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60 premix surface ( unshaded) c
50 premix surface (shaded) c
40
30
20
10
0
8am 10am 12am 3pm 5pm 7pm
Figure 3: Temperature of premix surface
Premix surface which unshaded get heat faster than shaded premix surface. Even at 7pm, the
temperature shows 33.7C° compared to shaded just 28.7C°. To reduce the hot spot more permeable
surface has to be implemented .
4. Conclusions
This study focused on a Campus in PUO and discussed the thermal comfort conditions of outdoor
spaces on a context of hot and humid climate. The conducted field study investigated the outdoor
thermal comfort in terms of environmental conditions and human comfort level. The finding showed
that the values of thermal comfort in the unshaded outdoor spaces of the campus were higher than
comfort range. The location with high level of shading obtaining from plants and surrounding buildings
had longer thermal acceptable period.
This research provided valuable information regarding the human thermal comfort in outdoor
spaces of hot and humid climate of Malaysia. In conclusion, the final results present the thermal
condition of outdoor spaces together with the human comfort level which can be integrated
successfully in design guidelines to enhance the quality of outdoor spaces and then outdoor human life
in the tropical area.
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REFERENCES:
1. Shaharuddin, A., M.H. Noorazuan and J. Yaakob, 2006. Best Management Practices for Storm water and Heat Reduction
using Green Roof: The Bangi Experimental Plot. Proceedings of the NIE-SEAGA Conference: Sustainability and South East
Asia. Singapore, pp: 1-17.
2. Sin, H.T. and N.W. Chan, 2004. The urban heat island phenomenon in Penang Island: Some observations during the wet and
dry season. In: Jamaluddin Md. Jahi, Kadir Arifin, Salmijah Surif and Shaharudin Idrus (Eds.). Proceedings 2nd. Bangi World
Conference on Environmental Management. Facing Changing Conditions. 13-14 September, 2004. Bangi, Malaysia, pp: 504-
516.
3. Cao Xin, Onishi Akio, Chen Jin, Quantifying the cool island intensity of urban parks using ASTER and IKONOS data.
Landscape and Urban planning. 2010
4. Santamouris. M., Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island: A review of the actual
developments. Group Building Environmental Studies, Physics, University of Athens, Greece. 2013.
5. Buyantuyev Alexander, Wu Jianguo, Urban heat islands and landscape heterogeneity: Linking spatiotemporal variations in
surface temperatures to land –cover and socioeconomic patters. Landscape Ecol ( 2010) 25:17-33
6. Makaremi Nastaran, Salleh Elias, Zaky Mohammad, Hoseini G.A., Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in
hot and humid climate of Malaysia. Building and Environment 48 (2011) 7-14.
7. Frontczak Monika, Wargocki Pawel, Literature survey on how different factors influence human indoor enviroments. Building
and Environment 46 (2011) 922-937
8. Coutts A M., Tapper N J.,Beringer J., Watering our Cities: The capacity for water sensitive design to support urban cooling
and improve human thermal comfort in the Australian context. Progress in Physical Geography.2012
9. Onishi Akio, Cao Xin, Ita Takanori, Shi Feng, Imura Hidefumi. Evaluating the potential for urban-island mitigation by
greening parking lots. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (2010) 323-332
10.Vancutsem Christelle, Ceccato Pietro, Dinku Tufa, Connor J Stephen, Evaluation of MODIS land surface temperature data to
estimate air temperature in different ecosystems over Africa. Remote sensing of environment. Volume 114, issue 2, 2010, 449-
465
11. Li Junxiang, Song Conghe, Cao Lu, Zhu Feige. Impact of landscape structure on surface urban heat island : Shanghai, China,
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12. Ng Edward, Chen Liang Wang Yingna, Yuan Chao. A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density: from Hong
Kong, Building and Environment 47 ( 2012) 256-271
13. Hulley c. Glynn, Hook J. Simon, Baldridge M. Alice . Investigating the effects of soil moisture on thermal infrared land
surface temperature and emissivity using satellite retrievals and laboratory measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment 114
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14. Bakar J. A design guide of public parks in Malaysia. Penerbit UTM; 2002.
15. Al-Tamimi N. N., Syed Fadzil Sharifah Fairus. Thermal Performance Analysis For Ventilated and Unventilated Glazed
Rooms in Malaysia ( Comparing Simulated and Field Data), School of Housing, Building and Planning, University Science
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. Indoor Built Environment 2011:20;5:534-542
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at naturally ventilated hostels of undergraduate students in composite climate. Building and Environment, Volume 66, August
2013, Pages 42-53.
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URBAN HEAT ISLAND : Analyzing The Effect Of Urban
Vegetations In Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort For
Housing Development.
Ramu Velusamy1
1Ungku Omar Polytechnic
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Global warming due to the increase of greenhouse gaseous (GHG) emissions is an issue that plagues
worldwide. It cause higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, excessive solar radiation and
increases air pollution. Consequently, it leads to increment of energy consumption of ventilation and air
conditioner in building in order to maintain the desirable temperature. The use of plants has been selected as the
eco-friendly approach to reduce the outdoor ambient temperature by increasing the process of evapotranspiration
to improve the outdoor thermal comfort. This study evaluates the effectiveness of plants and vegetation for outdoor
thermal improvement . The growing conceptualization of green space is partly as a function that contributing
towards a better environmental quality and maintenance of ecological system in urban ( housing ) area in giving
evidence to sustainable urban living. However, the general requirement for plantings in designated urban green
spaces is 10% from the whole development. Plants should be considered in providing outdoor thermal comfort.
Focusing on out door thermal comfort, this study quantify measures the ambient air temperature , relative humidity
and surface temperature influence by plants based on field data. Result shows that there is influence of plants in
green space to the pattern of thermal improvement in an outdoor space. The study also concluded that the design
and planning of green space should give more consideration on both the plants (urban vegetation) and surface
material especially in a tropical country like Malaysia, in order to enhance air quality, urban micro-climate and
thermal comfort.
Keywords –outdoor thermal comfort , ambiant temperature , vegitation and heat island
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The world has experienced unprecedented urban growth in the last and current centuries(Cohen,
2004)mentioned that in 1800, only 3percent of the world’s populations lived in urban areas and this
began to increase significantly after 1900. This rapid urbanization has resulted in environmental
changes. According to (Kiren et al, 2004), natural vegetation are usually the first victim of
urbanization. From the ecological point of view, vegetation is important is terms of maintaining an
ecological balance and within them, not only of the earth’s inhabitants die, but also the earth itself
would suffer.
Changes in urban conditions are also mentioned to have often caused deterioration in environmental
quality and may result in damage to the health of housing dwellers (Wilhelm, 2008). One of the
alarming concerns is the degradation of ambient air quality. The urban building and economic activity
result in pollution and warming of the air. Thus, in term of preventive or protective environmental
actions, (Wilhelm,2008) mentioned that one of the method is to increase size of urban parks and green
spaces as well as using plants on both vertical and horizontal surface since plant have proved their
resistance to urban environmental stress.
Currently, green spaces in Malaysia urban areas are usually proposed and reserved 10% from the whole
development area ( Jabatan Lanskap Negara, 2008). This artificial formation of green is spaces is
usually planned and Landscaped in the process of urbanization stressed that, the artificial formation of
green space in the windows and links from which the housing dwellers can access Mother Nature in the
harsh built environment. (Jim, 2013) Passive interaction with nature and plants in urban green spaces
has also been associated with many beneficial responses, including reductions in stress, improvements
in health and restoration from mental fatigue. Thus shows plants play a major role in providing better
urban environmental as well human and urban ecology well being.
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The urban heat island has negative impact on housing residents. People in housing often feel too hot
due to higher than average temperatures.(Onishi, Cao, Ito, Shi, & Imura, 2010) This is intensified when
the air temperature is higher than 17°C, the relative humidity is greater that 85%, the air pressure is
more than 18.8 hPa and the wind speed is close to zero The oppressiveness causes worse
thermoregulation in our bodies as it slows down evaporation of sweat. To reduce the negative impact of
the urban climate on people, we need to increase the amount of green spaces in housing development.
Green spaces has significant ecosystem services, which are defined as “ the benefits human polulation
derives, directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions” . Green areas “ filter” the air and air pollution
can be lower in park by as much as 20% to 40% in comparison with the rest of the city. They can
produce oxygen, purify air and water, regulate microclimate, reduce noise, protect soil and water,
maintain biodiversity, increase air humidity, reduce noise, protect soil and water, maintain
biodiversity, increase air humidity, reduce thermal stress, enhance local air circulation, and have
recreational, cultural and social values and improve our quality of life.
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Since most of the build environment in malaysia are concrete jungle instand of mixture with concrete
structures and green vegetations, the temperature increases event at night or comparing with the
surrounding areas (rural) . Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to the tendency for a city to remain warmer
than its surroundings. This effects is caused mostly by the lack of vegetation and soil moisture, which
would normally use much of the absorbed sunlight to evaporate water as part of the photosynthesis ( a
process called EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ). Instead , the sunlight is absorbed by manmade
structures : roads, parking lots, and buildings. With little or no water to evaporate, the sunglight’s
energy goes into raising the temperatue of those surface. After the sun sets, the city is so warm that it
never cools down as much as the countryside around it, and so retain the heat island effects all night
long. A Vital mitigation process has to be implimented to reduce the urban temperature.
The benefits of greening the urban area have been taken granted when it is emphasized on the basis of
design and planning alone. (Wong and Chen 2009) stated that there are two omitted yet significant
concerns which may need scientific input; how many plants should be introduced and how much the
environment will respond.
The proposed plants in urban green space are also usually small and have less volume compared to the
existing mature plants which usually being torn down during the site clearance for new development.
Even though new planting will be planted again , yet the significant size different did affect the urban
and housing outdoor thermal comfort. Furthermore, the formations of green area which are proposed
and designed did not truly consider the amount of plantings and its dense value in improving the
outdoor thermal comfort. Thus shows that , the outdoor plantings and urban green space need to be
consider quantitatively and supported the environmental balanced and physical needs in regards with
ambient air and thermal condition.
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
According to (Davis and Masten 2004), the atmosphere is somewhat like engine. It is continually
expanding and compressing gases, exchanging heat, and generally creating chaos. The change in the
element of the atmosphere is the tendency for the temperature close to the earth’s surface to rise. This
is a phenomenon referred as the greenhouse effect( Wong and Chen 2009). This term is used to
describe the warming or rise in the temperature of the earth when the energy from the sun is trapped
and cannot escape from the enclosed space.
Furthermore, the atmospheric imbalanced usually caused by pollution. According to (Godish 2004) the
concept of pollution includes a sense of degradation, a loss of quality, a departure from purity, and
adverse environmental effects. He also mentioned that air becomes polluted when it is changed by the
introduction of gases or particulate substances or energy forms so that the locally, regionally, or
globally altered atmosphere poses harm to humans, biological systems, materials, or the atmosphere
itself. Levels of pollution experienced by cities and buildings can be greatly influenced by location,
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morphology and the local climate (Susan et al., 2004). Moreover, indoor air pollution is stated linked
with the outdoor air pollution or ambient air pollution that occurs in both urban and rural areas.
