eProceeding PNiCC'22

PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

B.

Plate 5.1 The Finished Product of Potato-Based Paper Roll Wrappers (A and B).
References
Mazen Altayan, M., Al Darouich T and Karabet, F. On the Plasticization Process of Potato Starch:

Preparation and Characterization. Food Biophysics, 12, 397–403.
Pooja, S., Siddhnath, Sambit, K. D and Shiv, M. S. (2019). A Review of Edible Packaging for Foods.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(7), 2885-2895.
Tomar, M., Reetu and Changan, S.S. (2020). Potato Vitamins. In: Raigond, P., Singh, B., Dutt, S.,

Chakrabarti, S.K. (eds) Potato. Springer, Singapore.
Widjajaseputra, A.I (2020). Role of formula and rice varieties on the characteristics of rice-based spring

roll wrappers. Food Research, 4 (6), 2132 – 2138.

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PEMBINAAN PONTOON KONKRIT SEBAGAI LANGKAH
ALTERNATIF KETIKA BANJIR

Shafizah binti Shafiai @ Shafii
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah

E-mail: [email protected]

Mohamad Azfar bin Shafeeyullagan
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah
E-mail: [email protected]

Muhammad Syarifuddin Ajmal bin Shamsul Kamar
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah

E-mail: [email protected]

Muhammad Syafiq Khairin bin Mohd Sofe
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah
[email protected]

Mohd Azri Iqbal bin Zakaria
Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah

[email protected]

Abstrak

Inovasi ini menghasilkan satu reka bentuk iaitu pontoon yang diperbuat daripada konkrit ringan yang
menggunakan bahan ganti supaya boleh terapung di atas permukaan air. Pelbagai kajian telah dilakukan
sebelum ini yang menggunakan pelbagai jenis bahan ganti dan pengubahsuaian bentuk. Bahan ganti
seperti leca ball dan perlite digunakan dalam kajian ini untuk menghasilkan pontoon yang kuat dan
mudah terapung. Hasil keapungan yang diperolehi boleh diaplikasikan sebagai alternatif untuk
dijadikan pengangkutan semasa banjir. Bahan ganti yang digunakan ini memenuhi syarat kriteria
pontoon kerana bahan ini ringan dan mempunyai kekuatan tersendiri. Ujian makmal yang dilakukan
untuk menghasilkan pontoon ini ialah ujian mampatan dan ujian keapungan. Ujian mampatan dilakukan
pada hari ke 7,14 dan 28 hari. Hasil ujian ini menunjukkan peningkatan apabila pada hari ke-7 purata
kekuatan mampatannya ialah 1.44 N/mm2 manakala pada hari ke-14 purata kekuatan mampatannya
ialah 1.48 N/mm2 dan pada hari ke-28 purata kekuatan mampatannya ialah 1.51 N/mm2. Manakala ujian
keapungan dilakukan dengan meletakkan beban 5G di atas pontoon tersebut. Ujian ini dilakukan untuk
mengetahuai sama ada pontoon terapung atau tidak terapung. Ujian ini dilakukan dengan mencari nilai
kedalaman tenggelam (hd), titik pusat apungan (OB), titik pusat graviti (OG) dan titik pusat meta (GM).
Rumusan kajian ini menunjukkan pontoon itu stabil apabila nilai titik pusat graviti (OG) lebih tinggi
nilainya berbanding titik pusat apungan (OB). Kesimpulannya, ujian yang dilakukan ini memperolehi
keputusan yang baik dan sesuai digunakan untuk kegunaan awam.

Kata Kunci: leca ball, perlite

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

1.0 Penyataan Masalah

Fenomena banjir merupakan bencana alam yang sering kali berlaku sama ada di dalam atau luar negara.
Fenomena ini menjadi salah satu penyumbang kepada kemerosotan ekonomi kepada negara mahupun
secara individu. Mengikut kajian, Kawasan yang mudah dilanda banjir bagi Negara Malaysia adalah
dianggarkan seluas 29,800 km persegi ataupun 9% daripada luas tanah negara.

Banjir juga berlaku berpunca daripada sama ada punca semula jadi ataupun perbuatan manusia. Antara
punca semula jadi yang menyebabkan banjir adalah hujan. Kedudukan Malaysia di kawasan beriklim
tropika secara lazimnya menerima hujan yang tinggi. Purata hujan tahunan bagi Semenanjung ialah
sebanyak 2,500 mm dan bagi Sabah dan Sarawak sebanyak 3,500 mm. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat
keadaan di mana hujan turun terlalu lebat pada sesuatu ketika yang boleh menyebabkan banjir. Masalah
menjadi lebih teruk dalam dekad yang lalu disebabkan oleh pemanasan global yang membawa kepada
peningkatan air ditambah dengan beberapa musim panas yang luar biasa kering. Paras laut dikatakan
meningkat sebanyak 20 sentimeter pada abad lalu dan dijangka meningkat tiga kali ganda daripada
jumlah itu pada abad ke-21. Oleh itu rumah terapung menjadi satu keperluan pada tahun-tahun akan
datang.

Oleh itu, terdapat keperluan mendesak untuk mengembangkan strategi mitigasi banjir yang baru untuk
kawasan dataran banjir di Malaysia. Salah satu strategi tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan konsep
rumah amfibi (rumah apung). Strategi pengurangan banjir konvensional seperti menggunakan
empangan, utama sistem saliran dan kolam biasanya sangat mahal. Mereka juga tidak mesra alam.
Konsep rumah amfibi yang dikembangkan oleh penyelidikan ini menyesuaikan diri dengan alam semula
jadi persekitaran banjir. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat keperluan untuk menangani masalah kestabilan
rumah semasa banjir. Sistem Pontoon memberikan penyelesaian yang baik untuk memastikan bukan
sahaja untuk mekanisme pengapungan tetapi juga untuk memberikan kestabilan rumah. Sistem apungan
ini mesti dirancang dengan menggunakan bahan ringan yang sesuai yang kuat cukup, tahan lama.
Sistem terapung rumah perlu diuji untuknya kestabilan dengan toleransi reka bentuk miring yang boleh
diterima semasa waktu banjir.

2.0 Objektif

Produk ini telah direka untuk mencapai objektif berikut:
a) Merekabentuk pontoon konkrit dengan menggunakan bahan ganti iaitu perlite dan leca ball.
b) Menguji kekuatan pontoon konkrit yang dihasilkan.
c) Menganalisis daya apungan pontoon konkrit yang dihasilkan.

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

3.0 Diskripsi Produk

Pontoon konkrit yang dihasilkan adalah bersaiz 500mm x 500mm x 100mm dan mampu untuk terapung
di atas air. Sasaran rekabentuk beban yang dapat ditampung oleh pontoon adalah sebanyak 5 kg. Selain
itu, bahan yang akan digunakan dalam pembuatan pontoon konkrit adalah simen dan air sebagai bahan
utama, manakala perlite dan leca ball adalah sebagai bahan ganti kepada aggregat kasar bancuhan
pontoon konkrit. Disebabkan dengan keseimbangan bahan dan kesesuaian bahan tambah yang terdapat
didalam campuran konkrit yang menyebabkan ianya kukuh dan kuat.

Leca ball (Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregates) ialah kepingan kecil tanah liat. Pelet tanah liat kecil
dipanaskan pada suhu yang sangat tinggi dalam tanur berputar. Haba yang melampau menyebabkan
zarah tanah liat mengembang. Ia digunakan untuk memperbaiki saliran campuran tanah. Dengan
menambahkan Leca ke dalam konkrit, ia menghasilkan poket udara. Manakala perlite digunakan dalam
campuran untuk meningkatkan pengudaraan dan mengubah suai substruktur, memastikan ia longgar,
mengalir udara dengan baik dan menentang pemadatan. Sebanyak dua jenis ujian dilakukan terhadap
pontoon konkrit iaitu ujian mampatan dan ujian keapungan.

Kekuatan mampatan pontoon konkrit biasa dengan bahan campuran (stryrofoam + fiber glass) pada hari
ke 7 dan ke 28. Keputusan kekuatan mampatan konkrit adalah seperti Jadual 1:

Purata

Kekuatan Kekuatan kekuatan

Umur Ketumpatan Berat mampatan mampatan Purata mampatan

Sampel (hari) (kg/m3) (kg) (kN) (N/mm2) beban (N/mm2)

s1 800 2.70 27.0 1.20 1.19

s2 800 2.76 27.3 1.21

s3 7 800 2.77 26.7 1.18 27.0

s1 800 2.84 31.0 1.38 1.31

s2 800 2.68 28.1 1.25

s3 28 800 2.71 29.2 1.3 29.4

Jadual 1: Kekuatan mampatan pontoon konkrit biasa dengan bahan campuran (stryrofoam + fiber

glass)

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

Kekuatan mampatan pontoon konkrit dengan bahan ganti (perlite + leca ball) pada hari ke 7 dan ke 28.
Keputusan kekuatan mampatan konkrit adalah seperti Jadual 2:

Purata

Kekuatan Kekuatan kekuatan

Umur Ketumpatan Berat mampatan mampatan Purata mampatan

Sampel (hari) (kg/m3) (kg) (kN) (N/mm2) beban (N/mm2)

s1 800 2.81 33.01 1.46 1.44

s2 800 2.75 32.31 1.44

s3 7 800 2.78 31.76 1.41 32.36

s1 800 2.79 34.1 1.52 1.51

s2 800 2.78 33.4 1.48

s3 28 800 2.80 34.5 1.53 34.0

Jadual 2: Kekuatan mampatan pontoon konkrit dengan bahan ganti (perlite + leca ball)

Menurut Santosa (2003) pengapung merupakan salah satu bahan bangunan yang sangat penting bagi
seni bina terapung atau binaan amfibi. Ada 8 bahan pengapung yang boleh digunakan iaitu: EPS /
Expandable Polystyrene, drum plastic, batang kayu balak, bamboo, paip PVC, botol plastik, plat keluli
berbentuk silinder, papak konkrit kalis air dan berongga dalam bentuk bongkah.

