Alamdang Laisiangtho Final (1)

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 185

kigualh danin guangin Gospel bute zuau laibu ahih loh lam kipsak hi. Tua banah “Sawl-
takte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 &
2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Hebrews, 1 Peter, 1 John, Jude leh Mangmuhna bute”
Thuciam Thak in kipsak hi. Hih hunin Philemon, James, 2 Peter, 2&3 John bute Thuciam
Thak sungah kikhum kha lo hi. Apocrypha bute sung panin Thuciam Thak bu dingin a
guangte in Didache, Epistle of Barnabas, 1 Clement, the Apocalypse of Peter, The Shep-
herd of Hermas, Acts of Peter leh Acts of Paul bute ahi hi. James, 2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John
hih teng LST in pomhak sa hi.

Origen (AD 185-254)

AD 203 kumin, kum 18 a pha, Origen in Christian thuhilhna ah makaipi hong suak
hi. Mipil mahmah khat ahi hi. Alexandria bishopte tawh kam kinialna hong neih ciangin
AD 230 kumin Origen pawlpi panin kihawlkhia hi. Caesarea ah a nihna thuhilhna sang
(School of Alexandria) hong phut hi. Nisuahna leh Nitumna gamte ah khual hong zin
kawikawi hi. A khualzitna gamte in Athens, Syria, Cappadocia leh Arabia gam ahi hi. LST
Thuciam Thak leh Text tuamtuam a khualzit sungin hong theih beh hi. Thuciam Lui leh
Thuciam Thak in Pasian’ humuap a kizakim hi, ci hi. Origen in Tatian’ teeltuam Gospel Bu
4 te in muanhuai mahmah a, Pasian’ humuap hi ci-in AD 244 kumin genkhia hi.

Gospel bu in “Gospel” ahih ziakin a kuamah peuh in lunghi-mawh in kikamtam
in kinial ding hi lo hi, ci hi. Origen in Peter’ Gospel leh James bute zong pawlpi in up din-
gin muanhuai mahmah ahih lam zong gen hi. Hebrews Gospel bu, Hermas bute Pasian’
humuap in AD 244-6 kumin gen lai hi. A sangsia ahi Clement mah bangin Didache leh
Barnabas laikhakte LST bangin sang hi. Origen in 2 & 3 John leh 2 Peter te AD 245 ku-
min kua gelh hi ding hiam cih lunghimawh hi. Hebrews bang zong Luke ahk Rome a om
Clement gelh hi ding hi, ci uh hi. AD 230 kumin Thuciam Thak LST dingin a kikhumte in
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Paul’ laikhakte 13, 1 Peter, 1 John leh Mang-
muhna bute ahi hi. Hebrews, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John, James, Jude bute LST in Origen in a san
hangin Christian dangte in LST dingin san haksa mahmah lai hi. LST dingin a kipom zo lo
Apocrypha bu a kici “Didache, Epistles of Barnabas, Shepherd of Hermas, 1 Clement leh
Acts of Paul bute pen LST thuneihna tawh a kikim in na ciamteh bilbel hi.

Laodicea Council (AD 363-364)

Loadicea Council (363-364) kumin Asia Minor gam sung panin siampi 30 in Load-
icea khua, Phryia Pacatiana ah council nei uh hi. A kikup thute uh thulu 60 bang pha hi.
Tuate sungah Canon 59 na leh 60 na pen Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak bu ding khen-
tatna tawh kisai ahi hi. Canon 59 na in pawlpi-in LST dingin a kipsak loh bute pen sim
ding khamna ahi hi. Canon 60 na in Thuciam Thak bu 26 kipsakna nei uh hi. Mangmuhna
bu sanhak sa lai uh hi. Thuciam Lui Hebrew LST sungah Buruch bu leh Jeremiah laikhak
bute behlap uh hi. Roman Catholic pawlpi in “Deutero-canonical books” a kicite Thuci-
am Lui sungah kikhum lo hi. AD 350 kumin Cyril of Jerusalem in Council of Loadiceate’
khentatna tawh kituak in Thuciam Thak bawlkhia hi.

186 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatian,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Tuhun a, Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap
in sang hi. Mangmuhna humuap in sanhak sa lua lai uh hi)

Ephipharius of Salamis (AD 315-403)

Ephipharius of Salamis (c.315-402/3 AD) in Palestine gam ah AD 325 kumin piang
hi. Egypt gamah a naupang lai-in teenga, phungzi sangah kah in pilna saangpi nei hi.
Egypt gam panin Palestine gam ah hong ciahkik ciangin AD 335 kumin phungzi sang
phut hi. AD366/7 kumin bishop of Salamis suak in AD 402/3 kum a sih dong pawlpi ah si-
ampi zaa lensuak hi. Ephipharius in Palestine leh Egypt ah a om sungin LST tangthu tawh
kisai thei mahmah hi. Tanglai pau leh laite zong thei hi. AD 376 kumin upna pialte hilhna
langpang hi. A laigelhte sungah LST bu-in a pomte kimu thei hi. Thuciam Lui bu khenpi 3
phasak hi. Thuciam Lui pen bu 27 phasak hi. Thuciam Lui bu 27 a phaksakna a hangin 1
& 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kumpite, 1 & 2 Khangtangthu, Esdras, Thuhilhkikna leh Ruth bute a khen
tuam man ahi hi. Jeremiah leh Buruch bu khat in kigawm hi. Ephipharius in Thuciam Lui
Hebrew panin Thuciam Thak Greek pau in letkhia hi. Thuciam Thak bu zong bu 27 te sang
kimin “Pasian’ LST hi” ci-in minpia hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timoti, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
& 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Tu hun a, Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap
in sang hi. Mangmuhna humuap in sanhak sa lua lai uh hi)

Gregory of Nazianzen(s) (AD 312-361)

Gregory of Nazianzus in Greek nulepa sung panin Cappadocia ah piang hi. A
nulepa in, mihau mahmah ahi hi. AD 325 kumin a nu Nonna in a lawmpa Gregory in Hyp-
sistarian upna pialna panin Christian upna ah kikheelsak hi. Christian hong suah ciangin
a pa AD 328/329 kumin bishop siampi zaa ngah hi. Gregory a neu lai-in Amphylokhios a
om a pano kiangah pilna sin hi. Athen khua hong zin laitakin lamkaal ah huihpi leh guah-
pi thuak in lau lua ahih manin Gregory in, “Topa aw, hih lauhuaina panin nong hotkhiat
leh ka nuntakna khempeuh ah nangma nasem dingin kong kipia ding hi” ci-in thungen
hi. AD 361 kumin pilsina sang hong man ciangin Nazianzus ah hong ciahkik a, a pa’ lung-
gulhna tawh kizui-in a pa sepna mun ah a pa huh dingin siampi zaa ngah hi. Ama dam
sungin a laigelhnate ah Thuciam Thak laibu in a pom LSTte a nuai a bang ahi hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Tu hun a, Thuciam Thak khempeuh hu-
muap in sang hi. Mangmuhna humuap in san haksa lua lai uh hi)

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 187

Amphilochius of Iconium (AD 339-403)

Amphilochius of Iconium (c. 339-403 AD) kumin piang hi. A pa sitni khat ahi hi. A
nu Livia ahih leh a migi leh a ciim numei khat ahi hi. Amah leh Gregory of Nazianzus a
ki-unau (Cousin) ahi hi. AD 373-394 kum kikaal Galatia gam sunga om Iconium khua ah
bishop siampi sem hi. Mipil khat ahih manin lai tampi gelh hi. A laigelh a kimukik sun-
sunte ah Thuciam Thak bu tawh kisai a nuai-a bangin na gen hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timotty, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Tu hun a, Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap
in sang hi. Mangmuhna humuap in san haksa lua lai uh hi)

Synod of Carthage (AD 397)

Carthage khua ah pawlpi makaite in Synod (9) vei nei ngei uh hi. Tua Synodte
sungah 3 vei pen Thuciam Thak bu tawh kisai ahi hi. Synod of Carthage (AD 397) in Thu-
ciam Thak tawh kisai a nuai-a bangin Thuciam Thak kipsakna nei hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timotthy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap in kipom
khin hi. St. Augustine zong om in thukim hi)

Jerome (AD 347-384)

Jerome in Rome gam Damatia a kici khua ah AD 347 kumin piang hi. Kum 12 a
phak ciangin Rome ah Latin lai, Tangthu leh Pasian’thuthuk pilna (Theology) sin dingin
pai hi. AD 382 kumin Pope Damasus in Latin LST bawl dingin huhna ngen hi. Hih hunin
Latin pau tawh LST om khin hi. Ahi zongin a kiteizia hoih kisa lo hi. Pope Damasus in pawl-
pi-in LST kician khat neih ding kitangsam sa hi. A khialte puapha ding leh leitung bup
pawlpi-in upna bulpi dingin a san theih kim dingin bawlkhiat ding hoih sa hi. Jerome AD
384 kumin Damasus a sih kumin Thuciam Thak Gospel bute hong zo hi. LST buppi AD 400
kumin hong zo siang hi. Khawk dangah Jerome thu a kicingzaw in i suut ding hi. Thuciam
Thak tawh kisai Jerome in a kipsakte a nuai a bang ahi hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, Johan, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Gala-
tians, Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timotthy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews,
James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap
in kisang a, Hebrrew bu in Paul laikhak hi lo hi ci hi)

Rufinnus of Aquileia (AD 345-410)

Rufinus of Aquileia (AD 345-410) in Concordia khua, Aquileia tawh kinai ah piang hi.
Sidorius Apollomnaris in Rufinnus pen “Turranius Rufinus” ci-in sam a, Jerome in, “Tyran-
nius Rufinus” ci-in sam hi. Rufinus in phungzi, lailet leh pawlpi tawh kisai laitei minthang
khat ahi hi. Concordia ah a neu lai a tan tawm lam teng sangkah hi. A nulepa Chrisitan

188 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

hi-a, kum 15 a phak ciangin a pate in Rome ah sangkahsak uh hi. Tua a sangkahna ah
Jerome tawh kilawmta in kikhawl uh hi. AD 369 kumin Aquileia ah ciahkik in Chromatius
ii makaihna nuai ah nasem hi. AD 370 kumin kituiphum hi. Phungzite makaihna nuai ah
Aquileia khua ah Jerome tawh AD 370 dong om uh hi. AD 373 kum panin Alexandria khua
ah kum 6 sung pilna sin hi. Tua khit ciangin LST leh Origen laigelhte kum 2 sung sin beh lai
hi. Egypt gam leh Palestine gamte ah kum tampi sung pilna zong hi. AD 381 kum ciangin
bishop of John in siampi zaa pia hi. Olive Mual tungah phungzi sang khat phut hi. Thuci-
am Thak tawh kisai bute a nuai a bangin na gelhkhia hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap in san-
ga, Hebrews in Paul laikhak hi ci hi)

St. Augustine (AD 345)

Augustine in AD 345 kumin Rome gam Thagaste khua ah piang hi. A nu Monica
pen Pasian zahtak Christian khat ahi hi. A pa Patricius in milim bia khat hi-a, a sih ding
ciangin Christian a suak khat ahi hi. Augustine in kum 11 a phak in sangkah kipan hi. Latin
lai siam mahmah in pil mahmah hi. Milimbiate lai tam sim ahih manin a upna uh leh a
zuihte uh hong zuih pih mai hi. Kum tampi sung gamtatsiatna tawh a hunte beisak hi.
Mawhna pianzia a theih cilna pen a vengte phallohpi-in a lawmte tawh a singgah guk-
na pan uh ahi hi. A singgah guuk uh pen a gilkial man uh hilo-in a kiphal loh man ahi hi.
Pianpih lungsim pen thanem ahih manin a kikham tata kisem nuam hi, ci hi. Guta bek
hilo-in gamtatsia mahmah in nulepa mawhna paal ngul lua in gamtat sia mahmah hi.
Kum 17 a phak in Carthage ah numei khat tawh nulepa phalna omlopi-in kum 15 sung
hong om khawm uh hi. Ta khat hong nei sawnsawn uha, a min “Adeodatus” ci-in phuak
hi. A khiatna in “Pasian kiang pan letsong” cihna ci hi. AD 385 kum ciangin hong kikhen
uha, kum 12 a pha numei khat tawh hong kiteeng kik hi. Mawhna a bawlna hangin lung-
nopna ngah thei vet lo hi.

Mawhna a bawl khakte in a lungnuamsak ngeilo hi. Khatvei Milan khuapi sung
nawk in hong vakkhia hi. A paina ah khutdawh-ngen khat a nuihmai a maitai khat mu hi.
Bang hangin a kamsia mizawng khat pen hi bangin a lungnuam thei hi ding hiam cih a
lungsim-tawngah ngaihsun sun hi. Lungnopna a kici ngah zo lo ahih manin khatvei ama
inn sung gamdaihna ah amah kia thu ngaihsun in hong om hi. “Ka lungsim-tawngah a
kiseelsimte, zuauphuak in ka seelsimte ka lungsim limlang ah hong kilang datdat ahih
manin kei leh kei hehpihhuai ka kisa hi.” “Ka seelsim khempeuh ka lungtang tawh ka
muh a kipanin huihpi leh tuihual bangin ka sung hong kilok gawp a, tui bangin ka khitui
hong luang hi. Ka mawhna hangin mawhna sila sungah a omlai-in ka kingaihsun hi. Ka
mawhnate maisak ding lunggulh in ka kapkap hi. Bangtan vei mawhna bawl lai ding
ka hiam? “Zingciang”, “Zingciang” cici lai ding ka hiam? Banghangin tu mahmah in pi-
angthak zo lo ding ka hiam? Banghangin ka hai gamtatnate tu mahmah in nusia lo ding
ka hiam” ci-in a mah leh amah a lungsim-tawng a phu vanvan dotna nei hi.

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 189

“Hih dotna teng kei leh kei ka kidotna ahi hi. Ka lungsimtawng ah nakpi-takin dah
in kap kawmin ka thum ka tau hi. Hih bang hun laitakin naupang khat in ka inn gei-ah la
a sa dankhat ka za hi. Pasal aw’ maw, numei aw’ maw, cih ka khen thei kei hi. Ahi zongin
hih la hong kisa kik zelzel hi. “La in la, sim in. La in la, sim in” cih la ahi hi. Koilai ah hi bangin
naupangte lasa-in kimawl uh hiam? ci-in ka ngaihsun hi. Hih awging ka zak ma-in, lasa
a om lam ka phawk kha kei hi. Ka kahna khitui nul kawm in ka dingto hi. Ka LST sim ding
Pasian in hong sawl hi ding hi ci-in ka ngaihsun a, LST ka lem hi. Ka lem LST ka mit in a
muh masak pen in Romans 13:12-13 hi-a, ka sim hi. Ka nuntakna hih LST mun in kei hong
kheel hi, ci hi.” St. Augustine in Pasian thuthuk thei mipil mahmah khat hi-a, a laigelhte
sungah Thuciam Thak tawh kisai a nuai a bangin na pulaak hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Thuciam Thak khempeuh humuap hi khin
a, Hebrew in Paul laikhak ahi hi, ci hi)

John Chrysostom (AD 347)

John Chrysostom in AD 347 kumin Antioch khua ah piang hi. A nu Anthusa pen
Christian a ci om a, milimbia khat hi, a ci zong om hi. John Chrysostom a suah khit a saw-
tlo-in a pa in sih san hi. A nu’n pantah in khansuah hi. Anu in a sawlna hangin milimbia
ahi Libanius kiangah pilna sin hi. Libanius kiangpan sang hong man ciangin Greek pau
leh Greek lai sin ding hong lunggulh hi. A golzawk lam ciangin John Chrysostom in Chris-
tian upna lam hong lunggulh a, Pasian’ thuthuk pilna Diodore of Tarsas nuai ah hong sin
leuleu hi. John in phungzi nuntak khuasak bangin AD 375 kumin tangom (Tolten) hi. Kum
2 sung bang amah kia in gamlak ah om hi. A ihmut khak ding lau ahih manin LST simsim
in lotngah hi. Hih bangin a hanciamna hangin a gilpi leh a kalte kisia in cidam mel lo hi.
A cidamna a hoih loh ciangin Antioch ah hong ciah hi. AD 368/373? Kumin kituiphum hi.
AD 381 kumin Deacon zaa bishop Meletius of Antioch in pia hi. Paulinus a sih khit ciangin
AD 386 kumin siampi zaa Flavian in pia hi. John Chrysostom pen thugen siam mahmah
khat hi-a, “Kham kamnei” (Golden-Mouth) kici liang hi. Leitung hauhna sangin kha lam
hauhna thupisakzaw hi. Hauhna leh liatna cihte nial hi. AD 397 kum ciangin Archbishop
of Constantinople ah mun zaa ngah hi. Amah pen Pasian’ thuthukpi thei leh thugen siam
khat in minthang hi. A laigelhte sungah Thuciam Thak tawh kisai a nuai a bang ahi hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom Laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesa, Philipians, Kolose, 1 & 2 Thesalonika, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James,
1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Thuciam Thak gospel bute, Paul laikhak 14
leh Sawltakte tangthu bek humuap in sang hi. Ahi zongin AD 400 khit ah Thuciam Thak
Canon vai buaina om nawnlo hi)

Laisiangtho Thuciam Thak Kisanna

Christiante in Thuciam Thak Pasian humuap LST thuneihna nei hi cih a muan-
huaina tukteh, sittel nadingin dotna pawlkhat om hi. Thuciam Thak in sawltakpite

190 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

laigelh ahk Sawltakpite tawh kinai pente gelh ahi hiam? A laikhak a laigelhte uh pawlpi
khempeuh in sangin a zang kim hiam? A sunga om thute in, a omsa LST tawh a kituak
hiam? Hih laibute in Pasian’ Khasiangtho humuap hi cih teci muanhuai a nei hiam? cih
dotnate pawlpi makaite leh Christian laigelh siam minthangte in Thuciam Thak sittelna
nei uh hi.

Nisuahna Lam Pawlpite’ Laisiangtho Sanzia

Nisuahna lam pawlpite in “Byzantine pawlpi” cihin zong ki thei hi. Nisuahna lam
pawlpi phualpi in Constantinople khuapi hi-a, a kipatcil in Greek-kampau zang pawlpi
ahi hi. Nitumna lam pawlpite tawh kilam dang mahmah uh hi. Nitumna lam pawlpite
phualpi in Rome khuapi hi-a, Latin kam zang pawlpite ahi uh hi. Greek leh Latin pau a
zang biakna dangte sangin hih pawlpi nihte in ngeina (Cultures) huzapna neizaw uh hi. A
masa in Nisuahna lam pawlpite Thuciam Thak hong gawmtuah zia leh hong khantohzia
i suut ding hi.

Eusebius of Caesarea (AD 260-339)

Eusebius in AD 260 kumin Caesarea bishop suak in AD 340 kum pawl in si hi. Rome
ukpi Constantine Christian hong suah nadingin a tawsawnpa zong ahi hi. Amah pen
tangthu siam minthang mahmah khat ahi hi. Eusebius in laibusaal Caesarea ah nei hi.
Hih a laibusaal pen a tungin Origen a’ hi-a, tua panin Pamphilus in luahto hi. Pamphilus
in Diocletian bawlsiat hun sungin si hi. Eusebius in Pamphilus hong sih khit ciangin lai-
busaal luahto hi. Eusebius in laibusaal hong behlapto hi. Jerusalem ah zong laibusaal
hong neih beh in laibu dang tampi hong kaikhawm hi. Kum zalom masa 3 na sunga
Pawlpi tangthu tawh kisai laibute hong kankhia hi. A diakdiak in Nisuahna lam pawlpite
tangthu hong thukkan mahmah hi. Kum 25 sung bang pawlpi tangthu hong kankhia in
laibu in hong bawlkhia hi. Eusebius in Christian LST tangthu bulsut mahmah hi. Christian
masate’ laigelhte siksan in laigelh sawn a, LST tawh a kituak lote hemkhia hi. Thuciam
Thak tawh kisai aman nam 3 in hong khen hi. A masa in thuneihna a nei leh a taktak lai
ahi, mi khempeuh ii thukim laite khen masa ah koih hi. A nihna ah a kisang leh kinial lai-
bute khen nihna ah koih in, a thumna in hoih a kisa laibute cih bangin na khen hi. Pawlpi
khempeuh ah buaina a om lo, LST dingin, a kisang kim laibute in “Homologoumena” kici
hi. Tua Thuciam Thakte in bu 22 pha hi. Gospel bu 4 te, Sawltakte Tangthu, Paul’ laikhak
khempeuh bute 14 (Hebrews) zong a kihel, leh 1 Peter, 1 John, Mangmuhna cihte ahi hi.
“Antilegomena” laibute pen pawlkhat LST in kisanga, pawlkhat ahih leh a at kua hiam
cih kithei lo ahih manin LST in kisang zo lo hi. Eusebius in LST in a kisang zo lo leh a kinial
diak laibute ci-in na khen hi. A kinial diakte in James laikhak, Jude, 2 Peter, 2&3 John cihte
ahi hi. Eusebius in Apocrypha laibu dingin a ciaptehte in a at kua hiam cih a kithei zo lo
laibute a hi hi, ci hi. Thuciam Thak hun in Apocrypha laibu a cihte pen “Acts of Paul, Shep-
herd of Hermes, Apocalypse of Peter, Epistle of Barnabas Laikhak leh Didache (Nungzuite
thuhilhna), Apocalypse of John” bute hi-a, LST in sang zo lo hi. Hepkhiat laibute sungah
koih hi. James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2&3 John, Mangmuhna Pasian’ humuap laibu in pom haksa
hi. A dang teng bel Thuciam Thak LST in pom khin hi.

