Alamdang Laisiangtho Final (1)

APOCRYPHA THU | 235

kiciamteh hi. Jewte tangthu ah biakinnpi sunga meivaak pen meitui tawmno khat tawh
ni giat sung vilvel tangsuak hi ci-in thulamdang khat a, a ciapteh uh ahi hi. Tua ahih
manin, hih a bawl uh ciangin zong innkuan khat in khuaimeivaak giat a kitun theihna
ah meivaak kibang khuai-meivaak khat ta, ni giat sung vak se uh hi. Tanglai a thupiang
lamdang a phawkna uh ahi hi. Jewte biakna makai sia (Rabbis)te in 1 Maccabees pen
amau LST ah sang lo uh hi. Hamoneante makaihna in leitung vai lua hi ci-in Pharisee
pawlte in a nial hang uh ahi hi.

2 Maccabees Laibu (BC 175-110)

Jew mi Jason kicipa in Greek lai tawh BC 120 kum kiim pawl in a gelh laibu hi-a,
Jewte tangthu mah a tomzaw a kigenna ahi hi. Pharisee pawlte dinmun pana kigelh
ahih manin zehtanna, biakinnpi’ vangneihna, Pasian’ min tawh a si mite’ thawhkikna cih
thute kilim gen hi. Deihkaihna tampian ahih manin hih laibu pen tangthu kigennate ah
1 Maccabees bu sangin uptaak lozaw hi. Hih laibu sungah Antiochus Epiphanes zaliat
kipat kum BC 175 panin BC 160 sunga thupiangte kigen hi. Jew mite’ gal Seleucidte leh
Pasian thu-um Jew mite kidona thumah kitam genpen hi. Haksatna sunga thumaan
zawh nading (2 Macc 6:18-31), vantung mite’ thungetsakna (2 Macc. 10:29;13:2), misite’
thawhkikna (2 Macc. 6:10-12), Misite’ tanga thungetsakna leh biakpiakna (2 Macc. 12:43-
46), na khempeuh a piangsak Pasian vangliatna (2 Macc. 7:28), cih thute hih laibu sun-
gah kihilh hi. Maccabeeste in gal a sim laitak un vantung sakol galkapte in panpih hi cih
thu zong kihel hi. Hih laibu a lian 6 leh 7 sunga kigen a cikziathuai bawlsiatnate LST thak a
Hebrew laibu a gelhpa in a thu thei hileh kilawm hi (Heb. 11:35-37). Tu-in a khen nihna ahi,
“Haggadah” kici, gamtat hoih nadinga hilh, phuahtawm tangthute ahi, Tobit, Judith, Es-
ther bu behlapnate, Susana, Bel leh Dragon leh Tangvalno Thumte’ La cih laibute’ i kikum
lai ding hi. A masa in, hih laibute ah ciin theih, zuih theih ding thumanpha tampi a om
hangin a thu kigente pen a piangtaktak hilo-in, a kilawm leh a zaknop dinga kiphuak-
tawm tangthute hizaw hi, cih i phawk ding deihhuai hi. A piang taktak tangthu tawh i
etkaak ciangin a maan lo thu tampi kimukhia thei hi.

Tobit Laibu (BC 200)

Tobit bu in BC 200 kim a kigelh laibu hi-a, Assyriate in Samaria busimin mi tampi
sal dingin a kaihna sunga kihel kha Tobit kici Israel mipa tangthu ahi hi. Hih tangthu pen a
piang taktak hi lo-in phuahtawm tangthu ahi hi. Tobit ii tapa Tobias kicipa, Media kianga,
a teeng a meltheihte kiang khat ah leiba siik dinga, a pai leh lamkal ah “Asodaeus” kici
dawi khat in na bawlsiat sawm a, Raphael kici vantungmi in na honkhia hi cih thu kigen
hi. Hih tangthu pen Persiate kiang pan a kingah ahih lam kilang mahmah hi. Persiante
dawibiakna sungah “Asmodaeus” kici dawi pen a minthangpen khat ahi hi. Phuahtawm
tangthu ahih hangin upna tawh kisai thu tampi zong kigelhkhia hi.

Pasian pen a Siangthopa, Kumpi Lian, Vantung Kumpi, Tawntung Kumpi cih bangin
kigen hi (Tobit 12:12,15;13:6-7,10-11,15). Hehpihna tawh kidim Pasian (Tobit 3:2, Vantung mite
tungtawn a thungetna leh a dawng Pasian (Tobit 12:12), mite hauhna a pia thei Pasian

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(Tobit 14:5), Israel mite bek hi lo-in leitung mi khempeuh a khual Pasian (Tobit 13:11) ci-in
zong kigen hi. Thukham thupisak in thumanna a thupitna zong gen hi. Midangte tungah
cingh a, mizawngte huhna pen hotkhiatna ngah nading zahin thupi gen hi (Tobit 12:8-9).
Antanna leh thungetna zong khami hihna lahna lianpen khat in gen hi.

Judith Laibu (BC 150)

Hih laibu in Judith kici Jew meigongnu min a pua ahi hi. Hih nu pen numei ciim
mahmah khat hi-a, Pasian um lo, “Holofernes” kici galkap mangpa’ khut sung pan-a
khua a tui leh a mipihte na honkhia zo hi. Holofernes a lungkim theih nadingin bawl a,
tua khit ciangin a ngawng tansak hi. Hih laibu sungah a man lo thu tampi om hi. Ho-
lofernes pen Nebbuchadnezzar’ galkap mangpa hi, a cih banah Nebuchadnezzar zong
Assyria gam, Nineveh khua pi a kumpi dan khat in gen mawkmawk hi. Maccabeeste leh
Antiochus Ephiphanes kido zawh a sauvei lo a kigelh laibu hi-in Jew mite thapiak nading
ngimna tawh kigelh ahi hi. Judith pen Pasian thu-um mahmah khat hi-a, antanna leh
thungetna hanciam mahmah hi. Biakpiakna leh biakna pawite ah zong hanciam takin
kihel hi. A langlam ah, numei lungtang pha mahmah leh a kawi pil pian khat zong hi veve
hi. Amau khang sungin Jew pasalte lakah Judas Maccabees a minthan mah bangin
Judith zong numeite sungah a minthangpen khat ahi hi. Khansau mahmah in kum 105
nungta a, a sih ciangin mi khempeuh dah in kap uh hi.

Esther Bu Behlap Laibu (BC 140-130)

Christ suah ma, kum 100 kim pawl in Jerusalem khuapi a teeng Lysimachus a
kicipa (Esther Behlap 11:1) in Esther bu Hebrew panin Greek pau tawh kiteikhia a, Esther
bu a kihel lo, a neu 107 behlap hi. Esther bu sungah “Pasian” cih kammal kihel kha lo
ahih manin a kihel theih nading deihna leh Jew mite’ Pasian leh biakna pen dawibiate’
Pasian leh biakna tawh a kibang het lo ahihna lah nadinga kigelh ahi hi. Pasian pen na
khempeuh a thei Pasian (Esther Behlap 13:12), sep zawhloh a nei lo (Eshter Behlap 13:9), a
dik Pasian (Esther Behlap 14:7) ahihna kigen hi. Abraham tunga kamciamna a om bangin
Pasian pen Israel mite Honpa ahihna zong hih laibu sungah kigen hi (Eshter Behlap 13:15-
17).

Susanna Laibu (BC 200-100)

Hih laibu pen lailam (Literature) tawh kisai-in a thupi mahmah khat a kingaihsun
ahi hi. A khangkhangin laigelhte, limsuaite, laphuakte in hih laibu sung panin thu tampi
la uh hi. Pasal khuaval nih in Susanna pen numei gina lo hi ci-in a mindaisakna uh tawh
kisai in Daniel in Susanna numei gina khat ahihna leh tua banga, a ngawh pasal nihte
migina lo ahih zawkna uh zumkong mangkong panin laakkhia in thukhen hi. Laibu gel-
hpa in sianthona, thungetna, Pasian muanna a thupiziate gen hi. Pasian deihna tawh
kituak a gamtalote zong Pasian in pel lo-in thukhen ding hi cih zong kimu hi.

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Bel Leh Dragon Laibu (BC 100)

Hih laibu tomno sungah milim biakna hoihlohna kinak gen mahmah hi. Babylon-
te’ Bel pasian’ mai a siampi a sem mi 70 te’ gitnatlohna leh hoihlohnate zong kipholak hi.
Daniel in Pasian man lote a ko ciangin a galte heh a, humpi kua sungah Daniel a khiat
nadingin kumpipa tawsawn uh hi. Daniel humpi kua sungah kaal khat sung om a, tua
hun sung teng a mah a kem dingin vantungmi in Habakuk Jew gam panin lamdang
takin tuahphei hi. Kaal khat khit ciangin Daniel kikhahkhia a, a galte humpi kua sungah
kikhia in humpite in thakhat in valhtum pah uh hi. Tua ciangin kumpipa in, Daniel Pasian
Topa aw, nang na lian hi. Nang lo Pasian dang om lo hi,” ci-in ngaih takin awngkhia a,
Pasian a phat hi. Tua pen laibu khupna ahi hi.

Tangvalno Thumte La Laibu

Hih laibu pen Daniel a lian 3:23 leh 24 kikaal a guan ding dan a kigelh ahi hi. Mei-
kuang sung panin Abednego (Azariah) in thungen in ama mawhna leh a mipihte mawh-
na Pasian mai ah suut hi. Pasian in a thungetna dawng in, amah leh a lawmte gel meilipi
pan a honkhia dingin vangtungmi sawl hi. Tua ban pen, “A siangtho naupang thummte’
La” kici a, thungetna lim ahi hi. Tua thungetna sungah Antiochus Epiphanes bawlsiatna
sunga Maccabeeste omzia kimu thei hi. Gentheih haksatna sung panin Pasian mai zong
a, Pasian hotkhiatna ngak zawh nading hanthotna om hi (Tangvalno thumte’ La 3, aneu
16-18). Hih la sungah, a kipiangsak mi khempeuh in a maan Pasian khat bek biak ding
ahihna thu zong kigen hi. “Ama tungah phatna lasa unla, a tawntungin amah liansak
mahmah un,” cih kammalte hih la sungah ki-awi kikkik ahih manin biak kikhop sim a
sak ding ngimna tawh a kigelh hileh kilawm hi. LST Lui sungah pilna bu, bu 5 a om mah
bangin Apocrypha ah zong pilna bu, bu 2 om hi. Tuate in “Ecclesiasticus (Sirach tapa
Jesuh’ pilna zong kici) leh Solomon Pilna (Wisdom of Solomon)” te ahi hi.

Ecclesiasticus Laibu (BC 132)

“Apocrypha” laibute lakah a thupipen hi-a, BC 180 kum pawl a, kigelh ahi hi. Laibu
gelhpa pen khualzin hat mahmah khat hi-in (Ecc.34:11-12), LST Lui sunga pilna bute theih
khak tuak mahmah hi. A sangnaupangte tungah a hilh thu tuamtuamte Hebrew kamin
a kigelhkhia ahi hi. Tua zawh kum 50 ciangin a tupa in Alexandrian Jew mite tel theih din-
gin Greek pau tawh hong teisawn hi. A lai paizia pen LST Lui a Paunak bu tawh kibang hi.
Pasian’ thuthukte a gen ban ah annek tuidawnzia, nupa kal omzia, naupang pattahziate
zong gen hi. Ecclesiasticus 44-50 sungah pasal minthangte pahtawina om hi. Laigelhpa
pen Sadduceete bangin thawhkikna a um lo mi khat hih tuak hi. “Nuntak tawntungna i
cihpen mi hoih khat, khang tampi sung kiphawk a, a kigen kikkik na hi,” ci ziau hi. Pasian
thukhamte zong siatna bawlkha lo-in, a hoih nuntakna i nuntak theih nadinga hong cing
hong kem thute hi,” ci-in gen hi. Hebrew 11:5 leh Piancilna 5:24 a kimu, Enoch in Pasian
lungdamsak ahih manin a hingtangin kilato hi,” cih thu zong gen kik hi (Ecclesiasticus
44:10).

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Solomon Pilna (BC 40-30)

Laigelhpa pen Jew biakna a kiplet mahmah khat hi-a, mi tampi in a san theih na-
dingin Solomon min a zang hileh kilawm hi. A khang khanga Pasian in Israel mite a hot-
khiatna thu lim gen hi. Milim biakna zong nasia takin langpan hi. Mi pawlkhat in hih laibu
AD 40 kum pawl a kigelh hi dingin um uh hi. Hih hunin Rome kumpipa Gauis (Caligula) in
amah tawh kibang milim golpi khat biakinnpi sungah phutsak hi. Tua ahih manin, milim
biakna nasia takin langpan zong hi kha ding hi. Kha si thei lo cih um ahih manin LST gen-
na tawh kibang lo hi. LST thak a, Hebrew laibu gelhpa in hih laibu sim kha ahi tam cih huai
hi. Hebrew 12:10, 11 leh hih laibu 3:5-6 sunga thu kigente kibang hi.

Buruch Laibu (BC 150-50)

Laibu gelhpa Christian pawlpi kipat tung lam in a nungta ahi hi. A laigelhzia pen
LST Lui a kamsang bute tawh kibang hi. Laigelhpa in amah leh amah Jeremiah’ lawmpa
a kicih hangin laibu gelh, a tawmpen mi nih ahih lam kilang hi. Israel mite mawhsutna,
a kihotkhiat nading uh leh khapsa gam a teen nading uh thute kigen hi. Laibu a khen
masa lam ah mawhna hanga Babylon gam a saltanna thu tangthu gelh bangin kigelh
a, a khen nihna ah LST Lui a pilna bu leh thu dang tuamtuam laphuah bangin kigelh hi.

Jeremiah Laikhak Laibu (BC 300)

Hih laibu laikhak a kicih hangin laikhak zong hilo-in, Jeremiah gelh zong hi lo hi.
Pasian leh mi nam a it mahmah mi khat in Israelte a kim a pam a, Pasian nei lote banga,
a nuntak khak loh ding uh deihna leh veina lianpi tawh a gelh laibu ahi hi. BC 300 kum
pawl a, kigelh hi-in, milim biakna nakpi-in langpan hi. “Amaute’ milimte in Pasiante hi lo
hi,” cih tamveipi gen phapha hi (Jeremiah Laikhakte 1:16, 20, 30, 40, 44, 49, 52, 56, 64, 69).
Hih laibu pen laikhak sangin thuhilhna (Sermon) tawh kibang zaw hi.

Manasseh Thungetna Laibu (BC 300)

Hih laibu pen thungetna laibu hi-in, AD 300 kum pawl a hong piangkhia ahi hi.
Babylon gamah a kikaih laitak a, Jew kumpipa Manasseh thungetna ding danin a kigelh
ahi hi. A tom mahmah hangin a kisik taktak mite tungah Pasian in a hehpihna kician
takin lakkhia hi. Kum 55 a maan sungin Pasian mai ah siatna bekbek a bawl den kumpi
Manasseh pen tu-in a Pasian a itna kimu thei hi.

2 Esdras Laibu (BC 100)

Christian pawlpi hong piancil hun a, a kihawmkhia lai hi-a, mailam thupiang ding
tawh kisai gen hi. Babylon a om sungin Ezra in mailam thupiang ding tawh kisai 7 vei
mangmu hi ci-in gen a, tua mangmuhna teng mah a kigelhkhiatna laibu ahi hi. A taw-
pna lam ah, mawhna thu leh gam pawlkhatte’ kihhuai gamtatnate gen hi. Jew mite
kihemkhia in Christian pawlpi hong lutna thu zong gen hi. Laigelhpa’ lamet beina teng
Pasian thumaanna, hehpihna leh hotkhiatna thute tawh na lehzawhsak hi.

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Tangthu Bu APOCRYPHA BUTE GEN THU
Gamtat Hoihna Bu 1 Esdras, 1 & 2 Maccabees
Tobit, Judith, Susana, Bel leh Dragon,
Pilna Bu 3 & 4 Maccabees
Biakpiakna Bu Solomon Pilna, Sirach Pilna (Ecclesiasticus)
Behlap Bu Baruch, Manasseh’ Thungetna, Azariah’ Thungetna
Esther-Behlap, Daniel-Behlap, Jeremiah’ Laikhak, Late 151

Apocrypha A Sangte Muhzia

Mi pawlkhatte in Thuciam Thak bu ah Apocrypha bute a kigenna om hi ci uh hi.
Tuate in Hebrew 11:35 hi-a, 2 Maccabees 7, 12 sung panin genkikna ahi hi. Thuciam Thak
Jude 1:9 pen Testament of Moses bute sung pan leh 2 Timnothy 3:8 in Testament of Moses
bu sung mah pan siksan a kigelh lai hi ci-in upna om hi. Tua banah Jude 1:14, 15 te pen 1
Enoch bu sung siksan in kigelh hi ci uh hi. Thuciam Thak in Septuagint (LXX) siksan laigelh
uh hi cih upna zong om hi. A masa pen khutgelhlaite sungah Apocrypha bute na kikhum
hi, ci uh hi. Pawlkhatte leuleu cihna ah Alexandrian Canon in Greek Jewte in Apocrypha
nak zat mahmah uh hi ci uh hi. Greek khutgelhlai Thuciam Lui Apocrypha bute a kikhum-
te in a nuai a bang ahi hi, ci uh hi.

• Alep, Codex Sinaiticus (AD kum zalom 4 sung)
• A, Codex Alexandrinus (AD kum zalom 5 sung)
• B, Codex Vaticanus (AD kum zalom 4 sung)

“Apocrypha” bu tampi tak mah Sih Tuipi Laizial (DSS) sungah kimu hi. Tua hun
a mite in Apocrypha bute zang mahmah hi kha ding hi cih upna om hi. Pawlpi masa
Christiante in zong Apocrypha bute sung panin pilna thusin uh hi, ci hi. Pawlpi makai a
diakdiak in Nitumna gam lamte in Apocrypha bute thuneihna a nei LST tawh a kizakim in
sang uh hi. Apocrypha bute Nisuahna lam pawlpi makaite LST in a zang zong om a, tuate
in Clement of Alexandria (Tobit, Sirach, Wisdom), Origen (Epistle of Jeremiah), Irenaeus
(Wisdom) cih bangin na siksan uh hi, kici hi. Council of Trent (1546) in Apocrypha bute LST
tawh kizakim in kizang hi cih pulaakkhia uh hi.

Apocrypha Bute Kihepkhiatna

“Pseudepigrapha” laibute leh “Apocrypha” bute khempeuh Protestant Christiante
in LST in sang lo uh hi. A tamzaw in Apocrypha bute pen “Pseudepigrapha” laibute cizaw
uh hi. Hebrew LST sungah Apocrypha bute kihel kha lo hi. Jerome in zong “Apocrypha”
bu a kicite in LSTsungah a kikhum lo laite hi, na ci hi. Apocrypha bu 14 te pen Alexandrian
Canon Septuagint (LXX) sungah a kikhum hangin Hebrew (Palestinian) Canon sungah
na kikhum lo hi. Masoretic Hebrew LST sungah kikhum lo hi. Hih Apocrypha bute in Jesuh
ma, kum 200 BC lai khawng leh Christian khang kumza lom 1 AD lai khawngin a kigelh ahi
hi. Roman Catholic LST sungah kikhum a, Protestant LST sungah kikhum lo hi. “Apocry-

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pha thu” i gen ciang a tel hak om zelzel hi. A hangin “Palestinian Canon” leh “Alexandrian
Canon” nam nih a om man hi-a, Thuciam Lui ngeina (Traditions) nih a om hipah hi. “Pal-
estinian Canon” pen Jewte’ gam a kitei Hebrew LST ahi hi. Hih sungah Thuciam Lui bu 22/
24 bek pha hi. Manglai a Thuciam Lui 39 tawh kibang hi. Thuciam Lui sungah a kikhum
thei ding laibu phazah pen Jewte gam Palestine gam pan a kikhentat bek muanhuai in
a seh uh ahi hi.

Tua hi-a, Jewte gam Palestine a kitei Hebrewte LST sungah “Apocrypha bute” hel
lo uh hi. “Alexandrian Canon” pen gamdang ahi-alexandria, Egypt gam a kigelh hi-a,
Jewte’ gam Palestine pan hi lo hi. Greek LST Septuagint (LXX) sungah “Apocrypha” kici
bute bu 14 val kibehlap hi. Hih “Alexandrian Canon” pen Alexandria khuapi, Egypt panin
Thuciam Lui Hebrew kam panin Greek kam tawh a kiletkhia ahi hi. Tua manin a khua min
pua in “Alexandiran Canon” kici hi. Septuagint teite in LST bek a tei hi lo-in Jewte laibu
thupi a sak teng uh zong a tei uh ahi hi. Topa Jesuh hunin Alexandria khua a teng Jewte’
LST siam Philo in Apoccrypha bute Hebrew LST sungah kihel lo hi, na ci hi. Thuciam Thak
mite, nungzuite leh Jesuh in Septuagint (LXX) panin Thuciam Lui siksan genkik (Quote) uh
ahih manin Apocrypha bute zong LST in san dingin muanhuai hi-a kicih hangin, Septua-
gint (LXX) sungah Apocrypha bute sung pan Jesuh leh a nungzuite in genkikna (Quotes)
nei hi cih matlap ding om lo hi. A zenzen in, Septuagint (LXX) sungah Apocrypha bute a
om in a ngaihsun hileng zong, Jesuh leh a nungzuite in “Apcrypha” bute siksan in a gen-
kiksawnna uh LST thak sungah om peuh mah lo hi. Jesuh leh nungzuite in “Apocrypha”
bute na siksan lo uh ahih manin LST in san ngam huai lo hi.

Thuciam in Jewte tunga kipia ahih manin amau tua Thuciam leh thukham a sang
masate a hi uh hi (Rom.3:2). Tua ahih manin Jewte in LST in a san zawhloh uh “Apocrypha
bute” pen Protestantte in zong LST in sang lo pah uh hi. Jewte in Apocrypha bute Pasian
humuap LST tawh a kizakim in sang ngeilo uh hi. Jewte tangthu siam Josephus in Hebrew
LST bu 22 sungah “Apocrypha” bute na helvet lo hi. Philo of Alexandria in a laigelhnate ah
Thuciam Lui siksan in nei a, tuate sungah, “Apocrypha” bute siksan gensawnna (Quote)
nei ngeilo hi. AD Kum zalom 1 na leh 4 na kikaal ah LST bute sungah a thulute (Catalogs)
ah kimu kha lo hi. Hebrew LST bu ngaat takin a sittel Jerome in “Apocrypha” thuneihna
khempeuh na hemkhia in, LST tawh kizakim dingin sang lo hi. Apocrypha a gelhte in
Apocrypha bute sungah Pasian humuap hi cih kammal gen ngeilo uh hi. Apocrypha a
gelh pawlkhat bangin Pasian humuap hilo hi na ci zawsop uh hi. Apocrypha bute leh
kamsangte kizopna peuh mah om lo hi. Apocrypha bute pen Thuciam Lui LST a kigelh
khit a kigelh pan hi lai hi. Hebrew LST Thuciam Lui kigelh a man hun BC 425 kum khawng
hi-a, tua khit ciangin “Apocrypha” bute a kigelh pan ahi hi.

Apocrypha pen kipawlna khat peuhpeuh in sim dingin phat ngiat lo uh hi. Roman
Catholic pawlpi-in Council of Trent khawmpi AD 1546 kumin “Apocrypha” bute sim dingin
thu hong piak masiah kuamah kisimsak lo-in sim ding kiphal lo hi. Tua khit ciangin taw-
mtawmin kisim pan hi. “Apocrypha” sungah tangthu tawh kisai a khial zong om hi (Tobit
1:3-5, 14:11). Pasian humuap LST sungah a khial khat beek kihel lo hi. Apocrypha sunga

APOCRYPHA THU | 241

kigen thu a tamzaw pen LST Lui sunga om sa hilel a, a omsa a hilote lah Pasian thu tawh
kituak lo pah lian hi. LST tawh Apocrypha bute a kitehkaak ciangin a mun, a hun, a gam
a kituak lo tampi om ahih manin LST in san ngam huai lo-in a kihemkhia ahi hi. Pawlpi
Pate (Church Fathers) in “Apocrypha” bute pen Pasian humuap “LST” in na sang lo uh hi.
Christian masate hun sungin Greek leh Latin pawlpi ah makaite ahi, Irenaeus, Tertulian,
Clement of Alexandria leh Cypriante in “Apocrypha” bute pen Pasian humuap LST kici
ngeilo hi, na ci uh hi.

