Umberto Eco - Kant si ornitorincul

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:'I'lOJIc{\rl Y'I SION

454 NOTE LA CAPITOLE

sau igi sdrbdtoregte nunta). Dar fiindcd subiectele, fie din nevoia
sau ciin iniliativa ingenioasd a desenatorului, sunt introduse in
scene care de care mai suprarealiste, uneori trebuie pertinentizate
gi Subiectele neetichetate.

Apendice 1 - Despre denotafie

1. Aceasta este traducerea (parlial adusd la zi, pentru a o omogeniza
cu alte scrieri din prezenta carte) a articolului ,,D6notation",
Eco si Marmo, 1989: 43-80. I\{ul{umesc Mariei Teresa apdrut
in Blonio

Brocchieri Fumagalli, lui Andrea Tabarroni, Roberto Lambertini
gi costantino Marmo pentru a fi discutat cu mine scrierea aceasta,
furnizAndu-mi sugestii prelioase.
2. rn Periherne. II (ed. Meiser: 20-2T, discutdnd dacd cuvintele se
referd direct ia concepte sau direct Ia lucruri, pentru ambele cazuri
Boethius urihzeazd expresia desigrtare. in legdturd cu acelasi context,
spune -vox vero conceptiones animi intellectusque significat" gi
rl'oces vero quae inrellectus designant", vorbind despre litterae,
t'oces. intellectus. res. el sustine cd ,,litterae verba nominaque
significant" si cd,haec vero (nomina) pnncipaiiter quidern intelleclus
secundo vero loco res quoque designant. Intellectus vero ipsi nihil
aiiud nisi rerum significavi sunt". in Categ. Arist. (pL ba, fSg)
spune cd ,,prima igitur illa fuit nominum positio per quam vel
intellectui subiecte vel sensibus designaret". Mi se pare cd iesignare
Ei significare sunt considerate aici mai mult sau mai pugin echiva-
lente. Dar punctul fundamental este cd int6i de toate cuvintele
semnificd conceptele qi deci numai in consecinld pot sd. facd
imediat referire la lucruri. Despre intreaga chestiune cf. De
gi urm. Nuchelmans (1928:184) lasd sd se Rijk,
7967,II,I:178 vadi

cum' cu toate cd Boethius pare sd utirizeze qi significare impreund
cu designare, denuntiare, demonstrare. enuntiare, d,icere cu o expresie-
-obiect, pentru a indica ceea ce e adevd.rat sau fals, cAnd intre-
buinleazd apoi aceiasi termeni cu
cd cineva o persoand in calitate de subiect,
el inlelege si spuni acela face manifestd
in modul
opinia cd ceva se dd sau nu se dd realmente: ,,Definirea unei
enunti.atio sau proposilio ca enunt care inseamnd ceva adevdrat
sau fals, reflectd faptul c5, din punctul de vedere al lui Aristotel,
este gandirea sau credinta ci cer-a se dd ca adevdrat sau fals in
sensul strict al termenului. Daca, prin urrnare, privind cum anume
prezintd Boethius o astfel de chestiune, adevdrul gi falsitatea nu
sunt in lucruri, ci in gdnduri si opinii, si numai intr-un al doilea
timp (posf haec) in cuvinte qi in enunlurl',. Cf. Nuchelmans, 19TB :

134, cu referiri Ia Categ. Arist. si In periherm).

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456 NOTE LA CAPITOLE

textului aristotelic, sustindnd c6, in general vorbind, semnificatul
cuvintelor nu este conceptul. ci lucrui". in pofida acestui lucru, in

nota 29 adaugd: ,,Sub indrumarea noastrd a fbst scrisd o teza 6

lui Fr. John B. Vogel, O.F.M.) despre probiema semnificbrii directe
a lucrurilor, potrivit lui Scotus; autorul a scos ia iveaid o distanld

considerabil5 intre tratarea acestei probleme in Oxoniense qi in

Quaestiones in Perihermeneias opus primum and. secundurn ". (Pentru
o interpretare intensionalistd, a se vedea Marmo, in Eco et. a\.,7989.)

