtg;Edlfa CnCatiedImsMEr:mñak; GacmkerobkarCamYy 126 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 127 kSRtImYyGgÁ)an. cMNgemRtIPaBEbbenHsBVéf¶ eKehAfa vismsm<n§ KWkarykbþI b¤RbBn§Edlman zan³TabCagxøÜn EteKmin)anhamXat;TaMgRsugeT. ebIkalNam©as;kSRtImYyGgÁerobGaBah_BiBah_ CamYyra®sþ eTaHCardæm®nþIk¾eday RBHnagnwgRtÚv)at;RBHzan³CakSRtI ehIyerOgenaH KWvaEtb:ueNÑaH Ég. enAkm<úCasBVéf¶k¾enAmanerOgEbbenHenAeLIyEdr. ebIy:agenH krNIEdlRBHnaglYcyk RBHx½nraCü[bþI KWRKan;EtedIm,IeRsacRsg;RBHzan³cas;b:ueNÑaH b¤cg;[)anelIsenaHeTot KWkøayCa RBHmhakSRtIy_. mü:ageTot erOgehtuk¾GacnwgekIt)anEdrfa RBHnag)anlYcykRBHx½nraCüeTA[shay ehIy luHEtshayenaH )aneLIgesayraCüeRkaymk eTIb)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CasVamIPriyanwgKña b:uEnþ QavtakVan; min)anerobrab;lm¥itGs;eT. kñúgkrNIenH BYknamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI eRkayBITTYlsÁal; XatkmµnigRbkaselIkXatkCaesþcrYcehIyRtÚvEterobGPieskbuRtIesþc[edIm,IpSarP¢ab;raCvgSfµI eTAnwgraCvgSvrµ½nmun eFVI[manQamRBahµN_enAkñúgvgSesþckan;BuT§sasnaEdr. ´sUmsarPaBfa GVIEdl)anerobrab;xagelITaMgGs;enHRKan;EtCasmµtikmµb:ueNÑaH b:uEnþ etIman nrNaEdlpþl;Bt’manRbesIrCagenHeT ehIyetInrNaEdlGHGagfaerOgehtu)anekIteLIgxusBI enH? etImanerOgy:agNacab;BIRtwmraCüRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI7 EdlesayraCüenAqñaM1220 rhUtmk dl;raCüRBH)aTniBVanbT EdlesayraCüenAqñaM1340 EdlRbesIrCagkaresayraCübnþbnÞab;Kña dUcEdlerOgeRBgniTanR)ab;? eTaHCay:agNakþI ´Kitfa eKminGacbdiesFfa Kµanbdivtþn_dUcEdl´erobrab;xagelIekIteLIg enaHeT bdivtþn_enaHekItmaneLIgenAqñaM1290 b¤1325 b¤k¾kñúgcenøaHenaH. erOgenH CaerOgsMxan; CageK. ebIsinCaerOgnaycaMcmáar)aneLIgesayraCü manRbPBedImecjmkBIhiNÐÚ ehIyCaerOgEdl ekItmanyUrlg;muneBlEdltacay ekIty:agNakþI EteKGacTTYlsÁal;)anfa tacay EdlCaXatk smøab;esþcxøÜnÉg )anRtÚveKelIkykerOgniTanburaNmkbMBak;[ CaehtueFVI[tYGgÁTaMgBIrRcLMKña.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 129 CMBUkTI10 kMNt;smÁal;GMBIRbCaCnEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYykm<úCa BIstvtSr_TI10 dl; stvtSr_TI14 1- nKrcam,: a enAsm½yEdlesþcvgSvrµ½nGs;GMNacBIRbeTskm<úCa ehIytacay EdlCanayRkúmdMNaM Rtsk;Ep¥m )anRtÚveKelIk[eLIgesayraCüelIraCblø½gá nKrcam:,a )an)at;bgnUvPaBfáúMefáIgBIGtIt kalrbs;xøÜnGs;eTAehIy. kalBIkñúgstvtSr_mun² kgT½Bcam)anlukluyT®nÞanTwkdIkm<úCa nigGaNÑamCaeRcIndg b:uEnþRtÚv caj;Canic© bNþal[mankaredjtamvayrhUtcUlmkdl;kñúgRbeTs dutbMpøajexÞcxÞI nigeFVI[ )at;bg;TwkdICaeRcInGaNaExRt. Cak;EsþgKWkm<úCa)anvaydutbMpøajnKrcam:,aenAqñaM969 bnÞab;mkenAqñaM1145 nigenAqñaM 1153 ehIy)anyknKrcam:,a dak;CaExRtcMNuHrbs;km<úCa Gs;cMnYn8qñaM. km<úCa)anvayyknKr cam:,amþgeTot enAqñaM1190 ehIy)andak;[RBHyuvraCExµrmYyGgÁesayraCüGs;eBl 30qñaM rhUt dl;qñaM1220 KWTal;Etdl;eBlEdlExµrRtÚvdkT½BeTATb;Tl;CamYynwgesomenATisxaglicvij. dl; eBlenaHeTIbesþccamC½ybremsVrvrµ½nTI2GugGgS³raCaeLIgesayraCüenAviC½y¬b‘íjDij¦EdlCa raCFanIcam:,axageCIg CMnYsRBHyuvraCExµr. cMENkBYkGaNÑamvij EdlcamEtgEtlYcvayqµk;tammat;smuRT b¤deNþImykbNþaExRt PaK xagt,ÚgCajwkjyenaH )anvaynKrcam:,a dutraCFanIkemÞcexÞcxÞIenAqñaM1015 RBmTaMgcab;mhakSRtIy_ nigRsIsñMRkmkarykeTACamYypg. GaNÑamvaynKrcam:,amþgeTotenAqñaM1061 ehIyTal; Etcamyl;RBmRbKl;GaNaExRtxageCIgbI[eTIbyl;RBmedaHElgRBHraCacammkvij. cam caj; édGaNÑammþgeTot enAqñaM1241 EteRkayBI)andwgfa KUb‘ÍéLxan; )anTmøak;raCvgSsug BIraCblø½gá ehIydeNþImyk)anRbeTscinTaMgmUlrYcehIy enAqñaM1280esþccam C½ysigðvrµ½nTI21 )ansak l,gbMEbrKMnitdeNþImykTwkdIcam:,a edayeFVICasuMcuHcUl. k¾b:uEnþ esþcKUb‘ÍéLxan; )anyl;RBmcMeBaH 1 cinehAfa b:UyavBUelQU.

