e-Prosiding Seminar EnviroPOLY 2016

© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016

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©2016 Pejabat Penerbit, Unit Penyelidikan, Inovasi dan Komersialan
(UPIK), Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah
Semua Hak cipta Terpelihara
Tiada bahagian ini boleh diterbitkan semula, disimpan untuk pengeluaran
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Penerbit Unit Penyelidikan, Inovasi dan Komersialan (UPIK), Politeknik
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dasar, polisi dan pendirian Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah dan Politeknik
Sultan Idris Shah tidak bertanggungjawab terhadap apa-apa kerugian
yang dialami oleh mana-mana pihak yang membuat tindakan atau
tinggalan berdasarkan maklumat di dalam penerbitan ini.

Diterbitkan oleh
Pejabat Penerbit
Unit Penyelidikan, Inovasi dan Komersialan (UPIK)
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,
Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Ayer Tawar
Selangor
Tel:03-32806200/6339
Faks: 03-3280640
Web: http://jtmk.psis.edu.my/enviropoly2016/

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© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016

PRAKATA

e-Prosiding ini merupakan penerbitan khas bagi kertas kerja Seminar
EnviroPOLY 2016 anjuran Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah.

Seminar EnviroPOLY2016 adalah kesinambungan dari seminar Seminar
EnviroPOLY2015, EnviroPSIS2012 dan PolyGreen2013 yang mana ia
menjadikan Tema Alam Sekitar sebagai tema utama di samping
menjadikan tema-tema lain sebagai sub tema. Tema ini menepati inti pati
Pelan Pembangunan PolyGreen Politeknik Malaysia melalui penyelidikan
hijau dan pembudayaan hijau.

e-Prosiding Seminar EnviroPOLY2016 dihasilkan khusus untuk
menambah bilangan bahan rujukan berkaitan tema kepada semua
peringkat universiti awam, politeknik mahu pun di sekolah-sekolah di
samping mencapai Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Jabatan Pendidikan
Politeknik melalui Bilangan Penulisan Kertas Ilmiah Yang diterbitkan
Pada Peringkat Kebangsaan melalui pemerkasaan penyelidikan dan ia
bersesuaian dengan moto seminar iaitu “Memacu Penyelidikan dan
Inovasi ke Arah Kecemerlangan Pendidikan TVET”.

e-Prosiding ini juga merupakan hasil kerjasama dan komitmen ahli
jawatankuasa Penerbitan dan Percetakan dan Kertas Pembentangan
Seminar EnviroPOLY2016 yang telah menyumbang dalam tugas
penyuntingan dan reka bentuk bagi semua bahan pembentangan.

Semoga akan ada lebih banyak lagi penganjuran aktiviti sebegini pada
masa hadapan. Penglibatan aktif dan kerjasama erat semua IPT bakal
menghasilkan penyelidikan berkualiti dalam semua bidang bagi mencapai
kecemerlangan hidup.

EDITOR

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© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016

SIDANG EDITOR
e-Prosiding Seminar EnviroPOLY2016

Ketua Editor
Saifulbahari Bin Mohd Rasid

Sidang Editor
Hjh. Wan Yasima Binti Mohamad Amin

Shahrizan Bin Mohd Razali
Siti Farah Wahida Binti Mohamed

Nor Muslaili Bt Mokhtar
Anisah Binti Mohd Noor
Dr. Abu Zarrin bin Selamat

Editor Teknikal
Mohamad Ramzan B. Mohd Toha

Raynold Joseph
Mohammad Noor B. Ibrahim

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ISI KANDUNGAN

1. Penghasilan Arang Biojisim 10
Asrudin Bin Mat Ali
Politeknik Merlimau

2. Cod Removal Towards Biogas Production From RSL Via UASB 16
Azmir Md Dom & Uzana Ismail
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

3. Evaluation Of Biogas Production From Automotive Wastewater And Synthetic 22

Wastewater In Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Uzana Binti Ismail, Azmir Bin Md Dom and Wan Nurhazirah Binti

Kamaruzaman

Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

\

4. Appilacation Of UV/H202 Process For Azo Dye Removal In Textitile 28

Industrial Wastewater

Wan Nurhazirah Binti Kamaruzaman, Nor Suhaili Binti Mohamad Zin, Chia

Soi Lee

Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

5. Study The Effectiveness Of Biocoagulant Between Aloevera (L.). Burm.F And 34
Okra Mucilage In Coagulation And Flocculation Treatment
Nor Suhaili Binti Mohamad Zin, Wan Nurhazirah Binti Kamaruzaman, Chia
Soi Lee
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

6. USP-RH-GF Hybrid Composites: The Mechanical Properties 39
Hazlan bin Abdullah, Muhammad Kamal Ariffin bin Hj. Badrun
Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah

7. Cocos Nucifera Ceiling 43
Norayahati Binti Ngagiman, Hidanah Binti Mohd Yunus dan Salina Binti
Sariman
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

8. Green Technology Strand Panel From Non Dipterocarp Species 47
Muhammad Kamal Ariffin bin Hj. Badrun, Hazlan bin Abdullah
Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah

9 Saccharum Officinarum MDF Board 53

Hidanah Binti Mohd Yunus, Norayahati Binti Ngagiman, Salina Binti Sariman

Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

10. Friendly Emergency Triangle (FET) 57
Nafisah Binti Harun dan Marshitah Binti Muhamad
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

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11 Kajian Kemalangan Lebuhraya Di Persimpangan Slim River ke Persimpangan 66
Behrang
Marshitah Binti Muhamad, Nafisah Binti Harun
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

12 Kajian Terhadap Papan Partikel Tandan Kelapa Sawit 72
Fitriyah Mohd Roslan & Siti Sara bt Yaacob Zubir
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

13 Pentaksiran Untuk Pembelajaran (PUP) vs Pentaksiran Kepada Pembelajaran 80
(PKP) Dalam Pentaksiran Berasaskan Sekolah (PBS) Pendidikan Seni Visual
Mazura Azeli, Jamilah Omar, Khatijah Md Saad
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

14 Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Pengajaran & Pembelajaran Secara "Hands-On" Bagi 84
Kursus Asas Kejuruteraan Sains 2 (PBS 2014) Di Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah
Nurul Izzati Bt. Mohd Zaki, Norafiza Akma Bt. Shamsudin, Halizah Bt. Ali
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

15 Pembangunan Kemahiran Insaniah Menerusi Aktiviti CSR Database System 89
dalam Kalangan Pelajar Diploma Kejuruteraan Elektronik (Komputer),
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah
Zainora Binti Kamal ludin, Darni Binti Darmin,
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

16 Kesedaran Pengetahuan Keperluan Kemahiran Bantuan Awal Sekiranya 94
Berlaku Kecemasan Di Kalangan Pelajar Politeknik
Arman bin Hj. Ahmad Sapawi, Kapt (PA) Hj Hazril Hisham Bin Hussin,
Zuraiti Binti Hj Che Amat
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

17 Keberkesanan Pembelajaran Kontekstual Dalam Membentuk Heksagon 100
Menggunakan Mesin Kisar Di Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah
Kapt (PA) Hj Hazril Hisham Bin Hj Hussin
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

18 Kajian Gaya Pembelajaran Pelajar Jabatan Perdagangan Politeknik Sultan 106
Azlan Shah
Mohd Kamal bin Mat Desa
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

19. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Sikap Pelajar Di Politeknik Sultan Azlan 112
Shah Terhadap Kegiatan Kokurikulum
Kapt (PA) Hj Hazril Hisham Bin Hj Hussin, Kapt (PA) Arman Bin Hj Ahmad
Sapawi, Kapt (PA) Mohd Syafaril Bin Jamaluddin
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

20 Pengaruh Penyimpanan Di Akaun Tabung Haji: Kajian Di Kalangan Penduduk 118
Kampung Parit Baru
Faridah Hanim binti Abd Manaf & Faridatul Akma binti Mohammad Baki
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

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21. Kecenderungan Pengetahuan Ar-Rahnu Di Kalangan Penduduk Kampung 125
Sungai Apong
Faridah Hanim bt Abd Manaf & Nor Jannah bt Ismail
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

22. Permintaan Pembiayaan Mikro Oleh Usahawan Pembuatan Makanan Industri 131
Kecil Dan Sederhana (IKS) Di Kawasan Daerah Sabak Bernam.
Mohammad Firdaus Bin Ahmad, Faridatul Akma Binti Mohammad Baki, &
Faridah Hanim Binti Abd Manaf
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

23. Kajian Mengenai Kos Sara Hidup Penduduk Di Parit Baru Sabak Bernam 137
Terhadap Penurunan Harga Minyak Mentah
Sharida Zaina Binti Shafie
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

24. Kesedaran Pembayaran Zakat Perniagaan Dikalangan Peniaga Islam Di Parit 144
Baru, Sabak Bernam
Nor Jannah binti Ismail & Zainordin bin Zinon Abidin
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

25. Kajian Terhadap Pemahaman Pelajar Diploma Islamic Banking And Finance 150
(DIB) Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah Tentang Kadar Pertukaran Matawang Asing
Di Malaysia
Sarimah Binti Aman Shah
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

26. Persepsi Masyarakat Bukan Islam Di Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah Terhadap 156
Sistem Perbankan Islam
Sarimah Binti Aman Shah
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

27. Study The Effectiveness Of Terminalia Catappa Linn Leaf, Zea Mays And 162
Coconut Husk In Coagulation And Flocculation Treatment.
Nor Suhaili Binti Mohamad Zin, Wan Nurhazirah Binti Kamaruzaman,
Nursyima Nadiah Binti Abu Bakar
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

28. Modification Of Cigarette Butts As Sound Absorbing Material 168

Nursyima Nadiah Abu Bakar, Azzah Syahmina Binti Azman, Nor Suhaili Binti

Md Zin

Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

29. The Application Of Oil Palm Fiber On Concrete Structure Materials 176
Halimah Mat Desa, Norsilan Wahiduddin, Khor Chee Iu
Politeknik Port Dickson

30. Developing An Analytical Procedure For Monitoring Organic Contaminants In 185
Soil.
Nursyima Nadiah Abu Bakar, Azeema Bt Marzuki, Nor Suhaili Binti Md Zin
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

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31. Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Menggunakan `Ajalatul `Arabiyyah 190
Terhadap Pelajar Diploma Pengurusan Pelancongan (Taman & Rekreasi)
(DHP), Politeknik Muadzam Shah
Siti Nadiah Mohd Sadali@Salim, Tengku Radziatan Mardziiah Tengku A
Razak,
Asma’ Ibrahim
Politeknik Muadzam Shah

32. Konsep Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar Menurut Perspektif Islam 202
Hj Mohd Farid Bin Dawam & Rozita Binti Kasim
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah
Sek. Keb. Tun Dr.Ismail

33. Hadith Palsu : Satu Pengenalan 212
Tobroni Mohd Shahlan, Rosilawati Hj.Nordin
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

34. Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa Dalam Pengajaran & Pembelajaran Bahasa 221
Kebangsaan Pelajar Kolej Komuniti
Zarina Samin
Kolej Komuniti Ledang Johor

35. ESL Students` Perceptions Of The Difficulties In Oral Presentation 226
Nurul Nadiha Kassim, Nooreiny Maarof & Noorhafizah Rubaai
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

36. Perkembangan Agama Kristian Di Kalangan Masyarakat Cina Di 233
Malaysia:Satu Tinjauan Di Gereja City Harvest Subang Jaya Selangor
Tobroni Mohd Shahlan
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

37. Pendekatan Tutorial Secara Berkumpulan Yang Kreatif Dan Menarik Bagi 243
Topik Indeks Dan Logaritma Bagi Kursus Matematik Kejuruteraan 2 (DBM
2013) Di Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah
Norafiza Akma Bt. Shamsudin, Nurul Izzati Bt. Mohd Zaki, Halizah Bt. Ali
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

38. The Implementation Service Excellence As A Marketing Strategy To Improve 251
Customer Loyalty
Dwi Halim, Putra,
State Polytechnic of Bengkalis, Indonesia

39. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pemilihan Institusi Kewangan Bagi 255
Perkhidmatan Perbankan Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Diploma Kewangan Dan
Perbankan Islam
Sharida Zaina Binti Shafie
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

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40. Tahap Kesedaran Pemilikan Kad Perubatan Takaful Di Kalangan Pesakit Wad 262
Ortopedik , Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah,Klang
Zainordin Bin Zinon Abidin, Nor Jannah Binti Ismail
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

41.. Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Kewujudan Wakaf Pendidikan Di Politeknik Sultan 270
Idris Shah
Zainordin bin Zinon Abidin, Nor Jannah binti Ismail,
Faridah Hanim binti Ab. Manaf
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

42. Persepsi Pengguna Terhadap Perbankan Islam Di Kalangan Pensyarah 277
Polteknik Sultan Azlan Shah Di Jabatan Perdagangan
Mohd Kamal Bin Mat Desa
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

43. Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Industri Minyak Sawit Di Malaysia Dari 1975 285
Hingga 2007
Muruga A/L Krishnan
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tanjong Puteri

44. The Hot Spots (Urban Heat Island) Phenomenon In Ungku Omar Polytechnic : 297
A Studies On Surface Temperature Contributed To Hot Spots
Ramu Velusamy
Ungku Omar Polytechnic

45.. Urban Heat Island : Analyzing The Effect Of Urban Vegetations In Improving 302
Outdoor Thermal Comfort For Housing Development.
Ramu Velusamy
Ungku Omar Polytechnic

46. Use Of Vegetable Waste, Chicken Manure And Sawdust In Composting 316
Chia Soi Lee, Nor Suhaili Bt. Mohamad Zin, Wan Nurhazirah Bt.
Kamaruzaman
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

47. Design Mixture Of Coal Fly Ash For Green Cement Tiles 327
Saifulbahari B Mohd Rasid, Mhd Jusnaim Bin Andi Sini, Mohamad Azri Bin
Sani, Danial Zikry Bin Shahrazi
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

48. Effectiveness Of Autonomous 4-Legged Robot Towards Student Achievement 339
In EC501 Embedded System Application And EC503 Embedded Robotic at
Polytechnics
Shahrizan Bin MohdRazali, Zulkarnaen Bin MohdLajin& Ilmi Bin Ariffin
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

49. Pembangunan PCB Driller Bagi Kursus Projek Pelajar Diploma Tahun Akhir 347
Darni bt Darmin, Zainora bt Kamal Luddin
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

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50. Penilaian Penggunaan Trainer Open & Closed Loop Real Application Bagi 353
Amali Kursus Basic Control System (EJ301) Di Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah
Zulina Binti Zulkifeli & Kaliyamah a/p Raman
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah

51. Inovasi Produk Bisnes Online Kit Sebagai Alat Bantu Mengajar (ABM): Sesi 358
Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran (PDP) Bagi Sijil Pengopersian Perniagaan
Faridah Shariyah Binti Sharuddin
Kolej komuniti Ledang

52. Using Animated Pedagogical Agent In E- Learning Environments 369
Mohd Fadli Ahdon, Azrol Hisham Mohd Adham
Politeknik Balik Pulau
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

53. Haptic Sensation In Notifying Hearing Impaired During Hazardous Situation 376
Marlina Binti Abdul Manaf
Politeknik Ungku Omar

54. Kesan Penggunaan Serbuk Rumpai Laut Dan Karagenan Ke Atas Ciri 385
Kekeruhan Dan Mendakan Dalam Minuman Jus Jambu Batu Merah
Suriati binti Ali, Maaruf bin Abd. Ghani
Kolej Komuniti Sabak Bernam

55. Keberkesanan Latihan Terhadap Usahawan Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS) 393
Sabak Bernam
Norsela Binti A.Manaf & Nurul Ilyana Binti Baharudin
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,

56. Elemen Rekabentuk Bangunan Kolonial Di Melaka:Kajian Kes Memorial 410
Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan
Mazarina Binti Md Zain
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

57. Biopesticide Evolution Termite Baiting System 423
(TBS-Biopest)
Siti Sara bt Yaacob Zubir, Fitriyah bt. Mohd Roslan, Julia bt. Mohamed Uyob.
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah,

58. Ciri-Ciri Rekabentuk Seni Bina Bangunan Masjid Al-Istiqomah, Sungai Tiang 433
Darat, Bagan Datoh, Perak
Mazarina Binti Md Zain, Nurul Aina Binti Saleh, Noor Atiqah Binti Sanudin
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah