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 191

Cyril of Jerusalem (AD 315-386)

AD 350 kumin Cyril Jerusalem ah pawlpi bishop suak hi. Ama nasep a minthang
khat in “Catechetical Lectures” ahi hi. Hih “Catechetical Lectures” in tui kiphum ma-in tui-
phum dingte thuhilhna ahi hi. Biakinn sungah tuiphum dingte a thuhilh ciangin pawlpi mi
khat in LST khut tawh teikhia hi. Tuiphumna tawh kisai a thuhilhna sungah Thuciam Thak
leh Thuciam Lui na gen hi. A laihilhna sungah a gelhkhiat LST te in “Gospel bu 4 te, a zom
ah, Sawltakte Tangthu, laikhak tuamtuam a kici 7 te (James, I Peter, II Peter, I John, II John,
III John leh Jude) leh Paul laikhak 14 te (Hebrews zong a kihel)” te ahi hi. A gen behna ah,
pawlpi in a sim phal loh lai dangte nang leh nang theih nop tawm adingin zong na sim
vet kei ding hi ci-in gen hi. Cyril in Mangmuhna bu LST dingin sang zo nai lo hi. Kum zalom
4 na a laizang pawl khawngin Jerusalem pawlpite in Mangmuhna LST dingin sang pan
uh hi. Ama Thuciam Thak santé a nuai a bang ahi hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rom laikhak, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Efesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, He-
brews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna bute ahi hi. Tu hun a, Thuci-
am Thak khempeuh humuap in sang hi. Mangmuhna Pasian’ humuap dingin san haksa
hi.

Athanasius (AD 296-373)

Athanasius in kum zalom 4 na sungin Pasian’ thuthuk thei a kiphat a minthang
mahmah khat ahi hi. Nicea khawmpi (AD325) hun pawl in Deacon khat leh bishop Alex-
ander huh in om hi. AD 328 kumin Bishop Alexander zaa luahto hi. Athanasius in LST tawh
kisai nasia takin thuk kan mahmah hi. Alexandria khua ah bishop a sem peuhpeuh in
ngeina a neih khat om a, (March, April, May, June) kha simin pawlpite ah laikhak khatta
khak uh hi. Egypt phungzi sangte in “Easter ni” leh tual pawlpite in “Lenten ni” in antang
kipat ding ciangin pawlpi laikhak uh hi. Pawlpi in adang zuih dingte bishopte in lai a piak
uh ciangin a “Ni sehsa” in koih hi. Athanasius in AD367 kumin Easter ni –in a laikhakte
sungah Thuciam Thak LST tu hun a, i gualh dan ahih loh hangin a phazah kibang Thuci-
am Thak bu 27 na ciamteh hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Rome laikhak, 1 & 2 Corintians, Galatians,
Efesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, He-
brews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2&3 John, Jude, Mangmuhnate ahi hi. Tuhun a Thuciam
Thak khempeuh humuap in sang hi. Tuucing Hermas bute in a thupi khat in seh a, Thu-
ciam Thak LST sungah guang lo hi.

Thuciam Thak hong gualh khit ciangin, “Hih Thuciam Thak LSTte in hotkhiatna lui-
tui hi-a, a dangtak mite in a sunga a nungta thute lungulh in a dawnna hangin lungkim-
na ngah ding uh hi. Pasian suunin sianthona tawh kisai nuntakna kihilhna in hih LST bekin
gen hi. Kuamah peuh in hih thu behlap kei henla, laakkhiat zong bang mah nei kei ta hen
ci-in Athanasius in gelh hi. Egypt gam sunga om pawlpite ah Athanasius in Thuciam
Thak LST kician takin a gelhkhiat hangin, pawlpi lian huzap a nei makaipite in thukimpih

192 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

lo uh hi. Ahi zongin Athanasius khit ciangin, Greogry of Nazianzus (AD389 kumin si), Am-
philochius (AD 394 kum khit ah si), Epiphanius (AD 403 kumin si), John Chrysostom (AD
407 kumin si) leh Theodoret (AD466 kumin si) hih laigelh siam minthangte in Athanasius
thuhilhna thukimpih gai uh hi. Hih teng lakah Epiphanius (AD 403 kumin si) bekin Mang-
muhna Thuciam Thak sungah guang lo hi.

Nisuahna Lamte Thuciam Thak

Nisuahna lam pawlpite hong kikhen ciangin a upna uh LST pomzia hong kila-
mdang in amau deih bang tekin upna pom uh hi. Syrian pawlpite lakah LST kibang lo
version (6) hong piangkhia hi. Diatessaron of Tatian LST version pawkkhat in sang uh hi.
Pawlkhat in Gospel bu 4 te LST version in zang uh hi. Peshitta version in AD Kum zalom 5
na kipatcil lamin teikhiat hong kipankhia-a, Syrian pawlpite in LST khat in a zat uh leh a
hoih mahmah version hong suak hi. Peshitta Syriac version in Paul laikhak a hi lo laikhak
bu 4 te (II Peter, II & III John leh Jude) leh Mangmuhna Thuciam Thak LST sungah guang lo
uh hi. Syrian pawlpi tampite in Thuciam Thak hih teng tawh kipsak uh hi. A khuanung lam
ciangin, Monophysite Syrians pawlpite in Peshitta puahpha kik uh hi. Amau puahphat ki-
kna sungah Paul laikhak ahi lo laikhak dangte bu 7 (James, I Peter, II Peter, I John, II John,
III John leh Jude) leh Mangmuhna guang beh uh hi. Tu hun in Syrian Orthodox pawlpi leh
Chaldean Syrian pawlpite in Peshitta a masa pen mah biakpiakna ah LST simin nei uh hi.
Laikhak tuamtuam a kici, Paul laikhak ahi lo teng lakah bu 4 te (II Peter, II & III John, and
Jude) leh Mangmuhna Thuciam Thak LST in zang lo uh hi. Nestorian Syrian pawlpi zat
LST in kilamdang deuh hi. Amau Thuciam Thak LST sungah a tamzaw in Peshitta sunga
kiguangte ahi hi.

Armeniate in a masa penpen a gambup un Christian upna a nei masa penpen
gam ahi hi. A kipatcil lam in “Tatian’s Diatessaron” pen Syriac panin Armenian pau tawh
letkhia uh hi. Armeniante LST in Peshitta Version tawh a kibangin luahsuk uha, tua banah
pawlkhat behlap lai uh hi. Tuhun a Protestantte LST tawh kizopna leh kibatna nei lo hi.
Egypt Coptic pawlpi in LST dingin Athanasius’ Easter laikhak a sang cilte ahi uh hi. Tua
laikhakte Coptic pau in letkhia uha, Athanasius’ Thuciam Thak Greek tawh kibangin bu
27 pha hi. Tulaitak in Protestantte in Thuciam Thak bu 27 a neih uh tawh kibang lian hi.
Ethiopian pawlpi in 1959 kum masiah Coptic pawlpi in Thuciam Thak LST a pom bangin
pom uh hi. Ahih hangin Protestant LST sungah a kiguang lo laibu thum Ethiopian pawlpi
in behlap uh hi.

• Sinodos, pawlpi thupiakna laibu;

• Thuciam Laibu (Pawlpi thupiak laibu)

• Didascalia (Pawlpi thupiak laibu)

Metzger in Nisuahna lamte Thuciam Thak khakna (Closed) kankhiatna na nei
hi. Greek LST Byzantine hun (Nisuahna lam pawlpite) panin na kankhia hi. 1980 kumin
Institute for New Testament Text-Research, Munster ah a bawlna ah Greek khutgelhlai
pawlkhat mukhia hi. Hih khutgelhlai LST a muhkhiatte in LST a muanhuaina teci kician

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 193

mahmah ahi hi. Pawlpi makaite leh pawlpi khawmpite uah a buainate in hih khutgel-
hlaite in vengsak tuam mahmah hi. Nisuahna lamte in Mangmuhna bu pen Thuciam
Thak sunga guang ding haksa sa tek uh ahih hangin a nung ciangin Pasian’ humuap LST
in sang veve uh hi.

Nitumna Lam Pawlpite Thuciam Thak

Nisuahna lam ah Christian upna hong piang masa in, Nitumna lamte adingin
lam hong sialsak suak hi. Sawltakte tangthu sungah European mi Asia Minor gam sunga
omThyartira khua mi sumbawl mihau numei Lydia in hong piangthak masa bel hi ci-in
kigen hi. Amah pen Macedonia gam sunga om Philippi khua ah, a manpha mahmah
puansan zuak ahi hi (Sawltak 16:14) ci hi. Philippi panin Paul leh a lawmte leitaw (South)
lamah Balkan Peninsula ah zinkhia uh hi. Gospel thupuak dingin a khualzin uh zom suak
uha, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, leh Cenchreate ah zin kawikawi uh hi.

Tua khit ciangin Paul pen Illyrcum lamah zin hi (Romans 15:19). Rome ah Gospel
thupuak kua hiam cih kithei lo hi. Paul in Caesar mai ah thongkia dingin thu a kisit lai-
in Rome ah Christian pawlpi na om khin hi. Sawltak 28:15 sungah Paul in koimah ah, a
paikhiat theih loh nadingin kicing hi. Caesar mai ah thu a kisit ciangin Rome gam a om
Christian pawlkhat in Paul tawh kimu dingin tai 40 a gamlatna panin hong pai uh hi. Tua
hunin (AD 54-68) Nero ukpi (Emperor) hong suak hi. Rome gam sungah Christian tampi
na om zo hi. AD Kum zalom 2 na ma khawngin Rome ah pawlpi kip mahmah khin hi. Gaul
gam Nitumna lamah zong pawlpite kiphut in leitaw (South) lam leh Africa gam Leilu lam
(Northern) Mediterranean tuipi kantan in Christiante pungin kizel mahmah uh hi. Tun i
thukawng hei vat dih leng, Nitumna gam lamte in Thuciam Thak laibute bangte zangin,
koici muh uh hiam cih i kankhia lai ding hi. A masa pen in Muratorian LST leh Rome khuapi
sunga pawlpi makai thupi mahmah nihte ngaihsut kawm ding ka deih hi.

Muratorian Laisiangtho (c.190 AD)

Muratorian Canon in a lamdang khat leh hoihtakin kitei hi khol lo khat hi-a, Latin
tawh a kitei biakna sungah kisim laite ahi hi. A hun lian kician lo-in AD kum zalom 2 na
sung dingin kilamen hi. Kua gelh hi ding hiam cih zong kithei tuan lo hi. Muratorian LST
in a kimuhkhiat zawh ciangin a mukhiapa min kitamsak hi. Amah pen German tangthu
siam leh LST thuthuk a thei khat hi-a, a minpi-in Ludovico Antonio Muratori ahi hi. Hoihta-
kin a kikembit laibu (Codex) AD Kum zalom 8 na sunga khut tawh a kigelh lai, Bobbio
phungzi sangah kimu hi. Tu-in Italy gam Milan khuapi ah “Ambrosian laibusaal” ah om
hi. A nung ciangin Monte Cassino ah zong Muratorian LST tawh a kibang kimukhia hi. Tua
Laibu (Codex) sungah Pasian thu tawh kisai tampi om hi. AD kum zalom 4 na leh 5 na
sunga pawlpi makai (Eucherius, Ambrose, and Chrysostom) te kaihkhop LST hi dingin ki-
um hi. Christian masate upna (Creeds) bulpi 5te tawh a thu khum hi. Phungzite in laibu
mun tampi panin a lak uh hileh kilawm hi. A sanggampa Pius, Rome pawlpi ah bishop
ahih laitakin hih a kimukhia lai (Codex) a gelhpa pen Rome khua om ding bangin gen
hi. Pius in pawlpi makai a sep hunin AD 140 – 157 kum kikaal ahi hi. Tua ahih manin hih

194 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

Muratorian Canon (Codex) in AD 200 kum nung lam a kigelh hi lo limlim hi cih hong lak
hi. Muratorian LST sunga om Thuciam Thak bute a nuai bang ahi hi.

Gospel bu 4 te, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, I & II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Phi-
lippians, Colossians, I & II Thessalonians, I & II Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Jude, I, II, & III John,
John Mangmuhna hih teng hi-a, Hebrew, James leh I & II Peter bute om lo-in mang hi.

Peter Mangmuhna bu zong pawlkhat in biakinn sunga LST sim dingin sang zo lo
uh hi. Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John humuap in pom haksa lai uha, a dangte
Thuciam Thak in pom uh hi. Wisdom of Solomon bu leh Apocalypse of Peter bute zong
kiguanga, LST in a kisang hituan lo hi. Shepherd of Hermas bu pen LST in kisang zo lo hi.

Justin Martyr (AD 100-165)

Rome a om Justin Martyr in upna huutna tawh kisai Rome ukpipa tungah a
laikhak masak kum AD 150 kum ahi hi. A nihveina in AD 161 kum kiim ahi hi. AD 135 kumin
kam kinialna thute tawh kisai, Jew mi Trypho tawh a kihona zong lai na gelh hi. A masa
pen a sepkhiatte a genna hi-a, Justin in “Memoire of Apostles” cih thulu zangin thu na
gen a, tua pen “Gospel” na ci hi. Hih a laigelhna sungah siksan in a neih Gospel bute
(Luke, Matthew, Mark leh John leh John laikhakte) na zang hi. Justin in Mark pen “Memoirs
of Peter” ci-in sam a, 53% in Papias huzapna hang hi kha ding hi. LST kigualh ngeina lui
zui zong hi kha thei ding cih a um zong om hi. Hih gospel laibute sung panin hanthotna,
thungetna tawh kisai, pawlpi sungah hilhcianna leh thapiakna Justin in gelh hi. Justin in
Gospel bute a teeltuamna pen Rome kumpi in Christiante a telkhialhna hangin a huutna
dingin siksan in a genna ahi hi. Tua manin Orthodox pawlpite in Justin leh Tatian’ Gospel
bute a genna ah sisan thu (Blood) om ci ahih manin Canon in guang uh hi. Justin Martyr
in Gospel bu 4 te (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) LST in sang hi. A dang Thuciam Thak in a
sang laibute in Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Colos-
ians, 2 Thessalonians, Hebrews leh 1 Peter bute ahi hi. Apocrypha bu ahi-apocalypse of
John zong siksan in na nei hi. 2 Corinthians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy,
Titus, Philemon, James, 2 Peter, 1, 2 & 3 John, Jude leh Mangmuhna bute Thuciam Thak
bu hi cihna a pulaakna om lo hi.

Hippolytus Of Rome (AD 170-235)

Amah pen AD 235 kum ma-in si hi. Hippolytus in thu tuamtuam lai tampi a gelh
minthang khat ahi hi. Nisuahna lam ah Origen tawh a khangkhawm uh ahi hi. AD 170 AD
kumin suak a, a neu lai thu kitam theih khak lo hi. Photius in, Hippolytus pen Irenaeus’
sangnau pang khat in gen hi. Hippolytus pen Rome pawlpite in a zahtak leh mi thupi
mahmah khat in a ngaihsut uh ahi hi. Hippolytus in Rome bishop Callistus (217-222 AD)
tawh pawlpi thukhun tawh kisai kilungkimlohna nei hi. Kilungkimloh manin amah leh a
nungzuite Rome pawlpi tawh kikhen pah uh hi. Tua ahih manin Hippolytus in pope lang-
pang masa penpen in kigen hi. A nung ciangin pawlpi tawh kilemna hong bawl kik a, AD
235 kumin bawlsiatna tawh sihna thuak hi. Hippolytus in Thuciam Thak bute a kaihkhop-
na a kimuh zenzen loh hangin, mi pawlkhat in Muratorian LST Latin pau in a kiletkhia pen

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 195

ama gelh dingin um uh hi. Hi kha thei maitak hi. A laigelhna ah Thuciam Thak in a santé
in hi bang ahi hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephe-
sians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Hebrews, James, 1 &
2 Peter, 1 & 2 John, Jude leh Mangmuhna bute ahi hi. Philemon leh 3 John pen Thuciam
Thak bu dingin na pulaak kha lo hi. Apocrypha bu a kici Acts of Paul pen thuneihna a nei
LST in na sang hi.

Hippolytus in Mangmuhna bu pen na huu ngiat in LST in na sang hi. Hebrews
pen thugen sawnna ah na zang hi. Ahi zong LST danin a sang bel hi lo hi. Hippolytus in a
laigelh dang khat ah “Nungzuite thu leh laikhakte” ahi hi. Gospel bu 4 te pen bu khat ah
gawmtuah in nungzuite laikhakte pen bu khat mah in kaikhawm in gawmtuah hi. Hip-
polytus in II Peter thu a hilhcian masa penpen pa ahi hi. Ahi zongin LST tawh kisaisak lo hi.
James leh Jude laikhakte zong a theih na ciang khat om hi.

Gaul Gam

Ni dangin “Gaul” gam i cihin tuhunin France, Luxemburg, Belgium, Switzerland,
Italy, Netherlands leh Germany gamte a cihna ahi hi. Hih Gaulte pen “Celts mite/ Celtic
mite” kici hi. Asia Minor (Tuhun in Turkey) panin missionary paite in Lyons khua ah pawlpi
khat phut uh hi. Hih a phuhkhiat uh pawlpi panin Gaul gam khempeuh ah lungdamna
thu kizelsak uh hi. Lyons khua a pawlpite in biakpiakna ah Greek pau leh Greek lai a zat
uh hangin Lyons mite in Celtic tual pau (Celtic dialect) zang uh hi. Hih Lyons pawlpi makai
minthang a lianpen khat ahi Irenaeus hi-a, Asia Minor Smyrna khua pan ahi hi. Amah
pen Nisuahna lam pawlpite i taangmi Pasian nasem khat ahi hi. AD 177 kum ciangin Ly-
ons pawlpi ah sawltak dingin makaite in Irenaeus a kiteelna lai bishop Eleuterus pia sak
uh hi. Hih Lyons pawlpi-in Montanist upna paikhialte tawh buaina lianpi nei uh hi. Buaina
a vengsak dingin Rome a bishop pa kiangah huhna ngen dingin Irenaeus a ki paisak ahi
hi. Rome ah Irenaeus a om sungin, Lyons khua mite in Christiante bawlsiat kipan uh hi.
A masa in, Lyons mite in khualak ah kisil kisawp leh vanlei vanzuakna phualte ah Chris-
tiante pai ding khaktan uh hi. A nung ciangin mihon omna munte ah Christiante lut ding
phal lo hi. Tua ciangin, gam ukpipa a om loh sungin, mihonpite in Christiante hawlkhia,
zawhthawh bawl, sat gawp, suang tawh deng lum uh hi. Gam ukpipa a khualzinna pan
hong tun kik ciangin Christiante bawlsiatna ding thupia sawnsawn hi. Christiante in na-
siatakin bawlsiatna thuak uha, a Christian upna uh a nutsiat theihtheih nadingun khat
khit khat Christiante bawlsia uh hi. A tawpna ah, gam ukpipa in Rome gam mi hihna a
nei Christian khempeuh thahmai nadingin thupia hi. A dangte in limlahna sungah gam-
sapite kikhawina sungah khiat dingin thupia hi. Hun pawlkhat khit ciangin gitlohna dam-
damin hong kiam hi. Lyons pawlpi in Asia Minor a pawlpi liante amau kianga thupiangte
lai tawh hopih uh hi. Tua laikhak sungah, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, Phillippians, 1 & 2
Timothy, 1 Peter, Hebrews, Gospel John, leh Mangmuhna bu te sung panin thugenna om
hi. Hih in LST bu phazah kipsakna hi lo-in, Thuciam Thak LST a muanhuaina teci hong lak
ahi hi.

196 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

Irenaeus (AD 160-220)

Kibawlsiat khit a sawt lo-in, Irenaeus AD 177 kumin in Asia gam sunga pawlpite
thu kaikhawm dingin kisawl hi. Hih a kankhiat laigelhte Eusebius in kembit hi. A laigelhte
in Thuciam Thak bu pan tampi zangin gelh hi. Kum pawlkhat khit ciangin upna paikhial
thute huutna lai a kigelhte leh nungzuite thuhilhna laite hong kaikhawm hi. Hih a kaih-
khop laite sungah Thuciam Thak bu tampivei na gen hi. Tuate tuhun in LST in kipomkim
ciat hi. Irenaeus in Gospel bu 4 te na pulaak hi. Paul’ laikhak khempeuh zong thuneihna
a nei LST hi ci-in pulaak hi. Against Heresies, Book 1, 3:6, sungah Thuciam Lui Thukham
bute leh kamsangte laigelhte in Thuciam Thak Sawltakte’ laigelhte tawh a kizakim hi ci-
in gen hi. John Mangmuhna zong LST bangin um in pom hi. Nisuahna lam pawlpite in
Mangmuhna bute LST in sanhak sa uh hi. Numidia gam sunga om Scillium ah Christian
kibawlsiate in Carthage ah AD 180 kumin laibu tampi nei uh hi. Tua sungah Paul laikhakte
zong kihel hi. Irenaeus in tua hunin laibu a hoih a teeltuamte lakah lungdam thubu Mat-
thew, Mark, Luke, Johnte zong kihel hi. Gospel bute bu khat in khui khawm hi. Sawltakte
Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 1 & 2 John, Jude leh Mang-
muhna bute ahi hi. Philemon, 2 Peter leh 3 John Thuciam Thak bu dingin na pulaak kha lo
hi. Tua banah Irenaeus in Apocrypha bute sung panin Shepherd of Hermas leh Wisdom
of Solomon bute nih LST Thuciam Thak in na guang hi.