One of the important factors of atmospheric warming is the Sun which is the ultimate energy
source for all atmospheric processes (Bhattiet al., 2006). Solar radiation is also the main energy input
factor that determines plants growth and production. Heat, ultimately derived from solar radiation, can
be transferred to the atmosphere in four different ways (Treshow and Anderson, 1989). First is by
conduction, secondly is by convection where air is warmer near the ground, causing it to expend and
rise. A third way by which heat transferred to the atmosphere is by means of evaporation. Finally is the
thermal radiation.
Urban modification of the atmospheric environment can occur by the replacement of the
natural surface of soil, grass, and plants by the multiplicity of urban surfaces of brick, concrete, glass,
and metal at different ground. According to (Berry 1990), these artificial materials change the nature of
the reflecting and radiating surfaces, the heat exchange near the surface, and the aerodynamic
roughness of the surface. Since hard surfaces predominate in urban areas, during periods of intense
incoming radiation, the temperature are likely to be higher in urban area than in the suburbs or
countryside. (Laurie 1979) stated that particularly in the central areas of large urban development, this
can be result in temperatures being raised by 40C to 60C, occasionally by as much as 100C.
Urban green spaces are recognized as important ecosystem in urban and suburban area (Peter, 2006).
Green space of course is not always perfectly green, and it is everywhere even in the biggest city. The
purpose of proposing urban green space is not only because plants are the aborigines which should be
preserved, but also because their broader benefits cannot be produced by any other life-form. (Peter
2006) also claimed that the growing conceptualization of green space in all its complexity is partly a
function of lobbying for better environmental quality and maintenance of ecological systems in urban
area.
Consequently, this shows that urban area and cities needs green spaces such as park and
garden. According to (Laurie 1979), urban green space could be considered as a place that functions as
an enrichment of the environment, for intimacy of character and for modification of the climate.
(Herbert 2002) mentioned that if cities were compared to organisms; parks and garden situated within it
acts as the ‘green lungs’. This is because creation of green spaces, especially with trees could promote
in human and urban ecology well being. Therefore, proposed green spaces were considered as essential
‘breathing spaces’ within the built environment (Peter, 2006).
The green spaces in urban area are planned and landscaped. This artificial formation is simply
the compromise to rapid urbanization. As a precious resource, it is the windows and links, from which
the urban dwellers can access Mother Nature in the harsh built environment (Wong and Chen, 2009).
(Ulrich 1981) found that scenes of natural environments have more positive influence on human
emotional states.
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Plants in an urban are mentioned to be able to provide benefits in the form of environmental,
social, financial and aesthetic value (Wong and Chen, 2009). Furthermore, it provide many valuable
ecosystem services: they reduce energy consumption, trap and filter storm water, help clean the air by
intercepting air pollutants, as well as help in the fight against global climate change by sequestering
carbon dioxide (Kelaine et al., 2008).
4.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study is to determine the effect of urban vegetation on outdoor ambient air and thermal
conditions. The objectives of this study are as the followings:
(i) To determine the changes of ambient temperature , relative humidity and surface temperature
according to various build environment with urban vegetation
(ii) To identify capability of plants upon improving outdoor thermal comfort and thermal improvement.
5.0 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
Vegetation always accompanies the growth of cities in different formations. Its is rare to have natural
formations of aboriginal plants in an urban environment due to the constraint of space. This study will
select the artificial formation of green area which also know as green space. Parks, garden, courtyard,
green roofs, green walls or terraces are all artificial formations which are planned and landscaped in the
process of urbanization. This study will focus only on housing surrounding of the artificial formations
of green space in urban area. The plants selection for this study will be large tress. This is because large
plants or trees gives shade and this can justify the plants capability in improving outdoor ambient air
and thermal improvement.
However, the study will not deal with the species and arrangement of planting as well as the design and
usage style. This is because, in term of design an aesthetic, what each person needs is different and
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(Wayne 1995) mentioned that the ideal environment should be able to respond to human being
preference for, quality, temperature and humidity.
6.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Currently, there is a need in quantitative input on how many plants should be introduced and how much
the environment will respond ( Wong and Chen 2009). In Malaysia, (Jabatan Landskap Negara 2008)
stated that the green space in urban area should consist minimum 40% of soft landscape. However this
40% is basically total covered area of greenery without reckoning the size, height or volume of the
plants.
The proposed planting and vegetation in urban are should be considered quantitatively as to provide
and support the urban environment balanced and physical needs. In this context it can be argued that
the role of green quantity required in the green space in regards to thermal conditions. The evaluation
will provide understanding on plants effect to the outdoor ambient and will hopefully towards a better
sustainable living.
7.0 METHODOLOGY
Data collection is taken during clear sunny day and was collected in two categories of playground in
housing sites. In the first categories, data collection is done in a full vegetation or green space witch
full with big tress which shades the area. In second categories, data collection is done in the playground
with don’t have any big tress or vegetation but only grass. Parameters that involved in this study are
ambient temperature, humidity and surface temperature to improved outdoor thermal comfort. The 3-
IN-1 THERMOMETER –ANEMOMETER –HUMIDITY and DIGITAL INFRARATED
THERMOMETER are used to collecting the data.
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The study starts off with the literature study on UHI; its causes and effect and ways to mitigate it. The
information is gathered from books, journals, guidelines and also sources from the internet. The study
site is at Bandar Baru Tambun, Ipoh Perak. It is a Massive Mix Development Project, which consist of
Gated Housing, Medium Cost Housing, High Cost Housing, Shop Lots and Business Center. The
Bandar Baru Tambun is developed in year 1999 phase by phase. This Data collection is taken during
clear sunny day in two categories. In fist category, data was collected in four locations in a Single
housing scheme (The Bandar Baru Tambun) ( Figure 3.1).Data collected for four days and the average
reading used for the analyses. In the first location, data collection is done on a green space which full
with vegetation such as tress and plants. The second location, data is done on a green open space with
without tress but just grass. The third location, data is done on a full premix open space such as road
and parking lots. The fourth location , data is done on a full interlocking concrete blocks. Data
collection is done in 12 hours duration with data reading every 1 hour.
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Figure 3.1 First Location (L1) : full with vegetation such as tress , plants and pond
Figure 3.2 Second Location (L2) : open space with grass with no vegetation such as
tress , plants and water element
Figure 3.3 Third Location (L3) : Surfacing with full with interlocking concrete
blocks
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Figure 3.4 Fourth Location (L4) : Surfacing with full premix
L3
L4 L1
L2
Figure 3.5 Map of Bandar Baru Tambun ( small portion)
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Table 3.1: Detail of locations condition
Locations types Locations details
L1 Tress and Grass
L2 Grass only
L3 Interlocking concrete
L4 asphalt ( premix) surface
8.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
This chapter discussed on the results and analysis achieved from the data collections. The discussion
related with the literature review, method used and headed for findings in conforming to the objective
of the study. The results od the study focused on Ambient Temperature ( C°), Relative Humidity
(%),and surface temperature ( °C). The plants were organized randomly to create an interesting splash
of natural colours on the housing area ( The Bandar Baru Tambun). The lists of urban vegitation plant
used on the housing area are listed in table 3.1 below. The urban vegitation plays an important part in
reducing the ambiaent temperature by the evapotranspiration prosess. Evapo-transpiration cools the air
by using heat from the air to evaporate water. Evapo-transpiration, alone or in combination with
shading, can help reduce air temperatures.
8.1 Ambient Temperature Analysis.
Urban Heat island is effected by the temperature where the heat absorbed by the building could change
the temperature of the surrounding area in the housing area setting. Area which full with vegitation is
obtaning a low ambiant temperature compared with area which less vegitation. Figure 1 , shows the
trend of the ambiant temperature in four (4) different location in Taman Bandar baru Tambun.
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Figure 1 The graph shows the ambiant temperature difference between loction in housing setting
An average temperature in Malaysia is between 23.7ºC to 31.3ºC (Hussein and Rahman, 2009). Thus
shows that the maximum acceptance temperature is 31.3 ºC. However, it is mentioned that
temperatures above 30°C are usually considered un comfortable (Wang and Wong, 2007).
Furthermore, changes in temperature often lead to quite significant alterations to the relative humidity
since air can hold more water vapor at higher temperature, relative humidity values decrease as
temperature increases (Godish, 2004). Furthermore, it is mentioned when temperature was 31°C and
relative humidity 69%, a wind speed of 5 ms- l or more is necessary to overcome heat discomfort
(Pakar, 1985). As the per results of the observation, in Location 1
( full with vegetation) the mean temperature is 30.5°C, location 2 ( open space with grass) is 33°C,
location 3 ( interlocking concrete payment ) is 35.3 °C and location 4
( layered with premix) is 36 °C.
Table 4.1 show the maximum, minimum and mean ambient temperature
Location in housing Description Minimum °C Maximum °C Mean °C
setting 24.8 38.4 30.5
24.6 44.1 33.0
TemperatureL1 Full with urban vegitation 24.7 47.0 35.3
TemperatureL2 Open space with grass 25.4 47.8 36.0
TemperatureL3 Housing setting with interloking concrete
pavement
TemperatureL4 Housing setting with asphalt (permix )
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Location 4 show the most high ambient temperature with 6 °C different from location 1. This shows
that, if the housing setting are planted with more urban vegetation, the ambient temperature can be
reduced by the evapo-transpiration. Location 3 and 4 are full with the impermeable surface. Due to heat
absorbing quality of asphalt and other paving materials, sites with high ratios of impermeable surface
increase ambient air temperature. Land covers such as tress, grass and shrub can helped in lowering the
ambient temperature. Location L1 and L2 are permeable surface. Solid can provide moisture in air
during hot day time, which water evaporated from solid increases the humidity level. This explicitly
confirmed that ambient temperature in location L 4 and L 3 can be reduced with covered and shaded
urban vegetative as well can changed housing Micro-Climate.
8.2 Relative Humidity
An average relative humidity in Malaysia throughout a day between 67% until 95% (Hussein and
Rahman, 2009). Relative humidity values decrease as temperature increases ( Godish, 2004). This is
clearly shows in figure 2
Figure 2 The relative humidity in the study area.
Apart from that, it is mentioned that when temperature is 31°C and relative humidity 69%, a wind
speed of 5m per second or more are the necessity to promote the thermal comfort (Pakar, 1985). Figure
4.3 shows the average relative humidity is measured at 66% and average temperature 30 °C
respectively, in the study area location L 1. Thus showing that the relative humidity and temperature in
the area is still in the thermal comfort range.( table 4.2) But for study area location L 4, average relative
humidity is measured at 53 % and temperature 36 °C. This show the uncomfortable condition occurs
exceeding to the comfort range. Location L2 has average relative humidity 59.7% and average
temperature 33 °C, while location L3 has average relative humidity 54.6% and mean temperature 35
°C.