8. Exist5 cel pulin un exemplu de denotare in formd activd, citat de
Maiert (1972: 98) qi extras din Elementariwm logicae, in care

Ockham distinge intre doud sensuri ale lui appellare. Primul e cel

al lui Anselm, in timp ce, privitor la al doilea, Ockham scrie:

,,aliter accipitur appellare pro terrnino exigere vel denotare seipsum
debere suam propriam formam". S-ar pdrea cd aici denotare vrea

, sd insemne ,,a susiine" (sau a cere) sau a ,,postula" o coreferinld

inlduntrul cadrului contextului lingvistic.

9. Pentru o utilizare asemdnS.toare a lui denotari a se vedea Quaestianes

in lihros physicorum 3 (sub ingrijirea iui Corvino, Riuista di storia
della filosofia, X.3-1. mai-august, 1955t.
10" Maierir i1 citeazd pe Pietro da Mantor,a: ,,Verba significantia
actum mentis ut sclo. cognosco. intelligo etc. denotant cognitionem
rerum significatarum a terminis sequentibus ipsa verba per con-
ceptum". Imediat dupd aceasttt fu:azd., Pietro oferd un exemplu:

c"UognndoesciisstaSopcrroapteomsitpioertuhucnocgncoosncciespStuarcnranteSmoc. rsaitgemni"ficinatreqcutoodvleul
obliquo" (.Logica 19vb - 20ra). Este clar cd denotare gi significare

sunt mai mult sau mai pulin echivalente qi cd ambele sunt folosite

pentru a vorbi de atitudini propozilionale - o temd intensionald

prin excelen!6.

Apendic e 2 - Croce, intuitia gi amalgamul

Acest articol a fost scris pentru La Riuista dei Libri (17.1991) ca
recenzie la reeditarea Adelphi a Esteticii lui Croce. L-am incius

in aceastS culegere deoarece anticipeazS. unele dintre conside-

raliile despre intuilie, concept si schemd tratate in 2 gi aratd cum

inconvenienteie kantiene in ce privegte schema ;i rezistenla falI

de intemeierea judec5lii perceptive pe obiecte din naturd au in-
fluenfat gAndirea ideaiistd ulterioard.

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uuero141 'ce1y

acrJBr.EoHqIq af ur.ra;ag

Fr' .'r llr\-iE f tBr.;oCF.\f lr-F

Benelli, Beatrice

1991 ,,Categar,zzaniane,i"al:presentazi*ne e linguqggio: aspetti e tendenze
dello svih:ppo del pensiero concettuale". In Casciari" ed", 1gg1:

5-46.

ileonio-Fracchleri F umagaili.. l,{aria Teieca

1969 Xe Logir:a d.i A!;eiardo. F'rrenze: i-a FIuova Itaiia.

Berr:e1li Eersani, Gai:riele

1995 Riferimento ed interpr.etrixiane naminc{.e" ldilano: Angeli.
Bertuccelli Papi, Marcella

7993 Che cos'b la pragmatiaa. ir,{ilano: Bompiani.

Eettetini, Gianfranco

1,971 L'indice del realisruo. &fiiano: Bcmpianr.

I975 Produziane dei senso e messa in scena. Miiano: Bompiani.
1991 Ls simuiazione uisiu{r. &Ailanc: tsornpiani"

1996 L'audiouisiuo. Milano; Bompiani.

Bickei'ton, Derek

19Bi The Roats af .Lurt6rlcga. Airir lr.ri:o-r: Karorna,

Boehner, Philathetr-ns

1,958 ,,r]ckham's theoi:.r cf sigirii.caii,:n". tn iii;ri,1,s;,r1, ,&., ecl., Coliected.