Ujian keapungan telah dilakukan untuk mencari kestabilan pontoon yang berukuran 0.5m x 0.5m x0.1m
dan mempunyai berat 16.3 kg. Tujuan ujian keapungan ini dilakukan untuk mencari kedalaman
tenggelam (hd), titik pusat apungan (OB), titik pusat graviti (OG) dan titik pusat meta (GM). Rumusan
yang dihasilkan adalah stabil apabila titik pusat graviti (OG) berada di atas atau nilainya lebih tinggi
berbanding titik pusat apungan (OB).

Result ; Saiz Berat Kedalaman Titik pusat Titik pusat Titik pusat Rumusan
pontoon (kN) tenggelam apungan OB graviti OG (m) meta GM
OG atas OB
0.5 x 0.5 x 0.1 0.16 (m) (m) 0.05 (m) (stabil)
0.065 0.033 0.302

Jadual 3: Keputusan Ujian Apungan

4.0 Impak Produk

Kepentingan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti bahan yang sesuai seperti styrofoam untuk
campuran dengan pontoon yang boleh mengapungkan objek yang berat. Ini adalah untuk memastikan
pontoon berjaya digunakan ketika dalam keadaan seperti banjir. Selain itu, untuk menganalisis daya
apung pontoon konkrit agar ketahanan serta kestabilan produk ini dapat mengukuhkan tujuan utama
pembuatan pontoon untuk projek rumah amfibia. Hal ini sekali gus dapat menggantikan sistem bot
(keapungan) dengan menjadi satu langkah alternatif pertolongan semasa banjir bagi meringankan beban
kepada mangsa sementara menunggu pertolongan dari pihak bomba dan badan sukarelawan yang lain.
Pontoon digunakan untuk mengangkut barang atau alatan dan pontoon juga dikhususkan untuk
kegunaan tugas berat dengan beban berat di atasnya. Semakin besar saiz pontoon, semakin tinggi

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

keupayaan pontoon itu untuk mengapungkan beban. Keupayaan pontoon begitu tinggi di laut dan sungai
kerana pontoon menggunakan prinsip archimedes yang mampu mengawal keseimbangan dan
kestabilannya (Loverude, et al., 2003).
Adaptasi Pontoon Terhadap Rumah Kontena
PENGIRAAN RUMAH KONTENA
Berat kontena = 2300 kg
Kapasiti muatan = 25 000 kg
Kapasiti padu = 45.83 kg
Panjang = 5.9 m
Lebar = 3.25 m
Tinggi = 2.39 m
Lebar bukaan pintu = 0.8 m
Ketinggian pembukaan pintu = 2.28 m
PENGIRAAN ASAS (PONTOON)
Size pontoon = 0.5 m X 0.5 m X 0.1 m
Berat pontoon = 16.3 kg
Kapasiti beban (load capacity) = 12 kg

Luas pontoon = 0.25 m2
Jumlah luas pontoon = 41.6 m2
Isipadu setiap 0.25 m2 = 0.25 – 0.15(hollow) = 0.10 m3
Jumlah isipadu = 170-unit x 0.10 x 4 = 68 m3
Jumlah kapasiti beban = 680-unit X 12 kg = 8160 kg
Isipadu per unit rumah = 2300 kg X 3 = 6900 kg
TOTAL BUOYANCY = 8160kg – 6900kg = 1260 kg
Rekabentuk yang diperolehi boleh diadaptasi.

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5.0 Gambar Produk

Rajah 1: Pandangan hadapan produk Rajah 2: Pandangan atas produk

Rajah 3: Pandangan sisi produk

Rujukan
American concrete institute, Detroit (1992), "Specification of Masonry Structure" ACI 530.1-92/ASCE

6-92/TMS 602-92.
D.J cook, Surrey University (1983) " Expanded polystyrene Concrete" concrete technology and

design, New Concrete material, vol 1, pp.41-69.
Loverude, M. E., Kautz, C. H., & Heron, P. R. L. (2003). Helping students develop an understanding

of Archimedes’ principle. I. Research on student understanding. American Journal of Physics,
71(11), 1178–1187. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1607335.
Santosa, D. E., W, B. A., S, V. F., Prabowo, I., & Dwinanda, O. (2017). Rumah Amfibi sebagai
Solusi Ekologis untuk Mengatasi Rob. Seminar Nasional Arsitektur Populis, September, 27–
39.

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I-LAYAK SYSTEM

Ameer Shah bin Abdul Halim Shah
Politeknik Muadzam Shah

E-mail: [email protected]

Absract

A digital loyalty system is one of the customer retention marketing strategies that enable companies to
improve their revenues. The fundamental of a loyalty system is aimed to rewards customers who
frequently make purchases from a company and improve the profitability of existing buyers. A platform
that can run the program without hassle may reinforce the action of running loyalty program as it much
easier than the traditional way. This project aims to develop a working ecosystem that can help
businesses & organizations to transform their traditional approach of physical loyalty card programs
into a cloud-based system. The ecosystem of i-Layak can also be used for other uses cases such as
student qualification solutions, gamification concept system and many more, it is up to admin’s
creativity to adapt this multi-purpose system for their business or organization needs for free.

Keywords: Multi-purpose Loyalty system, Software-as-a-Service, Productivity tools

1.0 Problem Statement

First and foremost, the vendor owner needs to spend the cost to design and print and the physical loyalty
card and stamp sticker. This can lead to high maintenance costs since the vendor is unsure how much
the physical card and stamp sticker they need to provide recurringly to keep the loyalty program
running. In addition, there’s will be paper waste that will affect the environment.

The second troublesome vendor face is that they are putting a burden on their customer to make sure
they kept the loyalty card safely with them and make sure to bring it whenever they come to the vendor
place. By doing that, there are high chances that the loyalty card will be damaged, lost, or stolen and
there is no other way except their need to restart their progress from the beginning.

Furthermore, the vendor will have difficulty verifying the integrity of the loyalty card progress. the
stamped sticker can be easily manipulated or cloned to trick the vendor when rewarding the customer.
Lastly, the lack of analytic tools makes it harder for a vendor to identify their most loyal customer and
for them to plan for their future marketing strategies

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

2.0 Objectives
The objectives of this project are:
1. To develop an ecosystem for multipurpose loyalty system
2. To replace the use of physical loyalty cards into a cloud-based system
3. To provide analytics tools when the running loyalty program
4. To minimize maintenance costs when running the loyalty program

3.0 Product Description
i-Layak is a multi-purpose loyalty system to determine if the customers are eligible for specific rewards
or eligibility. This project aims to develop a working ecosystem that can help businesses &
organizations to transform their traditional approach of physical loyalty card programs into a cloud-
based system.
This project involves developing an ecosystem that consists of three main applications which are admin
web application dashboard for the admin to manage their loyalty card, stamp sticker, and use analytics
tools. Secondly, a virtual web application card for the customer to track their reward progress. Lastly,
a scanner mobile application for admin or authorized staff to scan customer’s QR code which will be
linked with an admin dashboard and customer virtual card through a web API (Application
Programming Interface).

4.0 Product Impact
i-Layak system is an effort in transforming a business into the Industry 4.0 environment. This low-cost,
eco-friendly system is a no-brainer choice of system for a business to implement their digital loyalty
program. i-Layak system will provide a simple yet powerful dashboard for the admin to monitor
tracking data and a scanner mobile application that can scan customer’s automated unique QR code that
they can access via virtual loyalty card dashboard. The ecosystem of i-Layak can also be used for other
uses cases such as student qualification solutions, gamification concept system and many more, it is up
to admin’s creativity to adapt this multi-purposes system for their business or organization needs for
free.

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22
5.0 Product Images

Figure 1: I-LAYAK Landing Page

Figure 2: I-LAYAK Help Centre

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

Figure 3: I-LAYAK Admin Registration Page

Figure 4: I-LAYAK Card Analytics Dashboard

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

Figure 5: I-LAYAK Web App Login Page
Figure 6: I-LAYAK Web App Card List

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

Figure 7: I-LAYAK Web App Sticker Collections

Figure 8: I-LAYAK Scanner App Login Screen
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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22
Figure 9: I-LAYAK Scanner App Scanning Screen

Figure 10: I-LAYAK Scanner App Success Screen

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22
References
Galletta, Antonino et al. 2017. “A Cloud-Based System for Improving Retention Marketing Loyalty

Programs in Industry 4.0: A Study on Big Data Storage Implications.” IEEE Access 6: 5485–
92.
Hajdukiewicz, Agnieszka. 2018. “A New Approach To Customer Loyalty Programs In The Era Of
DigitalizatION: THE EXAMPLE OF THE FREEBEE LOYALTY TECHNOLOGY
PLATFORM.” TRADE PERSPECTIVES 2016: Safety, security, privacy and loyalty.
Naletina, Dora. 2018. The Impact of Terrorism on the Security and Continuity of International Business
Activities .

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SMART CORN THRASHER MACHINE

Nor Ridzuan bin Sabu
Kolej Vokasional Kerian
E-mail:[email protected]

Muhamad Fikri bin Shohur
Kolej Vokasional kerian

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstrak

Umum mengetahui jagung merupakan sumber makanan ruji ketiga utama bagi manusia selepas gandum
dan beras. Selain itu, jagung juga dijadikan bahan mentah produk seperti ethanol dan tepung serta
banyak digunakan sebagai makanan dalam sektor ternakan. Disebabkan permintaan yang meluas maka
wujudnya industri makanan yang melibatkan penggunaan jagung. Industri makanan ini memerlukan
bijian jagung dileraikan daripada tongkolnya yang mana memerlukan cara mudah dan cepat untuk
meleraikan bijian jagung dalam kuantiti yang banyak. Oleh yang demikian, tercetusnya idea untuk
menghasilkan satu produk inovasi yang dapat meleraikan bijian jagung daripada tongkol bagi
menggantikan kaedah tradisional iaitu hanya menggunakan tangan dan pisau. Produk ini diberi nama
‘Smart Corn Thrasher Machine’. Mesin ini sesuai digunakan untuk industri kecil dan sederhana serta
peniaga kecil-kecilan yang mengusahakan makanan berasaskan jagung. Selain itu mesin ini juga boleh
digunakan oleh suri rumah yang ingin menghasilkan makanan daripada isian jagung. Kesimpulannya,
dengan penghasilan mesin ini dapat memudahkan para pengguna dan seterusnya dapat menjimatkan
masa kerja mereka.