When we put side by side the average relative humidity and average ambaint temperature in the study
area, both has inverse relationship. If we add more urban vegitative ,that will increase the humidity
level which can reduse the ambiant temperature. (Table 1)
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Location in housing Mean ambient temperature (°C) Mean relative humidity (%)
setting
Study area L1 30.5 66.5
Study area L2 33.0 59.7
Study area L3 35.3 54.6
Study area L4 36.0 53.3
Table 1 show the inverse relationship between ambient temperature and relative humidity
8.3 Surface temperature ( Concrete and Asphalt )
The surface temperature of concrete and asphalt were measure and analyzed. The surfaces of concrete
and asphalt were measured and analyzed the temperature in two different condition. The first
condition, where the surfaces are shaded by urban vegetation and second is not shaded. Both of these
surfaces are on housing road which in study area. Figure 3, show the recoded temperature on concrete
and asphalt ( premix).
Figure 3 show the Surface temperature of Concrete and asphalt ( premix)
The highest mean surface temperature is recoded on non shaded asphalt that is 40.3°C and followed by
non shaded concrete surface, that is only 31.8C°. The mean surface temperature for shaded asphalt is
recoded only 29.7°C which different of 10.6 °C compared with non shaded asphalt surface. This shows
that the urban vegetation would reduce the surface temperature of the asphalt. This proves the theory
by Kilmer (1988) that plants play a role in lowering the surface temperature thus lowering the ambient
temperature of the urban ( housing ) setting. Table 4.5 show the average surface temperature for both
shaded and non shaded surfaces. Data shows that, surface shading with vegetation or greenery has a
higher surface temperature reduction compared to man made materials. This may predominately
benefits two specific mechanism: which are, direct shading and evapo-transpiration ( Wong and Chen,
2008). From the study, it shows that shading by vegetation could enhance the reduction of surface
temperature ( asphalt) from 40.3°C to 29.7°C which is a 10.6° C temperature reduced.
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Table 2 show the maximum, minimum and mean surface temperature
Setting in housing area Description Minimum °C Maximum °C Mean °C
26.6 30.4 28.4
Shaded concrete Interlocking concerte block 26.7 33.5 31.8
25.9 33.8 29.72
Non shaded concrete Interlocking concete block 28.1 51.6 40.30
Shaded premix asphalt
Non shaded premix asphalt
9.0 CONCLUSION
Increasing plants volume has shown potential in improving air quality and out door thermal conditions.
The cahanges of ambiant temperature, relative humidity and surface temperature are found to be
significant according to various plants volume allocation. However, the size of horizontal area is much
more crucial. From this study, results shows that by using trees as shadding surface temperature for
asphalt can be reduced 10.6C°. With this it show that green space size in urban area should reserved
more and the plant within it should have more volume. Consequently this could help improving the
urban surrounding and thermal condition.
Plants certainly helps to promote outdoor thermal comfort as they cools down the surrounding by
evapo-transperation . This can be perceived from study as the outdoor environment remained at the
thermal comfort range, 70% relative humidity and 30°C ambiant temperatur. Plants give balance
between temperature and relative humidity thus hepls modify the outdoor thermal comfort as a shading
device has indentified. Therefore, when proposing and implementing urban green space especially in
tropical counrty, it is important to consider plant in volume size. However, its important to note the
artifical formation should never be viewed as a satisfactory alternative to losing nature. Natural
environment and netive plants are best to be preseved at all cost.
10.0RECOMMENDATION
There are several suggestion that are recommended to be implemented in desiging for the outdoor
urban space as to improve the ambient and thermal condition.
I. The design of open spaces is very important for the urban environment and an understanding of the
effects influencing thermal comfort in these spaces will assist in designing spaces that enourage public
use all times of the year. However, this can only be feasible if great care is taken to include
microckimate concerns at the design phase.
II. High relative humidity will offset thermal comfort especially when the temperature is high and no wind
to overcome heat discomfort. Therefore it is important to consider the location of the urban vegetation
and plants as its will affect the temperature as well as humidity.
III. Plants and vegetation should be introduced extensively yet carefully in urban areas and on the building
facade. Selection of plant and vegetation in urban green space should consider the size of horizontal
area convered with vegetation, as well as vertical plants volume.
IV. Local and state governments must include urban heat island mitigation strategies in policies or
regulation. A number of these actions will help remove barries or provide incentives for implementing
mitigation strategies
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Use Of Vegetable Waste, Chicken Manure And Sawdust
In Composting
Chia Soi Lee1, Nor Suhaili Bt. Mohamad Zin2, Wan Nurhazirah Bt.
Kamaruzaman3
1Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]
2Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]
3Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah,[email protected]
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Compost is defined as natural organic, does not contains chemical and does not have any effect to
plants and human health. Compost can provide the nutrients of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and
Potassium (K) which are essential for plants growth. This study carried out to produce compost from
sawdust, chicken manure and vegetable’s waste. The use of chicken manure as organic fertilizer is
important in improving soil quality, while the vegetable waste is necessary for the synthesis of
chlorophyll, and sawdust will help in formation of starch and activate enzymes. There are five samples
of compost prepared which three of the compost consist of vegetable’s waste, chicken manure and
sawdust in different ratio of 1:2:1, 2:1:1, 1:1:2 for sample A, sample B and sample C respectively. The
other two samples are known as sample D is commercial compost and sample E is peat soil and urea
fertilizer. The N, P, K value of samples was tested in laboratory. The usage effectiveness of compost on
chili plants was evaluated in term of plant growth such as plant high, number of leaves and crops.
___________________________________________________________________________________
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Agriculture refers to the description of food production and goods through farming,
cultivation, livestock breeding and forestry. In ancient human life depends with agriculture because
agriculture is the main source of food. Now, the basic requirements that can be satisfied and society
began to turn to the socio-economic industry. The industry is now growing and society can generate
more income through the socio-economic status. This cause people no longer want to be farmers and it
has an impact on the reduction of the farmers. But the demand for food resources remains the same and
is increasing.Nowadays, farmers keep using fertilizer. It is used to help speed up the growth of plants
and controlling the insect attack. Fertilizer is used usually contain chemicals. Without realize it also
affects human health. So, compost is the best approach to deal with the excessive waste compost
fertilizer from organic waste but it can help in soil fertility.Composting is a technique which can be
used to reduce the amount of organic waste through recycling and the production of soil fertilizers and
conditioners. Compost is primarily used as a soil conditioner and not as much as a fertilizer because it
contains a high organic content (90 - 95 %) but generally low concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium as well as macro and micro nutrients compared to commercial fertilizers. It is comparable to
peat moss in its conditioning abilities. Areas where composting can be beneficial is in the recycling of
the organic fraction of the municipal waste. It reduces as much as 30% of the volume, in the form of
organic matter, entering our already overcrowded landfill sites. Furthermore the composting process, if
performed correctly, transforms wet and odorous organic waste into an aesthetically, dryer,
decomposed and reusable product (Knight, 1997).
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To produce good quality compost, chemical and physical properties of the compost should be
determined by the end of processing periods. These properties include: pH, EC, total organic carbon,
total organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, C/N ratio, bulk density, moisture
content, water holding capacity and porosity (Khater, 2015). Therefore, the main objective of this
research was to study the chemical and physical properties of compost with different materials.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Plants must obtain the elements essential for their growth, other than carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen, from the soil. Thirteen elements essential for plant growth have been identified. These
essential elements are called nutrients; those needed in the greatest amount are called macronutrients
whereas those needed in lesser amounts are called micronutrients. Among the macronutrients are
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (Shakhashiri, 2014). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the
main nutrients that were very important for plant in huge and balanced quantity depends on the type of
plants, genetic and others factors that can affect the growth of the plants (Muhammad SyahrilGhazali,
2007). Availability of N, P, K, and C affects the photosynthesis process (Lakitan, 2007).
For healthy growth, the plant must be supplied with macronutrients in the correct ratio. The
lack of one of the nutrients will affect the normal growth and show certain symptoms at the plants.
Table 1.1 shows the functions of NPK and its deficiency effects on plant (Silva & Uchida, 2000).
Table 1.1 Functions of NPK its deficiency effects on plant
Nitrogen (N) Necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll Leaves turn yellow and fall
Phosphorus (P)
Required for synthesis of protoplasm Stunted growth
Potassium (K)
protein and nucleic acid
Formation of protein, nucleic acid and Leaves become dark green and
ATP red spots appear
Improve cell division Maturation of plants and fruit
Accelerate the maturation of plants and ripening slow
fruit ripening Stunted growth
Protein synthesis Stunted growth
Formation of starch Leaves turn yellow and its spout
Improve cell division dry
Activate enzymes Soft stem
2.1 Factors Affecting Composting Process
Temperature is generally a good indicator of the biological activity. Composting will
essentially take place within two temperature range known as mesophilic (25oC to 40oC) and
thermophilic (over 40oC). Although mesophilic temperatures allow effective composting, experts
suggest maintaining thermophilic ranging up to 60oC, because they destroy pathogens, weed seeds and
fly larvae (Adhikari, 2005)
For optimum microbial activity during composting, a neutral to slightly alkaline pH range is
required for optimum microbial growth. Organic substrates offer a wide range of pH levels ranging
from 3 to 11 and this pH must be neutralized (Adhikari, 2005). Generally, the pH level drops at the
beginning of the composting process as a result of the acids formed by the acid-forming bacteria which
initialize the process by breaking down complex carbonaceous materials. The later break down of
protein and liberation of ammonia account for the subsequent rise in pH (Adhikari, 2005). According to
Adhikari (2005), the preferred range of pH is 6.5 to 8.0.
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According to Adhikari (2005), the composting mixture should be maintained within a range of
40% to 65% moisture and preferably 50% - 60%. The raw compost mixture should have water content
of approximately 55% because microbes absorb nutrients in molecularly dissolved from through a semi
permeable membrane. At moisture content under 20%, no biological processes are possible (Adhikari,
2005). Microbes were able to compost mixture of vegetable trimmings at initial maximum moisture
contents as high as 85% when using straw as bulking agent, and 76% when using paper. Fibrous or
bulky material such as straw or wood chips can absorb relatively large quantities of water and still
maintain their structural integrity and porosity (Adhikari, 2005).
The C/N ratio insures the necessary nutrients for the synthesis of cellular components of
microorganism. A C/N ratio below 20 produces excess ammonia and unpleasant odors while C/N ratio
above 40 does not provide enough N for microbial growth and a fast composting process. Once
completely composted, the treated waste should offer a C/N ratio ranging between 15 and 20, to be
used as balanced soil amendment. If the C/N ratio exceeds 20, N becomes deficient in the soil, and if
the ratio is significantly below 15, N can be lost by volatilization from the soil and can have a toxic
effect on plants (Adhikari, 2005).