Article,q ort Ockhanr. St. Lonaver-riurer hl'e...v ycrrla-Lou.rain-

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1976 L'esistenza ciella realtd. Milano; Bompiani.
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Er:iifantini, hlassimo A., Grazia, Roberto

1976 .,Teoria delia conoscenza e fu.nzilone dell'icona in Feirce',. V,g 1F:

1-15"

Bonfantini, Massimo A., Froni, Giar:rpaoio

1983 ,S,Teobegcuke,ss19o8r3'.ot to guess". Scienze {Jmarue t}. Fubiicat in Eeo sr

Er:norni. Andrea

!975 L,e vie del riferimento.I4iiano . Eiripiani.

7994 Lo spirito della narcazio.'re. lr!-irano: Eomiriani.

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I97& La struttura logi.co, del. li;,tgr,;,,1sio. h4ilano: Eouipiani.

Fnuissac, Faul, Herzfeld, Ifichaei. f-osner:. R,oland, ed.
1986 fcorilcily: Tflbingen: Stauffenburg"

Brandt, Fer"Aage

1989 ,,'Ihe Cinafi]ics of rn*dallt;.." , .rt.-:herclres s|iniotiqur:s - Serwiatic

inquiry 9,113:3*16.

Eruner, .Ierc.me

1986 Actuai MLrLds and. Fassih!e ',':-rtrlils. carnbrrdge: I{arvarii u.p.

(trad. it" La srtente a pii d.i;;r.:,:,;zorij" Bai'i; Laterza, 1gg?).
:'ii){} Ads of },{eaniii.g. Cambridge. Ila.r'ard U.F (trad. it. Lr' ricerca,
r-i e I s ig nific cf s. T'*rino : B ori;rr gh i e i'i1.

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'ILZ-LgZ:966I i3ruoy ul'4sBruraqeH o1 osuodsorv" 966T

99-1,9 :I salpnls
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474 REFERINTE BIBLIOGRAFICE

1979 ,,Iconicity". in The Sign & its Masters. Austin: University of
Texas Press: 107-L27 (trad. it. Il segno e i suoi maestri. Ban:

Adriatica, 1985).
1991 A Sign is just a Sign. Bloomington: Indiana IJ.P.
7994 An Introduction to Semiatics. Toronto: Toronto U.P.

Sebeok, Thomas A., ed.

1978 Aruimal communication. Bloomington: Indiana U.F. (trad. it.

Zoosemiotica" Milano,: Bompiani, 1973)"
Sellars, Wilfrid

1978 W"TheJorhonlestoofniemaJgr.i,naetdio., in Kant's theory of experience". in Henry
Categories: A Colloquiurz. Pennsylvania

State University, 1978.

Semprini, Valentina

1997 La rappresentazione del conflitto nel.la letteratura a fumetti. TezE

de licenld in semioticS. Universitatea din Bologna, Facultatea

de Litere Ei l.ilosofie, 1995-1996"
Secarz, Eli, Celada, Franco, Mitchison, Avron, Tado, Tomio, eds.
1988 The Semiotics af Cellular Communication in the Immune System.

Berlin: Springer.

Sherzer, Joel

1974 ,,L'indicazione tra i Cuna di San Elas". VS 7: b7-72.

Sirnone, Raffaele

1995 "eTdh.,e1s9e9a5rc: h74fo9r-1s5im7.ilarity in the linguist's cognition". in Cacciari,

Sonesson, Gd,ran

7989 Pictorial Concepts. Malm6: Lund University Press"

1994 ,,Pictorial semiotics, Gestalt theory, and the ecoiogy of,perception".
Semiotica 99 , 3/4: 319-400.

Spade, Paul V.

1982 ,,The semantics of terms". fn Kretzmann et aL,1g82: 188-1g6.
Sperber, Dan, Wilson, Deirdre

1986 Releuance. Carnbridge: Harvard U"P (trad. it^ La pertinenza.

Milano: Anabasi, 1992).

Strawson, Peter F.

1950 ,On Referring". Mind,59:320-344 (trad. it. in Bonomi, ed., 1g7B:

197-224).