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Penghasilan Arang Biojisim

Asrudin Bin Mat Ali

Politeknik Merlimau, [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstrak
Biojisim adalah bahan yang didapati secara langsung atau tidak langsung daripada tumbuhan, haiwan, aktiviti pertanian,
perkebunan mahupun perikanan. Penggunaan sisa pertanian merupakan sumber yang termurah dan mudah didapati. Hasil
buangan pertanian ini, boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan produk baharu atau boleh dijadikan sebagai sumber tenaga boleh
diperbaharui. Pengamalan kaedah yang tidak sesuai semasa proses pelupusan bahan biojisim akan membawa kesan ketara dan
tidak ketara. Kesan ketara ialah pembakaran terbuka sisa-sisa pertanian boleh menyebabkan pencemaran udara, jerebu, hujan asid
dan lain-lain. Manakala kesan tidak ketara ialah kesukaran untuk melupuskan bahan biojisim tanpa kaedah pembakaran.
Penghasilan arang bio hibrid adalah untuk mengoptimum penggunaan sisa-sisa pertanian dan mengurangkan pembaziran bahan
biojisim. Arang adalah produk yang diperolehi daripada pembakaran tidak sempurna terhadap bahan biojisim. Arang
memberikan kadar kalori yang tinggi kerana kadar karbonnya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan lima komposisi arang
bio iaitu; arang bio tempurung kelapa (100%-ATK), sekam padi (100%-ASP) dan arang bio hibrid (nisbah arang tempurung
kelapa : arang sekam padi; 1:1, 1:2 dan 1:3). Seterusnya, mendapatkan komposisi arang biojisim yang terbaik. Beberapa ujian
mekanikal telah dijalankan serta memenuhi piawaian SNI 06-3730-1995 antaranya ialah ujian ketumpatan, ujian ketahanan
tekan, ujian tempoh pembakaran dan ujian laju pembakaran. Hasil daripada ujian yang dijalankan, didapati bahawa arang bio
hibrid bagi nisbah (1:1) merupakan nisbah yang terbaik berbanding dengan lain-lain nisbah (0.783x10-3g/mm3, 54gf/mm2,
55minit dan 0.27g/minit). Oleh yang demikian, diharapkan kajian ini dapat mengambil tempat arang konvensioanl sedia ada dan
memastikan kelestarian paya bakau dan alam sekitar.
Kata kunci: biojisim, arang bio hibrid, sekam padi, tempurung kelapa
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

PENGENALAN
Teknologi Hijau boleh definisikan sebagai pemeliharaan alam sekitar dan alam semulajadi dan meminimumkan atau
mengurangkan kesan negatif daripada aktiviti manusia, membangunkan aplikasi produk, peralatan serta sistem, selaras dengan
Dasar Teknologi Hijau Kebangsaan. Selain daripada itu, di antara kriteria bagi produk, peralatan atau sistem yang memenuhi
syarat sebagai teknologi hijau ialah; ia selamat digunakan dan menyediakan persekitaran sihat dan lebih baik untuk semua,
menjimatkan tenaga, dan sumber asli dan boleh menggalakkan sumber-sumber yang boleh diperbaharui (KeTTHA, 2009).
Malaysia mempunyai aspirasi untuk menghasilkan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui (renewable energy) daripada biojisim
(biomass) seperti sisa-sisa industri pertanian dan perhutanan. Secara keseluruhannya, Malaysia berupaya menjana tenaga yang
boleh diperbaharui daripada biojisim sehingga 16% penggunaan nasional dan pecahannya ialah; 51% biojisim industri sawit dan
27% daripada sisa industri kayu-kayan (FRIM, 2009).
Bahan biojisim yang mudah didapati seperti sekam padi, jerami padi, tempurung kelapa, hampas tebu dan lain-lain sangat sesuai
dijadikan arang bio (bio charcoal). Arang bio yang dihasilkan adalah melalui proses pirolisis (pembakaran tidak lengkap)
biojisim. Arang bio yang dihasilkan akan memberi kadar pembakaran yang tinggi dan kadar asap yang rendah (Santosa et.al.,
2010). Nilai purata kadar tenaga yang dihasilkan bagi sisa kelapa ialah; tempurung kelapa (4.436 kcal.kg), arang tempurung
kelapa (6.540 kcal.kg), dan arang sabut kelapa (6.320 kcal.kg) (Yokoyama et.al., 2008).

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BAHAN DAN KAEDAH
Kajian ilmiah telah dijalankan untuk mendapatkan kaedah yang terbaik bagi penghasilan dan kaedah pengujian arang bio.

Tempurung Kelapa Serbuk Pati Tapioka Sekam Padi

Pengkarbonan Penambahan air (1:4) Pengkarbonan
pada suhu 4000C-6000C pada suhu 2000C -3000C
Larutan Pati Tapioka
Arang Tempurung Kelapa-ATK Arang Sekam Padi-ASP
Pemanasan (700C)
Penghalusan Penghalusan

Arang Tempurung Larutan Hasil Pemanasan Arang Sekam
Halus
Halus
Pengayakan ~70mesh
Pengayakan ~ 20mesh - 50mesh

Komposisi 100%-ATK Komposisi 100%-ASP

Arang Bio Hibrid

ATK1:ASP1
ATK1:ASP2
ATK1:ASP3
Pengacuanan
Pengeringan: (relau :600C/24jam)
atau (tabie:3-7 hari)

Pengujian Arang Bio

Ujian Ketumpatan
Ujian Kekuatan Tekan
Ujian Tempoh Pembakaran
Ujian Laju Pembakaran

Analisis Data Arang
Bio

( Selepas: Gustan et.al., (2012), Esmar Budi (2011), Santosa et.al.,(2010), Li et.al., (2008), (Pancapalaga, 2008) )

Rajah 1: Carta alir proses penghasilan dan pengujian arang bio.

Rajah 2: Bahan dan radas yang digunakan bagi penghasilan arang bio (A) Sekam padi, (B) Arang sekam
padi, (C) Tempurung kelapa, (D) Arang tempurung kelapa, (E) Acuan arang bio dan (F) Arang bio.

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1. Tempurung Kelapa dan Sekam Padi
Bahan yang digunakan untuk penghasilan biojisim arang bio adalah terdiri daripada arang tempurung kelapa dan sekam
padi (Rajah 2). Menurut Esmar Budi (2011), proses pengeringan tempurung kelapa dan sekam padi boleh dilakukan di
bawah cahaya matahari bagi memastikan bahan biojisim tersebut kering terlebih dahulu bagi memudahkan proses
pengkarbonan (pirolisis) dilakukan.

2. Proses Pengkarbonan (Pirolisis)
Proses pengkarbonan (pirolisis) hendaklah dijalankan bagi mengubah bentuk tempurung kelapa dan sekam padi menjadi
arang. Menurut Li et.al., (2008), pada proses pirolisis unsur-unsur bukan karbon seperti hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O) akan
hilang dan membentuk karbon sebanyak mungkin. Setelah proses pengkarbonan dijalankan, arang tersebut perlu segera
disejukkan dengan cara menyiram dengan air sehingga kesemua bara api tersebut padam (Santosa et.al., 2010).

3. Kaedah Pengacuanan
Setelah proses pirolisis selesai, arang yang sudah dihancurkan hendaklah diayak untuk mendapatkan saiz (mesh) yang
dikehendaki. Saiz ukuran bagi arang tempurung kelapa ~70 mesh manakala arang sekam padi ~50 mesh (Pancapalaga,
2008). Seterusnya, serbuk arang tadi ditentukan nisbah komposisinya sebelum dicampurkan bersama bahan pengikat
tapioka (tepung ubi kayu) sebanyak ~30% daripada berat adunan arang (Santosa et.al., 2010). Adunan serbuk arang dan
bahan pengikat hendaklah dipadat menggunakan peralatan hidraulik atau secara mekanikal (Santosa et.al., 2010 dan Esmar
Budi, 2011). Selain itu, aduan yang telah sebatian tadi hendaklah dibentuk mengikut acuan arang bio. Saiz acuan yang
digunakan ialah Ø30mm dan tinggi 30mm berbentuk selinder (Rajah 2). Menurut Santosa et.al., (2010), tekanan yang
dicadangkan semasa proses pemadatan ialah 100N/cm2. Proses ini dilakukan dengan cepat kerana bahan campuran ini
akan mudah mengeras disebabkan oleh bahan pengikat.

4. Proses Pengeringan
Tujuan utama proses pengeringan adalah untuk menurunkan kandungan air pada arang, di samping mempercepatkan
nyalaan dan tidak mengeluarkan asap semasa pembakaran (Santosa et.al., 2010).Terdapat dua kaedah pengeringan yang
boleh dijalankan. Kaedah pertama dikenali sebagai pengeringan pantas iaitu menggunakan ketuhar pada suhu 60oC selama
24 jam (Santosa et.al., 2010). Kaedah kedua menurut Gustan et.al., (2012), ialah menggunakan kaedah semulajadi iaitu
mengeringkan arang yang telah dicetak menggunakan sinaran cahaya matahari selama 3 hingga 7 hari. Selepas itu, arang
bio tersebut hendaklah disimpan di dalam bekas yang kedap udara untuk mengelakkannya daripada rosak.

5. Kaedah Ujikaji
Kaedah ujikaji yang dijalankan adalah menggunakan piawaian ujian Standard Nasional, SNI 06-3730-1995 (Santosa et.al.,
2010). Antara ujian yang terdapat pada piawaian ini adalah ujian kadar abu, kadar karbon, nilai kalori, ketumpatan,
kekuatan, nyalaan dan laju pembakaran. Namun begitu pada kajian ini, ujian yang dijalankan hanyalah ujian ketumpatan,
kekuatan (ketahanan tekan), nyalaan (tempoh pembakaran) dan laju pembakaran sahaja yang dijalankan.

KEPUTUSAN DAN PERBINCANGAN

Pada bahagian ini akan dibincangkan hasil dapatan daripada ujian-ujian yang telah dijalankan, seperti ujian ketumpatan, ujian
kekuatan tekan, ujian tempoh nyalaan dan ujian laju pembakaran.
1. Ketumpatan

Rajah 3: Nilai ketumpatan (g/mm3) melawan komposisi arang bio.
Ketumpatan arang bio adalah nisbah jisim (gram) berbanding isipadu (mm3). Pada Rajah 3, didapati bahawa nilai ketumpatan
tertinggi dicatatkan bagi ATK1:ASP2 dengan bacaan 0.815x10-3 g/mm3. Secara keseluruhan nilai ketumpatan arang bio ialah
pada julat 0.571x10-3 g/mm3 hingga 0.815x10-3 g/mm3. Ketumpatan menurut Santosa et al., (2010) adalah dipengaruhi oleh
ukuran dan homogenus partikel arang bio tersebut. Ukuran partikel yang kecil, dapat meningkatkan ketumpatan arang bio
(Masturin, 2002).

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Semakin besar ukuran partikel arang bio, maka semakin besar pula pori-pori yang dihasilkan. Pori-pori yang terhasil ini adalah
daripada bahan pengikat yang digunakan. Apabila arang bio dikeringkan, air akan meruap dan menyebabkan pori-pori tersebut
diisi dengan udara menyebabkan berat arang bio menjadi ringan (Sudiro dan Sigit Suroto, 2014). Keadaan ini menyebabkan nilai
ketumpatan berbeza walaupun isipadu yang sama. Di samping itu, nilai ketumpatan akan menentukan kualiti arang bio yang
dihasilkan. Menurut Andes dan Moh. Rizal, (2011), nilai ketumpatan yang tinggi akan meningkatkan nilai kalori bakar arang bio.
2. Ketahanan Tekan

Rajah 4: Nilai ketahanan tekan (gf/mm2) melawan komposisi arang bio.
Ujian ketahanan tekan menggunakan tolok tekanan (force gauge) dijalankan adalah untuk mengetahui nilai kekuatan arang bio
apabila menerima tekanan tertentu sehingga ia pecah. Rajah 4 menunjukkan hasil perbandingan bagi kelima-lima komposisi
arang bio. Didapati bahawa nilai kekuatan yang paling rendah ialah pada komposisi 100%ATK (51.6gf/mm2) manakala
komposisi ATK1:ASP3 (62.6gf/mm2) menunjukkan nilai paling tinggi. Secara purata ketahanan tekan arang bio yang diuji ialah
pada nilai 56gf/mm2. Menurut (Santosa et al., 2010) dan (Triono, 2006), semakin tinggi nilai kekuatan arang bio, maka semakin
baik arang bio tersebut. Di samping itu, nilai ketumpatan juga mempengaruhi ketahanan tekan bagi arang bio dan seterusnya
dapat menghasilkan arang bio yang berkualiti (Andes dan Moh. Rizal, 2011).
3. Tempoh Nyalaan Pembakaran

Rajah 5: Tempoh pembakaran (minit) melawan komposisi arang bio.
Hasil ujian tempoh pembakaran bagi arang bio adalah seperti ditunjukkan pada Rajah 5. Hasil daripada ujian ini, didapati arang
bio dengan komposisi ATK1:ASP1 mempunyai tempoh pembakaran yang paling lama 55minit berbanding dengan lain-lain
komposisi. Ini menunjukkan ciri-ciri arang bio yang baik, iaitu tidak cepat terbakar dan menyala tanpa bantuan dikipas. Ini
bersamaan hasil dapatan (Devi Septiani, 2012), menyimpulkan bahawa komposisi sekam padi dan tempurung kelapa (50%-50%)
merupakan arang yang paling optimum.
Dapat diperhatikan bahawa, nilai ketumpatan yang tinggi mengakibatkan arang bio sukar untuk terbakar (Sudiro dan Sigit
Suroto, 2014). Manakala, arang bio yang mempunyai nilai ketumpatan yang tidak terlalu tinggi atau sederhana akan
memudahkan pembakaran kerana pori-pori yang besar akan memudahkan udara yang mengandungi oksigen membantu proses
pembakaran (Andes dan Moh. Rizal, 2011).

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4. Laju Pembakaran Arang Bio

Rajah 6: Laju pembakaran (g/minit) melawan nisbah arang bio.

Ujian laju pembakaran (Rajah 6) adalah untuk membuat pemerhatian tentang laju pembakaran arang bio yang terbakar sehingga
pembakaran tamat. Hasil daripada ujian ini, didapati bahawa nisbah arang bio ATK1:ASP1 (0.24g/minit) yang paling perlahan.
Manakala komposisi ATK1:ASP2 (0.37 g/minit) yang paling pantas. Ciri-ciri arang bio yang baik ialah ia dapat mengekalkan
nyalaan yang selama mungkin. Nyalaan yang lama akan membekalkan haba secara berterusan. Oleh yang demikian, arang bio
yang boleh bertahan lama akan membekalkan haba yang lama berbanding arang bio yang terbakar pantas. Ini bersamaan dengan
Andes dan Moh. Rizal, (2011) yang menyatakan bahawa pengurangan berat semakin cepat menyebabkan laju pembakaran
semakin tinggi. Ia juga menyumbang kepada semakin tinggi laju pembakaran, maka nyalaan arang bio akan menjadi semakin
singkat.

KESIMPULAN

Daripada ujian-ujian yang dijalankan didapati bahawa:

1. Arang bio hibrid menunjukkan sifat ketumpatan, ketahanan tekan, tempoh pembakaran dan laju pembakaran yang lebih
baik berbanding dengan arang bio tanpa hibrid.

2. Oleh yang demikian, nisbah yang terbaik bagi penghasilan arang bio (tempurung kelapa : sekam padi) ialah bagi nisbah
arang bio hibrid (ATK1:ASP1). Ini kerana, bacaan yang paling dominan bagi nilai ketumpatan (0.783x10-3g/mm3),
kekuatan tekan (54gf/mm2) serta tempoh nyalaan yang paling lama (55minit) dan laju pembakaran yang paling baik
(0.24g/minit).