Church of Zurich (1527-1529) in Swiss-German LST masa, a bawlkhiatte hi-a, vol-
ume 6 a pha in kigelh a, a volume 5 na pen “Apocrypha” bute ahi hi. “Apocrypha” bute
pen tangthu maimai in sim lel uha, LST zahin thuneihna nei lo hi ci uh hi. Hebrews LST
sungah zong kimu lo ci uh hi. Puritante in LST khat na hawmkhia ngei uha, tua LST sun-
gah “Apocrypha” bute na hel lo uh hi. Laibu maimai hi ci uha, Hebrew LST leh Greek LST
(Thuciam Lui leh Thuaciam Thak) sungah koih ding hi lo hi ci uh hi. Latin Roman Church
in AD 393 kumin Council of Hippo khawmpi leh AD 419 kumin Council of Carthagete ah
“Apocrypha” bute LST a zat dingin thupiakna na nei uh hi. Tua bangin Apocrypha bute
LST dingin a kipsak uh hangin Roman Catholicte muan leh suan ahi St. Augustine in Jew-
te in Apocrypha bute LST in a sanlohna uh Augustine 19.36-38 laibu sungah pulaak hi.
St. Augustine in, Maccabbess bute a genna ah, “Roman Catholic pawlpi in LST in a san
hangin Jewte in LST in sang lo uh hi, ci-in Augustine 18:36 sungah na gen hi. Tua banah
Apocrypha bute pen Pasian kamsangte gelh hi lo hi, ci-in St. Augustine in gen beh lai hi.

England gam a om Protestant teng kithukimna tawh “Apocrypha bute” LST in
pom zo lo uh ahih manin na hemkhia uh hi. Pawlkhatte in sermon dingin hoih hi ci-in
pawlkhatte leuleu in “Research” ciangin “Resource” dingin hoih hi ci-in a san dan uh
kibang lo uh hi. Thuciam Lui Apocryphate a kigelh laitak in Hebrew LST a kigelh khit hun
ahi hi. Josephus leh Talmud in Malachi (BC430) bu khit ah LST Thuciam Lui Pasian hu-
muapna kipia nawnlo hi, ci uh hi. Jamnia ah (c.90 AD) kumin Jew LST Council nei uha,
Hebrew LST sungah Apocrypha bute na hel lo uh hi. Apocrypha sungah tangthute leh a
gam thu kituak lo tam mahmah hi. Gentehna in Judith bu sungah, Holofernes pen Neb-
bcuhanezzar galkapmang khat hi-a, Ninevah khuapi sunga om Assyriante a uk in kigen
hi (Judith 1:1). Ahih hangin Holofernes pen Persia mite galkap mah khat ahi hi. Nebuchad-
nezzar lah Babylon gam ah Babylonte kumpi khat hi zel hi. A mun a mual kituak peuh
mah lo ahih manin LST humuap dingin hel theih ding hi lo hi. Apocryphal bute in LST tawh
kituak lo upna khial tampi hilh hi. Misite ading thungetsakna 2 Maccabees 12:45-46 sun-
gah na gen hi. Hebrews 9:27 leh Luke 16:25-26 te tawh kitukalh hi. Sepna tawh gupkhiatna
kingah hi ci-in Tobit 12:9 sungah gen a, Romans 4-5; Gal. 3:11 te tawh kitukalh hi.

Hih a tunga thu nihte bang puahphate hunin kinak nial mahmah uh hi. Council of
Florence (1442) kumin Apocrypha bute a khial thei lo LST thuneihna a nei laibu in kisang
hi. Roman Catholic pawlpite in hih Florence Council ma, Apocrypha bu 7 te LST in sang
khin uh hi ci-in pulaak uh hi. Ahi zongin Council in khentatna nei nai lian lo uh hi. Council
of Trent (1545-63) ciangin Apocrypha a kigelh zawh kum 1500 a val khit tham ciangin

242 | APOCRYPHA THU

Roman Catholicte in Protestantte upna a kikingkalhsak nading un, Apocrypha kipsakna
nei uh hi. Apocrypha bu sungah “Pasian in gen hi” cih Thuciam Lui bu bang danin genna
om lo hi. Pasian thuneihna Apocrypha bute sungah om lo hi. Martin Luther in ama tei
khiat LST sungah Thuciam Lui bu 39 te leh Apocrypha na tuamkoih ngiat hi. Thuciam Lui
Apocrypha bu pen bu 15 a pha in kituat hi. Baruch leh Jeremiah Laikhak pen khatveivei
bu 1 in kituat zel hi. Protestantte leh Jewte in Apocrypha bute sim dingin hoih kisa a, LST
tawh kizakim in koih lo uh hi. Roman Catholicte in 1566 kumin Sixtus of Sienna in LST a san
dingin pulaak a, LST in a kisang ding laibute pen “Proto-canonical” ahk “Deutero-ca-
nonical laibu” ci uh hi. Council of Trent ah Roman Catholicte in Apocrypha bute leh LST
kizakimin khentatna nei taktak ta uh hi. Khatveivei ciang hih Apoccrypha bute pen a bu
minin kikhum lo thei hi. A bu kigawm in bu khat sungah zong kikhum thei hi. Gentehna
in 3 & 4 Edras bute pen 1 & 2 Edras bu kici ziau thei hi. Ezra-Nehimiah bute bu khat in a
kigawm bangin, 1 & 2 Edras bute zong bu khat in kigawm khawm ziau thei hi. Manasseh
thungetna bu leh 1 & 2 Edras bute LST dingin Council of Trent (1546) kumin kisang zo lo hi.

Apocrypha Thuciam Lui in “Tangthu bu, Biakna bu, Pilna bu leh Mangmuhna bu”
cih bangin khenpi 4 in kikhen hi. Tangthu bute in “1 Edras, 1 & 2 Maccabees” ahi hi. Biakna
bute in “Tobit, Judith, Susanna, Esther behlap, Bel leh Dragon” ahi hi. Pilna bute in “Sirach,
Solomon pilna, Buruch, Manasseh’ thungetna, Jeremiah’ laikhak, Azariah’ thungetna” ci-
hte ahi hi. A tawpna ah Mangmuhna bute in “2 Edras” bu ahi hi. Hih Apocrypha bute in
Hebrew pau leh Aramaic pau in kigelh ahi hi. Jewte thuciin khat ah hih Apocrypha bute
pen Jew mipil (5) in manlangtakin ni 40 sungin a gelhkhiat uh ahi hi. Ni 40 sungin a gel-
hkhiat uh laibu phazah bu 94 pha hi. Bu 24 pen mipite in a sim dingin thuthukte kigelh hi.
Bu 70 pen mipilte bekin a sim ding ahi hi. Bu 24 a phazah mipi sim ding laibu a kici pen
Hebrew LST bu phazah tawh kikim hi. Ahi zongin a vekin Apocrypha hi khin hi. Tuate lakah
bu 15 pen Apocrypha kici a, tua lote pen “Pseudepigrapha” ahk “Apocrypha bu dangte”
kici veve hi.

Protestantte Leh Roman Catholicte’ Apocrypha Bute Tehkaana

Protestantte’ Apocrypha bute 15 Roman Catholicte’ Apocrypha bute

Tobit, Judith, Solomon pilna, Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, 1 & 2
Ecclesiasticus/Sirach, 1 & 2 Maccs Maccabees, Buruc 1-5, Buruch 6, Esther 10:4-
Baruch, Jeremiah’ laikhak, 16-24, Daniel 3:24-90, Daniel 13, Daniel 14, 3 &
Esther behlap, Azariah leh khango 3 te 4 Edras (1 & 2 Edras zong kici),
Thungetna, Bel leh Dragon, 1 & 2 Edras, Manasseh’ thungetna
Manasseh’ thungetna

Apocrypha bute pen LST zahin kizakim thei lo hi. AD kum zalom 3 na sungin pawl-
pi makai ahi Origen (AD 253), Irenaeus (AD 202), Tertullian (AD 220) cihte in LST tawh a
kizakim in koih lo uh hi. Apocrypha leh LST a kilamdangna khencianna a koih mipilte in
Irenaues, Jerome, Rufinuste hi-a, Nitumna pawlpi lam pan ahi uh hi. Nisuahna lam pawl-
pite in Apocrypha bute khen 3 in khen uh hi. Biak inn a sim theih ding laibute, mimal sim
theih ding laibute leh sim vet loh ding laibute ci-in khen 3 in khen uh hi. Nitumna lamte in

APOCRYPHA THU | 243

Nisuahna lamte Apcocrypha bu khen dan sang thei ngiat lo uh hi. LST sunga guan ding
leh LST a, sanloh ding cih nam nih in khen ziau uh hi. Pawlpi makaite a tamzaw in Apoc-
rypha bu theihcian nadingin ciamteh tuam uh hi. Gentehna in Jerome in “Apocrypha”
cih kammal hong zangkhia masa penpen pa ahi hi. Latin Vulgate hong bawlkhia pa hi-a,
ama bawl LST sungah na tuam koih sinsen hi.

Mipil tampi leh mi tampite in Apocrypha bute leh Thuciam Lui a kizakim loh lam
thei tek uh hi. Etvat dingin a tomin LST Version sungah Apocrypha bute a khumte in Cov-
erdal Bible (1535), Matthew’s Bible (1539), Taverner’s Bible (1539), Great Bible (1539), Gene-
va Bible (1560), Bishop’ Bible (1568) leh Athorized Version (1611) bute hi a, LST tawh kizakim
sak ngeilo uh hi. Greek pawlpite in zong Apocrypha bute LST in sang khin den lo uh hi.
Apocrypha bute LST in a sang phial zong un, Roman Catholic pawlpite san bangin sang
lo uh hi. Greek pawlpite in Synod of Constantinople (1638), Jaffa (1642) leh Jerusalem
(1672) a Councilte in Apocrypha bute sang ciat uh hi. Ahi zongin Orthodox pawlpite in
1839 kum nung lam siah ah Apocrypha bute LST Lui (Hebrew LST) sung panin hemkhia uh
hi. Melito (AD 170) in Thuciam Lui sungah Apocrypha bute na khum ngiat lo hi. Council of
Trent hun sungin Martin Luther in Maccabees bute LST dingin a pomzawh-lohna na pu-
laak kik hi. Jew laihilh siate leh pawlpi makaite mah bangin Martin Luther in Apocrypha
bute LST tawh kizakim in na sang lo hi. Ahih hangin Roman Catholic pawlpite in Apocry-
pha bute Council of Trent (1546) ah LST dingin na khum uh hi.

A tunga thute in Apocrypha bute LST dingin a kisan zawh lohna leh LST dingin a
nialna uh kimu thei hi. Jesuh tektek in zong Apocrypha bute sangin Hebrew LST siksan
in a neih zawkna kimu thei hi (Matt.23:34-35, Luke 11:50-51). Pawlpi masate in Jewte LST
bangin zui uha, Apocrypha bute LST dingin khum lo uh hi ci-in Josephus, Philo leh Tal-
mudte in ciantakin na pulaak uh hi. Apocrypha bu 15 te lak panin bu 11 in a mun a mual
a kum a tangthu cihte kitukalh hi. A dangte lah a thu nak tom mahmah hi. Gentehna in
Azariah’ thungetna, khangno 3 te la, Manasseh’ thungetna bute ahi hi. Wisdom of Sol-
omon leh Susanna bute in khialhna hau mahmah hi. A tamzaw mipilte in “Apocrypha
bute” pen “Tangthu phuahtawm” (Fiction) in sang ziau lel uh hi. Apocrypha bu pawlkhat
pen “Pseudonymous” a mintaktak ahi lo, a gelhte min a maan lo-in mi khempeuh in thei
hi. Gentehna in Buruch, Jeremiah’ laikhak, Manasseh’ thungetna, Solomon’ pilna bute
ahi hi. Ezra (Greek kamin Edras bu) a gelh bang pen BC 450 kumin a mahmah Edras gelh
danin kigen hi. A taktakin Edras bu a kigelh hun pen AD 90 kum ahi hi. Ezra sangin nunung
zaw pek hi. Pseudepigrapha laite pen BC 200-AD 200 kum kikaal a kigelh hi-a, a gelh kua
lian hiam cih kithei lo hi. A min uh bel LST sunga om minte tawh a kibang min zang uh hi.
Tua ahih manin hih kum kikaal a lai kigelhte pen lai zuau ahi hi. Greek kamin “Pseudepi-
grpha” kici hi. “Lai man lo, lai khial” laibu a ci nuam ahi hi. Charles Sworth in hih laizuaute
in Thuciam Lui huzap zawh na ciang khat nei mahmah hi, ci hi.

Qumran Cave a kimu laizialte sungah tampi kimukhia a, tuate lakah a minthang
deuhte in Jubilees,1 Enoch, Testament of 12 Patriachs bute ahi hi. Jubilees leh Testament
of 12 Patriachste pen (BC 200) kumin kigelh hi-a, 1 Enoch pen AD 70 ma-in a kigelh ahi

244 | APOCRYPHA THU

hi. A tamzaw pen Thuciam Lui mi danin kipulaak a, ahi zongin LST bute a huh hituan lo
hi. Apocrypha bu leh Pseudepigrapha laibu a gelhte in Pasian’ humuap Thuciam Lui LST
gelhte danin Thuciam Lui sunga mi minthangte min pua uh hi. Gentehna in 1 & 2 Enoch,
3 Baruch, the Testament of 12 Patriarchs, the Sibylline Oracle bu cihte ahi hi. Hihte pen
mangmuhna a nei danin kigen uha, hih hunin Pasian’ kamsang om lo hi. Thuciam Lui leh
Thuciam Thak kikaal kum 400 sung pen kamsang om lo-in “Kum daidide” (Silent Year)
kici hi. Pasian’ kamsang a om loh hun leh Pasian in a mite tawh kizopna a neih loh hun
kici hi. Hih hun sunga lai kigelhte pen Pasian’ humuap in kisang zo lo hi. “Pseudepigra-
pha” laibute pawl khat phuahtuam tangthu (Legendary) dan om hi. Legendary laibute in
Jubilees, Aristeas’ laikhak, Adam leh Eve laibu, Isaiah kithahna bute ahi hi.

Thuhilh pilna bu in “Ahiqar” ahi hi. Lakam/late bu in Psalms of Solomon, Odes of
Solomon bute ahi hi. Tangthu (History) bute in “The lives of Prophets, History of Joseph”
bute ahi hi. Pawlkhatte in Jude 1:14-15 pen 1 Noch 1:9 siksan in a kila hi kha thei ding hi cih
upna nei om hi. Michael vantungmi mangpa leh Satan Moses luang a kituhna Jude 1:9
pen “Assumption of Moses” siksanin kigelh hikha ding hi cih upna om leuleu hi. Sih Tuipi
Laizial (DSS) sungah zong “Pseudepigrapha” laibu tampi kimu thak hi. Tua hunin lai sim-
bu in kizang kha leh kilawm hi. Bangbang ahi ta zongin Apocrypha bute leh Pseudepi-
grapha bute pen Hebrewte, pawlpi makaite leh Protestantte in LST tawh a kizakim Pasian’
humuap in kisang lo hi. Upna man lo, mun leh mual, kum cihte a kitukalh tampi a om
man ahi hi. Tua banah hih hun sungin Pasian’ lamlahna om lo hi. King James Version
(1611) kum dong, Protestant Mangkam LSTte in Apocrypha hel lo uh hi. Roman Catholic
LST sungah Apocrypha bute kikem lai hi. Tuhun in LST a tamzaw kibang hi-a, Apocrypha
bute kihel lo hi. King James Version in Hebrew leh Greek panin a teikhiat uh ahi hi. King
James Version in Apocrypha bute tuamkoih in Thuciam Lui bute sungah a khum loh uh
pen a hang ngaihsut huai thu hi. Great Bible, 1539 kumin in thupatna a genna ah Apoc-
crypha bute laibu hoih khat in gen a, thuneihna a nei laibu dingin nial hi.

Geneva Bible, 1560 kumin Apocrypha thu a genna ah upna bulpi dingin siksan
huai lo hi ci hi. Ahi zongin tangthu theihna leh kithuhilhna dingin hoih hi ci hi. Bishops’ Bi-
ble, 1568 kumin Apocrypha tawh kisai genna om lo hi. King James Version (1611) teikhiate
lakah khat in Archbishop of Canterbury hong ngah a, Mangkam LST a bawl peuh mah in
Apocrypha tawh a kipeikhop kei leh kum khat sung thongtaang dingin thupiakna nei hi.
Frederrick Kenyon in Puritante LST sungah Apocrypha bute koih lo ahih manin Puritan LST
kisuksiatsak hi, ci hi. 1590 kumin a kipei Geneva Bible in Apocrypha bute khum ngiat lo uh
hi. Kum 1629 dong kibang toto hi. King James Version in Puritan huzap khat ahi hi. Church
of England in 39 Articles sungah a genna ah, LST canon kipsak nungah Jerome gen mah
bangin Apocrypha bute gamtatnazia kithuhilhna ding bekin sim ding hi-a, hih Apocry-
phate’ tungah upna phuh ding hi lo hi, ci hi. The Westminister Confession of faith (1647)
in, “Apocrypha bu a kici limlim Pasian’ humuap LST hi lo hi. LST sungah zong kikhum beek
lo hi, na ci hi. AD kum zalom 19 masa lam panin LST sung panin Apocrypha bu khempeuh
kihemkhia hi. National Bible Society of Scotland in Apocrypha laibute in Pasian’ humuap
LST hi lo ahih manin LST sungah zep in peikhiatna in sum mawk beisak hi, ci uh hi.

APOCRYPHA THU | 245

British leh Foreign Bible Society in Apocrypha hawmkhiat nadingin Fund a kizon
loh nadingin 1827 kumin thumna bawl uh hi. Tua hunin LST a teikhia khempeuh in Apoc-
rypha bu peuh mah LST sungah zep in kikhum nawn peuh mah lo hi. English Revised
Version, 1885 kumin a kihawmkhia penin Apocrypha guang lo hi. Ahih hangin 1894 kum
ciangin Apocrypha tawh hong zepkhawm kik uh hi. Revised Standard Version 1952 kumin
hong kihawmhia sungah Apocrypha kikhum lo hi. Ahi zongin General Convention of the
Protestant Episcopal churchte in tua kumin a ngetna uh tawh kizui-in 1965 kumin hong
kipei kik ciangin Apocrypha hong guang leuleu uh hi. Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed of
the University of Chicago in Apocrypha bute hong letkhiat ciangin Protestantte lakah
tampi in hoih sa ahih manun “An American Translation: The Complete Bible (1939) sun-
gah hong kikhum hi. New English Bible: New Testament 1961 hong kitei in 1970 kum ciangin
Apocrypha bute tawh hong pei khawm uh hi. Roman Catholic pawlpi in Apocrypha bute
LST Pasian humuap leh thuneihna nei hi ci-in sang lai uh hi. Protestantte in “Apocrypha”
LST in a pom zawh loh hangin kimanna nei lo cih hi tuan lo hi. A kizang mahmah leh a
thupi mahmah khat hi veve hi. Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak tangthute a kikankhiat
ciangin hong huh mahmah hi. Gentehna in Pharisee thu leh Sudducceste upna thu bang
“Apocrypha” sungah a kicingin kigelh hi. Jewte leh Romete kizopna thu zong na gen hi.
Thuciam Thak tawh kisai a thuk zaw in tel nadingin Apocrypha in hong huh mahmah hi.

Thuciam Thak Apocrypha Thu

Thuciam Thak Apocrypha bute pen Thuciam Lui Apocrypha zah in buaina leh ki-
nialna om khol lo hi. Banghang hiam cihleh Thuciam Thak bu 27 a tamzaw Christiante in
Pasian humuapna leh thuneihna a nei LST in kisang kim tek ahih man ahi hi. Ahi zongin
Thuciam Thak hunin laibu kigelh Thuciam Lui hun mah bangin tampi om hi. Tuate LST
in kisang zo lo hi. Thuciam Lui Aprocrypha thu i kikupsa om mah bangin tua laite tawh
kisai a kisang leh a kisang zo lo lai cihte khenpi (4) in kikhen hi. A khen khatna, pen “Ho-
mologoumena” kici hi. Laibute pen LST dingin mi khempeuh in pom thei cihna ahi hi. A
khen nihna, “Antilegomenna” kici hi. Laibute pen LST dingin pawlkhat in lunghimawh
huai sa uh hi cihna hi. A khen thumna, “Pseudepigrapha” kici hi. Laibute pen LST dingin
mi khempeuh in kipom zo lo cihna ahi hi. A khen lina, “Apocrypha” kici hi. Laibute pen LST
dingin pawlkhat in pom thei cihna ahi hi.

Homologoumena Laibute

“Homologoumena Laibute” i cih ciangin Thuciam Thakte bu 27 te Pasian’ humuap
hi ci-in pomkim laibute cihna ahi hi. Hih a kipomkim laibute sungah Matthew panin Phi-
lemon leh1 Peter leh 1 John bute ahi hi.

Antilegomena Laibute

“Antilegomena Laibute” i cih ciangin Thuciam Thak LST Canon dingin a kisang
zo taktak nai lo, pom hak a kisa laibute cihna hi. Thuciam Thak laibu dingin a kilunghih-
mawh pih laibu 7 om hi. Tua te in (Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John, Jude and Re-
vealation) cihte ahi hi.

246 | APOCRYPHA THU

Hebrews: Hih laibu a gelh kithei lo ahih manin,lunghihmawhna om hi. Nisuahna gamte in
sawltak Paul gelh dingin pom uh hi. Nitumna gamte in Paul gelh dingin sanhak sa uh hi.
Jerome leh Augustine ii huzapna tungtawnin Nitumna gamte in Hebrews pen LST dingin
AD400 kumin pom thei uh hi.

James: James laikhak pen upna thu leh sepna thu Paul laikhakte tawh a gen dan uh
kithuhual sa lo uh ahih manin James pen LST dingin san hak kisa hi. Martin Luther in
James pen Canon dingin san haksa ahih manin “Buhtu laikhak” bang na ci liang hi. Ahih
hangin Eusebius, Jerome leh Augustinete leh pawlpi makai dangte in Paul laikhakte tawh
kitukalh lo ahih lam hong mukhia uha, James LST in hong guang uh hi.

2 Peter: 2 Peter in Thuciam Thak sungah a kinial pen laibu khat ahi hi. A sung thute leh 1
Peter tawh kithuhual-lohna om hi kici hi. Kum zalom 2 na sungin 2 Peter pen Canon din-
gin san hak kisa mahmah hi. Kinialna om den a, a tawpna ah, Origen, Eusebius, Jerome
leh Augustinete in LST sungah hel dingin hong zo uh hi.

2 and 3 John: Hih laibute pen a kilunghihmawh laibute ahi hi. Banghang hiam cihleh
ciangtan nei a, pawlpi tunga laikikhak ahih man leh aituam dan laikhak in kituat hi. 1
John tawh kibatna a om phial hangin Thuciam Thak laibu dangte zahin a huamin kigelh
lai hi lo hi, kici hi. Ahi zongin a tawpna ah nungzui John laikhak mah dingin kikipsak hi.

Jude: Jude laikhak pen a kilunghihmawhna lian penin Pasian humuap laibu a kisang zo
lo laibu, (Pseudepigrapha) ahi, Enoch bu sung panin siksan genkikna om ahih man ahi
hi.

Mangmuhna: Mangmuhna bu pen pawlpi masate in Pasian humuap lai-in pom uh hi.
Ahih hangin a nung ciangin kum 1000 khat thuhilhna a gen manin muanmawhna hong
om hi. A thu zong tel hak ahih manin Pasian’ humuap lai hi lo ding hi, kici hi. Hih Antile-
gomena laibute pen pawlkhat in LST dingin a pom hangin pawlkhat in na pom zo pah
lo hi. A lunghih mawhnate uh kan toto uha, a tawpna ah, Pasian humuap laibu Canon in
kisang hi.