“Effective microorganisms” (EM) are a poorly defined mixture of supposedly beneficial
microorganisms that are claimed to enhance microbial turnover in compost and soil. It is a yellowish-
brown liquid solution which is first discovered by Prof.Dr.Teruo Higa from Ryukyu University in
Japan. This liquid have an aromatic smell with sweet and sour tastes and its pH level less than 3.5. EM
can’t be used anymore when its pH level more than 4.0.
2.2 Previous Studies
According to Dr. Mohd Pauze (2015), the amount of waste will increase by between 3% - 5%
per year and the biggest challenge is human attitude towards garbage income easily. The estimated
20,000 tone of solid waste disposed of during the day, 45% of which is food waste. This waste must
not be disposed of to landfill sites but it can be used as a fertilizer in the house.
Previously, many studies were conducted by researchers to produce compost shown as Table
1.2. Among the ingredients used are as rice husk, shell eggs, vegetable waste, animal dung and many
more. Results vegetables using organic materials are of good quality and safe from a health standpoint
because of the nature and environment friendly. Therefore in this study, the production of compost is
based on chicken manure, sawdust and leftover vegetables.
Table 1.2 List of different type of materials used in composting
AUTHOR YEAR MATERIALS SUBJECTS FINDINGS
Michelia Champaca
Anita, 2014 Sand Combination of top soil + sawdust
Melya & Top soil Nutrients content + rice husk (1:1:1) is the best
Duryat Sawdust medium than top soil + sawdust
Rice Husk (1:1) or top soil + rice husk (1:1)
Maria I. Kokkora 2008 Vegetables wastes Vegetable waste is one of the
wastes that produce high nitrogen.
The more the greenery of
vegetables, the more the N content.
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Sri Hartutik, 2008 Cananga flowers Availability of nitrogen in During composting there was the
Sriatun & Dra. Sawdust the soil change of temperature, color and
Taslimah Effective smell. Compost can be made from
Microorganism crop waste of cananga flower
distillation with addition EM.
Sivakumaran 2014 Sawdust Raw information about Sawdust is applicable with other
biodegradation of sawdust traditional organic fertilizers; this
which can be used in the will reduce the preparation time for
studies on examining the horticulturists using sawdust.
amelioration of applying
fungal enzyme treated
sawdust as fertilizer
L. Dumitrescu et 2009 Municipal Waste Analyze the steps of the Sawdust component and sewage
al. organic matter sludge improve the biodegradation
biodegradation during process.
composting. Establish the
most important parameters
of the composting process
Oladejo, 2015 Rice waste possibility of recycling All the material has high nutritive
Oladipupo.S & Cow dung waste generated from value for plants and good
Fasan Sawdust leftover of cooked rice amendments of soil physical,
from different eateries and chemical, and microbiological
household, cow dung from properties.
cattle farms, and sawdust
from sawmills
Siti et al. 2013 Burned soil Comparisons between Bio-fertilizer A is suitable to be
Nitrogen source Meal different types of bio-
Saw dust fertilizer formulations and used as a promotional bio-fertilizer
Burned rice husk the field trial effectiveness in flower and fruit production, bio-
Effective were done fertilizer B can be used for a leafy
Microorganism crop, while
Gibberelic Acid
bio-fertilizer C is good for the
growth of roots and stem of plants.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Effective Microorganism (EM)
Effective Microorganism is microbe that helps in the process of accelerating the
decomposition of the compost. The EM is make from vegetable waste, yakult and brown sugar.
Fermentation process takes about 4 weeks. The pH will be recorded weekly
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3.2 Samples
There are five samples of compost prepared which three of the compost consist of vegetable’s
waste, chicken manure and sawdust in different ratio and the other two samples are commercial
compost, peat soil and urea fertilizer as shown in Table 1.3.
All materials of each compost sample that have been sliced and crushed will be mixed with
12L of peat soil and 1.5L EM which is kept in basket as a composter. The decomposition will happen
in about 2 weeks and microorganisms which were present during the process enhance the degradation
of those materials, hence increase the total nitrogen, and this improves the quality of the compost.
During the composting process, temperature will be recorded daily and pH will be recorded weekly.
Table 1.3 Prepared samples
Volume Chicken Manure Vegetable’s Wastes Sawdust
Sample (L) (L) (L)
A1 21
B2 11
C1 12
D Commercial Fertilizer (oil kernel + top soil + urea fertilizer)
E Peat soil and urea fertilizer
3.3 Laboratory Test
Laboratory test conducted to identify the content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and
potassium (K) of matured compost of sample A, B and C included sample D which is commercial
compost and sample E is peat soil added with urea fertilizer. The test was done at ERAS laboratory,
Bangi.
3.4 Planting
The compost samples were tested on chili plants at age of 65 day. Chili plants were obtained
from an entrepreneur and suppliers in Tanjung Karang, Selangor. Type of chili plants were Bird's eye
chili. The chili plants have been transferred into a new polybag and refilled with the compost samples.
The plant’s high, number of leaves and crops will be recorded weekly.
4.0 FINDING
4.1 Effective Microorganism (EM)
The pH reading of EM is taken as a parameter is controlling EM condition. Generally, the best
pH of EM is in range of 3.5 to 4.0. Figure 1.1 shows the pH value of EM have increased substantially
within 4 weeks from 3.0 to 3.8.It’s means the EM was in good condition and acidic.
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4.0 pH Value 3.5 3.8
3.0
3.2
3.0
Value of pH
2.0
2 3 4
1.0 Week
0.0
1
Figure 1.1 pH of EM
4.2 Temperature of Compost
The temperature of compost was recorded everyday till the compost is mature. The maturity
of compost was determined when its temperature close with ambient temperature.
Refer to Figure 1.2, three of the samples have an initial temperature in range of 28oC - 29oC.
At that time, microorganism still not acted against chicken manure, vegetable wastes and sawdust
because it’s just been mixed. Microbial actively begins to decompose at the second day as the
temperature of all sample rises higher until day 7. Increasing of the temperature occurs due to the
microbes working actively.
The highest maximum value was reached by sample B that is 38oC at day 7, following by
sample C is 37oC and sample A is 36oC at day 8. Overall, all samples reaches maximum value at day7
and 8.
At day 12 and 13, temperature of sample A and B dropped to 33oC while compost C is 31oC.
This mean the temperature of the sample was close to ambient temperature and it was entered the
matured phase.
Temperature oC Temperature Sample A
Sample B
40 Sample C
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Day
Figure 1.2 Temperature of Compost
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4.3 pH Value of Compost
The pH value of compost is recorded once a week. Typical best pH value for compost is in
range of 6.5 to 8.0. Refer to Figure 1.3, the initial pH value of sample A, B and C recorded are at 7.0,
8.0 and 6.7 respectively. At second week, the pH of sample A and C was increased to 7.3 and 7.5,
while the sample B dropped to 7.5.
pH Value
Value 10.0 Sample A
8.0 Sample B
6.0 Sample C
4.0
2.0 2
0.0
1
Week
Figure 1.3 pH of compost
4.4 Content of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) in Compost
The Figure 1.4 shows the percentage of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in samples and the
balance is for other nutrient such as magnesium, calcium, sulphur and others.
Sample A contains high value of N and K while sample C contains high value of P among the
samples. High value of N caused by high amount of vegetable wastes in the sample, high value of K
caused by high amount of sawdust and high value of P caused by chicken manure.
Sample D is commercial compost which consist top soil and palm kernel and added with urea
fertilizer. The percentage of P in sample is while the lowest is N.
Sample E consist peat soil and urea fertilizer. The highest percentage in sample is N while the
lowest is P.
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1.00 0.84 Content of NPK
0.71
0.45 0.81
Percentage (%)0.00 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.55
A 0.27
0.33 0.460.44
0.16 0.11 0.05
E
B C D
Nitrogen Sample Potassium
Phosphorus
Figure 1.4 Percentage of NPK in samples
4.5 Plant Growth
The parameter recorded for plant growth a plant high, number of leaves and
crops.
4.5.1 Plant High
The plant high was started measured at the first day of plant transferred to new polybag and
recorded weekly. The plant high measured starting from the ground level up to the top of the leaf.
Table 1.4 and Figure 1.5 show the change of plant high.
Plant A, B, C, D and E have the same initial high in range of 19cm to 21cm. High of plant D
recorded the highest increases for week 2 while there are no increases of high occur in plant C. Data
recorded in week 3 shows that the highest pant is plant D that is at 28cm while plant C is the lowest
that is at 21cm. At week 4, sample B grew precipitously where it increased to 28cm. The highest final
high reading at week 6 is on plant D that is at 41cm and plant C is the lowest that is at 31cm. However,
plant B shows the good growth compare to plant A and C among the compost samples.
Table 1.4 Data of pant high Plant High (cm) 50 Plant High Plant A
40 Plant B
Sample Week 1 Week 2 Plant High (cm) Week 5 Week 6 30 2345 Plant C
Week 3 Week 4 20 Week Plant D
A 20 22 32 37 10 Plant E
B 19 21 25 27 33 39
C 19 19 23 28 27 31 0 6
D 21 25 21 24 37 41 1
E 21 22 28 33 27 30
24 26
Figure 1.5 Change of plant high
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4.5.2 Number of leaves
Table 1.5 and Figure 1.6 show the growth of plant in term of number of leaves which have
been recorded weekly within 6 weeks.
Plant A, B, C, D and E have same initial number of leaves in range of 20 to 22. The plant D
grew precipitously where it increased from number of leaves, 22 to 101 along with those 6 weeks. The
number of leaves of plant A, B, C and E had falls at week 2 and then shown the increasing for the
following week except plant A and C show the decreased number of leaves at week 5.
Table 1.5 Data of plant leaves Number of Leaves Number of Leaves Plant A
Plant B
Sample Week 1 Week 2 Number of leaves Week 5 Week 6 150 Plant C
Week 3 Week 4 Plant D
A 22 17 50 65 100 Plant E
B 22 18 34 60 74 84
C 20 15 35 65 52 62 50
D 22 36 31 53 89 101
E 21 15 52 77 44 57 0
27 32 123456
Week
Figure 1.6 Change of number of plant high
4.5.3 Numbers of Crops
Numbers of crops was recorded at week 5 and 6 since plant started produce crops at week 5.
Figure 1.7 shows the change of numbers of crops.
At week 5, the highest numbers of crops recorded is on plant D that is 9 while the lowest is
plant A that is 1. Plant E not produces any crops. At week 6, plant D still shows the highest numbers of
crops that is 14. The lowest numbers of crops recorded is plant E that is 3.
Among the compost sample, the plant B shows the good increasing in number of crops comred to plant
A and C.
Numbers of Crops Numbers of Crops Plant A Plant B
16 Plant C Plant D
14
12 Plant E
10
8
6
4
2
0
Week 5 Week 6
Week
Figure 1.7 Growth of crops
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5.0 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Firstly, the plant that use compost A,B and C have a slow growth because of the plant transfer
technic. After the plant has been transferred, its takes 9 days to suitable with the new medium and this
cause the slow growth of the plant. Meanwhile, the plant that use compost D and E didn’t been
transferred and this don’t give it any growth disorders.