Tabarroni, Andrea

1989 ,,Mental signs and the theorl' of representation in Ockharn,,. in

Eco gi Marmo, eds.: 195-224

Tarski, Alfred

1944 ,,The semantic conception of truth". Fhilosophy and phe.nomen-

ological Research. 4, 1944: 311-376 (trad. it. in Linsky, L., ed.,

Semantica e filosofia del linguagglo. A{ilano: Saggiatore, 1969).
T'-o:>do2roLv,aTczovneqluaAnte de I'Amdrique. Paris.. Seuil (trad. it. La conquista

Tell'America. Torino: Einaudi. 198.1).

'966I-9667

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478 INDEX DE AUTORI

C Dorfles, Gillo 406
Ducrot, Oswald 268, 438,444
Caesar, Michael 15 Dumas, Alexandre 308, 407
Cacciari, Cristina 360 Dumrnet, Illichael 370, 436
Calabrese, Omar 15, 422,445 Duns Scotus 77 4, 385-386
Calrlwell, W.H. 265
Calvino, Italo 193, 441 E
Caramazza, A. 424
Carnap, Rudolph 370, 433 Edelman, Gerald M. I08, 424
Casati, Roberto 111 Eichmann, Klauss 109
Ellis, Ralph D.2A6-207
Cases, Cesare 12 Epicur 20,375
Cassirer, Ernst 87-88, 413-414 Escudero, Lucrecia 15
Cavicchioli, Sandra 15 Evans, Gareth 196
Celli, Giorgio 13
Churchman, West 240 F
Cioran, Emil 24
Corti, Maria 428 Fabbri, Paolo 15, 276,447,450
Corvino, Francesco 456 Fabbrichesi Leo, Rosella 102,4I5,
Cosenza, Giovanna 15
Costantini, Michel 445 445-446
Feyerabend, Paul K. 48-49
Court6s, Joseph 155, 166, 242,323, Fillmore, Charles 424
419 Fisette, Jean 447
Fodor, Jerry A. 430
Croce, Benedetto 395-407, 431,456 Foilesdal, Dagfinn 440
Formaggio, Dino 406
D Fredborg, K.M. 382
Frege, Gottlob 733, 257, 27 7, 370
Daigarno, Georges 75 Fresnault Derueile, Pierre 445
Fumagalli, Armando 101, 416, 440,
Dalla Chiara, Maria Luisa 441
454
f)a Verona, Guido 407 Fusco, Mario 15

I)avidson, Donald 241-242, 256, G

433, 435 Galasso, Giuseppe 394
Galilei, Galileo 448
Descartes, Ren6 217 Gardner, Howard 420

Deleuze, Gilles 88 Gardne4 Martin 420,45A

Della Volpe, Galvano 406 Gargani, Aldo G. 390-391
Garin, Eugenio 406
De Marinis, Marco 15 Garroni, Emilio 412, 414-475
Gaunilon 24
De Mauro, Ttrllio 395,414 Geach, Peter 369
Gentner, Dedre 358
De Rijk, Lambert M.37 4,376, 380- Gerlach, Peter 444

-387,454-455

Dennett, Daniel C. 103, LI7, \52.

420

Derrida, Jacques 292, 333
-ri.3'i.:'.i',g-tr.t.JoDhenni1s0303.12-31362,406,4I7
, ,r:. Robert-: ili
- . .=-.-':.i.bKoen:::::: :--\1. 442
- : !'-t-297. 293
-

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480 INDEX DE AUTORI

Leonardi, Paolo 434 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 332, 477 -

Leopardi, Giacomo 61 -418
Lesson, Ren6-Primevdre 236
Lewis, David K. 19, 304 Merrell, Floyd 29g, 429,448
Linn6, Carl 75, 220 Metz, Christian 319, 446-447

Michelangelo Buonarroti2ll,404-
Locke, John 72-74, 79, 82, 123, -405
389, 412, 420, 428 Mill, John Stuart 146,371,389-393
Lotman 18
Lozano Miralles, Helena 15 Minsky, Marvin I54,424