karcuHcUlenH Etkñúgl½kçx½NÐEdlnKrcam:,aTTYlsÁal;GaNaniKm nigyl;RBm[manRkúmRbwkSaPi)al mYy begáIteLIgeday KUb‘ÍéLxan; xøÜnÉg RkúmRbwkSaPi)alenaH mansmasPaBCaBYktaktar. BYkcam )anTTYlykGaNaniKmenH EtbnÞab;mk)anbHe)areLIgenAqñaM1282 edaycab;Pñak;garrbs;RBHecA GFiraCXuMXaMgTaMgGs;. eBlenaH RBHecAGFiraCKUb‘ÍéLxan; )anbBa¢ÚnT½BcRmúHcin nigtaktarmYykgtamsMeBAmk eLIg enAkMBg;EpeqnQIgehIyvaydeNþImykraCFanIlInyI)an.RBHraCacamnigraCbuRtRBHnamb:UTIEdl )anpþl;eyabl;fVayRBHbita[bHe)arRbqaMgnwgcin )anrt;ePosRBHkayeTARCkekantaméRBPñM. BI CRmklak;xøÜnenaH esþccam)anbBa©ÚntMNag[ecjRbEmRbmUlT½BeLIgvij Et)anRbkassuMeFVIkar crcaCamYy]tþmesnIy_cin edIm,IbMP½nþEPñk rYcehIylYcqµk;vayeTAelIrhUtdl;TTYl)anC½yCmñH. edayyl;eXIjfaxøÜnmaneRbóbCagehIy cam)anesñIsuM[cinBicarNakrNIxøÜneLIgvij k¾b:uEnþ cinmin RBm ehIycab;bnþs®gÁamteTAeTot rhUtTal;EtKUb‘ÍéLxan;suKteTA edayKµan)ansgswknwg camvij pgeT2 . enAqñaM1300 cam)anvaydeNþImykGaNaExRt EdlxøÜn)anRbKl;[GaNÑamkalBIqñaM 1081mkvijEtRtÚvGaNÑamvaybk[braC½yehIybgç¿[RbKl;ExRtGs;cMnYn2EfmeTotRBmTaMg elIkbuRtIfVayesþcGaNÑam eTotpg. rhUtmkdl;qñaM1311 GaNÑam)annaMykcammñak;mk[esay raCüenAnKrcam:,a CMnYsesþcEdleK)andkecjBIraCblø½gá. yUr²mþg BYkcam)anvayqµk;cUlmkdutbMpøajkm<úCaEdlkMBugcuHexSay xSt;RbCaCn nigkMBug EtcuHGab;»nNas;eTAehIy. k¾b:uEnþraCaNacRkcam:,axøÜnÉgk¾Turn;TuraxøaMgNas;Edr enAcaMEteBlnwg rlt;rlayeTAb:ueNÑaH. rvagnKrcam:,a nigRsukcin mancm,aMgCab;CaRbcaM. ebIeTaHCaKµanT½Becjc,aMgRbQmmuxKña edaypÞal;kþI EtmanGriPaBruaMér:rvagKña nigKña bNþalmkBITMnas;kñúgBaNiC¢kmµtamsmuRT. manesþc cammYyGgÁEdlcinehAfa GuItataha KWRbEhlCaesþcRsI\®nÞ³ EdlÉksarGaNÑamehAfa ecbugj:a )aneLIgesayraCüenAqñaM1373 esþcenaHminmanbnSl;sñaédGVI[eyIgdwgtamsilacarwkeT ¬eRBaH Casm½ycuHGab;»nehIy¦ )aneqøót»kasEdlraCvgSm:ugehÁalRtÚvKas;rMelIg ehIyraCvgSmij 130 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 2 P.Gaubil, Notice historique sur la Cochinchine, p. 57 du 31e vol, de Lettres édifiantes.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 131 kMBugerobcMksageLIg )anbBa¢ÚnraCTUt nigvtßúmantémøeTAfVayRBHGFiraCcinfµI. bnþiceRkaymk esþccamenaH)anbBa¢ÚneQIRbNIt Edlcab;)anBIsMeBAecarsmuRTcMnYn20 eTAfVayRBHGFiraCcin eTot CaehtueFVI[RBHecAGFiraCcineRtkGrCaxøaMg. eTaHCay:agenaHkþI BYkcamEtgmanKMnitcg;rMedaHykGaNaExRtcMnYn5EdlGaNÑamdeNþImyk mkvijCanic© eRBaHeKmincg;[Rsukrlt;rlayeT k¾ekItmanKMnitcg;eFVIs®gÁamsgswk. esþcRsukcin )anhamcammin[eFVIcm,aMgCamYytugkwg KW[rkSasnþiPaB. k¾b:uEnþsnþiPaBenAeBlEdl)at;bg;TwkdI KW eRbób)aneTAnwgkarsøab;. pÞúyeTAvij ebIeFVIs®gÁam eKRbEhlCaGacdeNþImykTwkdImkvij nigGac ksagRbeTseLIgvijpg.emø:aHehIyeKk¾eFVIs®gÁamEdlmin)annaMmknUvplRbeyaCn_pÞal;GVIeTeTaH bICaRBHecAGFiraCcin)anhamR)amy:agNak¾eday eRBaHRBHecAGFiraCcinenaH k¾min)anyl;BITwkcitþ BYkcamEdr. enAkñúgqñaM1377BYkcamEdldwknaMedayesþcecbugj:a)aneFVIkarvayRbhareTAelIT½BGaNÑam rhUtdl;eCIgkMEpgca)anCaraCFanIfµIrbs;eK edaykab;smøab;esþcRtan;Dwktug nigesnabtIesÞIrEt TaMgGs;. eqøót»kasEdlxøÜnkMBugmaneRbóbenH BYkcam)anbnþeFVIkarvaylukeTAelItugkwgeTot Et RtÚvbraC½yenAnwgkMBg;EpédGan nigFanPU. b:unµanExeRkaymk CasMNagGaRkk;rbs;BYkcam xül;BüúH FMmYy)anbk;e)akbMpøajsMeBAGs; enAeBlEdlBYkeKRbúgecjdMeNIreTAvaytugkwg mþgeTot. enAkñúgqñaM1378 cam)anelIkGnuCrbs;GtItesþcGaNÑam EdlxøÜn)ancab;TukCaeQøIy [ esayraCüenATwkdItugkwgxagt,Úg eday)anerobcMkmøaMgKaMRTrwgmaM manTaMgBYkesnaEhhm nigBYk camkñúgRsukeTotpg. k¾b:uEnþT½BGaNÑam )anvaybeNþjBYkcamCab;rhUteTAdl;raCFanIcam:,a. raCFanIca)ank¾RtÚvFøak;kñúgédGaNÑammþgeTot ehIyT½BGaNÑam)anRbmUlRTBüsm,tþiCaeRcIn ykeTA CamYyenAeBlEdldkecjeTAvij. enAqñaM1382 eRkayBIerobcMRbeTssaCafµIrYcehIy BYkcam)anelIkT½BeTAvayeg:Gan nigfaj;v:a edIm,ICYyKaMRTBYkGñkRsukEdlPaKeRcInCacamkMBugbHe)arRbqaMgnwgGaNÑam. esþccam dwknaMT½BeCIgTwk EtRtÚvbraC½yeBleLIgmkelIeKak CaehtueFVI[T½BeCIgeKakRtÚvbraC½y rt;ykEt R)asGayuerog²xøÜnEdr.BYkcam)anelIkT½BmkmþgeTotvayykfaj;v:a)anEtk¾RtÚvvay[braC½y eTot ehIysMeBAcamRtÚvdutbMpøajexÞcxÞIGs;. Rtlb;mkdl;Rsukvij BYkcamk¾erobcMxøÜnRbúgecjeFVIs®gÁamCafµI. BYkGaNÑam)anecjT½B mkvaymun TaMgtameCIgeKak TaMgtampøÚvTwk. T½BpøÚvTwkRtÚvxül;BüúHe)akkemÞc Tuk»kas[esþc