Pseudepigrapha Laibute

“Pseudepigrapha” laibu i cih ciangin LST dingin mi khempeuh in a kipom zo lo
laibute cihna ahi hi. Christian masate hun lai-in laibu hoih tampi om a, ahih hangin kua
gelh hiding hiam cih kithei lo hi. Hih laibute in Gnostic upna, Docetic upna leh Ascetic
pawl upna leh biakna thu tawh kisai a khengval a genna a kigelh hi. Laibu pen bu 300
val bang om hi. Tuate lakah Thuciam Thak sunga kisang zo lo a mingthang zaw deuh ahi
“Apocrypha” laibu ahk “Pseudepigrapha bute” i sutsuk lai ding hi.

Nicodemus Lungdam Bu: Pilate Mangpa in Jesuh tungah a thukhenziate leh kumpi Tibe-
rius tungah a thuzaksakna lai ahi hi. AD zalom 2 na hiam, 5 na hiam sungin kigelh ahi hi.

James Lungdam Bu: Mary nausuah pan kipan Herod in naupang teng a thah dong thu-
piang teng kigelh ahi hi.AD Kum zalom 2 na leh 5 na sunga kigelh ahi hi.

APOCRYPHA THU | 247

Mary Sihna Thu: Mary si-in a luang vanah kilato ahihna thu kigelh hi. AD kum zalom 4 na
sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Hebrew Mite Lungdam Bu: Lungdamna thu bu 4 te sunga kigelh kha lo Jesuh tangthu
dangte kigelhna ahi hi. AD 100 kum pawl a kigelh ahi hi.

Ebioniteste Lungdam Bu: Matthew, Mark leh Luke bute siksan a, Jesuh tangthu kitaw-
isawnna bu ahi hi. AD 200 leh 400 kikaal sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Egypt Mite Lungdam Bu: Jesuh leh Salome kihona thute kigelh hi. Sabellian pawlpite in
lim zat mahmah uh hi. AD 130 leh 150 kum kikaal sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Peter Lungdamna Bu: Anti-Jew mite thu a lunglut huai dan, lungdamna thu bu 4 te sung
siksan a kigelh ahi hi. Jesuh in mihing ahihna pom zo lo hi.

Pseudo Matthew Lungdam Bu: Jesuh a naupang lai-in na lamdang a bawl teng ki-
khumna bu ahi hi. Matthew min gu-a, AD kum zalom 5 na sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Thomas Lungdam Bu: Jesuh kum 5 pan kum 12 kikaal hun sunga tungman milim a
bawlte humuam-a, a sinsakna thute kigelh hi. AD kum zalom 2 na a kigelh ahi hi.

Mary Tangthu: Mary pen Pasian banga, dinmun sang hi-in, nisim in a kiangah vantung-
mite hawh den a, Pasian bangmah a biaktaak ahihna thu kigelh hi. AD kum zalom 6 na
sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Arabic Lungdam Bu: Jesuh naupang hun lai-in Egypt gam a, a om sungin nalamdang a
bawlte kigelh hi. AD kum zalom 7 na sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Lettama Joseph Lungdam Bu: Joseph pen mi thupi mahmah ahihzia kigelh hi. AD kum
zalom 4 na sunga Egypt gam a kigelh ahi hi.

Peter Mangmuhna Bu: Peter in Mangmu-a, vantung gam leh Hell khuk a kilahna thu
kigelh hi. Eusebius in hih mangmuhna pen a taktak hi lo hi, ci-in gen hi.

Paul Nasepna Bu: Numei leh pasal kiteen ding a khaamna thu kigelh hi. AD kum 150 hun
a kigelh ahi hi.

Peter Nasepna Bu: Christian bawlsiatna thuakte hehnepna ahi hi. Peter tanu lawmn-
gaihna thu zong om hi. “Qua Vadis” a cih laibu paizia (Noval bu sung) bangin kigelh hi.
AD kum 200 hun pawl a kigelh ahi hi.

John Nasepna Bu: Nungzui John in Rome khuapi ah a vahawhna thu kigelh hi. AD 200
kum hun a kigelh ahi hi.

Andrew Nasepna Bu: Maximilla in a pasal tawh a lupkhoploh ding deihna in Andrew in a
hanthotna thu kigelh hi. Tua bang a thuhilhna hangin Andrew pen bawlsiatna thuak in a
sihna thu zong kigelh hi.

248 | APOCRYPHA THU

Thomas Nasepna Bu: Numei leh pasal lupkhop a hoih-lohzia kigelh hi. AD 200 kum pawl
in kigelh ahi hi.

James Kiangah Peter Laikhak: Paul hoihlohzia teng kigelh hi. Nakpi-takin Paul langpan
huai ahihna thu hipi pen hi.

Laodicea Khua Pan A Paul Laikhak: Paul kammal zatziate leh Paul thuluanzia tampi la-
sawn (Gu) hi. Col. 4:16 sunga laikhak a gen pen tawh a kimeemat hi ci-a, a pom mi
pawlkhat om hi.

Seneca Kianga Paul Laikhak: Paul in Senca kianga, a laikhak thute leh Seneca in a thuh-
kikna lai ahi hi. Seneca nungzuite in Christian ngeinate a zuih nadingin thuhilhna leh
Christiante’n zong Seneca ngeinate a zuih nadingin thuhilhna om tuak hi. AD kum zalom
4 na sunga kigelh ahi hi. Roman Catholicte in Thuciam Thak “Apocrypha” bute a cihte in
“Hebrew Mite Thupha laibu, St.Peter gelh thupha laibu, Nungzui 12 te gelh thupha laibu,
St.Matthew min tawh kigelh thupha laibu, St. Thomas thupha gelh bu, Aramaic kam tawh
a kigelh Topa Jesuh naupan lai thu kigelhna thupha laibu, Lettama Joseph tangthu thu-
pha laibu, Thupha a ngah Mary tangthu thupha laibute ahi hi.

THUCIAM THAK APOCRYPHA MINTHANGTE

Gospel Laibute (Bu 9): Gospel of Ebionites, Gospel of Hebrews, Gospel of the Nazareans,
Gospel of the Nicodemus (Acts of Pilate), Gospel of Peter, Infancy Gospel of Thomas,
Protevangelium of James, P.Egerton 2 ( A Fragment of An Unknown Narrative Gospel),P.
Oxy.840 (A Fragment of An Unknown Narrative Gospel

Mangmuhna Kihona Leh Thuhilhna Laibu (Bu 18): 1 Apocalypse of James (NHCV),2
Apocalypse of James (NHCV), Apocryphon of James (NHCI), Apocryphon of John (NHC
I, II, III, IV & BG8502), Book of Thomas the Contender (NHC II), Dialogue of the Savior (NHC
III), Epistula Apostolorum, Gospel of Egyptians, Gospel of Mary (BG 8502), Gospel of Philip
(NHC II), Letters of Peter to Philip (NCH VIII), Pitis Sophia, Questions of Mary, Questions of
Bartholomew, Second Treatise of the Great Seth (NCH VII), Sophia of Jesus Christ (NCH III
& GB 8502), Two Books of Jeu, Bodlian Copt. MS d 54 (A Fragmentary Dialogue Between
Jesus and John

Gospel Pulaakna Leh Kaihkhopte Laibu(Bu 2): Gospel of Thomas (NHC II), Teachings of
Silvanus (NHC VII)

Thukikupna Ki-at Laibu (Bu 6): On the Orgin of The World (NHC II), Coptic (Gospel of
Egyptians (NHC III, IV), Gospel of Truth (NHC XII), Hypotasis of the Archons (NHC II), Treatise
On Ressurection (NHC I), Tripartite Tractate (NHC I)

Mangmuhna Laibute (Bu 15): (Coptic) Apocalypse of Elijah, (Arabic) Apocalypse of Peter,
(Coptic) Apocalypse of Peter (NHC VII), (Greek/Ethiopia) Apocalypse of Peter, (Coptic)
Apocalypse of Paul (NHC V), (Latin) Apocalypse of Paul, Apocalypse of Sophonias, Apoc-
alypse of Thomas, Ascension of Isaiah (Chapters 6-11), Christian Sibyllines, Concept of

APOCRYPHA THU | 249

Our Great Power (NHC VII), Book of Elchasai, V &VI Ezra, Melchizidek (NHC XI), Mysteries of
St. John the Apostle and the Holy Virgin
Sawltak Laibute (Bu 10): Acts of Andrew, Acts of Andrew and Matthias, Acts of John, Acts
of Paul (and Thecla), (Coptic) Acts of Peter (BG8502), (Greek) Acts of Peter, Acts of Peter
and The Twelve (NHC VI), Acts of Philip, Acts of Thomas, Kerymata Petrou
Laikhak Laibute (Bu 4): Abgar Legend, Correspondence Between Paul and Seneca, Epis-
tle of Pseu-Titus, Paul’s Letters to Laodiceans

BIAKPIAKNA A KIZANG LAIBUTE
Thugenna Laibu (Bu 4): Interpretation of Knowledge (NHC XI), Kerygma of Peter, Testimo-
ny of Truth (NHC IX), Avalentinian Exposition (NHC XI)
Late Laibu (Bu 1): Odes of Solomon
Thungetna Laibute ( Bu 6): On the Annointing (NHC XI), On Baptism A (NHC XI), On Bap-
tism B (NHC XI), On the Eucharist A (NHC XI), On the Eucharist B (NHC XI), A Prayer of the
Apostle Paul (NHC I)
Christian masate laigelhte Thuciam Thak Canon a kibawl ma-in LST in a kizang
laibu pawlkhat om hi. AD80-180 kum kikaal a kizang ahi hi. Tua laibute in (Didache, Epis-
tle of Barnabas, 1 Clement, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter leh Acts of Paul bute
ahi hi. Hih laibute LST in a kizang ngeite a nuai a bang ahi hi. Didache bu pen Clement
of Alexandria leh Origen in LST bangin na zang ngei uh hi. Epistle of Barnabas bu pen
Clement of Alexandria leh Origente nih mah in LST in na zang ngei uh hi. 1 Clement bu
pen Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria leh Origente in LST bangin na zang uh hi. Shepherd
of Hermas bu pen Irenaeus, Clement of Alaxandria leh Tertulliante in LST in na zang uha,
Apocalypse of Peter bu pen Clement of Alexandria in LST in na zang hi. A tawpna ah Acts
of Paul bu pen Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus leh Origente in LST bangin na zang uh
hi ci-in LST tangthu kante in na ciamteh uh hi.
Hih khawk sunga i kikup Thuciam Lui Aprocrypha leh Thuciam Thak Aprocrypha
bute pen zuau lai, upna pialte hilhna ahih manin Pasian humuap LST tawh kizakim in
Protestantte in sang zo lo uh hi.

·····0·····

15 LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

Nisuahna Lam Version Masate

LST Version kitei masa pente in khenpi 3 in kikhen hi. A masa in “Primary Transla-
tion “kici hi. “Primary Translation” a kicih ciangin LST kigelh cilna Hebrew leh Greek panin
“Pau dang khat tawh LST letkhia” cihna ahi hi. Septuagint (LXX) leh Latin Vulgatete pawl
dan ahi hi. A nihna in “Secondary Translation” kici hi. “Secondary Translation” a kicih
ciangin LST a kigelh cilna Hebrew leh Greek panin a kiletkhia khinsa tung panin kampau
dang khat tawh a letkhiakik LST cihna ahi hi. Septuagint (LXX) pen Hebrew pau panin
Greek lai tawh kiteikhia masa penpen hi-a, Septuagint (LXX) panin Old Latin tawh LST a
kiletkhia cihte pawl a gen nuam ahi hi. A thumna ah, “Tertiary Translation” kici hi. “Tertiary
Translation” a kicih ciangin “A kiteisawn khin khat tung panin a kiteikikte” cihnopna ahi
hi. Armenian LST Version in Septuagint (LXX) panin a kiteikhia LST hi-in Armenian LST Ver-
sion panin Georgian LST Version kiteisawn kik hi. Hih dante in “Tertiary Translation” kici hi.
Jerusalem a Pentecost pawi khit ciangin Christiante hong khang mahmah ahih manin
Thuciam Thak LST pau tuamtuam tawh hong kiletkhia hi.

Tatian’ Diatessaron

Mesopotamia panin Rome ah AD 150 kumin Tatian hong zin hi. Tua panin hong pi-
angthak in Christian hong suak hi. Hong piangthak ciangin Justin Martyr in amah thuhilh
hilh hi. Phungzi tang om (Ascetic Life) upna hong san ciangin Tatian pen upna paikhi-
al khat in kingawh hi. Mesopotamia gamah hong ciahkik in Christian phungzi kipawlna
khat hong phuankhia hi. AD 170 kum ciangin Tatian in nungzui hong nei hi. Ama nungzuite
pen“Encratites” kici hi. Ama lai teikhiat minthang mahmah khat om a, “Gospel bu 4 te”
kicihna a hi, “Diatessaron” ahi hi. “Diatessaron” kammal ahi bang lian in i khiat ciangin
“Thu 4 te” cihna ahi hi. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John hih Gospel thu bu 4 te bu khat kisuah
cihna in kizang kam ahi hi.

LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 251

A LST letkhiatzia pawlkhat enleng, amah pen sa ne lo khat ahih manin, “Tuiphumpa
John in kauphe leh khuaizu” ne hi cih sangsik in “John in bawngnawi leh khuaizu” ne hi,
cih lamin LST na letkhia hi. Amah pen a tang om (Ascetic life) khat ahih manin Mat-
thew 1:18-18 sunga Mary leh Joseph kitenna thu leh John 2:10 sunga mite in leenggahzu a
khamluatna thute ama Thuciam Thak letkhiatna panin na hemkhia hi. Eusebius in “Ta-
tian’ nungzui “Encratites” a kicite in Gospel thu bu 4 te khuikhawm in laibu in bawl uha,
“Diatessaron” min pia uh hi, ci hi. A kigelh cil-in Greek pau leh Syriac pau tawh kigelh hi.
Hih Thuciam Thak LST in gam pawlkhat ah kizel hi. Syrian pawlpi makai Ephraem, Edessa
(AD303-373) hong khankhiat dong hih “Diatessaron” lai minthang mahmah hi. Ephraem
in hih lungdamna thu bu (Diatessaron) hilhcianna (Commentary) na gelh hi. A nung
ciangin hih “Diatessaron” bu pen Persia pau, Aramaic, Latin, Old Dutch, German pau, Old
Latin leh Mangkam tawh kiletkhia hi.

Syriac Peshitta

Peshitta Version in Syrian pau tawh LST kigelhcilna (Original Language) panin a
kiletkhia masa pen LST ah hi. Tuni dongin et theih ding bu 350 bang omlai hi. David. O.
Fuller in Syriate khuapi in, “Antioch khua” hi-a, thuzui mite “Christian” cih kammal hong
pianna ahi hi, ci hi. Hun hong sawt toh ciangin Syrian mite pau zang Christian hong
khang mahmah hi. Tua ciangin Christiante zat ding LST Syrian pau tawh AD 150 kumin
hong letkhia uh hi. Hih hong letkhiat uh Version “Peshitta Version” kici hi. “Peshitta” a khi-
atna in “Theih baih ahk Maan” a cih nopna ahi hi. Kum zalom tampi sung Syriac pau in a
kiletkhia LST a bu kimin a gam sung uah kihawmkhia hi. Hih LST in Old Syriac kici hi. Kum
zalom 5 na khawng ciangin Syriac Peshitta in hong huzapzaw ta hi. Syriac Peshitta pen
Bishop of Edessa Rabbula (AD 411-435) in a bawlkhiat ahi hi. Theodore of Mopsuestia ii
pawlpi makai khat hi-a, a laigelhna khat ah, “Syriac Peshitta in Syrian kampau tawh a
kitei LST ahi hi” ci hi. AD kum zalom 5 na sungin Syriac pawlpite khen nih in kikhen uha,
Nisuahna Syriac leh Nitumna Syriac pawlpite ahi uh hi. Nisuahna lam pawlpite in “Nesto-
rians” (East Syriac) kici-in, Nitumna lam pawlpite in Jacobites (West Syriac) kici hi.

Hih pawlpi nihte in Syriac Peshitta LST zang uh hi. Peshitta tawh kisai a thupisak
laigelh minthangte in Tatian (AD110-172), Bardesanes (155-222), Apraates (AD275-345),
Ephraem Syrus (AD306-375) leh Ishodad of Merv (AD 800)te ahi uh hi. Thuciam Lui Pe-
shitta pen Jew mi, laithei Paul Kahle in “Syriac Pentateuch leh Old Palestine Targum in
kizopna nei ahih manin Syriac Peshitta in lunghihmawh nading om lo hi, na ci hi. Tua ahih
manin Peshitta Thuciam Lui tawh kisai buaina om lo hi pah hi. Thuciam Thak Syriac tawh
a kitei ma-in, Christiante in Syria gam na lut khin uh hi. AD 170 kum a, “Diatessaron” pen
Syriac tawh letkhia uh hi. LST siamte in Thuciam Thak Syriac tawh Version (5) om in gen
uh hi. Old Syriac, Peshitta, Philoxenian, Harclean leh Palestinian Syriacte ahi hi. Ahi zongin
AD kum zalom 5 na panin Syriac Peshitta in a hoih penpen Version ahi hi. Hih Syriac Pe-
shitta Thuciam Thak bu sungah (2 Pet, 2 & 3 John leh Jude) leh Mangmuhna bute” losiah
a kimin om hi. Ahi zongin Philoxenus of Mabblus in Thuciam Thak sungah hih bu 5 te AD
507-508 kum sungin behlap hi. Peshitta khutgelh lai (Manuscript) 350 val bang a kimin
tuni dongin omlai hi.

252 | LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

Coptic Version

Pentecost khit ciangin lungdamna thu Egypt gamah manlang takin hong kizel
ziau hi (Sawl.2:10). Egypt ah Papyrus tawh a kigelh Thuciam Thak tumtawng (Fragments)
AD kum zalom 2 na sungin kimu hi. Greek pau in Egypt gam huzap mahmah hi. Egypt
mite in Greek pau bel zang lua khol lo uh hi. “Coptic” a khiatna in “Egypt mite” cihna ahi
hi. Egypt gam Nile Valley sungah namkee pau nam (6) bang om hi. Tuate sung panin a
thupi pau nam (2) om hi. Egypt gam a khung lam a teengte in “Sahidic pau” zang uha,
Egypt gam taw lam a teengte in “Bohairic pau” zang uh hi. AD Kum zalom 1 na sungin
Christian upna kizel mahmah hi. Coptic a kicih ciangin Egypt mite pau a cihnopna zong
hi-a, a tangthu sau mahmah hi.

Egypt mite in a kipatcil lamin, “Hieroglyphic Script” (Limlai) zang uh hi. Tua ciangin
“Demotic Script” lai zang uh hi. AD kum zalom 3 na sungin gambup pau in “Coptic Pau”
kici hi. “Coptic” in Greek leh Demotic kigawmkhawm pau leh lai a zang khawm khat ahi
hi. Egypt gam sungah “Sahidic pau” in Alexandria ah Christian upna a lutma in kizang
pau ahi hi. AD Kum zalom 3 na sungin LST “Sahadic pau” tawh kiletkhia hi. A zomah “Bo-
hairic pau” tawh “Sahidic Version” siksan in LST kiletkhia leuleu hi. P 52 (Papyrus) Thuciam
thak AD 125 kumin a kihawmkhiatna teci om hi. Kurt Aland leh Barbara Aland in “Gnostism
pawl” khauhpai lua ahih manin Christian pawlpi kipsakna om pah lo-in, a nung ciangin
kikipsak pan hi ding hi, ci uh hi. Sahidic pau zangte in Egypt gam a khung lamte pau hi-a,
Thebes panin khanglam khuapi Luzor ciang huam hi. Sahidic Version in AD Kum zalom
3 na sungin LST (Thuciam Thak) kitei khia hi-a, Alexandrian Text-Family tawh kibang hi.
Thuciam Thak laibute Gospel thu bu 4 te leh Sawltakte Tangthu sim phadiak uh hi. Bo-
hairic in Egypt gam taw lamte Delta gam a omte pau zat ahi hi.

Pau dang khempeuh sangin “Pau khangto” a kizang penin “Coptic pau” ahi hi.
Egypt gam khuapi Cairo a Coptic pawlpite in biakna kamin a zat uh pau ahi hi. Kum za-
lom 18 dong Coptic pau bek tawh Thuciam Thak LST om hi. Coptic Version in Greek pau
a zang lo, Christiante adingin LST kitei a hi hi. Coptic Version pen Egypt mi Christian mis-
sionaryte in Greek pau a zang lote adingin a bawlkhiat uh ahi hi. Sahidic mite leh Bohairic
mite LST Thuciam Lui Version pen Hebrew leh Septuagint (LXX) bulpi siksan in a tei uh ahi
hi. Thuciam Thak pen “Alexandrian Text Type” panin a tei uh ahi hi. Hih Coptic Version in
Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak a muanhuai na kipsak hi.

Armenian Version

Armeniante in Mesopotamia Saklam Romante leh Persiante ukna kikaal a teengte
ahi uh hi. Armenia gam bup in Christian a suak masa pen gam khat ahi hi. Tiridates III
(AD 287-314) in Christiante a bawlsiat mahmah laitakin Gregory the Illuminator (AD 257-
331) in kumpipa upna Christian upna tawh a nuntakna na khelsak zo ahih manin a gam
bup un Christian suak uh hi. LST sungah Jesuh nungzuite Thaddeus (Matt. 10:3, Mk. 3:18),
Bartholomew (Matt. 10:8, Mk. 3:18, Lk. 6:14, Sawl. 1:13) te zong Arminiante lakah lungdamna
thupuak in a paina uh kimu thei hi. Armeniante LST Thak Version pen AD Kum zalom 5 khit

LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 253

a kitei hi, kici tek hi. Hih Armenian Version hong piankhiatna in Armenian siampi St. Mes-
rop Mastotz (AD 361-439) in Armenian laimal bulpi (Alphabets) 36 a pha hong puah in AD
406 ciang hong man hi. Tua khit ciangin Greek leh Syraic pau tawh a om Thuciam Thak
khutgelhlai (Manuscript) om khempeuh hong kaikhawm in Armenian pau tawh hong
letkhia hi. Armenian LST version sungah Pasian humuap in a kisang zo lo Thuciam Lui
sungah a kikhum pawlkhatte in, “History of Joseph and Asenath, 4 Ezra, The Testament of
the 12 Patriachs leh Thuciam Thak sung panin 3 epistles of Paul to Corinthians” bute ahi
hi. Armeniante Thuciam Thak sungah a paizia kibang lo pawlkhat in (Sawltak khit ciangin
Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude) te ahi hi. A dang Thuciam Thakte bel
a kimin om hi. Thuciam Lui pen Hebrews panin kitei a ci leh Septuagint (LXX) pan a kitei
hizaw ci-in muhna nam nih om hi. Ahi zongin a tawpna ah Syriac Peshitta Version in hu-
zapzaw pian ahih manin Septuagint (LXX) tawh kibang khin tuan lo hi kici hi.

Georgian Version

Georgia in Armenia’ Saklam Caucasus Mual phok lak hi-a, Black Sea leh Caspian
Sea kikaal ah om hi. Milimbia Nino akici Georgia kumpipa Bakur in Constantine in ukpi a
sep hun sungin a mat sila numei nu hangin Georgia gam ah Pasian’ thu hong tung hi ci-
in Christian masate in ciamteh uh hi. Hih Christian upna Georgia gam hong tun hun pen
AD Kum zalom 4 na laizang pawl ahi hi. Ahi zongin LST Version kitei sawnte bang hunin
Georgia gam sung tung hiam cih a kum kithei lian lo hi. Georgia pau in a gam veengte
tawh kizopna om khol lo hi. Georgia gam ah amau pau tawh LST a neih ma-un, lai bulpi
(Albphabets) bel nei khin uh hi. AD Kum zalom 5 na a laizang pawl in Gospel thu bu 4 te
kiletkhin hi cih teci kician om hi. Ahi zongin Georgian Version in koi panin LST a teisawn
hi ding hiam cih a laakna bulpi kician om lo hi. Armeniante’ laitheite tangthu ngeina ah
Georgian Version in lai bulpi (Alphabets) leh laakna bulpi (Source) pen Armeniante’ LST
teikhia Mesrop Mastotz’ bawlkhiatte tung pan hi dingin gen uh hi.