Miranda, Claudia 15

Lucreliu 315, 339 Mizzau, Marina L5

Lynch, Kevin 209 MoodY, Ernest A. 388

Lyons, Michele 370,373 Morpurgo Tagliabue, Guido 406

Morris, Charles BZ0

M Musarra-Schroeder, Ulla 15

Magli, Patrizia 15 N
Maieri, Alfonso 373, 456
Malaparte, Curzio 361 Neckham, Alessandro 216
Maldonado, Tomd.s 316-317, 334, Neisser, Ulrich 174,776,183, 194-

343,352, 421, 445-446, 451 -t95, 420,425-426
Maloney, Thomas 393 Nergaard, Siri 430
Nesher, Dan 119, 417
Maltese, Corrado 449 Neubauer, Fritz 193
Mameli, Matteo 416 Nida, Eugen e 1,57, 424
Manetti, Giovanni 15 Nietzsche, Friedrich 49-53
Nishishara, H. Keith 89, 430
Manzoni, Alessandro 295-296, 397, Ntith, Winfried 15, 445

407 Nuchelmans, Gabriel 37 6, 38G, 454

Marco Polo 63-67, 7t7, 127, 787, o
227, 235, 472
Ockham, Wilhelm 774,249, BEZ,
Marconi, Diego 165-166, 4I2, 430
Marconi, Luca 15, 22L,255, 474, 373, 390, 396-393, 456
Oehler, Klaus 113, 416
41,7, 420, 430-437 Ogden, C.K. 370
Olender, Maurice 15
Markman, Arthur B. 358 Osmond-Smith, David 446

Marmo, Costantino 15, 386, 388- Osolsobe, Ivo 445
-389, 434, 454,456 Ouellet, Pierre 75, 419
Owen, Richard 231-232, 284, 2gg
Marr, David 89, 137, L58,200,327,
330,424 P

Marrone, Gianfranco 15 Paci, Enzo 99
Marsciani, Francesco 1-5 Palmer, Stephen 322
Pareyson, Luigi 399, 406, 409, 4I1,
\Iartinetti, Piero 413
llathieu, \'ittorio 99, 415 ,119

Jlaturana, Humberto 107
l'1:r. ][ichael322

l.i :,1 :,,i'ie]-, James. D. 245, 447-442

i--..=-. Johann F 232,239

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I8t IUOJ,NY SO XSONI

+82 INDEX DE AUTORI

Socrate 265, 376, 384 Varzi, Achiile C" 111
Vattimo, Gianni 12, 49, 52-53, 4I0,
Sonesson, Giiran 318, 343, 351,
445-446,452 472-413
Vick, G.R. 390-392
Spade, Paui V. 377 Vico, Giarnbattista 400
Sperber, Dan 435
Stauder, Thomas 15-16 Violi, Patrizia 75" 147, 757-'158,
Stendhal 305-306
Stjernfelt, Frederick 322 223-224, 229, 4L7, 423-429, 440
Strawson, Peter F. 263 Vogel, John B. 456
Volli, Ugo 15, 110, 318, 413
T
w
Tabarroni, Andrea 386-387, 454
Tadirri, Emilio 15 Wada, Tadaiko 15
Tarski, .{lfred 244-245, 393, 434 Wierzbicka, Anna 147-150, '1,72,
Thales 85
425
Thomas din Erfurt 386
Todorov, Tzvetan 42A Wiesel, Tosten N. 326-327
Wilkins, John 75, 148, 216, 430
Toma d'Aquino 25, 27-28,59, 1,46, Wilson, Derde 435
17 4, 265, 378-3?9, 440 Wittgenstein, Ludwig I88, 20 4, 243,

Toraldo di Francia, Giuliano 441 264 -261, 27 r, 317, 360, 429, 446
Tversky, Amos 362 Wolf, Mauro 15, 19

v Z

Vaina, Lucia 424,447 Zenon din Elea 329
Vaidry Paul 23 Zijno, Alessandro 435, 441
Varela, Francisco 420 Zinma, Alessandro L5, 445
Znepolski, Ivailo 15