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RUJUKAN
Andes Ismayana dan Moh. Rizal Afriyanto (2011). “Effect of Adhesive Type and Concentration in the Manufacturing OF Filter

Cake Briquettes as an Alternative Fuel”. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian Vol. 21 (3), Institut Pertanian Bogor. ISSN:
0216-3160.
Dasar Teknologi Hijau Negara (2009). Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air Malaysia (KeTTHA), Kuala Lumpur.
Devi Septiani (2012). “Pembuatan Biobriket dari Jerami Padi dan Tempurung Kelapa Sebagai Energi Alternatif Ramah
Lingkung”. [Thesis]. Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya.
Esmar Budi (2011). “Tinjauan Proses Pembentukan dan Penggunaan Arang Tempurung Kelapa Sebagai Bahan Bakar”. Jurnal
Penelitian Sains Vol. 14 NOMER 4(B), FMIPA, Universitas Sriwijaya, pp25-29.
Gustan Pari, Mahfudin, Jajuli (2012). “Teknologi Pembuatan Arang, Briket Arang dan Arang Aktif Serta Pemanfaatannya”
Gelar Teknologi Tepat Guna. Badan penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Kementerian Kehutaan, Semarang.
Laporan Tahunan FRIM (2009). Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM), Kuala Lumpur.
Li, W., K. Yang, J.Peng, L. Zhang, S. Gou, H. Xia (2008). “Effect of carbonization temperatures on characteristics of porosity in
coconut shell chars and activated carbons derived from carbonized coconut shell chars”. Industrial Crops and Products
Vol. 28, pp190-198.
Masturin,A (2002). “Sifat Fizik dan Kimia Briket Arang dari Campuran Arang Limbah Gergajian Kayu”. [Thesis]. Fakultas
Kehutanan. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Santosa, Mislaini R, dan Swara Pratiwi Anugrah (2010). “Kadar Abu Dan Karbon.” Studi Variasi Komposisi Bahan Penyusunan
Briket Dari Kotoran Sapi Dan Limbah Pertanian. Universitas Andalas Kampus Limau Manis, Padang.
Sudiro dan Sigit Suroto (2014) “Pengaruh Komposisi dan Ukuran Serbuk Briket yang Terbuat dari Batubara dan Jerami Padi
Terhadap Karakteristik Pembakaran”. Jurnal Saintech Politeknik Indonusa Surakarta Vol. 2 (2) 2014, Politeknik
Indonusa Surakarta. ISSN: 2355-5009.
Trino, A. (2006). “Karakteristik Briket Arang dari Campuran Serbuk Gergajian Kayu Afrika (Maesopsis eminii Engl.)dan
Sengon (Parasenrianthes falcataria L.Nielsen dengan Penambahan Tempurung Kelapa (Cocos mucifera L.)”. [Thesis].
Departemen Hasil Hutan. Fakultas Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Yokoyama, Shinya; Matsumura, Yukihiko; Ando, Shotara; Sakanishi, Kinya; Sano, Hiroshi; Minowa, Tomoaki; Yamamoto,
Hiromi; dan Yoshioka, Takuyuki. (2008); “Asian Biomass Handbook”. The Japan Institute of Energy, Tokyo.

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Cod Removal Towards Biogas Production From RSL Via
UASB

Azmir Md Dom1 & Uzana Ismail2

1Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]
2Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

The assessment of biogas production was done by investigate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion into methane
production based on the COD added and removed into an anaerobic digestion system between synthetic waste water and rice
straw leachate. Three sources of sludge from different sources were tested before granular sludge from IWK UPM was selected
as seed sludge in the reactor. The experiment was conducted at a controlled mesophilic temperature of 38°C in Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor for 37 days. The process performance was evaluated based on the efficiency of COD
removal and percentage of methane composition in biogas production in relation to other parameters such as pH, OLR and
alkalinity. The study confirmed that the rate of COD removal for rice straw leachate achieved the stable state at Day 33 with 85%
for OLR 0.65g/l/d. Meanwhile, the digestion with OLR 0.43 g/l/d rice straw leachate achieved the stable state at Day 27 with
81%. This indicates that the higher OLR performs better digestion process as the rate of COD removal is higher. Significantly
lower gas yield was attributed to the lower nitrogen concentration and higher lignin content in the rice straw composition. This
was proven during phase D which indicate lower production of biogas, 0.5 litre of biogas with 29 % of methane composition.
The alkalinity values along the phases remained below the limit of 0.30 which indicated good state of anaerobic digestion
process. Overall pH values were kept with the range of pH 6 to 7 show that the reactor remained in acceptable condition for
digestion process. Characteristic of effluent after undergo the UASB reactor was acceptable based on Environmental Quality
(Industrial Effluents) Regulation 2009 for COD, TAN, suspended solid and turbidity.

Keywords : Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) , Rice Straw Leachate (RSL)

INTRODUCTION

The paddy industry in Malaysia has recently received new interest among agriculture policy makers in the country. It is no longer
labelled as a sunset industry; instead it has been identified as a strategic crop after oil palm and rubber. Currently, it is considered
as one of the new emerging industrial crops that could bring a significant impact on the country’s economy. With the new
emphasis given, the industry was allocated a significant amount of funds to boast the production to meet the demand result from
population increment hence reduce the relying on import rice. Globally, 998 million tonnes of agricultural waste is produced per
year and in Malaysia, 1.2 million tonnes of agricultural waste is disposed of into landfills annually (Agamuthu, 2009). It is
estimated that 15% of the total waste generated in Asia is agrowaste, with agricultural waste generation in Malaysia at
approximately 0.122 (kg/cap/day) in 2009 which is projected to reach 0.210(kg/cap/day) by 2025 (Agamuthu, 2009). Even
though agro-based industry generates various types of waste, these wastes are mostly composed of organic matter which has high
potential to be converted into value added products or energy.

The increase in the number of agro-based industries not only affects the economy positively, but also contributes towards
pollution. Waste generation continues to increase with the economy and population growth (Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
and Latifah Abd. Manaf , 2013). The 3.6% annual increase in solid waste generation requires proper and advance facilities or
technologies in order to mitigate the environmental degradation that might be caused by poor treatment methods utilized in the
waste management system generally, and the disposal sites in particular (Fauziah, 2004).Hence, it is important that new methods
for treating agro-residues are adopted and considered in order to achieve sustainable management of agricultural waste.

The lack of effective alternative methods in the waste management system results in 95% of the total waste generated in
Malaysia being disposed into landfills (Fauziah and Agamuthu, 2009)

Yet, this industry contributes to environmental degradation. In addition, large amounts of agricultural waste are also generated
that thrown into landfills thereby taking up landfill space and dumping in certain area or become an alternative to breeders as
food to livestock.

While the conventional method on disposal of paddy waste by open burning need to be replaced in order to minimize the global
climate change.

METHODOLOGY

1.1 SAMPLE

Paddy become third most widely planted crop in Malaysia after oil palm and rubber. In the year 2013, 674,332 hectares were
planted with paddy including those that are planted twice a year (Paddy Statistics of Malaysia 2013). According Table 2.1, there
is an increment in rice production from 2011 to 2013. Due to the demand for rice based on population, the paddy plantation area
and yield of paddy per metric tonnes has also increased consistently every year. On the other hand, the production also generates
a huge amount of paddy and residue.

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The vast, well-irrigated and organized paddy fields around Sekinchan produce one of the highest yields of rice in the country. It
is the highest rice production per acre in Malaysia. Total farming land paddy is about 1872 ha. (IADA - Integrated Agricultural
Development Area) Barat Laut Selangor.

A part of paddy was a rice straw which consists of several characteristics that make it a potential as feedstock for methane
production. It has high cellulose and hemicellulose content that can be readily hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars (Fahriya
Puspita Sari and Budiyono, 2014)

Table 2.1: Overall Planted Area, Production of Paddy and Rice by Season, Malaysia, 2011 - 2013

Year Planted Area Paddy Production Rice Production Population
(Hectares) (Metric Tonnes) (Metric Tonnes) (Million)

2011 687,940 2,578,519 1,661,260 29.06
2012 684,545 2,599,382 1,674,981 29.52
2013 674,332 2,615,845 1,685,236 29.95
(Department of Agriculture, 2013)

The generation of rice straw at the rice field creates a problem of disposal. Conventionally, rice straw are disposed either by open
burning or livestock. This dumping creates an environmental hazard when it is begin to biodegrade, producing methane gas that
escapes into the atmosphere.

The common practice is burning, which is the most convenient, cheapest, and fastest way to eliminate rice straw, especially in
irrigated paddy field. Burning of rice straw in the field releases pollutants to the atmosphere and contributes to enhance global
problems such as climate change. (K. Kanokkanjana and S. Garivait, 2013)

Rice straw burning has been linked to increased asthma attacks in children and also intensive burning of agricultural wastes in
many Asian countries may substantially contribute to the formation of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud that affects the local air
quality, atmospheric visibility and Earth climate. (Danutawat Tipayarom and Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, 2007)

For rice straw, its limitations, such as low bulk density, slow degradation in the soil, harboring of rice stem disease and high
mineral content, also contribute to the waste disposal problem because dried rice straw does not burn easily, it tends to smolder
and produce smoke, which contributes to air pollution and consequently affects public health. (Binod P et al, 2010)

Ninety per cent of the original COD was recovered as methane gas from the two pure cellulosics and glucose and for the
lignocellulosics, depending on the material, variations from over 80% conversion efficiency to methane. (Xinggang Tong et al,
1990)

Table 2.2: Composition of Rice Crop and Their Residue

Starch (wt%) Cellulose (wt%) Hemicelluloses (wt%) Lignin (wt%) Ash (wt%)
–
Rice 87 – – – 20
Rice Straw 12 20
Rice Husk – 43 25 20

– 35 25

(Fahriya Puspita Sari and Budiyono, 2014)

In order to obtain the rice straw leachate (RSL), 5 kilograms of fresh rice straw collected in the paddy field around Sekinchan. It
is gather and soak in tap water for 3 days. The rice straw was harvested from a rice field need approximately two weeks prior and
stored directly in the public health lab. No pre-treatment and drying activities were applied to the rice straw. The straw was
collected directly from the field and soak in lengths ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 m. Rice straw leachates (RSL) will be soaked in tap
water until saturated with 1 liters of water/18g of rice straw

1.2 INSTRUMENT

Source of inoculum will be obtained from Indah Water Sewage Treatment Plant (IWK). The treatment plant is operated by IWK
and receives domestic wastewater as influent.The capacity approximately 6 Liters Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
will be employed. The digester will be running for the period of 35 days including acclimatization period.

Table 2.2: Component and concentration of feedstock

Feedstock

Time (Day) Phase Component Concentration
(g /L)
1-18
19-23 A Synthetic WW 0.80 & 1.2
24-28
29-35 B Synthetic WW 0.80

C RSL 0.80

D RSL 1.20

Due to the granulation and blanketing in a UASB reactor, the solids and hydraulic retention times can be manipulated
independently and effectively.

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Thus permitting the design to be based upon the degradative capacity of the biomass, resulting in the reduction of treatment
times. (Hickey et al, 1991)

The characteristics of a substrate are another significant parameter that affects the performance of a biogas digester. (Burak et al,
2010) After the UASB digester has been setup with the granular inoculum, the stabilization process will start with synthetic
sewerage followed by RSL. All parameters required for analysis was formed in the table below.

1.3 DATA ANALYSIS

To investigate the COD removal Efficiency and methane production, the sample were analyse to evaluate the initial and final
concentration of every parameters. All the parameters influent and effluent were determine by using conventional method and
based on Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater, APHA 1998/2005.

2 RESULT

In this study, experiment was carried out to determine the pH value, alkalinity, organic loading rate (OLR), chemical oxygen
demand (COD) removal, and biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of rice straw leachate will be discussed.

2.1 pH Value

In general, for all phases during the experiment, the pH values were maintained within pH 6 to 7. Phase A to B, known as the
adaptation period where reactor only filled with synthetic waste water for anaerobic digestion process. In early phase, the pH
value was increasing gradually from pH 6.26 to a highest value of pH 6.81 on Day 13. The increasing in pH value may due to the
lower OLR value of 0.3 g/L/d for start-up process. The reduction in ph value only occur when higher OLR archive 0.65 g/L/d. It
is due to the acid accumulation in the reactors which causes the reduction of pH value. Hence, the OLR was maintained not more
than 0.65 g/L/d, the pH value become steady state.

From observation through all the phases, the trend of pH values was observed to be fluctuating with the pH values
lied within pH 6 to 7 even though the OLR value is kept at constant. It became a little bit higher during transaction of other type
of feedstock as indicated in from phase C to D. The pH value can represent the current state of reactor and can be the indicator
for formation of volatile fatty acid. In order to obtain a good quality of granular sludge, a stable pH is required between 6.3-7.8.
In a mixed-culture anaerobic digester, the optimal pH range is 6.6-7.8 (Lay et al., 1997).

ph

7.10 6.76 6.81 6.80 6.68 66.6.7736.786.861.79 6.906.86 6.91
6.90 6.41 6.62 6.666.62 6.83 6.88
6.70 6.446.50 6.64 6.66
pH value 6.50 6.67 6.64
6.30 6.26
6.40 6.42

6.10

5.90

5.70

5.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Days

Figure 3.1: Distribution of pH Value for UASB Reactor

2.2 Alkalinity

Generally, the value of alkalinity is suggested to be less than 0.30 which indicates the good state of anaerobic digestion process.
The alkalinity values were more tend to exceed the value of 0.30 in Phase I with an average reading of 0.176. It has the highest
alkalinity value of 0.19 on Day 53. However, the pH values for all phases were still maintained within pH 6 to 7 which indicate
the reactor is still remained in acceptable condition for digestion process. Moreover, studies had shown that it is possible for a
reactor to achieve stability in process with values different from 0.30 due to the variations in the characteristics of each effluent
(Pereira et al, 2009). Thus, this indicates that the reactors were still having enough buffering capacity for the digestion process.

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0.3 0.3

0.25

Alkalinity 0.2 0.16 0.14 0.16
0.15 0.12

0.1

0.05

0

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Days

Figure 3.2: Status of Alkalinity for UASB Reactor

2.3 Organic loading Rate (OLR)

In this experimental work, the minimum OLR to be used for the feeding are 0.43 g/L/d and maximum was 0.65 g/L/d with the
working volume of 3000 ml corresponding to the feedstock concentration of 0.60 g/L and 1.2 g/L. The reason of choosing 0.43
g/L/d and 0.65 g/L/d as the optimum working value is that certain reduction in pH value and fluctuation in COD removal rate
was recorded and might not be suitable for the anaerobic digestion process later. Since the condition of volatile solid of sludge
used which indicate the existence of bacteria colony to digest the organic matter was not more than 65%. Hence, OLR of 0.43
g/L/d and 0.65 g/L/d are used until the end of the experiment for different concentrations.

0.7

Organic Loading Rate 0.6 0.65 0.65
(g/L/d) 0.5

0.4 0.43 0.43
0.3 0.43

0.2 0.3

0.1

6E-16
-0.1 0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435
Days

2.4 COD Removal

The COD removal for 11 day in Phase A was fluctuating and achieved the values which are less than 75% . This may due to the
microorganisms in the sludge are still adapting themselves to the incoming organic loads. At end of day 17 and 18 , COD
removal become stabilize around 85%.

During early stage of Phase C, the COD removal decreased to 80% due to adjustment of bacteria to adapt different type and
concentration of feedstock. But, highest COD removal indicated during this phase was 81%. The same trend also occur during
Phase D where 85% Cod removal can be achieved after 6 days. This happen because of the composition of rice straw itself
contains high amount of lignin. This proven by previous research by (Fahriya Puspita Sari and Budiyono, 2014) in order to
permit degradation of these materials in an anaerobic digester, the structure has to open up and/or the lignin has to be degraded or
removed.

The addition of rice straw which is a lignocellulosic biomass that consists of high lignin content can create difficulties for the
degradation and digestion process in the reactor (Kadam et al, 2000). This shows that the rice straw leachate with high lignin
content can actually inhibit the efficiency of COD removal in the reactor (Kadam et al, 2000).

Table 3.4 : COD balance in UASB

Phase OLR (g/L/d) Initial COD Average COD Final Average COD Removal
Rate (%)
A 0.65 (g/L) (g/L) 82.00
B 0.43 84.00
C 0.43 1.20 0.221 81.00
D 0.65 85.00
0.80 0.124

0.80 0.151

1.20 0.176

Average of COD Effluent for phase C indicated 0.156 g/l after 5 days with 81 % COD removal efficiency. After increasing of
organic loading rate (OLR) to 0.65 g/l with same type of feedstock the COD Effluent was increasing with average of 0.176 g/l
while the maximum allowable COD Effluent was 0.200 g/l. Hence, the UASB need to maintain the concentration in order to
abide with requirement when dealing with RSL.

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Chemical Oxygen 0.250 0.2
Demand (COD) Effluent 0.200
0.150 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
(g/l) 0.100 Days
0.050
0.000

Figure 3.4: Distribution of COD Effluent Value for UASB Reactor

2.5 Biogas Generation

The biogases produced from the anaerobic digestion are methane and carbon dioxide as shown in Table 4.4 with their percentage
respectively. Production of biogas recorded during Phase D was 0.5 litre and represent 29% of methane gas. In correspondence,
the COD removal rate was 85% in stable state.

Percentage of Gaseous (%) 80 66

52
60

40 23 29
14

20 10 1 5

0 1.2 RSL
0.8 RSL

% Methane % Carbon Dioxide % Nitrogen % Oxygen

Figure 3.5: Distribution of OLR Value for UASB Reactor

3 DISCUSSION

There are limitations for this experiment study and thus, several recommendations can be made in order to improve the current
laboratory work for future research:

 The temperature of the water bath can be switched from lower to higher temperature (from mesophilic to thermophilic) to
determine if there is any enhancement and acceleration of the anaerobic digestion efficiency.

 Application of gas analyser and flow meter to measure the gas volume should be consider rather than water displacement
method for exact measurement of biogas production for every sample.

 The period of experimental work can be extended to provide a longer hydraulic retention time for the feedstock to ensure a
complete anaerobic digestion process in the reactors. It is also can help to obtain more stable and steady state.

 Different organic loading rate (OLR) also can be tested to determine the maximum allowable for the UASB with different
type of feedstock and its concentration.