Tertullian (AD 160-220)

AD Kum zalom 2 na a laizang pawl in Tertullian in Carthage khua ah dawibia inn-
kuan sung panin piangkhia ahi hi. Lailam, upadi lam, thugen lam siam in pilna sangpi
a nei khat ahi hi. Ama pianpih tual kamin Latin pau ahih zenzen hangin Greek pau zong
ama pianpih kampau bangin zang siam hi. Rome ah hong kituah hi. Thukhenzum ah
sitni hong sem in hong lawhcing ahih manin vang nei mahmah khat hong suak hi. AD
195 kum ciangin Christian hong suak hi. Tua ciangin a pianna khua Carthage ah hong ci-
ahkik a, a san upna nasiak takin hong tangko hi. A khuak ciim mahmah khat ahih manin
a thugennate ah muibun mahmah hi. AD 205 kum ciangin Rome pawlpi sunga zulhtat
gitnatlohna leh gamvai tawh kihazatna hong muh ciangin veina lianpi hong nei hi. Mon-
tanus in zong ama vei bang mah hong gen ciangin, Tertullian zong Montanus nungzui
khat hong suak hi. North Africa gam ah makai minthang mahmah khat hong suak hi.

Marcion’ upna khauh takin langpanna leh mawhsakna nei a, Tertullian in Thuci-
am Thak Sawltakte Tangthu leh Paul laikhakte huu ngiat hi. Hebrews bu zong Paul tawh
a kithuah Barnabas gelh hi ci-in gensawn kik hi. 1 John, 1 Peter, Jude laikhak leh John
Mangmuhna gensawn kikkik hi. Tertullian in ama laigelhnate sungah, Thuciam Thak ah
2 Peter, James, 2 John, and 3 John hih bu teng losiah a laigelhte sungah kihel hi. Hih
a laigelhna sungah a gen sawnkik loh teng LST in a kipom loh man cih dan hi lo-in, a
thugen thulu leh a laigelh thu tawh kisai kha lo bek ahi hi. Thuciam Thak dangte zong a
kip khit lam teci kician om khin hi. Tertullian in Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak ii thuneihna
kizakim sinsen hi, ci hi. Jerome in a genna ah, Rome pawlpi ah siampite kihazatna leh

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 197

upna donlo-in a om man un, Tertullian lunggimsak mahmah hi. Tua manin Montanist
upna makaipi hong suak hi, ci hi. Tertullian Thuciam Thak Canonte in a nuai- a bang ahi
hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephe-
sians, Philippians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter and 1 & 2 John, Jude leh Mangmuhna bute a pom banah Shepherd of Hermas leh
Wisdom of Solomon zong humuap khat in pom hi.

Nitumna Lamte Thuciam Thak Khakna

Latin pawlpi in Nisuahna lam pawlpite sangin LST Khakna (Closing Canon) lung-
gulh zaw uh hi. Nisuahna lam pawlpite in Khasiangtho tawh kidim thuneihna a cih Thu-
ciam Thak bute uh tawh kibang lo hi. Latin pawlpite in a kibang lo LST phal vet lo uh hi.
Nisuahna lamte tawh LST a gualhzia (Order) zong a kibang lo tampi om hi. Gospel bu 4
te masak den uha, a dangte bel tuhun LST tawh a ban paizia kibang hiau lo hi.

Hilary of Poitiers

Hilary in “Nitumna lamte’ Athanasius” ci-in kisam zelzel khat hi-a, Nisuahna lamte
leh Nitumna lamte kizopna hong bawlkhiapa ahi hi. AD 359 kumin Seleucia Council ah
Arius upna langpanin a to (Challenge) khat ahi hi. Orthodoxy upna a huut manin Arius
upna hong langbawl hi. Ama khang sungah Pasian’ thuthuk thei mipil (Theologian) a
kizahtak penpen khat hong suak hi. AD 368 kumin hong si hi. Thuciam Thak bute a ban
takin amah’n na ciamteh khol lo hi. Thuciam Lui lam ultungsakzaw hi. Ahi zongin Nitum-
na lamte LST Paul laikhakte leh James laikhakte tawh kisai a laigelhte ah na gensawn hi.

Lucifer of Calaris

Lucifer pen a suah kum kithei lian lo-a, (AD 370/ 371?) kum pawl in a si ahih lam
kithei hi. Mi huzap nei mahmah khat leh Orthodox upna khauh takin a zui khat hi-a, Arius
upna leh hilhna nasia takin a langpan khat ahi hi. Ama laigelhnate sungah, Thuciam
Thak khempeuh phial gensawnkikna nei hi. Hebrews leh Jude LST dingin sanhak a kisak
kawmkaal ah aman na nakpom bilbel hi. Jude laikhak in Pasian humuap LST in san hak
a kisakna a hang pen “Assumtion of Moses leh “Book of Enoch” panin kitei sawn dingin a
ki-up man ahi hi, ci hi.

Philaster of Brescia

Philaster in Brescia ah bishop sem khat hi-a, AD397 kumin si hi. Jewte leh Chris-
tian upna pialte hilh thute a nialna laigelhkhiat khawkpi (1-156) a pha laibu na bawl hi.
Khawkpi 88 sungah “Nungzuipite leh nungzuite’ nungzuite in Thuciam Thak buppi a tak-
tak a hilh uh ahi hi ci-in a thuhilhte uh “LST” ci-in minpia hi. Hih LST a cih sungah Hebrews
laikhak leh Mangmuhna guang kha lo hi. Ahi zongin a nung lamah a gelhna ah Hebrews
in Paul gelh hi-in Mangmuhna in nungzuipi khat gelh hi, ci hi. Tua ahih manin Thuciam
Thak bu khempeuh in bu 27 pha hi, ci-in pulaakkhia hi. Tulai Thuciam Thak a vek in Pa-

198 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

sian’ humuap in sang khin hi. Ahi zongin “Hebrews laikhak, John laikhak leh Mangmuhna”
hih teng midangte in humuap dingin san haksa lua uh hi.

Tyrannius Rufinius (AD 345-411)

Rufinius in AD 345 kum pawl in North Italian town, Concordia khua ah suak hi. A
pianna nulepate in Christian hi-a, a khangno lai-in Rome ah pilna kicing sin dingin sang
kha uh hi. Rome ah a lawm hoih mahmah khat in Jerome ahi hi. Laigelh mi khat ahih
manin, Nitumna gam lamah Greek lai lam pilna a thanem mahmah laitakin Greek panin
Latin lai tawh kamlet nasem hi. Rufinius in “Exposition of the Apostles’ Creed” cih laibu a
gelhna sungah Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak na gelhkhia hi. Thuciam Thak a gelhkhi-
atte in Athanasius a tawh kibang lian in bu 27 phasak hi. Tuhun a i LST tawh zong kibang
hi.

Jerome (AD 345-420)

Jerome in Thuciam Lui Vulgate Version a hawmkhiapa ahi hi. AD 384 kumin Pope
Damasus tungah Latin pau tawh ama letkhiat Gospel bu 4 te (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
na piakhia hi. Thuciam Thak khempeuh a zawh ciangin tulai a i zat LST danin Thuciam
Thak bu 27 phasak hi. Tua banah Jerome in LST humuap in a kisang zo lo pawlkhat na
gen hi. LST pen upna pialte laibu tawh a kihelzau ding deih lo ahih manin huut cihtak
mah in huu hi. Jerome in Apocrypha laibu a cihte in “Barnabas laikhak leh Shepherd of
Hermas” bute ahi hi.

Augustine

AD 354 kumin Agustine in Numidia khua ah suak hi. A pa in dawibia hi-a, a nu
ahih leh Pasian a zahtak Chrisitan khat ahi hi. A khangno lai-in thu manglo leh gamtatsia
mahmah khat ahi hi. A pianthak khit ciangin Milan khua a bishop sem Ambrose huzapna
nuai ah hong om a, Easter Eve, AD 387 kumin kituiphum hi. Africa ah veina leh lainatna
tawh AD 395 kumin hong ciahkik a, Hippo khuapi a pawlpi makaipi nihte lakah khat in
hong ding hi. Augustine in, “De Doctina Christiana” (On Christian Learning) cih laibu bu 4
suah in hawmkhia hi. A bu nihna, khawk 13 na sungah tulaitak in Thuciam Thak i zat bang
lianin bu 27 na phasak hi. Tua banah ama makaihna tawh Synod of Hippo (AD 393) ku-
min samin tua lai ah Thuciam Thak bu 27 kipsakna nei uh hi. AD 387 kum ciangin Synod
of Carthage ah Thuciam Thak bu 27 te “Pasian LST” (Divine Scripture) in kipsak uh hi.

A Nunung Pulaakna

Nitumna lamte Thuciam Thak LST tawh kisai buaina hong veng hiaihiai hita hi.
Thuneihna a nei LST hi ci-in kipsak in pulaak ding bek kisam lai hi. Augustine in tulai Thu-
ciam Thak i neih bang lianin hong pian theih nadingin thukimna gamkhawk mun 3 ah
Council samin kipsakna hong nei uh hi. Tu hun a, i Thuciam Thak neih tawh a bu a ban-
ban in a paizia kibang lo hi. Ahi zongin Thuciam Thak bute min kibang hi. A kibat lohna in
Council 3 te hang ahi hi. AD 393 leh AD 397 kum a pawlpi Council in Thuciam Thak Paul
laikhak 13 phasak uha, AD 419 kum a pawlpi Council in Paul’ laikhakte bu 14 phasak hi. A

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 199

kilamdanna tua bang khawng bek ahi hi. Thuciam Thak bu phazah a kip zenzen hangin
bu tampi kingah zo lo hi. Khut tawh a kitei sawn ahih manin laibu in hong suah ciangin
kilamdanna leh a bu om lo cih bang om thei zel hi. Khang lai hun (Middle Ages) pawl in
Thuciam Thak tawh kisai buaina om nai lo hi. Jerome’ Vulgate kipom tek lai hi. Ahi zongin
laibu pawlkhat a kihemkhia om hi. Tua laibu min in, “The Epistle of Paul to the Laodiceans”
kici hi. Hih laikhak in German LST sung khempeuhah Martin Luther in LST hong letkhiat
ma-in om khin hi. Ahih hangin, hih laikhak pen Bishop Lightfoot in AD kum zalom 9 na
sung sangin a tamzaw kikupna phalna om lo-in LST sungah kikoih kha hi, na ci hi.

Council of Florence (1439-1443) kumin Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak tawh kisai
kikupna om hi. A masa penpen in LST tawh kisai Rome in pulaakna nei hi. Papal bull sun-
gah Pope Eugenius IV in Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak Canon kipsakna nei hi. Hih LST
dingin kipsakna sungah Laodiceante tunga laikhak (Epistle to Laodiceans) in LST dingin
kipom zo lo ahih manin kihemkhia hi, ci hi. Martin Luther in Hebrews bu pen LST in sang
zo lo hi. Paul hilhna tawh kilehbulh ci hi. Tuikiphum khit ciangin mawhneite kisikkikna om
nawnlo hi ci hi (Hebrews 6 leh 10). James leh Paul thuhilhna kitukalhna nei ahih manin
Martin Luther in James laikhak in “Buhtu laikhak” hi ci zaw zen hi. Paul in upna thu ul-
tungsak in, James in sepna ultungsak ahih manin LST kitukalhsak hi, ci hi. Jude in 2 Peter
tungah kinga hi. Apocrypha bute sung panin a gensawn uh om ahih manin James leh 2
Peter up dingin muanhuai lo ci hi. Mangmuhna pen mang tawh kidim ahih manin nung-
zuite laigelh hi lo ding hi ci hi. Mangmuhna a gelh penin Mangmuhna bu a thupitna lim
gen mahmah a (Mang.22:18-19), ahih hangin Christ thu a kicianin kigen lo ahih manin
nungzuite gelh hi lo ding hi ci hi.

Martin Luther in a san zawh lohna a gen bek hi-a, Thuciam Thak sung panin (He-
brews, James, 2 Peter, Jude leh Mangmuhna) hemkhia lo hi. Calvin leh Genva puahphate
in Thuciam Thak bute a om ngeisa mah kipsak uha, Thuciam Thak gelhte tawh kisai bel
dotna om toto hi. Buaina hong om tohtoh ciangin Pope Paul III in Trent khuapi ah Council
khat sam hi. Pawlpi sung upna puahphat ding kisam maw, kisam lo cih tawh kisai ahi hi.
April 8,1546 kumin LST tawh kisai tampi hong kinial uh hi. A tawpna ah LST in upna bulpi
dingin bu 27 khentat uh hi. A banah Protestantte in zong Thuciam Thak tawh kisai bu
27 pha hi cih kipsakna om to zel hi. Gentehna in The French Confession of Faith (1559),
The Belgic Confession (1561), The Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England (1563), The
Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), hih te in Thuciam Thak bu 27 pha in a kipsakna
leh Pasian’ humuap LST ahihna kipsak uh hi.

THUCIAM THAK GENKIKNATE (QUOTATIONS)

Lectionaries

Thuciam thak bu khempeuh Greek pawlpi sungah sim dingin a kikaikhawm tua-
mte in “Lectionaries” kici hi. Pawlpi sunga biakpiakna ah zat dinga kiteng tuam Thuciam
Thak te in Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina hong lak hi. LST lam pilna nei John Burgeon in
AD 325 kum ma-in, pawlpi makaite in a laigelhna panin Thuciam Thak biakpiakna ah a

200 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

kizang genkiknate (Quatations) 86,000 val om khin hi na ci hi. Hih Pawlpi makaite in LST a
muanhuaina kipsak uh hi.

Laigelhte Gospel Bute Sawltak Paul’ A taangpi Mang- Gawm
Bute
Laikhak Laikhak muhna 330
1,819
Bute Bute 2,406
17,922
Justin Martyr 268 10 43 6 3 7,258
Irenaus 1,038 194 1,378
Clement 1,017 44 499 23 65 5,176
Origen 9,231 349 36,288
Tertullian 3,822 502 1127 207 11
Hippolytus 42
Eusebius 724 211 7,778 399 165
A Gawm 3,258 1,352
19,368 2,609 120 205

387 27 188

1,592 88 27

14,035 870 664

Pawlpi Makaite’ Laigelhte

AD Kum zalom khat 1-4 kikaal a pawlpi makaite’ laigelhte leh thuhilhnate un Thu-
ciam Thak bute, Pasian’ humuap ahihna leh a muanhuaina na gen uh hi. Thuciam Thak
in zuau thu ahih loh lam leh a tuam vilvel Pasian’ hong kilaak ahihna gen kikkik uh hi.

AD Kum Zalom 1 Na: Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina AD kum zalom 1 na sungin a gente in
Barnabas laikhakte, Shepherd Hermas, Clement of Rome, Ignatius leh Polycarpte ahi hi.
Thuciam Thak in thuneihna a nei Pasian’ kammal ahihna zong amau tengin na gen hi.

AD Kum Zalom 2 Na: Kum zalom 2 na sungin Thuciam Thak a tuam vilvel LST ahihna leh
Pasian’ kammal thuneihna a nei laibu ahihna Quadratus, Papias, Corinth mi Dionysius,
Justin Martyr, Melito, Hegesippus, Athenagoras, Theophilus, Muratorian leh Irenaeuste
in gen hi. Thuciam Thak a bup in a sang zo lo upna pialte in Alexandria mi Basilides,
Valentinus of Rome, Sethites of Egypt, Carpocratians of Alexandria, Marcion, Montanists,
Eucratites, Celsus leh Theodotus Artemon te ahi uh hi.

AD Kum Zalom 3 Na: AD Kum zalom 3na sungin Thuciam Thak in Pasian’ kammal taktak
ahihna leh a tuam vilvel humuap ahihna Cyprian, Origen, Clement of Alexandria, Tertul-
lian, Minucius Felix, Dionysius of Alexandria, Commodian, Victorinus, Petavensis, Lactanti-
us leh Eusebiuste in pulaak uh hi. Thuciam Thak in Pasian’ kammal thuneihna a nei laibu
hi-a, up dingin muanhuai mahmah hi, a cite in Ammonrius Alexandria, Cyprian, Origen,
Clement, Tertullian, Dionysius, Hippolytus, Victorinus leh Petavensis te ahi uh hi. AD Kum
zalom 3 sungin Thuciam Thak a bup in a sang zo lo upna pialte in Hermogenes of Car-
thage, Novatian of Rome, Sabellians, Paul Samosata of Egypt, Antioch- Manichanes of
Persians, Porphyry of Rome leh Lucian te ahi uh hi.

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 201

AD Kum Zalom 4 Na: Thuciam Thak in Pasian’ kammal LST takpi ahihna leh a tuam vil-
vel Pasian’ a ahihna Eusebius, Apollinarius of Laodicea, Laodicea council, Damasus of
Rome, Poictier Hilary, Athanasius, Amphilochius of Iconium, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory
of Nazianzen, Didymus of Alexandria, Ambrose of Milan, Carthage Synod, Epiphanius of
Cyprus, John Chrysostom, Jerome, Augustine leh Rufinuste in pulaak uh hi. Thuciam Thak
LST in thuneihna a nei Pasian’ kammal ahihna Athanasius, Ephraem of Syrus, Basil of
Caesarea, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory of Nazianzen, Ambrose, Epiphanius, Palladius leh
Jeromete hi uha, AD Kum zalom 4 na sungin Thuciam Thak a bup in a sang zo lo upna
pialte in Arians, Donatists, Julian Emperor, Priscilliante, Apollinariante leh Pelegiante ahi
uh hi. Pawlpi makai laigelh minthangte in Thuciam Thak tawh kisai a gelhkhiatnate un,
Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina teci kilangsak mahmah hi.

Laisiangtho Canon Khakna

Jude 3 ah a gen mah bangin a tawntunga kimang dingin Pasian in a kammal
khatvei hong pia zo hi. Tua bang hinapi, a khangkhang in Pasian kammal LST a behlap
nuam leh a paikhia nuam pawlpi leh mimal hong piang zelzel hi. Bangzahta-in, LST a
behlap nop uh hangin LST tawh kibang peuh mah lo hi. LST a kipaihkhiat hangin zong
Pasian thu manthan na om tuan lo hi. LST (Thuciam Lui) pen BC 400 pawl in a kizo siang
hi-a, tua hun mahin Jewte in Pasian humuap hi ci-in na sang pah uh hi. Banghang hiam
cihleh a gelh mite Pasian’ kamsangte hi-a, amaute in Pasian’ humuapna tawh a gelh uh
ahih lam zong pulaak beh uh hi. Pasian’ humuap ahih zah khat in Thuciam Lui sungah
tangthu, gam thu leh upna thu tawh kisai khialhna khat beek kimu lo hi. Jewte tangthu
ah Ezra makai in laisiam mipil pawlkhatte in LST (Thuciam Lui) sungah a kihel ding teng
na teelkhia uh hi ci-in kiciamteh hi. Amau teelkhiatna zong Pasian’ makaih mah hi-a,
khialhna khat beek om lo hi.

LST (Thuciam Thak) zong Thuciam Lui mah bangin ciantak a, kiteelkhia ahi hi. Thu
khat ah cileng, LST (Thuciam Thak) pen Sawltakte laigelh hi maw, hilo cih kibulphuh pen
hi. Tua ahih manin LST (Thuciam Thak) sunga om laibute nungzuite ahk nungzuite tawh
a kithuah tawntung mite gelh ahi hi. Gentehna in Mark pen nungzui hilo-a, ahi zongin
nungzuipi, Peter tawh kithuah tawntungahih manin a gelh ding laite pen Peter tungpanin
a kaihkhop ahi hi. Luke zong nungzui hilo-in, ahi zongin Paul lawm khat leh kithuah taw-
ntung uh ahih manin Paul tung pan thu na taw hi. A gelhkhiat uh thute LST a zat dingin
kituak maw, kituak lo cihte ki-en hi. Lai khat a kigelh ciangin nungzuite thuhilh tawh kituak
maw, kituak lo cih na kisittel masa den uh hi. Nungzuite hun lai mah in zong zuau thugen
mi pawlkhat in laibu zuau na gelh uha, ahi zongin thu-um mite in Nungzuite thugenna
tawh a saikaak uh ciangin zuau ahih lam na mukhia ziauziau uh hi. Tua bang laibu LST
sungah kikhum kha lo hi. Pawlpi masate in zang maw, zang lo cih zong ki-en hi.

Pawlpi masate in LST (Thuciam Thak) na zang in, na um in, tua bang laibute tung-
tawnin kha thupha a ngahlawh uh leh LST a san dingin na koih pan uh hi. Sawltakte
maban zom pawlpi’ Pate (Church Fathers) in Thuciam Thak LST in sang maw, sang lo cih
zong ki-en hi. Hih bang thu teng a ki-et cian sinsen khit ciangin Khasiangtho makaihna

202 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

tawh LST (Thuciam Thak) bu 27 hong piangkhia ahi hi. Nungzuite hun a kipan tuni ciang
dong upna maan a neite in LST kicing zo hi ci-in sang uh hi. Nungzui John tunga kilaakna
pen a nunungpen ahi hi. John in Mangmuhna 22:18 sungah LST behlap thei lo ding cih na
pulaak hi. LST (Thuciam Lui) Thuhilhkikna 4:2 sungah LST khiam thei lo ding cih zong na
pulaak hi. LST a behlap leh a khiam pawlpi pen pawlpi maan lo, upna pial pawlpi hi cih
theih ding thupi hi. Pasian leh a pawlpi langpang zong ahi uh hi.