RsI\®nÞ³ vaybMEbkT½BeCIgeKakrbs;GaNÑamkñúgsmrPUmicMnYn6 rYcvaycUlraCFanItugkwg)aneCaK C½y eFVI[esþcGaNÑamrt;ePosxøÜn)at;eTA. BYkcamenAkan;kab;tugkwg)ancMnYn6Ex k¾RtÚvdkfyeTA Rsukvij eRBaHGs;es,óg. BYkcamecjvayGaNÑam)anQñHmþgeTotenAqñaM1390EtRtÚvbraC½yvijenAeBl2qñaMeRkay mk ehIyRBH)aTRsI\®nÞ³EdlCaRBHraCad¾manKuNsm,tþi minecHenOyht;kñúgs®gÁam )anRtÚvBYk GaNÑam)aj;kaMePøIgRtÚv ehIysuKtenAelIsMeBAenaHeTA. cab;BIeBlenaHmk camRtÚv)at;bg;TaMg GñkdwknaMTaMgfamBl. eRkayenaH man]tþmesnIy_mñak;eQµaH lIéx )andeNþImykGMNacenAcam:,a cMENkenAÉ GaNÑamvij k¾man]tþmesnIymñak;deNþImykraCsm,tþiEdr. PaBRcbUkRcbl;bNþalmkBIkarERCk raCüenH)aneFVI[nKrTaMgBIrp¥akkareFVIs®gÁamnwgKña mYyry³sin. s®gÁamcam:,a-GaNÑam)ancab;epþImeLIgvijenAqñaM1403 eRkaymrNPaBrbs;lIéx eRkam rC¢kalRBHraCaEdlGaNÑamehAfa)aDicéL ehIycinehAfaeqn):aFIéL. eBlenH KWBYkGaNÑam CaGñkecjvaycam:,avijmþg.BYkcamminGacTb;Tl;nwgT½BGaNÑam)ank¾suMcrcasnþiPaBEtRtÚvRbKl; EdndIkUluy[ EdlGaNÑamerobcMecjCaExRtfaj;v:a ¬kVagNam¦ nigTWga ¬kVagg:ay¦ edaydak;enA eRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;emT½Bcamk,t;mñak;. eBlenaH BYkGaNÑammanKMnitcg;bM)at;nKrcam:,a EdleFVIs®gÁamCamYyBYkeKcMnYn6stvtSr_ mkehIy ehIyeTaHbICabraC½yeTAehIykþI k¾enAEtkan;GavuFRbqaMgCanic©. esþccam)andwgBIeKal bMNgenH k¾suM[RBHecAGFiraCcinCYyeFVIGnþraKmn_. b:uEnþGaNÑammineGIeBInwgGnþraKmn_rbs;cineT ehIy)anQøanBancUlExRtcalIy:a EdlBYkcamdeNþImyk)ankalBIb:unµanqñaMmun. esþccam eqn):a FIéL xwgnwgGFiraCcin edaysgS½yfa e)aHbg;xøÜnecal ehIyk¾taMgcgsm<½n§emRtICamYyembHe)ar tugkwgmñak; CaehtueFVI[RBHecAGFiraCcinrwtEtxwgxøaMgeLIg ehIye)aHbg;esþccamecalEmnETnEt mþg. BYkGaNÑamk¾taMgvayT®nÞanyknKrcam:,a EdlKµankmøaMgGVInwgTb;Tl; elIkElgEtraCFanIca)an mYyb:ueNÑaH EdlmankMEBgkarBarrwgmaM. edayRbeTseBlenaHRkIRkxøaMg Bi)aknwgrkes,óg BYk GaNÑamk¾dkT½BfyeTARsukvijeTA. b:unµanqñaMeRkaymk GaNÑam )aneFVIs®gÁamCamYycinEdlTamTarykExRtLagsWg. eBlenaH BYkcamKYrEteqøót»kasEdlsRtÚvCab;rvl; edIm,IksagRbeTseLIgvij. b:uEnþnKrcam:,aeBlenaHcuH exSayxøaMgNas;eTAehIy GVI²)ak;EbkexÞcxÞaM ra®sþk¾ElgeKarBRBHraCa. mñak;²KitEtBIRbeyaCn_ 132 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 133 pÞal;xøÜn raCaNacRkTaMgmUlRtÚvEbgEckeRkamGMNacemekayepSg²Kña. GaNÑameBlenaHcMNuH Rsukcin Etedaycammin)anCYycin cink¾RbqaMgnwgcamEdr. camGacnwgcgsm<½n§PaBCamYyGaNÑam RbqaMgnwgcin ehIyGacTamTarCafñÚrnwgemRtIPaBenaH b¤CafñÚrnwgkarminCYycin nUvTwkdIEdlGaNÑam deNþImyk mkvij)an. camk¾GacvaydeNþImykTwkdITaMgenaHedaypÞal;mkvij)anEdr ehIyerobcM RsukeLIgvij kñúgeBlEdlGaNÑamCab;édeFVIs®gÁam10qñaMCamYycin. k¾b:uEnþcam min)aneFVIGVITal;Et esaH KWenARTwgGskmµeBjmYyry³kals®gÁamenaH nigeRkay²mkeTot. TRmaMEtcamnwkeXIj ehIybgðajxøÜnenAtamCayEdnGaNÑamenAqñaM1444 eRkamkardwknaM rbs;esþcmYyGgÁEdlGaNÑamehAfab‘ÍkayÉksarcinehAfam:ahUeBnékGVI²)anhYsGs;eTAehIy. tugkwg)anerobcMxøÜneLIgvijehIyGaNÑammansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;edIm,IkarBarxøÜn.GaNÑam)anTb;Tl; CamYyT½BcamCab; ehIyEfmTaMg)anvaybkrhUtmkdl;raCFanIca)aneTot. esþcm:ahUeBnék )anRtÚvcab;CaeQøIyCamYynwgraCvgS nigbriBar. eBlenaH namuWnsBVmuxm®nþIminGl;EGknwgTmøak;esþccMNab;xµaMgenaHecjeT eRBaHvarMxandl; vasnaRbeTsCati ehIyelIkraCvgSmYyGgÁEdlGaNÑamehAfa m:ahUKVILay ÉksarcinehAfa m:ahU EKVyLay RtÚvCakµÜyesþceqn):aTIéL [eLIgesayraCüCMnYsvij3 . eRCIstaMgesþcfµIenHrYcehIy BYknamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI)anesñIsuMkarÉkPaBBIGFiraCcin ehIyElgnwknadl;esþc EdlGaNÑamcab;Ca eQøIyteTAeTot. KWenAeBlenaHehIy EdlBYkGaNÑameFVIneya)aybMEbkbM)ak;sRtÚv edayedaHElgesþcm:ahU eBnék ehIycat;kmøaMg[CUneTAdl;Tl;EdnnKrcam:,a. eBlyageTAdl;raCFanI esþcm:ahUeBnék TTYldMNwgfaRBHraCaEdleKeRCIstaMgenaH)anRtÚveKeFVIXat)at;eTAehIyehIyCMnYsvijedayesþc EdlGaNÑamehAfaKVIdU. esþcKVIdUenHEdlyl;RBmcrcaCamYyGaNÑam )anRtÚveKcat;Tukfa )aneFVI Xatesþc ehIyGVI²hak;dUcCaenARtwmenaH. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anerobrab;bnÞab;mkGMBIesþcmYyGgÁeTot EdlBYkeKdak;eQµaHfa m:UtU):anLayev EdlRTg;suKtenAqñaM1460. BYkGaNÑamehAesþcenHfa)anLaRtaeFVót ehIy niyayfa esþcenH)aneFVIXatesþcKVIdUdeNþImraCsm,tþi rYcehIy)andak;raCsm,tþi[eTARBHGnuC 3 ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþGaNÑamniyayfa KWBYkGaNÑamEdlbBa¢a[eRCIstaMgdUecñH.