Sidney Jellicoe in Georgian Version AD kum zalom 5-6 na kum pawl in hong ki-
patkhiatna bulpi in Armenian Version panin kiletsawn hi-a, a nung lam ciangin Thuciam
Thak Greek LST tehkaak in endikkik uh hi ci hi. Georgian khutgelhlai (Manuscript) a masa
penin “Geo, The Adysh Manuscript of 897” hi-a, Thuciam Thak Gospel thubu 4 te kihel hi.
A tumtawng (Fragments) laite tungah Thuciam Lui Piancilna, Thuhilhkikna, Thukhente,
Paunak, Jeremiah bute AD Kum zalom 5 leh 8 kikaal a kizang LST zong om hi. Georgian
Version pen LST kiteisawn khin khat panin a kiteisawn (Tetiary Version) hi-a, Syriac Ver-
sion leh Armenian Versionte pan ahi hi. Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak zong amau pau in
nei uh hi cih teci kician om hi.

Ethiopic Version

Ethiopiate (Abyssinia zong kici) in lungdamna thu a sang hun uh kician takin kithei
lo hi. Pawlpi makai masate in a ngaihsutna uah Ethiopia mang lian khat Philip in tuiphum
hi, ci uh hi (Sawl.8:26-39). LST lam pilna neite in nungzui tampite Ethiopia gam ah lung-
damna thupuak in pai uh hi, ci uh hi. Nungzuite sung panin Matthew leh Bartholomewte

254 | LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

lungdamna thupuak in pai uh hi, ci uh hi. Ahi zongin teci kician om lo hi. Hi thei, hi lo thei
hi. Tangthu tawh teci kician Rufinus, Socrates, Sozomen, leh Theodoret te’ laigelhna tung-
tawnin Ethiopia gamah Christian upna a kizelhna hong theisak uh hi. AD 330 kum pawl
Constantine the Great uk hun laitakin khangno nih Frumentius leh Aedesiuste in a pano
uh ahi, Meropius tawh Tyre khua panin Red Sea lam zuanin tuipi tungah khual hong zin
uh hi. Ethiopiate tembaw khawlna ah tembaw hong khawl hi. Tua lai a khua mite in Tem-
baw hong busim in tembaw nasemte leh Meropius hong that uh hi. A si lo khangno nihte
Askum khua ah hong ciahpih uh hi. Hih khangnote nih in tua Askum ah u liante maipha
leh pahtawina hong ngah uh ahih manin Christian upna lungdamna thu tangko theihna
ding phalna ngah uh hi. Hun khat khit ciangin Aedesius in Tyre khua ah hong ciahkik hi.

Frumentius in kumpite innkuan hong piangthaksak khit ciangin Alexandria khua
ah hong ciah hi. Tua lai ah Athanasius kiang panin missionary nasep nading phalna
hong ngah a, Alexander khuapi ah Bishop leh Ethiopia pawlpi makaipi dingin teelna
hong ngah hi. Tanglai Mualsuangte tungah zong AD Kum zalom 4 pawl in Ethiopia gam
ah Christian upna kiphut ta hi cih teci hoih mahmah om hi. Mipilte in AD Kum zalom 4
na laizang pawl dingin a upmawh uh King Ezana Mualsuang tungah a galzawhna na
kiciamteh hi. A Mual tunga laigelh a khupna ah, “Leitung leh vantung ah na khempeuh
vangliatna tawh a uk vantung Topa tungah a lungdamna thu na gelh hi. A dang “Etela
Mualsuang” tungah King Ezana in, thumgawm Pasian (Pa, Tapa, Khasiangtho) a upna
thu na pulaak hi. Hih Thum gawm Pasian khat in a galte tungah gualzawhna a piakna na
kiciamteh hi.

Ethiopia gam ah Christiante upna AD Kum zalom 6 ma-in, lut khin ahih lam Cos-
mas Indicopleustes in ciamteh hi. AD Kum zalom 5 leh 6 kikaal in Ethiopia LST kitei hi. Byz-
antine ukte bawlsiatna hangin galtai Monophysite phungzuite in Ethiopia LST a letkhiat hi
dingin ki-um hi. Monophysitete pen Christ in pianzia khat bek nei hi cih upna a neite ahi
hi. Hih phungzite huzapna tungtawnin Coptic leh Ethiopia pawlpi in Monophysite upna
pom uh hi, kici hi. Ethiopia Text a upa pen in AD kum zalom 10 na panin a kiteikhia lung-
damna thu bu 4 te ahi hi. Ethiopia Thuciam Lui LST in Hebrew panin kiteisawn tawh a kibat
hangin Greek Septuagint (LXX) panin kitei hi ci-in mipil a tamzaw in sang hi. Thuciam
Thak in Versions dang tawh kibang lo hi. Byzantine leh Western Text-Type tawh tampi
kibang hi. Syriac Version in huzap zo mahmah hi. Sawltakte Tangthu, Laikhak tuamtua-
mte (1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude) leh Mangmuhna te in Greek LST tawh kibang sitset
hi. Ethiopiate’ Thuciam Thak sungah Apocrypha bu 1 Enoch leh Jubilees te kikhum hi.

Arabic Version

Tanglai Arabia in Mesopotamia, Syria’ Khanglam mun leh Palestine Nisuahna lam
teng huam hi. Europe gam ii seh thum suah seh khat cia pha hi. Christian masate in
hih Arabia gam a phakna uh tawh kisai a kiciaptehna lai tawm mahmah hi. Ahi zongin,
“Upna pial (Heresies) Bostra ah bishop sem Beryllus leh Helkesaiteste’ upna thuhilhna
tawh kisai kikum dingin Arabia gamah Origen kisam hi,” ci-in Eusebius in ciamteh hi.
AD Kum zalom 4 na pawl a tangthu gelh siam Socrates in Mavia, Ishamelite (Saracens)

LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 255

kumpinu Christiante upna sang hi ci-in ciaptehna nei hi. Nisuahna lam tengah tualgal
hong om hi. Christian tang om (Monastic Life) ahi Moses min nei, Saracen mite khat in
hih tualgal hong mitsak thei ahih manin kumpinu Mavia in ama gam sunga om pawlpite
tungah a lianpen bishop in koih hi. Tualgal hong ven ciangin Christiante Ethiopia gam
panin Khanglam gam Arabian Peninsula ah Pasian’ nasem dingin hong lut uh hi.

Arabic LST a kiletkhia masa penpen thu kitam theih khol lo hi. Ahi zongin a masa
penpen a kigenna “Madrasb Sipre” sung hi-a, Thuhilhkikna 34:3 in “Torah” (Thukham lai-
bu) in Israelte tungah pau nam 4 tawh Pasian in pia hi.” Tua Israelte’ tunga kipia pau nam
4 te in “Herbrew, Greek, Arabic leh Aramaic paute” hi, ci uh hi. AD Kum zalom 7 pawl in
Islamte in Jewte leh Christian hong zo gawp uh hi. Islam gam sunga, a teeng lai Jewte
leh Christiante in Arabic pau zang uh hi. Tua hunin Arabic pau tawh LST kiletkhiat ding
kikhak cip hi. Jewte leh Christiante in a sim thamin letkhia veve uh hi. Ahi zong Arabic pau
in Muhammad (AD570-632) ma-in, LST nei kei leh kilawm uh hi. Lungdamna thupuakte in
a tangthu kam bek (Oral Form) tawh gen uh hi. Kam tawh a gen uh ciangin Syriac Version
siksan in thugen uh hi. Hih Syriac Version in Docetism (Jesuh in Pasian’ pianzia khat bek
nei hi, leitungah hong pai laitakin mihing tawh kisuun in hong pai hi. Mihing taktak hi lo hi
cih upna in Docetism upna ahi hi.

Arabic in LST Version lianin a neih loh uh hangin kam a kigen (Oral Form) tawh
lungdamna thu za khin uh hi. A nunglam ciangin Arabic pau tawh LST kiletkhia pen Greek,
Old Syriac, Syriac Peshitta, Coptic leh Latin Versionte enkaak in kiletkhia hi cih teci kician
kimukhia hi. Arabic LST khutgelh lai (Manuscript) in Codex Vaticanus Arabicus 13 sungah
kimukhia a, a sungah “Gospel thubu 4 te leh Paul laikhakte om hi. AD Kum zalom 8-9
kikaal pawl in kigelh ahi hi. Arabic Saadia Gaon’ ii kiletkhiat (AD 882-942) kum hi-a, Thu-
ciam Lui kiletkhia masa hi. Ama Thuciam Lui letkhiat pen Masoretic Text tawh kibang hi.
Ahi zongin Arabic tawh a kiletkhiate in siksan bulpi (Source) etkaak kigawm zaak ahi hi.
Hebrew Text, Septuagint (LXX), Peshitta leh a dang Versionte zang khawmin Arabic pau
tawh LST a kiteikhia ahi hi.

Sogdian Version

Sogdian cihin Irannian pau a zangte hi-a, Nisuahna lam Indo-European innkuan
namke khat ahi uh hi. AD kum zalom 12 laizang pawl in hih minamte Asia gam laizang
lamah khenkhat hong teeng uh hi. Kum zalom 19 bei lamin hih Sogdian pau tawh a kigelh
lai tampi China saklam-Nitumna lamTurfan a kicihna ah kimu hi. Tua a kimu laite sungah
Manichaean upna tawh kisai lai tampi, Buddhist upna tawh kisai lai tampi leh Christiante
upna tawh kisai lai tampite kimu hi. Christiante upna laite sungah Matthew bu, Luke bu,
John bu, 1 Corintians bu, Galatians bute kimu hi. Hih laite pen AD kum zalom 9-11 kikaal a
kigelh dingin ki-um hi. Hih laite pen Syriac lai tawh kisuun mahmah hi. Nestorian Chris-
tiante in Asia gamah missionary hong pai uh ciangin Sogdian pau tawh a letkhiatsak hi
dingin ki-ummawh hi.

256 | LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

Nitumna Lam Version Masate

Sawltakte Tangthu bu in Nitumna gam lam a lungdamna thu a kizelh lam na ci-
amteh hi. Roman Empire sungah kampau khat zang uh ahih manin lungdamna thu kizel
baih mahmah hi. AD Kum zalom 3 na dong, Khanglam gam Gaul leh Saklam gam Africa
gam losiah Greek lai in Roman Empire sung huzap zo mahmah hi. Ahi zongin Saklam leh
Khanglam gamte in Latin kam in LST zang zaw uh hi. Latin pau in kumpi zat kampau leh
sumbawl sumzuakna a kizang pau ahi hi. Tualsuak mite in amau pau ciat zang uh hi.
AD Kum zalom 3 ciangin Latin pau a tamzaw in hong zang ahih manin pawlpi tangthu a
dingin zong a thupi tangthu hong suak hi.

Old Latin Version (AD 157-180)

Latin Vulgate hong piang ma-in mipite in a zat uh LST Version in “Old Latin” kici
hi. Damdamin Nitumna gam lamte in Latin pau hong thupisak semsem uh hi. AD 250
ciangin Latin in Christian laigelhte kam zat hong suak hi. Tua manin Latin LST nakpi-in
hong kitangsam pah hi. Old Latin Vulgate in Europe gam a, thuzui Christian masate in
a zat uh LST ahi hi. Hih Old Latin Version kizat zawh kum 220 khit cianga hong piangkhia
LST Version thak Jerome Lation Vulgate (AD 380) kici Roman Catholic LST tawh kibang lo
hi. Christian masate in hih Jerome Latin Vulgate Roman Catholic LST pen kum 1000 sung
bang up dingin muanhuai sa lo uh ahih manin LST panin hemkhia in na zang lo uh hi. Ahi
zong Jerome tei Latin Vulgate ahi lo, Old Latin Version pen Waldenses Christiante, Gaul
Christiante, Albegenses Christiante leh A dang Christian pawlkhat in LST in zang uh hi.

Jerome’ teikhiat Latin Vulgate pen thusim khol lo uh hi. Samuel Gipp in zong”Old
Latin Vulgate pen Waldenses Christiante, Gaul Christiante, Celt Christiante, Albegenses
Christiante leh upna kician nei Christian dangdangte in LST in na zang uh hi,” ci hi. Old
Latin Version pen Orthodox Christiante in LST in muang phadiak uh hi. “Vulgate” cihpen
Latin pau “Vulgar” panin kila hi-a, “Taangpi ahk Tampi” cihnopna ahi hi. “Old Latin Vul-
gate” cih ciangin Europe gam sunga om Christian khempeuh in a zat uh “Laisiangtho”
cihnopna ahi hi. Christiante in Jerome tei Latin Vulgate a nialna uhpen Jerome etkaak
khutgelhlaite a kisia (Corrupted Manuscripts) ahih hang ahi hi, kici hi. Hih hangin pope
Gregory IX in ama khang sung (AD 1227-1242) tengin Christian thu-ummite that in bawl-
sia hi, ci-in Christian tangthu ah kiciamteh hi. David O. Fuller in zong “Britist Christian
masate in Popete thupiakna tawh kibawl Latin Bible zang lo uh hi.

Old Roman Empire hun lai-in Italy, France leh Great Britain gam sunga om
Waldenses Christian masate teikhiat LST zang uh hi. Hih pen “Italic Version” zong kici hi.
Old Latin Bible pen AD 157 khit a kitei hi lo limlim hi, cih Christian tangthu tungtawnin kithei
hi. Latin pau tawh a kiletkhia LST hong dawk masakna mun in Africa gam Saklam gam
tuhunin Tunisia, Algeria leh Morocco gamte ahi hi. Tua lai ah Carthage in Romete’ ngeina
zatpih lai uh hi. AD 180 kum panin Christiante kibawlsiatna Numidia (Tunisia) ah hong
piang hi. Hih kibawlsiat laitakin Christian khat Speratus min nei, Scillium khua ah thusitna
thuak hi. Thusitpa in, “Thung sunga na puak bang ahi hiam? ci-in dong hi. Speratus in,

LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 257

“Laibute leh mi maimai Paul laikhakte hi” ci-in dawng hi. Hih in AD 180 kum pawl in Latin
pau tawh LST om khin ahih lam kawk hi. North Africa gam panin LST thuthuk pilna nei
ahi Tertullian of Carthage (AD 160-220), Cyprian of Carthage (AD 200-258), Augustine of
Hippo (AD 354-430) cihte hong khangkhia hi. Cyprian in Latin Text a zang masa pen pa
ahi hi. Tertullian in LST panin gensawn kikna (Quotes) nasia takin Greek panin a letkhiapa
ahi hi. Augustine in Greek a tam theih loh hangin Latin pau tawh a kiletkhiate nasiatakin
a zang khat ahi hi.

Old Latin Khutgelhlai (Manuscript)

Old Latin Version tawh Thuciam Thak khutgelh lai a tumtawng lai (Fragments) 150
bang om hi. Gospel thu bu 4 te 52, Sawltakte Tangthu bu 29, Paul’ laikhakte 37, Laikhak
tuamtuamte 26, Mangmuhna bu 15 cih bang kimukhia hi. Hih laite tehkaak kician nei
khol lo-in hoih sitset pha lo hi. Ahi zongin “Western Text- Type” dan ahi hi. Thuciam Lui lai
tumtawng (Fragments) a kimukhiate in Moses laibu 5 te, Kamsangpite leh Kamsangneu-
te om hi. Hih Thuciam Lui lai tumtawngte (Fragments) in Septuagint (LXX) Version panin
kiletkhia ahi hi. Thuciam Lui pawlkhat bel Hebrew tawh a kinai om sam hi.

Latin Vulgate

Latin Vulgate in LST tangthu a sinte adingin theih dingin a thupi mahmah ahi hi.
Nitumna lam in kum 1000 sunga huzapna leh Puahphate hun sungin amau kampau tek
tawh LST letkhiat a kitangsapna hong musak hi. Latin Vulgate pen kampau dang tampi
tawh zong a kiletkhia LST ahi hi. Latin Vulgate in Jerome (AD 383-405) in a letkhiat LST ahi
hi.

Jerome Tangthu

Jerome in AD 346 kumin Stridon khua, Dalmatia leh Pannonia kikaal a om khua
panin a piang ahi hi. AD 363 kum, kum 12 a phak ciangin Rome ah pilna sin dingin hong
pai hi. Lailam siam in a minthang mahmah Aelius Donatus ukna nuai ah laigelhzia hanci-
am takin sin hi. Roman Empire sungah pilna thukpi a ngah nadingin khualzin kawikawi hi.
Antioch ah Greek lai (AD 373-73) kum sung va sin a, Hebrew lai Syrian Desert of Chalcis
(AD 374-79) leh Bethlehem ah (AD 385) kum sung Hebrew lai va sin hi. Jerome in Greek
lai deih mahmah ahih manin Rome ah a sangkah lai-in tampi thei man hi. Ahi zongin
Antioch ah (AD 374) kumin Greek lai sin beh dingin hong pai hi. Tua lai ah nasia takin a ci
hong na hi. A cinat sungin mang khat hong manin tua a mang in a nuntakna kheel hi.

A mang in amah mawhsakna mang ahi hi. “Nang kua na hiam” cih a kidot ciangin,
“Christian khat hi-ing” ci-in Jerome in dawng hi. Dotna a dong penin, “Na zuau hi, Christ
nung na zui kei hi. Cicero nungzui khat na hi hi. Na hauhna mun in na lungtangah om
hi” cih san hi… Hih panin Jerome in LST nasiatakin sin dingin hong kiciam pah hi. Beth-
lehem ah Hebrew lai sin in a om laitak a siapa lausa in a kiangah hong pai hi. Jewte in
amau pau pen pau siangtho in, a ngaihsut uh hi-a, Gentail khat peuh tungah hilh dingin
kikhaam hi. Hebrew lai Jerome hong hilh ciangin a siapa kimawhsak ahih lam Jerome

258 | LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

tungah hong gen hi. Hih hangin Hebrew lai sin hong zom thei nawnlo hi. Ahi zong pawlpi
makai dangte sangin Jerome in Hebrew lai thei zaw veve hi. AD 382 kum ciangin Rome
ah hong ciah kik hi. A kum kik ciangin Pope Damasus in Latin LST a puahpha kik dingin
sawl hi. Old Latin bu pen AD Kum zalom 4 na dong, Nitumna lam pawlpite zat LST ahi hi.
Kum zalom 4 na bei lam ciangin a kiteisawnna panin kicinlohna leh manlohna pawlkhat
om ahih manin Rome a om bishop Damasus in Old Latin LST etphatkikna (Revision) neih
ding hoihsa ahih manin Jerome sawl hi. Jerome in zong Hebrew LST (Thuciam Lui) leh
Greek LST (Thuciam Thak) tawh Old Latin LST bute nakpitakin hong puahkik hi. Jerome in
LST hilhcianna zong hanciam mahmah ahih manin zo mengmeng hi. Galatians bu hilh-
cianna a gelh in ni khat in laigual 1000 val zo kici hi. Matthew hilhcianna zan khat sungin
zo siang hi, kici hi. LST hilhciannate ah Jewte ngeina zuizaw pian hi. Pawlpi masate gen-
kikna (Quotes)te zong hoih takin kantel in laibu ah gelhkhia hi.

Thuciam Lui Septuagint (LXX) tawh hong enkaak in hong puah hi. Septuagint
tawh lungkim zo taktak lo ahih manin Hebrew LST tawh hong enkaak in hong puah pha
hi. AD 385 kum ciangin Thuciam Thak bu teng hong zo hi. Tua khit ciangin Thuciam Lui
bu hong puahpha kik a, kum 23 sung hanciamtakin hong sepkhit ciangin Jerome in Latin
LST (AD 382-405) hong zo siang hi. Jerome in a puahphat LST pen “Latin Vulgate” kici hi.
“Vulgate” a khiatna in “Mi khempeuh a ding” cihna ahi hi. Hih “Latin Vulgate” in LST kilet
khia khempeuh lakah a hoih pen leh a zahtaak-huai pen hi ci-in, Roman Catholic Church
in “Authorized Version” in Council of Trent ah 1546 kumin khentatna leh kipsakna nei uh
hi. 1952 kumin a nunung pen Latin Vulgate puahphatna kimtakin kizo siang hi. Clement
III (1592-1605) makaihna tawh kipuahphakik ahih manin, “Clementine Vulgate” min tawh
kibawl kik hi. Roman Catholic Church in “Authorized Version” in kipsak hi. Greek Septua-
gint (LXX) bulphuh in Jerome in a puahphat kik ahih manin Septuagint (LXX) bu sunga ki-
helsa “Apocrypha bute” zong Laitin Vulgate sungah heltosuak pah hi. Hih “Apocrypha bu
14 te” in Pasian’ thu bu, Thuciam Lui bu 39 te sangin “Thuneihna niamzaw” hi ci-in Jerome
in ciaptehna nei hi. Latin Vulgate in a thupi mahmah khat hitakpi hi. Banghang hiam ci-
hleh, Greek kam tawh khutgelhlai (Manuscript) bu pawlkhat sangin upazaw (Masazaw)
mawk hi. Tua thamlo-in Mangkam tawh LST a kiletkhia masa pente “Latin Vulgate” pan
a kiletkhia ahi hi. Roman Catholicte in zong hih “Latin Vulgate” mah panin Mangkam in a
letkhiat uh Version in, “Douay Version” ahi hi. Latin Vulgate mah panin a kiletkhia Mikang
Version dangte in “Wycliff Bible” leh Gutenburg Bible” te ahi hi.

Gothic Version

Tanglai Goth mite in Dunube Saklam leh Black Sea kiim ah teeng uh hi. Nampi
nih in kikhen uha, Dinester River gei, Nisuahna lam ah “Ostrogoth” minamte teeng uh hi.
Nitumna lam ah “Visigoth” minamte teeng uh hi. AD Kum zalom 3 na masa lamin Goth
galkapte in gal man zelzel uh hi. Christian siampi pawlkhat zong man kha uha, tuate
hangin hotkhiatna za kha uh hi. Council of Nicea AD 325 ah a kihel kha bishop sem The-
ophilus in Goth mi ahi hi. Kum 30 bek a pha, Wufilas /Ufilas? (AD 311-383) pen Goth gam
a bishop sem Eusebius of Nicomedia in siampi zaa na pia hi. Wufilas in a sih dong citak-
takin Pasian’ na a sem khat hi-a, “Gothte’ Jesuh nungzuipa” ci-in kisam hi.

LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 259

Wufilas’ Version

Tangthu siam Philotorgius (AD 360-430) in Goth LST Version hong piangkhiatna in
Wufilas hang hi, na ci hi. AD kum zalom 3 na sunga Wufila in LST a let in a siksan a laakna
bulpi- in Goth mite in a mat uh ahi Christiante’ zat LST bute kawmin LST a tei ahi hi. Hih
LST in Septuagint (LXX) ahi hi. Wufilas in a letkhiat LST pen Spain gam leh Italy Saklam
gam sungah zong AD kum zalom 5 sungin tung hi. Goth mite in hih gamte ah hong lal
uh ciangin Europe gam tampite ah Wufilas letkhiat LST hong keng uh ahih manin hong
minthang mahmah hi.

Wufilas in Thuciam Lui a kamlet ciangin Samuel bu leh Kumpite bu sung letkhia
lo-in paisan hi. Goth gamah gal kidona tam lua ahih manin Samuel bu leh Kumpite bu
letkhia leh Goth mite galdo dinga hanthawn suak dinga, kidona kizom toto ding ahih
manin a letkhia lo ahi hi, ci-in Philostorgius in gen hi. Wufilas in LST buppi a letkhiat khit
leh a letkhiat khit loh kithei lo hi. Goth pau tawh Thuciam Lui khutgelh a tumtawng (Frag-
ments) tawm kimu hi. Piancilna, Late leh Nehemiah 5-7 kician lai hi. Hih Version in Sep-
tuagint (LXX) panin a kilet ahih manin LST muanhuaina zong lak hi. Thuciam Thak pen
Greek pan kiletkhia hi-a, Wufilas in Greek Thuciam Thak bang lianin kammal khat khit
kammal khat (Word for word) tawh letkhia hi. Greek ngeina in Gothte ngeina pawlkhat
tawh kitukalh ahih manin mun khat khatte ah lailetzia kician khin lo hi.