Pawlpi puahphate in LST bek (Sola Scriptura) cih bulphuh in pawlpi a siacip kh-
insa hong puahpha uh hi. Tuhun in zong i kiim i pam ah bangbang kigen taleh, LST Pa-
sian’ humuapna leh thuneihna a nei bek mah bulphuh a, i kalsuan ding ahi hi. LST buppi
khenpi 2 in kikhen a, “Thuciam Lui” leh “Thuciam Thak” kici hi. Thuciam Lui pen bu 39 pha
a, Hebrew leh Aramaic kampaute tawh kigelh hi. Thuciam Thak bu 27 pha in, Koine Greek
tawh kigelh hi. Khasiangtho humuapna tawh hong kipia ahih mah bangin a kigelh cilna
ah mal khat zong khial lo hi. Khasiangtho makaihna tawh kamsangte in gelh uh hi. LST
gelhte pen a nung thu uh a kibang lo mi 40 valte’ gelh hi-a, a gelhkhiat thute uh khat leh
khat kitukalh cih bang om lo hi. Thuciam Thak a gelh hun uh a nuai a bangin kithei thei
hi.

No. Laibute Minte THUCIAM THAK BUTE A Gelhte Min
1. James A Gelh Hunte James
2. Galations AD 44-49 Paul
3. Matthew AD 49-50 Matthew
4. Mark AD 50-60 Mark
5. 1 Thessalonians AD 50-60 Paul
6. 2 Thessalonians AD 51 Paul
7. 1 Corinthians AD 51-52 Paul
8. 2 Corinthians AD 55 Paul
9. Romans AD 55-56 Paul
AD 56 Luke
10. Luke AD 60-61 Paul
11. Ephesians AD 60-62 Paul
12. Philippians AD 60-62 Paul
13. Colossians AD 60-62 Paul
14. Philemon AD 60-62 Luke
15. Sawltak Tangthu AD 60-62 Paul
16. 1 Timothy AD 62 Paul
17. Titus AD 62-64 Peter
18. 1 Peter AD 64-65

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 203

19. 2 Timothy AD 64-65 Paul
20. 2 Peter AD 67-68 Paul
21. Hebrews AD 67-69 Kithei lo
22. Jude AD 68-70 Jude
23. John AD 80-90 John
24. 1 John AD 90-95 John
25. 2 John AD 90-95 John
26. 3 John AD 90-95 John
27. Mangmuhna AD 94-96 John

Robert B. Waltz Leh Rich Elliot,
“Encyclopedia Of New Testament Textual Criticism”

Minte THUCIAM THAK CANON BUTE Phazah

Marcion Luke, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Bu 11
Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, Philemon

Irenaeus Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Bu 21
Corinthians, Galatians, Ephetsians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, 1 Peter, 1 John, Jude, Mang-
muhna

Muratorian Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Cor- Bu 22

Canon inthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thes-

salonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, 1 John, 2 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Peshitta Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Cor- Bu 22
inthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thes-
salonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 Peter,
1 John

Jerome Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Cor- Bu 25
Paulinus inthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thes-
salonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 Peter,
1 John, 2 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Codex Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 B 27
Sinaiticus Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Doctrine of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Bu 18

Addai Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2

Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon

Mom- Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Bu 21
msenian Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 &
Canon 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, 1 Peter,1 John,
Mangmuhna

204 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

Eusebius Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Bu 27
Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 Bu 27
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna (Lai awn Bu 27
teng lunghimawh bute hi) Bu 19
Bu 17
Athanasius Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Bu 17
Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Bu 23
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 Bu 27
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna Bu 22
Bu 27
Synod of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2 Bu 27
Carthage Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Anony- Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2

mous Syri- Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2

ac Canon Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews

Augustine Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
of Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Hippo Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Eucharius Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
of Lyons Corinthians, Ephesians, Colossians, 1Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timo-
thy, Hebrews, James, 1 John, Mangmuhna

Claromon- Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
tine Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, 1 & 2 Timothy,
Catalog Titus, Philemon, James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John,
Jude, Mangmuhna

Gelasian Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
Degree Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Cassiodor- Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
ius Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2

Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, James, 1 Peter, 1
John, Mangmuhna

Insidore of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
Sevile Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

Council of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, Romans, 1 & 2
Trent Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2
Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1
Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 205

Muratorian Canon THUCIAM THAK KIBEHLAP BUTE
Codex Sinaiticus Peter’ Mangmuhna, Solomon Pilna
Eusebius Barnabas Bu, Tuucing Hermas Bu
Claromontine Catalog 1 Clement Bu, Tuucing Hermas Bu
Barnabas Bu, Paul’ Sawltakte Bu

THUCIAM THAK BU SUNGAH KIKHUM ZELTE

Claromontine Catalog Paul’ Sawltakte Bu, Peter Mangmuha Bu, Barnabas
Bu, Tuucing Hermas Bu

Muratorian Canon Paul’ Sawltakte Bu, Peter Mangmuhna Bu

Codex Alexandrinus 1 Clement Bu

Eusebius 1 Clement Bu

Clement of Alexandria Didache, Barnabas Bu

Codex Sinaiticus Barnabas Bu, Tuucing Hermas Bu

Origen Barnabas Bu

THUCIAM THAK CANON COUNCILTE

Synod of Laodicea (AD 363)

Asia Minor gam sunga om Laodicea khuapi ah AD 363 kumin pawlpi makaite
kimuhkhopna khawmpi Synod khat nei uh hi. Hih kikupna sungah Thuciam Thak a hilote
peuh mah sim ding phallo-in khaktan ding thupia uh hi. Hih Synod ah Mangmuhna bu
Pasian humuap dingin sanhak kisa lai hi. Ahi zongin Thuciam Thak Canon bu 27 phasak
in kipsak uh hi.

Council of Hippo (AD 393)

North Africa gam sunga om khuapi Hippo ah AD 393 kumin pawlpi makaite
kimuhkhopna Council khat om hi. Tua Council ah Thuciam Thak Canon (Closed) khakna
nei uha, bu 27 kipsakna nei uh hi.

Council of Carthage (AD 397)

North Africa gam mah ah AD 397 kumin pawlpi makaite in khawmpi Synod kimuh-
khopna nei kik uha, thuneihna a nei laibu leh pawlpi sungah sim ding Pasian’ humuap
LST khentatna nei uh hi. Hih khawmpi Synod in Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak bu kipsak-
na nei uha, Thuciam Thak Canon (Closed) khakna bu 27 kipsak uh hi. Hebrews bu pen
Paul’ laikhakte sungah khum lo uh hi.

206 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

Council of Carthage (AD 419)

Hih North Africa gam Carthage khuapi a pawlpi makaite kimuhkhopkikna in Thu-
ciam Thak Canon (Closed) khakna a nunung pen kipsakna Council ahi hi. Thuciam Thak
bu 27 mah kipsak uh hi. Hebrew bu pen Paul’ laikhakte sungah khum kik uh hi. AD Kum
zalom 4 na sunga pawlpi Council in Thuciam Thak Canon kipsakna leh khakna a neih
khit nungah Thuciam Thak tawh kisai buaina om nawn lo hi. Tua hi-a, Thuciam Thak bu
27 te Pasian’ humuap LST in ki kipsak suak hi.

Thuciam Thak Kipsakna

Pawlpi Councilte in Pasian humuapna a nei LST leh Thuneihna a nei laibu (LST)
ding khentatna nei uh hi. Bang hangin Pasian kammal tengkhiat kul hiam cihleh BC 400-
AD 100 kikaal ah lai lam khanlawhna hong om a, LST tho zah phialphial a hoih laibu tampi
om hi. Laibu hoih a hih zenzen hangin upna maan lo hilhna LST tawh kituak lo tangthute
om ahih manin thumaan leh thu zuau haihkhait hong kul hi. Tua manin Pawlpi Councilte
in Pasian humuap laibu, thuneihna nei laibu leh upna tuktehna laibute ci-in a tengkhiat
leh a haihkhiat laibute pen “Siangtho laibu” ahk “Laisiangtho” kici hi. Tua banah Thuciam
Thak kipsakna ding a piangsak thu pawlkhatte in a nuai a bang ahi hi:

• Lai maan leh lai zuau kigelh tampi om ahih manin a gen thute uh kitukalh in kil-

angdona om hi.

• Thuciam Thak in thuneihna teci tampi a neihna
• Nungzuipite’ laigelhte biakpiakna ah a kisimna
• AD 303 kumin Diocletian in LST khempeuh haltum dingin a kaihkhop thute ahi hi.

Pawpi piancil a kipan LST kaihkhopna leh kipsakna om toto hi. Luke in bulphuh
leh pansan in a neih deuh Thuciam Lui kammalte Paul in na kipsak hi (1 Tim. 5:18, Lk.10:7,
Thkna. 25:4). Paul laigelhte Peter in LST dingin na kipsak hi (2 Pet. 3:15-16). Pawlpi sungah
tuate na kisim hi (Col. 4:16, 1 Thess. 5:27). Nungzuipite khit ah pawlpi pate leh laigelhte in
Thuciam Thak bute a bu kim ahih loh hangin amau laigelhte sungah na pulaak uh hi.
Tua amau laigelhte sunga Thuciam Thak bute pen amau kipsak ahihna teci hi pahpah
hi. Tua banah AD 367 kum ciangin Athanasius in Thuciam Thak bu 27 te “Thumaan Lai-
bu” hi ci-in na ciamteh hi. Tua ciangin Pawlpi Council in Thuciam Lui leh Thuciam Thak
khempeuh biakinn sungah sim dingin na kipsak uh hi. Tua pawlpi Councilte pen a tun-
gah i kikum zo hi. Hih Pawlpi Councilte in biakinn sunga sim dingin Thuciam Thak bute a
khentat uah a bulphuh thute in a nuai a bang ahi hi.

• Thuciam Thak kipsak nadingin lai gelhte in Jesuh tawh koici kizop na nei hiam cih

kibulphuh hi. Thuciam Thak lai gelhpa pen Jesuh nungzuipite ahi hiam? Jesuh
nungzuipite ahi kei phial zongin nungzuipite tawh kizopna a nei hiam? A kinah-
vawh kha uh hiam? cihte kibulphuh mahmah hi. Gentehna in Mark in Peter thu-
neihna nuai ah gelh a, Luke in Paul thuneihna nuai ah gelh hi.

THUCIAM THAK CANON THU | 207

• Pawlpi masate in Thuciam Thak bu in a sang uh hiam? Nungzuipite a om nawn

loh ciangin nungzuipite tawh kithuah pawlpi makai masate in a sang uh hiam?
Bangci ngaihsut uh hiam? cihte zong kibulphuh mahmah hi.

• A kisangsa upna paipi/ upna bulpite a kihel hiam? cih zong kibulphuh hi.
• Pasian humuap laibu ahi hiam? Pasian humuap laibu ahi lo peuh mah LST hi

lo pah hi. Hih thu hangin Roman Catholic pawlpite san “Apocrypha bute” leh a
kiphuak tawm laigelhte kici “Pseudipigrapha bute” LST in kisang zo lo pah hi. LST
sittelna ah Khasiangtho nasepna a kilangsak gamtatna leh Kha thu laigilte a om
kul hi.

• Laibute pen Pasian’ kamsangte leh Jesuh nungzuite gelh ahi hiam? cih kibulphuh

hi. Banghang hiam cihleh Pasian kammal LST pen Pasian’ Khasiangtho humua-
pna tawh Pasian’ tate adingin kamsangte tungtawnin a kigelh LST hi-a, Pasian’
kamsangte in Khasiangtho lamhilhna (Makaihna) tawh a gelh uh ahi hi (2 Pet.
1:20-21).

• Laibute in thuneihna a nei hiam? A dang khat in gen lehang, laibute sungah,

“Topa in ci hi” cih kammal a om hiam? cih kikankhia hi. LST pen laibu dang tawh
a kiteh theihlohna khat in, “Pasian in ci” hi cih thu ahi hi. LST bu ding haihkhiatna,
tengkhiatna ah teci siksan lianpen khat ahi hi.

• Pasian kilaakna omsa bangin Pasian thu, thumaan a gen laibu ahi hiam? cih

zong sittelna kibawl hi. Berean pawlpite in Paul in Thuciam Lui hilhna bang lian in
a hilh hiam? Thuciam Lui hilh tawh ama hilh a kituak hiam? ci-in sitel uh hi (Sawl.
17:11). Paul thuhilh leh Thuciam Lui LST a kituak lo bang hi zenzen leh, Pasian kam-
mal LST hi thei lo ding hi. Tua ahih manin Pasian hong kilaak kholhnate sittel ding
a kitangsam mahmah ahi hi.

• Pasian vangliatna laibute in teci a lak hiam? Pasian’ nalamdang lah a om hiam?

Banghang hiam cihleh, Pasian vangliatna a lak lo hi zenzen leh lai simte in a sim
uh laibu pen Pasian kiangpan hi lo hi, kici thei hi (Heb.4:12).

Pasian in LST bute ama khentat sa hi-a, pawlpi in Khasiangtho lamlahna tawh
Pasian kammal laibute a thukimpih bek ahi hi. LST bu ding khentatna pen pawlpi thu-
neite leh biakna makaite’ thu thu a hong piang hi zenzen lo hi. Pasian tektek in Ama
kammal a humuap ahih manin Amah tektek khentat hi pah hi. LST Canon kipsakna pen
Pasian kammal a kigelh masa sa thuneihna a nei hi pahpah hi. Pawlpi thunei, Popete in
a thupiak manin LST thuneihna a kikipsak cih hi tuan lo hi. Pawlpi thuneihna nuai ah LST
koih ding hi lo-a, LST thuneihna nuai ah pawlpi a om hizaw hi. Popete, biakna thuneite’
thupiakna tawh LST kikipsak hi lo-in, LST leh LST a kikipsak ahi hi. A dang khat in gen leng,
Pasian in Ama kammal (LST) bu ding pen a khentatsa hi-a, Pasian mite in tua laibute
tengkhia in Pasian khentatsate a thukimpih bek ahi hi.

208 | THUCIAM THAK CANON THU

AD 100 THUCIAM THAK PAWLPI MASATE TEHNA
Nungzuipite hun
ciang Thuciam Hih hun in Thuciam Thak kigelh khin hi. Ahi zongin ei neih LST bangin
Thak kigelhte kikaikhawm kim nai lo hi. A kikaihkhop kim nailoh hangin LST kizang
khin hi (1 Tim.5:18, 2 Pet. 3:16). Polycarp leh Ignatius leh a dang Chris-
AD 200 tian masate in Gospel bu 4 leh Paul’ laikhakte siksan in zang khin
Rome’ Pawlpite uh hi. Paul’ laikhakte kum zalom 1 na sungin kikaikhawm zo hi. AD
Thuciam Thak/ 150 kumin Gospel bute kiman siang hi.
Muratorian
Canon Gospel bu 4, Paul laikhakte: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Ephesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy,
AD 250 Titus, Philemon, Hebrew, James, 1 & 2 John, Jude, Mangmuhna, (Pe-
Origen’
Thuciam Thak ter’ Mangmuhna, Solomnpilna) Mipi lakah zat phal loh ahih hangin

AD 300 mimal in a sim nop leh a sim theih laibu in Sphepherd of Hermas
Eusebius’
Thuciam Thak bu ahi hi

AD 397-400 Gospel bu 4, Paul laikhakte: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Council of Ephesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy,
Carthage Titus, Philemon, 1 Peter, 2 John, Mangmuhna, LST dingin pom hak a
Thuciam Thak sak bute in (Hebrew, 2 Peter, 1 & 3 John, Jude, Sphepherd of Hermas,
Epistle of Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of Hebrew)

Gospel bu 4, Paul laikhakte: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Ephesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy,
Titus, Philemon, Hebrew, James, 1 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Mangmuhna
(Mangmuhna bu kua gelh hiding hiam cih lunghihmawhna kinei

hi) LST dingin pom hak a sak bute in (James, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John,

Jude)

Gospel bu 4, Paul laikhakte: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians,
Ephesians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy,
Titus, Philemon, Hebrew, James, 1 & 2 Peter, Jude, 1 & 2 & 3 John,
Mangmuhna. Hih Council in a hepkhiat laibute in Thuciam Thak
bu dingin a kibuaipih ngei teng Pasian’ humuap LST dingin san
hak a sak teng uh ahi hi (Shepherd of Hermas, Epistle of Barnabas,
Gospel of Hebrew, Revealation of Peter, Didache) hih a ki ummtu-
am teng Thuciam Thak bu panin kihemkhia hi. AD kum zalom 4 na
sung Canon khakna (Closed) nunung pen ahi hi.

·····0·····

13 THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai limlim a kiteikhia copy 25,000 om hi. LST a kiteicilna
“Authograph” a om nawnloh hangin a kiteisawn khutgelhlai tampi om hi. Thuciam Thak
khutgelh a kigelh cilna Greek pau tawh 5,735 val kimukhia-a, 116 in Papyrus khutlgel-
hlai leh a laidal tumtawng (Fragment) in kimu hi. Laimal gol “Uncial Manuscript” tawh
khutgelh 310 pha in laimalneu khutkaih in kigelh “Minuscle Manuscript” 2,877 kimu hi.
A dangte biakpiakna a kisim lai (Lectionaries) khutgelhlai 2,434 kimu hi. Ahi zongin LST
muanmawh-huaina cih bang om tuan lo hi. Papyrus khutgelh a kimukhiate in Thuciam
Thak muanhuaisak mahmah hi.

THUCIAM THAK KHUTGELH NAMTE A Phazah
Khutgelhziate 116
Papyri (Papyri tunga Khutgelhlaite 310
Majuscule MSS (Laimal Gol tawh khutgelhlaite
Minuscule (Laimal neu/Laikaih tawh kigelh khutgelhlaite 2,877
Lectionary MSS (Biakpiakna a kisim khutgelhlaite 2,434
A Vek Gawm 5,735

Khutgelhlai Tuamtuamte

Laisiangtho gelh kamsangte leh nungzuite in a gelh khit uh ciangin Christiante
in teisawn in na hawmkhia uh hi. A taktakin, laizial sangin Christiante in laibu “Codex” a
kicite zang masa zaw uh hi. Khutgelhlaite pen “Manuscript” kici hi. Thuciam Thak Greek
khutlaigelhte pen nam tampi om hi. Khutgelhlai khat leh khat i tel cian nadingin laim-
al leh nambat tawh kiciamteh hi. Thuciam Thak kiteina ah khutgelhlai a upa penpen
in “Papyrus” tunga kigelh laite hi-a, tu dongin kimu thei lai hi. A daldal bek in om lai hi.

210 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Papyrus tawh a kigelh laite sawtpi kikemcing thei lo hi. Egypt gam pua lam ah papyrus
khutgelhlaite tawm hi. Thuciam Thak papyrus tawh a kigelhte tu-in a omlaite in genteh-
na in nambat P1, P2 cih danin kiciamteh hi. Papyrus tampi tawh khutgelhlai tampi hong
om hun pen Thuciam Thak mimal hanciamna tawh teikhiat hun leh hong hawmkhiat
hun ahi hi. A nunglam ciangin khutgelhlaite pen savunte (Vellums) tungah hong kigelh
a, kum zalom tampi sung hong kizang hi. Savun tawh a kigelh masa khutgelhlaite pen
“Laimal gol” (Uncial letters/Capital letters) tawh a kikaak in kigelh hi. Tua khit ciangin
laimal neu khutkaih “Minuscule /Cursive” laigelh kici hong khangkhia leuleu hi.

Laimal gol (Uncial letters) tawh a gelh “Codex Sinaiticus (c.AD 350) a thupi mah-
mah khat om a, Thuciam Thak buppi-a kigelhnate lakah ah a upa penpen laibu hi-in,
tudongin a omlai laibu ahi hi. A kigelhzia in “ℵ” (Aleph) tawh kipan hi. A dang laimal gol
tawh kigelh khut laigelhte in Latin leh Greek lai nambat tawh kipan hi. Gentehna in” A, B,
C, Θ” cihte nambat tawh kizom 01, 046, 092, 0246 cih bangin theih ol dingin kiciamteh hi.
Laimal neu (Minuscules) tawh kigelhte pen AD kum zalom 9 khit nungah nambat zangin
1, 13, 28, 1253 cih bangin nambat tawh kitei hi. Hi bangin a minthang kipawlna nih in a
teikhiat hi-a, “f 1 leh f 13 kici hi.

Khutgelhlaite A Kilamdanna

Khutgelhlaite a kilamdang om thei hi. Banghang hiam cihleh a khialhna om thei
hi. Laiteite in laigelhna ah a khialh theih zelte uha huampi in ensuk leng:

• Laimal khat leh khat kihal dan kikim lo ahk laigual kituak lo thei hi.
• Kisim khial ahih manin a patna kammalte kipaisan thei cih bang om zel a, tua

bangte ciangin a kinai a neu (Verse) ahk a neu kibang kammal a phawk dan un
gelh kha thei uh hi.

• A khialh khakte uh a nawl (Margin) ah a maan in a puahna uh gelhkik uha, tua

panin laimalte zom kik uh hi.

• A khiatna kinai thei kammal tawh zong laimalte kheel thei zel uh hi.
• A kisim khialte kammal dang khat tawh kheel ahk a dang kammalte tawh a aw-

suak kibang tawh gawmtuah thei zel uh hi.