RBHnam)anLaRtalYn cinehAfa )anLafatSÜn. RBHraCafµIrbs;nKrcam:,aenH)anelIkT½BeTAvayExRthVacUv CaehtueFVI[BYkGaNÑam)anels rg;caMEt»kasl¥yUrNas;mkehIyenaH k¾seRmcbBa©b;erOg vayyknKrcam:,adak;bBa©ÚlmkkñúgTwkdI xøÜn. GaNÑambBa¢ÚnT½BefµIreCIgcMnYn16muWnnak; nigT½BeCIgTwk1muWnsMeBA manKñaminticCag10muWnnak; eLIy. esþccamP½y k¾RbkassuMcrcasnþiPaB. GaNÑamyl;RBmcrca EtminÉkPaBelIsMeNIrbs; cam:,aeT. cb;karcrcaenH s®gÁam)ancab;epþIm ehIyGaNÑameLamB½T§bnÞayFINayPøam. éf¶bnÞab; raC FanIcamRtÚvGaNÑamdeNþImyk)an eFVI[mankardutbMpøaj nigsmøab;rgÁal ³ mnusS4muWnnak;)anRtÚv smøab;nig3muWnnak;eTotRtÚvcab;CaeQøIynaMykeTAkan;tugkwg.RBHraCasßitenAkñúgcMeNamcMNab;xµaMg nwgeKEdr EtmankarEfTaMl¥Cag fVIebIminRBmcuHcUl nigmancritkacsahavy:agNakþI. RTg;suKttam pøÚvenA eg:Gan ehIyesþcGaNÑam)anbBa¢a[kat;RBHeksedatmuxk,ÜnsMeBA dak;eRkambdaBN’smYy sresrGkSrfa {k,alesþcRtalYn EdlCaRbPBénTukçesakrbs;nKrcam:,a}. erOgraCaNacRkBYkGñkcm,aMg)anbBa©b;eTAy:agdUecñH. GaNaExRtTaMgGs; elIkElgEtraCa NacRkpanr:ag mYyecj Edlminkan;sasnamham:at; )anRtÚvGaNÑamdak;bBa©ÚlCaTwkdI manGPi)al ExRtCaGaNÑamenARtÜtRta.manbBaØvnþcammñak;enAkm<úCa)anR)ab;´fa³{edIm,IeKcBInwmRtÜtRtarbs; GaNÑam GñkRsuknaMKñart;ecj xøHeTAenAkñúgéRBPñMCamYyBYkm:y xøHqøgeTAkm<úCa xøHeTAekaHs‘Um:aRta enA sl;EtBYkRsI² BYkkMsak BYkcas;Cra nigkumarb:ueNÑaH}. tamBit BYkGaNÑam)anTuk[emekaycamCaeRcInbnþtaMgTIlMenA enAPaKxagt,ÚgraCaNacRk CamYynwg´kMdrrbs;eKKWBYkEdlminEdleFVIs®gÁamCamYyGaNÑam.cMENkBYkGñkERscmáarvijeKenA rs;elIdIrbs;eK ehIycab;TTYlGarüFm’GaNÑambnþicmþg². BYkcamNaEdlenArkSaTMenomTmøab; RbéBNIrbs;xøÜnenAPaKxagt,Úg GaNÑamdak;eQµaH[fa {hUy}. eyIgnwg)aneXIjenAeBleRkay GMBItYnaTIrbs;BYkcamenHenAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþrbs;raCaNacRk GaNÑam ehIynigbc©½yEdlCYy[BYkesþckUsaMgsuIn eKcputBIGnutþrPaBesþctugkwg ehIyerobcM ksagraCaNacRkGaNÑamTI2eLIg. cMENkBYkcamEdlminRBmsRmbsRmÜlCamYyGñkQñHGaNÑam nigminRBmrs;eRkamkarRtÜt Rtarbs;GaNÑam RtÚveKcab;cuHTUksMeBAebIkekþagsMedAsmuRTxagt,Úg qøgkat;RcksigðburI sMedAeTA cMNucxageCIgekaHs‘Um:aRta EdlCaRsukkMeNItedImrbs;eK ksagraCaNacRkGaeq b¤ehAfa Gaecn 134 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 135 b¤Gat;QInn½rEdlrdæenHmanenArhUtdl;sBVéf¶CYnkaldwknaMedayRBHraCamYyGgÁCYnkaleTotdwknaM edaykSRtImYyGgÁ. enAkñúgGaNacRkfµIenH BYkcamEdl)ankøayxøÜnCaBYkGat;QInn½r enAEtCaRbCa ra®sþmYydUcBImun KWrMeCIbrMCYl sVahab; cUlcitþcm,aMg køahan eFVIbdivtþn_ nigcUlcitþRbtibtþikar. enA stvtSr_TI19 BYkhuløg; RtÚveRbIeBlGs;30qñaM edIm,IdeNþImykC½yCmñHelIBYkenH)anCasßaBr ehIyraCaNacRkrbs;BYkenH eTIbEtRtÚvbMpøaj)anenAeBlsBVéf¶enHb:ueNÑaH KWenAqñaM19004 . 2- GaNaÑm-tgu kgw eRkays®gÁamTamTarÉkraCüBIRbeTscin GaNÑamRtÚvEbgEckTwkdICa 13ExRt enAqñaM968 eTAtamGMNacrbs;emT½BepSg² ehIysßitkñúgsPaBGnaFibetyü EdlnwgeFVI[RbeTsenHFøak;cUlkñúg nwmRtÜtRtarbs;breTsvij kñúgeBlminyUrb:unµan. eBlenaHmanGtItnayeKa)almñak; Ca´ecAhVayExRthagcUv eRkaymk)anmkenAbeRmIecA hVayExRtbUcaj; )anekNÐT½BvayykExRt)anmYymþg² rhUtRKb;TaMg13 rYcehIyk¾RbkasxøÜn CaesþcesayraCüenAPUj:ÚkVan ehIy)andak;eQµaHnKrfa édKUevot. éf¶mYy esþcenH nigraCbuRtc,g )anRtÚveKeFVIXatenAeBlEdlRsvwgRsaxøaMg ehIydYledkenAkñúgTIFøamuxraCvaMg. XatkRtÚveKcab; )an ehIyRtÚvRbCara®sþkab;ci®Ba©aMsac;EckKñabriePaK. ehtukarN_enHbBa¢ak;[eyIgdwgfa RbCaCn GaNÑam enAsuIsac;mnusSenAeLIy enAstvtSr_TI10 ehIyfa BYkenHCaBYksuIsac;mnusSebIehac 4 manEpnTI\NÐÚcinmYy KUrenAcugstvtSr_TI7 edayelak«Buk essVúIt EdleKbBa¢Ún[eTApSBVpSayRKisþsasnaenA RbeTsesomkñúgqñaM1685 )anbgðaj[eyIgeXIjGMBITwkdIEdlesssl;BImhaNacRkcam:,a ³ enaHKWCaTwkdImanrag CaRtIekaNtUcmYy man)atlatsn§wgBIRBMRbTl;xagekItrbs;kUsaMgsuInbc©úb,nñ eTAdl;mat;BamTenøsayhÁnenA xaglic ehIymankMBUlenAxageCIgeqogBay½BüRtwmkm<s;)aNam EtxiteTAekItbnþic. EpnTIenHminRtwmRtÚveT eRBaHfa RtIekaNcamRtÚvKUsrhUteTAdl;RKbdNþb;b‘íjFn;TaMgmUl. enAelIEpnTIenaH ´emIleXIjsÁal;TwkdIcam:,aBImun Edl)ankøayeTACaExRtrbs;GaNÑamrYceTAehIycab;BIxagt,ÚgeTA KW ³ panr:ag ¬bNÐúrgÁ¦ KWb‘íjFn;sBVéf¶/ KIjWúg b¤BULÚ kMb‘åsBVéf¶CaRsukmYyrbs;ExRtfaj;v:a/jab¤KIjWnKWCamcimeBalKWcamBitR)akdsBVéf¶RtÚvnwgExRtkVagNamEdl man TYr:an enAkñúgenaH kEnøgenHehIyCaTIkEnøgEdlniKmcammuneK)anmktaMgenA taMgBImunRKisþskraCemø:H/ faj;v:a/ enABI|sanenaHKWkVagb‘íj ehIyenABIxageCIgKWkVagvij ExRtxagt,ÚgeKrbs;tugkwg. kñúgEpnTIenaHeKehAnKrcam:,afa kUsaMgsuInrIÉGaNÑamvijeKehAfatugkwgk¾b:uEnþBYkGaNÑamxøÜnÉgeKehARsukTaMg2faGaNÑamExµrehAfaRsukyYn.