Kata kunci: Mesin pelerai jagung, jagung

1.0 Pernyataan Masalah

Jagung merupakan sejenis bijirin yang menjadi sumber makanan utama selain gandum dan beras. Selain
menjadi sumber makanan bagi manusia jagung juga digunakan sebagai sumber makanan untuk haiwan
seperti ayam, itik dan burung. Oleh itu jagung menjadi salah satu komoditi utama yang menyokong
pembangunan industri ternakan di kebanyakan negara di dunia termasuk di Malaysia. Di samping itu,
terdapat pelbagai jenis produk makanan berasaskan jagung yang ada di pasaran. Pelbagai produk
berasaskan jagung boleh dihasilkan, antaranya air, kek, roti, pudding, bertih jagung, emping jagung dan
banyak lagi. Rasa jagung yang manis membuatkan jagung diminati dari pelbagai peringkat umur.
Dalam industri pemprosesan jagung faktor masa dan keselesaan pekerja memainkan peranan dalam
melaksanakan pemprosesan bijian jagung.Kaedah manual yang selalu digunakan adalah menggunakan
pisau untuk meleraikan biji jagung dari tongkol.Kaedah ini memerlukan masa dan tenaga dan kekuatan
tangan menyebabkan pekerja akan cepat keletihan dan menimbulkan rasa tidak selesa kerana perlu
menggunakan kekuatan tangan untuk meleraikan bijian jagung walaupun menggunakan pisau yang
tajam.Melaluinya timbulllah idea untuk menghasilkan sebuah mesin yang boleh memudahkan pekerja

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

meleraikan bijian jagung dengan lebih efisyen tanpa perlu melakukannya seperti kaedah konvensional
tadi.Oleh itu masa boleh dijimatkan dan pekerja kurang menggunakan tenaga dan merasa selesa dalam
melaksanakan.Mesin yang dihasilkan ialah “Smart Corn Thrasher Machine”.

2.0 Objektif
Produk ini telah direka untuk mencapai objektif berikut:
a) Memudahkan proses melerai biji jagung
b) Menjimatkan masa melerai biji jagung

3.0 Diskripsi Produk
Mesin pelerai jagung adalah alat untuk meleraikan bijian jagung daripada tongkol bagi menggantikan
kaedah tradisional yang menggunakan tangan dan pisau. Tongkol jagung yang telah dibersihkan
kulitnya akan dimasukkan melalui bahagian hadapan mesin. Mata pelerai yang dijana oleh daya putar
motor akan berputar dan meleraikan bijian jagung dari tongkolnya. Antara langkah penting dalam
menggunakan mesin ini adalah proses memasukkan tongkol jagung ke mata pengisar yang mana
pengguna perlu berhati-hati dan mengenakan tekanan yang sederhana sahaja pada batang jagung
tersebut. Mata pelerai hanya meleraikan bijian jagung daripada tongkol tanpa perlu mengisar
tongkolnya. Bijian jagung yang telah dilerai oleh mesin tersebut akan dikumpulkan di dalam sebuah
bekas di dalam mesin tersebut. Pengguna akhirnya boleh memungut hasil bijian didalam bekas tersebut.

4.0 Impak Produk
Produk ini memberi beberapa manfaat kepada pengguna seperti berikut:
a) Pengguna boleh meleraikan biji jagung dengan lebih mudah,
b) Pengguna dapat meleraikan biji jagung dengan lebih cepat,
c) Sesuai untuk meleraikan biji jagung dalam kuantiti yang banyak
d) Dapat menyediakan produk jagung manis yang segar tanpa merosakkan bijian tersebut

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5.0 Gambar Produk

Rujukan
Gardiner, P., Sadikova, E., Filippelli, A. C., Mitchell, S., White, L. F., Saper, R. & Fredman, L. (2015).

Stress management and relaxation techniques use among underserved inpatients in an inner city
hospital. Complementary therapies in medicine, 23(3), 405-412.
Kyriazos, T. A., Stalikas, A., Prassa, K., & Yotsidi, V. (2018). Can the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales
Short Be Shorter? Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of DASS-21 and DASS-9 in
a Greek, Non-Clinical Sample. Psychology, 9(05), 1095
Makhbul, Z. M., Abdullah, N. L., & Hashim, N. A. (2013). Stress Di Tempat Kerja: Isu Global Dalam
Melestarikan Organisasi (Stress at the Workplace: Global Issues in Organizations
Sustainability). e-Bangi, 10(1).
Serra, M. V. G. B., Camargo, P. R., Zaia, J. E., Tonello, M. G. M., & Quemelo, P. R. V. (2018). Effectof
physical exercise on musculoskeletal disorders, stress and quality of life in
workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 24(1), 62-67.

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SISTEM PENILAIAN PRESTASI BULANAN PERKHIDMATAN
KAWALAN KESELAMATAN

KOLEJ KOMUNITI PASIR SALAK
(SPPB-PKK)

Norjunainah binti Juri
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Salak
E-mail: [email protected]

Mohd Rosli bin Mohamad Yusof
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Salak
E-mail: [email protected]

Norhisham bin Harun
Kolej Komuniti Pasir Salak
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstrak

Perkhidmatan Kawalan Keselamatan (PKK) merupakan perkhidmatan yang memberi perlindungan
fizikal dalam aspek pengawasan, pencegahan dan mengambil tindakan sepanjang masa jika berlaku
sebarang perkara subversif, espionaj, sabotaj, serangan dan kelemahan manusia yang boleh menjejaskan
keselamatan aset-aset, orang awam dan kerahsiaan kerajaan. Ketidakperhatinan kepentingan
perkhidmatan tersebut, mengundang berlakunya ketidakpatuhan spesifikasi kontrak oleh pihak syarikat
keselamatan yang akan menjejaskan tahap keselamatan sesebuah institusi. Bagi mengatasi
permasalahan tersebut, Sistem Penilaian Prestasi Bulanan Perkhidmatan Kawalan Keselamatan atau
dikenali SPPB-PKK telah dibangunkan dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Excel SPPB-PKK
mengandungi enam (6) lembaran (sheet) utama, iaitu maklumat Key Performance Indicator (KPI),
Graf Prestasi, Laporan Prestasi Bulan, Laporan Pemotongan Markah Mandatori, Laporan Pemotongan
Ketidakpatuhan dan Rekod Kehadiran Pengawal Yang Lewat Hadir Bekerja. Objektif SPPB-PKK
adalah untuk memastikan kualiti pengurusan Perkhidmatan Kawalan Keselamatan yang efektif dan
efisyen ke arah pencapaian Key Performance Indicator (KPI), 100% Perfect 0% Defect serta Best Value
For Money. Impak SPPB-PKK telah memberi kesan kepada kecekapan pengurusan kewangan dan
pengiktirafan kecemerlangan organisasi seperti pensijilan Ekosistem Sektor Awam (EKSA) dan
mematuhi audit keselamatan serta mempunyai persekitaran kerja yang kondusif. Penggunaan sistem ini
memberi perubahan yang signifikan secara holistik kepada pengurusan pemantauan pematuhan
spesifikasi kontrak sepanjang tempoh perkhidmatan.

Kata Kunci: Sistem penilaian prestasi, keselamatan institusi, kecemerlangan organisasi

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1.0 Penyataan Masalah

Berlaku ketidakperhatinan memberi perlindungan fizikal dalam aspek pengawasan, pencegahan dan
mengambil tindakan sepanjang masa secara sabotaj, keganasan dan kelemahan manusia (Arahan
Keselamatan, n,d) (Semakan Dan Pindaan 2017)). Hal ini menyebabkan berlaku kes seperti berikut :-

i) Tiada sistem penilaian prestasi kecekapan terhadap Pengawal Keselamatan Kolej Komuniti
Pasir Salak dalam melaksanakan tugas secara berterusan sepanjang tempoh perkhidmatan sehingga
menyebabkan berlaku kecurian peralatan perangkap kilat jenis tembaga dari tahun 2013 hingga 2018.
Nilai kerugian adalah sebanyak RM 47,778.98 dengan jumlah kehilangan 497.35 meter.

Bil Tarikh No Report Polis Ukuran Nilai
Laporan (M) kehilangan

1. 19/11/2013 Kg Gajah/001656/13 30 (RM)
2. 07/01/2014 Kg Gajah/000035/14 120 5,000.00
3. 24/02/2014 KgGajah/0000342/14 225
4. 01/12/2015 Kg Gajah/002981/15 70 10,182.20
5. 07/04/2017 Kg Gajah/000555/17 50 19,865.70
6. 15/10/2018 Kg Gajah/002574/18 2.35
497.35 5,565.60
JUMLAH 6,838.00
KESELURUHAN
327.48
47,778.98

ii) Ketidakpatuhan syarikat mematuhi spesifikasi syarat pelantikan Pengawal Keselamatan dengan
membekal tenaga kerja yang mahir dalam skop perkhidmatan kawalan keselamatan, khidmat
pelanggan, pertolongan kecemasan dan mengawal trafik serta syarikat gagal memberi latihan dan
pemantauan terhadap Pengawal Keselamatan sepanjang tempoh perkhidmatan (MSTAR, 2020).

Ketidakpatuhan tersebut memberi kesan kepada kualiti perkhidmatan selari dengan spesifikasi kontrak
yang dimenteri. Kesalahan yang dikesan adalah seperti berikut :
1. Mengambil Pengawal Keselamatan yang mempunyai rekod jenayah kesalahan dadah dan dibuang

daerah bagi proses penggantian Pengawal Keselamatan yang berhenti secara mengejut.
2. Pengawal tidak tahu skop perkhidmatan yang perlu dilaksanakan.
3. Tidak menghantar Pegawal Keselamatan mengikut kursus Certified Security Guard (CSG) dalam

tempoh enam (6) bulan dari tarikh pelantikan.
4. Mengesan Pengawal Keselamatan membuat kunci pendua Watchman Clock bagi tujuan menipu

tidak membuat rondaan mengikut spesifikasi yang ditetapkan.