 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) also can be adjusted to determine minimum time required for highest COD removal can
be archived from the feedstock.

4 CONCLUSION

The study confirmed that the rate of COD removal for rice straw leachate achieved the stable state at Day 33 with 85% for OLR
0.65g/l/d. Meanwhile, the digestion with OLR 0.43 g/l/d rice straw leachate achieved the stable state at Day 27 with 81%. This
indicates that the higher OLR performs better digestion process as the rate of COD removal is higher. The biodegradability of
rice straw increased with decreasing lignin content because higher the lignin content will lower the biogas production. This was
proven during phase D which indicate lower production of biogas, 0.5 litre of biogas with 29 percent of methane composition.
Recommendation propose to improve biogas production from rice straw, a pre-treatment process can be considered to disrupt the
naturally recalcitrant carbohydrate-lignin shields that impair the accessibility of enzymes and microbes to cellulose and
hemicellulose.

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5 REFERENCE
Binod P, Sindhu R, Singhania RR, Vikram S, Devi L, Nagalakshmi S, Kurien N, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A, 2010, Bioethanol

Production from Rice Straw : An overview , Bioresour Technol. 2010 Jul;101(13):4767-74. doi:
10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.079. Epub 2009 Nov 26
Burak Yuzer, Deniz Akgul, Bulent Mertoglu, 2012, Effect of High Ammonia Concentration on UASB Reactor Treating Sanitary
Landfill Leachate, Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(2) (2012) 59‐67.
Danutawat Tipayarom and Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, 2007, Effects from Open Rice Straw Burning Emission on Air Quality in the
Bangkok Metropolitan Region, ScienceAsia 33 (2007): 339-345
Department of Agriculture, Malaysia, Paddy Statistics of Malaysia 2013,
Fahria Puspita Sari and Budiyono, 2014, Enhanced biogas production from rice straw with various pretreatment: a review,
Waste Tech. Vol.2(1)2014:17-25
Hicky, R.F., Wu, W.-M., Veiga, M.C., Jones, R., 1991. Start-up, operation, monitoring and control of high-rate anaerobic
treatment systems. Water Science and Technology 24 (8), 207e255.
Lay JJ, Li YY, Noike T., 1997, Influences of pH and moisture content on the methane production in high-solids sludge digestion.
Water Research.(1997). 31 (6), 1518- 1524.
K. L. Kadam, L. H. Forrest and W. A. Jacobson, 2000, Rice Straw as a Lignocellulosic Resource: Collection, Processing,
Transportation, and Environmental Aspects, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2000, pp. 369-389.
doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00005-2
K. Kanokkanjana and S. Garivait, 2013, Alternative Rice Straw Management Practices to Reduce Field Open Burning in
Thailand, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2013
P Agamuthu, 2009 Challenges and Opportunities in Agro-waste Management: An Asian Perspective.
P Agamuthu and SH Fauziah, 2010, Best practices and innovative approaches for sustainable waste management, International
Consultative Meeting on Expanding Waste Management Service in Developing Countries. Tokyo, Japan.
Pereira, E. L.; Campos, C. M. M.; Monterani, F. , 2009, Effects of pH, acidity and alkalinity on the microbiota activity of an
anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating pig manure effluents. Revista Ambiente e Água, v. 4, n. 3, p. 157-168,
2009
Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail and Latifah Abd. Manaf, 2013 The challenge of future landfill: A case study of Malaysia,
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health SciencesVol. 5(6), pp. 86-96, June 2013
Siew Hui Chong, Tushar Kanti Sen , Ahmet Kayaalp , Ha Ming Ang , 2012, The performance enhancements of upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for domestic sludge treatment : A State of the art review , waterresearch 4 6 ( 2
0 1 2 ) 3 4 3 4 e3 4 7 0
Xingang Tong, Laurence H. Smith & Perry L. McCarty 1990 Methane Fermentation of Selected Lignocellulosic Materials,
Biomass 21 (1990) 239-255

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Evaluation Of Biogas Production From Automotive
Wastewater And Synthetic Wastewater In Continuous

Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

Uzana Binti Ismail1, Azmir Bin Md Dom2 and Wan Nurhazirah Binti
Kamaruzaman3

1Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]
2Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]
3Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of operating automotive wastewater and synthetic wastewater for
biogas potential evaluation treated in anaerobic reactor. This experiment was employed using Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
(CSTR) and controlled under mesophilic condition at temperature of 38°C. The reactor performances were analyzed by
measurements of the parameters such as pH, organic loading rate, alkalinity, COD removal, and biogas production. The microbes
used in this study were obtained from University Putra Malaysia Sewage Treatment Plant. In this study, during mono digestion of
automotive wastewater, the reactor was unstable which indicated by the decrease of biogas production, low pH below value of
6.0 and as well as low COD removal efficiency with value in range of 63.4%. However, co digestion of automotive wastewater
with synthetics wastewater enhances the performance of the reactor with highest methane production 0.140 L of CH4 / day at day
42. The nutrient available in the synthetic wastewater could promote the synergistic effect in co digestion with automotive
wastewater and hence performed better than mono digestion.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The major global challenges and issue today was global warming and global energy demand. In order to deal with the
increasing demand for energy and at the same time will help to decreasing the negative impact to the world global warming,
renewable energy would be the best option in the future (Haw et al., 2006). Biogas can be seen as one of the sensible options
towards renewable energy source, which can be used as a replacement to fossil fuels both in power and heat production, and also
as gaseous vehicle fuel (Shin et al., 2010). Biogas can be captured and used as a potential energy resource and it is end product
through the processes of Anaerobic Digestion (AD). Over the years and throughout the world, AD appears to be one of
technology widely utilized for the treatment of organic waste and wastewater. Wastewater produce Automotive industries
contains with high organic and inorganic matter. Therefore, proper treatment of automotive wastewater (AWW) has drawn
considerably attention before releasing into environment because of their association with various problems of the ground and
water resources.

Therefore, the anaerobic digestion process is essential in order to reduce significant environmental impact of
industrial wastewater by converting some of the polluting material to methane in a controlled environment. Thus, methane
produces by anaerobic co- digestion of industrial wastewater and agricultural waste have many benefits in providing a clean fuel
to society and environment. Common method being used during the treatment process of AWW is activated sludge process
which integrating an aeration system (Idrus, 2007). During the process of activated sludge, mass of microorganisms (usually
Bacteria) is uses to aerobically treat wastewater. The wastewater is thoroughly diffused and circulated with air in an aeration
tank, and the organic matter is decay into microbial cell tissue and carbon dioxide. However, implementation of aerobic
treatment needs external input of energy to operate the aeration system.

AD has obvious advantages over aerobic process such as it can produce and capture biogas production as a source of
energy through the invention of anaerobic digester. Ward et al., (2008) described the sealed environment of the process reduce
environmental pollution by preventing the exit of methane process into the atmosphere. One of the key for enhancing
performance of anaerobic digestion of organic matter is co-digestion of multiple substrates. Co-digestion of combination of
different waste stabilizes the feed to the bioreactor, thereby improving the Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio and decreasing the
concentration of nitrogen (Hartman & Ahring, 2005). The aim of this study in the following chapters provides waste converted to
energy through co-digestion of automotive wastewater with synthetic wastewater using continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
The waste is transformed into a renewable energy source using AD approach while at the same time will reducing global
methane emissions.

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2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Sample collection and preparation

2.1.1 Automotive Wastewater Sampling

The primary substrates used in this study is raw Automotive Wastewater collected from Perusahaan Otomobil Sdn Bhd
(Proton), located at Hicom Industrial Estate, Shah Alam, Selangor. Samples were taken by grab sampling from incoming tank of
the wastewater treatment plants.After sampling, the samples were stored in large capped container and transport to the laboratory
and preserved at 4◦C as biological activity is significantly reduced and in order to preserve the property of the sample from aspect
of physical, chemical and biological and as well as to ensure that the sample represent the actual condition at the study area.

2.1.2 Preparation of Synthetic Wastewater

Synthetic wastewater (SWW) will be utilized as a surrogate material as it allowed the use of a complex chemical
feedstock of high biodegradability without the risk of exposure to pathogens present in real sewage. This synthetic wastewater
content is essential for optimum anaerobic microbial growth.

2.1.2 Source of Inoculum

The inoculum used to inoculate the substrate during the experiment as well as an active source of microbes. For the
present study, culture used as an inoculum was from wastewater treatment plant at Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra
Malaysia. The first part of the work was carried out with sludge sieved to remove any non-biodegradables material.

2.2 Feed Composition of Samples used into CSTR.

In this study, three series of experiments were used to investigate co-digestion of each substrate in single CSTR. CSTR
were filled with 2L sludge as inoculum and 2L of substrates with various combinations. The CSTR were fed once per day for
each trial as given in Table 2.1. After 24 hour of HRT, the digestate at the same amount of feeding were taken and was added
back to keep the constant of 4L working volume of the reactor.

Trial Process Sample Composition Ratio of (Feedstock
1st Acclimatization Period SWW (on COD Basis)
2nd
100:0
3rd
Adaptation to Mono Digestion of AWW AWW 100:0

SWW SWW:AWW
80:20
Adaptation to Co Digestion of SWW+AWW +

AWW

Table 2.1: Feed compositions of sample use in CSTR.

2.3 Type of Digester and Operation

Type of digester in a laboratory scale will be employ in this research is continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with a
total volume of 5 litres and 3 litres working volume and was built from graduated jacketed borosilicate glass reactor. The CSTR
equipped with stainless steel top cover supported with feed tube and biogas tube along with cone bearing seal (anti-leak gas). The
reactors had stirrer set using digital overhead stirrer motor provided with adjustable speed. The CSTR reactor were seeded with
sludge (inoculum) and then acclimated to synthetic wastewater until steady state which is a condition of constant production of
gas was achieved. Once the digester is ready, it was used for the anaerobic co-digestion. The digester will be running for the
period of 42 days including acclimatization period and were controlled at mesophilic conditions with temperature of 35oC by
circulating hot water from water bath tank into the water jacketed of reactor. The CSTR were continuously mixed with
mechanical agitator at 300rpm. The mixing was control by timer and the mixing process will ensure the homogeneity of the
inoculum and the substrates.

2.4 Analytical Method

The digestate characteristic produce from CSTR were evaluated in laboratory such as COD, and pH right after the setup
stage has been done. Biogas volume samples are measured daily by using water displacement method whereas the percentage of
methane by using gas chromatography. The percentage of biogas was captured by using Tedlar bag with 1.6 litres capacity.

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The correlations experimental results and data analysis with respect to pH value, organic loading rate (OLR), chemical
oxygen demand (COD) removal, alkalinity and biogas production of mono digestion and co digestion of Automotive wastewater
(AWW) and Synthetic wastewater (SWW) were presented and discussed. Five different phases of experiments were employed as
shown in Table 3.1 below.

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Table 3.1: Reactor operating conditions during experimental work

Time Phase Process Feedstock Feeding OLR Concentration
(days) Ratio (g /L/day) (g COD/L)
1 0.50
1 2 Adaptation Period Synthetic wastewater 100:0 0.25 0.80
5-11 3 Mono-Digestion Synthetic wastewater 100:0 0.40 0.23
12-17 4 Synthetic wastewater 20:80 0.12 0.23
18-29 Co-Digestion 0.12
5 Automotive 0.23
30-42 Wastewater 0.12
Automotive
Wastewater + Synthetic
wastewater

3.1 Organic Loading Rate (OLR)

The organic loading rates used during the lab experiment are shown in Figure 3.1. First, during the adaptation period
namely phase 1 to phase 3, the initial of OLR used to acclimate the microbes to operating condition were 0.25 g/L/d. The first
start up initial were run for several days and then continued with increased of OLR to 0.4 g/L/d until day 11. However at OLR
0.4 g/L/d the reactor was disturbed due to excess loading of substrates which was indicates by fluctuation of pH and COD
removal rate.

On the following day, the reactor was fed with OLR 0.12 g/L/d with feedstock concentration of 0.23 COD/L/d. The final
OLR was chosen as the optimum working value based on the initial concentration of primary feedstock in this experiment which
runs on AWW. Stability of the reactor system was monitored through the COD removal produced. The reactors become stable at
the 0.12 g/L/d OLR and were kept under the operating conditions on day 13 till the end of experiments on day 42.

3.2 Effect of pH Value

Figure 4.2 shows the behaviour of pH and time measured in CSTR during anaerobic digestion process. Summarized
experiments results of pH value were depicts in the Table 3.2 below. Literally, pH in the system during the experiment ranged
between pH 5.7 to 6.7. At the beginning stage of the adaptation process, the reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater which is
started from Phase 1 to 3 for a period of two weeks.

Figure 3.1: Organic loading rate of the reactor

Table 3.2: Experiments results of pH during operation of CSTR

pH Adaptation Period Single Digestion of AWW Co-Digestion of SWW +
Min AWW
Max 5.92 5.75 6.32
Average 6.52 6.7
6.22 6.17 6.73

6.50

At the beginning stage of the adaptation process, the reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater which is started from
Phase 1 to 3 for a period of two weeks. According to the Figure 3.2, pH distribution at the beginning of the process was around
6.3. Then the pH started to fluctuate from pH range 6.54 to 5.92 even though the OLR value is continuously constant from day 4
till day 11. The fluctuating in pH indicates that the reactor was in shock condition and worked under unstable condition value
most probably due to accumulation of fatty acids caused by increased of OLR fed from 0.25 g/L/d to 0.4 g/L/d into the reactor as
agreed by Ahring et al., (1995). After that, the reactor were fed with lower OLR value of 0.12 g/L/d and the system recover itself
with the pH value gradually rise at an average value of 6.22 in Phase 3. Thus, this indicates that the reactor has high buffer
capacity and operated under stable condition.

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However, after the addition of AWW in the reactor on day 18 onwards until day 29, pH started to be fluctuated and
rapidly decreased and finally dropped to 5.85 during the digestion (absolute minimum 6). The dropped of pH indicating that the
system operating at unstable conditions (Strik, 2005). In the next following occasions during the co digestion period of SWW and
AWW namely Phase 5, the pH value was observed to be fluctuated at the beginning process before it was started to drop again
and stable to be less or almost less than 6.32 with an average pH of 6.50. The results showed that the pH stability of the reactor
was improved comparing to digestion of AWW alone. In the next phase, SWW was reintroduced as feeding material into the
reactor. The results showed that the stability of the reactor increased with pH value in the range of 6.5.

Figure 3.2: Behavior of pH in the reactor digesting different feedstock

3.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Removal

Table 3.3 shows the COD removal during the CSTR operation. At the beginning stage of the experiments, COD
removals in the reactor showed to be fluctuated indicating that the microbes present in the sludge were still adapted to the given
feedstock. However, when lower OLR had been used to the system, average COD removal around 91.6% were observed. Hence,
the decreasing of OLR from 0.4 g COD/L to 0.12 g COD/L had resulted to higher percentage of COD removal which is showed
that the decreasing of OLR would enhance the performance of microbes to consume the organic matter in the given feedstock. In
phase 4, COD removal efficiency decreased from 96% to 65.20 % as the new feeding material from SWW to AWW was
introduced into the reactor. The mono digestion of AWW is composed of inorganic materials which include heavy metal thus
caused slow ability to biodegrade and take longer time to break down before being converted to methane. This may describe with
the trend of COD removal during this phase was fluctuated from day 18 to day 29 with average removal during the digestion was
64%.

In Phase 5, feeding material in reactor has changed to co-digestion of SWW and AWW. At the beginning of the co-
digestion the COD removal decreased and fluctuated in the range of 65% to 70%. However, the COD removals become stable
and increased gradually for the rest of the day indicating that the microbes have been adapted to the given feedstock. The highest
COD removal being recorded was on day 42 with value of 88% and the reactor achieved steady state at 86.6% of COD removal.
Hence, the co-digestion of SWW and AWW could improve the ability of COD removal in the reactor. In other hand, co-digestion
process can provide not only the necessary microorganisms but also the appropriate balance of nutrients to create favorable
conditions for the methanogens to thrive (Mussoline, 2013). These results suggested that co digestion of this feedstock were
possible.

Table 3.3: COD result obtained at different phases

Process Time (days) Initial Average CODremoved Average COD
CODadded (g COD/L) Removal Rate (%)
Adaptation (g COD/L)
Period 90.0
1 0.500 0.450 60.5
Mono Digestion 91.7
of AWW 5-11 0.800 0.286
63.4
Co-Digestion of 12-17 0.230 0.200
SWW + AWW 78.7
18-29 0.230 0.145

30-42 0.230 0.180

3.4 Alkalinity Ratio (IA/PA)

Alkalinity ratio was investigated and the distribution of alkalinity values obtained for reactor is shown in Figure
3.3.Volatile acids/Alkalinity ratio (IA/PA) could provide information on the stability of the reactors. For a good performing
anaerobic digestion process the values should be below 0.3 while values 0.3-0.5 show deficiencies in the operating system
(Andreoli, 2007). In phase 4, which runs on single digestion of AWW, it seems buffering capacity for this type of sample
recorded higher than 0.8, indicate the reactor was unstable and vulnerable to any change in environment. If the ratio reaches
values higher than 0.8, the reactor has become acidic condition which may result to anaerobic digestion failure (Andreoli, 2007).
Besides, the pH values during this phase also recorded reduced to values lower than 6.