Nas;k¾kñúgkarsgswkEdr. raCaniymTI1enHRtÚvrlt;)at;bg;eTACamYynwgbuRteBArbs;b‘íjeTonhYg EdlesayraCü)an 8Ex k¾RtÚv]tþmesnIy_eLh‘n;Tmøak;BIraCsm,tþi begáItsnþtivgSeLxagedImeLIg. esþceLh‘n; enH Ca esþcBUEkxagcm,aMg. RBHGgÁ)anvayBYkcinEdlQøanBancUlmkGaNÑamkñúgqñaM981 rYcvaynKr cam:,a Edl)anXat;TukTUtEdlGaNÑambBa¢ÚneTA deNþImykraCFanI)an rYcdutkemÞcecal. snþtivgS enH RtÚvrlt;)at;eTAenAqñaM1010 CamYynwgmrNPaBrbs;buRtrbs;eLh‘n;mYyrUb RBHnamfa eLg:avRTW Edl)ansmøab;bgb¥ÚnGs;3nak; edIm,IbMEbkBIraCsm,tþi manbgmYyenaHesayraCü)an Et3éf¶ eLg:avRTW enH RbyuT§Gs;8ExeTIbeLIgesayraCü)an. eRkayBIesþcenHsuKteTAraCbuRt rbs;RBHGgÁ )anRtÚveQµaH lIéftU EdlCaGñkemIlEfrkSa bMEbkecjBIraCsm,tþiEdr ehIyelIkxøÜn ÉgCaraCanusiT§imunnwgksagsnþtivgSpÞal;xøÜneLIg. snþtivgSTI3enH eKehAfa snþtivgSeLxageRkay manesþc9GgÁesayraCüenAGaNÑam )an 216qñaM BIqñaM1010 dl;1225. esþcTaMg9GgÁenaHRbEhlKg;enAraCFanIédLaTaMgGs;Kña EdleRkaymkeKehAfa fagLúg bnÞab;mkhaNUy. BgSavtarrbs;raCvgSenHKWCaRbvtþierOgr:avd¾Evg sþIGMBIkarRbyuT§deNþImraCblø½gá karbHe)ar CaeRcInCYnkalenAkñúgRbeTsCYnkaleTotenACayEdnkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKticminTan;suIvil½yEdl TTYlsÁal;GnutþrPaBGaNÑam Etcg;rs;enAÉkraCenAelITwkdIrbs;xøÜn/ BIs®gÁamCamYyRbeTscin Edl EtgEtb:ugb:gykGaNÑamdak;eRkamnwmRtÜtRtarbs;xøÜn b¤k¾[esþcGaNÑamyl;RBmcMNuHGFiraCcin nigs®gÁamCamYynKrcam:,a EdlEtgEtqµk;mkvaytammat;smuRT nigtamCayEdnminQb;Qr. T½Bcinc,aMgcaj;ehIyRtÚv)anrujRcan[dkfyeTAvij. cMENkÉBYkcamvij Edlkøahan Et Kµanvin½y CYnkalc,aMgQñHesÞIrEteFVI[GaNacRkGaNÑamregÁaHregÁI b:uEnþPaKeRcIn KWRtÚvGaNÑam vay kab;smøab; eFVI[fyédCabnþbnÞab; nigRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIGaNaExRtxageCIg [dkfyrhUtdl; kVagNam enAxagt,ÚgTYr:an EfmeTot. cMeBaHBYkviRbCaBak;kNþalsuIvil½yenATisxageCIg nigxagBay½Büvij EdlcuHmkBIExRt yunNanehIymanedImkMeNItCaBYkfb¤éfeBalKWkat;éfCamYyGñkrdævasIminTan;suIvil½ynigBYkkul sm<½n§Edlrs;enAtMbn;GagTenøxagelIenAelIx<g;rabEdlBYkGaNÑamminsUveTAdl;BYkenaH)aneFVIcm,aMg nwgKña CYnkalqøgeTAvaycin CYnkalcuHmkvayGaNÑam dutbMpøajPUmitamvalTMnabexÞcxÞIEdlBYkenaH 136 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 137 eTAdl;. RtÚvcinvayBIxageCIg nigGaNÑamvayBIxagt,Úg BYkenHRtÚvcaj;éd rYcdkfy b:uEnþ minyUr b:unµan k¾Rtlb;vilmkvijeTot CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa. BYkTaMgGs;enHKµanGVIeT eBldkfyecjeTA k¾KµanbnSl;TukGVIEdreTAdl;RsukkMeNItk¾KµanGVIEteKksagGVI²eLIgvij)anEtkñúgeBlBIr-bIéf¶b:ueNÑaH BYkenHminecHcaj;eT. BYkGaNÑamk¾dUcCaBYkcin minGacrMxanBYkeK)anyUreLIy EtBYkeKrMxansRtÚv rbs;eK)anCanic©ebIeTaHCafakarvaylukrbs;eKenaHmanry³eBlxøIk¾edayehIykarvayRbharenaH KµanmUlehtuGVIeRkAEtBIsgswk niglYcbøn; b:ueNÑaH. mankulsm<½n§mYy eQµaHfa kulsm<½n§nug mþgenaH )anRbEmRbmUlkulsm<½n§EdlenACitxag kñúg ExRtkVagenon [rYbrYmKñaenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;emEtmYy. sm<½n§PaBenH EdlBYkGaNÑam nigcindak; eQµaHfa raCaNacRknug manCIvit)anRbEhlCa30qñaMEdr. kñúgry³kalenH emdwknaMrbs;eKmñak;² )anRbkasxøÜnCaRBHecAGFiraC. emmñak;manedImkMeNItmkBIraCFanIeRTÓgsaj;. mñak;eTotmkBI daylicCaRsukERscmáar.emTI3Edl)anvayT®nÞandl;ExRtkVagsuInigkVagTugrbs;cin)anRbkas xøÜnCaRBHecAGFiraCrbs;dayNam CamhaGaNacRkPaKxagt,Úg. k¾b:uEnþ sßitenAeRkamkarKabsgát; rbs;GaNÑam nigcin sm<½n§PaBrbs;kulsm<½n§Bak;kNþalsuIvil½yenHRtÚvbraC½y eRBaHemdwknaMrbs; BYkeK CaemT½BBUEkhankøa