Khatveivei laiteite in a masa lam a te en in a hoih thei pen dingin puah tawm thei
uh hi. Amau ngaihsutna ah a kitei masate a khialhna a omte a puahsak kik danin ngai-
hsun thei uh hi. Khutgelhlaite ah LST lam pilna neite in a kiteicilna panin amau tel danin
tei kha thei zel uh ahih manin a kilamdanna om thei hi, ci uh hi. A tangthu paizia a gelh
masate deihna tel cian lo uh ahih manin khutgelhlai tei cilte a bang lian in a manphatna
a kibang lo zong om kha zel hi. Bang hang hiam cihleh tampi khut tawh tei uh ahih manin
khut lam zong a khial om thei hi. Tua bang ahih hangin kamsangte leh Jesuh nungzuite
gelh cilna in a khial cihna hi lo hi. Khutgelh tawh a tei LST siamtete in sittel kikkik uha, a
endik khit uh ciangin khutgelhlaite hawmkhia uh hi. Hih LST khutgelhlaite pen phualpi 3
ah tangzai takin AD 500 kum pawl in kikhen hi. AD 1200 kum pawl in phungzi sang khat

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 211

ah khutgelhlai 20 sangin a tamzaw bang om hi. Tua ahih manin khutgelhlaite a muan-
huaina sittel ding kitangsam mahmah hi. Tuhun computer zat bang hilo-in, khutgelhlaite
panin a kiteisawn kik ciangin haksatna tampi kituak thei zel hi.

• Khutgelhlaite a khialh zenzen leh a khiatna kiletkhia thei lo hi. Laigelhpa deihna

bulpi a thu tun lo thei ahih manin hih a kiteikhia pen in khiatna dang a nei hiam
cih ngaihsun uh hi. A khiatna a ki-elpuak a kitukalh hiam cih zong sittel uh hi.

• A sim hakte pen a tei uh ciang zong a khiatna pholhkhiat haksa kisa hi. Tua manin

laitheite in a baih lam in a telnop dingin bawl thei hi.

• Khatveivei ciangin kammal hoih a sak zawk uh tawh laimal kheelna om thei hi. A

cil a kisim pen tawh a kinai a sak zawk uh zang uh hi. Tua ahih manin khat veivei
lai kithuap ahk a khial om kha thei zel hi.

Khutgelhlai Text Nam Tuamtuamte

Khutgelhlai khat ciat in thupitna nei tek hi. Khut tawh a kigelh cil laite in kilamdan-
na a tawm a tam paubanna leh kilamdanna nei tek uh hi. Hoihna leh muibutna nei tek
uha, tua manin khutgelhlai tuamtuamte kilamdanna i kankhia lai ding hi. Greek khutgel-
hlaite a nam tuamtuam in om hi.

• A masa pen in “Byzantine Text” ahk “Majority Text” kici hi. “Syrian Text” ahk “Koine

Text” zong kici hi. Hih Text lawh dan a kibat loh hangin a kibang ahi hi. Hih khut-
gelhlai namte pen a tam penpen lai hi-a, King James Version in hih khutgelhlaite
siksan leh etkaak bulpi in a zat lai (Text) namte ahi hi. Laigelhna in Papyrus namte
a kizat khit ciangin a thak hong kibawlte a kizangte ahi hi. A hoih penpen lai leh
a sau penpen a kiletkhia laite ahi hi. Laiteite (Scribes) kipawlna innkuan in dei-
hphatakin a dang thumte tawh saikaakin gawmtuah uh ahih manin “Byzantine
Recension” kici hi. Hih hun pen kum zalom 3 na sung ahi hi.

• A nihna in “Alexandrian Text” khutgelhlai kici a, “Egyptian Text” ahk “Neutral Text”

zong kici hi. Hih in a thupi mahmah khutgelhlai Codex nihte hi-a, “Codex Vati-
canus leh Codex Sinaiticus” te ahi hi. Hih khutgelhlaite sangin a masa zaw papyri
tawh a kigelh a tomzaw leh a kicianzaw tampi zong om hi.

• A thumna in “Western Text” khutgelhlai kici hi. Hih Thuciam Thak in khutgelhlai

masa leh pawlpi makaite’ siksan, a gensawnna khutgelhlaite a hi hi. Laigelhzia
tawmno khat pen kikheel zelzel hi. A nung lam ciangin hih khutgelhlai tampi om
nawnlo hi. Vaganay (1991) in “Western Text” tawh kisai a genna ah khutgelh kician
sinsen khol lo hi. Ahi zongin a upa pen khutgelhlaite leh siksan muanhuai om
veve hi, ci hi. Metzger (1992) in Thuciam Thak a muankhuai khutgelhlai namte a
tuamtuam in kikhen hi.

• Caesarean Text Khutgelh Namte (Alexandrian Text leh Western Text kigawm)

212 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Textus Receptus (Majority Text)

King James Version (KJV) ma leh khangthak LST letkhiate in Greek Thuciam Thak
vive panin letkhia uh hi. Tua etkaak lakna bulpi Greek Text pen “Textus Receptus” ahk
“Traditional Received” kici pen hi-a, “Byzantine Text” ahk “Majority Text” zong kici hi. Bang-
hang hiam cihleh a tei laiktak un Greek Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai a tampen siksan uh
hi. Tua hunin Greek khutgelhlai a kingah zo khempeuh kaikhawm uh hi. Tua khutgelhlaite
in Lucian (AD 250-312), Erasmus, Stephenus, Bezae leh Elzevir te’ unau bawlkhiatte panin
“Textus Receptus” hong piangkhia a, kum zalom 17 ciangin “Majority Text” cih min kipia
hi. Hih Greek Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai hong puah hong zuunte lakah Desiderius Eramus
(1466-1536) a bawlkhiat pen a minthang pen khat suak hi. Amah pen lai siam mipil pen
khat in kithei hi. Protestant lai siam mipilte hong khankhiat ciangin Greek Thuciam Thak
“Textus Receptus” muanhuai pen sa uh ahih manin siksan bulpi-in nei uh hi. Wilkinson in,
“Truth Triumphant” cih laibu a gelhna sungah Protestant pawlpite in Greek Thuciam Thak
khatveivei “Textus Receptus” ahk “Received Text” etkaak bulpi in nei uh hi. Hih in nung-
zuite laigelh Greek Thuciam Thak hi-a, Greek kamin a kitei ahi hi.

Hih Greek kam tawh a kitei Thuciam Thak panin Mikang pau, German pau, Dutch
paute leh pau dang tuamtuam in etkaak in kiletkhia hi. Khuamial khang (Dark Ages)
hunin hih “Received Text” pen Europe gamah kithei kha lo hi. Ahih hangin Erasmus lai
siam mipil khat hong khankhiat ciangin Europe gam khempeuh in kithei in kizang hi. Hih
“Textus Receptus” a pom pawlpite in (Greek Catholic Church, Syrian Church, Weldensi-
an Church (Italy), Gallic Church (France), Celtic Church (Scotland leh Ireland) te ahi uh
hi. “Received Text” a pakta vet lo pawlpi pen “Church of Rome” ahi hi. Church of Rome ii
kingakna pen Eusebius-Origente’ khutgelhlaite ahi hi. Church of Rome in “Textus Recep-
tus” a muhdah manin LST bawlsia hi. Hih bawlsiatna hangin a tunga pawlpi i gente in
“Textus Receptus” a maan pen dingin ngaihsun uh hi. Samuel Gipp in Majority muanhuai
a sakna pawlkhat na gen hi.

• “Textus Receptus” in Greek Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai (Majority Text) in 5,000+

khutgelhlai 95% siksan hi. Tua khutgelhlai a tamzaw a kisiksan manin “Majority
Text” a kici ahi hi.

• “Textus Receptus” pen a kipuahphatna ah paihkhiat leh behlap cihte “Minority

Text” zahin om lo hi.

• “Textus Receptus” in LST Version masate (Peshitta Version (AD 157), Old Latin Vul-

gate (AD 157), Italic Bible (AD 157) LST te thukimpih hi. Hih Thuciam Thak LST te pen
Roman Catholic in a paaktat “Minority Text” Egypt gam, Alexandria pan hong pi-
ankhiat ma kum 200 lai pekin a kibawlkhia khin ahi hi.

• “Textus Receptus” LST sunga om thute pawlpi pate (Church Fathers) in gensawn-

na mun 86,000+ nei uh hi.

• “Textus Receptus” in Egypt mite thuthuk pilna (Philosophy) leh uplohna (Unbelief)

in ninsak lo-in, peel hi.

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 213

• “Textus Receptus” Christian upna bulpi (Fundemental Faiths) ahi (Piancilna sunga

piansakna, Jesuh Christ Pasian ahihna, nungak siangtho sungpan Jesuh suahna,
Ama nasep nalamdangte, sihna pan a thawhkikna leh Nihvei kumkikna) thupi
koih hi. “Textus Receptus” pen Roman Catholicte in a muhdah lai ahi hi.

Minority Text (Alexandrian Text)

Greek Thuciam Thak khutgelhlaite 5% pen “Minority Text” kici hi. Hih 5% Greek
khutgelhlaite pen “Neutral Text” zong kici zelzel hi. “Minority Text” Greek Thuciam Thak
khutgelhlaite pen “Alexandrian Text” zong kici hi. Banghang hiam cihleh Alexandria khu-
api, Egypt gam panin kibawlkhia ahi hi. Hih Thuciam Thak khutgelhlaite “Minority Text”
pen Christian masate leh kum zalom 16-17 kikaal a hong khangkhia protestant puah-
phate khempeuh in nial in hemkhia uh hi. Protestant puaphate in Thuciam Thak Greek
khutgelhlai “Minority Text” a kici panin letkhiat ding hoih sa lo uh hi. Banghangin letkhiat
ding hoih sa lo uh hiam cihpen phawk ding kisam hi.

• “Minority Text” pen Egypt lai siam mipilte in Pasian kammal LST bangin sang lo

uha, Jesuh Christ zong Pasian ta bangin sang lo uh hi.

• “Minority Text” pen kum tampi sung a kibang lo leh muhzia kibang lo lai siam

mipilte gelh ahi hi. Tua banah Aaron guizui siampi lai siamte leh Masoretes lai
siam mipilte in cik mah hunin LST in sang ngeilo uh hi.

• “Minority Text” ah LST pan a neu 200 val bang letkhia lo-in khemkhia hi. Tua a ki-

hemkhia LST kammal pen 1 & 2 Peter sunga laimal phazah tawh kikim hi.

• “Minority Text” ah mun 100 val bang a genthu a kituak lo a kitukalh thu om hi.
• “Minority Text” ah Christian upna tawh kituak lo leh khialhna om ahih manin

Christiante’ up dingin lauhuai hi. LST a neu (Verses) 80+ kiim bang khutgelhlaite
kisia (Corrupted) hi.

“Minority Text” khutgelhlai a pomte in etkaak siksan lianpen in Codex Sinaiticus
(Aleph) leh Codex Vaticanus (B) te ahi hi. “Minority Text” khutgelhlai muanhuai hi cih
a pomte in King James Version ii siksan ahi “Textus Receptus” langdo mahmah uh hi.
Langdona leh bawlsiatna “Textus Receptus” Thuciam Thak khutgelhlaite in a thuak laitak
Pasian in Ama kammal LST a huu a kem dingin John William Burgon hong khangkhiasak
hi. “Minority Text” ah paihkhiat leh behlap thu tam lua mahmah ahih manin John Wil-
liam Burgon in “Textus Receptus” (Majority Text) humbit in kemcing hi. Ama hunin amah
pen Greek lai siam mipil minthang mahmah khat ahi hi. Europe gam sunga laibusaal
minthangte ah Greek khutgelhlaite hoih takin a sittel pa zong ahi hi. Rome khuapi ah Vat-
icanus (B) Greek khutgelhlaite zong maan maw, maan lo cih zong sittelna a bawl ngiat
khat ahi hi. Rome ah a muhkhiat thu in Khasiangtho leh mawhna thudonlohna mukhia
hi. Sinaiticus (Aleph) leh Vaticanus (B) khutgelhlaite upa mahmah hinapi banghang in
mi kimin paakta lo hiam? Bang hangin pawlpi tampite in sim ding nial in hemkhia hiam?
Roman Catholic pawlpite in thu-imsim kum 1000 val sung bang na himawk hi.

214 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph)

Hih Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) in “Minority Text” ah a masapen khutgelhlai hi-a,
1844 kumin St. Catherines phungzi sang gei Sinai Mual ah Tischendorf in a muhkhiat ahi
hi. Thuciam Lui zong khenkhat om in, Thuciam Thak khempeuh phial om a, Shepherd of
Hermes bu, Epistle of Barnabas bute kibehlap hi. Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) pen a muan-
huai loh lam hih khutgelhlai tektek sungah kimu hi. John William Burgon (1813-1844) in
kum tampi sung Greek khutgelhlaite sittelna bawl hi. Hoih takin a sittel khit ciangin Co-
dex Sinaiticus (Aleph) a muanhuai loh lam hong mukhia hi. Phillip Mauro in zong “Which
Version” laibu a gelhna sungah hih Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) muanhuai a sak lohna na
gen beh hi. Samuel Gipp in Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) thu a gelhna ah “Hih khutgelhlaite a
pua lamte i et ciangin hoih mahmah hi. Savun laibu hoih takin kibawl tungah kigelh ahi
hi. Laidal (Leaves) 1471/2 om a, laimaite 15”x 13 ½ in a lian in kibawl a, laimai khat ah lai lam
(Lines) 48 kiphasak hi. Hih laibu sungah zuau laibu tampi kihel hi. Shepherd of Hermes bu,
Epistle of Barnabas bu leh Didache bute zong om hi, ci hi. Greek lai lam a siam mipil Dr.
Scrivener in zong hih Codex Sinaiticus khutgelhlai a muanhuai lo ahihna na pulaak hi.

Codex Viticanus (B)

A nihna “Minority Text” in “Codex Vaticanus (B) hi-a, AD kum zalom 4 na sunga
kibawlkhia ahi hi. Kum 1000 khit ciangin Rome khuapi a om Vatican laibusaal ah 1481 ku-
min a kimu ahi hi. A manpha mahmah savun tawh kibawl tunga kigelh lai ahi hi. Thunei
pawlkhatte in a genna ah Roman Emperor Constantine in a thupiakna tawh LST bu 50
Egypt pan a kibawlkhia pen hi, ci-in gen hi. Savun lai manpha mahmah tawh laidal a
kibawl hi-a, ahi zongin “Codex Vaticanus (B) in Sinaiticus (Aleph) bangin khutgelhlaite
tampi a kisia (Corrupted) leh a behlap om hi. Samuel Gipp in a genna ah Christiante in
upna bulpi thupi a sak mahmah pawlkhat hih Codex sungah om lo hi. Piacilna 1:1- Pi-
ancilna 46:29, Late 106, Late 138, Matthew 16:2,3, Rom.16:24, Paul’ tuucing laikhakte, Mang-
muhna bu leh Hebrew 9:14 khit a, kigelh thu khempeuh om lo hi, ci hi. Hih Codex Vaticanus
laibu a neite pen Roman Catholicte hi-a, Hebrew bu pawlkhat a hepkhiat uh ahi hi, kici
hi. Tua hi keileh, Roman Catholic pawlpite “Mass’ in khiatna nei lo ding hi (Heb.10:10-12)
Roman Catholic pawlpite in “Mass” tawh kizom “Purgatory” (Gawtmun neu) nei uha, hih
upna pial hilhna pen Roman Catholic upna ah a tonkhawm ahi hi. LST piansakna (Pi-
ancilna), Late 22 singlamteh ah kikilhna ding genkholhna, Babylon, Rome kisuksiatna
ding genkholhna, Mangmuhna 17 cihte hih Codex sungah om lo hi.

Hih Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) leh Codex Viticanus (B) Greek khutgelhlaite sittelna
a bawl peuh mah lai siam mipilte in muanhuai lo hi, citek mawk uh hi. Bary Burton in a
genna ah Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) leh Codex Viticanus (B) bute Gospel bute sung bek-
bek ah mun 3000 val kitukalhna om hi, ci lai hi. King James Version a tei hunin zong hih
Codex Viticanus (B) khutgelhlai om khin hi-a, ahih hangin muanhuai kisa loh ahih manin
a kisiksan lo bek ahi hi, ci hi. Wesrminister Dictionary of the Bible sungah “Codex Viticanus
(B)” pen a theihhuai khat hi-a, ahi zongin, LST khutgelhlaite (Ms) ah minthang khol lo
hi. Laimal khialhna, laigualhzia khialhna, hepkhiat pongpong hau hi, ci-in gen hi. Codex

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 215

Sinaiticus (Aleph) leh Codex Viticanus (B) pen khutgelhlaite ah a upapen leh a hoihpen
ci-in kigen zelzel himah leh, hoih takin a kisittel ciangin upna pial thuhilhna leh khialhna
tampi om ahih manin LST maan lo hong suak hi. Hih Codex nihte pen khialhna, laimal
kikheelna, laimal kibehlapna leh paihkhiatna cihte tampi om hi. Tua banah thu-ummite
in LST siksan in zang lo uh hi. A diakdiak in hih Codex Viticanus (B) pen 1481 dong a kiseel
hi-a, kum 1000 sung bang kimu kha lo hi.

Israelte Pasian, eite Pasian in a LST a seel himawk leh Pasian hong itna cik ciang
i thei zo mawk ding hiam? LST pen seel ding mah ahi hiam cihpen ngaihsut huai hi.
Hih Codex (Aleph) leh (B) pen khutgelhlai upapente himah taleh, Peshitta Version, Italic
Version, Old Latin Vulgate leh Weldensian Versionte sangin a upa zaw hi tuan lo hi. King
James Version siksan “Textus Receptus” khempeuh tudongin a Version buppi omlai hi.
Hih in a muahhuai mahmah ahihna hong lak hi. King James Version siksan khutgelhte in
Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) leh Codex Viticanus (B) sangin kum 200 in upa zaw lai hi.

Catalogue Greek Text

Hih Catalogue Greek Text sungah Papyri 88, laimal gol tawh a kigelh khutgel-
hlai (Uncial Manuscript) 274, biakpiakna kizang laimal gol khutgelhlai (Uncial Lectionary
Manuscript) 245 om hi. Greek Thuciam Thak laimal gol tawh a kigelhna in Thuciam Thak
Pasian’ kammal a manphatna leh a muanhuaina teci lak hi. A dang khutgelhlai 2795 leh
biakpiakna a kizang laimal neu (Lectionary Minuscule Manuscript) te zong omlai hi. Hihte
in zong Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina teci mah hi-a, Thuciam Thak Greek khutgelhlai
limlim a huam in 5686 kiim bang ahi hi. Greek Thuciam Thak panin nam dang pau tawh
kam kiletkhia tampi om hi. Tua tampite lakah a thupi-in kiciamtehte in Syriac, Coptic,
Aramaic, Latin leh pau dang tuamtuamte ahi hi.

Hih hun pawl in Thuciam Thak a kitei bu 9,000 kiim bang om hi. Kigawm khawm
thei hileh tua hun a Thuciam Thak khutgelhlaite bu 14,000 val tham bang pha ding hi, kici
hi. AD kum zalom 2 na leh 4 na kikaal a pawlpi pate in a gensawnnate uh a kikaihkhop
ciangin 36,289 pha hi. Thuciam Thak kigelh cilna Greek khutgelhlai a kimu nawnlo bang
hi phial leh hih teng tawh Thuciam Thak bu khempeuh a maan takin kibawlkhia thei ahi
hi. Thuciam Thak a kigelh cilna panin a kitei sawnna kum 200 bang a kihal hangin a kimu
thak (Papyri, P 45, P 46, P 47) khutgelhlaite in Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina hong lak hi.
Kum 100 val khit ciangin khut tawh a kiteisawnna mah ahi (Papyri, P 66 leh P 52) te in Thu-
ciam Thak a muanhuaina teci kician hong lak hi.

Sih Tuipi Laizial (DSS)

Sih Tuipi Laizial (DSS) te sungah Thuciam Thak bute Qumran khua kiim a kua-
hawm 7 (Cave 7) ah kimu hi. Tuate in a nuai bang ahi hi.

Mark 2:28 (7Q6-AD 50), Mark 6:48 (7Q15-?), Mark 6:52-53 (7Q5-AD 50), Mark 12:17 (7Q7-AD
50), Sawltakte’ Tangthu 27:38 (7Q6-AD 60), Rom Laikhak 5:11,12 (7Q9-AD 70+) ,1 Timothy
3:16-4:1-3 (7Q4-AD70+), 2 Peter 1:15 (7Q10-AD 70+), James 1:23-24 (7Q10-AD 70+)

216 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Bodmer Papyri

Martin Bodmer in Switzerland gam Geneva khuapi pan hi-a, Cologny khua ah
“Bodmer Library of World Literature” a phuankhiapa ahi hi. 1956 kumin LST tawh kisai Pa-
pyrus khutgelhlai a laibusaal adingin pawlkhat lei hi. Tua te lakah P 66 laidal ahk Bodmer
II in LST tawh kisai a thupi mahmah lai ahi hi. Hih khutgelhlai sungah AD 200 kum pawl in
khut tawh a kigelh John bu na kihel hi. John 1:1-14:26 kikaal a tumtawng in om hi. A masa
in a lian 14 te kimsitset a, a dangte ahih leh a tumtawng nennen in om hi. Kheelkikna
(Alteration) leh puahphatna (Correction) 440 bang om hi. A laidal awnna (Margin) a
tungah a teipa in endik ciaptehna kiciamteh hi.