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However during phase 5, when reactor was feeding with new feedstock the reactor performance become stable with
alkalinity ratios between 0.2-0.5. Pereira et al. (2009) stated that it is possible to gain stability in the digestion system with
values differ from 0.3, due to differentiation in the composition of each effluent. This indicates that the reactors have sufficient
buffering capacity for the anaerobic digestion process and less deficiencies in the digestion process. In comparison from the
results obtained, the reactors have a good performance and stability in phase 5.

Figure 3.3: Behavior of alkalinity ratio in reactor digesting different feedstock.

3.5 Biogas Production

During the first occasions for single anaerobic digestion of AWW sample, the gas production decreased over the time.
Gas production can be useful indicator in observing reactor suffering from toxicants. Considering to the previous study from
Zayed (2000), it was assumed that the presence of heavy metal concentrations in AWW during mono digestion might have cause
inhibition in the reactor performance. Accumulation of heavy metals may indicate by reduced level in gas production and biogas
methane content (Yue et al., 2013). Low pH value observed in the phase also believed to yield for low optimal performance of
methanogens in gas generation. In relation to the situation, COD removal were erratic with average removal during the digestion
was 63.4% and gas production yield at day 29 was only 5ml and there was no methane achieved. These results showed that
anaerobic digestion with AWW has proved difficult and the reactor was operating under unstable condition. The gas composition
produced during this phase was compose of N2 (74.04%), O2 (24.60) and CO2 (1.36%). The high percentage of nitrogen in the
reactor indicates that denitrification was the main biological process yield in the system during this phases (Bernet et al., 2000).
Denitrification is a process in which nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas by facultative anaerobic bacterium (Akkunna et al., 1992).

In the phase of co digestion of SWW and AWW, pH value was quite stable within the range of 6.3-6.7 with the rates
of COD removal 78.7%. The COD removal rate was better than single digestion. The result of biogas production increased from
the beginning of co digestion until day 35 when it started declined steadily with some fluctuations before reach steady state.
The methane production recorded as 24.51% for day 42. Table 4.7 illustrated the theoretical and actual CH4 yield during this
experiment based on COD removed. In correspondence to the COD removal rate of 86.67% the volume of methane produced
during the co digestion of SWW and AWW were 0.07 L of CH4 / day.

4.0 CONCLUSION

The results of AWW digestion demonstrate that the process was operating with low biodegradation rate. The process
was indicated by the decrease of biogas production, low pH below 6.0 and low COD removal efficiency. Final pH observed was
drop to 5.85 during the digestion which may inhibit methanogens particularly. COD removal were erratic with average removal
was 63.4% and there was no methane achieved. A poor results of anaerobic single digestion of this sample seems to be linked to
heavy metal inhibition due to the presence of Zn and Cu in AWW. The reactor achieved stability in Mono Digestion of SWW
sample with highest COD removal at 95%. Co-digestion of AWW with SWW proved to improve the performance of the reactor.
The nutrient content available in the SWW could promote the synergistic effect in co digestion with AWW and hence performed
better than mono digestion of AWW. During this phase, the reactors have sufficient buffering capacity as showed in alkalinity
ratio value of less than 0.3. The COD removal rate was higher and better than mono digestion of AWW with highest removal
achieved at steady state was 86.6%. Biogas production recorded to be increased from the beginning of co digestion on day 30
until reach steady state on day 42.

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These study has several limitations, therefore this study suggest the following recommendations for future research.
1. The COD value of AWW (230 mg/L) may be lower than the required minimum COD level. If the COD in sample is too

low the methane production will be contribute low too. The AWW used in the experiment of co digestion with RSL can
be substitute with slurry which usually has COD value over 15000 mg/l.
2. Toxicant of heavy metal behavior in AWW sample limits the performance and pretreatment of the AWW sample to
reduce the heavy metals levels would be necessary.
3. AWW is compose of heavy metal such as Zinc and Copper which inhibit the anaerobic digestion performance but
further research is required to obtain a better insight.
4. The pH control in the reactor should be done in case if the pH decreased below the desired range, it could be adjusted
and thus will enhance the rector performance.
5. During the start-up period, the reactor should be purged with nitrogen for 15 to 20 minute to create anaerobic condition
in order to removed excessed oxygen in the reactor.

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6.0 REFERENCE
Akunna, J. C., Bizeau, C., & Moletta, R. (1992). Denitrification in anaerobic digesters: Possibilities and influence of wastewater

COD/N‐NOX ratio.Environmental Technology, 13(9), 825-836.
Andreoli, C. V., von Sperling, M., & Fernandes, F. (Eds.). (2007). Sludge treatment and disposal (Vol. 6). IWA publishing.
Bernet, N., Delgenes, N., Akunna, J. C., Delgenes, J. P., & Moletta, R. (2000). Combined anaerobic–aerobic SBR for the

treatment of piggery wastewater.Water Research, 34(2), 611-619.
Hartmann, H., & Ahring, B. K. (2005). Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: influence of co-

digestion with manure. Water research, 39(8), 1543-1552.
Haw, L. C., Salleh, E., & Jones, P. (2006). Renewable energy policy and initiatives in Malaysia. ALAM CIPTA, International

Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice, 1(1), 33-40.
Idrus, S. (2007). The effect of bubble size on the Rate Of Oxygen Transfer During Aeration Process, (Master Thesis, Universiti

Teknologi Mara).
Idrus, S. (2007). The effect of bubble size on the Rate Of Oxygen Transfer During Aeration Process, (Master Thesis, Universiti

Teknologi Mara).
Pereira E.L, Campos C.M and Monterani F (2009). Effects of pH, acidity and alkalinity on the microbiota activity of anaerobic

sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating pig manure effluent. v4;n3;157-168.
Shin, S. G., Han, G., Lim, J., Lee, C., & Hwang, S. (2010). A comprehensive microbial insight into two-stage anaerobic

digestion of food waste-recycling wastewater. Water research, 44(17), 4838-4849.
Strik, D. P. B. T. B., Domnanovich, A. M., & Holubar, P. (2006). A pH-based control of ammonia in biogas during anaerobic

digestion of artificial pig manure and maize silage. Process Biochemistry, 41(6), 1235-1238.
Ward, A. J., Hobbs, P. J., Holliman, P. J., & Jones, D. L. (2008). Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural

resources. Bioresource technology,99(17), 7928-7940.

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Application Of UV/H202 Process For Azo Dye Removal In
Textile Industrial Wastewater

Wan Nurhazirah Binti Kamaruzaman1, Nor Suhaili Binti Mohamad Zin2,Chia
Soi Lee3

1Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected],
2Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected],

3Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

In this study, the performance of Azo dyes, Methyl Orange and Reactive Red 120 and Anthraquinone, Remazol
Brilliant Blue by Advance Oxidation Process, UV/H2O2 was performed successfully by exposing dyes aqueous solution to UV
irradiation with addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Therefore, the dye was tested with different H2O2 dose to determine the
optimum dose. The operational condition was constant with 100mg/l initial concentration of dye solution. The performance of
color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and H2O2 residual were evaluated. The COD and TOC
removal efficiency was observed,as the chromophore are destroyed into partially mineralize to small fragments.UV– VIS and
FTIR was used to observe the characterization changes in dye solution. By using UV-VIS, it represents the disappearance of both
azo and aromatic groups which cause the color removal performance. Then, FTIR analysis showed the changes functional group
in dyes. During this process, the presence of H2O2 in dye solution accelerated the degradation process and generate more
hydroxyl radical. Moreover, the degradation of Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 was observed more difficult than Methyl Orange and
Reactive Red 120. The result indicates that the optimum dose of H2O2 for all dyes was 1.0mL.For the pH evaluation,it had been
observed that acid condition is more favourable compare to alkaline condition due to higher formation of OH∙ radicals.

Keyword : Advance Oxidation Process, UV/ H2O2 process, Azo dye and Anthraquinone dye.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Textile industry is an important contributor to the economy of numerous countries and it is also a major source of various liquid,
solid and gaseous wastes. (Mahdi Ahmed et.al.2007).This kind of industrial activity can have a negative impact on the
environment in terms of pollutant discharge. The most aspect for the discharge of textile wastewater is the strong color, high and
unstable pH and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) (Rosario Lopez et al 2002).With
this characteristics, it will give the adverse impact to the environment if the effluent directly discharge without any treatment.

The Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the physical and physicochemical treatments that frequently applied for dye
wastewater treatment. It involves the direct oxidation of the dyes by using the oxidant and through hydroxyl radical generation.
Ultraviolet photolysis combined with hydrogen peroxides (UV/ H2O2) is one of the most appropriate technologies for removing
toxic organic contaminants from water. This process involves the generation of reactive and non- selective hydroxyl radicals
(*OH) and initiation the decolorisation reaction by reacting with the dye molecules (Silvia et al., 2007). This process has an
ability to oxidize most of the organic contaminants to carbon dioxide. Then, by adding H2O2, it also can accelerate the
degradation of dye with presence of UV light.

Recently, many investigators reported the successful application of the UV/H2O2 process. In addition, this process has their own
advantages such as there is no sludge formation during the different stages of the treatment, can be operate under ambient
condition, lead to complete mineralization of organic carbon into CO2 (Aleboyeh, 2003). Besides that, it also can convert the
original species to product of lower toxicity, higher biodegradability and more economical treatment (Lopez et.al, 2002).

In this study, UV/H2O2 process was applied to investigate decolourization and degradation of dyes in textile industrial

wastewater. In addition, we emphasized on the influence of the hydrogen peroxide dosage and initial pH of dyes on the dye

degradation. In addition, the target compounds are Methyl Orange and Reactive Red 120, is azo dyes type and Remazol

Brillaint Blue 19, is anthraquinone dye.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Reactive Red 120 and Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 dyes obtained from SIGMA-ALDRICH and Methyl Orange dye from Acros
Organic and used without further purification. Hydrogen Peroxide was used with 35 %( w /w) concentrations. The experimental
dyestuff solutions were prepared using deionizer water. The pH solution was adjusted using 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NAOH) or
by 0.1N Hydrochloric Acid(HCl). The Methyl Orange, Reactive Red 120 and Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 structure is showed in
Figure 1,2 and 3.

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Figure 1: Methyl Orange molecular structure (Acros Organic)

Figure 2: Molecular Structure of Remazol Brilliant Blue 19(Sigma-Aldrich)

Figure 3: Molecular structure of Reactive red 120(Sigma-Aldrich)
The UV/H2O2 experiments were conducted in 1500mL capacity batch photo reactor. The radiation source was UV lamp (30W,
UV-C) which was placed into the batch reactor which surround by quartz thimble. Then, the quartz has double walls to maintain
the temperature (28°C) of the reaction as shown in Figure 4 and 5. The pH of the solution was adjusted to the desired value by
addition NAOH or by HCL.

Figure 4: UV light Reactor Set up Schematic Diagram Figure 5: UV light Reactor Set up

The UV-light was pre-heated for 30 minutes while mixed a precise amount hydrogen peroxide with 1500mL solution by means
of magnetic stirrer. The experiment contact time is 120 min and each sample was withdrawn every 20 minutes. No further H2O2
was added during the degradation. Anthrquinone Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 was used to compare the degradation with azo dyes.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In the photo reactor, the degradation of Methyl Orange, Reactive Red 120 and Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 were conducted using
the UV/H2O2 process under various operating condition such as initial hydrogen peroxide dose.

Effect of color removal

Many researchers suggested that the initial hydrogen peroxide dose played important role in degradation of various dyestuffs in
aqueous solution by UV/ H2O2 process to generate hydroxyl radical for decolorization of dyes. Therefore, in this research work,
100mg/l of dye were tested with 5 different H2O2 dose (0ml, 0.5mL, 1.0mL, 1.5mL and 2.0mL).

150 150

Percentage removal (%) 100 100 Percentage removal (%)

50 50

0 0

0 50 Time (min1)00 150 0 50 Time (m10in0) 150

0ML OF H2O2 0.5ML OF H2O2 0ML OF H2O2 0.5ML OF H2O2

1.0ML OF H2O2 1.5ML OF H2O2 1.0ML OF H2O2 1.5ML OF H2O2

(a) (b)

150
Percentage removal (%)
100

50

0 Time (mi1n0) 0 150

0 50 0.5ML OF H2O2
0ML OF H2O2
1.0ML OF H2O2 1.5ML OF H2O2

(c)

Figure 6: Removal Effiecienc Remazol with varies Hydrogen Peroxide Dosage for (a) Methyl Orange, (b) Reactive Red 120
(c) Remazol Brilliant Blue 19

The color removal efficiency with H2O2 addition but without UV irradiation was only 8.59% for Methyl Orange, 4% for Reactive
Red 120 and 5% for Remazol Brilliant Blue 19. For the reaction combined UV irradiation and H2O2 addition, the decolorization
was extremely powerful. From the result, Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 was the most difficult ones to decolorize in the UV/ H2O2
reactor. The azo dyes were much easier to be treated 100% removal was achieved by Reactive Red 120 for 120 minutes contact
time and 83.74% for Methyl Orange as shown in Figure 6.

Therefore, the generation of hydroxyl radical by photolysis of H2O2 molecules and consequently oxidized the dye molecules and
as e result, complete decolorization of the dye solution. So, the hydroxyl radical produced and color removal efficiency increase
by increase the H2O2 dose in the dye solution (S.Haji et.al, 2011)

From the UV-Vis spectra graph, there will have the visible region and UV region. Visible region is made up from the azo bond
which is gives colour to the dyes. Then, UV region is made up from benzene ring and also naphthalene that possess the wavelength
of 220 nm and 322nm (Wang .et. al, 2004). From the Figure 6, it’s proved that Reactive Red 120 was fully degraded in visible
region compare to Methyl Orange and Remazol Brilliant Blue 19.

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Effect of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal.

In further, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was decrease significantly by increase the
contact time and H2O2 dosage. The COD measured become high due to the interference by H2O2. Therefore, the COD measured
was corrected to get the actual value.

From the figure 7, it showed that COD corrected of Reactive Red 120 was 0mg/l where the organic compound was fully
degraded at the end of the treatment at 1.0ml of H2O2 dosage. However, for Methyl Orange and Remazol Brilliant Blue, the COD
corrected at the end of treatment were 48.9mg/l and 63.5mg/l. It is due to the oxidation of dye molecules and forms a small
organic molecular fragment (Fahmi et. al, 2011). However, COD reading become unstable and fluctuate at the end of the process
and in high dose of H2O2. It is well known that when potassium dichromate reacts with H2O2, it becomes unstable. (Fahmi et.al,
2011).

120Concentration (mg/l) 60
100 Concentration (mg/l) 50
40
80 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 30 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
60 Time (min) Reactive Red 120 20 Brilliant Blue
40 10 Time (min)
20 Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive Red
0
0 0
0

Methyl Orange Methly Orange

Figure 7: The comparison Chemical Oxygen demand Figure 8: The comparison Total Organic Carbon of
(COD) of Remazol Brilliant Blue, Reactive Red and Methyl Remazol Brilliant Blue, Reactive Red and Methyl
Orange with 1.0ml of H2O2 dosage Orange with 1.0ml of H2O2 dosage

Figure 8 represent the TOC result for different type of dyes treated with UV/H2O2 process for 1.0mL of H2O2 dose in 120
minutes. From the line graph shown, Methyl Orange has the highest TOC reading compared to the dyes, followed by Remazol
Brilliant Blue and Reactive Red 120. The TOC reading for Methyl Orange was felt gently from 57mg/l to 42 mg/l. However,
Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 was slightly decreased from minutes 0f 0 to 100 and dramatically decrease from 48mg/l to 12 mg/l at
minutes of 100 to 120. The TOC reading of Reactive Red 120 was decreased suddenly from 47mg/l to 24mg/l during minutes of
20 and continues decrease steadily until the end of the process. the trends decreasing of Methyl Orange and Remazol Brilliant
Blue were slow at the beginning of the contact time. It might be caused where the reaction of the hydroxyl radical was used for
decolorization reaction. After completed and removed the colour, the hydroxyl radical then was use on the degradation of TOC
reaction (Hung et.al, 1994).