EtxVHkarbuinRbsb;kñúgkarEfrkSaC½yCmñHEdldeNþIm)an minecHcat;Ecg minecHeFVIneya)ay ebIeTaHCaCYnkalmankarKaMRTxøHBIesþcGaNÑam Edls¥b;cink¾eday CaBiess enAeBlEdlBYknugenHdeNþImykExRtkVagsuI nigkVagTug)an. esþccugeRkayrbs;raCvgSeLCanarI EdlTTYlGMNactBIbitakMBugRbQYn. RBHnagman RBHnamfa lICavhYg EdlesayraCü)anb:unµanEx k¾dak;raCsm,tþiRbKl;[Rtan;kaj; CaPIelogEdl RBHnag)aneRCIserIsykeFVICaRBHsVamI. Rtan;kaj;k¾ksagsnþtivgSTI4eLIg KWsnþtivgSRtan; manesþccMnYn14 GgÁesayraCüenA GaNÑam )ancMnYn190qñaM BIqñaM1225dl;1414. snþtivgSmunhak;dUcCamin)aneFVI[RbeTsrIkceRmInxagGarüFm’b:unµaneT Etesdækic©enAqñaM 1225l¥RbesIrCagkalBIqñaM968CaBiessKWkgT½BmankarerobcMl¥esþcmanraCvaMgKg;enARsYl karRbmUlBn§Gakrk¾l¥ nig)aneRcIn. eRkamsnþtivgSTI4 karrIkceRmInelOnCag k¾b:uEnþmankl])ay karbHe)ar ehIymans®gÁam RbqaMgnwgcinpg nigCamYynKrcam:,apg eRcInCagBImun. esþcRtan;kaj;esayraCüeRkamRBHnamfa Rtan;éftug. b:unµanqñaMdMbUgénrC¢kalrbs;esþcenHmanPaBvwkvrCaxøaMg. RBHraCamunEdl)andak;raCü

fVayraCbuRtI mankarrMxanCaxøaMgCamYybitulamñak;rbs;Rtan;éftug rhUtTal;EtRTg;seRmcRBHT½y pwkfñaMsmøab;xøÜn. RBHbitularbs;RBHraCafµIenaHk¾ykGtItRBHmhakSRtiyanICamehsIeTA. cMENkÉ RBHmhakSRtiyanIfµI Edl)andak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHsVamI k¾RtÚv)at;bg;RBHraCtYnaTIedaysarRBH GnuCkSRtI EdlmanKP’minEmnCamYyRBHraCa EtCamYybgb¤b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;RBHraCaeTAvij. RBHnag RtÚveKdkRBHzan³ rYcerobkar[]tþmesnIy_mñak;eQµaHfa eLPURtan;. RBHraCaTImYyénsnþtivgSRtan;enH fVIebIRBHGgÁ)ank,t;nwgRBHmehsI EtCakSRtkøahanmYyGgÁ enAkñúgsmrPUmi eRBaHRTg;)anTTYlC½yCmñHelIGFiraCcinsm½yBYkm:ugehÁal nigelIBYkcam d¾sahav pgEdr. RTg;CaRBHraCamYyGgÁEdlcUlcitþnwgRBHraCkic© niymkarEkTRmg; nigmankarKitKUr cg;[ RbCara®sþman)an. RBHGgÁ)ancat;[sagsg;TMnb; edIm,ITb;TwkTenø[hUrcUleTAsmuRT kuM[liclg; RbCara®sþ5 . RTg;k¾)anerobcM[mankarRblgrvagGñkbBaØvnþ eRCIserIsykEtGñkEdleronBUEk dUcenARbeTscinEdr eTaHCakUnra®sþRbCak¾eday. raCbuRtrbs;Rtan;kaj;EdleronsURtBIRBHbita )anrujRcankarlukluyrbs;cin eRkamkar dwknaMrbs;BYktaktar m:an;CU rbs; KUb‘ÍéLxan; [braC½y k¾b:uEnþRbCara®sþRtÚvrgTukçevTna Gt;)ay søab;Gs;CaeRcIn. eRkaymk BYkcam)anvaylukcUlmkkñúgRbeTsrhUtdl;haNUy B½T§raCFanICab; eFVI[RBHraCa eKcRBHkayecj. b:uEnþBYkcamminGacdeNþImykraCFanI)aneT eRBaHminecHpÁt;pÁg;es,óg rs;tam rebobéRB minecHerobcMRbeTs minecHdwknaM ecHEtdutbMpøaj. edayehtuenHBYkcamk¾RtÚvvay[ braC½yrYcbeNþjecjBIGaNÑamedayemT½BGaNÑammñak; KW]tþmesnIy_eLKVIlI. 138 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 5 mansMNYrmYy EdlecaTrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ mindwgfaetIkarksagTMnb;GmTenøEbbenHpþl;pll¥ b¤GaRkk; cMeBaH tugkwg b¤k¾y:agNaeT. GVIEdlCak;EsþgenaH KWsBVéf¶enH )atTenøvaenAx<s;CagTMnabEdlenAsgxag rIÉTMnb;enaHvij ebIeTaHCamankarEfrkSacak;dIbMeBjBICMnan;mYyeTACMnan;mYy EdlCaehtueFVI[cMNayGs;eRcIny:agNakþI k¾enARtg; kEnøgxøHTwkenAEtcg;hUrkat;dEdl. tamemIleTA esþcRtan;kaj; nigesþcEdlesayraCübnþmk RbEhlCa)anKitdl; plRbeyaCn_pÞal;rbs;RbCara®sþnaeBlenaH min)anKitdl;plvi)akénkarsg;TMnb;eTAGnaKteT. mü:ageTot na sm½yenaH RbEhlCaeKminTan;GacTsSn_Tay GMBIGnaKt)aneT eBalKWmin)andwgfakareFVIdUecñH nwgnaM[mankkrl,ab; eRcIn eFVI[)atTenøqab;rak; eLIgx<s;CagTMnabenAsgxag TIbBa©b;TenøRtÚvsßitenAkñúgGagsib,nimitþ gaynwgehorecjmk eRkANas; CaBiess enAeBlNaEdlrdæaPi)almin)anykcitþTukdak;.