Goth Version Khutgelhlaite (Manuscripts)

Goth mite’ khutgelhlai Version 9 om hi. Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak a kim tawh
a kim lo tawh cih bangin khutgelhlai om hi. Tu in khutgelh lai (Thuciam Lui) sungah (Pi-
ancilna, Late, Ezra-Nehemiah) a kimin om a, Thuciam Thak khutgelhlaite in (Gospel thubu
4 te leh Paul laikhakte) omlai hi. AD kum zalom 5 na leh 6 na sunga Goth mite’ khutgelhlai
“Argentius” ci-in kithei (Silver Codex) sungah Nitumna pawlpite a dan zui in Lungdamna
thubu 4 te (Matthew, John, Luke, Mark) leh Paul laikhakte ngun (Silver) mel tawh kigelh hi.
Gospel thubu 4 te a kipatna laigual thumta leh a khen tuamtuamte kham (Gold) meel
tawh kigelh hi. Tu-in hih khutgelhlai (Manuscripts) in Uppsala University, Sweden ah ki-
koih hi.

Slavonic Version

Michael III (AD 842-867) in Nisuahna lam kumpipa hi-a, Slavste’ Missionary a kici
unau nih Methodius (AD 815-885) leh Constantine (A phungzi min Cyril) (AD 826-869) te
Pasian’ thupuak dingin sawlkhia hi. A unau un Moravian minam keete lakah Slavonic pau
tawh lungdamna thupuak uh hi. Amau pen Europe Nisuahna lam panin Thessalonica
dong ah kithei hi. Hih unau nihte in Slavic tualsuak pau a neu tungpan a, a khangkhiat
pih bangin a pau uh siam mahmah uh hi. Constantine in pilna sangpi nei khat hi-a, Uni-
versity of Constantinople panin sang zo hi.

Philosophy leh Theology hilh theihna zaa hih a sang man ciang ngah hi. Ahi
zongin AD 863 kum ciangin a sanggampa tawh Moraviante lakah hong kithuah uha,

260 | LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

Pasian’ thusinsak uh hi. A sawtlo-in, Glagolitic lai (Alphabets) hong bawlsak uh hi. Greek
LST panin Slavonic pau tawh LST letkhiat leh thugenna hong nei uh hi. Moraviante leh
Slavonicte a pau uh kibang hi. A sawtlo-in, Byzantinete in Bulgar mite lakah lungdam-
na thu hong puak uh hi. Bulagarte leh Slavte biakna leh pau kizopna nei uh hi. Tua ahih
manin Slav lai hong khangto tuam mahmah hi. AD 869 kum ciangin Constantine hong
si hi. Thuciam Lui bu panin Late ciang zo man hi. Thuciam Thak panin Gospel thu bu 4
te, Sawltakte Tangthu zong zo man hi. Methodius leh a lawmte in AD kum zalom 9 na bei
kuan ciangin a khutgelhlaite zongkhia uha, pawlkhat mukhia uh hi. Tua a muhte uh hong
puahpha to uha, Slavonic LST hong piangkhia hi.

Hih Slavonic LST a tungin khutgelhlaite in Glagolotic lai (Script) tawh a kigelh ahi
hi. Constantine in Greek, Latin leh Hebrew lai (Samaritan) panin a letkhiat ahi hi. Hih un-
aute Methodius leh Constantinete in LST a teikhiatna bulpi (Source) laakna in Greek pan
ahi hi, kici hi. Maccabees bute pen LST panin Methodius in hemkhia hi. “Byzantine Text
Family Greek” panin kiteikhia ahih manin Nitumna lamte leh Ceasarean Type te adingin
thupit mahmah na nei hi. Hih Slavonic LST in LST kiletkhiatzia a kan nuamte adingin man-
pha mahmah hi.

Nubian Version

AD kum zalom masa lam Christiante hunin, Egypt saklam leh Ethiopia khanglam
kikaal ah gam (3) om a, tuate lakah gam khat ahi Nubia gam ah Christian upna hong
puak masa kua hiam cih kithei lo hi. AD kum zalom 3 na leh 4 na kikaal in pawlpi a kiphut
hi dingin Christian tangthu ah kiciamteh hi. Emperor Diocletian in Christiante a bawlsiat-
na ding thu a piak ciangin Christiante in bukna in Nubia gam zang uha, tua panin Chris-
tian upna kizel hi ding hi cih upna om hi. Nubiante pau tawh LST a tei hun kithei cian lo hi.
AD kum 600 pawl in Missionary semte va tung hi cih Christian tangthu ah kiciamteh hi.
Missionary nasemte in Nubian pau tawh LST teisak hi dingin ki-um hi. Nubian pau tawh
“Nubian Version” khutgelhlaite in (Matthew, John, Rom Laikhak, Galatians, Phillipians, He-
brews, Mangmuhna) bute kimu hi.

Thuciam Thak A Lian Leh A Neu Khenna

Thuciam Thak AD kum zalom 4 na kiim pawl in a thulu zui in kikhen hi. Tua pen
“Kephalaia” kici hi. Eusebebius of Caesarea in Gospel bute khenna na nei hi. Tulai a i LST
khendan tawh kibang lo hi. AD kum zalom 9 kumin Tours Manuscript, Paris Bibliotheque
Nationale MS lat.3, a thulu (Title) zui-in a lian (Chapters) kikhen LST pen “Bible of Rorigo”
kici hi. Thuciam Thak bu 27 te pen a lian panin a neu tawh hong khenkhia masa penpen
in Italy mi Dominican, LST lam pilna a nei, Sante Pagnino (1470-1541) ahi hi. Ahi zongin
ama khenzia kitamzat lua lo hi. Amah in a khenzia pen tuhun a LSTte sangin sauzaw
thamtham hi.

Robert Estienne in 1551 kumin Greek Thuciam Thak puahphatna hong nei hi. 1533
kumin French gam ah a kikhen khia LST in hih Greek Thuciam Thak panin a kipuahpha a
lian (Chapter) leh a neu (Verse) pen hong zangto uh hi. Tuhun LST khempeuh in Robert

LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 261

Estinenne ii zat a lian (Chapter) leh a neu (Verse) khenzia kizui tek hi. 1555 kumin Latin
Vulgate a kikhen khia Thuciam Thak in a taang (Verses) a zang masa penpen LST ahi hi.
Mikang LST ah, LST a neu (Verses) khenna a nei masa penpen in William Whittingham
(1524-1579) ahi hi. Mikang LST a lian (Chapters) leh a neu (Verses) tawh a kikhen khia
masa penin 1560 khit a kikhen “Geneva Bible” ahi hi. Hih zatzia pen Mikang LST khempeuh
leh a dang pau tuamtuam tawh a kiletkhia LSTte in zang ciat uh hi.

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16 MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

Britain ah Christian upna a lut hun in AD kum zalom 3 nung lam hi lo limlim hi.
Britain gam ah Christian upna hong puak masa penpen in Roman sumbawlte hong tun
ciang a kipan ahi hi. AD kum zalom 1 leh 2 kikaal pawl in kigen hi. Christian upna a sangte
in kipawlkhopna na masak lo kha uh hi. Kipawlna sangin lungdamna gospel thupisakzaw
uh hi. Pasian’ thu a puak hih sumbawlte in Jesuh tangthu leh dawibiate pasian’ tangthu
gen kaak in nei ziauzaw uh hi.

Caedmon’s Paraphases (AD 678-731)

England gam ah a masa penpen pawlpi tangthu siam mipil khat in a kithei Ven-
erable Bede (c. 673 – May, 735) ahi hi. Bede in Northumbria gam sunga om Jarrow khua
St. Peter phungzi sangah Roman Catholic phungzi ngak khat ahi hi. Bede in thulu tu-
amtuam tawh lai tampi a gelh mipil khat ahi hi. Pasian’ a zahtak mahmah khat hi-a,
thungetna, lai simna leh laigelhna tawh hun a zang den khat zong ahi hi. AD 731 kumin
ama laigelh, “Ecclesiastical History of the English People” cih laibu in a minthang pen
khat ahi hi. A lungluthuai khat lai ah, LST Manglai tawh a masa penpen a pulaakna ahi
hi. Tua hunin Latin Vulgate bek pawlpite in LST in a kizang ahi hi. LST mimal in a nei zote
bek in sim kha uh hi. Bede in Caedmon thu a nuai a bang danin na gelh hi. Caedmon in
a sanggampa gannote Streonaeshalch (Whitby Abbey) phungzi sang gei ah kepsak hi.

Nitak khat, phungzite in pawi nei-in, lasa in, tamngai tumin a omlaitak un, Caed-
mon’ lungsim buaisak mahmah hi. Banghang hiam cih leh la khat vei zong za ngei nai lo
hi. Tua ciangin a gante ciahsan in ihmu pah hi. A ihmut laitakin mang khat hong nei hi.
A mang sungah amah kiang lamzuan mi khat om hi. Tua pa in nate kipatcilna thu tawh
kisai lasa dingin sawl hi. Lasa thei lo ahih manin lasak ding nial hi. A kiho kawm un van
leh lei piangsakpa Pasian phatna la khat Caedmon in hong phuak ziau hi. A khanlawh
ciangin, Caedmon in a mang sunga la a sak khempeuh phawk kik a, a kisa thei lakam

MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 263

in pawlkhat hong behlap hi. A mangmat thute a pupa hong gen hi. A pupa in numei
makaipinu (Abbess) kiangah amah tawh kimu dingin paipih pah hi. Makaipinu in Caed-
mon a tuahkhak thute gen dingin sawl hi. Thu a kidot khit uh ciangin makaipi nu leh a
lamlakpa in a mangmat pen Pasian’ tung panin hong kipia silpiak hi-a, ahi zongin sittel
ding kisam ding hi, ci uh hi. Lakam (Poem) danin a gelh dingin sawl uh hi. A zingsang
kik ciangin, Caedmon in a kingen a laigelhte pia dingin hong pai kik hi. Mi maimai khat
Pasian in a teel hikha ding hi ci-in makaipinu in Caedmon phungzi kiciamna la ding leh
phungzi khat suak dingin thupia in sawl hi. Makaipinu in a siangtho tangthu (Sacred His-
tory) upna bulpi (Doctrine) leh LST (Scripture), Caedmon thuhilh dingin a phungzi mipilte
sawl hi.

Tua ciangin sun leh zan in Caedmon Latin pau leh Latin lai hilh uh hi. LST sunga om
thu hoih nonote leh upna bulpite Anglo-Saxon tawh lakam in gelhkhia in hawmkhia hi.
Caedmon in a lakamte tamngai tawh sak nuam sa mahmah hi. Phungzite leh LST siamte
in Caedmon’ late leh LST a gelhkhiatte lai tawh ciamteh uh hi. Hih in a masa penpen LST
tawh a kizom thute Mikang kamin a kiciamteh masa penpen LST ahi hi. Caedmon in AD
684 pawl in si hi. Caedmon in Latin Vulgate panin Mikang lai tawh Pasian’ thu, a thupi
tata, kamletkhia in laphuak tawh thuah hi. A laite in phungzi sanga, a sin LST thute ahi hi.
A tamzaw a late LST sung pan hi-a, Piancilna, Paikhiatna leh Daniel sung pan ahi hi.

Aldhelm (AD 639-709)

Aldhelm in Malmesbury phungzi sangah AD 675 kumin phungzi sang-ukpa din-
gin kiteel hi. Amah in a minthang mahmah mipil khat ahi hi. A neu lai-in a siapa in Latin
leh Greek hilh a, baihsa in nuam sa mahmah hi. A pil in minthang mahmah ahih manin
kum 40 khawng hong phak tak ciangin mipil tampite in laisin dingin ama kiang zuan uh
hi. A gol ciangin Greek pau leh Greek lai gelh thei hi. Latin pau pen a gelh leh a pau siam
cihtakin siam hi. Hebrew pen lailetkhia thei ciangin siam hi. Amah pen Mangkang mipil
masa penpen khat ahi hi. AD 700 kumin Latin panin Anglo-Saxon tawh LST hong letkhia-
pa ahi hi. Thuciam Lui ah Late bu buppi in Latin panin letkhia siang zo hi. LST Thuciam Lui
leh Thuciam Thak zong tampi mah letkhia hi.

Bede (AD 675-736)

Bede in Aldhelm sangin a nauzaw tham khat ahi hi. Ahi zongin, amau nih a
khangto khawm in, a kingaihsun ahi hi. Aldhelm mah bangin Bede in ama khangah Mi-
kang pau tawh LST a letkhia masa penpen khat ahi hi. A sih ni na ngawnin zong (May
/26/ AD735), Bede in Gospel John bu simsak (Dictate) kawmkawm in letkhia hi. A sih ding
hong nai mahmah ciangin, kam tawh a simsakpa (Dictate) Wilbert in Bede kiangah, “Sia
aw, a kigelh nai lo lai omlai hi” ci hi. Tua ciangin Bede in a nunung Gospel bu hong letkhia
hi. Naupang Wilbert in Bede tungah a laitei zo siang ta ahih lam pulaak hi. Bede in, “Na
thugen maan hi, ka man siang takpi hi” ci-in Wilbert tungah Bede in dawngkik hi. Hih
zahin kei hong lungdamsak LST ahih manin na khut tawh ka thunget zelna mun siangtho
lamah ka lu hong heisak-in, ka mai ah hih LST hong ngasak in la, tua ciangin tu kawmin

264 | MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

Topa tungah lungdam ka ko ding hi, ci-in Bede in naupang Wilbert tungah huhna ngen
hi. Wilbert in Bede ngetna teng a sep khit tak ciangin sual tung hong tu thei-in lasak
hong kipan hi. Pa leh Tapa leh Khasiangtho tungah minthanna om ta hen… a cih khit
ciangin lungnuam takin a husan nunung hong bei hi. Kamsiatna tawh Bede’ LST letkhiat
pawlkhat kimu nawnlo hi.

Alcuin (AD735-804)

Egbert in York ah bishop a sep ciangin Pasian’ nasemte pattah nading sang khat
phuan hi. A sangnaupangte sung panin a mindawk mahmah khat in Alcuin ahi hi. Alcu-
in in York ah sang hong kah ciangin, a siapa Egbert in a lupna tungah tusa in ni suah a
kipan nai 6 sung bang Alcuin leh a lawmte pilna thuthuk hilh hi. Khat veivei ciangin nai
9 sung bang hilh hi. Alcuin pen a minthang mahmah mipil hong suak hi. AD 782 kum
ciangin Jerome’ Latin Vulgate panin a hoih mahmah in Mikang kam tawh LST hong let-
khia hi. Alcuin in LST hong letkhiat ciangin “Caroline Minuscule” khutgelh bangin a neu leh
a lian omsak ahih manin LST sim nuamsak tuam mahmah hi.

King Alfred (AD849-901)

A thupi mahmah a dang khat leuleu ah Latin panin Mangkam (Old English) ah
LST hong letkhia penin King Alfred of Wesse (AD 849-901) ahi hi. Alfred in Pasian a zahtak
mahmah Christian nu hoih mahmah khat nei hi. A nu tung panin lai ukna lungsim nei hi.
Alfred in biakna leh lai lam pilna amah leh amah in hong taw in hong kankhia hi. Biakna
lam a kankhiatnate sungah LST zong kihel hi. Alfred, amah leh amah in LST letkhiat hong
kipan hi. Hanciam lua mahmah ahih manin Latin LST panin Mikang LST (Old English) ah
hong letkhiat tampi om zo hi. Alfred in LST letkhiatzia a hanciamna a genna ah, a mal
mal (Word for word) leh a deihna khiatzia (Meaning to Meaning) tawh ka letkhia hi ci-in
gen hi. Alfred in Latin panin Mikang kam tawh a letkhiat LST te bangzah man siang cih
kitelcian lo hi. Ahi zongin thuciin ngeina khat ah, Thupiak sawmte leh Paikhiatna 22-23
leh Sawltakte Tangthu 15:23-29, Mang kamin omlai hi, kici hi. Thukham sawm a letkhiatna
a hangin Anglo-Saxonte in amau Thukhamte (Code of Saxon Laws) a muhkholh theihna
ding uh ahi hi, ci hi. William of Malmesbury in “Alfred in Mikang kamin Late a letkhiat lai-
tak in si hi” ci hi. Alfred’ lunggulhna a pulaakna ah, “Hih kumpi gam sunga, a khangkhia
khangnote in Mikang LST hoihtak a sim theih mateng uh, na hoih sem ngeilo ding uh hi”
ci hi.

Laithei Aldred (AD995-1020)

AD 950 – 970 kum pawl in Aldred the Scribe in, “The Lindisfarne Gospels” cih laibu
sungah Gospel bu 4 te Northumbrian tualpau tawh teikhia hi. A hoih mahmah lim tawh
zeem hi. Hih a kigelhna Northumbria kampau in tua hunin Anglo-Saxon pau mah tawh
kibang hi. Latin pau panin Anglo-Saxon pau tawh Gospel bu 4 te kiletkhia a, Latin pau in
Anglo-Saxon lai tawh etkaak theih dingin bawl hi. Latin pau a tel zo lote huh tuam mah-
mah hi. Tua ahih manin Mikang pau tawh Gospel bu 4 te a buppi-in a kiletkhia masa
penpen ahi hi.

MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 265

Orm/ Ormin (AD 1200-1300)

AD 1200-1300 kum kikaal in Gospel bu 4 te leh Sawltakte Tangthu hilhcianna tawh
a kikop Thuciam Thak khat hong piangkhia hi. Tua LST pen “Ormulum” kici hi. Hih LST a
bawlkhia pen Augustine nungzui phungzi khat “Orm (Ormin) min neipa ahi hi. Saklam-Ni-
suahna gam lam Midlands panin a gelh ahi hi. Hih ama teikhiat (Copy) khat bek om hi.
Ama teikhiat a omlai pen Oxford a Bodleian Laibusaal sungah kikoih hi.

Tomno Sung Buaina

Normante in 1066 kumin “Battle of Hastings” hong zo uh hi. Englandte pau hong
kikheelsak zo hi. Battle of Hastings ah William in gualzawhna hong ngah manin tulai a
kizang Mikang pau pen hong kizang suak hi. Kum zalom 3 sung bang Norman French pau
pen mipilte kampau zat hong suak hi. Tua manin biakna kampau dingin Latin pau kizang
hi. Mikang pau a lui (Old English) in England gam sung luah gai zo nawnlo hi. Hih bang
hunin pawlpi sungah kampau bang pau hoih pen ding cih kilim ngaihsut pha mahmah
a, LST letkhiat ding kiphal pha lo hi. Kum zalom 14 ciangin LST pawlkhat hong kibawlkhia
hi. Tua a kibawlkhia LST min in “Middle English” kici hi. Mipi lak biakna pawite leh kikhopna
limlimte ah Latin Vulgate bek kizang thei hi. Banghangin Latin Vulgate bek biakna pawite
leh kikhopna ah kiphal se hiam cih mite in hong kankhiat ciang ua, “Nuntakna leh a taw-
ntung” cih thu a tawpna ah hong mu khia uh hi. Pope thuneihna leh sepkhiatnate mipi-in
khial sa lua ahih manin Roman Catholic Pawlpi hong kikhenkham hi.

1054 kumin Nitumna lam pawlpite leh Nisuahna lam pawlpite hong kikhen khia
zangzang uh hi. Nitumna lam pawlpite sungah English pawlpi om ahih manin England
lam pen nakpi-in suk khak luatna om lo hi. Kum (1378-1417) kikaal ah biakna pawlpi hong
kikhenkhapna (Schism) hangin buaina tampi piangsak hi. Hih hun sungin Popete in bi-
akna leh gamvai ah a thuneihna uh a ngah kik nading un hong hanciam mahmah uh hi.
Pawlpi kikhenna “Schism” hangin Pasian’ thu sangin gamvai (Political) tawh hong makaih
man un, pawlpi sung kitapna hong piang ahi hi. Pawlpi sung buaina neucik hangin Ro-
man Catholic pawlpi khempeuh hih buaina in hong lawhsuak hi. England lam zong tua
buaina in hong sukha ta hi. Hih buaina hong pianna a hang, pawlpi makaite kingawh
ahih manin mite in, “Kua bangci muan theih ding i hiam? (Who and what can we trust)
cih dawtna hong piang hi. Tua bang kawmkaal ah a lipkhap huai nuntakna hong sukha
haksatna hong tuak uh hi. Tua in “Black Death” kici pulnatna ahk “Bubbonic Plague” kici
pulnatna ahi hi. Hih pulnatna hangin khuapi mun khempeuhah mi 30-40% kiim dingin a
nuntakna uh mual hong liam san uh hi. Hih gimna hong kipat in AD kum zalom 13 laizang
pawl ahi hi. Pulnatna hong om kikkik in beisiang zo lo hi.

AD kum zalom 16 dong hih pulnatna bei siang sinsen zo lo hi. 1348 kumin a nungta
a cidam khat ii nuntak tan ding kum 25 in kiseh hi. Natna nasia lua ahih manin a cidam
mahmah khat ii nuntak tan ding kum 17 in khiamsuk uh hi. Hih hunin pawlpi zong natna
in hong sukha ahih manin natna panin hotkhiatna ngah nadingin mite in nakpi-in Pa-
sian tungah kiko in thungen uh hi. Ahi zongin hih “Pulnatna” panin mihingte deih bangin

266 | MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

hotkhiatna hong pai lo hi. Mite in tawntung nuntakna zong dingin kitawsawn uh hi. Hih
bang hunin pawlpi sungah siampite in Latin pau mah zat dingin thupi ngaihsut lai uh hi.
Ahi zongin Mangkangte in Latin sim thei lo uh hi. Mikangte in Latin pau tawh a kitei LST a
theih loh laitakin Mikang pau tawh LST neih zawh nadingin hih bang hun haksa sungah
John Wycliffe hong khangkhia hi.

John Wycliffe’ Bible (1320-1384)

John Wyciffe pen England gam Yorkshire khua a suak hi-a, Oxford ah sangkah in
LST thu (Theology) leh thuthuk pilna (Philosophy) lam siam hi. 1372 kum ciangin Doctorate
degree ngah hi. LST tawh kisai in a upzia Agustine upzia hi-a, thuthuk pilna (Philosophy)
lam ah Plato’ upna in huzap hi. 1374 kumin Lutterworth ah kumpipa in pawlpi siapi in koih
hi. A sih ma kum giat, kum kua khawng a kipan laigelh hong kipan hi. Pope semte in mi-
hing mah ahih manin khial thei uha, upna maan lo Popete zong pulaakkhiat (Lahkhiat)
ding hi ci hi. Pawlpi maan i cihpen a piangthak taktakte kipawlna hi-a, leitunga muhthei-
hte kipawlna hi lo hi. Leitung mi khat peuhpeuh in hih pawlpi maan sung lut nading hong
sepsak thei lo a, zong hong lakhia thei zenzen lo hi ci hi. Thu-ummi khempeuh siampi
zaa ngah hi ci-in LST in hong hilh ahih manin (1 Pet. 2:9), siampi, phungzite, a thupi tuam
deuh hi lo hi, ci hi. Biakinn sunga milim suante zong deih lo hi. LST a thupi pen ahih manin
mi khempeuh in LST a theih nading ci-in Latin Vulgate panin Mikang kam tawh LST hong
teikhia hi. Mikang kam tawh LST buppi a tei masa pen hi pah hi.

Nekkhawm ciangin leenggah tui leh khomun in Jesuh sisan taktak hi cih upna
(Transubstantiation) leh pawlpi thuneihna tawh kisai Roman Catholic Popete’ manlohna
a pholhkhia ngampa leh a to ngam pa ahi hi. Amah pen “Puahpha Zingsol Aksipi” (Morn-
ing Star of Reformation) cih min kipia hi. Ama hangin biakna lam puahphatna tampi
hong om hi. Popete thuneihna tawh kisai a laigelhkhiatna “De Potestate Papae” sun-
gah, “LST in a tawntungin Christiante biakna ah etteh ding ahi hi. LST in upna bulpi sik-
san muanhuai pen hi-a, pawlpi thukham thuneihna tawh LST behlap ding hi lo hi. Tua
banah, Pope thuneihna in LST sungah kimu lo hi” ci hi. Puahphate lakah “Anti-Christ” in
“Pope hi” a ci masa pen zong amah ahi hi. Ama nungzuite in Lollards kici hi. England gam
khempeuh ah hotkhiatna thu tangko khia dingin sawlkhia hi. A sawlkhiat siate in hang-
tak in Roman Catholic pawlpi makaite manlohna leh pawlpi upna a manlohnate hong
genkhia uha buaina hong kipan hi. 1381 kumin lokhomite kitomna bang, hih thuhilhsiate
holhthawh hi ci-in kimawhsak hi. Wycliffe in LST in Pasian’ kammal hi-a, mi khempeuh
hong sam hi. Tua ahih manin LST a sim peuh mah in a tel ding kisam mahmah hi, ci hi.