CONCLUSION

In this study, the performance of UV/H2O2 process for color, COD and TOC removal of Methyl Orange and Reactive Red 120
and Remazol Brilliant Blue 19 dyes were found efficient for textile industrial wastewater treatment. The result of this study
shows that the UV/H2O2 can be efficiently used for decolorization and degradation of azo dye and anthraquinone dye at different
operational condition such as hydrogen peroxide dosage and initial ph of dye. However, overall performances (color, COD and
TOC removal) of all dye showed the best performance is Reactive Red 120 (azo dye). Moreover, the optimum dosage of H2O2
into the dye solution was 1.0ml Methyl Orange, Reactive Red 120 and Remazol Brilliant Blue 19.

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Study The Effectiveness Of Biocoagulant Between Aloevera
(L.). Burm.F And Okra Mucilage In Coagulation And
Flocculation Treatment

Nor Suhaili Binti Mohamad Zin1, Wan Nurhazirah Binti Kamaruzaman2, Chia
Soi Lee3

1Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected],
2Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected],

3Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Bio coagulant is the natural coagulants act, via the mechanism known as adsorption, neutralization, where the formation of
hydrolysed species of positive charge in the compound, the adsorption occurs at the surface of this particle suspension,
destabilizing. Aluminium sulfate (alum) has been chemical coagulant used for drinking water treatments due to the low cost,
attainability and comfortable handling. However, continuous use for alum has caused several problems effecting human health.
Studies that have aluminium are one of the causes for alzheimer’s syndrome. In addition, aluminium sulfate generate
inconvenience because of the large amount of characteristics of the aluminium sulfates the permanence in drinking water life.
Cycle that is presents in natural drinking water resources, animals, and plants. Owning to various problems generated by the use
of alum, now alternatives for drinking water treatments should be studied. This study is about the effectiveness of biocoagulant
between Aloevera (l.). burm.f and Abelmoschus Esculentus In coagulation and flocculation treatment.one sample were taken from
Sultan Idris Shah polytechnic’s wastewater. Parameter that used in this project is pH value, turbidity and total suspended solid by
using Jar test. The percentages of Turbidity removal for Aloevera (l.) burm.f are 77.05%, for pH range 6-7 and removal for Total
Suspended Solid are 74%. The percentage of turbidity removal for Abelmoschus Esculentus is 76.93%, for pH range 6-7 and
removal for Total Suspended Solid are 73%.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Coagulation-Flocculation processes play an important role in the treatment of water and wastewater. Aluminum sulfate (alum)
and polyelectrolyte (polymer) are the common chemical coagulants which are used in this process. Recently, there have been
many scientific evidences of the possible link between high levels of these residual coagulants and several medical disorders.
This initiated a global interest in the search for suitable coagulants that will be safe from the stand point of health and economy.
A natural indigenous coagulant is suggested as an alternative or as an aid for alum and polymer.

Recent research claims that Alzheimer's disease related to the residual aluminum ions in the treated waters (H. Aylin Devrimci,
2012). K. Anastasakis (2009) clarifies that research findings the sludge formed in water treatment plants during coagulation-
flocculation with synthetic polymers has a limited potential for recycling because of the non-biodegradability of synthetic
polymers. To make the coagulation-flocculation process more attractive, novel low-cost coagulants with higher coagulation
capability are required. This has led a growing research interest in the production of natural and food grade coagulants from
renewable and relatively cost-effective precursors. It can contribute to achieving sustainable water treatment technologies.
Natural coagulants, mainly polysaccharides and proteins, are considered eco-friendly in comparison with inorganic and organic
coagulants because of their biodegradability (A. Diaz, 1999) ( M.G. Antov, 2010).

Turbidity removal is one of the important steps in water treatment process and generally is achieved using coagulation process.
Many coagulants have been widely used in conventional water-treatment processes depending on their chemical characteristics.
Recent studies have pointed out several serious drawbacks of using two most common coagulants aluminum and iron salt, such
as Alzheimer’s disease, production of large sludge volume reduction of pH and low efficiency in coagulation in cold water
(Ndbigengesere, 1998) . In addition, their application is inappropriate in some developing countries because of the high cost and
low availability.

An aloevera blend containing meaningful content of ion and polymers was during coagulant-flocculation procedures (S.Choi,
2003). Aloe has health giving properties. The extract contains helpful polysaccharides and glycoprotein, which have immune –
stimulating, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, this natural product has been used to treat intestinal
problems like stomach ulcers and help would healing. Moreover, aloevera does not change the natural taste of water (S.
Rajasekaran, 2006).

For instance, Ghebremichael (2005) used okra seed for treatment of tannery effluent and they found that okra seed was able to act
as a very effective flocculent, capable of removing more than 95 percent suspended solid and 69 percent dissolved solid from the
effluent. His results showed that polysaccharides (mucilage) obtained from okra and fenugreek was capable of removing 90-94%
of suspended solids and 30-44% of total dissolved solids.

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METHODOLOGY

1. Site location of water sample

Experiments were carried out on treatment plant water samples. Water samples were collected from a treatment plant located in
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, Sabak Bernam. Water sample from that treatment plant from domestic waste such human feces and
urine, kitchen waste staff quarters, soaps and other cleaning agents, runoff water, surface water and academic blocks discharges.

Figure 2.1: Site location of PSIS treatment plant influent.

2. Preparation of Aloe Vera Pulp
The aloevera was hangs vertically with the side of the side of the cut hanging down. So that the yellowish liquid (aloin), non-
essential for the process is removed from the stalk. Then, the aloe veras were cut and blend the stalk without adding any solvent.
Lastly, dilute 1.0 gram of aloevera pulp in 100 ml of distilled water for 1% solution.

3. Preparation of Okra Mucilage Pulp
The okra mucilage was hangs vertically with the side of the side. Then, the okras were cut and blend the stalk without adding any
solvent. Lastly, dilute 1.0 gram of okra mucilage pulp in 100 ml of distilled water for 1% solution.

4. Laboratory analysis
Laboratory analysis was conduct to obtain the specific data. The jar test was conduct as to determine the optimum concentration
of bio coagulants to be added to the wastewater. The purpose of the procedure is to estimate the minimum coagulant dose
required to achieve certain water quality goals. Samples of water to be treated are placed in several jars, various amounts of
chemicals are added to each jar, stirred and the settling is the dose used to treat the water. The lowest dose of chemicals that
provides satisfactory settling is the dose used to treat the water. Turbidity, pH and total suspended solids test had taken before
and after the jar test. The laboratory analysis had repeat for several times using different bio coagulant.

5. National Water Quality Standard
All results was been compared with National Water Quality Standard as the standard are using at waste water treatment plant.

Table 2.4: National Water Quality Standard

Unit Classes

Parameter NTU I IIA IIB III IV V
mg/L 5.0 50.0 - -
Turbidity 25.0 50.0 50.0 - 300.0 300.0
Total suspended solid - 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 5.0-9.0 -
50.0 150.0
Ph
6.0-9.0 5.0-9.0

Class Uses
Class I
: Conservation of natural environment.
Class IIA Water Supply 1 – practically no treatment necessary.
Class IIB Fishery 1 – very sensitive aquatic species.
Class III : Water Supply II – conventional treatment required.
Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species.
Class IV
Class V : Recreational use with body contact.
: Water Supply III – extensive treatment required.

Fishery III – common, of economic value and tolerant species;

livestock drinking.

: Irrigation.

: None of the above.

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FINDINGS
1. Turbidity removal efficiency
The varying concentration of solids in tested waste water influent, together with the size of particulate materials and the
differences in particle charge are the main factors influencing the parameter. At optimum dosage of 3ml of 30% aloevera pulp
concentration, the turbidity of waste water treatment plant influent sample reduced from 176 to 40.4 NTU (Figure 3.1). This
obtained removal clarification efficiencies is 72.03% (Figure 3.2). Moreover, optimum dosage of 40% okra pulp concentration,
the turbidity of waste water sample reduced from 176 to 76.93 NTU (Figure 3.1) which obtained removal clarification
efficiencies is 66.43% (Figure 3.2). Compared with alum solution at optimum dosage of 9ml, turbidity of waste water treatment
plant influent sample reduced from 176 to 46.6 NTU (Figure 3.1) which obtained removal clarification efficiencies is 73.52%
(Figure 3.2). These all result taking after a settling time of 20 minutes and which implies that alum extract is satisfactory for high
turbid water if properly applied and these all satisfy the WHO guidelines of 50 NTU for turbidity for portable water (WHO,
2006).

Figure 3.1: Turbidity removal efficiency of Aloevera pulp, Okra pulp and Alum aid as coagulant

Figure 3.2:Percentage of Aloevera, Okra and Alum removed with increasing dosage of coagulant
2. pH efficiency
Significant change was observed on pH for samples treated with Aloevera, Okra and Alum and it was observed that the three
coagulants has no significant effects on alkalinity or acidity of the water sample. The pH of wastewater for Aloevera, Okra and
Alum are 6.81 to 6.52, 6.56 and 6.83 respectively (Figure 3.3). Moreover, based on study all coagulant dosage of Aloevera and
Okra, both its did not changed the significant value of pH in spite of the different and more coagulant dosage and percent of
coagulant using with and finished water value between 6.26 to 7.13. These all satisfy the WHO guidelines of 6.0-9.0 for pH for
conventional treatment (WHO, 2006). In practical terms, this indicates that further chemical addition is not required to correct the
pH of the finished water to values between 6.0 and 9.0. Results indicated that Aloevera and Okra pulp did not affect the pH value
of water samples significantly.

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© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016

Figure 3.3: pH efficiencies of Aloevera, Okra and Alum as coagulant
3. Total Suspended Solid Removal
Result obtained in study indicate that the optimum dosage of 3ml of 30% Aloevera and 3ml of 40% of Okra pulp concentration,
the total suspended solid of waste water sample reduced from 3.4635mg/L to 0.904 mg/L and 0.9405 mg/L respectively (Figure
3.4) which obtained a removal clarification efficiencies Aloevera is 74% and Okra 73% (Figure 3.5). Compared with alum that
slightly decrease than Aloevera and Okra at optimum dosage of 9ml coagulant aid, the total suspended solid of waste water
treatment plant influent sample reduced from 3.4635mg/L to 1.034 mg/L (Figure 3.4) which obtained a removal clarification
efficiencies is 70.15% (Figure 3.5). These all result taking after a settling time of 20 minutes and which implies that Alum aid is
satisfactory for high turbid water if properly applied and these all satisfy the WHO guidelines of 50 mg/L for turbidity for
portable water (WHO, 2006).

Figure 3.4: Differentiate of total suspended solid removal of Aloevera, Okra dan Alum as coagulant

Figure 3.5: Percentage reduction of total suspended solid of Aloevera, Okra and Alum as coagulant

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CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that the removal of turbidity using the biocoagulant Aloevera pulp and Okra pulp was influenced by plant
treatment influent. Both bio coagulants have a significance for use as a coagulant in water treatment. The optimum dose of both
bio coagulants Aloevera and Okra for coagulation was 3ml, which is very low. At higher loads, Aloevera and Okra is
comparable to alum. Both bio coagulants is biodegradable, eco-friendly and non-toxic compared with Alum aid that needed 9ml
to reach optimum dosage. Wide range of water turbidities could be effectively removed by using both coagulants to under the
WHO standard of turbidity, 50 NTU. Maximum water turbidity removal was observed at water pH 7.13. At various dose of both
biocoagulant, it’s never change the pH value and keeps on standard. The finding demonstrated the conclusion that the
biocoagulant Aloevera and Okra can be effectively used in water treatment plant. Both of bio coagulant can apply in treatment
plant before discharge it into stream. Aloevera and Okra stands to be a suitable substitute for commercial alum in the nearest
future in water treatment technology.

REFERENCES
A. Diaz, N. Rincon, A. Escorihuela, N. Fernandez, E. Chacin, C.F. Forster, A preliminary evaluation of turbidity removal by

natural coagulants indigenous to Venezuela, Process Biochem. 35 (1999) 391–395.
H. Aylin Devrimci, A. Mete Yuksel, F. Dilek Sanin, Algal alginate: a potential coagulant for drinking water

treatment,Desalination 299 (2012) 16–21.
Ghebremichael, K. A., Gunaratna, K. R., Henriksson, H., Brumer And Dalhammar, G. (2005). J. Water Research,39 (11): 2338-

2344.
K. Anastasakis, D. Kalderis, E. Diamadopoulos, Flocculation behavior of mallow and okra mucilage in treating wastewater,

Desalination 249 (2009) 786–791.
M.G. Antov, M.B. Šciban, N.J. Petrovic, Proteins from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed as a natural coagulant for

potential application in water turbidity removal, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 2167–2172.
Ndbigengesere, A. and Narasiah, K.S. (1998) Quality of Water Treated by Coagulation Using MoringaOleifera seeds. Wat.

Resources, 32(3),781-791
S.Choi, M.H.Chung, ‘’A review on the relationship between Aloe vera components and their biologic effects’’, Sem

.Intergr.Med., p 53-62, 2003.
S. Rajasekaran, K. Ravi, K. Sivagnanam, S. Sumbramaniam, ‘’Beneficial effects of aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile

status in rats with stretozotocin diabetes’’, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol 33, p.232-237, 2006.

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USP-RH-GF Hybrid Composites: The Mechanical
Properties

Hazlan bin Abdullah1, Muhammad Kamal Ariffin bin Hj. Badrun2

1Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, [email protected]
1Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Unsaturated Polyester-Rice Husk-Glass Fibre (USP-RH-GF) hybrid composites were produced using rice husk (RH) as filler and
glass fibre (GF) as reinforcing agent in Unsaturated Polyester (USP) matrix. Three sizes of glass fibre were used; long glass fibre
(LGF) 12.8 mm, medium glass fibre (MGF) 6.4 mm and short glass fibre (SGF) 3.2 mm. Overall, from the result, it was observed
that GF imparted higher tensile and flexural properties. The presence of RH in the matrix had produced composites with
comparable tensile and flexural properties especially in the middle range of RH:GF ratios. Longer GF had a profound effect on
the strength and toughness, whilst the shorter GF towards the modulus of the composites. The enhancements of the properties
were attributed to good filler and matrix interactions. Overall, the study shows that RH together with GF had produced
composites with acceptable properties.

Keywords: Rice husk, glass fibre, composites, unsaturated polyester.

INTRODUCTION

The term composite is to describe any wood material adhesively bonded together. Wood-based composites encompass a
range of products from fibreboard to laminated beams. Wood based composites are used for a number of non-structural and
structural applications in product lines ranging from panels for interior covering purposes to panels for exterior uses and in
furniture and support structures in buildings (Nicole, et al. 2010; Khairel Rafezi, et al. 2011). Composites made with wood or
lignocellulosic materials as filler have received a lot of attention particularly on the types of fibre, filler characteristic, types of
coupling agents and so forth. The utilization of lignocellulosic materials as reinforcing component in polymer composites has
become more attractive especially for price/high volume applications. However, the use of high density inorganic fillers, such as
glass fibre or mica in polymer composites also offers a wide variety of property improvements, particularly in the ultimate
strength of the material. Nevertheless, their incorporation may not be favourable in terms of cost effectiveness on a volumetric
basis. The growth of lingocellulosic-polymer composites has been attributed to the density factor of the lignocellulosic filler in
addition to other advantages such as, greater deformability, less abrasiveness to expensive moulds and mixing equipment, and of
course lower cost. Hence, it would be possible to utilize both inherent characteristics of lignocellulosic and glass fibre to produce
composites which has more favourable balance of properties. Therefore, hybrid composites of glass and lignocellulose fibres as
reinforcements in a common polymer matrix would provide versatility on the properties of the composite material (Rozman, et
al. 2004).

A number of different wood raw materials are used for composition board, ranging from logs to sander dust. Agriculture
residues and non-wood materials such as oil palm tree, rice husk, bamboo, jute, kenaf, sisal, coir, flax, bagasse and abaca are also
of importance in various parts of the world (Abdul Khalil & Rozman, 2006; Maloney, 1993). From recent trends, lignocellulosic
materials have been the subject of intensive investigations, either in replacing existing wood species in making conventional
panel product or producing plastics composites. The interesting trend in using non-wood materials has been induced by the
growing demand for light weight, high performance materials coupled with the abundant supply of lignocellulosic fibres.
Escalating costs of raw materials and energy add further impetus to such an investigation. Controlled biodegradability after
effective use is another important factor in favour of bio-fibre composites. Thus, it is believed that hybrid composites would
enlarge the domain of applications shown by existing composites (Rozman, et al. 2003; Rozman, et al. 2001; Abdul Khalil &
Rokiah, 2007).

1. Objective
a. To use glass fibre (GF) in combination with rice husk (RH) as a filler in thermoset composites.
b. To compare the effect of RH:GF ratios and glass fibre (GF) sizes on the mechanical properties in thermoset
composites.

METODOLOGY

Materials

The matrix material used was commercially available unsaturated polyester (USP) Reversol P-9728P with acid value 15-25
mgKOH/g, specific gravity 1.1, non-volatile 52-56% and gel time 24-30 min. Chopped type E-glass fibre (GF) were used as
reinforcing agent in the composite.