The leaves on plant A looks wilted might cause by the excess of nitrogen content from the
compost. Higher number of vegetable wastes in the compost contain high nitrogen than the others
materials. Besides that, the peat soil has its nitrogen content and this increase the nitrogen value in the
compost and cause the leaves look wilted.
Plant B looks fresher than plant A and C. According to previous study, the high phosphorus
content in compost is very good in for plant growth and reproduction of root. Phosphorus content in
chicken manure is higher than vegetable wastes and sawdust. Based on data, plant B grow close with
plant D which shows the best result in term of high plant, numbers of leaves and crops. From
discussion, urea fertilizer that has been used on plant D has almost the same sources with chicken
manure. However, urea fertilizer that has been processes was added with chemical substances while the
chicken manure is fully organic.
Plant C has the modest growth among all the plants. Leaves on plant C looks more wilted than
plant A but plant C is shorter. However, plant C still able to produce crops even it has a slow growth.
Compost C contains high potassium than other compost. Potassium help in plant’s cell divisions.
Plant D shows the best result among all the plants. Plant D is planted on commercial medium
that contain compost from top soil and palm kernel. Plant D also was fertilized with urea fertilizer
every week. This gives a higher and stable nutrient on plant and cause plant D fresh and produce crops
rapidly. However, plant D can’t be categorized as organic plant because urea fertilizer has a chemical
substance.
Plant E is planted on peat soil and been fertilized with urea fertilizer every weeks. This means
plant E only gets a nutrient supply from peat soil and fertilizer while the others plant gains a nutrients
from compost. This makes plant E gains the lowest nutrient and have the slowest growth than the
others plants.
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Additional information is needed to improve the quality of research on composting like:
(a) The pH of compost should be recorded daily together with the temperature of compost.
(b) Moisture content should be measured during the composting process to ensure the efficiency of
biological processes
(c) Laboratory test on C/N ratio needed to determine the production of yield.
(d) Change of number of crops should be continued recorded for more another 3 weeks to identify the
effectiveness of compost in plantation.
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7.0 REFERENCES
Anita Dewi Agustin, Melya Riniarti, & Duryat (2014). Pemanfaatan Limbah Serbuk Gergaji dan Arang Sekam Padi Sebagai
Media Sapih Untuk Cempaka Kuning (Michelia Champaca). Jurnal Sylva Lestari Vol. 2 No. 3, September 2014 (49—58).
Bijaya K. Adhikari (2005). Urban Food Waste Composting. Ijazah Sarjana Sains. Department of Bioresource Engineering
McGill University, Montreal.
El-Sayed G. Khater (2015). Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Compost. International Journal of Waste Resources.
ISSN:2252-5211 IJWR. Volume 5, Issue 1, 1000172.
J. A. Silva and R. Uchida, eds.(2000). Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils : Essential Nutrients for Plant Growth:
Nutrient Functions and Deficiency Symptoms. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at
Manoa.
Knight, W. (1997). Compost convective airflow, N and C conservation with passive and active aeration. M. Sc. Thesis, Agric.
And Biosystems Eng. McGill Univ. Canada.
Lakitan, Benyamin (2007). Dasar-dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Penerbitan Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. Kod 581.1 LAK d.
L. Dumitrescu, I. Manciulea, A. Sauciuc & C. Zaha (2009). Obtaining Biofertilizer By Composting Vegetable Waste, Sewage
Sludge and Sawdust. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Vol. 2 (51) – 2009, Series I.
Maria I. Kokkora (2008). Biowaste and vegetable waste compost application to agriculture. PhD Thesis. National Soil Resources
Institute, School Of Applied Sciences Cranfield University.
Mohd Pause Mohamad Taha (2015). Pengurusan Sisa Makanan Yang Mampan Di Malaysia. Seminar Food Waste Management
For Sustainable Future, Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Corporation (SWCorp).
Muhammad Syahril Ghazali (2007). Kesan Baja NPK Hijau Terhadap Hasil Tiga Varieti Cili (Capsicum Annum). Sarjana Muda
Sains (Teknologi Tumbuhan), Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Oladejo, Oladipupo.S and Fasan Ayorinde.B (2015). Production of Bio Fertilizer from Rice Waste, Cow Dung and Timber
Sawdust (Daniela Oliveira). International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS) Volume 3, Issue
2 (2015) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online).
Shakhashiri, Prof. (2014). Agricultural Fertilizers: Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorus. Chemical of The Week. 12 September
2014.
http:// scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/pdf/Agricultural_Fertilizer.pdf
Siti Zulaiha Hanapi, Hassan M. Awad, Sheikh Imranudin Sheikh Ali, Siti Hajar Mat Sarip, Mohamad Roji Sarmidi &Ramlan
Aziz (2013). Agriculture Wastes Conversion for Biofertilizer Production Using Beneficial Microorganisms for Sustainable
Agriculture Applications. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, Vol 9(1) 2013, pp. 60-67.
Sivakumaran Sivaramanan (2014). Biodegradation of Saw in Plant Fertilizer. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Sciences. ISSN 2320-6063 Vol. 2(2), 13-19, February (2014) Res. J. Agriculture and Forestry Sci.
Sri Hartutik, Sriatun, M.Si. & Dra. Taslimah (2008). Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos Dari Limbah Bunga Kenanga dan Pengaruh
Persentase Zeolit Terhadap Ketersediaan Nitrogen Tanah. Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNDIP, Diponegoro Universiti, Indonesia.
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Design Mixture of Coal Fly Ash for Green Cement Tile
Saifulbahari B Mohd Rasid1, Mhd Jusnaim Bin Andi Sini2, Mohamad Azri Bin
Sani3
Danial Zikry Bin Shahrazi4
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]
_____________________________________________________________________
Abstract
This study is about the innovation of standard concrete roof tile with title “Green Cement Tile” which is using a
recycle material that is coal fly ash with suitable ratio. Tiles remain the most popular form of roofing material in
developed countries today with good reasons. Besides, the main problem arise recently is increasing prices of
building materials especially cement. The price of cement increases and affect in construction building
management. So, the objective in this study is to determine the optimum ratio of material used for Green Cement
Tiles, analyse the performance impact, and determine the cost analysis of the Green Cement Tiles that has been
produced. The ratio that we used is 10% and 20% of coal fly ash and 8 testing have been conducted to analyse the
performance impact of the Green Cement Tiles. Based on the results in all testing, the best optimum ratio of coal
fly ash is 10% from 40% of cement uses per roof tile and indirectly it can decrease the costing of roof tile because
the cost of coal fly ash is free. The performances impact for all testing is comparable to the standard concrete roof
tile. As the conclusion, the coal fly ash is suitable to mix with the mixture of concrete roof tile but it must in low
quantity.
Keywords: coal fly ash, green cement tile, performance impact
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
Roof is one of the most important thing or assets to protect a house. It is also have the single largest
surface area of a house, making it one of the most important architectural features of the structure. The
location and aspect of a house will determine how important it is to keep out the harsh sun or
conversely the sound of the driving rain. There are many types of roof tiles this day such as clay tiles,
concrete tiles and others. In this research, the innovation from Concrete Roof Tiles to Green Cement
Roof Tiles which is using a recycle material that is coal fly ash with suitable ratio.
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2.0 Methodology
Operational framework describes the operations involved in the study Operational framework shown in
Figure 2.1.
Start
Selection of Title and identify the problem
Phase 1 Collection of information
Phase 2 and research material
Conduct Experiment
Result
Collecting
Data
Analysis
Conclusion, Discussion
and Recommendation
End
Figure 2.1 Operating Framework
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2.1 Collection of Information and Research Material
Before providing study materials, complete information about the study are aimed to gain knowledge
and information related to the review to be carried out. After the study material is provided within the
scope of the study.
2.2 Visit JIMAH O&M SDN BHD Power Plant
The visit to the JIMAH O&M SDN BHD power plant at Port Dickson is made to get the supplied of
coal ash. The coal is still commercial and still used in Malaysia to generate the electricity. The
initiative is took to use the fly ash which is the waste generated in the coal combustion as the raw
material to make the prototype of green cement tiles.
2.2.1 Raw Material
The raw material for the green cement tile is sand, cement and coal ash. The cement and sand was
provided by TERREAL SDN BHD while coal ash was supplied from JIMAH power plant.
2.2.2 Visit the Factory of Vintage Tiles Malaysia SDN BHD
The purpose of this visit is to make a sample of the green cement tiles with the different ratio. The
sample is made by using concrete mixer.
Table 2.1 Table of the different ratio of fly ash
Material 20% 10%
Fly Ash Fly Ash
Sand 78 kg 78 kg
Cement 26 kg 39 kg
Coal Ash 26 kg 13 kg
2.2.3 The Process of Making a Sample for Green Cement Tile
a) The material is poured into the mixing place.
b) All the material is mixing together with a mixer.
c) The mixing of coal ash, water, cement and sand is weighed.
d) The material is place to the Heat Press Machine.
e) The sample of the Green Cement Tiles was produced.
2.3 Conduct Experiment
In these experiments, we have conducted 8 testing related to respect the Malaysian Standard
specification for concrete.
a) Surface Quality
b) Drying Time
c) Paint Impact
d) Strength
e) Water Absorption
f) Acoustic Insulation
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g) Thermal Insulation
h) Permeability
2.3.1 Surface Quality
The sample of 10% and 20% tiles take 24 hours to get the data of the surface quality. This data must be
taken with the visual and touch only to identify the tiles surface
2.3.2 Drying Time
The sample of 10% and 20% tiles take 24 hours to get the data of the drying time. Place the Protimeter
in three different places on the surface of tiles to get the average reading.
2.3.3 Paint Impact
The sample of 10% and 20% tiles take 24 hours to get the data of the Paint Impact. After that, spray
paint on the surface of tiles and wait for 45 minutes to dry. If there have a bubble on the surface of the
tiles, blew the bubble using air compression and spray it again. After 45 minutes, place the tiles outside
for 24 hours to check fluorescent.
2.3.4 Transverse Strength Test
The steps to conduct the transverse strength test:
a) The roof tile with different ratio of coal fly ash is immersed for 24hour.
b) After 24 hours, each of the sample is weighed to record the data.
c) The roof tiles are testing by using the transverse strength test machine.
2.3.5 Water Absorption
The steps to conduct the water absorption test:
a) The roof tiles with different ratio of coal fly ash are immersed for 24hours
b) After 24 hours, each of the sample is weighed to record the data of the sample.
c) After that, the samples are placed into the oven for 24 hours
d) After 24 hours dried, each of the sample are weighed to record the data.
2.3.6 Acoustic Insulation
a) Find the silent place.
b) Place the speaker 1 meter from the roof tiles.
c) Take the sound reading at the speaker. Then take another sound reading behind the tiles to compare.
d) Use sound detector to take the sound reading.