Wycliffe galte in hat lua ahih manin May 21, 1382 kumin upna paikhialpa ci-in
hong mankhia uh hi. Wycliffe’ laigelhkhiatte pan thupulaak 24 te khial hi ci-in mawhpaih
uh hi. Langpanna tampi a thuak hangin thahna thuak kha lo-in December 31, 1384 ku-
min Midlands gam Lutterwarth ah hong si hi. Amah bekin LST letkhia ahih manin muan-
mawhuai pawlkhat om hi. Wycliffe LST in muanmawh huai ding om a, zat ngam loh ding
lah hisam lo hi. Amah pen Khasiangtho humuapna leh lamlahna tawh a gelhkhiat hi-a,
amah lian bek sep bel hi sam lo hi. A sangnaute leh a lawmte John Purvey leh Nicholas

MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 267

of Herefordte in a huh man un LST bubuppi a zo thei bek ahi hi. Khut tawh teikhiat a zawh
uh ciangin a masa penpen laibu 1382 kumin hong bawlkhia uh hi. A nihveina Version
in 1388 kum ciangin hong bawlkhia leuleu uh hi. Latin Vulgate panin a kiletkhia, a kitei
ahih manin Wycliffe LST sungah “Apocrypha” kikhum hi. Wycliffe LST in 1415 kumin mawh-
paihna leh mihon lakah kihaltum hi. Wyliffe’ sangnaupangte Purvey leh Nicholas te zong
thong khum in, a thuhilh uh a khawl dingin khauh takin thupia uh hi.

1428 kumin, Pope Martin V in Wycliffe’ luang a kiphumna panin tokha kik in a kimu
lai a guhsiate haltum in, a vuute gun sungah pai hi ci-in John Fox in gen hi. Laibu bawlna
set (Printing Press) hong om ma-in, Wycliffe LST, a letkhiat ding om khempeuh kizo khin ta
hi. Latin panin a kiteikhia khempeuh zong khut tawh a kitei (Copy) vive ahi hi. Laibu peina
set a om ma, 1450 kum ciangin khut tawh a kigelh Wycliffe LST buppi a bu in 180 omlai
sitset hi. A thupitna khat ah kum zalom 16 dong, Wycliffe LST kizang mahmah hi. Laikhetna
set hong hoih semsem ciangin a thak a kiletkhiate laibu bawlna set tawh hong kipeikhia
hi. Josiah Forshall leh Frederick Madden in Wycliffe LST laibu bawlna set tawh a peikhiat
zawh 1850 kum ma teng puahphatkikna hong dawk nawnlo hi. Thuciam Thak Version a
masa pen “Middle English” tawh 1380 kumin kibawlkhia hi. A nihveina puahpha kik uha,
Wycliffe a sih khit 1388 kumin kibawlkhia leuleu hi. Thuciam Lui pen 1382 kumin Wycliffe’
lawm Nicholas of Hereford in behlapsak hi.

William Tyndale’ Bible (1494-1536)

William Tyndale pen Oxford leh Cambridge ah sang hong kah hi. Erasmus Greek
Thuciam Thak hong kibawlkhiat cil lam hi-a, Tyndale in hih laibu a sim khak ciangin
LST Mikang kam tawh bawlkhiat ding lunglut mahmah hi. William Tyndal in 1492 kumin
Gloucestershire ah piang hi. A neu lai-in LST sim uuk mahmah hi. Kum 16 a phak in Oxford
University ah sang kah hi. 1515 kum ciangin MA Degree ngah hi. Cambridge University ah
sang a kah ma-in Oxford ah kum khat nasem hi. Cambridge University ah Richard Croke
in Greek lai hilh in a om laitakin William Tyndale Cambridge University ah sang hong
kahin Greek leh Hebrew lai hong siam mahmah hi. 1523 kumin Bishop of London huhna
tawh LST bawl nuam hi. Lampi honsak ding cih sangsik in Bishop pa in phal lo-in tawng-
gawp lai hi. Ahih hangin Tyndale lungkia tuan lo hi. Tyndale in Popete Pasian thuhilhzia a
maanlohna hong tel semsem hi. Mikang kam tawh LST letkhiat ding ngaihsutpi-in hong
nei hi. Ahih hangin England gam ah tua nasep kisem thei lo ding hi cih thei ahih manin
Germany gam ah hong pai hi. A khan sungin a pianna leitangah ciahkik nawnlo hi.

Humburg, Witternberg ah hong pai hi. Germany ah a om sungin a suahtak theih
nadingin mun kheel koikoi hi. Tua bang nawngkaina tampi om mah taseleh, Tyndale
laitei William Roye huhna tawh 1525 kumin Thuciam Thak Mikang kamin a letkhiat hong
zo thei uh hi. Tua ciangin Cologne, Germany ah laibu pei theih dingin hong zo ta hi. Laibu
bawl ding hong kitheih ciangin kiheek in Senate tungah a thu kipuak to hi. Laibu pei ding
khaktanna thukipia hi. Laidalte leh laikhetsate mat dingin thu kipia hi. Tyndale in ama
ading lauhuaina om cih a theih ciangin a peikhiatsate tawh Lutheran khuapi ahi Worms
ah hong taisim hi. 1525 kumin Worms ah hong zo siang taktak ta hi.

268 | MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

1526 kum ciangin Mikang kam tawh a kipeikhia Thuciam Thak bute England gam
London khuapi adingin Monmouth leh a lawmte tembaw tungah khak in a sawt lo-in
University leh mipite in ngah ziau uh hi. England gam ah hih LST a ngah kha khempeuh
in zan tha pai-in sim uha, a sim khiatna aw uh kiza hi. Hih thu hangin Roman Catholic
biakna makai Tunstall heh mahmah a, hih upna hong pialsak laibu matkhiat ding hi
cih thupia hi. England kumpi leh bishopte in Tyndale Bible tampi hong haltumsak uh
hi. Cologne a kibawl pen bu 4 bek hing lai hi. Ni pawlkhat khit ciangin St. Paul’s Cross
ah mipi mai ah William Tyndale Bible haltum uh hi. Tyndale in Thuciam Lui zong hong
letkhia hi. 1529 kumin Moses laibu a kici Piancilna pan Thuhilhkikna ciang hong zo hi. Ahi
zongin ama khutgelhlai (Manuscript) in Hamburg zin dingin a paina ah tembaw kibung
ahih manin a zawhsa teng mangsak hi. A lawmpa Myles Covedale huhna tawh a nihna
khutgelhlai (Manuscript) hong zo uha, 1530 kum ciangin England gam hong tung hi. Tua
ciangin Thuciam Lui Khangtangthu Nihna ciang hong zo kik leuleu hi. Thuciam Lui pen
letkhia himah taseleh Tyndale in a sih ma-in zozo lo hi. Piancilna pan Thuhilhkikna ciang
1530 kumin bawlkhia in, Jonah bu, 1531 kumin peikhia kik hi.

Cardinal Wolsey leh a lawmte in William Tyndale Bible a muh bangbang uh lei-
in haltumsak mang hi. London Roman Catholic Bishop in Pakington sumbawl mihaupa
sawl in Germany ah Tyndale Bible om khempeuh va leisak hi. Pakington in a va ngah
khiat LST khempeuh Roman Catholic Bishopte in lei kik in haltum gai hi. Ahi zongin Tyn-
dale lawmte in LST tampi zuakkhia man uh ahih manin LST bu a bei sangsik in tampi
kibawlkhia zozaw sop hi. Tyndale a hun tawpna lam ah Antwerp ah teeng hi. Antwerp
khua in Tyndale a dingin a suakta khua khat ahi hi. Ahih hangin Charles V, The Holy Ro-
man Emperor in Antwerp khua uk kha hi. Tyndale’ galte in Antwerp ban zo lo uh hi. Ahi
zongin upna paikhial thuhilh hi cih ngawhna tawh thong ah khum dingin kizongzong hi.
Tyndale ii teikhiat LST hong tam semsem ciangin Roman Catholic thuneite in Tyndale a
mat zawh nading uh hanciam mahmah uh hi.

May, 21, 1535 kum ciangin Mikang khangno khat Henry Phillips in Tyndale tawh
a kizawl nuam bangin hong kibawl khem a, Antwerp panin hong mankhia hi. Brussels
Saklam tai 6 kigamlatna Vilvorde thongah Tyndale hong khum uh hi. Hih mun ah kha 16
sung kikoih hi. Hih sungin Charles V tungah laikhak a, ka silh ding puan lum pawlkhat leh
nitak ciang ka vak dingin lalcin (Meivak) hong vaihawmsak in la, a diakdiakin Hebrew LST,
Hebrew Grammar leh Hebrew Dictionary ka sim theih nading phalna hong pia in ci-in
huhna ngen hi. Tyndale mawhsakna tampi kipia a, a upna panin a nungtolhna dingin
kha nih sung hun pia uh hi. Gawt bawlna tampi a thuak khit, October 6, 1536 kumin mei
tawh hallupna thuak hi. A sih ding ciangin a thungetna ah, “Topa aw, England kumpipa’
mit na vaaksak (Kihongsak) in” ci-in thungen hi Hih William Tyndale’ Bible in Mikang LST
tuamtuam a kitei thak Versionte’ adingin a huh mahmah leh a thupi mahmah LST ahi hi.

Miles Coverdale’ Bible (1488-1569)

Coverdale in Mikangte LST tangthu ah a kimangngilh ngeilo ding mi thupi mah-
mah khat ahi hi. Coverdale hanciamna hangin a masa penpen Mikang LST buppi hong

MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 269

kibawlkhia hi. Coverdal Bible (1539) a teikhia bek hilo-in, Great Bible (1539) a endik khat
leh Geneva Bible (1560) a piankhiat nadingin a mapangpi khat hi-a, Latin pan Mikang
pau tawh a kiteikhia Thuciam Thak (1538), Late (1540) leh Protestantte lai tampi hawmkh-
iatna ah a pangpi khat zong ahi hi. England gam, York khua pen Miles Coverdale’ suahna
leh khankhiatna khua ahi hi. A neu tung panin lai lam a kiva mi khat leh lai uk khat hi-a,
Agustine upna zong a pom khat ahi hi. Cambridge University ah sang a kah in Protestant
mipil minthang Robert Banrnes in amah lai hilh hi. 1528 kum ciangin Coverdale Europe ah
King Henry VIII lau in galbu in pai hi. King Henry VIII in Roman Catholicte a huh mahmah
leh Roman Catholic makaite cih bangin Mikang kam tawh LST tei dinga khaktan kumpi
khat zong ahi hi.

Coverdale in William Tyndale bangin LST lam pilna thuk nei lo hi. Ahi zongin Eu-
rope ah a om sungin Tyndale’ Bible Thuciam Lui, Piancilna pan Thuhilhkikna ciang hong
puahto thei hi. Antwerp a teeng, Jacob Van Meteren in sumbawl mihau khat hi-a, LST
a letkhiat nading thapia in hanthawn hi. Coverdale in LST kampau (Biblical Language)
Tyndale zahin thei lo ahih manin LST bu 5 enkaak in Mikang LST hong teikhia hi. A siksan
bulpi LSTte in (Tyndale’ Bible, Luther’ Bible, Latin Vulgate, Zurich Version, Pagnini’ Latin Ver-
sion) te ahi hi. William Tyndale in Thuciam Lui a zawh baang Khangtangthu Nihna ciang
Coverdale in teikhia hi. A ban a omlaite hih a dangte tawh enkaak in zomto hi. Miles
Coverdale in 1535 kumin LST teikhiat hong zawh ciangin England ah copy tampi khaak hi.
Henry VIII in Mikang LST man khin cih thu a zak ciangin, Pope sangin “Upna a hupa hi” ci-
in hong thei hi. Kumpipa in hih Coverdale Bible letkhiatte a maan leh a maan lo sittelsak
kik hi. A khialhna pawlkhat mu in, Coverdale a dot uh ciangin hoihtakin dawng thei-a,
upna pialna ding muhmawhnna nei lo uh ahih manin a LST na sansak uh hi. Coverdale in
Thuciam Lui pen Latin Vulgate dan lianin a bu gual hi. Thuciam Lui 39 leh Apocrypha bute
a tuam in kikhen ngiat hi. Bu 39 te a man siang ciangin a tuam in Apocrypha belh pan hi.
Hih Coverdale Bible hong kibawlkhiat khit ciangin Mikang LST dang hong kibawlkhiate in
Great Bible (1539) leh Bishops’ Bible (1568) te a hi hi.

Matthew’s Bible (1537)

William Tyndale in Thuciam Lui bup a letkhiat man siang ding hanciam mahmah
hi. Tua bangin a hanciam hangin zo man lo ahih manin a maban a zom dingin a nung-
zuipa John Rogers tungah ap hi. John Rogers in Birmingham tawh a kinai khua khat ah
1500 kum pawl in suak hi. Pembroke Hall, Cambridge ah lai sin hi. A sang man ciangin
1534 kum dong London khua sungah pawlpi khat ah sia (Rector) sem hi. Tua khit ciangin
Answerp ah Mikang sumbawl mihaute Chaplain (Thudotpi) dingin om hi. Tua lai ah Wil-
liam Tyndale tawh hong kithuah khawm kha hi. Upna zong hong kibang hi. Rogers in
Tyndale Mikang LST letkhiatte England gam ah zuaksim dan ding panpih hi.

Tyndale a sih khit ciangin laigelh dingin Thomas Matthew cial hi. Tua panin LST
hong zo siang thei hi, kici hi. Pawlkhat in bel 1537 kumin Mikang LST thulu tungah a kil-
etkhia Thomas Matthew a kicih hangin minseel khat hizaw dingin um uh hi. 4 August
1537 kumin Arch-bishop Cranmer in Thomas Cromwell sawl in kumpi King Henry tungah

270 | MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

LST suakta takin zuak theih dingin gensak hi. Thomas Cromwell vaihawmna tungtawnin
kumpipa’ phalna license tawh Mikang LST zuak theih nading phalna hong ngahkhia uh
hi. Matthew Bible in Coverdale Bible tawh kibangin Apocrypha bute Thuciam Lui khit ah
belhbeh hi. Matthew Bible sungah Apocrypha Manasseh thungetna Mikang kamin a kil-
etkhia masa pen ahi hi. Rogers in Protestant khat zong hi-a, Edward VI (1547-1553) kumpi
sep sungin suakta takin na a sep theih nading phalna kumpipa in pia hi. Kumpipa a sih
khit ciangin St. Paul’s Cross Church ah thugen a, Pope’ thumanlohna vauhilh hi.

Ahi zongin, Roman Catholic upna a khauhpai mahmah Queen Mary in kumpi tok-
hom hong ngah ciangin John Rogers thongkhum in a hing lai mahin February, 1555 ku-
min hallum hi. Matthew’ Bible leh Coverdale’ Bible te in Tyndale a sih zawh kum khat khit
ciangin kumpi phalna tungtawnin England ah kihawmkhia hi. Bruce in, Matthew’ Bible
in Tyndale’ Thuciam Lui Piancilna pan Thuhilhkikna leh Thuciam Thak siksan hi. Thuciam
Lui Joshua pan Khangtangthu Nihna a kihawm nai lo Tyndale a’ zong ki-etkaak hi. Cov-
erdale’ Bible Ezra pan Malachi leh Apocrypha bute dongin ki-etkaak hi, ci hi. Copious in
Matthew’ Bible in a siksan bulpi (Source) in French Version, Lefevre leh Olivetan teikhiatte
pan ahi hi, kici hi.

Travener’ Bible (1539)

Richard Tavener in Thomas Cromwell’ nasem khat leh pension la khat hi-a, Thom-
as Cromwell in 1536 kumin Privy Seal lai-at (Clerk) dingin a teelkhiat khat ahi hi. Travener
in sitni khat hi-a, LST thu a thukkan khat leh LST sim a uuk mahmah khat ahi hi. Greek lai
zong siam ahih manin, amah leh amah hanciamna tawh Greek LST panin Mikang kam
tawh letkhia hi. Ama hong letkhiat Mikang LST pen Version dangin hong khuhliah hangin
England gam a, Mikang LST kibawlkhia masa lam ahih manin Travener’ Bible in theih loh
phamawh / suut loh phamawh thu ahi hi.

Great Bible (1539)

Upper House of Convocation of Canterbury in 1534 kumin kumpipa tungah Mi-
kang kam tawh LST kiletkhiatna ding phalna ngen hi. Arch bishop of Canterbury, Thomas
Cranmer (1489-1556) LST letkhiatna ding tawh kisai a thuvaihawm khin himah taseleh
tangtung zo lo hi. Thomas Cromwell in tua hun a LST letkhia, a minthang Miles Cover-
dale tungah Matthew’ Bible etphatkikna (Revision) nei dingin huhna ngen hi. Hong man
ciangin LST pei dingin Paris ah kisawl hi. Tua hunin Paris in laibu bawlna a hoihpen nei
leh a minthang mahmah khuapi ahi hi. Ahi zongin 1535 kum bei lam ciangin French thu-
kante in laibu bawlna sai khakcipsak hi. Laipei dingte leh laidalte thu tampi a kikup khit
uh ciangin England ah hong khak kik uh hi. French kumpi in LST peikhiat sate hawmkhiat
ding a phal loh hangin laibu pei ding hong kipan kik hi.

Hih LST minin, “Great Bible” kici hi. Hih LST liatna in (16.1/2 X 11) letmat pha hi. Lian
lua mahmah ahih manin a bawl sung zong kum 4 sung bang sawt hi. Kumpi Henry III
in biakinn sim ah “Great Bible” koih dingin thupia hi. Hih LST in buaina nih piangsak hi.
Khatna ah, LST gol lua in tamman lua kisa hi. Pawlpi kimin kilei zo lo hi. Tua hunin LST khat

MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 271

in Shillings 20 man hi. Ahi zongin Thomas Cranmer in LST man a ngiamzaw in Shillings
10 tawh zuak zawh nadingin a nget ciangin hong lawhcing hi. A nihna, LST simh hong
minthang lua mahmah hi. Bishop Boner in LST bu a kingah ciangin kilim sim lua ahih
manin biakpiakna nawngkaisak lua hi ci-in a lungkim lohna gen ngei hi.

1539 kum ciangin kumpipa in biakinn ah biakpiak laitakin LST ngaih takin sim
theih loh nadingin thu bawl hi. LST biakinn hitaleh thungetna mun hitaleh ama ut bangin
a gingkhia in sim khiat ding kuamah kiphal lo hi, ci hi. Daitak leh a siangtho mun a lemna
ah sim thei ding hi ci hi. Hih bang a LST a gingkhia in simna hong piankhiatna a hang
pen LST kingah cil ahih man leh pawlpi makaite in biakinn sungah a Pasian’ thugente uh
zaknop kisa lo ahih man ahi hi, kici hi. Hih “Great Bible” in Mikang LST ah mipi zat dingin
(Authorized Version) masa pen ahi hi. A thulu ah, “Hih LST in pawlpi khempeuh zat dingin
thu hong kipia hi” cih tuang hi. Hih Great Bible in Thomas Cromwell geelna tawh Miles
Coverdale in a puahpih ahi hi. Khawl lo-in na puah toto hih tuak hi. 1540 kum in Mikang
LST Version nih hong om hi. July 1540 –December 1541 sungin 6 vei ki-endik kik a kikhen
khia hi. 1541 kum ciangin England gam a om Parish Church khempeuh in LST nei ta uh hi.
Gamvai hong kikheelna hangin England gamin hih “Great Bible” sangkim uh hi. Thakhat
thu in pawlpi khempeuh ah neih tek nadingin thukipia hi.

Gamvai hong hoih loh kik ciangin pawlpi panin hih LST a om khempeuh hepkhiat
ding thukipia leuleu hi. A nung lam ciangin kikoihsak kik leuleu hi. 1543 kumin pawlpi in
hih LST sim ding phal lo (Kham) uh hi. 1546 kum ciangin LST haltum hong kipankhia leuleu
hi. “Great Bible” bek hong nungta lai suak hi. Kumpi ki-ukna inndawl tungnung (Upper
House) in hih LST sim ding phalna hong pia kik hi. King Henry, January 28, 1547 kumin
hong sih ciangin Protestantte in suahtakna hong ngah uha, LST letkhiat ding hong vai-
hawm kik uh hi. Hih suahtakna in Eward IV in a uk sung kum 6 lai panin a kizom toto ahi
hi. Edward IV uk sung hun tomno sungin Mikang LST Version 14 hong piangkhia a, Thuci-
am Thak Version 35 te hong kibawlkhia hi. Hih LSTte in Tyndale’ Bible, Matthew’ Bible leh
Taverner’ Bible a kipeikhia kikkikte ahi hi. Great Bible in Thuciam Lui a masa lam Piancilna
panin Khangtangthu Nihna dong Tyndale Version etkaak a, a dangte pen Coverdale’
Revised Version etkaak hi. Tyndale in Ezra panin Malachi dong a na letkhiat loh manin
Coverdale’ Bible a kizang to ahi hi.

Geneva Bible (1560)

1539 -1560 kum kikaal sungin Mikang LST thak leh a thapia pawlte tungah hak-
sat buaina khat hong tung hi. Roman Catholic in King Henry VIII khut zat in LST letkhiate
thanemna ding thupiasak hi. 1543 kum ciangin “Act of Parliament” in Tyndale min tuang
LST khempeuh khaktan ding thupia hi. Numei ahi-a, pasal ahi zongin LST sim leh bawl in
a puahpha om thei lo ding hi. LST simin a bawl thak a om leh thongkia in haksatna tuak
ding hi cih thupiak King Henry VIII’ makaihna tawh bawl uh hi. Kumpi thak khat, Edward
VI kici Protestant khauhpai mahmah khat hong khangkhia hi. Mi kim sim theih dingin LST
hong vaihawmpih hi. Archbishop Cranmer in kumpipa Edward VI panpih mahmah hi.
Kamsiatna tawh Edward’ uk hun (1547-53) sung hong tawm lua mahmah hi. Kumpi Ed-

272 | MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

ward VI panmun pen Roman Catholic upna ah a khauh mahmah Queen Mary in hong
laihto hi. Queen Mary’ uk hun kum 5 sungin Protestant Christiante 300 val bang ngong
thahna thuak hi. Cranmer leh Rogerste zong Queen Mary bawlsiatna sungah si uh hi.

“Sisan tawh a kidim Mary Tudor” ci-in a ki thei Queen Mary in 1553 kumin England
kumpi tokhom hong ngah ciangin bawlsiatna nasialua mahmah ahih manin Protestant
mipil misiam pawlkhat Geneva ah gal vabu uh hi. Hih mipilte in Genva khua ah LST hong
letkhia uh hi. Tua manin a letkhiat thak uh LST in “Geneva Bible” min pia uh hi. Mary Tudor
uk sungin England panin Geneva a Protestant galtaite in Calvin leh Bedete omna inn
bangin na zang thei uh hi. Hih galtaite sungah a mindawk phadiakin William Whitting-
ham hi-a, John Calvin tawh a kithuah mahmah khat ahi hi. Wittingham in Mikang Thuci-
am Thak LST 1557 kumin bawlkhia hi. A lawmte huhna tawh Mikang LST bup puahin hong
hanciam mahmah hi. Tua hong puahphat LST pen 1560 kumin mansiang hi. Sun leh zan
ci lo-in LST hong teikhia uha, hong zo ziau uh hi.

A min “Geneva Bible” ci uha, Queen Elizabeth I tungah thungetna tawh ki-ap hi.
Thuciam Thak pen Matthew puahphat Tyndale Bible tawh Great Bible leh Bede’ Latin
Thuciam Lui 1566 kum a siksan in a zat kammal pawlkhat kheel uh hi. Geneva Bible in
England gam sunga om Protestantte sungah hun khat lai-in minthang mahmah hi. Tua
bang ahih zenzen hangin England pawlpi in biakinn sunga sim dingin thupia ngeilo uh
hi. LST hoih mahmah khat ahih hangin Pasian’ thupaizia (Theology) pawlkhat hoih kisa lo
hi. Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury nangawnin a kiteizia hoih sa lo hi. Tyndale
Bible kigelh cilna panin kiteisawn kik ahi hi. Calvin ii Pasian thu upna paipihzia dungzui in
hilhcianna tuamtuam kithuahsak uh hi. A kipatna ah Calvin in thumasa gelh hi. Hih Ge-
neva Bible pen a kipeikhia LST te sung panin a lian (Chapter) leh a neu (Verse) a khenkhia
masa pen zong hi-a, a neu khat simin laigual (Paragraph) in khen uh hi. A cil a kigelhte
(Orignal Text) sunga kimu lote laimal awn (Italic) tawh gelh uh hi. Scottish Parliament in
inn sim ah bu khatta neihna dingin thupia hi.