Filler Preparation

The Retsch Test Sieve Model 5667, W. Germany was used to separate RH filler into different sizes. The filler size used in this
study was of mesh 35-60, that is, 270-500 μm

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Compounding and Processing

Rice husk (RH), glass fibre (GF) and unsaturated polyester resin (USP) were mixed using propeller head mixer ‘Framo-
Geratetechnik’. The ratio of RH:USP was 60:40 by weight. The proportions of RH and GF for each of fibre loading mentioned
above are shown in table 1. Three sizes of glass fibre with mean length 12.8 mm (LGF), 6.4 mm (MGF) and 3.2 mm (SGF) were
used. The mixing was carried out for 15 mins. at a rotor speed of 400-600 rpm. The compound was then transferred into a mould
with dimensions of 155 x 155 x 12 mm3. The compound was heated at 135°C for 5 min at a pressure 500 kg/cm2. Cooling was
then carried out for 5 min under pressure.

Table 1: The Proportion of Rice Husk (RH) / Glass Fibre (GF)

Sample Fibre proportion Designation on the graph

1 100%RH/0%GF 100/0

2 70%RH/30%GF 70/30

3 60%RH/40%GF 60/40

4 50%RH/50%GF 50/50

5 40%RH/60%GF 40/60

6 0%RH/100%GF 0/100

Testing

The board produced was cut into two types of test samples, namely, tensile and flexural tests. Tensile tests were carried out
according to ASTM D3039 on samples with dimension of 100 x 12 x 5 mm (length x width x thickness) at a crosshead speed of 2
mm/min. The flexural test was conducted according to ASTM D790, that is, a three-point bending system. The samples with
dimension of 80 x 12 x 12 mm (length x width x thickness).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Tensile Strength

Figure 1: The Effect of RH:GF Ratios and GF Sizes on the Tensile Strength

Figure 1 shows the effect of RH:GF ratios and GF sizes on the tensile strength of USP-RH-GF hybrid composites. The results
show that the tensile strength increases as the amount of GF of different sizes are increased. This suggests that the GF has
contributed positively towards the tensile strength of the composite. The results also show that composites with LGF demonstrate
higher strength than those with MGF and SGF. This may be due to the higher aspect ratio of the LGF as compared to MGF and
SGF. It is a kwon fact that aspect ratio plays an important role in the strength of a composite. However, no difference is detected
between composites with MGF and SGF. It is interesting to note that composites with lower RH to GF ratio display comparable
strength with those with higher RH to GF ratio. This means that the lower percentage of GF together with a larger percentage of
RH can be incorporated to get about similar strength with those of higher percentage of GF with lower percentage of RH. Thus,
the incorporation of RH together with GF produces composites with good strength to cost value.

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3.2 Tensile Modulus

Figure 2: The Effect of RH:GF Ratios and GF Sizes on the Tensile Modulus
Figure 2 shows that the tensile modulus of composites increase as the amount of GF is increased. This shows that the inherent
stiffness of GF has enabled the stiffness of the composites to increase. Similar to the tensile strength results, the modulus of the
composites with lower RH to GF ratio are comparable to those with higher RH to GF ratio. This suggests that the larger portion
of GF could be replaced with RH to attain comparable stiffness. Generally, the results show that composites with shorter length
GF (SGF and MGF) exhibit higher stiffness than those with longer length (LGF), especially at higher GF to RH ratio and at
100% GF. This is understandable because GF with shorter length would impart greater stiffness than those of longer ones.
Flexural Strength

Figure 3: The Effect of RH:GF Ratios and GF Sizes on the Flexural Strength
Figure 3 shows the results of flexural strength of the RH:GF composites. The results follow the same trend as those of the tensile
strength, which it increases as the amount of GF of different sizes are increased. The results also show that composites with LGF
demonstrate higher strength than those with MGF and SGF. This again may be due to the more efficient stress transfer of
composites with higher aspect ratio of the LGF as compared to MGF and SGF.
3.4 Flexural Modulus

Figure 4: The Effect of RH:GF Ratios and GF Sizes on the Flexural Modulus
Figure 4 shows that the flexural modulus of composites increase as the amount of GF is increased. As mentioned earlier in the
discussion on tensile modulus, the inherent stiffness of GF has enabled the stiffness of the composites lateral to the length of the

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sample to increase. The same trend as shown by the tensile and flexural strength results are observed, where the modulus of
composites with lower RH to GF ratio are comparable with those with higher RH to GF ratio. Generally, the results show that
composites with shorter length GF (SGF and MGF) exhibit higher stiffness than those with longer length GF (LGF). This is
expected because GF with shorter length would impart greater stiffness in the lateral direction than the longer ones.
CONCLUSION
The properties of Unsaturated Polyester-Rice Husk-Glass Fibre (USP-RH-GF) hybrid composites have been studied. From the
result, it is clear that GF imparts better tensile and flexural properties. The incorporation of RH in the matrix has produced
composites with comparable tensile and flexural properties especially in the middle range of RH:GF ratios. Longer GF has a
profound effect on the strength and flexural, whilst, the shorter GF contributes towards the modulus of the composites. Overall,
the study shows RH together with GF has produced composites with acceptable properties. These properties could be further
improved with surface treatments of the fillers to enhance compatibility between the unsaturated polyester matrix, RH and GF.
REFERENCES
Abdul Khalil, S. & Rokiah, H. (2007). Komposit panel berasaskan sumber kayu. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abdul Khalil, S. & Rozman, H.D. (2006). Gentian dan komposit lignoselosik. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Khairel Rafezi, A., Mohd Mustafa, A.B.A., Che Mohd Ruzaidi, G., Shamsul Baharin, J., Mohamed Faisol, M.N. & Alida, A.

(2011). Pengenalan bahan komposit. Kangar: Universiti Malaysia Perlis.
Maloney, T.M. (1993). Modern particleboard & dry-process fibreboard manufacturing: Updated edition covers composite wood

product. Madison Wisconsin: Forest Product Society.
Nicole, M.S., Zhiyang, C. & Charles, C. (2010). Wood – Based Composite Materials: Panel products, glued-laminated timber,

structural composite lumber and wood-nonwood composite materials. In USDA (Ed.), Wood handbook: Wood as an
engineering materials, (centennial edition). Madison Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Rozman, H.D., Hazlan, A. & Abubakar, A. (2004). Preliminary study on mechanical and dimensional stability of rice husk-glass
fibre hybrid polyester composite. Polymer-Plastic Technology and Engineering, 43, 1129-1140.
Rozman, H.D., Yeo, Y.S., Tay, G.S & Abubakar, A. (2003). The mechanical properties of polyurethene composites based on rice
husk and polyethylene glycol. Polymer Testing, 22, 617-623.
Rozman, H.D., Tay, G.S., Kumar, R.N., Abusamah, A., Ismail, H. & Mohd. Ishak, Z.A. (2001). Polypropylene-oil palm empty
fruit bunch-glass fibre hybrid composites: A preliminary study on the flexural and tensile properties. European Polymer
Journal, 37, 1283-1291.

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‘Cocos Nucifera Ceiling’

Norayahati Binti Ngagiman1, Hidanah Binti Mohd Yunus2 dan Salina Binti
Sariman3

1Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Sektor pembinaan yang pesat membangun memerlukan beberapa penambahbaikan dan ke arah menitikberatkan faktor kesihatan
pengguna. Sejak kebelakangan ini, penggunaan bahan kitar semula membantu dalam aktiviti pembinaan di Malaysia.
Penghasilan siling yang berasaskan sabut kelapa dengan bahan tambah gentian kaca dihasilkan untuk mendapatkan perbezaan
kekuatan siling di antara siling daripada sabut kelapa (cocos nucifera) dan siling asbestos. Sabut kelapa berfungsi sebagai bahan
tambah ke dalam siling cocos nucifera. Sabut kelapa yang telah dirawat akan melalui proses pengeringan sebelum dicampurkan
dengan lapisan gentian kaca ke dalam acuan. Pengujian ke atas siling dilakukan dari aspek ujian lenturan, kandungan lembapan
dan rintangan api. Hasil ujian yang dilaksanakan mendapati siling sabut kelapa hanya menyerap lembapan 0.0138% kandungan
lembapan berbanding siling asbestos biasa menyerap lembapan sebanyak 0.0025%. Bagi ujian lenturan didapati siling sabut
kelapa mempunyai kekuatan lenturan sebanyak 74.688MPa berbanding siling asbestos sebanyak 3.753MPa. Hasil bagi ujian
rintangan api menunjukkan siling sabut kelapa tidak mudah terbakar berbanding siling asbestos. Keadaan ini menunjukkan siling
sabut kelapa berpotensi bersaing dengan siling kediaman yang berada dipasaran sekarang dan sekaligus menjimatkan kos dan
meningkatkan tahap penggunaan siling berkonsepkan mesra alam.

Kata kunci : Siling Sabut Kelapa

1.0 PENGENALAN

Pembangunan dalam sektor perumahan pada abad ini semakin rancak dan harga yang pelbagai mengikut kemampuan individu.
Penggunaaan sisa pepejal sebagai bahan tambah atau bahan gantian dalam sesuatu bahagian pembuatan rumah menggalakkan
inovasi dari sektor tersebut. Sisa pepejal merupakan bahan buangan industri atau domestik yang terdiri daripada sisa organik,
kertas, surat khabar dan lain-lain penyumbang kepada peningkatan kos mengurus sisa pepejal bermula daripada peringkat
pengutipan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan sampah hingga ke peringkat pelupusan.

Program kitar semula giat dijalankan untuk memberi kesedaran kepada pengguna berkaitan kelebihan dan kekurangan sekiranya
kitar semula tidak diaplikasikan. Manakala agensi-agensi yang berkebolehan perlu menjana sesuatu daripada bahan kitar semula
supaya memberi impak yang bermanfaat kepada pengguna. Kitar semula mempunyai beberapa kepentingan, antaranya
mengurangkan bahan buangan dan mengurangkan pencemaran udara. Sabut kelapa yang tidak digunakan perlu dijadikan sumber
yang boleh diperbaharui kerana ia merupakan gentian semulajadi dan daripada bahan kitar semula.

Sabut kelapa dikenalpasti menjadi penyumbang kepada penjanaan sisa pepejal yang dihasilkan dari kilang-kilang pemprosesan
santan, kilang penghasilan produk tempurung kelapa, kedai penjualan air kelapa dan kedai penghasilan jeli kelapa. Sabut kelapa
yang tidak digunakan akan dibuang dan berkemungkinan mengambil masa yang lama untuk hancur. Menurut MARDI, mereka
menggunakan sabut kelapa ini dalam aktiviti pertanian sebagai satu bahan pengganti tanah. Pelbagai alternatif telah dibangunkan
dan dilakukan penyelidikan supaya lebihan bahan buangan ini diterima pakai oleh pengguna.

Malaysia kaya dengan bahan-bahan gentian semulajadi yang masih belum diterokai terutamanya daripada sektor agrikultur
(Lembaga Perindustrian Kayu Malaysia). Pada masa kini, terdapat dua jenis gentian iaitu gentian semulajadi daripada tumbuhan
dan gentian sintetik yang dihasilkan oleh manusia. Gentian semulajadi tumbuhan mempunyai ketumpatan yang rendah, kekuatan
yang agak baik dan menjadi penebat yang baik. Dalam sektor pembinaan bangunan atau kediaman, keselesaan dan keselamatan
memainkan peranan yang penting bagi isi rumah termasuk penggunaan siling. Dalam pasaran terdapat jenis bahan binaan yang
digunakan untuk membuat siling antaranya kepingan asbestos, papan jalur, papan lapis, papan serpih, papam gypsum, papan
fiber dan juga logam. Antara bahan binaan tersebut, kepingan asbestos merupakan bahan yang paling banyak digunakan dalam
industri pembinaan rumah. Penggunaan siling asbestos pada kediaman didapati memberi impak yang berpanjangan kepada
pengguna.

Objektif bagi kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengkaji kebolehkerjaan gentian sabut kelapa sebagai siling kediaman dan
membandingkan siling cocos nucifera (sabut kelapa) dengan siling asbestos. Bagi mencapai objektif, skop kajian yang
ditetapkan adalah menghasilkan silling gentian sabut kelapa sebagai pengganti siling asbestos dan kajian ini bertumpu kepada
ujian lenturan, ujian lembapan dan ujian rintangan api.

Berdasarkan kajian lepas, menurut Alinah Sulaiman (2012) menyatakan keberkesanan sabut kelapa sebagai penebat haba dan
penggunaan bahan-bahan buangan merupakan salah satu kaedah penjimatan yang menguntungkan tambahan lagi ianya
mengurangkan bahan-bahan semulajadi daripada alam sekitar. Menurut Rozli Zulkifli (2011) menyatakan gentian sabut kelapa
mempunyai pekali penyerapan bunyi yang baik berbanding gentian kelapa sawit dan setanding dengan bahan penyerap komersial
dipasaran. Ini menunjukkan kepelbagaian penggunaan sabut kelapa dan boleh di gunapakai dalam pembinaan rumah di pasaran
sekarang. Siling merupakan satu bahan yang digunakan untuk mengurangkan penyerapan haba panas dan haba sejuk yang
terdapat dipersekitaran luar rumah daripada masuk ke dalam rumah menerusi bumbung melalui pembebasan dan penyerapan
siling sebanyak 25% (Nora Mohamad,2012)

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2.0 METODOLOGI KAJIAN

Kajian yang dilaksanakan bertumpu kepada bahan semulajadi seperti serat kelapa. Serat kelapa menawarkan banyak kelebihan
seperti mengurangkan kos kerana mudah untuk didapati, ketumpatan yang rendah, kekuatan yang boleh diterima pakai, penebat
yang baik, punca yang boleh diperbaharui dan boleh untuk dikitar semula tanpa menjejaskan alam sekitar. Serat kelapa
mempunyai kandungan lignin yang tinggi dan kandungan selulosa yang rendah. Nisbah lignin yang tinggi membuatkan gentian
ini keras, teguh dan sebagai sumber yang boleh diperbaharui.

Penghasilan siling sabut kelapa diperbuat daripada sisa pepejal sabut kelapa dengan bahan tambah gentian kaca. Gentian ini akan
dicampurkan dengan resin jenis polimer termoset sebagai bahan pengikat untuk menghasilkan siling sabut kelapa. Siling akan
dihasilkan dalam bentuk kepingan dengan ketebalan 5mm.

Jadual 2.1 : Sifat Mekanikal Gentian Sabut Kelapa

Sifat Gentian Sabut Kelapa Nilai

Kekuatan tegangan (MPa) 140-220

Modulus keanjalan, E (GPa) 3-5

Terikan (%) 25-40

Pemanjangan (%) 23.9-51.4

Kadar penyerapan air (%) 93.8

Terdapat tiga ujian yang ditentukan iaitu ujian kelembapan, ujian rintangan api (penyerapan haba) dan ujian kelenturan. Setiap
ujian yang dilakukan menggunakan 5 sampel yang berlainan. Sabut kelapa yang telah diperolehi melalui kutipan di kilang,
pengumpulan sabut kelapa diuraikan dalam bentuk helaian. Bahan tambah seperti fire retardant powder, resin jenis polimer
thermoset, gelcoat dan gentian kaca digunakan. Sabut kelapa perlu direndam selama 24 jam untuk menghilangkan sifat selulosa
yang terkandung dalam setiap bahan organik dan kemudiannya dibilas sebelum proses pengeringan dilakukan. Siling cocos
nucifera dihasilkan dalam bentuk kepingan yang dipotong mengikut saiz panel 300mm x 300mm x 5mm. Bagi penghasilan
siling cocos nucifera ini, gentian sabut kelapa sebanyak 20% dan 80% resin digunakan.

Panel yang telah siap akan disapukan dengan wax mold release bagi memudahkan proses menanggalkan panel dari acuan yang
telah dimampatkan. Kemudian, panel akan disapu dengan gelcoat (250g) yang dicampur dengan fire retardant powder yang
berfungsi untuk melambatkan proses pembakaran. Kemudian, panel akan dilekatkan dengan gentian kaca dan disapu resin.
Seterusnya sabut kelapa akan dilekatkan pada panel sebelum dimampatkan. Panel yang telah siap akan ditanggalkan daripada
acuan dan akan dipotong mengikut saiz sampel yang ditetapkan (300mm x 300mm x 5mm).

Rajah 2.1: Panel Siling Cocos Nucifera Yang Telah Dihasilkan.