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2.0 Objektif

Memastikan KKPS mendapat konsistensi kualiti Perkhidmatan Kawalan Keselamatan Best Value For
Money secara holistik dalam pengurusan dan pelaksanaan Perkhidmatan Kawalan Keselamatan yang
efektif dan efisyen ke arah pencapaian Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 100% Perfect Zero Defect
serta mematuhi spesifikasi kontrak.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR (KPI)

PERKHIDMATAN KAWALAN KESELAMATAN

KESEMPURNAAN MEMENUHI TIADA BERLAKU SEBARANG KES

SPESIFIKASI KONTRAK ZERO DEFECT (0%)

100% PERFECT

Pihak Syarikat Keselamatan perlu Pengurusan Keselamatan KKPS dan Syarikat
melaksanakan dengan sempurna mengikut Keselamatan perlu memastikan tiada berlaku
spesifikasi Kontrak (Zulkefli, n.d.). sebarang perkara yang ditetapkan di bawah
Pengurusan Keselamatan KKPS perlu sentiasa sebagai sasaran perlu dicapai dan sentiasa
memantau, mengesan dan mengambil tindakan diberikan keutamaan:-
sebarang perkara yang tidak dilaksanakan oleh
pihak Syarikat Keselamatan. Tiada berlaku kes kecurian aset kerajaan,
warga KKPS dan orang awam.
Memastikan Pengawal Keselamatan yang Tiada berlaku sebarang perbuatan sabotaj
dilantik mengikut syarat kontrak, telah lulus merosakan harta benda kerajaan dan
ujian tapisan keselamatan, laporan kesihatan, kelancaran operasi KKPS.
lulus ujian penilaian KKPS dan mengikuti Tiada berlaku kes kebakaran dengan mendidik,
Certified Security Guard (CSG). mencegah, mengesan dan mengawal sebarang
. Memberi latihan dan penerangan spesifikasi bentuk boleh berlaku kebakaran.
tugas kepada pengawal keselamatan secara Tiada berlaku kemalangan dalam Kampus
berkala. dengan mencegah, mengesan dan mengawal
. Membekal peralatan keselamatan mengikut laluan trafik, aktiviti sosial, PdP, kerja
spesifikasi kontrak termasuk memberi latihan pembangunan dan penyelenggaraan.
penggunaan kepada pengawal keselamatan. Tiada berlaku kemalangan akibat serangan
. Sentiasa menjaga kebajikan Pengawal binatang berbisa (Ular, serangga lebah, tabuan)
Keselamatan dengan menepati dengan jumlah dan serangan binatang liar dengan mengesan,
dan tarikh yang ditetapkan bagi bayaran gaji, mengawal dan menghapuskan
elauan, caruman KWSP, SOCSO, membekal Tiada berlaku sebarang kes pelanggaran
pakaian seragam, menyedia kemudahan cuti /ketidapatuhan spesifikasi kontrak dengan
rehat dan cuti sakit. mengamalkan mengesan, menilai dan
. Melaksanakan pemantauan secara berkala dan mengenakan tindakan tegas mengikut saluran
menilai pretasi pengawal keselamatan secara dan peruntukan undang-undang dan kontrak
berkala. perjanjian yang dipersetujui.
. Mematuhi sepenuhnya spesifikasi kontrak
perjanjian sepanjang tempoh perkhidmatan.

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3.0 Deskripsi Rekacipta/Produk Inovasi/Idea Inovasi

Sistem Penilaian Prestasi Bulanan Perkhidmatan Kawalan Keselamatan atau dikenali sebagai SPPB-
PKK direkabentuk hasil daripada penelitian observasional deskriptif dokumen kontrak perjanjian,
(Dokumen Kontrak Perjanjian Kawalan Keselamatan Tanpa Senjata Api, 2020–2022). Analisis segala
permasalahan yang berlaku melalui kaedah SQ Quality Tools, Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) (Taylor et
al., 2013) dan ujian kefahaman spesifikasi tugas yang dijalankan ke atas semua Pengawal Keselamatan.

SPPB-PKK dibangunkan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Excel yang mengandungi enam (6)

lembaran (sheet) utama :

BIL LEMBARAN (SHEET) KETERANGAN KANDUNGAN LEMBARAN

1. Key Perfomance Indicator Ringkasan Key Perfomence Indicator (KPI) bagi tujuan

(KPI) peringatan kepada Jawatankuasa Pemantau Keselamatan

berkaitan sasaran yang perlu dicapai setiap bulan.

2. Graf Prestasi Memaparkan graf prestasi (Markah prestasi secara

bulanan dan purata termasuk graf jumlah pemotongan

bayaran yang dikenakan sepanjang tempoh

perkhidmatan)

3. Laporan Prestasi Bulan Memaparkan markah prestasi bulanan,

Penilaian Semasa Jumlah nilai pemotongan dan penyata kesalahan

pemotongan jika berlaku ketidakpatuhan spesifikasi.

Julat markah prestasi pencapaian

Paparan markah pencapaian mengikut 4 kategori utama

(Syarat Keanggotaan, Spesifikasi Perkhidmatan, Disiplin

Pengawal dan Pencapaian Sasaran Perkhidmatan).

4. Laporan Pematuhan Jumlah Pengawal Keselamatan mengikut spesifikasi

Spesifikasi Perkhidmatan kontrak

Ketepatan waktu bertugas mengikut syif

Pematuhan skop perkhidmatan

Pematuhan spesifikasi peralatan

Pematuhan bayaran gaji, caruman SOSCO, KWSP dan

kebajikan.

5. Laporan Pemotongan Menggunakan format perkiraan permotongan bayaran

bayaran secara automatik mengikut Pekeliling 4.3 perkara

berkaitan pemotongan jika berlaku ketidakpatuhan

(Lewat hadir, bilangan pengawal tidak mencukupi,

kerosakan peralatan, Pengawal tidak bersedia, tidak

memakai pakaian seragam)

6. Rekod Biodata Pengawal Mengandungi maklumat peribadi pengawal, gambar,

alamat, no telefon, kelayakan akademik, rekod

perkhidmatan, rekod kursus Certified Security Guard

(CSG) dan rekod displin (Kedatangan lewat dan lain-lain

ketidakpatuhan syarat sepanjang tahun perkhidmatan)

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Berikut adalah proses penggunaan SPPB-PKK :-

i) Membuat pemeriksaan dan pengujian semua peralatan keselamatan di lokasi, memeriksa situasi di
Pondok Pengawal, Buku Daftar Pelawat, Buku Laporan Rondaan, dan memeriksa aset dalam
kampus.

ii) Pengguna perlu membuat pemeriksaan dokumen tuntutan bayaran yang mengandungi seperti
salinan Penyata Bayaran Gaji, caruman KWSP, SOCSO, sijil CSG, laporan tapisan keselamatan,
rekod kehadiran dan rekod rondaan setiap dua (2) bulan sekali.

iii) Pengguna perlu memasukkan maklumat pengesan pematuhan hasil pemeriksaan dari langkah (i)
dan langkah (ii) seperti pengesahan jumlah spesifikasi kuantiti, (Ya / Tidak) bagi spesifikasi
pematuhan, memasukkan rekod kehadiran lewat Pengawal Keselamatan, memasukkan data jumlah
kelewatan dan ketidapatuhan kuantiti peralatan, kerosakan peralatan dalam lembaran pemotongan
dan menyatakan catatan di ruangan prestasi bulanan.

iv) Markah prestasi dan jumlah bayaran pada bulan tersebut akan dikeluarkan secara automatik pada
lembaran prestasi bulanan.

v) Mencetak, membentangkan semasa mesyuarat pemantauan kontrak dan mendapatkan pengesahan
Pengarah.

vi) Menghantar kepada Unit Kewangan untuk membuat bayaran dan mengeluarkan surat pemakluman
prestasi, jumlah bayaran, pemotongan bayaran dan ketidakpatuhan jika ada kepada pengurusan
Syarikat Keselamatan sebagai makluman dan tindakan.

4.0 Impak Produk / Rekacipta/Idea

Impak rekacipta SPPB-PKK :-

i) Tiada berlaku kes kecurian, kemalangan dan ketidakpatuhan spesifikasi perkhidmatan yang serius
berlaku dari tahun 2018 hingga tahun 2022. Impak pelan sasaran Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
100% Perfect Zero Defect.

ii) Mengesan, memberi amaran dan tindakan tegas awal sebarang ketidakpatuhan spesifikasi kontrak
dalam kawalan keselamatan yang memberi kesan dalam pencapaian KPI yang ditetapkan sehingga
tindakan pemotongan bayaran ketidakpatuhan spesifikasi kontrak berjumlah RM 963.08 dalam
tempoh 15 bulan perkhidmatan bagi tempoh kontrak 2020-2022.

iii) Mengubah dimensi pemikiran pengurusan syarikat keselamatan hanya mementingkan keuntungan
dari memberi perkhidmatan yang berkualiti mengatasi pemikiran dan budaya kerja sambil lewa di
kalangan Pengawal Keselamatan.

iv) SPPB-PKK dijadikan sebagai garis panduan kepada pihak pengurusan kolej bermula dari proses
pelantikan pengawal, pemantauan spesifikasi pelaksanaan perkhidmatan dan proses pembayaran.
memberi impak kepada kecekapan pengurusan kewangan, mewujudkan kawasan kerja yang
kondusif dan ke arah pencapaian pengiktirafan kecemerlangan organisasi pensijilan Ekosistem
Sektor Awam (EKSA), MBOT, MQA dan Audit Keselamatan.

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

v) Meningkatkan imej profesion Pengawal Keselamatan yang mahir, cekap, berpengetahuan dan
mesra pelanggan dalam pelaksanaan tugas dengan pelaksanaan ujian kefahaman yang dilaksanakan
oleh pihak kolej seperti Jadual 1 : Analisis Keputusan Ujian Penilaian Kecekapan Pengawal
Keselamatan.