2.3.7 Thermal Insulation
The steps to conduct the water absorption test:
a) Place the tiles under sun light for 4 hours ( 10am - 2pm )
b) After that, take the reading using IR Thermometer at 5 different place on the top and bottom of the
surface
c) Record all the data that shows from IR Thermometer
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2.3.8 Permeability
Procedure of permeability
a) Put the bottle on the surface of the tile and glue it with plasticine.
b) Fill water in the bottle and wait for 24hours for a result.
3.0 Findings
3.1 Surface Quality
This testing is conducted to determine the surface quality of the Green Cement Tiles. This result only
takes by visualize to detect the smoothness on the surface of the roof tile.
Figure 3.1: Shows the surface quality result for 10% and 20% of coal fly ash.
This testing is only focus on the surface of the tiles. The result of Green Cement roof tile with 10% and
20% of coal fly ash are smooth and pass for standard specification of concrete roof tile. From the result,
we can conclude that the uses of coal fly ash in concrete roof tile are suitable and good mixture because
it’s not affect the surface of the tile.
3.2 Drying Time
Drying time is a testing that to determine the amount of water in a tile for 24 hours. In this test, we
make 5 samples for each ratio by calculate the average reading to get more accurate. TERREAL SDN
BHD wants us to focus in this testing because they want to produce more tiles per day
.
Table 3.1 Data of Drying Time
Sample 10% of Coal Fly Ash Average 20% of Coal Fly Ash Average
23 25.7
1 123 123
2 23 23 23 24.3 25 24 28 28.3
3 24 24.3
4 24 25 24 24.3 32 25 28 25.3
5 24 24 24 22 23 24 26 26.7
25 25 23 27 25 24
22 21 23 24 28 28
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Chart 3.1 Average data of drying time for 5 samples
The standard average data of TERREAL roof tiles is about 28 to 32 percent. Based on the table, the
10% of coal fly ash can reduce more of moisture content in the tiles after 24 hours of produced than the
20% of coal fly ash. So that it can speed up the drying time of the roof tiles.
3.3 Paint Impact
This testing is to determine the rate of fluorescent and bubble after the painting on the surface of the
roof tiles. The pictures below show the result of the Green Cement tile with different ratio of coal fly
ash.
Figure 3.2 Sample of 10% and 20% coal fly ash.
As we can see at the result, the sample of 20% coal fly ash has more bubble and fluorescent at the
surface while the sample of 10% coal fly ash has less bubble and no fluorescent detected. So we can
conclude, the less uses of coal fly ash can reduce the rate of fluorescent and bubble on the surface of
the roof tiles.
3.4 Transverse Strength
This testing is to determine the strength of the roof tiles after 24 hours. We use 3 samples for each ratio
of coal fly ash to take average reading for an accurate data.
Table 3.2 Data of Transverse Strength Test
24 Hours
Sample 10% of Coal Fly Ash Average 20% of Coal Fly Ash Average
Strength 1 23 981.5 123 523.1
1030.6 981.5 932.4 490.5 490.5 588.2
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Chart 3.2:Average data of Transverse Strength Testing for 3 samples.
Based on the data on table 4.2 shows that the strength of sample 10% of coal fly ash has the highest
average of strength test compared to sample 20% of coal fly ash. Besides that, our result also fulfilled
the Malaysia Standard strength of the roof tiles that is above to 900 Newton.
3.5 Water Absorption
The test for water absorption is conducted to get the percentage of the water in the different sample of
ratio coal fly ash. This testing must be conducted for 24 hours of immersed into the water and 24 hours
dried into the oven.
Table 3.3 Data of Water Absorption for 10% coal fly ash
Sample 1 2 3 Average
Tiles weight after immersions (kg) 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.7
Tiles weight after dried (kg) 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.5
Water content (kg) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.17
Water Absorption (%) 2.2 4.5 4.3 3.7
Table 3.4 Data of Water Absorption for 20% coal fly ash
Sample 1 2 3 Average
Tiles weight after immersions (kg) 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.9
Tiles weight after dried (kg) 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.67
Water content (kg) 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.23
Water Absorption (%) 4.4 4.3 6.3 5.0
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Chart 3.3 Average reading of water absorption testing for coal fly ash.
Based on the data above, so we conclude, the decrease the content of coal fly ash the more the water
absorption can be reduced in the roof tiles.
3.6 Acoustic Insulation
Acoustic insulation is a testing that to determine the sound effect to the concrete roof tiles. In this
experiment, it is compared the sound outside and inside the roof tiles. If there is a decrease of a sound
from inside the tile, the tiles are good to use and quality.
Table 3.5 Data Acoustic of 10% coal fly ash
10% of Coal Fly Ash
Sample 1 Outside Average 1 Inside Average
80.6 23 81 75.6 23 75.2
1 80.8 74.9
2 81.0 80.8 81.7 80.5 74.4 74.8 75.3 75.9
3 80.2 75.7
80.6 80.8 75.0 75.3
80.8 80.5 76.1 75.8
Chart 3.4 Average reading for 10% coal fly ash
Table 3.6 Data Acoustic of 20% coal fly ash
Sample 20% of Coal Fly Ash
1
1 Outside Average 1 Inside Average
81.1 23 81.2 76.4 23 76.7
80.9 81.5 76.8 76.8
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2 80.6 81.1 80.7 80.8 75.5 76.8 76.5 76.3
3 81.3 81.0 81.5 81.3 76.3 76.4 76.9 76.5
Chart 3.5 Average reading for 20% coal fly ash.
Based on our data above, we can conclude the decrease the content of coal fly ash the higher the sound
different between outside and inside of the roof tile.
3.7 Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation is conducted to get the value temperature top and bottom of the concrete roof tiles.
This is to measure the temperature inside of the building whether hot or not. So the data below shows
the 10% of coal fly ash is better than 20% of coal fly ash.
Table 3.7 Data of Thermal Insulation for 10% of coal fly ash
Sample 10% of Coal Fly Ash
1 1 Top Average 1 Bottom Average
2 23 23
3 51.8 50.8 48.1 49.0
49.9 48.8 51.8 50.5 47.5 48.8 50.2 47.8
51.9 50.7 46.8 47.5
50.9 50.6 48.2 47.7
50.1 50.2 48.0 47.7
Chart 4.6 Average reading for 10% coal fly ash.
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Table 3.8 Data of Thermal insulation for 20% of coal fly ash
Sample 20% of Coal Fly Ash
1 1 Top Average 1 Bottom Average
2 53.8 23 53.4 51.4 23 51.7
3 53.1 53.0 53.3 53.1 52.1 51.9 51.8 51.9
54.3 52.5 53.6 53.9 51.9 51.7 51.8 52.1
53.7 53.8 51.9 52.4
Chart 3.7 Average reading for 20% coal fly ash.
Based on the data above, so we conclude that the decrease the content of coal fly ash the higher the
value of temperature between the top and bottom of the roof tiles.
3.8 Permeability Testing
Permeability testing is conducted to get the permeability of a roof tile whether drops of water have
fallen from the underside of the tile or not. The results above shows that the Green Cement Tiles with
10% and 20% of coal fly ash is no drops of water have fallen from the underside of the tile and it is
pass the specification of concrete roof tile.
3.9 Costing and supply chain
3.9.1 Costing
Costing is a system of computing cost of production or running a business, by allocating expenditure to
various stage of production or to different operation of a firm.
3.9.2 Price of raw material Price
Table 3.9 Price of raw material of green cement tiles. RM 18.00/ bag (50 kg)
RM40/ tonne (1000 kg)
Material
Free
Cement
Sand 336
Coal Fly Ash
3.9.3 Costing of roof tile.
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Standard concrete roof tile (4.75 kg per tile)
Table 3.10 Costing for standard concrete roof tiles.
Ratio of material Weight Price (RM) Total price per tile
(RM)
Cement (40%) 1.9 kg RM0.70
Sand (60% ) 2.85 kg RM0.11 RM0.81
Green Cement Tile (10% of coal fly ash)
Table 3.11 Costing for Green cement tiles of 10% coal ash.
Ratio of material Weight (kg) Price (RM) Total price per tile
(RM)
Cement (30%) 1.43 RM 0.51
Sand (60%) 2.85 RM 0.11 RM 0.62
0.47
Coal fly ash (10%) Free
Based on the chart above, we conclude that by adding the coal fly ash in the roof tile will definitely can
reduce the cost because the uses of cement will decrease and the cost of coal fly ash is free.
4.0 Conclusion
As conclusions, based on the results, the both samples of 10% and 20% coal fly ash are good
in smoothness and pass the specification of concrete roof tiles. It shown that samples with 10% of coal
fly ash have average 23.5% of moisture content while samples with 20% of coal fly ash have average
26.1% of moisture content. The sample of 20% coal fly ash has more bubble on the surface of the tile
while the sample of 10% coal fly ash has less bubble and fluorescent detected. After that, the samples
of 10% coal fly ash have average 981.5 Newton while the samples of 20% coal fly ash have average
523.1 Newton. So that, the best result for this testing is samples of 10% coal fly ash but it still not good
enough to compare with standard TERREAL roof tiles which have average strength 1456.1 Newton.
For water absorption, the samples of 10% coal fly ash have average 3.7% of water absorption while the
samples of 20% coal fly ash have average 5.0% of water absorption. So that, both ratios are good and
fulfilled the Malaysian Standard (MS 797) for roof tiles because it does not exceed 10%. The best
result of this testing is samples of 10% coal fly ash. Based on the results of acoustic insulations, the
samples of 10% coal fly ash have average 80.8Db for the outside and 75.3Db for the inside and the
different of the sound is 5.5Db. The samples of 20% coal fly ash have average 81.1Db for the outside
and 76.5Db for the inside and the different of the sound is 4.6Db.For temperature results, the samples
of 10% coal fly ash have average temperature 50.7⁰ C for the top and 48.1⁰ C for the bottom and the
temperature different is 2.6⁰ C. The samples of 20% coal fly ash have average temperature 53.5⁰ C for
the top and 51.9⁰ C for the bottom and the temperature different is 1.6⁰ C. Lastly, the Green Cement
Tiles with 10% and 20% of coal fly ash have no drops of water have fallen from the underside of the
tile and it is pass the specification of concrete roof tile.
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5.0 Recommendations
There are few recommendations that can be made to improve the performance impact of the
green cement tiles. First, the production of roof tiles will become better and more quality if we using
the actual roof tile of mixes machine and indirectly it will affect the data for all tests that we conducted.
Next, the data will be more accurate if used the proper procedure and used the right equipment and
machine in accordance with Malaysian Standard of concrete roof tile for every test that we conducted.
Lastly, the best suggestion about the range between 5% to 8% for the best ratio of coal fly ash from
40% of cement uses per roof tile because it can increase the performance impact of the roof tiles.
6.0 References
st
S.P Nisture, A.D Pawar, L.G Kulkarni. 1 Edition. (2006). Basic Civil Engineering:Technical Publications Pune.