P 66 John 1:1-6:11, John 6:35 b-14:26, 14-21, Laidal (Leaves) 104 pha hi.

P 72 Jude, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, Thuciam Lui (Late 33, Late 34), Apocrypha bute (The Nativity
of Mary, Correspondence of Paul to the Corinthians, Eleventh Ode of Solomon, Melito’s
Homily on Passover, the Apology of Phileas

P 72 laidal Jude bu leh 1 & 2 Peter bu kiteina hi-a, AD 200-300 kumin kiciamteh hi. P 75
laibu (Codex) sungah laidal (Leaves) 144 lak panin 102 laidal (Leaves) tawh Luke leh John
kitei a, AD 175-225 kumin kiciamteh hi. Luke leh John a kitei masa penpen in ki-um hi.

P 75 Laidal 144 lak panin Codex 102 a pha a liatna 10 X5.1/3 letmat ahi hi. Luke leh John
bu kician takin kitei hi.

Chester Beatty Papyri

1931 kumin LST khutgelh a tumtawng (Fragment) 12 Egypt gam a Coptic hankhuuk
ah kimukhia hi. American mi London a teeng Chester Beatty tungah hih khutgelhlai a
mukhiate in na zuak uh hi. Ahi zongin tun hih lai tumtawng in Ireland gam Dublin khua ah
Beatty Museum sungah kikoih hi. Hih lai tumtawng (Fragments) in Thuciam Lui leh Thu-
ciam Thak kigelhna hi-a, AD 200-250 kumin kizang khin khutgelhlai dingin ki-um hi. Hih
khutgelhlai a diakdiakin P 45, P 46, P 47 te in a thupi mahmah lai ahi hi.

P 45 sungah Papyrus tawh a kibawl laibu (Codex) 30 bang om in a dal (Leaves) in 220
bang a sau om hi. Hih sungah Gosple bu 4 leh Sawltakte Tangthu bu om hi. A dang dal
(Leaves) 2 sungah khutgelhlai Thuciam Thak om a, “Hih khutgelh sungah (Matthew, Mark
6 pan, Luke 7 - John 2- Sawltak 4-17) bu teng a kimin om hi. Mark bu in Caesarean’ text
types tawh a kigelh hileh kilawm hi. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John bute in Nisuahna lamte leh
Nitumna lamte gelh tawh kibang hi.

P 46 in Paul laikhak lai tumtawng 104 laidal (Leaves) sungpan 86 laidal (Leaves) kihel hi.
Hih khutgelh sungah Thuciam Thak sunga om Paul’ laikhak bu 10 te (Rom Laikhak, He-
brews, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Ephesians, Galatians, Philipians, Colosians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians,
P 45 sunga om teng a kimin om hi. AD 250 kumin kiseh hi. A liatna 11 x 6 letmat ahi hi. Ni-
suahna lam Alexandrian mite teikhiat tawh kibang hi. Laidal (Leaves) 86 sung panin dal
30 te in University of Michigan in kem hi.

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 217

P 47 sungah Mangmuhna bu tampi om hi. A bu liatna 9 x 5 letmat ahi hi. A kigelh cilna
ah Papyrus teh (Leaves) 32 kizang a, Mangmuhna 9:10-17:2 dong kician sitset in omlai hi.

John Rylands Laibusaal

London gam Manchester khuapi sunga om John Rylands laibusaal ah LST tawh
kisai khutgelhlai tampi om hi. Tuate sungah P 52, P 32 Papyrus laidal tumtawng nennente
in Thuciam Thak a dingin thupitna nei hi. AD Kum 110-125 sungin kigelh hi dingin ki-um
hi. Hih khutgelhlai sungah Thuciam Thak sunga om Gospel bu John leh Titus bu om hi.
Thuciam Thak mitmuh a khut tawh a kigelhkhia masa penpen ahi hi. Bebard Grenfell
in John Rylands laibusaal 1920 kumin na lei hi. Ahih hangin hih lai tumtawng nennen in
Colin Robert (1934) hong khankhiat mateng a thupitna kithei lo hi.

Aleph, Sinaiticus Codex (ADKum Zalom 4 Na)

Tischendorf (1815-18470 in 1859 kumin Sinai Mual a om Covent of St. Catherine
phungzi sanga, a muhkhiat laizial ahi hi. 1844 kum a pai masak lamin savun dal 43 khut-
gelhlai mukhia hi. Tuate pen 1 khangtang thu, Jeremiah, Nehemiah leh Esther bute hi-a,
lawhkhai sunga om meivaakna in a kizang baang, a omlai teng ahi hi. Hih laizial pen
Germany gam Leipzig a om University Laibusaal ah tuni dongin kikeem lai hi. Hih Codex
pen “Codex Frederico Augustanus” zong kici hi.

Tischendorf in a nihveina 1853 kumin Sinai Mual ah va pai leuleu a, lawhsam hi.
1859 kumin Sinai Mual mah va zin kik a, lawhsam in a ciah kik sawm ciangin phungzi
sanginn cing khat in khutgelhlai pawlkhat leh LST a bu kim phial a kiteina na lak hi. Hih
khutgelhlai sungah Septuagint (LXX) Version a langtang ding leh Thuciam Thak Mark
16:9-20 leh John 7:53-8:11 losiah a tamzaw a kimin om hi. Apocrypha bute panin Barnabas
Laikhak leh Shepherd of Hermas bute om hi. Hih Codex pen laimal gol (Greek Uncial) 364
laimai tungah kigelh ahi hi. A liatna 13 x 14 letmat ahi hi. 1933 kumin Britist kumpi in Brit-
ish Museum, London ah koih dingin lei uh hi. 1862 kumin volume 4 pha laibu in kipeikhia
hi. Leipsic ah 1863 kumin volume 4 kipeikhia kik a, 1864 kum ciangin volume 8 kibawlkik
hi. 1938 kum ciangin Volume 1 in hong kikhen khia in, “Scribes and Correctors of Codex
Sinaiticus” ci-in thulu tawh kibawlkhia hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippi-
ans, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, Herbrews, 1 & 2 Timohty, Titus, Philemon, Sawltakte
Tangthu, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude, Mangmuhna, Barnabas laikhak, Tuucing
Hermas Mangmuhna bute ahi hi.

B, Vaticanus Codex (AD Kum Zalom 4 Na)

Savun tunga kigelh Thuciam Thakte ah a upapenpen dingin kiciamteh hi. AD325-
350 kum khawng in kitei hi, kici hi. Kum 400 sung bang hih Vaticanus Codex sim ding
kikhaam hi. Pope Nicholus V (1447-55) in Rome gam Vatican laibusaal ah koih hi. Hih
Codex sungah Greek tawh a kigelh Thuciam Lui bute Septuagint (LXX) Version a tamzaw
om a, Thuciam Thak zong a tamzaw a kimin om hi. Hih Codex pen laimal gol leh a neu

218 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

kigawmin a kigelh ahi hi.A liatna pen letmat 10 Square ahi hi. A dal 759 (Leaves) om a,
617 pen Thuciam Lui kigelhna ahi hi. Dal 142 (Leaves) pen Thuciam Thak lam kigelhna ahi
hi. Cardinal Mai-in Folio lai sungah a volume in 1857 kumin bawl hi. Pope Pius IX thupiak-
na tawh 1872 kumin kipei kik hi. Manlai (Photograph) tawh 1889 kumin kibawl leuleu hi.
Tischendorf (1867) in endik kik in gual khat leh gual khat ciamteh in hoihtak bawlkhia hi.

Matthew 25:6-28:20, Mark, John 6:50-8:52 (Adangte om lo), Sawltakte Tangthu, James, 1
& 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude, Romans, I & 2 Corinthians (2 Cor.4:13-12:6 om lo), Galatians,
Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, Hebrews, 1 & 2 Timothy, Titus, Phi-
lemon, Mangmuhna, 1 Clement 1:1-12:5 bute ahi hi.

A, Alexandrinus Codex (AD Kum Zalom 5 Na)

Codex Alexandrinus (A) Thuciam Thak gelhna khutgelhlai in hoih takin a kikem
khat hi-a, Codex Sinaiticus zom ah a hoih kisa khat ahi hi. Pawlkhat in AD Kum zalom 4 na
sungin kigelh hidingin um uha, pawlkhat leuleu in AD Kum zalom 5 na sungin Alexandrian
laitheite in a tei hi ding hi, ci uh hi. Cyril Lunar in Constantinopple ah na ngah kha hi. 1624
kumin Cyril Lunar in Turkey ah mikangte palai sem (Ambassador) Thomas Roe tungtaw-
nin 1621 kumin a piak hi-a, England kumpi a piak laizial ahi hi. King James I in a sih ma-in,
hih codex 1627 kumin King James Version etkaak in a zat khat hi, kici hi. 1757 kum ciangin
George II in National Laibusaal adingin piakhia hi.

Thuciam Lui bute sung panin Piancilna 14-16, 1 Samuel 12-14, Late 49:19-79:10 cihte
om lo hi. Thuciam Lui bu dang teng kim hi. Thuciam Thak bu Matthew 1:1-16, John 6:50-
8:52, 2 Corinthians 4:13-12:6 cihte om lo-in, a dang teng a kimin om hi. Apocrypha bute
panin 1 & 2 Clement leh Solomon Late zong om hi. Hih khutgelhlaite dal 773 (Leaves) om
a, dal 639 (Leaves) tawh Thuciam Lui kigelh in, Thuciam Thak a dal 134 (Leaves) zangin
kigelh hi. Savun hoih mahmah a paa dildel tungah laimal gol (Uncial) tawh kigelh hi. Hih
Codex Alexandrinus in Britist Museum ah kikoih hi. Woide in 1786 kumin teikhia kik in pei
khia hi. 1860 kumin Cowper in teikhia in laibu in bawlkhia hi. 1864 kumin Hansell in laibu in
peikhia hi. 1879 kumin Trustees of the Museum photographa Fassimle in kibawl khia hi.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Sawltakte Tangthu, James, 1 & 2 Peter, 1 & 2 & 3 John, Jude,
Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalo-
nians, Hebrews bute ahi hi.

THUCIAM THAK KHUTGELHLAI A MUANHUAINA ETKAAKNA

Khutgelhlaite Kigelhcil Hun A Kimuh Hun Kum Kihal Zah

John Rylan AD 90 AD 130 40

Bodmer Papyrus AD 90 AD 150-200 110

Chester Beatty AD 60 AD 80 20

Codex Viticanus AD 60-90 AD 325 265

Codex Sinaiticus AD 60-90 AD 350 290

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 219

Codex Ephraemi (C;04)

AD 345 kumin Thuciam Thak bu a kigelhsa kiphiat kik in a dang a kigelhkik (Palim-
sest) pen kum zalom 12 na sungin, Syrian pawlpi makaipi khat ahi Ephraem’ thugenna
38 te a kiteina a kizang kik laibu ahi hi. Laimal gol khutgelh (Unical Manuscript) tawh
kigelh ahi hi. AD 1500 kumin John Lascaris in Italy ah hih Codex na ngah kha hi. A nung
lam ciangin Pietro Strozzi in hih Codex lei hi. Tua khit ciangin Paris ah “Queen Catherine
De Medici” in ngah hi. 1841 kumin Constantin von Tischendorf in hih khutgelh Thuciam
Thak a theihhakte a khiatna tel theih dingin hong pholhkhia (Deciphering) hi. 1843 kum
ciangin hong man siang thei hi.

1845 kum ciangin laibu in hong bawlkhia hi. Tuhun in LST bu (Codex) a thupi mah-
mah khat hi-a, Paris ah National Laibusaal ah kikoih hi. Thuciam Lui bu a tamzaw om lo
hi. Job, Paunak, Thuhilhna, Solomon Late om hi. Apocrypha bute panin Solomon Pilna leh
Ecclesiasticus bute om hi. Thuciam Thak bute sung panin 2 Thessalonians, 2 John leh
khenkhat om lo hi. Hih laibu (Codex) in savun (Vellum) tawh kibawl hi-a, Column sim lai-
mai khat ah Thuciam Lui panin laidal (Leaves) 64 pha a, Thuciam Thak panin laidal 238
sung panin 145 tawh kigelh hi. Laibu golna 9 x 12 hi-a, 2 Thessalonians leh 2 John sim loh
Thuciam Thak khempeuh kigelh kim hi. Laigelhna column khat ah 40-46 pha in om a, ahi
zongin a tamzaw bel 41 pha hi.

Codex Bezae (D; 05)

Codex Bezae pen AD 450- 550 kumin a kigelh ahi hi. Hih Codex Bezae pen “Codex
Catabrigiensis” ahk “D” zong kici thei hi. Laimal gol (Uncial Manuscript) tawh kigelh lai
ahi hi. Thuciam Thak pau nam nih tawh a kigelh laibu (Codex) hi-a, Greek leh Latin pau
tawh kigelh hi. 1562 kumin French Pasian’ thuthuk thei (Theologian) Theodore de Bezae
(Beze) in St. Irenaeus phungzi sang, Lyons, France ah a mukhiat lai hi-a, Geneva khua
mi, ama nungzui John Calvin tungah na ap hi. 1581 kum ciangin Cambridge University
ah na piakhia hi. 1793 kumin Kipling in peikhia hi. 1899 kumin lim lai (Photographic) tawh
kipeikhia kik hi. Dr. Scrivener in 1864 kumin laibu ngeina in bawlkhia hi. Greek pau tawh
vei lam ah kigelh in, Latin pau tawh taklam ah kigelh hi. Lailam kigit tungah hoihtakin lai
kigelh hi. Laigual pawlkhat pen a tomin lailam zui-in kigelh a, a dang pawlkhatte ahih leh
a sau in lailam kigit tungtawnin kigelh hi.

A masa lailam git bu thumte in column khat ah laitui san tawh kigelh hi. Hih lai-
bu (Codex) sungah Nitumna lamte gualh danin (Matthew, John, Luke, Mark), Sawltakte
Tangthu leh 3 John a tumtawng in kigelh om hi. “D” khutgelhlaite sunga Greek kam tawh
a kitei Thuciam Thak ah Matthew 1, 6-9, 27, John 11-13, Sawltakte’ Tangthu 8-10, 21, 22, 22-28
leh 1 -3 John bute omlo-in, a bu dangte kim hi. Latin kam tawh a kigelh lamah Thuciam
Thak Matthew 1, 6, 8, 22-27, Sawltakte’ Tangthu 8-10, 20-21, 22-28 leh 1 John 1-3 te om lo hi.
Laidal liatna 8 x 10 letmat hi-a, Column nih pha hi. Laimai khat ah laigual 33 pha hi. Tu-in
hih Codex Cambridge University ah om hi. Hih khutgelhte in Thuciam Thak muanhuaina
teci ahi hi.

220 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

D 29, Claromontanus Codex (AD 550)

Claromontanus Codex pen Beauvais tawh a kinai, Clermont ah kimukhia lai hi-a,
“D2” ahk “Dp2” zong kici hi. “Dp2” in “Dpaul” cihna ahi hi. “D” Codex Bezae a genna hi-a, P
in Paul’ laikhakte a gen nopna ahi hi. Codex Bezae mah bangin Thuciam Thak bute a om
lo zong om hi. “D2” pen kampau nam nih genna hi-a, Greek leh Latin pau tawh khutgel-
hlai cihna ahi hi. Bezae Codex tawh kibang pian hi. Paul’ laikhakte leh Hebrews laikhakte
kihel hi. Adang Thuciam Thak bute om lo hi. Laimai 533 pha-a, 7x9 letmat lian hi. “D2” pen
Italy gam panin a kitei ahi hi. Louis XIV in National Library Paris a dingin 1656 kumin lei hi.
1852 kumin Tischendorf in peikhia hi.

Hih Bezae in hih Codex min “Claromontanus” ci-in min a piak ahi hi. Greek pau
tawh a kitei Codex sungah Paul’ laikhak khempeuh leh Hebrews bute om a, Rom laikhak
1 leh 1 Corinthians 14 bute om lo hi. Latin pau tawh a kiteina sungah 1 Corinthians 14 leh
Hebrews 13 bute om lo hi. Greek leh Latin pawlpi makai masate gensawnnate zong tampi
om hi. Hih khutgehlai in laidal hoih mahmah tunga kigelh hi-a, column khat ah laigual 21
pha-in, kigelh hi. Greek pau tawh a kiteina Thuciam Thak pen hoih napi, Latin pau tawh a
kiteina Thuciam Thak laigualhzia, laikilamzia (Grammar) thanem in hoih lo hi.

Basiliensis E Codex AD 700-800: Cardinal J.B. Ragusio in 1431 kumin Constantinople khua
panin AD700-800 kikaal a kigelh khutgelhlaite na ngah hi. Tua a khutgelhlai codex sun-
gah Matthew, Mark, Luke, John Gospel bute a bup in kim hi. Dal 318 (Leaves) pha hi. Tu-in
Switzerland gam a om Basel University laibusaal ah om hi.

Codex Laudianus E2 ahk Ea: Hih Codex pen AD kum zalom 6-7 na kum sunga Thuciam
Thak khutgelhlai kigelh in kiseh ahi hi. 1870 kumin Tischendorf in puahpha hi. E2 sungah
Sawltakte’ Tangthu 8:37 Greek pau leh Latin pau tawh kitei om hi. Tom mahmah khutgel-
hlai ahih hangin a upa lamin a kiciamteh ahi hi.

Codex Boreelianus (F): Codex Boreelianus (F) sungah Gospel bu 4 te om hi. AD Kum za-
lom 9 na sunga kigelh hi-a, Utrecht ah tu-in om hi.

Codex Augiensis (Fz ahk Fp) AD 900: Hih Codex in Trinity College, Cambridge (F) sungah
om hi. Augia Dives (Tu in Reichenau kici) phungzi sang Lake Constance a om hi-a, St.Paul
laikhak khempeuh Latin kamin kitei hi. 1859 kumin Dr. Scrivener in Cambridge panin endik
kik in laibu in peikhia hi.

Codex Harleianus ahk Codex Wolfi A (G): Hih Codex sungah Gospel bu 4 te a kimin om
hi. A dang Thuciam Thak bute om lo hi.

Codex Boernerianus (G3 ahk Gp): Hih Codex ah Greek kamin Thuciam Thak kigelh a, Lat-
in pau tawh hilhcianna kigelh hi. Paul’ laikhakte a kimin om a, a dangte om lo hi. Apoc-
rypha bute sung panin Laodiciate’ tunga laikhak bu om hi. Irish gam panin kitei hi dingin
ki-ummawh hi.

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 221

Codex Wolfii B (H): Hih Codex sungah Gospel bu 4 te a kimin kigelhna om a, ahi zongin
Thuciam Thak bute a tamzaw kigelhna bute om lo hi. AD kum zalom 9-10 na sunga kigelh
in kiseh ahi hi. Tu-in Humburg Public Librarary ah kikoih hi.

Codex Mutinensis (H2 ahk Ha): AD Kum zalom 9 na sunga Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai
kimu hi-a, Sawltakte’ Tangthu bu kiteina ahi hi. Sawltakte Tangthu a lian 7 buppi-omlo-in
a dang teng khempeuh a kimin om hi. Tu-in Grand Ducal Librarary, Mondena, Italy ah om
hi. Hih khutgelhlai in Byzantine Text-Types ahi hi.

Codex Coislinianus (H3 ahk Hp): A thupi mahmah Paul’ laikhakte a bu bupin kigelhna
Codex hi-a, AD Kum zalom 10 na sunga kigelh hi dingin a kiseh ahi hi. Tu-in dal (Leaves
43) om lai hi. Paris, Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev, Turin leh Mount Athos khuapite ah a copy
om hi.

Codex Washongtonianus II (I): Hih Codex sungah Thuciam Thak Paul’ laikhak bute
kigelhna hi-a, Freer Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC ah om hi. Khut-
gelhlai dal 201 (Leaves) panin 84 omlai hi. AD Kum zalom 5-6 na sunga khutgelhlai kigelh
ahi hi. Paul’ laikhak bute Rom laikhak losiah a kimin om a, Hebrews bu khenkhat om lo hi.

Codex Cyprius (K): Hih Codex Cyprius kigelh hunin AD kum zalom 5 na sung hi-a, Gospel
bu 4 te a kim sitset in na kitei hi.

Codex Mosquensis (K2 ahk Kap): Hih Codex pen AD Kum zalom 9-10 na sunga kigelh hi-
a, Sawltakte’ Tangthu, Laikhak tuamtuamte leh Paul’ laikhakte leh Hebrews bute a kimin
om hi.

Regius (L) Codex AD 800: Hih Codex in Paris a om National Library ah a kikem ahi hi. Hih
Codex sungah Matthew, Mark, Luke, John Gospel bute a bup in kim hi. Mark bu ahih leh
nih vei kigelh thuap a, a tawpna a tom (Mark 16:8) leh a sauzaw khawlna (Mark 16:9-20)
te kicianin kigelh hi.

Codex Angelicus (L2 ahk Lap): Hih khutgelhlai Codex sungah Sawltakte’ Tangthu, Laikhak
tuamtuamte (Paul laikhak lote) leh Paul’ laikhak bu teng a kimin om hi. AD Kum zalom 9
na sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Codex Pampianus (M): Hih Codex sungah Thuciam Thak Gospel bu 4 te a kimin kigelh hi.
AD Kum zalom 9 na sunga kigelh ahi hi.