JADUAL 1 : ANALISIS KEPUTUSAN UJIAN PENILAIAN KECEKAPAN PENGAWAL
KESELAMATAN

5.0 Gambarajah/ Ilutrasi Produk/ Rekacipta/Idea
BIL LEMBARAN KETERANGAN KANDUNGAN LEMBARAN
(SHEET)
1. Key Perfomance
Index (KPI)

2. Graf Prestasi

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

3. Laporan Prestasi
Bulan Penilaian
Semasa

4. Laporan
Pematuhan
Spesifikasi
Perkhidmatan

5. Laporan
Pemotongan
bayaran

6. Rekod Biodata
Pengawal

SPPB-PKK diletakkan di dalam google site untuk memudahkan Ahli Jawatankuasa Pemantauan
Keselamatan membuat penilaian prestasi dan pihak syarikat keselamatan boleh merujuk markah
prestasi dan sebarang perkara ketidakpatuhan berlaku pada bulan tersebut untuk tindakan pematuhan
akan datang. Namun capaian ini terhad kepada ahli jawatankuasa dan pengurus syarikat sahaja bagi
menjamin kerahsiaan maklumat daripada disalahgunakan oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab.
Selain itu, pengurusan keselamatan dalam organisasi sangat penting kerana ia merupakan antara kriteria
pengauditan kesarakanan, kewangan dan keselamatan di KKPS. Selaras penyataan mengatakan
keselamatan merupakan satu situasi yang tiada bahaya, tiada ruang yang boleh menyebabkan bahaya
dan perlindungan serta keadaan yang tidak berisiko dengan kemalangan (Awang & Suyanto, 2017).
SPPB-PKK membantu pihak pengurusan dalam melaksanakan pemantau keselamatan secara holistik
dari aspek spesifikasi, pematuhan kontrak keselamatan ke arah pengurusan kontrak yang cekap dan
merealisasikan Pelan Strategik Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti 2018-2025 dalam Teras Strategik 2
(Memantapkan governan yang responsif dan mampan).

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Rujukan
Arahan Keselamatan (Semakan dan Pindaan 2017). (n.d.). Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
Awang, M., & Suyanto, N. (2017). Pendekatan Keselamatan dan Kesejahteraan Pelajar untuk Sekolah-

Sekolah di Malaysia. Pendekatan Keselamatan Dan Kesejahteraan Pelajar Untuk Sekolah-
Sekolah Di Malaysia, 7(1), 139–153.
Dokumen Kontrak Perjanjian Kawalan Keselamatan Tanpa senjata Api. (2020–2021). Kolej Komuniti
Pasir Salak.
MSTAR. (2020, April 1). 24 Syarikat Kawalan Keselamatan Sekolah Ditamatkan Kontrak. Retrieved
May 11, 2022, from https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2016/11/09/syk-keselamatan-
tamat-kontrak
Taylor, M. J., McNicholas, C., Nicolay, C., Darzi, A., Bell, D., & Reed, J. E. (2013). Systematic review
of the application of the plan–do–study–act method to improve quality in healthcare. BMJ
Quality & Safety, 23(4), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001862
Zulkefli, S. (n.d.). Portal Pekeliling Perbendaharaan (PPP). Https://Ppp.Treasury.Gov.My/.
https://ppp.treasury.gov.my/

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CARAMELIZED SMOKED BANANA ICE CREAM

Nurul Amirah binti Khalid
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail
E-mail: [email protected]

Maisarah binti Zakaria
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Norra Zafirah binti Rahim
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail
E-mail: [email protected]

Nurul Hazimah binti Mohammad Hedzer
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Caramelized Smoked Banana Ice Cream is a product made from the innovation of traditional foods
which is smoked banana that being incorporated into ice cream to produce Caramelized Smoked Banana
Ice Cream. As we know usually ice cream contain high sugar content and consuming too much sugar
will contribute to long term health problems. The aim of this study to reduce the sugar content in the
ice cream by replacing some of the sugar with the original sweet taste from the smoked banana itself.
In addition, this study aimed to innovate and add value to local traditional products which is smoked
banana by producing caramelized smoked banana ice-cream. The ice cream was produced with three
formulations with the ratio of smoked banana and sugar 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0 respectively. Based on
the sensory evaluation analysis, it shown that the ratio of 80:20 is the most acceptable by panelist. This
research had been succesfully reduced 80% usage of sugar in the ice cream and replaced it with the
original sweetness from the smoked banana. From the sensory evaluation analysis, it also proven that
the combination of smoked banana and ice cream is acceptable.

Keywords: Ice Cream, Smoked Banana, Sugar, Traditional

1.0 Problem Statement

Ice cream is a dessert that is very popular in Malaysia. However, usually it has a high sugar content.
Consuming too much sugar can also contribute to long term health problems. (Richards, 2020). Apart
from that, day by day, due to modern lifestyle, traditional dishes are getting forgotten (Aniza, 2019).
Smoked banana is a traditional food that is only popular for people in the south of the country especially
in Johor. Maybe one day this traditional food will be forgotten by the younger generation. Other than
that, farmers suffering from losses due to dumping of bananas due to pandemic (Tahir, 2020). Therefore,

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PMJB NATIONAL INNOVATION & CREATIVITY COMPETITION 2022 l PNICC’22

to reduce the sugar content in ice cream and also to innovate this traditional food, caramelized smoked
banana ice cream has been produced further providing other ice cream alternatives which is sugar
content has been reduced and the community can enjoy desserts containing traditional food elements.
The incorporation of smoked banana in the production of caramelized smoked banana ice cream
product, it will increase the demand for bananas and help solve the problem of farmers.

2.0 Objectives

a) To reduce the sugar content in the ice cream by replacing some of the sugar with the original sweet
taste from the caramelized smoked banana itself.

b) To innovate and add value to local traditional products which is smoked banana by producing
caramelized smoked banana ice-cream.

c) To increase the demand of bananas by producing caramelized smoked banana ice-cream product.

3.0 Product Description

Caramelized Smoked Banana Ice Cream is a product made from the innovation of traditional foods
which is smoked banana that being incorporated into ice cream to produce Caramelized Smoked Banana
Ice Cream. Smoked bananas are usually only popular among the elderly but not for the young. Smoked
bananas are not only unique and delicious, but also rich in nutrients. Therefore, we took an approach
that combines traditional cuisine with modern food to make the taste of cuisine acceptable to many
people. Apart from that, our product not only has a unique taste, but also the sugar content of the ice
cream has been successfully reduced, replacing by the original sweet taste of the smoked banana itself.

4.0 Product Impact

This product provides several benefits to consumers as follows:

a) This research has managed to reduce more than half of the sugar content used in caramelized
smoked banana ice cream and replaced it with a natural sweet taste from the caramel smoked banana
itself.

b) By innovating traditional food that is has been forgotten day by day, indirectly traditional food can
be popularized back to the whole society.

c) From the production of this caramelized smoked banana ice cream, as we know many people really
like ice cream, so with the traditional elements added to our products, indirectly our traditional food
will not be forgotten.

d) The incorporation of smoked banana in the production of caramelized smoked banana ice cream
product, it will increase the demand for bananas and helps solve the problem of farmers.

e) We do not only target to produce ice cream that has traditional elements, but we also want to
produce nutritious ice cream so that all groups can enjoy it without hesitation.

f) Consumers not only can enjoy the ice cream with the local taste but also nutritious which are less
sugar, no preservatives and artificial colouring being added.

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5.0 Product Picture

References
Louisa Richards (2008). What is the impact of eating too much sugar? MedicalNewsToday. `Retrieved

from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eating-too-much- sugar#how-much-is-too-
much on the 6th. October, 2021.
My Metro. (2019). Traditional dishes are getting forgotten. My Metro, 5th June, 2019.
Sinar Harian. (2021). Farmers are losing money due to the dumping of bananas. Sinar Harian, 9th May,
2021.
Syed. et al. (2019). Effect of different ingredients on texture of ice cream. Journal of Nutritional Health
& Food Engineering, 8(6): 422 - 435.

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DEVELOPMENT OF BIOBIN FOR KITCHEN WASTE MANAGEMENT

Rosni Yusoff
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Allel Selvi A/P Suppiah
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Ain Nadiawatie binti Ruslan
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Madhumitha Nadarajan
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail
E-mail: [email protected]

Saranya Gumanan
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The issues of waste management have been discussed around the globe to overcome the problem of
high waste generated by people every day. This has been worsening with the area of dumping load
becomes limited as the time goes by. This study intended to encourage a self-degradation habit since
wastes could be regenerated as renewable products using a better waste management system. Biobin is
developed to create a user-friendly bin for degradable wastes storage system The biobin is built with
tank which fixes with components to enhance the digestion process. This biobin functions to store the
wastes, therefore when digestion reaction happens in the biobin, the renewable of gas, solid and liquid
will be produced. Crushing, filtration and anaerobic digestion are processes cycle in the biobin that will
be performed. Both liquid and solid products as well as gas produced from the bio bin will be further
evaluated for other beneficial usage such as fertilizer and short heating purposes. The idea of this study
could contribute further recommendations for authorities to focus on enhancing household planning
skills and routines when it comes to the food preparation and waste dumping.

Keywords: Biobin, Biogas, Food Waste, Kitchen

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1.0 Problem Statement
People have complained the awful scent of their family waste bins, which has precipitated watery
rubbish to spill out into the lowest of the bin; housewives have complained approximately the unsightly
scent of nappy or diaper suffocating the whole room; and in maximum workplaces or air-conditioned
spaces, the scent has disrupted employee focus, inflicting agency control to be worried their employees'
efficiency (De, 2016). Then, extreme environmental change is brought about by gases delivered by
deteriorating waste move into the climate, catching hotness.
One of the essential drivers of the world's extraordinary climate changes were ozone harming
substances. Individuals are seeing and feeling the destructive impacts of ozone depleting substances,
from amazingly incredible storms and hurricanes to boiling temperatures. Other than that, awful effect
on human well being likewise an issue articulation. The soundness of individuals who live close to
tainted regions might be seriously hurt by inappropriate garbage removal. Occupations in these landfills,
including waste assortment labourer and other staff, are more in danger. Inadequately managed wastes
can cause skin irritations, blood disorders, breathing difficulties, developmental challenges, and even
fruitfulness problems.