P. Kumar Mehta, Paulo J. Monteiro. 3rd Edition. ( 2006 ). Concrete Microstructure, properties and materials, Chapter 3 –
strength
Department of Standard Malaysia. (First revision), 2014. Draft Malaysian Standard, Concrete roofing tiles and fittings for roof
covering and wall clading- part 1: Specification
Department of Standard Malaysia. (First revision), 2014. Draft Malaysian Standard, Concrete roofing tiles and fittings for roof
covering and wall clading- part 2:
Test method
Azfar Hazwan bin Mustaffa, Enggineer at Jimah O&M SDN BHD ( January 14, 2015). Supply chain for coal fly ash.
(Interview).
K .Weshche. ( 2014 ). Fly ash in Concrete : Properties and Performance
nd
Robert Scharft (2000). The Roofing Handbook, 2 Edition. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
Sue McCraven (2013). The future of fly ash use in concrete. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
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Effectiveness of Autonomous 4-Legged Robot Towards
Student Achievement In EC501 Embedded System
Application And EC503 Embedded Robotic at Polytechnics
Shahrizan Bin MohdRazali1, Zulkarnaen Bin MohdLajin2& Ilmi Bin Ariffin3
1Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]
2Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]
3Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah, [email protected]
Abstract
This research is aimed to determine the implementation of Autonomous 4-Legged Robot towards student
achievement in EC501 Embedded System Application and EC503 Embedded Robotic at Polytechnics, Ministry of
Higher Education Malaysia. The designing of the 4 legged mobile robot using 2 servo motors and controlled by
Microcontroller autonomously. This research compares the student’s achievement between the control group
which following conventional method in teaching and learning with the treatment group which using Autonomous
4-Legged Robot in teaching and learning method. The samples have been selected from the last semester students
whom are doing Diploma in Electronic Engineering at Polytechnic Sultan Idris Shah. 50 respondents are selected
randomly in this research. This research was done using quasi experiment, pretest – posttest design, pre – posttest,
Autonomous 4-Legged Robot, and a set of questionnaire. The overall data obtained were processed through
Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 14.0. The analysis of data was done using descriptive
statistics such as mean score and frequency. Meanwhile, inferential statistic was used to test hypotheses at
significance level of 0.05. Posttest and pretest were compared to get the gain score for student achievement in
Microcontroller Architecture & amp; Assembly Language topic. Parametric test which are T-Test Independent
Samples were used to analyze data. From the analysis of data, it can be concluded that there were statistical
significant difference in student’s achievement between control and treatment group. Autonomous 4-Legged
Robot generally includes five elements which are students' understanding of the servo motor (mean = 4.16),
Giving students the opportunity to apply the knowledge they have learned earlier programming (mean = 4.01),
interest to students of the course EC501 and EC503 (mean = 3.83), Stimulate the development of imaginative and
innovative students (mean = 3.86), and Should be continued with a more complex robotic applications (more use
of servo motor) (mean = 4.25). In conclusion, the implementation of Autonomous 4-Legged Robot in teaching
and learning process increase the student’s achievement in the subject of EC501 Embedded System Application
and EC503 Embedded Robotic at Polytechnics.
[Keywords: Legged, Robot, Servo motor, Embedded & Education]
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION
Teaching and Learning from an innovation view
Active, or experiential, teaching is a student-centered approach to teaching. It includes any technique
that involves the students in the learning process and holds students responsible for their own learning
(Bonwell&Eison, 1991; Michel, et al, 2009; Yoder &Hochevar, 2005). Instructors may have a vast
arsenal of active teaching techniques at their disposal, perhaps without even being aware of them (e.g.
asking questions as part of one’s normal lecture style). Instructors have used elaborate demonstrations,
structured activities, journaling, small group discussions, quizzes, interactive lecture cues, videos,
humorous stories, taking field trips, and games, to get students involved and active in the learning
process (Bonwell&Eison, 1991; Cook & Hazelwood, 2002; Ebert-May, Brewer, & Allred, 1997;
Hackathorn, et al., 2010; Michel et al., 2009; Peck, et al., 2006; Sarason&Banbury, 2004).From an
innovation point of view such as autonomous 4-legged robot, active teaching techniques change the
pace of the classroom, and are a creative way to increase students’ involvement, motivation,
excitement, attention, and perceived helpfulness and applicability of the class (Binek-Rivera &
Mathews, 2004; Bonwell&Eison, 1991; Guthrie & Cox, 2001; Stewart-Wingfield& Black, 2005). From
a cognitive perspective, experientially taught students may engage in higher-order thinking such as
analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (Anderson & Krathwohl,2001; Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill
&Krathwohl, 1956; Bonwell&Eison, 1991; Hackathorn, et al., 2010). They are also better able to
identify the concepts in the real world, manipulate phenomena for their own purposes, think about the
material in new and complex ways, comprehend phenomena conceptually, and recall, retain, and
memorize the material better (Donovan, Bransford, & Pellegrino, 1999; Driscoll, 2002; Rubin &
Hebert, 1998; Serva& Fuller, 2004; Whetten& Clark, 1996).
Demonstrations involve activities that occur in the classroom as a means of demonstrating how a
phenomena ‘works’ (Dunn, 2008). This technique is slightly more active than lecture because the
students are able to get involved and see first-hand how the construct or phenomena presents itself in
the real world. Additionally, demonstrations can break up the pace of the classroom while also
providing an enjoyable experience for the students (Forsyth, 2003). However, generally,
demonstrations only engage a few of the students in the classroom, have guidelines and parameters
dictating the path of the learning process, and usually lead to a very specific, often predetermined,
outcome. For example, in one demonstration, three students are asked to come to the front of the room
and identify the flavors of jellybeans to demonstrate the domination of the olfactory bulb on taste. As
part of the demonstration, one student is instructed to eat a jellybean normally, one student is instructed
to shut his or her eyes while eating the jellybean and the third student is instructed to shut his or her
eyes while also plugging his or her nose while eating the jellybean. As the third person is often unable
to identify even the strongest flavored jellybeans, this demonstration is an excellent, usually infallible,
and sometimes humorous way to illustrate the importance that smell has on our ability to
The Autonomous 4-Legged Robot
A legged robot needs locomotion mechanisms that enable it to move unbounded throughout its
environment. But there are a large variety of possible ways to move, and so the selection of a robot’s
approach to locomotion is an important aspect of mobile robot design. In the laboratory, there are
research robots that can walk, jump, run, slide, skate, swim, fly, and, of course, roll. Most of these
locomotion mechanisms have been inspired by their biological counterparts (figure 1). (R.R.Siegwart&
I.R Nourbakhsh 2004)
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Figure 1: Locomotion Mechanisms
Legged robots generally using a small number of articulated legs, the simplest of the biological
approaches to locomotion
METHODOLOGY
Student
Teaching and Learning (T&L) Process
Conventional Method T&L using Autonomous 4 Legged Robot
Increase Student Learning achievement
Figure 2: Model Framework for T&L using Autonomous 4 Legged Robot was modified by Paivio
Binary Encoding Theory and Clark, 1991.
R S U1 X U2
a) Control Group
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R S U1 Y U2
b) Treatment Group
R - Respondent Group
S – Sampling Group
U1- Pretest
X- Conventional T&L
Y-T&L using Autonomous 4 legged robot
U2-Posttest
Figure3: Quasi-Experimental Designs For Design Method Random Group pretest posttest
(MohdMajidKonting, 2000)
Population and Sampling
The population is a category consisting of a large group, while the study sample was a group that aims
to obtain data for the study were selected from the population. The population of this research is
intended for all students who are enrolled threesemester Diploma in Electronic Engineering
(communication) in the Department of Electrical Engineering, PSIS session in June 2014. The study
was conducted in the PSIS and the samples for this study, is the third semester students who take the
course Diploma in Electronic Engineering (communication) in the Department of Electrical
Engineering who have taken the EC501 Embedded System Application. Due to the intake of students
to follow courses in polytechnics Ministry of Higher Education is based on academic qualifications and
student placement are not in accordance with this arrangement causes the distribution of students is the
same for all polytechnics. In addition, the syllabus is taught is the same in both classes. The choice of
this study is its full commitment from the department administration. 50 respondents involved in this
study. Respondents were 5th semester student of Electronic Engineering Diploma courses
(communication)
Table 1: Distribution of Students in PSIS Respondents
PROGRAMME TOTAL STUDENT
DEP 5A 23
DEP 5B 25
DEP 5C 22
TOTAL
70
In this research, the control group were students DEP3A and treatment group was a student DEP3B.
The control group and the treatment group were randomly selected. Based on the sampling tables built
by Krejeie and Morgan (1970), a total of 48 students were selected to study
Table 2: Number of Respondents by Group
PROGRAMME GROUP TOTAL
STUDENT
DEP 5A Treatment
DEP 5B Control 23
TOTAL 25
48
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Designing Autonomous 4-legged Robot
The another objective of this project is to develop a mobile robot that uses 2 units of servo motor
controlled by PIC Micro controller to be used as teaching and learning tool for student to understand
the operation of servo motor thus implement programming skill to build an algorithm to control the
robot. This robot is the 1st of its kind used in Teaching and Learning assist tool in Sultan Idris Shah
Polytechnic for Electrical Engineering program. As the existing trainer used for understanding the
servo motor principal is stand-alone 1 unit servo motor without any mode of application for student
further understand the principle of controlling multi servo motor. Using this robot, student able to
develop understanding, creativity as well as programming skill at the same time.
Figure 4: Design Process
DATA ANALYSIS
Differences (Pretest) Between Student Achievement Treatment Group and Control Group
Table 3: Anova Test For Pre-Treatment Group and Control Group Homogeneity
Pretest Total the power of 2 df Min F Significant
.000 (the power of 2) .000 1.000
Between Group
In Group 1639.293 1 .000
TOTAL 45 26.874
1639.293
46
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Table 3 shows the results of homogeneity test scores for both the control and treatment groups. One-
way ANOVA test
The difference Increasing Student Learning Achievement Test between treatment group and
control group
Table 4: Mean scores pretest, posttest, and Student Performance Improvement For Treatment
Group and Control Group
Group Pretest Posttest Achievement Mean
Treatment Increase N
Control 3.6664 64.0261 Standard Deviation
23 23 60.3464 Min
TOTAL 23 N
5.3810 22.5381 Standard Deviation
3.6663 31.1423 23.39245 Min
27.4760 N
25 25 Standard Deviation
4.9575 17.4300 25
3.6663 48.3671 14.5631
44.6938
48 48
5.1420 26.0451 48
25.6023
Table 4 shows the increasing student achievement in average for treatment group and the control group.
From the results, it was found that the mean score improved student outcomes for the treatment group
and the control group were respectively 60.35 and 27.48. These results indicate an increase in test score
achievement for the treatment group was higher than the mean score increased student achievement test
control group. T - test was selected for use in this study because the sample was randomly selected.