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 139 cugbBa©b;énsnþtivgSTI4enHminCal¥b:unµaneT.eRkayBIC½yCmñHelIBYkcam]tþmesnIy_eLKVIlI )ankøayxøÜnCamnusSman\T§iBly:agxøaMgmkelIRBHraCa elIraCvaMg nigm®nþIesnabtITaMgLay. Kat; GacdkhUtesþcb¤dak;nrNamñak;[esayraCük¾)an eBalKW dwknaMRbeTs nigraCvaMgCMnYsmux[bNþa RBHraCaEdlKµan)ankarTaMgLay. esþcRtan;eg:tugsþab;bBa¢aTaMgGs;rbs;eLKVIlI hak;dUcCa)an dak;raCürYceTAehIy. esþcRtan;EPedRtÚveLKVIlIbBa¢a[eKRc)ac;kTal;Etsøab;enAqñaM1390. esþc Rtan;FYntug )aneLIgesayraCüedaysareLKVIlIenH. eLKVIlImansRtÚvCaeRcIn eRBaHKat;)ansmøab; ]tþmesnIy_eRcInnak;/smøab;raCvgSnigTIRbwkSaNaEdlmincMNuHKat;minEtb:ueNÑaHEfmTaMgdwknaMesþc eTotCak;EsþgesþcRtan;FavedEdlKat;elIk[esayraCüenAqñaM1399KWKµanGMNacGVITal;EtesaH. eLKVIlICabuKÁlEtmñak;Kt;EdldwknaMRbeTs dwknaMraCvaMg edayKµanxøacrEGgnrNamñak;eT. Kat;)an RbkasxøÜnfa Ca{RBHGyüekaénRBHraCaNacRk} esøóksemøókbMBak;BN’elOg CaBN’EdleKeRbI sRmab;EtRBHraCab:ueNÑaH ehIyecjeTANamkNaman)aMgkøs;BN’elOg nigBN’mas12Can;. bnÞab;mk eRkayBIesþcRtan;FavedesayraCü)an2qañM eLKVIlIk¾dkesþcenHecj ehIyeLIgesay raCüxøÜnÉgedayykRBHnamfahUKVIlI nig)andUreQµaHnKreTACa daygU vij. esayraCü)anmin)anb:unµanExpg mindwgfaedayenOyNay nigraCsm,tþi EdlKµansarsMxan; dUckareFVICam®nþI b¤k¾edaymankarKabsgát;BIsaFarNmti b¤k¾mnusSmYyRkúm EdlÉksarRbvtþi sa®sþmin)anR)ab;[eyIgdwghUKVIlIk¾RbkaselIkkUnrbs;xøÜnCarC¢TayaTrYcdak;raCsm,tþifVayehIy Rbkan;yktMENgCaRBHraCbitavij EtenAEtkan;GMNacdEdl. b:uEnþeBlenaHdl;eBlEdlcineFVIGnþraKmn_lµm. cinlukluynKrdaygU kan;kab;y:agtwgruwg. GaNÑambraC½yehIybraC½yeTot. hUKVIlI nigRBHraCbuRtEdlkMBugesayraCü RBmTaMgraCbuRtmYy GgÁeTot RtÚvcincab;)anCaeQøIy dwknaMykeTARsukcin EtRtÚveFVIXatGs;enAtampøÚv. cab;BIeBlenaHmk GaNÑamRtÚvFøak;kñúgnwmRtÜtRtarbs;cinGs;kalRbmaNCa 20qñaMeTot. 3- Rsku cni enAedImstvtSr_TI13 T½Bm:ugehÁalrbs;eqghÁIxan; ¬hSg;hSúIxan;¦ EdleTIbEteFVIkarratt,at BaseBjGasuIeTAdl;m:UsáÚvIPaKxagt,ÚgnigrhUteTAdl;b‘ulkarIeTotpg)anQøanBancUlmkRbeTscin EdlRtÚvsßiteRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;BYkm:ugehÁalenH cab;BIqñaM1214rhUtmk. BYkm:ugehÁal taMgraC FanIenAeb:kaMg. RbeTscineBlenaHmanGMNacxøaMgNas; eRBaHRtÚvdwknaMy:agbuinRbsb; nigtwgruwg

bMput edaysnþtivgSeXareXAmYy Edlrs;enAedaykare)aHtg;kNþalraCFanIcin manTahantaktar nigm:ugehÁal yamkamy:agmWugm:at;. enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;esþcm:ugehÁalmYyGgÁ KWKUb‘ÍéLxan; RtÚvCaecArbs;hSg;hSúIxan; manCnCati evnIsmñak; EdlCam®nþIsMNBVcitþRBHGFiraC )aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;cugbUB’akat;nKrcam:,aeTAdl;\NÐa nig cUlRbeTsmYycMnYneTot. elak m:akUb:ULÚ k¾)anbnSl;TuknUvBt’mand¾mansarsMxan; GMBIkarsñak;enA rbs;Kat; EdlKYr[cg;dwgcg;eXIjEdr. BYkm:ugehÁalTaMgenaH eRkayBIdeNþImykTVIbGasuIPaKxageCIg nigRbeTscin)any:agqab;rh½s rYcmk k¾taMgcab;Gnuvtþtamneya)ayrbs;BYkGFiraCEdlBYkeK)anTmøak;BIGMNac. BYkeKKaMRTsiT§i Edlcin)anGHGagfa manGFiraCPaBtaMgBIeRcInstvtSr_mkehIyelIbNþaRbCaCatiCitxag ehIyk¾ taMgcab;epþImbgç¿[bNþaRbCaCatiTaMgenaH TTYlsÁal;GnutþrPaBrbs;xøÜn TaMgedayRbeyal TaMgkñúgkar Gnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg. cMENkÉbNþaRbCaCatiTaMgenaHvij EdlFøab;EtKitfaGaNacRkcinFM manGMNac ciBa©acciEBa©g eKmin)anRbEkkRbqaMgGVIeT ebIeTaHCafaGFiraCenaHmkBIcm¶ay nigfaGFiraCenaH min EdllUkédcUlkñúgépÞkñúgrbs;eK edayTTYlsÁal;TaMgGs;nUvGVI²Edl)anseRmcrYcmkehIy ehIyeFVI RBegIycMeBaHerOgXatkmµelIRBHraCa erOgdeNþImraCsm,tþid¾GaRsUvEdlb:HBal;dl;suvtßiPaB rbs; RbCara®sþEdlGFiraCenaH)anRbkasxøÜnfa CaGñkkarBark¾eday. \T§iBlrbs;GFiraCcinmansar sMxan;kan;EtxøaMgEfmeTot CaBiess enAeBlNaEdlGFiraCRtÚvkarkarTTYlsÁal;eRkayBIeK)anlYc qk;ykGMNac)an. emø:aHehIy RKb;RBHraCaTaMgGs;EtgEtbBa¢ÚnraCTUt nigvtßúGnusSavrIy_epSg²eTA fVayRBHecAGFiraCcinCanic©rYcehIyTTYlykmkvijnUvkartbsñgCavtßúb¤zan³tYnaTImYyEdlCYnkal KYr[sgS½y Cak;EsþgdUcCa zan³Ca {]tþmesnIy_énTkSiNTissnþiPaB} EdlGFiraCcinmYyGgÁ )an fVaydl;RBH)aTekaNÐBaس CaedIm. GnutþrPaB nigGFiraCPaBenH cinmanmktaMgEtBICagmYyBan;qñaMmun mk rhUtmkTl;eBlEdleyIgkMBugniyayenH. RBH)aTekaNÐBaسesayraCüenAstvtSr_TI5 ehIy esþcesommYyGgÁ )anTTYlRtaBIGFiraChugvUrbs;cin enAqñaM1376. ehIyeyIgnwg)aneXIj mþg eTotfa enAqñaM1570 esþcesommYyGgÁeTot KWRBHNaert RTg;)ansuM[GFiraCcinbþÚrRtafµICaCMnYs Rtamun Edl)anTTYlkalBIqñaM1376 Edl)an)at;bg;eTA enAeBlBYk):akan dutTIRkúgGyuFüa enAkñúg