Figure 1: Food waste nationwide
As discovered in Figure 1.1, the Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Corporation
(SWCorp), Malaysians make good enough meals waste each day to fill seven Olympic-sized pools.
This infers that of the 38,000 heaps of own circle of relative’s waste made every day, 45% or 17,000
heaps are meals waste, with round 4,080 heaps nevertheless consumable. Around 3,000,000 humans
can be handled several activities with this aggregate. SWCorp is hoping to elevate public attention
concerning lessen meals waste as a method for diminishing tainting and a basic temperature adjustment
affects via its Value Food and No Waste missions, which has now back for the 6th year. The dumping
of meals waste at landfills provides to herbal pollutants and a basic temperature alternate in the lightness
of the advent of methane fuel that approximately due to the rotation cycle (Jaraysi, 2021).

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Methane, as an ozone hurting substance, impacts an Earth-huge temperature guide as lots as distinctive
activities much less steady than carbon dioxide. Considering 2019 data, stable waste has prolonged with
the aid of using 15% (Fatimah, 2021). To deal with this issue, a manner of lifestyles of waste arranging
with the aid of using and large, must be changed. Each own circle of relatives can begin a self-treating
the soil behaviour via an association of Biobin waste the board. Moreover, this Biobin development
have to paintings with the additives of treating the soil, absorption of bio waste and shops strength of
biogas, fluid and robust manure accordingly from absorption of meals misfortune measure.

2.0 Objectives
This product has been designed to achieve the following objectives:
a) To produce a Biobin that utilizes kitchen wastes into natural composting for

Family users.
b) To evaluate the performance of the Biobin for renewable biowastes through

disposing and decomposting kitchen wastes.

3.0 Description of Product

Figure 2: Block process diagram of Biobin
The block flow diagram shows Biobin process. Everyday there are tons of food wastes produced in a
household. Recycling the food waste can be a great way to make fuels, organic fertilisers and much
more. So, how to recycle the food waste and produce methane gas which is a greenhouse gas 72 times
more potent than carbon dioxide. First, we need collect the food wastes. Separate the wastes accordingly
so that it is easy to collect the waste and recycle them. Mixed food waste goes directly into this Biobin
for recycling.

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The question is how does this Biobin works in order to produce methane Gas. In the Biobin, there are
motion sensor, blower, electric motor sensor, funnel with sieve, Liquid storage and Gas Storage. After
we collect the mixed food wastes, it goes into the Biobin in ‘OFF’ condition as to avoid splattering of
the food when blower starts to grind. After all the mixed food waste has put into the Biobin, the motion
sensor in the Biobin will triggers the blower which then will start to grind the mixed food waste into
small pieces.

After the food wastes were grinded into small pieces, the composite goes into a funnel which have a
sieve in it. This funnel with sieve will act as a filter. It will filter the composite which are still a solid
and allows liquids only to flow through the funnel. Then, the liquids are stored in the liquid storage to
be compressed which then will change into methane gas. And the gas will be stored into storage tank
which are originally jerry can. After the methane gas are stored in the storage tank, finally we have
methane gas supply which can be used for multi-purposes.

Figure 3: Front and side view of Biobin

Figure 3 shows grade by grade, the entire procedure is defined. Initially, the gathered kitchen waste,
inclusive of onion peel, banana peel, potato peel, leaves, eggshells, and so on, is dumped into a Biobin,
which consists of a crusher that will crush the kitchen waste in order to make the procedure smoother
and take much less time to digest in order to generate biogas, solid fertiliser, and liquid fertiliser. The
crushed food waste will flow through a funnel.

The funnel helps to filter the food waste separately into solid fertiliser and liquid fertiliser. The funnel
has a sieve on it, so it's easy to store solid waste, and the liquid will flow through the funnel and go to
the inlet connection. Next, from the inlet connection, the liquid connection will pass through to a U
PVC pipe (storage tank) to save liquid fertiliser. There is a valve connected to the storage tank to collect
liquid fertiliser. Another pipe connected with a valve at the end attached to the storage tank is used to
collect gas (biogas). Once the large quantity of waste is accrued in the Biobin, the procedure of
anaerobic digestion starts. The procedure may be very unique, but we should absolutely seal the Biobin.
Hydrolysis takes place via complicated natural molecules that are disintegrated into amino acids and
fatty acids through the inclusion of hydroxyl groups. Acidogenic microorganisms similarly smash it
down into unstable fatty acids, generating carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide as by

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products. This procedure is known as acidogenesis. Then, in acetogenesis, the easy molecules acquired
from acidogeneis are similarly digested by microorganisms referred to as acetogens to supply hydrogen,
carbon dioxide, and acetic acid. Biogas is produced by microorganisms via the biodegradation of natural
cloth under anaerobic conditions. The natural-technology of biogas is a vital part of the bio-geochemical
carbon cycle. It may be used in both rural and urban areas. Use silica gel to get rid of that awful odour.
4.0 Impact of Product
This product provides several benefits to users as follows:
a) The Biobin is developed to create a user-friendly system for degradable waste

storage, such as a tank that is fixed with components to enhance the digestion
process.
b) The main components of crushing, filtration, and anaerobic digestion are major part
in Biobin development. By composting your undesired kitchen waste, you are
stimulating the soil for upcoming plant development by composting your
undesired food waste.
5.0 Product Picture
Figure 4 and 5 show the components and a complete set of development of biobin waste management
which is light, portable and user-friendly for household’s users.

Figure 4: Component in the bionbin

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Figure 5: Complete set of Biobin for waste management
References
De, S., & Debnath, B. (2016). Prevalence of health hazards associated with solid waste disposal-A case

study of kolkata, India. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35, 201- 208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.081
Fatimah (2021). Daily food waste staggering. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/
Jarayasi, H. (2021). An explanation of pros and cons of small and large-scale biogas production.
https://intercom.help/homebiogas/en/articles/1653449-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
biogas.

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AN IOT DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION BOARD WITH FAULT DETECTION

Ching Yee Yong
University of Technology Sarawak

E-mail: [email protected]

Khairuddin Ab Hamid
University of Technology Sarawak

E-mail: [email protected]

Kelvin Siong Wei Ting
University of Technology Sarawak
E-mail: [email protected]

Jung Heng Chieng
University of Technology Sarawak
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is an automation control system that can reduce
human interference. SCADA allows the user to interact directly with the transmitter, control valves, or
motor through Human Machine Interface (HMI) technology, as well as monitor real-time data during
the process and record the event into a file regularly. SCADA systems are now widely used in
manufacturing, development, fabrication, and production, among other areas of industrial automation.
However, SCADA systems are not commonly installed in low voltage distribution boards (DB). A low
voltage distribution board with a SCADA-based design capable of gathering and transmitting data to a
control unit such as a personal computer, smartphone, and allowing for further remote control. When
the main switch's power supply is abruptly cut off, it is dangerous for the user to touch or switch the
circuit breaker or main switch directly, as this can result in electrical shock if there is an overload current
leaking in the main switchboard. The project's main goal is to integrate serial communication between
the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Control Unit. Improve the accuracy of the fault alarm message to
determine the state of the circuit breaker inside the distribution board when a fault occurs. This project
proposed a smart low voltage distribution board that can be controlled and monitored remotely using
SCADA and HMI. The domestic switchboard is designed as a result of the results, and a low rate of
fault alarm messages is sent to the user via the Arduino Mega 2560 and ESP8266 with the smartphone.
In conclusion, when compared to an existing domestic switchboard, a smart low voltage distribution
board based on a SCADA system is more useful and safer. Because the user can use their smartphone
or pc to monitor the condition of the switchboard and then safely turn on or off their switchboard. The
proposed system is dependable, safer, more convenient, and eco-friendly.

Keywords: SCADA, IoT, Protection, Energy monitoring, Fault, Safety

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1.0 Problem Statements

Until recently, people paid little attention to an electrical switchboard, which is fairly frequent in our
daily lives. The switchboard is an important part of the home that everyone should be aware of.
According to (Shefee, 2017), about 5300 occurrences of defective electrical sources have been
registered in Malaysia during the last three years, ranking first among all causes of fire danger.
According to the president of the Electrical and Electronics Association, Malaysians' understanding of
electrical safety is inadequate since many individuals are unaware that the human body is a conductor
(Kauppinen et. al., 1999), and most of them believe they can fix the switchboard by watching some
videos online. Thus, instead of direct touching, the construction of a residential electrical switchboard
utilizing a SCADA and IoT system was recommended to give people a safer approach to managing and
monitoring the state of the switchboard.

It is harmful when the power supply to the main switch is suddenly shut off. If there is an overload
current leaking in the main switchboard (Kim et. al., 2003), the direct contact to re-open the circuit
breaker or main switch will cause electrical shock. As a result, a remotely controlled main switch is
required to re-open the tripped switch, which is more secure than direct contact. The alarm message is
used to warn the user about the problem that happened inside the switchboard and can remotely manage
the functioning of the circuit breaker by utilizing the SCADA and IoT systems. The state of the excess
current may be checked using a computer or a mobile app.
This proposed system is under Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – Goal 9 which develops high-
quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border
infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and
equitable access for all (Mantlana & Maoela, 2020).

2.0 Objectives

In order to verify the study direction and research aims, the formulation of study objective is clearly
stated to solve the problem stated. The principal focus areas of the study are:
a) To create the serial communication between the Internet of Things (IoT) and the control unit.
b) To enhance the accuracy of the fault alarm message in determining the condition of circuit breaker

inside the switchboard when the fault occurred.
c) To design a low voltage distribution board which can be monitored remotely by using SCADA and

Human Machine Interface (HMI).
d) To develop an alerting and notification sending to respective authorities when on fire or flooding.