Coverdale Bible sungah Apocrypha Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak kikaal ah a ki-
guan hangin Geneva Bible puahphate in mipi sim ding leh biakinnte ah sim dinga kiphal
loh hangin Apocrypha bute na hemkhia uh hi. Hebrew laikhak bu zong Paul’ laikhak ci-in
a kigelh zel pen hih LST teite in Thuciam Thak Hebrews bu pen Paul gelh hi lo hi ci-in a
pulaak masa pente ahi uh hi. Christian biaknate in zong Geneva Bible kisang kim zo lo hi.
Geneva Bible (1560) in a dang LSTte sangin a bu neuzaw in kibawl a, a man tawmzaw hi.
John Calvin hilhcianna tawh ama upna paizia leh puahphate (Reformerte) upzia tawh
kihilhcianna om hi. Mi kim zat dingin hoih kisa mahmah a, ahi zongin England pawlpi in
biakinn ah zat ding kiphal lo hi. Calvin’ upkhialhna om ahih man kici hi. Hih LST a zang
minthangte in John Bunyan, William Shakespeare leh mun siangtho Pasian bia dingin
America gamah khualzin makaite (Pilgrim Fathers) ahi uh hi. Hih LST in “Breeches Bible”
zong kici ngei hi. Piancilna 3:7 sunga, a khiatzia uh min a puak sak uh ahi hi.

MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU | 273

Bishop’Bible (1568)

Queen Elizabeth I in mihon LST simna leh pawlpi kim ah LST khatta neih dingin
phalna thupia hi. Great Bible in England gam pawlpite ah kikoih khin hi. England bishopte
in Great Bible sangin a hoihzaw Geneva Bible tawh biakinn a koih, khek ding phal lo uh hi.
Banghang hiam cihleh Calvin upnazui-in hilhcianna om kici hi. Tua manin LST thak teikh-
iat ding kitangsam kisa-in, Matthew Parker in 1563 kumin Great Bible hong endik kik hi.
Hih puahphatna ah Bishopte zong hong kihel hi. Hih LST puahphat pen hun tomno kum
2 sungin 1568 kumin hong zo ziau uh hi. Matthew Paker in a hoih thei penin a semkhia
himah taleh puahphat dinga kitangsam tampi omlai hi. Ahi zongin Queen Elizebeth leh
ama Chief Minister, William Cecil in hih “Bishop Bible” a kiletkhiatzia lungkim mahmah
uh hi. Tua manin England pawlpite sungah “Authorized Version LST” khat hong suak hi.
1568 -1606 kum kikaal in 19 vei “Bibshop LST” kipuahpha hi. Geneva Bible in Bishop Bible
sangin kideihzaw in minthangzaw hi; banghang hiam cih leh 120 vei bang ki-endik hi.
Tua ciangin Protestante in Bishop Bible hong deih loh zawk uh ciangin Roman Catholic in
amau upna tawh kituak dingin LST khat letkhia uh hi.

Kum tampi sung England gam sung LST a kizang mahmah a muanhuai dinga
kituat nih om hi. Geneva Bible pen mi nautangte deih LST hi-a, Great Bible in pawlpi ah
pulpit tunga kisim LST ahi hi. A tawpna ah hih LST nihte mun hong laih LST in Archbishop
Parker makaihna tawh a kipuahpha Bishop Bible ahi hi. Banghang hiam cihleh LST pilna
nei bishop tampite in LST hong tei uh ciangin amin uh kipia in, “Bishops Bible” a kici ahi
hi. “Geneva Bible” a kideih mahmah hangin pawlpi makai Roman Catholicte leh kumpi
in deih vet lo uh hi. Geneva Bible mite deih LST hinapi-in thuneihna a nei LST (Authorized
Version) in “Great Bible” ahi hi. A nihna England pawlpi ah thuneihna (Authorized Version)
a nei LST in “Bibshops Bible” ahi hi.

Rheims-Douay Bible (1609-10)

Queen Elizabeth I in Mikang kumpi tokhom hong ngah ciangin Queen Mary uk
hun sungin Mikang Protestantte gal a tai mah bang un, Mikang Roman Catholic mipilte
zong gal hong tai uh hi. France gam khung lam a om, Douay, Flander khua ah Roman
Catholicte sangah mi tampi sang hong kah hi. Hih Douay khua ah Roman Catholic mip-
ilte in Mikang kam tawh Catholic LST tangthu ah a masa penpen hong teikhia uh hi. LST
teikhiatna ah Jesuit mipil, Gregory Martin makaihna tawh hong teikhia uh hi. Hih hun
sungin gam ki-ukna hong sia ahih manin Douay khua nusia uha, Rheims, France ah
hong lal uh hi. Reims khua panin 1582 kumin LST nasep hong zo siang uh hi.

Rheims-Douay Bible in Hebrew leh Greek LST panin kiletkhia hi lo hi. Latin pau
panin Mikang kam tawh a kiletkhia Mikang LST ahi hi. Thu patna lai a gelhna uah LST
teikhiate in upna tawh kituak leh hilhciana tawh tonkhawm in a kibawl LST ci-in kigelh
hi. Protestant “Ngeina bang upna a sang lo mite” in Geneva Bible pen a tawntungin a
lungsim sung uah hoihsa den zaw hi. Rheims-Douay Bible a kingah khit ciangin 1612 kum
- 1728 kum kikaal ah bishop Richard Challorner of Lodon’ makaihna tawh limtakin puah-

274 | MIKANG LAISIANGTHO MASATE THU

phatna nei uh hi. 1800 kum masiah, Rheims-Douay Bible tamveipi kipuahpha, ki-endik
hi. Protestantte in amau pau (Mother Tongue) ciat tawh LST hong neih uh ciangin Ro-
man Catholic makaite hong sinsosak mahmah uh hi. Hih Protestantte in amau pautek
tawh LST a neih lungkim vet lo uh hi. Ahi zongin Roman Catholic pawlpi ngeina zat ding
LST khat Mikang pau tawh letkhiat ding hong khentat uh hi. 1582 kumin Thuciam Thak
Rheims, France panin hong zo uh hi. Thuciam Lui 1609-10 kum ciangin Douay, Franders,
France panin hong zo thei uh hi. Latin Vulgate panin Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak kil-
etkhia ahih manin hih LST in Roman Catholic pawlpite LST hong suak hi. Khuapi mun nih
panin kiteikhia ahih manin a khua min kipuasak a, “Reims-Douay Bible” kici hi. Hih LST in
minthang khol lo hi.

·····0·····

17 PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU

Puahphate hong hat mahmah nadingin pilna khanlawhna hong om masa phot
hi. Pilna khanlawhna panin thuman lunggulhna hong om a, Pasian thuman deih in LST
kilim kan mahmah pah hi. Puahphate madeuh in pawlpi sungah biakna vaite ah khavai
lo semsem ahih manin mipi lungkia mahmah hi. Constantinople khua Islamte in 1453
in a lak khit a kipan, Greek lai siam mipilte leh khut siam tampite Europe ah gambeel
in bu uh hi. Tua ciangin Hebrew leh Greek LST kigelh cilna bul kankhiat ding kilung lawp
mahmah hi. Rome pawlpi in a zat LST leh Hebrew Thuciam Lui leh Greek Thuciam Thak a
kilamdan mahmah na hong mukhia uh hi. Pawlpi puahphat ding ong kihanciam mah-
mah pah hi. F.G. Kenyon in, “Greek mipilte in Nitumna gam mite a mau’ Greek lai tawh
sinnopna lawhsuk in huzapna nei uh hi. Tua manin Thuciam Thak kigelh cilna Greek lai
kan nopna piang sak hi” ci-in kigen hi. Nitumna gam lam Europe gamte ah Greek lai
kum zalom tampi sung kimangngilh khin hi. Ni dangin Greek pau leh lai, Nisuahna lamte
bek in a kizang hi-a, Greek mipilte in Nitumna lamah hong galtaina hangun, Greek lai
kankhiat nopna hong khangkhia hi, kici hi. Political (Gamvai) leh Science (Leitung pilna)
lam luanzia hih hun sungin a kikheel tampi om hi. Gam leh nam itna hong khangin pilna
lam zong hong khangto mahmah in, sumzonna hong hoih in gam khat leh gam khat
kikawmna zong ong khang hi. Mizawngte ong hauzaw ta uha, ong hangsan uh hi.

Ukna manlote ong thuak zo nawnlo uh hi. Pilna hong khang mahmah in muh-
na thak ong khang semsem in khalam, biakna pilna leh leitung pilnate in hong huzap
mahmah hi. Biakna lam pilna hong khang mahmah in, hih mipilte in mipite mit hon-
sak a, pawlpite lampialna tel muhsak semsem uh ahih man un, mipite in pawlpi sung
puahphat ding lunggulh semsem uh hi. Hih pilna khanlawh hun pen “Renaissance Ages”
zong kici hi. “Renaissance” a khiatna in “Thaksuahkikna” cihna hi-a, pilna huzapna nuai
panin “Siamna tuamtuamte leh lai lam pilnate khanlawhna” hong piangkhiat hun, a
cihna ahi hi. Hih khanlawhna pen Italy gam panin kum zalom 14 sungin hong kipankhia

276 | PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU

hi. A kammal pen French pau pan hi-a, “Suak kik” cih khiatna nei hi. “Renaissance Ages”
hun pen 1302 -1610 kum kikaal huam hi. Hih pilna in kum zalom 19 dong huzap zo hi. Pilna
khanlawh hong om manin tanglai Hebrew, Arabic leh Greek khutgelhlaite hong kikankhia
a, a upapen khutgelhlaite tawh enkaak in LST kampau tuamtuam tawh hong kiletkhia hi.
Hih pilna in thuthuk pilna, biakna, limte leh tangthu tuamtuamte kizopna sukkhakna nei
ahih manin ngaihsutna thak pilna hong kinei hi. Nungzuite hun a kipan Jerome hun leh
Bede hun AD 735 kum ciang dong, Thuciam Thak kankhiatna leh hilhcianna Greek LST
te siksanin kitei ahi hi. Pawlpi makaite in Thuciam Thak Greek a tel semsem nading un,
nasia takin thuk zon mahmah uh hi. Greek khutgelhlaite leh Latin kam tawh a kigelh laite
tawh zong hong enkaak uh hi. A taktakin Latin Thuciam Thak pen hong kiletkhiat hangin
Thuciam Thak kigelhna pau bul Greek pau panin kitei hi lo hi.

Bede in kum 700 sung bang Greek lai thei Nitumna gam lamte tawm lua ahih
manin Greek kam a thupitna kimansuah phial hi. Greek lai a kankhia mite pen upna
pialte hi kici-in kam kinialna suak mawk hi, ci hi. Roger Bacon (1220–1292) in a muhzia a
genna ah, LST lam pilna neite in siksan kip hoih pen dingin a ngaihsut uh LST in Latin pau
tawh a kigelh LST sangin Hebrew leh Greek tawh a kigelh LST khutgelhlaite kisik sanzaw
hi. LST hilhcianna, LST thu kikupnate leh LST kammal bul suutna in Hebrew leh Greek lai
kizangzaw hi, na ci hi. Hih pilna hong khan hun sungin LST kigelh cilna Hebrew leh Greek
laite kankhiat nopna khanlawhna hong om hi. Nitumna pawlpite in LST Hebrew leh Greek
tawh a kigelh ahih lam tam theih khol lo uh hi. Nam dang kampau khat lel in ngaihsun
uh hi. LST ahih na ciang bek thei uh hi. Nitumna gam pawlpite zat Latin LST tampi tualgal
hangin mang hi. Latin pau tawh a kigelh LST leh Greek kam tawh a kigelh LST ki-enkaak
a, Latin LST a muanhuai loh-zawkna tampi kum zalom 15 sungin hong mukhia uh hi. LST
a muanhuai lo ahih leh a thuhilhna zong uphuai lo hi cih tawh a kikim in sang uh hi. Tua
ahih manin LST’ thumanna a dik leh a dik lo tuktehna dingin Hebrew leh Greek theih ki-
sam hi ci-in nakpitakin hong kisin hi. “Pilna khanlawh hun leh puahphate hun” in kizop
mahmah na nei hi. Hih hun in a pil minthang tawm lua hi. Desiderius Erasmus hong
khankhiat ma-in Thuciam thak Greek pau tawh puahphatna tam vet lo hi.

Hih pilna “Khanlawhna hun” sungin ngeina kithupisak mahmah hi. Tua ahih manin
hih hun sungin mipilte “Humanist” kici hi. Ngaihsutna thak a neihte uh pen “Humanism”
kici hi. Tanglai Greek mipilte in Europe gam ah Greek laite hong lutpih uh ciangin mite in
Greek tangthu leh Greek paute sin ding hong lunglawp mahmah uh hi. Hih hunin mipil
tampi hong khangkhia hi. Jacques Lefevre (1455-1536) in Paul laikhakte hilhcianna nei hi.
Protestant puahphate hong piangkhiatna dingin thu a na khungkhol khat hi-a, a nuntak
buppi sung Roman Catholic ah om suak a, pawlpi tawh kikhen khiatna omlo-in pawlpi
puahphat a sawm khat ahi hi. A laibu pawlkhatte upna thu lampial laibu hi ci-in kinol-
hsak hi. Tawlkhat sung galtai hi. France kumpi in pakta ahih manin amah huu in kem hi.
Jacques Lefevre in LST lam tampi a letkhiapa hi-a, 1528 in Thuciam Lui man hi. A nasep
kipatcil lam in Franch pau tawh Late leh Paul’ laigelhte a letkhiat manin minthang mah-
mah hi. 1530 kumin LST bu buppi a teikhiat zo siang hi. French kamin a neih masak pen
uh LST ahi hi.

PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU | 277

Francisco Jemines de Cunero (1436-1517), Cunero in Toledo, Spain mi ahi hi. Span-
ish Inquisition-a makai kumpinu Isabella leh Cardinalte tawh kithei mi tei khat hi-a, 1514
kumin, siampite LST sin nadingin University of Alcala phuankhia in Greek LST khenkhia hi.
John Colet (1467-1519) in England Oxford University ah pawlpi puahphatna a sep kaw-
min Paul laigelhte hilhcianna nei hi. 1505 kum St. Paul sangah Dean sem hi. Sir. Thomas
More (1478-1535) in Roman Catholic thu-um mi khat leh sangsia khat hi-a, a zin kawika-
wi mipil khat ahi hi. Erasmus (1466-1536) in Cambridge University ah laihilh khat hi-a, a
minthang mahmah mipil khat ahi hi. Europe gam sungah tangthupiangte in lunglawp
huai mahmah hi. Kikheelna tampi piang hi. October, 1517 kumin University of Wittenberg
ah Professor of Sacred theology a sem, Martin Luther in Wittenberg biakinnpi kong khakpi
tungah pawlpi thumaan-lohna pulaakkhiat 95 (Theses) kici hong suang hi. Protestantte’
puahphatna meikuang hong kipatna ahi hi. Hih hunin Roman Catholic pawlpi thuneihna
a vangliat luat hun leh pawlpi kimakaihna a siat luat hun zong ahi hi. Roman Catholic
pawlpi Popete tatsiat hun sungin puahpha Martin Luther leh puahpha dang mipilte in
amau tual kampau tek tawh LST a theih kim nading uh leh pawlpi maan gamtatzia a
kimukhiat theih nadingin LST teikhiat ding hong hanciam mahmah uh hi.

Hih huhau in LST minam kimin amau tualpau ciat tawh kiletkhia in a neih zawh
nading uh kihanciam ciat hi. Italy gamah amau pau tawh LST Version nih 1471 kum leh
kum zalom 16 bei lam ciangin hong kikhen khia hi. France gam ah amau pau tawh Thuci-
am Thak 1477 kumin kiteikhia a, LST buppi 1487 kumin kikhen khia hi. Spain pau tawh 1478
kumin kikhen khia a, Dutch pau tawh 1477 kumin LST kiteikhia hi. German pau in Martin
Luther’ LST 1521 kumin hong khenkhia hi. Hih hun pawl in LST Version tuamtuam hong pi-
angkhia hi. Kum zamlom 15 na leh 16 na sunga Christian mipilte in LST kigelh cilna pau bul
Hebrew, Greek leh Latin pau panin kankhia kik in LST kiletsate tawh saikaak in sittel kikna
nei uh hi. LST kiteisate endik puahpha uha, pawlpi masate leh pawlpi makaite laigelhte
tawh enkaak uh hi. LST thuk kankhiatna hangin pawlpi puahphatna khat hong khangkhia
hi. A diakdiak in hih puahphatna in LST puahphatna hong suak hi. Johannes Gutenberg
in Mainz panin laikhetna set (1450) kumin hong bawlkhiat a kipan in LST kikhen khia hong
tam semsem hi. Khuamuhna pilna leh ngaihsutna hong tangzaisak ahih manin Europe
gam sung khempeuh meikuang kilawh bangin kizel mang hi.

Hun khat lai-in a kikhih cip LST pen laikhetna set in hong suaktasak a, mipilte,
siampite leh phungzite a ding bek hilo-in nasemte leh silate, mi khempeuh dongin LST
hong kingah thei ta hi. Laikhetna set tawh 1455 kumin a masa pen LST kikhen khia hi. Kum
zalom tampi khit ciangin kikhen khia ahih zah khat in kicin-lohna om kawmkawm ahih
manin LST buppi 120 val vei bang ki-endik a, kipuahpha ngei hi. LST in a manpha pen
laibu hong suak hi. Laikhetna set tawh a kikhen khia LST in a tamzaw pen Latin pau tawh
kiteite ahi hi. Ahih hangin Greek, Hebrew, German, French, Italy paute leh a dang tualpau
tawh a kikhen khia zong tampi mah om hi. Puahphate hun in LST sim kha Roman Cath-
olic pawlpite sungah kitawm mahmah hi. LST in bang gen a, bang khiatna nei hiam cih
thu a thei mi tampi om nai lo hi. Pasian thu, mihing a hong pianna leh pawlpi thu leh mi
siangthote thu bek a cih nopna kithei bek hi. Thu-um-mite leh LST kikaal ah pawlpi siate,

278 | PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU

popete, bishopte leh siampite bekin Pasian’ kammal genkhiatna leh letkhiatna thuneih-
na nei thei bek uh hi. Latin pau tawh a kigelh LST pen pilna neite bekin thei uh hi. LST thei
mipi lam pan tawm mahmah lai hi. Puahphate, laisiamte leh LST lam pilna neite in mipite
tawh a kiza kimin LST neih ding hi cih hong mukhia uh hi. Tua ahih manin Latin pau a om
LST hoih takin hong puahpha uha, mi kim sim theih dingin a hoih thei penin hong letkhia
uh hi.

Khang lai (Middle Ages -1100-1500) kum pawl in, pawlpi in LST a kiguk khak ding
cih pau lap in Popete in kemcingin mipite peuh mah muh khak loh dingin LST koih cip uh
hi. LST pen thu-ummite zat dingin phal lo uha, siampite bek in sim theih nading thu nei
hi, ci uh hi. Mipite sim dinga phal loh luat man un, siampite in kemcing hi. Hih in pawlpi
ngeina hi, ci lai dep uh hi. Ahih hangin Roman Catholic pawlpi ngeina in LST deihna tak-
tak tawh kituak lo hi. Hih bangin Roman Catholic pawlpi in LST pen sabuai tungah koih in
hencip uha, mipite’ lakpan a sim nuam peuh in a guk ding lau uh ahih manin cingin ngak
uh hi. Hih hun pen laibu khetna set hong om ma ahi hi. Hih hunin LST khut tawh a kigelh
ahih manin tam man mahmah hi. Bishop of Teramo, Campano in Ulrich Han tungah, ni
khat bup sungin laikhetna set tawh a hoih mahmah in LST a kikhen khia pen kum khat
sung bang a sawt khutgelhlai tawh kigelhte ahi hi, ci-in gen hi. Andrew Gottlieb Masch in
a genna ah kum 1450-1778 kikaal in LST kikhen khia kampau tuamtuam tawh tampi om
hi, ci hi. Hih hun sunga kikhen khia a thulu “Bibliotheca Sacra” bang pen Latin pau tawh
kigelh a, 8000 vei bang kipuahpha hi ciliang hi.

Laibu Bawlna Set Hong Om Ciang

Kum zalom 15 sungin laikhetna set hong kibawl ciangin pawlpi in phattuampih
mahmah hi. Greek pau tawh Thuciam Thak zong hong kikhen khia thei pah hi. Laikhetna
set hong bawlkhia masa pen Sente hi-a, sing tawh a kibawl ahi hi. May 11,868 CE kumin
Wang Chieh in lai hong khenkhia hi. Tua khit ciangin laikhetna set dang Sente mah in
hong bawlkhia uha, Pi Sheng in 1041-1094 kum kikaal in hong zangkhia hi. Laimal gol
lua ahih manin kizang suak thei lo hi. Tua ciangin Nitumna gam ah pilna hong khangin
Gutenberg in laikhetna set hong bawlkhia hi. Gutenberg laikhetna set in na lian tampi
semkhia hi. A masa pen Nitumna gamte in lai hong khenkhia pah uh hi. Jerome’ Latin
Vulgate volume 2 hong kikhen khia hi. Tua pen “Gutenberg Bible” kici hi. Gutenberg in a
genna ah sing tawh a kibawl 46000 khutgelhlaite kikhen khia ci hi. Gutenberg hanci-
amna tawh 1457/1458 kumin nihvei puahphatna LST hoih mahmah hong khenkhia hi.
Laikhetna set hong om ma-in khutgelhlai sawtpi mah a kigelh hi-a, laikhetna set hong
om ciangin LST khetkhiat manlangsak mahmah bek thamlo-in tawm mansak tuam hi.

Gutenberg (1439-1468) in Mainz, Germany ah kum zalom 14 pawl in suak hi. Amah
a neu lai thute kitam theih khol lo hi. A min taktak pen Hans Gensfleisch hi-a, a nung ciang
ama nasepna min Gutenberg tawh a min kheel hi. Kum 30 khawng a phak ciangin Stra-
bourg, Germany ah lal a, tua lai ah ngunseek nasep tawh nasep hong kipan hi. Sik tawh
laiteina nasep zong phuankhia hi. 1430–1440 kum pawl in, laigelhna set a kikhin kawikawi
thei ding leh laidal tungah laimal tampi a kikhen khia thei dingin set hong bawlkhia hi.

PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU | 279

John Fust in hih laibu bawlna set a dingin a sum kawm (Leitawi pia) hi. Tangthu khat ah,
Gutenberg nasep huh khat in singpeek tunga lai kigelh a peikhiat dingte kiatsuah in ki-
tamzansak hi, cih kigen hi. Gutenberg in a huhpa tamveipi sung a tai khit ciangin Guten-
berg in a kitam singpeekte hong ngaihsunsun a, hong peh vua leh hong peh kik thei uh
hi. Hih a kitamhsate kimat-kiksak thei i hih leh bang hangin laimaite kipeh khawm dingin
bawl thei lo ding i hi hiam, ci hi. Hih a tuah khak thute hangin laikhetna set a hoihzaw leh
laibu hoihzaw laimai nambat kikoih thei hong piang khia hi.