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Rajah 2.2 : Sampel Siling Cocos Nucifera

3.0 DAPATAN KAJIAN

Siling digunakan di dalam bangunan bagi memisahkan antara ruangan dalam rumah dan bumbung rumah bagi menutup kerangka
bumbung dari dilihat oleh mata kasar. Selain itu, siling menerima beban dari atas contohnya seperti tangki jatuh, kerangka
bumbung patah, tikus atau kucing berlari di atas siling yang akan menyebabkan siling melentur. Maka, ujian lenturan dilaksanan
untuk mengkaji tahap lenturan siling sabut kelapa ini dan dibandingkan dengan siling asbestos. Di samping itu, ujian kelembapan
dan ujian rintangan api juga dilakukan ke atas sampel. Siling cocos nucifera (sabut kelapa) yang telah dihasilkan perlu diuji
kekuatannya mengikut piawai yang ditetapkan mengikut MS MS 1296:2010.

Jadual 3.1 : Keputusan Ujian Antara Siling Cocos Nucifera Dan Siling Asbestos

Ujian Siling Cocos Nucifera Siling Asbestos

Kelenturan (MPa) 74.688 3.753

Modulus pecah (MPa) 49.99 1.769

Kandungan Kelembapan 0.0138 0.0025

(%)

Rintangan Api 48.7 100.4
(penyerapan haba, 0C)

Berdasarkan data yang diperolehi antara siling cocos nucifera dan siling asbestos, terdapat beberapa perbezaan di
antaranya dari segi ujian yang dijalankan. Dapatan bagi ujian kelenturan, lima sampel siling cocos nucifera (sabut kelapa) dan
siling asbestos diuji dengan dikenakan beban sehingga mencapai beban maksimum yang mampu ditanggung oleh sampel
tersebut. Sampel siling akan melentur dan patah apabila mencapai beban maksimum dan mencapai had kegagalan lenturan
maksimum. Di dapati bahawa, kelenturan maksimum bagi sampel siling cocos nucifera adalah 74.688 MPa berbanding siling
asbestos iaitu 3.753 MPa. Ini menunjukkan siling cocos nucifera mempunyai kekuatan lenturan yang tinggi berbanding siling
asbestos. Di samping itu, modulus pecah juga dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui had maksimum bagi sesuatu produk sebelum ia
pecah atau mengalami kegagalan. Berdasarkan jadual 3.1, keputusan menunjukkan bahawa siling cocos nucifera mempunyai
had maksimum yang paling tinggi berbanding siling asbestos.

Peratus kandungan lembapan yang telah ditetapkan untuk siling ialah 0.25 peratus dan siling kurang sesuai digunakan jika
kandungan lembapan lebih dari 0.25 peratus. Lima sampel diuji dan diletakkan di atas Humidity Chamber pada 80% lembapan
dan bersuhu bilik. Berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi secara purata menunjukkan kadar lembapan siling cocos nucifera lebih
tinggi iaitu 0.0138% berbanding siling asbestos iaitu 0.025%. keadaan ini disebabkan oleh sifat serat sabut kelapa mampu
menyerap air yang banyak berbanding asbestos. Hasil ujian kelembapan memenuhi garis piawai iaitu kurang daripada 0.25%
kadar lembapan.

Pengujian pembakaran dilakukan bagi mencapai had kegagalan maksimum ke atas siling dengan melaksanakan pengujian

rintangan api (penyerapan haba). Pengujian menggunakan tempoh masa pembakaran sehingga sampel mengalami kegagalan

seperti terbakar, berlubang dan sebagainya. Sampel cocos nucifera yang telah dilapisi dengan fire retardant dan gelcoat mampu

untuk melambatkan proses pembakaran dan penyerapan haba dapat dikurangkan. Keputusan pengujian mendapati nilai
kandungan penyerapan haba bagi siling cocos nucifera adalah 48.70C. Ini menunjukkan bahawa siling cocos nucifera mampu

menyerap kadar haba yang rendah berbanding siling asbestos dengan data mencapai kandungan penyerapan haba pada nilai
100.40C.

Berdasarkan pengujian yang dijalankan menunjukkan perbandingan kebolehkerjaan cocos nucifera dan siling asbestos yang
berada di pasaran sekarang. Siling cocos nucifera berkemungkinan sesuai untuk memenuhi permintaan pasaran dan membantu
mengurangkan kadar lebihan sisa pepejal sabut kelapa di persekitaran.

4.0 KESIMPULAN

Hasil daripada kajian ini mendapati gentian sabut kelapa mempunyai kekuatan yang tersendiri. Gentian ini sesuai sebagai bahan
yang ideal untuk menghasilkan siling yang mesra alam dan menjadi penyelesaian kepada masalah ekologi. Penggunaan siling
cocos nucifera dipercayai kerana potensinya, biodegrasi dan mesra alam disamping mengurangkan masalah lebihan sabut kelapa
sebagai sisa pepejal yang tidak di gunakan. Campuran dalam penghasilan siling akan meningkatkan kebolehkerjaan siling cocos
nucifera dalam pengujian lembapan, rintangan api dan kelenturan berbanding siling asbestos. Kadar lenturan yang tinggi

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bergantung kepada ciri-ciri panjang sabut kelapa tersebut. Penyerapan terhadap haba yang kurang membantu dalam pengurangan
suhu dalam rumah kediaman atau bangunan dan meningkatkan kadar keselesaan pengguna.
5.0 CADANGAN/IMPLIKASI
Siling cocos nucifera mempunyai tahap kebolehkerjaan yang baik dari segi kekuatan lenturan, penyerapan haba dan penyerapan
kelembapan berbanding siling asbestos dipasaran sekarang. Kaedah penghasilannya yang memerlukan bahan sisa pepejal sabut
kelapa daripada pelbagai sumber memudahkan pencarian bahan mentah. Di samping itu, gentian sabut kelapa adalah bahan yang
mesra alam dan mempunyai keunikannya yang tersendiri.
Daripada dapatan ujian yang dilaksanakan pada siling cocos nucifera, didapati beberapa cadangan penambahbaikan boleh
dilaksanakan supaya lebih menarik dan diterima oleh pengguna:
i- Menggunakan peratus gentian sabut kelapa yang berbeza dan saiz yang berbeza supaya memperolehi data yang lebih

banyak dan boleh dibuat perbandingan secara menyeluruh.
ii- Melaksanakan siling gentian sabut kelapa yang lebih menarik seperti bercorak dan mempunyai nilai estetika sebagai nilai

tambah kepada produk tersebut.
6.0 RUJUKAN
Alinah Binti Sulaiman. (2012). Kajian pemindahan haba dalam ruang yang menggunakan siling berpenebat fiber sabut kelapa.

Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Mekanikal (Termobendalir), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Department of Standards Malaysia. (2010) MS 1296:2010 Fibre-Cement Flat Sheets –Product Specification and Test Methods

(First Revision). Muka Surat 32-35, 38-39. Penerbit SIRIM Berhad.
Nona Binti Mohammad@Chong Mung Hwa (2012), Mengkaji Terma Dan Sifat-Sifat Mekanikal Siling Berpenebat Fiber Sabut

Kelapa. Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Mekanikal (Termobendalir), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Rozli Zulkifli, Mohd Faizal Mat Tahir, Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor & Ahmad Rashdan Ismail (2011), Jurnal Teknologi : Pekali

Penyerapan Bunyi Dan Indeks Kehilangan Penghantaran Panel Penyerap Bunyi Menggunakan Gentian Sabut Kelapa,
University Teknologi Malaysia.
Berita harian (26 mei 2015), Sabut Kelapa Inovasi Baharu Bagi Industri Pembuatan Perabot, dimuat turun daripada laman web
http://www.bharian.com.my/node/57249.

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Green Technology Strand Panel from
Non-Dipterocarp Species

Muhammad Kamal Ariffin bin Hj. Badrun1, Hazlan bin Abdullah2

1Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, [email protected]
2Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, [email protected]

Abstract

Green Technology Strand Panel (GTSP) or known as Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a structural panel suitable for a wide range
of construction and industrial applications. It is a mat-formed panel made of strands sliced in the long direction from small
diameter, fast growing round wood logs and bonded with an exterior-type binder under heat and pressure. OSB is one of many
wood composites ever develop. Today, OSB is the most popular engineered wood for worldwide since this tremendous material
replaces plywood for building construction. This research is to provide the data of OSB made from the Non-Dipterocarp species
of Jelutong (Dyera Costulata). OSB is suitable for interior and exterior purposes such as flooring or roofing system. Testing
conducted on the board are bending strength includes Maximum Stress, Flexure Modulus, Internal Bonding (IB). The result of
this specimen will be compared to the minimum requirement of British Standard (BS EN 312-3). The optimum result is used to
perform the guidelines in producing OSB mainly the optimum result is gained by using 5%, 7%, 9% resin content at 500 kg/m3,
600 kg/m3 and 700 kg/m3 density of board. The result for Maximum Stress is 36.92 MPa, Flexure Modulus is 6003.74 MPa and
Internal Bonding is 2.80 MPa mainly.

Keywords: Green Technology Strand Panel, Oriented Strand Board, Local name, scientific name, bending strength, Internal
Bonding, BS

INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Statement

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) was not a product of Malaysia. Evolving from waferboard in the late 1970s, OSB is unique in
that long wood strands are oriented, not randomly placed. Since its debut in 1978, OSB has been rapidly accepted. In fact, in
many areas of North America. There is lack of information about the properties of OSB made from the tropical hard wood. In
this study, the OSB or rather known as Green Technology Strand Panel (GTSP) is made from Jelutong (Dyre Costulata) among
the light weight hardwood. This study provides the data in the terms of properties strength and suitableness of using light weight
hardwood as the raw material for the OSB. The study is made prior to the proportion of the statement that someday OSB in
Malaysia will be replacing the plywood production. OSB can be used for roof, floor and wall sheathing in engineered
construction. These products can also be used in residential construction to improve floor performance [Structural Board
Associations Canada, 2005, pp.8].

B. Objective

The study is focus on the strength properties of Jelutong (Dyre Costulata) as a common light weight hardwood species.
The comparisson of properties is compared in the variable of resin content and density. British Standard (BS) is used to define
the rigidity of the variable used. The engineered GTSP was bond together using Phenolic resin, namely phenol formaldehyde.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In botany, a tree is a plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting leaves or branches. In some usages, the
definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants, only plants that are usable as lumber, only plants above a
specified height or only perennial species. At its broadest, trees include the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboo
[Structural Board Associations Canada, 2005, pp. 1]. A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground
by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the
tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Jelutong or Dyera costulata
belongs to the family Apocynaceae. Jelutong can easily be identified by the end branching of its leaves known as the “terminalia”
characteristic. Jelutong yields white latex, often seen on wounded parts of the tree. In the olden days, jelutong latex was used as
the base for chewing gum, mixed with poisonous gum for blowpipes and used in place of rubber. Jelutong grows at a fast rate
thus the timber is quite soft [Noor Azlin Yahya, Azahari Mohd. Yusoff and Nashatul Zaimah Noor Azman, 2014, pp. 1]. The
trunk grows straight, producing fine boles up to 60 m. During juvenile stage the crown forms “monopodial” or pagoda shaped
with layered leaf branches. When mature, the crown opens up so the tree would be more exposed to sunlight. Jelutong is one of
Malaysian timber species and at one time generated more than USD 10 million a year [Noor Azlin Yahya, Azahari Mohd. Yusoff
and Nashatul Zaimah Noor Azman, 2014, pp. 4]. The density ranges from 415 to 495 kg m-3 air dry condition [K. T. Choo, S. C.
Lim & K. S. Gan, 1999]. Jelutong wood is fine textured and creamy white, suitable for panelling, and in the manufacture of
products such as pencils, matches, model carvings and other wooden accessories. It is a mat-formed panel made of strands sliced
in the long direction from small diameter, fast growing round wood logs and bonded with an exterior-type binder under heat and
pressure [Siti Hajar Binti Mohamad, 2006]. OSB is one of many wood composites ever develop. Today, OSB is the most popular
engineered wood for worldwide since this tremendous material replaces plywood for building construction [Structural Board
Associations Canada, 2005, pp. 1]. OSB panels are usually made up of three layers of strands, the outer faces having longer
strands aligned in the long-direction of the panel and a core layer that is counteraligned or laid randomly using the smaller

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strands or fines. The orientation of different layers of aligned strands gives OSB its unique characteristics, including greater
bending strength and stiffness in the oriented or aligned direction. Control of strand size, orientation, and layered construction
allows OSB to be engineered to suit different uses [Forest Products Laboratory. 2010].

III. MATERIAL AND METHOD

A. Material Preparation

The log from Jelutong (Dyera Costulata) will be used in this study. Before cutting down the tree, the diameter breast height
(DBH) of the tree must be measured. The DbH for the tree is 45 centimeter and above for one logs. The branches of the tree were
then removed to make cutting process into length much easier. Then, the tree is cut down by using chain saw. After logging and
removing all the unneeded branches, the log is then cut into 8 inches of length using the chainsaw before the debarking process.
The 8 inches log is then cut into billet (quarter of the log using the band saw, as the length is too long for knife flakers machine to
produce the wood strands. The size of the billet is four inches length and two inches width. Debarking took place, as the bark is
unwanted in the final process. It contains a lot of debry and no lignin. Besides, it contains a lot of insects that will damage the
board. Manual debarking was carried out by using hand tools such as hammer and machete to maintain the properties of the
material.

B. Methodology

i. Flaking

Long log disk or ring standers are commonly used to produced wood strands typically measuring 114mm to 152mm (4.5
to 6 in,) long 12,7 mm (0.5 in.) wide and 6 to 7 mm (0.0023 in. to 0.027 in) thick. After flaking to the size of strand of
75mm length and 0.5 mm width.

ii. Drying
For the drying process, the temperature in the oven is between 600C - 700C for 48 hours or 800C - 850C for 24 hours. The
target of the moisture is below 3 %. This process is very important to reach the moisture content target for make the board
will not having any blister and it is also to regain the good strength properties of board.

iii. Resin Blending

After drying process, the resin blending process will occured. The resin used in making GTSP board is phenol
formaldehyde (PF). Then, the flakes is mixed together with the phenol in the OSB Glue Mixer or know as Rotary Drum.
While blending, mists coming out from the glue mixer as the flakes were mixed with the phenol mists. Phenol
formaldehyde is used, as it is waterproof and suitable for external usage.

iv. Mat Forming

After mixing the strands with PF, they are weighted and divided by tree layers for each density. The amount of strand for
face and back is the same while for the core the strands are more. Forming was done in the wooden mould plastic with
slots and the tray at the upper mould. The size of this mould is 38 cm x 38cm x 12cm. Before forming, we had to spray the
tray with Silicon Release Agent so that the strands will not stick on then tray and mould. Then, strands are scattered on the
mould and to make sure that the forming are flattened and level.

v. Cold pressing
After the forming process, the mat formed GTSP is brought to the cold – press machine. The pressure of pre –press is 500
p.s.i taking about 3minutes before transferring it to the hot press.

vi. Hot Pressing
The temperature of the hot press process is set to180oC and it takes 6 minutes to press until the board cures.

TABLE 1: The stages of pressure and timing of the hot pressing machine.

vii. Conditioning and Trimming

Immediately after the resin cured at the period of time, the board is then taken out for conditioning at normal temperature,
it takes few hours to cool. The trimming is done inoder to obtain standard size of board that is 38mm x 38mm x 1.2mm,
radial arm saw is used to trim to size.

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The Flowchart

Figure 1: Green Technology Strand Panel (GTSP) processing flowchart.

C. Testings

i. Mechanical Testing

a. Bending

Bending test is a test to measure the value of Maximum Stress and Flexure Modulus. The type of 3 points bending test was used
in this study to measure the value of Maximum Stress and Flexure Modulus, Maximum Stress is a value of how long the sample
can endure a force before it breaks. If the sample breaks, it is consider failed. Flexure Modulus shown the value at the point that
sample is fail to the force. For the bending test, INSTRON Tester Machine was used with the load at the middle of the sample.
The testing will determined Maximum Stress and Flexure Modulus for the sample. The length of board is 300 mm, width 50 mm
and thickness 12 mm. we must get a centre of the board.

b. Tensile

For the internal bonding testing, the machine used is INSTRON Testing Machine. The samples were glued at the wood or steel
block and then attract up and down until the sample crack at the middle or at the surface. When placing the glue, make sure the
glue is not dribble into the metal.

Figure 2 : The cut to test size OSB panel.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
The results obtained from the experiments are then converted into tables. Result are then calculated to show the OSB from
Jelutong (D. costulata) with three different target density and resin content . Three target density of 500kg/m3, 600kg/m3 and
700kg/m3 and three different resin content of 5%, 7% and 9%. Resin used is Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) for the board.
B. Discussion

Result of mechanical testing indicates that the GTSP from Jelutong species is best fabricated in higher density as it is known
that the species itself was a medium density hardwood. The facts were due to the lignocellulosic material which absorb big
amount of moisture or humid in this tropical country [European Panel Federation, 2015]. The Jelutong density ranges from 415
to 495 kg m-3 air dry. Therefore, reengineered its density will affect much better result in the GTSP.

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