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3.0 Product Description
The essential components of the proposed system, as illustrated in Figure. 1, are Arduino and relay
modules, which communicate serially with the ESP8266-01s-WiFi module. There are eight outputs on
the relay module. The sensor is linked to Arduino at the input section for detection of electrical
quantities, and the data is delivered to the device for further analysis. If the sensor is activated, an alert
message will be delivered to the user through the internet for further action. The user may check the
status of the circuit breaker that controls all of the loads in the residence.

Figure 1: Flow chart of the proposed system
The output component is linked to the auto manual operation contactor, which switches between auto
and manual operations. If something goes wrong with the network or another electrical fault, the manual
control option allows you to operate the MCB manually. If no alert message is issued when the sensor
is activated, either the entire system's power has failed or the Main Supply has been shut off. For the
switchboard's protection, the contractor will be linked to the small circuit breaker. The relay module
includes an optically separated input that allows the user to monitor system status or alter relay contacts
by applying a voltage to it. Simply connecting the relay contacts to the controlled machines allows the
relay to be switched on and off remotely using a web browser.

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If the current surpassed the threshold value, the trip condition was set to switch off the relay. The relays
turn off when there is an overload. When both light bulbs are turned on at the same time, an overload
occurs, and the current exceeds the 0.13A threshold value, causing the relay to turn off automatically
by cutting off the current flow from the AC contactor to the circuit breaker and eventually turning off
the load. When an overload is identified, an alert message is delivered to the user through email as a
notification.

The circuit breaker may be remotely reactivated by directing the relay to turn on using Blynk. Overall,
the suggested switchboard obtained more than 80% for the rate of fault alarm message notification to
the user; nevertheless, if an overload is detected, the system would trip automatically with a 100%
accuracy.

A graph as seen in Figure. 4, is made up of four different coloured lines. Each line indicates a different
control relay. For example, the red line showed the current flow via circuit breaker 1. The current flow
was around 0.05A to 0.07A when a 15W light bulb was turned on at circuit breaker 1. The 15W light
bulb was then turned off, and the 25W light bulb was turned on; the current was around 0.09A to 0.11A.
Finally, both lights were switched on, and a trip occurred when the current flow surpassed the threshold
value (refer to the red circle). The red line then plummeted to zero when the current was switched off,
and the user was notified. When the 25W light bulb was first turned on, the purple line rose to 0.08A-
0.11A and then dropped to 0.06A when only the 15W light bulb was turned on. When both light bulbs
were turned on, the current value exceeded 0.13A, causing relay 2 to turn off and the value to decrease
from 0.13A to 0.00A. The outcome demonstrated that if one of the circuits was overloaded, the other
circuit breakers would be unaffected.

4.0 Product Impacts

An electrical switchboard is very common in our daily life until little attention was paid to people. The
switchboard is a critical thing at home that every people must pay attention to. According to Shefee
(2017), more than 5300 cases were recorded as faulty electrical sources which are at the top of the list
in Malaysia in the past three years among all the causes of fire hazards. From the interview of the
Electrical and Electronics Association president, the awareness of electrical safety was low among
Malaysians because many people were not aware that the human body was a conductor, most of them
think they can fix the switchboard by referring to some videos online. Thus, the installation of a
domestic electrical switchboard by using the SCADA system was proposed to provide the people with
a safer way to control and monitor the condition of the switchboard instead of directly touching it. It is
dangerous when there is a sudden cut-off of the power supply of the main switch (Or & Leung, 2010).
The direct touch to re-open the circuit breaker or main switch will cause electrical shock if there is an
overload current leaking in the main switchboard. Thus, remote control on the main switch is needed to
re-open the main switch which is more safe compared to direct touching.

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By using the SCADA system, the alarm message is used to alert the user about the fault occurring inside
the switchboard and can remotely control the operation of the circuit breaker. The condition of the
leaking or overload current can be monitored through pc or mobile apps application. The design of a
domestic electrical switchboard by using SCADA is a more safety device than the traditional
switchboard that can prevent one from getting a fatal electric shock from direct touching when there is
needed to re-operate the electrical switchboard. On the other hand, it also acts as a home automation
system for convenience. The SCADA system will allow users to do the lighting control, on/off of the
circuit breaker and the electrical equipment automation in timing mode for energy saving, increase
efficiency and cost-effectiveness (Stamp et. al., 2003).

5.0 Novelty and Uniqueness

The primary goal of the research is to create a residential SCADA system for remotely operating and
monitoring the state of the switchboard. The system will be more efficient with IoT since it can be
controlled from anywhere over the internet. The sensor may be used to monitor the status of the circuit
breaker, and the high accuracy of the fault warning message system will aid in detecting the condition
of the circuit breaker when a problem occurs. Even if the user is experiencing internet loss, the
switchboard may be utilized for overload detection. As a consequence, the rate of tripping due to
overcurrent is 100%, while the rate of alarm alerting messages sent out is 80%. Blynk is capable of
monitoring the current. The switchboard is dependable, and regulating the circuit breaker from a
distance is safer. The switchboard will be ecologically friendly since it allows the user to monitor the
household's energy use.

6.0 Potential Commercialization

Due to the monitoring, alerting, remote controlling and protection purposes, this product can be applied
in:
a) ALL residential type switchboard with ALL level of current.
b) ALL commercial type switchboard with ALL level of current.
c) ALL industrial type switchboard with ALL level of current.
d) ALL electrical components.
e) Specific sectors with specific level of current.

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7.0 Product Image

Figure 2: Hardware design of the proposed domestic system

Figure 3: Hardware of the proposed domestic switchboard

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Figure 4: User interface of the monitoring and alerting developed system
References
Kauppinen, P., Hyttinen, J., Laarne, P., & Malmivuo, J. (1999). A software implementation for detailed

volume conductor modelling in electrophysiology using finite difference method. Computer
methods and programs in biomedicine, 58(2), 191-203.
Kim, N. S., Austin, T., Baauw, D., Mudge, T., Flautner, K., Hu, J. S., & Narayanan, V. (2003). Leakage
current: Moore's law meets static power. Computer, 36(12), 68-75.
Mantlana, K. B., & Maoela, M. A. (2020). Mapping the interlinkages between sustainable development
goal 9 and other sustainable development goals: A preliminary exploration. Business Strategy
& Development, 3(3), 344-355.
Or, P. Y., & Leung, K. N. (2010). An output-capacitorless low-dropout regulator with direct voltage-
spike detection. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 45(2), 458-466.
Stamp, J., Campbell, P., DePoy, J., Dillinger, J., & Young, W. (2003). Sustainable security for
infrastructure SCADA. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico (www.
sandia. gov/scada/documents/SustainableSec urity. pdf).
Shefee, S. (2017) “Faulty electrical sources top list as cause of fires,” The Star Online, 02 December
2017.

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AN IOT DEVICE FOR HOME REHABILITATION

Ching Yee Yong
University of Technology Sarawak

E-mail: [email protected]

Terence Tien Lok Sia
University of Technology Sarawak

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been widely used in rehabilitation centres to help
people with upper neuron damage, such as stroke or spinal cord injury, regain or replace their motor
function. The use of sensors in NMES, on the other hand, is limited, resulting in a lack of data for upper
limb movement analysis. In the rehabilitation process for stroke patients, the proposed system used
NMES in conjunction with a human-to-human interface (HHI). By injecting his signal for patients to
follow, the therapist (controller) can coach the motion of patients (subjects). To complete the NMES
process, both the controller and the controlled (subject) had to use the human-to-human interface. Two
red and blue surface electrodes for the EMG circuit are placed on the forearm, while the other black
cable surface electrode is placed on the dorsum of the hand on the controller side. Surface electrodes
are attached to the top of the ulnar nerve, which is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent
half of the ring finger on the controlled side. The surface electrodes' ends were connected to a TENS
3000 to produce electrical stimulation, and the movement of the little and ring fingers was observed.
To deliver the electrical current pulses, two electrodes are used. When movement is detected, the
accelerometer sensor is attached to the subject's finger with elastic bands to obtain the value. Five (5)
repeating trials were used to test ten (10) subjects. The EMG value was extracted from the controller
side's finger flexion and extension, then injected into the control unit for further subject stimulation. An
accelerometer was attached to the subject's finger to evaluate the repeating motion. The subject's
performance was assessed by comparing the flexion angle to the controller side. The system's error was
less than 10.29 percent in the first trial and gradually decreased to 1 percent after five trials, according
to the results.

Keywords: EMG, human-human interface (HHI), neuromuscular stimulation (NMES), home-based
rehabilitation, IoT, Biomedical

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1.0 Problem Statements

Stroke rehabilitation can assist stroke sufferers in learning abilities that were lost after a stroke impacted
a region of their brain. Normally, patients would go through physical therapy rehabilitation activities to
strengthen their muscles (Arip et. al., 2017). In contrast to patients with considerable locomotor
impairment, gait analysis was presented as a clinical technique for the therapist to analyze the patients'
walking patterns. Typically, the physician does an observational gait examination as part of the clinical
routine to detect particular gait dysfunctions in patients (Ridao-Fernández et. al., 2019). The physician
gives important information and advises patients in locomotor training by monitoring the entire gait
analysis using video pictures or the naked eye (Yong et. al., 2011). However, there has been a gap in
the investigation of the psychometric features of observational gait evaluation.

The home-based rehabilitation approach allows patients to do NMES at home, restoring their
independence in daily activities. The findings indicate that the patient's performance might be dependent
on the physiotherapist providing performance feedback to remedy the patient's fault (Stevens-Lapsley
et. al., 2012). In sports science, motion evaluation can be performed by using diagnostic instruments or
sensors to offer quantitative information in guiding players to execute training regimens (Kim et. al.,
2018). Data has become an essential aspect in this period, since it can be used to evaluate, design new
strategies, and so improve a player's performance. Real-time performance is intended for monitoring an
athlete's performance to minimize muscular exhaustion (Pareja‐Blanco et. al., 2017).

2.0 Objectives

In order to verify the study direction and research aims, the formulation of study objective is clearly
stated to solve the problem stated. The principal focus areas of the study are:
a) To extract EMG signal produced from finger flexion and extension at the controller side.
b) To inject the stimulation to the muscle of the controlled side for finger flexion and extension.
c) To develop a prototype for data monitoring of signal produced in mobile apps.