1454-1455 kum kikaal ah a laibu bawlna set tawh Roman Catholicte’ “Mawhmai-
sakna letmat lai” (Indulgence Ticket) kikhen khia masa pen hi. Latin pau tawh Late bu
1454 kumin kikhen khia a, kum 2 khit ciangin 1456 kumin Latin Vulgate kikhen khia hi.
Hih Latin pau tawh a kikhen khia Latin Vulgate pen a tamzaw in “Gutenberg’ Bible” ci
uh hi. Tua zawh kum 60 ciangin Martin Luther in Roman Catholic pawlpi Popete’ thu-
maan-lohna thupulaak khiat 95 (Theses) hong khenkhia hi. Tua ciangin Gutenberg in a
laikhetna set tawh Latin LST 1453–1454 kikaal in bu 180 hong khenkhia hi. Hih LST pen laim-
ai khat ah column 2 pha in laigual 42 ta kikoih a, laimai 1282 pha hi. Laimal golte pen khut
tawh a meel zeem uh hi. Erasmus in laibu bawlna set tawh a kikhetkhiat masak pen “Fust
Bible” ci a, ahi zongin tuhun in hih LST in “Guternberg Bible” kicizaw hi. Khatveivei “Mazarin
Bible” ci-in kilo hi; banghang hiam cihleh kum zalom 17 kum sungin Cardinal Jules Maza-
rin’ laibusaal ah kimu ahih man ahi hi. Hih laibu bawlna set in tamman mahmah ahih
manin Guternberg in a khan sungin leibat lawh liang hi, kici hi. Hih hunin lai a kitei ciangin
a hanciam mahmahte in ni khat in laimai 6 ta bek zo uh hi. Laikhetna set tawh a kikhetkh-
iat ciangin nai khat in laimai 25 zo thei uh hi. Laibawlna manlang takin hong khangto hi.
Laibu tampipi bawlkhiatna set zong hong piangkhia hi. 1500 kumin laikhetna set khat in
ni khat in laimai 3600 bang bawlkhia zo hi. Tua manin Erasmas leh Martin Luther bangin
a khan sung un laibu a tul tampi bawlkhia zo uh hi.

Puahphate Hun A Laisiangtho Masate

Martin Luther’ pulaakkhiat 95 (Theses) in puahphatna hong kipatna in kiciamteh
hi. Hih puahphatna ah Thuciam Thak Greek khutgelhlaite lung lut takin kankhiatna leh
theihnopna lungsim hong khanglo sak zong ahi hi. Puahphate in LST teikhiatna leh hilhci-
anna pau tuamtuam tawh neih zawh nading mungtup pi-in nei uh hi. Jesuh Christ upna
tecipanna a khial lo LST suutzia a maan pen ding lunggulh uh hi. Roman Catholic pawlpi
sunga, upna maanlote LST thumaan tawh tukteh in Pasian’ kammal bangin nuntak na-
ding puahphate’ lungsim ahi hi. Hih hangin puahphatna hong kipan ahi hi. A lamdang
mahmah khat ah Roman Empire gam sungah Greek Thuciam Thak pen namdang pau
ahi Latin pau tawh a kiletkhia masa penpen suak hi. Jerome’ LST Latin pau tawh a kitei
penin koici bangin Nitumna pawlpi Roman Catholic huzap mahmah hi ding hiam? Ni-
tumna pawlpi Roman Catholicte in AD 405 kum panin 1516 kum dong Latin pau bek tawh
a kitei LST siksan in nei uh hi. Roman Cathotolic gam khempeuh in Hebrew leh Greek tawh
a kitei peuh mah LST siksan in nei lo uh hi. Hih Latin tawh a kiteikhia LST siksan in AD 500
kum panin pau nam tuamtuam tawh kilim tei mahmah hi.

280 | PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU

Gothic pau in Ulflas in Latin LST siksan in LST na tei hi. AD 865 kumin Cyril leh Metho-
dius in Latin LST panin Slavic LST na bawlkhia uh hi. 995 kum khawngin Anglo-Saxon pau
tawh a kitei LST kihawmkhia hi. Gam neu Iceland in kum zalom 13 leh 14 kum sungin LST
letkhia in, a telnop dingin LST khutgelhlai a themthem in tei uh hi. Peter Waldo in Latin pau
LST siksan in tei a, 1179 kumin Pope tungah pia hi. Kum zalom 13 kum sunga Waldensian
Version khutgelhlaite zong Latin pau panin kiteisawn ahi hi, kici hi. 1229 kumin Pope tun-
gah LST a piak thaman un, Waldensiante upna lampial in kingawh hi. Banghang hiam
cihleh Roman Catholic pawlpi ah siampi a semte bekin LST nei thei ding, sim thei ding
cih thupiakna (Decree) nei uh hi. Tua bangin thupiakna a om zenzen hangin 1382 kumin
John Wycliffe in Mikang pau tawh Pasian neihsa’ khamangthang gupna dingin LST hong
letkhia hi. A nungzui “Lollardte” in lungdamna thu tangko khia uha, khauhtakin Wycliffe’
upna bangin LST pom uh hi. Tua ciangin Czech LST zong Hussite hangin hong piangkhia
a, Wycliffe’ LST pom danin pom uh hi.

Hih hun in LST khempeuh khut tawh a kigelh bekbek ahi hi. Tangzai takin LST letkh-
iat tawh Pasian’ nasepna dinga haksa mahmah thu ahi hi. LST bu khat teikhiat nadingin
hanciam mahmah kul banah, Popete vangliat hun sung ahih manin a sim thamin LST
kitei ahi hi. Pasian in a tate hanciamna leh thutangna a lungulhna uh tel lua ahih manin
khut tawh LST tei sangin a manlangzaw leh a khozaw ding leh ama thu leitungah a kizelh
baih nadinga deih manin Gutenberg zangin a lamdang takin Pasian in na hong sem hi.

Laibu Bawlna Set Tampi Hong Omta

Hih laikhetna set pen Mainz khua panin 1462 kum dong a simtham (Guksim) van
in kizuak hi. Bishopte hong kilem loh kaal in a kizuak sim ahi hi. Tua khit ciangin laikhet-
na set hong tam semsem hi. Rome ah 1467 kumin laibawlna set kinei hi. Venice khua
ah 1469 kumin kinei zo hi. Paris khua ah 1470 kumin kinei a, Cracow ah 1474 kumin nei
uh hi. Westminster (London) in 1476 kumin nei a, Europe gam khempeuhah 1500 kum
ciangin laibu bawlna set 250 bang kinei ta hi. Hih laikhetna set hong om ciangin Europe
gam khempeuh ah laibu peuhpeuh mi 1% in nei zo hi. Khut tawh lai a kigelh lai sangin
man neizaw mahmah hi. Kizopna, kithuzakna zong manlang-sakzaw hi. Pulpit ading leh
vanzuakna adingin zong khut tawh a kigelh lai sangin man neizaw pek hi. Laikhetna set
tawh a kibawlkhia LST biakna thumaan theihna dingin amau mahmah in sim nuam tek-
tek ta uh hi. Popete hunin Popete leh siampite bek in LST sim kha uh hi. Puahphate in LST
hong teikhiatna uh hangin eima pau ciat in LST kinei zo ta hi.

Thuman nuntakna, sihna leh tawntung thute a kicingin hong theisak hi. Lai thei
khat peuh na lawm ahi-a, na innkuanpih khat peuhpeuh ahi zongin nazaksak theih din-
gin eima pau tektek tawh LST hong kisimsak thei ta hi. Europe gamah a om ngei nai lo
biakna pua lam panin lai theihnopna hong khang khiasak lai hi. Laikhetna set Gutenberg
hong pat khiat zawh kum 50 khit ciangin Europe gam khempeuh ah hong kinei tek ta hi.
Tua manin laibu tampi hong kikhen khia thei hi. A diakdiakin LST kikhen khia tampi hong
om hi. Hih hun sungin Latin Vulgate puahphatna 100 vei val bang laibu bawlna tuamtu-
amte ah kinei hi. Thuciam Thak, “Compulsian Polyglot” in 1514 kumin Spain gamah kizo

PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU | 281

siang hi. Erasmus’ Greek Thuciam Thak 1516 kumin Basel, Newzerland ah kikhen khia hi.
Greek LST hong zekaina pen Greek Font a pha cia ding haksa lua ahih manin Latin Vul-
gate a kikhen khia masa hong suak hi.

Puahphate Leh Latin Laisiangtho

John M. Lenhart in kum zalom 16 na kum pawl in Latin LST in AD kum zalom 1 sung
kizang hi cih thu na gen hi. Ama khetkhiat Latin LST pen 1450-1500 kum kikaal ah a kikhen
khia hi-a, Walter A. Copinger in 94 vei kipuahpha hi ci in kigen hi. 1501-1600 kum kikaal
in LST 438 vei kipuahpha ki-endik hi kici hi. Puahphate hong kipat cil 1517 kumin 43 vei a
ki-endik Latin LST khat kikhen khia hi. Puahphate hong kipat a kipan Martin Luther’ sih
kum 1546 dong 163 vei kipuahpha in kihawmkhia hi. 1546 -1600 kum kikaal 232 vei etpha-
tkikna kinei a, Latin pau tawh LST buppi kikhen khia hi. Banghangin hih zahta in tamveipi
438, Latin pau in kitei a, Latin LST kipuahpha in kikhen khia ziahziah hiam cih dotna lung-
sim ah om thei hi, ahk bang hangin puahphate in Latin LST tam zat penpen uh hiam cih
zong dotna om thei hi. Hih dotna pen dawn dingin a haksa khat ahi hi. Puahphate in thu
tuamtuam tampi hangin Latin LST a zang uh ahi hi.

A masa in hih hunin mipilte (Humanists) in a laakna bulpi in huzapna nei lua ahih
manin puahphate in zong Latin Vulgate, a upazaw Latin khutgelhte, Hebrew leh Greek
pau LST kigelh cilna tawh saikaak in nei uh ahih manin Latin LST a zang uh ahi hi cih muh-
na om hi. Roman Catholic LST lam pilna neite in Latin pau tawh khutgelhlai a upa penpen
tawh deihtakin puahpha uh hi. Ahih hangin Protestant LST pilna neite in LST kigelh cilna
Hebrew leh Greek tawh enkaak in LST puahpha uh hi. A nihna ah, Latin pau in Europe gam
khempeuh kizeelsak zo uh ahih manin European mipilte (Humanists), pilna thuthuuk
neite leh LST sangnaupangte lawhsuk a, Latin pau hoihtakin zang thei ahih man un, Lat-
in LST a zang uh ahi hi, cih muhna om hi. A thumna ah, Roman Catholic pawlpi sungah
Pasian’ nasepna gammial phutna dingin hoihsa uh ahih manin puahphate in Latin LST a
zang hi ding hi ci-in Lenhart in gen hi. Protestantte’ upna Roman Catholic pawlpi sungah
a kizelhsak nop manun, Latin LST puahphate in zang hiding hi cih muhna zong om hi.
Protestant LST thuthuk pilna neite in Roman Catholic pawlpite lakah LST hilhcianna in lai
a khak uh ciangin LST ki-endik minte leh LST bu minte gen lo-in khenkhia uh hi. A lina ah,
puahphate in khang lai (Middle Ages) hun a, pilna kilamzia (Education System) na khel lo
uh hi. Pawlpi in a zat lui uh naupangte pilsinsakna tawh kituak in sem uh hi. Latin sangte
ah naupangte pilna kipat-tahna ah Latin pau leh Latin LST tawh a hilh man uh zong hi
kha ding hi ci muhna om hi. Mipilte (Humanists) leh puahphate in Latin pau hoihtakin a
zat man un, a nasepna uh nakpi-in muibunsak tuam mahmah hi. Banghang hiam cihleh
Latin Vulgate a maanlohnate hoihtakin a maan in hilhcian kik thei pah uh hi.

1529 kumin puahphate in Latin LST (Piancilna-2 Kumpite) leh Thuciam Thak Wit-
tenberg khuapi panin na khenkhia uh hi. Martin Luther in thupatna a gelhna ah, “Pi-
ancilna-Thuhilhkikna” bu 5 te mun tampi Hebrew LST bangin Latin tawh ka puahpha hi.
A kipan thak LST sangnaupangte in hamphatna a ngah lawh nading leh LST thukan in a
sim nuamte ka theihsak nopna hang ahi hi. Protestant pawlpite in Latin LST a sanna hang

282 | PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU

hi lo hi. Hih bang danin na ka sep uh ciangin sangnaupangte in, inn panin hamphatna
ngah lawh a, thugente in LST thu a hilhna uah zong mite in hamphat pih uh hi. Mipite
lakah thu ka gen ciang un, a hoihzawk nadingin LST upa (Latin Vulgate) mun khempeuh
ah ka zang lel uh hi, ci hi.

Greek Thuciam Thak A Kikhen khia Masate

Greek pau tawh Thuciam Thak hong kikhetkhiat ciangin pawlpi sungah kilang-
dona hong khang pah hi. Mipil pawlkhat in Latin Vulgate sangin Greek kam tawh a kitei
LST deih zaw uh hi. Roman Cahtolic pawlpi in Greek pau tawh a kitei LST sangin Latin pau
tawh a kitei Latin Vulgate mah deihzaw uh hi. Bang hanghiam cihleh Latin pau tawh LST a
neih zawh uh kum 1000 val bang ahi hi. Pilna hong khan ciangin Greek pau tawh LST Thu-
ciam Thak kitei ahih manin Greek pau tawh a kitei khutgelhte maanzaw dingin a tamzaw
mipilte in ngaihsutna nei uh hi.

Biblia Polyglotta Complutensia

Polyglot Bible in “Complutensian Polyglot” kici hi. Puahpha mipilte ma-in a
minthang mahmah LST ahi hi. 1502 kumin, Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Ximénez de
Cisneros, Cardinal leh pau nam thum Sangpi Alcalá de Henares (Latin: Complutum) te in
“Polyglot Bible” Diego Lopez de Zuniga’ makaihna nuai ah khutgelhlai tampitak kaikhawm
in hong patkhiat uh ahi hi. 1436-1517 kum sungin Cardinalte leh Archbishop of Toledo,
Spain leh Regent of Castile (1506-1517) te in panpih uh hi. 1502 kumin Francis Ximenes
in Complusian Polyglot Bible pen kumpipa tapa Charles V hong suah ciang a, a suah
ni pawi ah a masa pen hawmkhiat dingin ngaihsutna nei hi. Greek khutgelhlai tampi
ahih theih zahin hong kaikhawm hi. Fredric Scrivener in a genna ah, Cardinal Ximenes in
Polyglot Bible a bawlna ah tua hun in, sum Pound 23000 bei hi, ci hi. Kum sim a sum lut a
ngahzah ii a zah 4 sangin a tamzaw Greek khutgelhlai a kaihkhopna in sum bei hi ci hi.

Hih LST khutgelh pen Cardinal Ximénez in Venice khua sunga om St. Mark lai-
busaal leh Rome khua a om Vatican laibusaal panin kawmin a ngah khiat ahi hi. Codex
Vaticanus bel kikhel lo hi. Hih “Polyglot Bible” in “Biblia Polyglotta, Biblia Polyglotta Com-
plutensia, Complutensian Polyglot” ci-in kithei-a, 1514-1517 kum kikaal peikhiat dingin
kibawl a, 1521-1522 kum ciangin volume 6 a pha in kikhen khia hi. Thuciam Lui volume 4
pha in kibawl hi. Column 3 in kigelh a, vei lam ah Hebrew pau tawh kigelh in, taklam nawl
ah Septuagint Greek tawh kigelh a, a laizang ah Latin pau tawh Thuciam Lui kigelh hi. Tar-
gum Onkelos (Aramaic pau tawh a kiteikhia) pen hi-a, Piancilna-Thuhilhkikna, “Penta-
teuch bu” zong a kici pen leh Thuciam Thak Greek a volume 5 sungah kigelh hi. A volume
6 na sungah zon-olna tuamtuam leh hih lai sim ciangin a huh thei ding nate hilhcianna
kigelh hi. Polyglot LST in Spain gam Alcalá de Henares khuapi ah kikhen khia a, Arnald
Guillén de Brocara laibu bawlna set tawh kikhen khia hi. LST thulu dingin “Complutensian
Polyglot” min kipia a, Latin pau in “Complu- tum” ci-in Alcalá de Henares khuapi a kimin
vawh ahi hi. January 10, 1514 kumin Thuciam Thak a kikhetkhiat zenzen hangin LST buppi
Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak July 10, 1517 kumin kikhen khia hi.

PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU | 283

Pope Cardinalpa November 8, 1517 kumin a sih ma kha 4 lai-in kikhen khia hi.
Spain mipilte (Humanists) in LST khetkhiatna ding Pope phalna ngah zo lo uha, LST Pope
in humcip nuam gai hi. Pope Cardinal a sih khit ciangin Pope Leo X, proprio motu phalna
March 22, 1520 kumin kingah pan hi. “Complusian Polyglot” teikhiatna ah makaipi a sem
Cardinal Ximnes hong sih zawh sawtpi pek ciangin a kizo pan LST ahi hi. Hih hunin laikh-
etkhiatna sum tam bei lua mahmah ahih manin bu 600 bek kikhen khia zo hi. Erasmus
Greek Thuciam Thak pen tuma kum 6 lai khawng in kikhen khia hi-a, Cardinal Ximenes
teikhiat hoih kisa zaw hi. Greek pau tawh LST a teisawnte in “Complusian polyglot Greek”
etkaak siksan in kizang mahmah hi. Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak a kankhiate adingin
huhna a pia mahmah LST ahi hi.

Novum Testamentum

A thupi mahmah leh huzap a nei Latin pau tawh Thuciam Thak a ki-endik kipuah-
pha LST in “Novum Testamentum” hi-a, kum zalom 16 na sungin mipil (Humanist) Eras-
mus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) hong pat ahi hi. Thuciam Thak Greek pau in hong theikhia
hi. March, 1516 kumin endik puahpha a, a thulu “Novum instrumentu[m] omne” pia hi. A
laakna bulpi Greek leh Latin LST kizakim cihna ahi hi. Thuciam Thak Greek pan a kiteikhia
masa pen leh a kikhen khia masa pen ahi hi. 1519 kum ciangin a nihveina etphatkikna ki-
nei a, a thulu hong kikheel in, “Novum Testamentum” kici hi. Erasmus in Greek khutgelhlai
tampi (6-7) kikaal zangin Thuciam Thak teikhia hi. Tua ciangin Erasmus letkhiatna bulpi
siksan in kizanga, “Textus Receptus” kici hi. German pau tawh Martin Luther’ Thuciam
Thak, Mikang LST Tyndale’ Thuciam Thak, King James Version’ Thuciam Thak cihte leh
nam dang pau tawh a kiletkhiatna ah siksan bulpi in a kizang mahmah LST ahi hi.

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) in a masa pen Greek Thuciam Thak
1516 kumin hong khenkhia a, mipite ngah theih dingin LST Thak Greek pau tawh hong
khenkhia masapa ahi hi. Erasmus in Netherland ah suak a, Dutch siampi khat ii zawlta
ahi hi. A neu tung panin tagah ahi hi. Erasmus in a neu lai-in biakna lam kin khol lo hi.
Amah leh amah in a deih min kipia hi. “Desiderius Erasmus” Greek leh Latin pau kigawm
min hi-a, “Hehpih” leh “Lunggulh” cih khiatna nei hi. Gerrit Gerritszoonte unau Deventer
khua sunga sangah kikha hi. Ahi zongin a nulepa a sih ciangun, amau a cingte in a unau
un sang pan hemkhia uha, “Hertogenbosch ah Tutelage of the Brethren of the Common
Life” kepna nuai omsak uh hi.

Erasmus in a masa lam in Latin pau thupi a sak mahmah khat ahi hi. Europe gam
khempeuh ah ama pilna, a kampau siamna leh lai lam siam in kizahtak mahmah hi. Lat-
in lai leh pau pen a omna na ah pianpih pau zat a zang ahi hi. Greek pau pen siam lua
nai lo bek hi. Amah a cingte in Steyn, Gouda khua nai mun khat ah Erasmus Augustinians
phungzi sangah kahsak uh hi. Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457) laihilhna thei kha hi. Leitung thu,
mipilte tangthu sin ding lunglawp mahmah hi. A phungzi sangah Greek lai kisinsak lo hi.
Greek laibu limlim kinolh hi. Greek lai pen leitung thusinna ah kisin ahih manin phungzi

284 | PUAHPHATE LEH LAISIANGTHO THU

sang ah sin ding in kikoih lo hi. Roman Catholic pawlpite in leitung pilna a sinte in a buai-
huai leh a siahuaipen hi-a, upna lam pial hi ci-in ngaihsun uh hi. Erasmus in pilna maan
a kisin khempeuh in leitung pilna ahi hi, ci hi. Roman Catholic pawlpi in leitung pilna
(Greek lai) a sinte pawlpi sungah dinmun zaa lah ngah lo ding, lah khahkhong lo ding
ci uh hi. 1492 kumin siampi zaa ngah hi. Erasmus in Henry of Bergen, bishop of Cambrai
nuai ah secretary lai at khat in kizang hi. 1495 kumin hih Bishoppa in University of Paris ah
Pasian’ thuthuk (Theology) sin dingin sawl hi. Hong upat sem ciangin 1492 kumin phungzi
sangah hong lut hi. A kikamciamna (Vows) hong man ciangin Paris khua ah College de
Montaizu ah lai sin hong kipan hi. Hih mun pan sang a man ciangin Cambridge ah hong
pai hi. Tua lai ah John Colet leh Thomas More tawh hong kimu hi. Fredric Scrivener in
Erasmus thu a genna ah, nuntakna haksa sa in amah kia in om a, mipil lai thei mi khat
ahih manin laibu zuakin vak kawikawi hi” ci hi. Tua ciangin Oxfort ah amah leh amah in
Greek lai sin hi. 1510 kum ciangin Cambridge ah laihilh sia in hong om hi. Pilna nasia takin
hong zong a, a lawmte tawh kikholh hun ding bang pia zo lo hi, ci hi.

Hun sawtpitak Erasmus in Latin Vulgate puahphat ding geel khin ngei hi. Ahih
hangin England gamah a om sung in a minthang mahmah Swiss mi laikhenkhia pa,
Froben in Greek Thuciam Thak teikhia dingin huhna na ngen hi. Froben in a huhna ngetna
a manlang penin a dawnkik ding lamen hi. Cardinal Ximenes sepkhiatsate zong aman
hoihtakin a theihsa ahi hi. Hih thute hangin Erasmus in England gam a, a sin thu Greek lai
in amah tawsawn in Greek pau thupi hong sazaw ta hi. Tua ahih manin Pasian’ thuthukpi
(Theology) theihna dingin Greek laigelhzia hong khenkhia masa hi. Greek pau tawh Thu-
ciam Thak LST khetkhiat ding zong hong thukim ahih manin Basel, Switzerland gamah
hong ciah kik hi. 1515 kumin Greek pau tawh Thuciam Thak tei hong kipan hi. Erasmus
tungah laibu bawlna set neipa in Latin pau tawh a kiciantakin a kigelh Thuciam Thak
khak hi. Tua ciangin Erasmus in Latin pau panin Greek lai tawh hong teikhia ahi hi. Hong
kipat zawh kha 10 sungin hong zo ziau hi. Mun tampi ah khialhna nei hi. Stunica in Eras-
mus teikhiatsate a nung ciangin hong puahpha kik a, Erasmus bawl cilna sangin hoih
zaw kisa in min hong ngah thak hi. Greek pau leh Latin pau tawh et khat in etkaak theih
dingin a column in hong bawlkhia hi. Greek lai khempeuh volume khat ah tatsak sawm
a, ahih hangin hi thei peuh mah lo hi. Erasmus’ khutgelhlai Thuciam Thakte pen a lang
tang bang Greek khutgelh (minuscule) khutkaihte siksan etkaak kawm sam hi. Kammal a
zat khialh ding zong lau in kidawm hi. Erasmus in ama teikhiat LST puahphat kik ding deih
lo hi. Mangmuhna bu hong tei ciangin a lawmpa Reuchlin tungah Latin khutgelh laibu
kawm hi. Tua a kawm laibu zong a nunung lamte mang sawnsawn hi.

Erasmus in Latin Vulgate panin Greek tawh a neu 6 tang bang letkhia hi. Thu khat
ah Greek lai tawh a teikhiatsate zong mun khatkhatte ah kammal zatzia buaihuai a sak
hun leh haksa a sak hun zong om hi. Tua ahih manin Latin Vulgate etkaak siksan in na
zang zelzel hi. Tua manin Greek pau tawh a kibang lo tampi om mawk hi. Erasmus in
Greek khutgelhlaite sunga om Sawltak 22:10 “Topa aw bangci gamtat ding ka hi hiam?
cih dotna na tei kha lo hi. Greek LST pen pawlkhat in san dingin muanhuai sa a, pawlkhat
in uphak sa uh hi. Pawlpi sungah zong kitotna zong piangsak hi. Tua manin hih Greek LST