Data collected from the sample are normally distributed. This is a basic condition for inferential
statistics such as statistical tests - t. Data normality can be identified statistically by using the following
statistics Normal Probability Plot, Histogram atauUjian Kolmogorov-Smirnov.
Table 5: Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test for pretest and posttest
Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
TOTAL .120 33 .200(*) .953 33 .163
* This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a Lilliefors Significance Correction
Table 5: Analysis of Student Performance Improvement
GROUP N Mean SD t df Significant (2 tail)
Treatment 23 60.34
Control 25 27.47 23.392 0.000
6.61 61 p < 0.05
6
14.563
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Table 5 shows data of test results - t and a significant level. From the results of the test - t, available p
value is smaller than the significance, α (p = 0.00 <0.05). So, here the null hypothesis is rejected and
the alternative hypothesis is accepted. In other words, there was no statistically significant difference in
the mean scores test student learning achievement among students in the control group and the
treatment group.
DISCUSSION
The current study sought to examine the effectiveness of four teaching techniques (i.e. Lecture,
demonstrations, discussions, and in-class activities) in the classroom. As each technique offers different
benefits, the effectiveness of each technique was expected to vary by depth of learning on Bloom’s
taxonomy (i.e. knowledge, comprehension, and application). The current findings indicate that each
teaching technique has its own unique benefits and is effective for various types of learning.
Finally, our findings supported the notion that active techniques do aid in increasinglearning as in-class
activities led to higher overall scores while lecture led to the lowestoverall scores. However, this does
not mean that one should blindly use active techniques in lieu of other methods. We often think of
lecture and active teaching techniques as competing forces. This dichotomous thinking of good and bad
techniques can be counterproductive.Even in the current study, no one method emerged as the ‘easy
button’ of teaching or learning. Scores on quizzes and exams were fairly high, even when usinglecture.
It is unfortunate that lecture has earned such a bad reputation. While there maybe some exceptions, the
current research suggests that, in general, any technique that an instructor uses can be effective, if it is
used competently, appropriately, and enthusiastically.
On the other hand, if your course is focused on decision making, rather than recalling facts, then active
techniques probably should be a necessary component of your teaching repertoire (Serva& Fuller,
1998). As our findings suggest, active techniques affect learning on deeper levels. Additionally, active
teaching can be an added bonus for teachers who are managing students with diverse learning styles.
This is because instructors who
vary their presentation methods create extra learning opportunities for students with different learning
styles (Cook & Hazelwood, 2002). However, instructors should also realize that active teaching takes
time away from full content coverage. Therefore, instructors should carefully evaluate whether using
active techniques is worth sacrificing class time
that could be used to cover other important information (Yoder &Hochevar, 2005).
CONCLUSION
Teaching is a complex endeavor. Combined factors, such as student motivation and the instructor’s
rapport with the students, have the potential to influence how effective any technique is
(Tomcho&Foels, 2008). Thus, any data taken from a classroom is inherently contaminated and may not
provide a perfect picture of effectiveness. Regardless, based on the current study, active teaching
techniques do enhance learning as quiz and exam scores were higher when students were allowed to
interact with the material. While, results indicated that lecturing was the least effective technique, it
should be noted that students still scored relatively high after lecturing alone, which indicates that
learning was still occurring. Perhaps, most techniques are effective on some level, and the real decision
should be on a construct by construct, and class session by class session basis. In the end, instructors
must decide for themselves, and be confident in their decisions, regarding what techniques to use, what
material to use it with, and how often to use them. That is probably the real underlying solution to the
effectiveness of any teaching technique.
Overall, the studies done have fulfilled the purpose of the study and answer the questions that the study
was submitted. In a study conducted, it was found that knowledge of teaching styles based on activities
or demonstrations in the teaching and learning so as to help improve student achievement polytechnic
courses to knowing EC501Embedded System Application and EC503 Robotic Embedded
Microcontroller at Polytechnics through sub topic Architecture & amp; Assembly Language.
Moreover, cognitive styles also affect student learning achievements of students in active learning
methods or demonstration using 4 autonomous legged robot. Results from this study also shows that
there are significant differences on the methods used autonomous legged robot 4 in the process of
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© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016
teaching and learning. Factors of individual differences is also very important that no group of students
who miss the benefit.
REFERENCES
1. Anderson, L. W., &Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching,and assisting: A revision of Bloom’s
taxonomy of education objectives. New York:Longman.
2. Benek-Rivera, J., & Mathews, V. E. (2004). Active learning with jeopardy: Students ask the questions. Journal of Management
Education, 28, 104–118.
3. Berger, B. (2002). Applying active learning at the graduate level: Merger issues at Newco. Public Relations Review, 28, 191–
200.
4. Bligh, D. A. (2000). What’s the use of lectures? San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.Hackathorn, Solomon, Blankmeyer,
Tennial, and Garczynski
5. Bonwell, C. C., &Eison, J. A. (1991). Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education
Rep. No. 1). Washington, DC: The George
6. Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
7. Donovan, M. S., Bransford, J. D., & Pellegrino, J. W. (Eds.). (1999). How people learn: Bridging research and practice.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
8. Dunn, D. S. (2008). Another view: In defense of vigor over rigor in classroom demonstrations.Teaching of Psychology, 35, 349-
352.
9. Serva, M. A., & Fuller, M. A. (2004). Aligning what we do and what we measure in business schools: Incorporating active
learning and effective media use in the assessment of instruction. Journal of Management Education, 28, 19–38.
10. Tomcho, T. J., &Foels, R. (2008). A meta-analytic integration of learning outcomes. Teaching of Psychology, 35, 286-296.
11. Yoder, J. D., &Hochevar, C. M. (2005). Encouraging active learning can improve students’ performance on examinations.
Teaching of Psychology, 32(2), 91-95.
12. Paivio, A. dan Clark, J. M. (1991). “Dual Coding Theory and Education.” Educational Psychology Review. 3(3). 149 - 170.
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Pembangunan PCB Driller bagi Kursus Projek Pelajar
Diploma Tahun Akhir
Darni bt Darmin1, Zainora bt Kamal Luddin2
1Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, [email protected]
2Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, [email protected]
_____________________________________________________________________
ABSTRAK
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) driller atau penggerudi papan litar bercetak merupakan alatan tangan yang sering
digunapakai oleh pelajar-pelajar Diploma dalam melaksanakan projek elektronik di Makmal Projek Jabatan
Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah. Bilangan driller yang terhad menyebabkan pelajar terpaksa
menunggu giliran untuk menggunakannya. Ini menyebabkan proses pembelajaran tidak berjalan lancar seperti
dirancang. Harga sebuah driller baru di pasaran pula melebihi RM60 bergantung kepada jenama. Justeru, sebuah
PCB driller yang dibina menggunakan bahan yang mudah didapati seperti paip PVC dan bahan terpakai seperti
suis daripada kereta mainan yang tidak digunakan telah dihasilkan. PCB Driller berupaya melakukan satu tebukan
pada PCB dalam tempoh 2.9 saat dan kualiti hasil tebukan adalah sama seperti drillersedia ada yang dijual di
pasaran. Kos driller buatan sendiri ini adalah 75% lebih murah dari driller komersial dan pembikinannya boleh
disiapkan dalam tempoh yang singkat.
Kata kunci: PCB drill, projek, printed circuit board
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.0 PENGENALAN
KursusProjek EE501 (Projek 1)dan EE601 (Projek 2)merupakan kursus wajib yang perlu
diambil oleh pelajar tahun akhir Diploma di Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Politeknik Sultan Azlan
Shah. Selain menyelia perkembangan projek pelajar, adalah penting bagi seorang penyelia projek
memastikan peralatan asas bag ipelajar menghasilkan litar elektronik tersedia untuk digunakan seperti
PCB driller, PCB cutter, soldering iron dan peralatan tangan lain.
Proses drilling atau tebukan pada PCB merupakan salah satu proses penting di dalam
penghasilan litar elektronik. Keith Brindley [1] menyatakan bahawa produk elektronik telah dibina
menggunakan PCB untuk beberapa dekad dan ianya tidak mungkin berubah pada hadapan. Ini turut
diakui oleh Wei Chin dan Rakan-rakan [4] bahawa penebukan lubang pada PCB adalah salah satu
proses yang sangat crucial dan tidak mungkin dapat dielakkan, terutama dalam bidang perindustrian
pembuatan.
Nisbah kumpulan pelajar bagi kursus EE501 dan EE601 bagi Sesi Jun 2014 kepada PCB
Driller sedia ada yang boleh digunakan atau berfungsi dengan baikadalah 137:4. Ianya sangat kritikal
danmengakibatkan proses pembelajaran terganggu disebabkan pelajar terpaksa menunggu giliran untuk
menggunakannya.
Justeru bagi mengatasi kekangan ini, produk dengan kos yang ekonomi dan mampu milik
dibangunkan. Produk modular (pantas) ini dijangka dapat mengurangkan kos penyediaan projek pelajar
terutama kos perjalanan yang tinggi bagi mendapatkan PCB Driller di pasaran luar Tg. Malim sebelum
ini.
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© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016
Electronic products have been constructed using printed circuit boards _PCBs_ for several decades_
2.0 METOD KAJIAN
2.1 Penyediaan Komponen/Bahan
Semasa penghasilan PCB driller buatan sendiri ini, beberapa komponen atau bahan telah
digunakan seperti pada Jadual 2.1:
DC jack
Motor DC 12V
Suis
Paip PVC
Joiner & Stopper Mata Gerudi 0.8 mm
Jadual 2.1 : Komponen/Bahan Yang Terlibat
2.2 Kos Bahan
Kos bahan bagi penghasilan produk adalah seperti pada Jadual 2.2 di bawah:
Jadual 2.2 : Kos Bahan
Bil. Bahan Kos (RM)
1. Motor DC 12 V 9.00
2. Paip PVC (termasuk joiner dan stopper) 3.00
4. Mata gerudi 0.8 mm 1.00
5. DC jack 2.00
15.00
Jumlah (RM)
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© Prosiding Seminar ENVIROPOLY2016
2.3 Pembangunan dan Pengoperasian Produk
PCB Driller yang dibangunkan adalah bersaiz 160mm panjang dan berdiameter 20mm.
Pengoperasian PCB Driller ini menggunakan bantuan daripadaadapter 12V yang mana ianya boleh
menggunapakai adapterdaripada pembesar suara atau modem sedia ada di rumah. Suis perlu
dihidupkan bagi memusingkan motor yang telah dipasang dengan mata gerudi bersaiz 0.8 mm bagi
proses seterusnya iaitu tebukan lubang pada PCB.
Pipe Stopper Suis Paip PVC Paip Joiner
Mata Gerudi
Panjang 160 mm
Rajah 2.1 : Pandangan Sisi PCB Driller
DC Jack
Motor DC 12V
Diameter 20 mm
Rajah 2.2 : Pandangan Hadapan PCB Driller
349
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