Codex Purpureus Petropolitanus (N): AD Kum zalom 6 na sunga savun tunga sumngo
meel tawh a kigelh Thuciam Thak bu hi-a, Gospel bu 4 te a kimin om hi. A cil a kigelhna
dal 462 hi-a, dal 230 te pen leitung mun tuamtuam ah kihawm thaang hi.

Codex Sinopensis (O): AD Kum zalom 6 na sunga kipuahpha khutgelhlai ahi hi. Thuciam
Thak Gospel bu 4 te pen a ausan savun laidal tungah kham meel laitui zangin a hoih
mahmah tawh a kigelh Thuciam Thak bu ahi hi. Tu-in Bibliotheque Nationale Paris ah om
hi. Matthew 13-24 pen dal 43 pha hi.

222 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Codex Porphyrianus (P2 ahk Papr): Mangmuhna bu laimal gol tawh pawlkhat kigelh hi-
a, Sawltakte’ Tangthu, Laikhak tuamtuamte (Paul laikhak lote) leh Paul’ laikhakte a kimin
om hi. Tu-in hih khutgelhlai Codex in St.Peterburg, Russia ah om hi.

Codex Nitriensis (R): Hih Codex tu-in Britist Museum ah om hi. Gospel Luke bu kigelhna
ahi hi. AD Kum zalom 6 na sunga kigelh hi ci-in kiciamteh hi.

Codex Vaticanus 353 (S): Thuciam Thak Gospel bu 4 te kigelhna Codex hi-a, AD 949 kum
pawl in kigelh ahi hi. Tu-in Vatican Library ah kikoih hi.

Codex Borgianus (T): AD Kum zalom 5 na sunga Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai hi-a, Luke 22-
23 leh John 6-8 a tumtawngin kitei ahi hi. Laigelhzia pen Codex Viticanus tawh kisuun hi.

Codex Mosquensis (V): Thuciam Thak Lungdamna bu 4 teng kiteina Codex hi-a, AD Kum
zalom 8-9 na sunga kigelh dingin kiseh ahi hi. John 8:39 mun pen laimal gol (Uncial)
khutgelh tawh kigelh hi. Hih munte pen AD Kum zalom 13 kum ciangin laimal neu khutkaih
tawh kikheel hi, kici hi.

Codex Washingtonnianus I (W): Hih Codex a kigelh hun pen AD Kum zalom 4 na sung
ahk 5 na sung dingin ki-um hi. Thuhilhkikna, Joshua, Late, Gospel bu 4 te, Hebrews bu
leh Paul’ laikhakte sung panin Rom laikhak omlo-in, a dang teng khempeuh a kimin om
hi. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John cih bangin a bu a banban in kikhum hi. Gospel Mark bu a
khawlna a sauzaw tawh khawl hi (Mark 16:9-20). Late bu pawlkhat om lo hi. Thuhilhkikna,
Joshua 3-4, John 14-16 leh Laikhak dangte khenkhat om lo hi. Gospel bu 4 te khutgelhlai
a dal 187 pha-a, laimai 374 Codex laibu sungah kigelh hi. Laimai khat ah laigual 30 om-
sak hi. Laimal gol leh lamal neu tawh kigelh hi. Thuciam Lui Thuhilhkikna, Joshua bute a
dal 102 pha in kigelh a, 10x12 letmat lian hi. Late kigelhna a dal 107 pha a, 11x14 letmat gol
tungah kigelh hi.

Codex Sanggllensis (D): Hih Codex pen AD Kum zalom 9 na sunga Greek- Latin pau tawh
Thuciam Thak Gospel bu 4 te kigelhna khutgelhlai ahi hi. John 19:17-35 om lo-in, a dang
Gospel bu teng kim hi.

Θ Codex Koridethi: AD 850 kum pawl a khutgelhlai hi-a, Gospel bu 4 te kigelhna Codex
ahi hi. Matthew, Mark, Luke leh John bute hi-a John bu a kigelhzia kilamdang pha deuh
hi. John bu pen AD Kum zalom 3-4 na sung a khutgelhlaite tawh kisuun hi.

Codex Tischendorffianus III (L): Hih Codex sungah Luke leh John bute a kimin om hi. AD
Kum zalom 9 na sunga khutgelhlai ahi hi. Tu-in hih khutgelhlai pen Oxford University ah
om hi.

Zacynthicus (E) Codex: Hih Codex tungah a kitei masa pen kiphiat in a dang khat a kitei
kik khat hi-a, General Macaulay in Britist & Foreigner Bible Societyte tungah 1821 kumin
pia hi. Tu-in London Society’s Library ah om hi. Luke Gospel Thuciam Thak hilhciannate
kigelhna ahi hi. Hih khutgelhlai kitei hun AD Kum zalom 12-13 na sung dingin kiseh hi.

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 223

Codex Peropolitanus (Pi): AD Kum zalom 9 na sunga Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai hi-a,
Gospel bute (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) bute kim sitset in om hi.

Codex Rossanensis (Sigma): AD Kum zalom 6 na sunga khutgelhlai hi-a, Gospel Mat-
thew leh Mark bute a kimin om hi. A telnop dingin lim tawh hilhna om hi. LST lim tawh a
kizeem masa penpen LST in kiciamteh hi.

Codex Beratinus (Phi): AD Kum zalom 6 na sunga kigelh hi-a, Matthew bu leh Mark bute
a kimin om hi.

Codex Athous Laurae (Psi): AD Kum zalom 8-9 na sunga Thuciam Thak khutgelh lai hi-a,
Mark bu a lian 9 khit teng leh Sawltakte Tangthu, Paul’ laikhak teng leh Hebrews, Laikhak
tuamtuamte kigelhna ahi hi. Gospel Mark bu a khawlna Codex Regius tawh kibang hi.

Codex Athous Dionysius (Omega): AD Kum zalom 8-9 na sunga Thuciam Thak khugel-
hlai hi-a, Gospel bu 4 te (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) a bukim in om hi. Byzantine Text
Family sungpanin a upa pen khat hi dingin kigen hi.

Thuciam Thak Laikaih Tawh Khutgelhlaite

Greek Thuciam Thak pen laikaih/lai-awn (Minuscle) laimal neu tawh zong kigelh
hi. Ahi zongin laimal gol (Uncial) zahin hoih kim lo hi. Ahi zongin Greek Thuciam Thak
khutgelhlaite tehkaak nadingin hoih hi. Pawlkhat bel hoih mahmah bilbel hi. Greek Thuci-
am Thak laikaih/lai-awn (Minuscle) laimal neu 2795 pha-a, biakna a kizang lai (Lection-
ary) 1964 bang om hi. Alexandrian Text Family sungah khutgelhlai 33 pen AD Kum zalom
9-10 na sunga kigelh hi-a, Thuciam Thak bute Mangmuhna bu lo buang a kimin om hi.
Tu-in Bibliotheque Nationale ah kikoih hi. Alexandrian Text-Types ahih hangin Sawltakte’
Tangthu leh Paul laikhakte pen Byzine Text-Types tawh kibang hi.

Caesarean Family Text-Types

Caesarean Family Text-Types sungah Thuciam Thak Gospel bu 4te kigelhna khut-
gelhlai om hi. AD Kum zalom 3- 4 na sunga kigelh ahi hi. Tua banah mimal khutgelhlai
zong hih Caesarean Text-Types sungah om hi.

Manuscript 61: Hih Greek Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai (Manuscript 61) sung ah Thuciam
Thak bu khempeuh kim hi. Kum Zalom 15-16 sunga LST teite in siksan in zang mahmah
uh hi. 1 John 5:7 mun kiteina khutgelhlaite ah a kimu masa penpen ahi hi. Erusmas in 1516
kumin Thuciam Thak a lunghihmawhna a om ciangin etkaak in na zang hi.

Manuscript 69: Thuciam Thak khempeuh a kimin om hi. AD Kum zalom 15 pawl a kitei ahi
hi. Hih Manuscript 69 in Text-Types Familyte sungah thupi pha diak hi.

Manuscript 81: Hih pen AD 1044 kumin kitei ahi hi. Greek Thuciam Thak laikaih tawh a
kigelh khempeuh lakah a thupipen ahi hi. Ahi zongin Sawltakte’ Tangthu bu pen Alexan-
drian Text-Types tawh kisuun hi.

224 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Manuscript 157: AD Kum zalom 12 kum kiim pawl in Greek Gospel Thuciam Thak bu 4te
kigelhna hi-a, Caesarean Text-Types tawh a kitei ahi hi.

Manuscript 566: Thuciam Thak Greek khutgelhlaite sung panin a hoihpenpen khat in
kithei hi-a, Thuciam Thak Gospel bu 4te savun ausan tungah kigelh a, laitui pen kham
meel kizang hi.

Manuscript 614: AD Kum zalom 13 na sunga Thuciam Thak laikaih tawh kigelh hi-a, Sawl-
takte’ Tangthu leh Thuciam Thak laikhakte om hi. A tamzaw laigelhzia pen Byzantine
Text-Types ahi hi.

Manuscript 700: AD Kum zalom 11-12 na sunga kigelh hi-a, Thuciam Thak bu a kimin om
hi. Ahi hangin “Received Text” tawh kilamdanna 2724 nei hi.

Manuscript 892: AD Kum zalom 9-10 na sunga kigelh hi-a, Gospel bu 4te a kimin om hi. A
laigelhzia pen Alexandrian Text-Types ahi hi.

Manuscript 1739: AD Kum zalom 10 sunga Thuciam Thak khutgelhlai thupi mahmah khat
hi-a, Alexandrian Text-Types nam hi-in, AD Kum zalom 4 na sunga etkaak in a kizang
mahmah khat zong ahi hi. Irenaeus, Clement, Origen, Eusebius leh Basel mi minthangte
laigelhnate panin hilhcianna kibawl hi.

THUCIAM THAK KHUTGELHTE LEH LEITUNG THU
KHUTGELHLAITE ETKAAKNA

Laigelhte Leh Laibu Min Kigelhcil Hun Kitei Sawn Hun Kum Kihal Zah Kitei Zah
10
Caesar (Gallic Wars) BC 100-44 AD 900 1000 20
7
Livy (History of Rome) BC 59-AD 17 Kithei Lo Kithei Lo 7
8
Plato (Tetralogies) BC 400 AD 900 1,300 8
200
Pliny the Younger (History) AD 61-113 AD AD 850 750 193
193
Thucydides (History) BC 460-400 AD 900 1,300 643
7
Herodotus (History) BC 480-425 AD 900 1,300 20
25,000
Demosthenes BC 300 AD 1,100 1,400

Sophocius (History) BC 469- 406 AD 100 600

Aristotle BC 384-322 AD 1,100 1,400

Iliad (Homer) BC 900 AD 400 1,500

Plato BC 427-347 AD 900 1,300

Tacitus (Annals) AD 100 AD 110 1,000

Thuciam Thak AD 40-95 AD 125 30

Thuciam Thak a kigelh cilna (Authograph) a kimuh zawh nawn loh hangin a kitei
sawnna khutgelhlai (Manuscripts) tampi a kimu hi. Hihte in Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina
hong lak hi. Mang LST a kigelh in Greek khutgelhlai 5000 val bang nei uha, tuate khat khit

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 225

khat enkaak kawikawi in Mikang kam tawh a letkhiat uh ahi hi. Hih khutgelhlai tampite in
a nen tumtawng (Fragments) tampi zong om hi. Bu khat sungah a kigelh kha lo pen a
dang bu khat sungah na kigelh zong om kawikawi zel hi. Tua banga, a etkaak kawikawina
pan un, a kimtak leh a maan mahmah LST hong suaksak uh hi. A kikaikhawm kawikaw-
ite hong kitaihkaak kawikawi ciangin a cil a kigelh mah tawh kibang sinsen in muan-
huai mahmah hi. Tanglai in leitung tangthu laigelh minthangte zong khutgelhlai panin
a kiteisawnte a kikankhiat ciangin kum zalom tampi mah kihal hi. Muanlahna ding bang
mah om lo-in a cil a kiteite mah tawh kibang in muanhuai hi. Hih leitung tangthu kigelh
minthangte a kitei hun leh a kiteisawn hun kum tampi kikaak mahmah taleh muanlahna
ding a om loh mah bangin Pasian humuap LST zong muanlahna ding khat beek om lo hi.

Pasian in leitung mite hong it mahmah ahih manin Ama kammal khat beek a
manthan ding phalvet lo hi. Matthew 5:17-18 sungah, “Moses Thukham leh kamsangte’
thuhilhnate a phiat dingin hong pai hi, ci-in hong ngaihsun kei un. Tuate a phiat dingin
a hong pai hilo-in, amaute’ hilhna a kicingsak dingin a hong pai ka hizaw hi.” Hoihtakin
na phawk ding uh thu panin: “Van leh lei a bei mateng”, hih thukhamte a “Neupen khat
nangawn” deihna tangtung lopi-in “Mawkmailo” ding hi, ci hi. Thuciam Thak Greek pau
tawh khutgelhlaite 5600+ bang om a, AD Kum zalom 2 panin 15 dong khut tawh a bup in
a kitei ahi hi. Latin Vulgate khutgelhlai 10,000 bang om in, Ethiopic khutgelhlai 2000 om hi.
Tua banah Slavic khutgelhlai 4101 leh a dangdang khutgelhlai 3,200 om hi. Thuciam Thak
khutgelhlai a kimukhia limlim pen 25,000 pha hi ci-in Joseph Green in gen hi. Hih a kitei
khutgelhlaite in Thuciam Thak a muanhuaina lak hi ci-in gen beh hi.

Greek Khutgelh Laimal Gol Laidal Greek Khutgelh Lai-awn /Khutkaih Laidal

Gospel Thubu 4 te 101 Gospel Thubu 4 te 1420
Sawltakte Tangthu leh a 22 Sawltakte Tangthu leh a dang laikhakte 450
dang laikhakte
Paul’ Laikhakte 27 Paul’ Laikhakte 520
Mangmuhna 156 Mangmuhna 195
Vekpi Gawm 303 Vekpi Gawm 2585

Khutgelhlai Min Kigelhcil Kiteisawn LST Thu Kihelte
John Rylands (P52)
Chester Beatty II (P46) Hun Hun
P.Bodmer II (P66)
Inv.Nr.12 (P87) AD 100 AD 117-138 John 18:31-33,37,38
(Thuciam Thak upapen)

AD 100 AD 200 Hebrews Bu leh Paul laikhakte,
(Tuucing laikhakte kihel lo)

AD 100 Paul’ John Bu

Laikhakte

AD 100 Mang. Philemon 13:15,24-25

226 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Chester Beatty II AD 100 AD 200 Luke 1-6 (P4), Matthew 3,5 leh Mat-
(P4, P64, P67) thew 26 (P64/P67)
AD 200 Mangmuhna 1:13-2:1
P.IFAo Inv.237 [+a] (P97) AD 100 AD 200 John 18:36-19:37
AD 200 Matthew 23:30-39
P.Oxy.3523 (P90) AD 100 AD 200 Matthew 13:55-57, 14:3-5
AD 200 Titus 1:11-15,2:3-8
P.Oxy.2683+4405 (P77) AD 100 AD 200 John 21:18-20,23-25
AD 200 John 17:23-24, 18:1-5
P.Oxy.4403 (P103) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 1:1-9, 12,14-20
AD 300 John 1, 16, leh 20
John Rylands 5(P32) AD 100 AD 300 Hebrews 2-5, Hebrews 10-12
AD 300 James 1:10-12,15-18
P.Oxy.4448 (P109) AD 100 AD 300 John 15:25-16:2,21-32
AD 300 1 Thessalonians 4-5, 2 Thess. 1-2
P.Oxy.4447 (P108) AD 100 AD 300 Sawl. 18:27-19:6, 12-16
AD 300 Gospel Bute, Sawltakte Tangthu
P.Oxy.2 (P1) AD 100 AD 300 John 1:29-35,40-46
AD 300 John 17:1-2,11
P.Oxy.208+1781 (P5) AD 100 AD 300 John 8:14-22
AD 300 Sawl. 26:7-8,20
P.Oxy.657+PSI 1292 (P23) AD 100 AD 300 Luke 17:11-13,22-23
AD 300 Matthew26:19-52
P.Oxy.1229 (P23) AD 100 AD 300 Eph. 4:16-29, 4:31 -5:13
AD 300 1 Thessalonians1:3-2:1,6-13
P.Oxy.1228 (P22) AD 100 AD 300 Matt.26:29-40, Sawl.9:33-10:1
AD 300 Luke 22:40,45-48,58-61
P.Oxy.1598 (P30) AD 100 AD 300 John 3:34
AD 300 Sawl. 2:30-37, 2:46-3:2
P.Mic.Inv.157 (P38) AD 100
AD 300 1 John 4:11-12,14-17
P. Chester Beatty I (P45) AD 100 AD 300 James 2:19-3:9
AD 300 Romans 8-9
P.Oxy.1445 (P106) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 25:12-15, 20-23

P.Oxy.1445 (P107) AD 100

P.Oxy.1780 (P39) AD 100

P.Oxy.1597 (P29) AD 100

P.Oxy.4495 (P111) AD 100

P.Mic.Inv.1570 (P37) AD 100

P.Yale 415+531 (P49) AD 100

PSI XIV1373 (P65) AD 100

P.Mic.Inv.6652 (P53) AD 100

P.Oxy.2383 (P69) AD 100

P.Barcelona 83(P80) AD 100

P.Mil.Vogl.Inv.1224+ AD 100

P.Maccquarie Inv.360 (P91)

P.Oxy.402 (P9) AD 100

P.Oxy.1171 (P20) AD 100

P.Oxy.1355 (P24) AD 100

PSI 1 (P35) AD 100

THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU | 227

P.Heidelberg G.645(P40) AD 100 AD 300 Romans 1-4, 6 leh 9
P.Oxy.402 (P9) AD 100 AD 300 1 John 4:11-12,14-17
PSI 1165 (P48) AD 100 AD 300 Sawl. 23:11-17,25-29
PL II/31 (P95) AD 100 AD 300 John 5:26-29,36-38
P.Oxy.4401 (P101) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 3:10-12,3:16-4:3
P.Oxy.4497 (P113) AD 100 AD 300 Romans 2:12-13,19
P.Oxy.4498 (P114) AD 100 AD 300 Hebrews 1:7-12
P.Antinoopolis 2.54 AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 6:10-12
P.Oxy.1079 (P18) AD 100 AD 300 Mangmuhna 1:4-7
P. Chester Beatty III(P47) AD 100 AD 300 Mangmuhna 9-17
P.Oxy.4499 (P115) AD 100 AD 300 Mangmuhna
P.Oxy.108+109 (P5/P16) AD 100 AD 300 1 Corin. 7:18-8:4, Phili. 3:10-17,4:2-8
P.Oxy.1078 (P17) AD 100 AD 300 Hebrews 9:12-19
P.Oxy.1230 (P24) AD 100 AD 300 Mangmuhna 5:5-8,6:5-8
P.Oxy.1596 (P28) AD 100 AD 300 John 6:8-12,17-22
P.Yale1543 (P50) AD 100 AD 300 Sawltakte Tangthu 8:26-32, 10:26-
31
P.Oxy.2384+PSI Inv. CNR AD 100 AD 300 Luke 22:40,45-48,58-61
419,420 (P70)
P.Oxy. 4494 (P110) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 10:13-15,25-27
MS 113 (0220) AD 100 AD 300 Romans 4:23-5:3,8-13
P.Bodmer VII & VIII (P72) AD 100 AD 300 1 & 2 Peter & Jude
P.Oxy.2684 (P78) AD 100 AD 300 Jude 4-5,7-8
P.Narmuthis 69.39a + AD 100 AD 300 Ephesians 1:11-13,19-21, 2 Thessalo-
69.229a (p92) nians 1:4-5,11-12
P.Oxy.4449 (P100) AD 100 AD 300 James 3-5
P.Oxy.4402 (P102) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 4:11-12,22-23
P.Oxy.847 (0162) AD 100 AD 300 John 2:11-22
PSI 2.124 (0171) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 10, Luke 22
P.Amhertst 3b (P12) AD 100 AD 285- Hebrews 1:1
300
Inv.Nr.5516 (P86) AD 100 AD 300 Matthew 5:13-16,22-25
Codex Sinaiticus (A) AD 100 AD 400 Thuciam Thak Buppi

228 | THUCIAM THAK MUANHUAINA THU

Codex Vaticanus B (03) AD 100 AD 400 Thuciam Thak Bu a tamzaw (Heb.
9:14, Tuucing laikhakte, Philemon
Codex Alexandrinus A (02) AD 100 AD 500 leh Mangmuhna cihte om lo)
Ephraemi Rescriptus (04) AD 100 AD 500
AD 500 Thuciam Thak bu a tamzaw
Bezae Cantabrigiensis D AD 100
(05) Thuciam Thak bute (2 Thess. leh 2
Washingtonianus W (032) AD 100 John om lo)
Claromontanus D (06) AD 100
Regius L (019) AD 100 Gospel bute leh Sawltakte Tangthu
Athous Laurae PSI (044) AD 100
AD 500 Gospel Bute
Augiensis F (010) AD 100 AD 600
Boernerianus G (012) AD 100 AD 800 Paul’ laikhakte leh Hebrews
Koridethi Theta(038) AD 100 AD
800/900 Gospel Bute

AD 900 Gospel Bute, Sawltakte Tangthu,
AD 900 Paul’ laikhakte leh laikhak tuamtu-
AD 900 amte

Paul’ laikhakte

Paul’ laikhakte

Gospel bute

·····0·····

14 APOCRYPHA THU

Thuciam Lui bei hun leh Thuciam Thak kipat hun kikal kum 400 bang sawt hi. Hih
hun sungin Pasian kiangpan kamsanna bang mah om lo ahih manin, “Kum dai didete”
(Silent Years) kici hi. Hih hun sungin lailam khanlawhna hong om ahih manin laibu tampi
om hi. Tua laibute sungpanin koite Pasian humuap LST in kisanga, bangte kisang lo hiam
cih khen tel theih ding thupi mahmah hi. Tua laibu tampite pen LST in a kisang zolote a
huampi-in, “Apocrypha” ahk “Psedepigrapha” kici hi. Protestantte in a “Kiseel laibu” ahk
a “Zuau laibu” pen “Aprocrypha laibu” ci uh hi. Tanglai-in hih laibute “LST” in a san za-
whlohna uh a hang om hi. LST Lui sungah “Apocrypha bu 14 val bang om a, LST Thak ah
bu 21 val bang om hi. “Apocrypha” in a hoih lam leh a sia lam in khiatzia nih nei hi. A hoih
lamin a khiate in “Apocrypha laibute” in a khiatna thuthuk lua ahih manin nautaang mite
in a khiatna tel zo lo uh hi. Tua manin, “Apocrypha bute” pen “A kiseel, a kituam koih, a
kiseng” laibute hi, ci uh hi. A sia lam in a khiate in “Apocrypha bu” sunga thute in LST tawh
kituak lo upna paikhial thu tampi om hi.