3.0 Product Description

The human-to-human interface required both the controller and controlled (subject) to complete the
NMES process. On the controller side, two of the surface electrode which is red and blue for EMG
circuit is placed on the forearm while the other black cable surface electrode is placed at the dorsum of
the hand.

On the controlled side, the surface electrodes are positioned at the forearm and attached at the top of
the ulnar nerve which is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger.
The end of the surface electrodes is connected to TENS 3000 to produce electrical stimulation and
observed the movement of the little finger and ring finger. There are two electrodes used to deliver the
pulses of electrical current. The accelerometer sensor is attached to the subject’s finger with elastic
bands to obtain the value when the movement is detected.

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Figure 1 represented the study's flow. After activating the WiFi module, a pushbutton was added to the
design to assure continuous data uploading to the cloud. Following this phase, the system will
automatically conduct the following actions, such as receiving input from the controller and triggering
the same strength in the subject's muscle. A skilled practitioner uploaded all of the data to the cloud for
storage and later analysis. The subject can track his or her progress using the LED indicators.

Figure 1: Flow chart of the proposed system
The NMES process was needed by the HHI for both the controller (physiotherapist) and the subject
(patient). On the controller side, two red and black surface electrodes for the EMG circuit were inserted
at the forearm and dorsum of the hand, respectively. Surface electrodes, on the other hand, were placed
on the forearm and linked to the top of the ulnar nerve, which is directly related to the little finger and
the neighboring portion of the ring finger. The surface electrodes' ends are attached to a signal
stimulator, which generates electrical stimulation for observing finger movement. The electrical current
pulses were delivered using two (2) electrodes. To collect movement readings, the accelerometer sensor
was mounted to the subject's finger with elastic bands. The planned prototype unit is seen in Figure 2.

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The stimulation signals' frequency and pulse width were set to be constant at 120Hz and 110s.
Meanwhile, for the initial condition, the degree of intensity (amplitude of signal emission to the patient)
was set to 2. The subject's hand was originally placed parallel to the table to establish a 0° at the z-axis.
To represent muscular strength, 12 LEDs at the prototype's apex were employed. Six LEDs reflect the
controller's and subject's relative strengths. The EMG measurement indicates muscular strength created
by the controller, whereas the accelerometer sensor data represent muscle strength produced by the
subject's finger movement. The result will be presented using six LEDs, each representing a different
range of values.

When there is muscular contraction activity, the EMG detects the electrical impulses transmitted by the
motor neuron. This electrical signal is known as an analog signal, and it must be converted to a digital
signal for further analysis using an analog to digital converter (ADC). The information gathered is then
utilized to calculate signal intensity from the controller's elbow movement and the angle of elbow
flexion produced during NMES. The suggested system compared the EMG data from the controller
elbow flexion to the EMG threshold. When the EMG threshold is reached, the relay is activated to do
NMES for 10 seconds at the controlled person's hand. An accelerometer sensor with a readout detects
muscle movement. The led indicator displays the EMG signal level and muscle movement level for a
controlled person's hand. The suggested system gathers four categories of data: EMG signal level,
muscle movement level, EMG trigger value, and z-axis muscle movement reading. The data is delivered
to the Thingspeak in about 15 seconds per data using a WiFi shield.

4.0 Product Impacts

The sensors' acquired data is intended for a physiotherapist's progress analysis. By evaluating numerical
information, a trained therapist may monitor and assess the progress of the patient. Since all data is
instantly posted online in real-time, the user may complete the rehab exercise at home. The therapist
may access the data at any time and from any location using a PC or a mobile phone. The primary
objective of this project is to create a portable IoT device for rehabilitation. In the first experiment, the
error ranged from 0.91 percent to 10.29 percent. This inaccuracy might be attributed to an individual's
skin resistance, adipose tissue, or an electrode misplacement at the stimulation site. After repeated tries,
the mistake was gradually minimized.

5.0 Novelty and Uniqueness

The proposed system can be used in the rehabilitation hub for physiotherapy sessions. The HHI required
the physiotherapist to take the role of the controller while the patients are being coached for motion.
Furthermore, the therapist can control the stimulation timing through the push button on the board. The
therapist and the patients can also monitor the stimulation result by observing the LED indicators and
sensor values. The LED indicators will show the result based on the capability of the patients to perform
the same action as the therapist does. Besides, the data of the stimulation progress is uploaded and stored
in the cloud for further analysis. Thingspeak serves as the IoT platform where the data of each patient
can be visualized and analyzed in the cloud. The therapist can easily access this app through mobile or
website to monitor the data.

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Some of the characteristics of the proposed system are listed as follows:
a) Home based rehabilitation
b) Easy to understand
c) Data feed in and stored in the cloud
d) Therapist can monitor on cloud
e) Portable device
f) Low cost
g) Save time
6.0 Potential Commercialization
Due to the special uniqueness, this product can be applied in (but not limited):
a) Patient undergo therapy session.
b) Sport sciences
c) Action and dance
d) Child struggling with handwriting
7.0 Product Image

Figure 2: Hardware of the proposed gadget

Figure 3: Motion copy and paste in progress and data uploading to the clo

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References
Arip, E. S. M., Ismail, W., Nordin, M. J., & Radman, A. (2017, November). Virtual reality rehabilitation

for stroke patients: recent review and research issues. In AIP Conference
Kim, H., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2018). Electromyography-signal-based muscle fatigue assessment for knee

rehabilitation monitoring systems. Biomedical engineering letters, 8(4), 345-353.
Pareja‐Blanco, F., Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Sanchis‐Moysi, J., Dorado, C., Mora‐

Custodio, R., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2017). Effects of velocity loss during resistance
training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scandinavian journal
of medicine & science in sports, 27(7), 724-735.
Ridao-Fernández, C., Pinero-Pinto, E., & Chamorro-Moriana, G. (2019). Observational gait assessment
scales in patients with walking disorders: systematic review. BioMed research international,
2019.
Stevens-Lapsley, J. E., Balter, J. E., Wolfe, P., Eckhoff, D. G., Schwartz, R. S., Schenkman, M., &
Kohrt, W. M. (2012). Relationship between intensity of quadriceps muscle neuromuscular
electrical stimulation and strength recovery after total knee arthroplasty. Physical therapy,
92(9), 1187-1196.
Yong, C. Y., Sudirman, R., & Chew, K. M. (2011, September). Motion detection and analysis with four
different detectors. In 2011 Third International Conference on Computational Intelligence,
Modelling & Simulation (pp. 46-50). IEEE.

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EFFECT OF MANDAI FERMENTATION PERIOD ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES, SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY AND MICROBIAL DETECTION OF

MANDAI ICE CREAM

Nabilla Huda binti Baharuddin
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Addina Sufia binti Zulkiflee
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Nurfatihah Aina binti Mohd Razali
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Muhammad Solehhuddin bin Arman
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

New innovative flavours are one of the main characteristics of emerging global ice cream market trends.
The jackfruit flesh is not the only part of the fruit that we can consume. Parts of the skin is also edible
and proven have positive beneficial health impacts. However, the parts of the skin are underutilized and
commonly just thrown away as food waste. Considering the potential of these underutilized portions of
jackfruits, maximizing the utilization of jackfruit peels approach by converting to mandai under
controlled fermentation condition and introduce it into the ice cream, is the great opportunity for us to
develop the new innovative flavours. Fermentation time also can greatly affect their product quality. In
this research, the effect of mandai fermentation period (day 1, 4, 7) on the physicochemical properties,
sensory acceptability and microbial detection of mandai ice cream were investigated. For total plate
count and lactic acid (probiotic) study, it showed bacteria keep increasing from day 1, 4 and 7. In
sensory consumers’ acceptability study, day 7 has the highest overall consumers’ acceptance. In
conclusion, day 7 is the recommended fermentation period for mandai ice cream and it also proven
mandai ice cream has marketability and commercial value impacts.

Keywords: Ice Cream, Mandai, Fermentation, Probiotic

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1.0 Problem Statements

Jackfruit is comprising of three parts, only 30-35% of jackfruit is the edible portion ofthe bulb,
whereas the rest of the skin (55%-62%) and seed (8-10%) are regarded as wastes (Saxena et al., 2011).
Peels usually just thrown away by consumers and food industries as food solid waste. Thus, it may incur
waste disposal cost to the food industries and without proper disposal or poor waste management may
cause big environmental impact to ecosystem.

Subsequently, mandai is made from the inner skin of jackfruit fermentation by utilizing salt to
promote Lactic Acid Bacteria growth (Emmawati, 2015). Whereas dairy products have been considered
as a good medium for probiotic since fermented foods and dairy products have particularly a positive
impact (Ranadeera et al., 2010). Unfortunately, still lack of study on the fermented mandai in dairy ice
cream products especially in microbial and probiotic detection.

Thirdly, according to previous study, length of fermentation time can greatly affect their product
quality (Mehdizadeh et al., 2015). In fact, fermented foods have been highlighting due to it improving
nutritional and sensorial quality of foods (Bourdichon et al., 2012). On the other hand, fermentation also
can improve organoleptic properties of some foods such as removes bitter phenolic compounds (Eirini
et al., 2019). However, affect of mandai fermentation time study towards its product quality and
consumers’ acceptability still vague.

2.0 Objectives

Considering the potential of these underutilized portions of jackfruits, developing mandai ice cream
product is the great opportunity for us to convert waste and by-products of jackfruits into useful value-
added products and as feasible extension of foods. On the other hands, to manage perishability and
prolong the shelf life of jackfruit peel.
Furthermore, we can develop new innovative flavour ice cream that suits with emerging global ice
cream markets trends demand. In this research, we were focused on the impact of the mandai
fermentation period in mandai ice cream. Thus, the objectives of this study are:

a) To investigate the changes of physicochemical properties of Mandai Ice Cream as affected by
different mandai fermentation period

b) To determine the consumers’ sensory acceptability of Mandai Ice Cream asaffected by different
mandai fermentation period

c) To determine the presence of total bacteria and total lactic acid bacteria inMandai Ice Cream as
affected by different mandai fermentation period.

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