qñaM1555. eyIgnwg)aneXIjPaBcMNuHedayRbeyalEbbenHenAtugkwgpgEdr enAeBlEdl)araMg cab;c,aMgdeNþImyk enAcugstvtSr_TI19. enAstvtSr_TI13 BYkGFiraCm:ugehÁal kñúgenaHmanTaMgKUb‘ÍéLxan;pgEdr )ancab;GarmµN_ 140 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 141 CaxøaMgcMeBaHTwkdIRbeTsCitxag CagbNþaGFiraCcineTAeTot. munBYkm:ugehÁalmkdl; sMeBAcinmin EdlcuHeTAeRkamhYsBIRckm:aLakaeT ebImanmkdl;ekaHCVa b¤s‘Um:aRta k¾mantictYcEdr. eRkayenaH sMeBAcin)anmkkan;ekaHTaMgBIrCajwkjab;ehIyqøgRckm:aLakacUleTAkñúgQUgsmuRTbwgháal;bnþeTA eFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAtameqñrkUr:Um:g;Edl b¤eFVIkarqk;bøn;k¾man. CYnkaleKRbTHeXIjsMeBAcinenAkñúgsmuRT GUm:g; nigQUgsmuRTEBkS eTotpg. elak m:akUb:ULÚ RbEhlCa)aneTAdl;TIenaH kñúgebskkmµeTA RbeTscin. sMeBAcink¾manTMnak;TMngkan;EtxøaMgCamYyraCaNacRkTaMgLay enA\NÐÚcinpgEdr BIeRBaH fa TMnak;TMngCamYyelakxageRkAkan;EtmansarsMxan; ehIysMTuHénkarvatGMNacGFiraCk¾kan;Et xøaMgEdr. KWenAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;GFiraCKUb‘ÍéLxan;enHÉg EdlmanraCTUtcinmkdl;RsukExµr kñúgenaHman TaMg QavtakVan; pgEdr edIm,ItamrkBYkEdlRbqaMgnwgraCaniymfµI ehIyePosxøÜnmkRCkekanenA TIenH. tamBit KUb‘ÍéLxan; manbMNgcg;vatGnutþrPaBrbs;cin edaydeNþImGMNacdUcCaBYkcinmun² G‘ÍcwgEdr rYcehIylatsn§wgGnutþrPaBenaHeTA[kan;Etq¶ayEfmeTot. 4- Rsku esom b ¤ Rsku éf cMENkBYkéf sBVéf¶eKehAfaesom EdleyIg)aneXIjrYcmkehIyfa )anmkbgðajxøÜnenAkñúg GagTenøemNamtaMgBIstvtSr_TI9énRKisþskraCemø:H BYkenHcinehAfaéGLav b¤éfLav6 taMgBIyUrlg; Nas;mkehIy KWRbEhlCataMgBIqñaM90munRKisþskraCeTAeTot b:uEnþÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin man niyayBIBYkenHEtBIRtwmqñaM629mkb:ueNÑaHenHebItameyIgdwg.BYkenHBImunrs;enAkEnøgmYyEdlcin ehAfa Nanqav ¬mann½yfa esþcénRsukkNþal¦ enABIxaglicyunNan EdlekokbMputnwgTIeb. tamemIleTABYkenHRbEhlCamanedImkMeNItecjBIniKmCnhiNÐÚEdlecjBImKF³ mkpSBV pSayGarüFm’enATIenaH rYcehIyk¾RtÚvRsUbcUl)at;eTAkñúgcMeNamGñkRsukGay Edlkat;TIebBak; kNþal. KWedayehtuenaHehIy )anCaBYkeKmanlkçN³CahiNÐÚkat;TIeb. sBVéf¶enH PasaEdleK niyayenAtamRsukERsrbs;yunNan CaBiessxiteTAxaglicbnþic nigenACuMvijTIRkúgtalI nigbNþa ExRtCitxagenaHKWCaPasaéfedImEdl)anERbkøayeRcInehIylayLMCamYyPasacinehIyPasaéf enaH KµanBakü)alIeT. 6 BYkGaNÑamenAeRbIBakü éGLav enHsRmab;ehA BYklav nigBYkesomPaKxageCIg EtsBVéf¶.

ehIyvahak;dUcCafaGkSrEdlBYkeKsresrBIdMbUgenaH køayecjmkBIGkSrsM®sáwtpgEdr. BYkenHmanEckecjCakSRtRbeTscMnYn6 b¤7 CYnkalCa8 b¤9 EtrYmKñaCashB½n§mYy. KW edayehtuenaHehIy )anCaCYnkal cinehABYkenHfa {BYkqavTaMg6 b¤TaMg9} ehIyenHk¾CakarbBa¢ak; pgEdrfaBYkenHrs;enACaRkúmGm,ÚrsVy½tmYyc,as;las;enAxagnirtIGaNacRkcin.BYkenHmaneQµaH BitR)akdfasay:amEtBYk):akannigPUmaehAminc,as;faCaéfb¤sanehIydl;eRkay²mkBYkenHk¾ ehAxøÜnÉgfadUecñHEdreTA7 enAeBlenaH. b:uEnþ BYkGñkRsukEdlrs;enARtg;TwkdIPUmasBVéf¶ k¾ehATwkdI rbs;xøÜnfa kUsanBüI mann½yfa {nKrsanTaMg7} b¤fa raCaNacRkm:a b¤raCaNacRkb:ug pgEdr kalBI stvtSr_TI7. enAkñúgBak;kNþalTImYyénstvtSr_TI8 esþcrdæqavéfEdlsßitenAxagt,ÚgeKbg¥s;kñúgbNþardæ TaMg6KWesþcb:ULÚkUb¤suILÚkUénRsukemOghuIqav)aneqøót»kaseBlEdlcineFVIs®gÁamCamYyTIebvay deNþImykRsukqavÉeTot²dak;CacMNuH. KWRbEhlCaenAeBlenaHehIy eRkayBI)ankøayxøÜnCa m©as;elITwkdId¾FMmYyrYcehIy EdlesþcqavenaH)anRbkan;ykzan³CamharaC EdlKUb‘ÍéLxan; TTYl sÁal;5stvtSr_eRkaymkcMeBaHesþcqavEdlesayraCübnþeRkayBI)anyknKrqavdak;CacMNuHrYc mk.GFiraCqavenaHesayraCüenAraCFanItalIemø:aHehIynKrenaHk¾RtÚveKehArt;mat;faraCaNacRk talI²dUecñHeTAb:uEnþBYkcinnigBYkGñkRsukCitxagmYycMnYneTotenAEtbnþehAfaraCaNacRkNanqav² b¤raCaNacRkénesþcTisxagt,Úgerogmk.BYkGaNÑamehABYkenHfalukCavmann½yfaesþc6b¤kSRt RbeTs6. enAedImRKisþskraCrhUtdl;munstvtSr_TI6 RsukenHmanRbeTsCitxag KWPUma nigTIebBI xaglic/ cinBIxageCIg nigxagekIt/ tugkwg b¤g:anNanBIGaeKñy_ ehIynigmanPüÚ/ PüÜr b¤eborm:anBIxag t,Úg. enAedImBak;kNþalTI2énstvtSr_TI8 KWenAkñúgrC¢kalesþcRBHnamkaLÚhVúg CabuRtrbs;esþc b:ULÚkU Edl)anbRgÜbbRgÜmÉkPaBéf ehIybegáIt)anraCaNacRktalIeLIg BYkcinEdlminsb,ay citþnwgeXIjraCaNacRkd¾rwgmaMmYyenHekIteLIg CaCagmankSRtRbeTs6EdlTn;exSay k¾cab;ebIk karvayRbharmkelInKrNanqavb¤raCaNacRktalIenAqñaM751kñúgeKalbMNgkm©at;[)at;Etmþgb¤ 142 Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa 7 enAkñúgPasaPUma GkSr s rbs;PasasM®sáwt)anRtÚveKbþÚreTACa F dUcCa skümunI eTACa FKamunI/ sueTa§Tn³ eTACa FueT§aTn³/ yesaFr³ eTACa yeFaFr³/ Rs³vasÞi eTACa FvaTÞi/ evsaLI eTACa evFalI.l.