Tua manin “Apocrypha bute pen lai zuau, lai kheem laibute hi,” ci uh hi. Pasian
humuap LST dingin “Muanmawh-huai in uphak a, thuneihna a nei LST dingin sanhak
kisa” cihnopna ahi hi. Roman Catholic pawlpi in AD 1546 kumin Council of Trent khawmpi
ah Apocrypha bute pen “LST” sungah hel dingin thukimna nei uh hi. LST Pasian humuap
in a sang lo peuh mah “Hamsiatna” (Degree of Anathema) tung hen ci uh hi. Manasseh
thungetna leh I & II Edras bute LST sungah hel lo uh hi. Synod of Jerusalem khawmpi
AD 1672 kumin Solomon pilna bu, Judith, Tobit, Bel leh Dragon, Susana, Macabees bute
leh thuhilhna bute LST in sang uh hi. Protestantte in “Apocrypha bute” pen lai thupi leh
tangthu manpha khat in a san uh hangin, “Pasian Humuap LST” tawh kizakimin kisang
zo lo hi. Thuciam Lui hunin laibu kigelh khempeuh LST in kisang zo lo hi. Tua Thuciam Lui
(LST) a kisang zawhlohna leh a kisanna kikhentatzia khenpi (4) in kikhen hi. A khen khatna
pen “Homologoumena” kici hi. Laibute pen LST dingin mi khempeuh in pom thei cihna

230 | APOCRYPHA THU

ahi hi. A khen nihna, “Antilegomenna” kici hi. Laibute pen LST dingin lunghimawhhuai
sa uh hi cihna hi. A khen thumna, “Pseudepigrapha” kici hi. Laibute pen LST dingin mi
khempeuh in kipom zo lo cihna ahi hi. A khen lina, “Apocrypha” kici hi. Laibute pen LST
dingin pawlkhat in pom thei-in pawlkhat in pom zo lo cihna ahi hi.

Homologoumena Laibute

“Homologoumena” laibute pen LST in a kipom ngei hi-a, buaina leh lunghih-
mawhna a om lo laite ahi hi. Khang masate in a kipsak bek thamlo-in a khangkhang in
LST dingin a kikipsak ahi hi. Hih “Homologoumena” laibute pen Protestantte Thuciam Lui
bu 39 lakpanin bu 34 te in kinialna leh muanmawhna khat beek nei lo hi. “Homologou-
mena” laibute sungah a kihel lo laibute in (Solomon, Thuhilhna, Esther, Ezekiel leh Paunak
bute) ahi hi.

Antilegomena Laibute

“Antilegomena laibu” i cihte pen a kipat lam leh a tawp lam ah LST in pawlkhat in
kisang hinapi, Jewte pawlkhat in LST dingin a lunghihmawh laite ahi hi. AD kum zalom 1
na sungin Solomon Late pen Shammai sangte leh midang Jewte in LST dingin san haksa
uh hi. Solomon Late sunga a thu pawlkhatte pen cilesa kizopna khengval sa uh hi. Rabbi
Akiba ben Joseph (c. AD 50-132) in a genna ah, “Pasian in Solomon Late khaam hi.” Is-
raelte sungah Solomon Late pen kua mahmah in sang ngeilo hi. A nin khutte kisiangsak
mawk ziau lo hi ci hi. Tua hun in Solomon Late pen LST in kisang zo lo ci hi. Thuhilhna bu
LST dingin a kisan zawhlohna khat in, “Nuntakna in a mawkna pi hi” ci ahih manin LST
sungah guang dingin kilawm lo hi ci-in pom hak kisa hi. Pasian humuap LST dingin a
thuhilhnate lunghih-mawhhuai sa uh hi. Thuhilhna in a gennop thu in Pasian tawh lo-in
nuntakna in a mawkna hi-a cinuam ahi hi. Tua ahih manin a thukhupna ah Solomon in,
“Topa zahtakna leh a thupiakte zuihna in…. gamtatna khempeuh Pasian in thu hong khen
ding ahi hi,” ci-in (Thuhilhna 12:13-14) sungah na gen hi. Pawlkhat in Solomon bu a lung-
himawh hangin LST in kipom khin hi. Esther bu zong pawl khat in LST dingin lunghi-mawh
huaisa in san haksa uh hi. Banghang hiam cihleh Pasian min Esther bu sungah om lo hi.

Pasian min a kigen lo laibu pen humuap LST dingin hi thei ngeilo ding hi ci-in san
hak kisa hi. Bangbang ahi zongin, Esther bu sung khempeuh ah a mite kivatmaimang
ding kimlai Pasian’ huutna leh kepnate kimu hi. Jewte tangthu siam Josephus leh Mish-
nahte in Esther bu pen LST hi ci uh hi. Ezekiel bu pen Moses thukham thuhilhnate a nialte
in LST bu dingin san haksa uh hi. Shammai Sang in Ezekiel bu sunga kigente pen Moses
thukham tawh kituak ngiat lo hi ci uh hi. A masa a lian 10 te in “Gnosticism” hilhna lak
ci uh hi. Ahi zongin Ezekiel bu in Moses thukham hilhnate leh “Gnosticism upna” tawh a
kilehbulhna na om lo hi. “Ezekiel in Pasian in ci hi” cihte limgen ahih manin LST Pasian
humuap ahihna kipsak hi. Paunak bu in Pasian humuap hi lo hi kici ngei hi. Banghang
hiam cihleh (Paunak 26:4-5) sungah om thute a kilehbulh om hi ci-in mi pawlkhat in gen
hi. Rabbi tampite in Paunak sungah a kitulkalh khiatna nei a om hiam ci-in, kankhiatna
nei uha, a kitukalhna khat beek mu lo uh hi. Paunak bu pen Pariseete, Essenete leh Chris-
tiante in LST in Pasian humuap hi ci-in sang ciat uh hi.

APOCRYPHA THU | 231

Pseudepigrapha Laibute

“Pseudepigrapha” cih in a taktak a hi lo laigelhte laibute cihnopna ahi hi. “Pseude-
pigrapha” laibute pen zuau laibu leh a taktak ahih lohna kician mahmah hi. Hih laibu a
gelhte in LST gelhte min zangin LST amau gelh danin gen uh hi. Ahi zongin hih laibute
a kigelh hun pen BC 200 leh AD 200 kikaal ahi hi. A tamzaw laibute pen Ezekiel, Daniel
leh Mangmuhna bute danin a mangmu danin kigen uh hi. “Pseudepigrapha” laibute
bangzah pha ding hiam cih kithei khin lo hi. Bruce Metzger in a genna dan ah, “Jewte leh
Jew-Christiante’ “Pseudepigrapha” laibu tampi om hi,” ci hi. Jewte tangthu (Legend) in a
genna ah Enoch in laibu 366 gelh kici hi. 2 Esdras (14:46) sungah, LST bu 24 panin a kikhen
tuam, “A kiseel laibu” 70 bang om hi,” ci hi.

Hih “Pseudepigrapha” laibu a kankhiate (Researchers) in bu 200 val mukhia uh hi.
“Pseudepigrapha” laibu kici zuau lai tampi BC 200 leh AD 200 kikaal ah hong piangkhia
hi. Tuate lakah a minthangzaw deuh laibute in, The book of Jubille, the Letter of Aristeas,
The book of Adam and Eve, the Martyrdom of Isaiah, Enoch, the Testament of the 12
Patriachs, the Sibylline Oracle, the Assumtion of Moses, 2 Enoch, 2 Baruch, 3 Baruch, 3
Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, Pirke Aboth, the Story of Ahikar, the Psalms of Solomon, Psalm
151, the Fragment of a Zadokite Work cihte pawl ahi hi. Hih laibute pen phuah tawm tak-
tak hi-a, LST sunga hel ding cih thadah laibu gina in zong ciapteh taaklote ahi hi. A vekin
kigelh khin zo lo ding ahih manin a thupi deuh bu 18 kong tengkhia hi.

Jubilee Bu (Legendary)

Jubilee in LST tangthu gen a, piansak thu panin paisan pawi masa pen dong
kigelh hi.

Aristeas’ Laikhakte (Legendary)

Thuciam Lui Greek kamin a kitei cil in, upa 72 te in siampi lianpen Eleazar makaih-
na tawh kitei hi ci-in mit tawh a mu (Eyewitness account) danin kigen hi. LST lam pilna
neite in hih laibu pen BC 200 leh AD33 kikaal ah kigelh hi citek uh hi.

• Adam leh Eve Thu (Legendary)
• Isaiah Kithahna Thu (Legendary)

1 Enoch (Apocalyptic)

Hih bu pen Jude 1:14-15 sungah na kigelh hi. Jewte “Pseudepigrapha” laibute sun-
gah a sawt kimang pen hi ding hi kici hi. Hih laibu a gelh mi tampi kigawm hi-in Aramaic
pau tawh BC 200 sungin kigelh ahi hi. Adam khang panin a khang 7 dong thute, Enoch
tungah mangmuhna a kipiakna thu, mawhna kipatna thu, vantung mite leh a nasepna
thu, Gehenna (Hell) leh Paradise thu leh vantung aksite thu tampi kigelh hi.

232 | APOCRYPHA THU

Thuciam Pupa 12te Thu (Apocalyptic)

Piancil 49 Jacob in a tate tungah a kampau siksanin kigelh laibu ahi hi.

• Sibylline Oracle (Apocalyptic)
• The Assumption of Moses (Apocalyptic)

Enoch ahk Enoch’ Thuthuk Laibute (Apocalyptic)

Hih laibu in Enoch in vantung 7 te ah a khualzinna leh Pasian’ kilaakna tawh kisai
a muhkhiatte (Piansak thu, leitung tangthu, hell leh paradise thute) ahi hi. LST lam mipilte
in kum zalom AD 1 leh a lang pawl in kigelh dingin gen uh hi.

• 2 Baruch, or The Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch (Apocalyptic)
• 3 Baruch, or The Greek Apocalypse of Baruch (Apocalyptic)
• 3 Maccabees (Didactical)
• 4 Maccabees (Didactical) 50 BC leh AD 70 kikaal a kigelh hi
• Pirke Aboth (Didactical)
• The Story of Ahikar (Didactical)
• The Psalms of Solomon (Poetical)
• Psalm 151 (Poetical)
• The Fragment of a Zadokite Work (Historical)

1 Enoch (BC 200-AD 100): Pasian in Enoch vantung ah lato a, mailam ah a ki-imsim van-
tung thute leh mihingte tungah a piang ding tangthute lak hi cih thugen hi.

2 Enoch (AD 150): Piancialna 5:21-32 sung thu a tangzaizaw in pulaakna hi-a, Enoch khang
panin tuiciin tun dong thuhilhna bu ahi hi.

3 Enoch (AD 500-600): R. Ishmael thugenna hi-a, vantung ah a kahtohna thu ahi hi. Pa-
sian’ kumpi tomkhom leh leitunga thuap tungnung thute a lamdangzia a muhna thu ahi
hi. Vantungmi Metatron tungtawnin Mangmuhna a ngah thute ahi hi.

Sibylline of Oracle (BC 200-AD 700): Mihingte tungah gentheihna leh haksatna hong tun
nading thute kamsang numei khat tungtawnin hilhkholhna ahi hi.

Treatise of Shem (BC 100): Noah tapa Shem in kum khat sunga thupiang dingte Zodiac
tungtawnin a lim genkholhna thute ahi hi.

Apocryphon of Ezekiel (BC 100-AD 100): Mittaw khat leh khelbai khat in kumpipa’ huan
a suksiatsakna thu ahi hi. Hih mittaw pa leh a lawmpa in hi bangin a ngongtatna uh a
hang pen kumpipa in a pawi bawlna ah a sap loh man ahi hi. Kumpipa in a huan susiate
zongkhia a, a muh ciangin ciangtawn tawh sat lum hi. Thawhkik ni ciangin pumpi leh kha
kigawmkik in a dan ngah nading thu uh gen hi.

APOCRYPHA THU | 233

Apocalypse of Zephaniah (BC 100-AD 100): Zephaniah in vantung thuap 7 na ah a kahna
thu a thupi teng a genna ahi hi. Topa’ vantungmi in zangkuam golpi ah paipih in lak hi.
Mangmuhna zong tampi a neihna thu pulaak hi.

4 Ezra (AD 100-200): Ezra in mailam thu ding tamveipi mangmuhna nei hi. Mailam ah a
khang a khangin hong piang ding mite thu zong a gelh dingin kisawl hi.

Greek Apocalypse of Ezra (AD 200-900): Thuman mite leh Hell tung dingte thaman kilak
dingin Pasian in vantung ah a lak tohna thu ahi hi.

Vision of Ezra (AD 400-700): Ezra in Hell panin kilakhia a, tua panin mawhna nei migilote
gawtna ding thu akician sinsen in kilak hi. Tua thute pulaak dingin teci a panna thu ahi hi.

2 Buruch (AD 150-250): Mailam ah Jew mite thuaksiatna ding leh sathaunilhpa a tawp-
na ah hong pai nading thu Buruch tungah a thu kipulaakna ahi hi. A nunung thukhenna
zong mu a, midikte bek in hotkhiatna a ngah nading thugen hi.

3 Buruch (AD 100-300): Babylon mite in Jerusalem a suksiat khit uh ciangin Baruch a
hehnem dingin Pasian in vantungmi khat ama kiangah sawl hi. Vantung thuap 5 na
dongah kilato in a ki-imsim vantung thute Pasian in lak hi. Tua khit ciangin leitungah
thusim a kihilh thute a gen dingin hong ciahkikna thu ahi hi.

Apocalypse of Abraham (AD 100-200): Abraham in Yaweh in Pasian maan hi ci-in khen-
tatna nei hi. Vantung en dingin Abraham kiphal hi. Tua mun ah Gentailte’ mawhna daan
kipiakna leh thuman mite in thupha a ngahna thu kigen hi.

Testament of 12 Patriachs (BC 200): Jacob suan beh 12 te tungah Jacob a sih ma-in a
thu vaikhakna thu hi-a, a tate amah ki-umcihsak in a mawhna thute a pulaakna zong ahi
hi. Tua ciangin Jacob in a innkuan bup un thuhilh a, ama gamtat khialhna, mawhnate,
a tate in a pelh nading thuhilhna leh hanthotna thu ahi hi. A tate khat ciat in a mailam
tuah khak ding thute uh hilhkholhna leh a sih ciangin a kivui dan ding thute genna ahi hi.

Testament of Job (BC 100-AD 100): Job a sih ding ciangin a innkuanpihte thupha pia
dingin Job in sam hi. Job in a thugen zomin milim biakna hangin thum in tau a, milim
biakna taute en in, susia zan hi. Tua hangin Satan heh mahmah a, Job bawlsia hi. Job’ a
lawmte 3 in hehnem uha, ahi zongin huhna khat beek pia lo uh hi. Job tanu 3 te tungah
go leh gamh dingin thungetsak a, aisanna khau pia hi. Job in a thum a tau kawmin si hi.

Thuciam Lui Apocrypha Bute

“Apocrypha” cih kammal pen Mangpau hi-a, Greek kam panin a kikhiat ciangin
“Kiseel, thusim, zuau, ahk thuthukpi” laibute cih khiatna nei hi. “Apocrypha” a kicihna pen
a laibu a gelhcilte kua hiam cih kithei lo ahk up leh zuih dingin a muanhuai loh man ahi
hi. A tawpna ah kum zalom tampi sung LST sungah a kikhum lo laibute, “Apocrypha Bute”
kici hi. Protestant huam sungah “Apocrypha’ bute” LST in kisang lo-a, Roman Catholicte
in Thuciam Lui sungah khum uh hi. Tuate pen “Detero-canonical” laibu ahk “Canon Nih-
na” bute (Book of the Second Canon) ci uh hi. “Apocrypha” bu a minthangte a nuai a
bang ahi hi.

234 | APOCRYPHA THU

1 Esdras Laibu (BC 150-100)

Esdras kammal pen LST Lui sunga Ezra min tawh a kibang hi-a, Greek mite lawhzia
ahi hi. BC150 kum pawl in a kigelh hi-a, Ezra tawh a thu kibang pian lel hi. Khanglam Jew-
te gam bei kuan thu limgen a, 2 Khang Tangthu a lian 35-36 sunga, a thu kigente tawh
kibang mahmah hi. Laibu gelhpa in Ezra leh Nehemiahte’ hun kikaal a pehkhawm nuam
dan hi napi, a tangthu a luanzia kiciansak zo pha lo hi. 1 Esdras 3:1-5:6 sungah tangthu za-
knop khat om hi. Persian Kumpipa Darius a cing galkap khangno thumte’ pilna kidemna
ahi hi. Kumpipa thudot in, “Leitungah a hatpen bang ahi hiam? cih ahi hi. A dawng masa
pa in, “Leitungah zu hatpen hi. Kumpite, mihaute, mi thatang hatte in kuamah zawhlah
nei lo hi” ci-in dawng hi.

A nihna pa in kumpipa mai-et nuam pian ahih manin, “Leitungah Kumpipa mah
thahatpen hi. Ama thu mi khempeuh in mang hi” ci hi. Ahi zongin a thumna pa ahi,
Zerubbabel kici galkap khat in, “Leitungah nummei mah thahatpen hi. Pasalte numei
pan a piang hi-a, a nuntak nadingun zong numei tung mahmah ah kinga uh hi. Numei’
zawhlah pasal kuamah om lo hi,” ci-in gen hi. Tua khit ciangin, “Leitungah a hat taktak
pen “Thuman thutak” ahi hi. “Thuman thutak” in na khempeuh uk hi. Kumpite ahi zongin,
mi thatang hatte a hizongin, thuman thutak in uk zo hi. Thuman thutak lianpen a, thahat
pen hi” (1 Esdras 4:41) a cih ciangin kumpipa in sang thei mahmah a, a letsong dingin
Jerusalem khua puahkik theih nading thupia-in, a kisam ding teng zong vaihawmsak hi.
Pawlpi makai masate lakah Cyprian leh Augustinete in I Esdras bu thupi koih lo hi.

1 Maccabees Laibu (BC 175-135)

Hih laibu pen Apocrypha laibute lakah a zaknop pen in kingaihsun ahi hi. Pawlpi
puahphatna a makai Martin Luther bangin a kizang thei mahmah laibu thupi khat in na
gen hi. Hebrew lai tawh BC 100 kum pawl a kigelh hi-in, BC 175-134 kikaal sunga Jew mite’
tunga thupiang teng kigenna laibu ahi hi. Syrian makai Antiochus Epiphanes kicipa in
Jew mite sungah dawibiakna thagum suanga hong thun sawm ciangin Jew mite in zong
thauvui thautang tawh na lehdo uha, a gualzawhna uh thute cingtakin kiciamteh hi. Tua
banah, “Hasmoneanste” galsimna, amau tungtawna kumpi khang hong pianna leh a
makaipa uh John Hyrcanus’ gualzawhna tuamtuamte zong kihel hi. Laigelhpa’ bulphuh
pen Maccabess te’ galhanna leh gualzawhnate ahi hi. Mite in bangbang sawm taleh
Pasian thuneihna mahin zo teitei hi, cih zong hih laibu ii gennop thu khat ahi hi. Galzawh
nadingin Pasian tungah i kingak banah galsim dan hoihtak a geel dinga thupitzia zong
kigen hi. Thu buai thu haksate ah Pasian a um miginate’ makaihna a thupi lam zong
hong lak hi. Laibu gelhpa in Jewte thukhamte leh biakna innpi a thupi koihna zong kimu
thei hi.

Jew mite pawi thupi mahmah ahi, “Hanukkah” pawi pen hih Maccabeeste’ gual-
zawhna phawkna a kibawl ahi hi. Maccabeeste makaihna tawh Jew mite in a galte uh
ahi Syrian mite a zawh uh ciangin biakinnpi apna khat nei kik uha, tua panin “Hanukkah
pawi” hong piangkhia ahi hi. Hanukkah pawi pen “Khuavaak pawi” (Feast of Lights) ci-in