EOPR#18 Essential Oils Pocket Reference v8 - [email protected]

Siti Nor Asyikin 0189180554 : EOPR#18 - [email protected]

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C LI FE SCIENCE

e PRODUCTS & PUBLISHING

Eighth Edition

.Copyright @ March 2020 Life Science Publishing
.1-800-336-6308 www.Discoverlsp.com

tsBN 978-1-7328485-5-9

Printed in the USA

All rights reserved. No part of this reference guide may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publisher.

Life Science Publishing is the publisher of this reference guide and is not
responsible for its content. The information contained herein is for educational
purposes only and as a guideline for your personal use. lt should not be used

as a substitute for medical counseling with a health care professional.
Neither the author nor publisher accepts responsibility for such use.

Siti Nor Asyikin 0189180554 : EOPR#18 - [email protected] o
o

o
a
o
a Sect on

a G U de
a
a

a Section 1
a Introduction

O Section 2

a
a Products
a
o Section 3

a Application
o
o Section 4

a Personal Usage
a
a Section 5

a Appendix
o
a
o

\

rr* ffiI E V

E q:q FT r- rt

Contents

Acknowledgments. . . . . . .i
Single Oils Directory . . . .
Oil Blends Directory. . . .. iii
Personal Usage Directory
vii
o Section 1
I
CHAPTER I Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny
1
Essential Oils: The Missing Link in lr4odern Medicine . . . .
Early History of Essential Oil Extraction 5
TheRediscovery... 8
Biblical References 12

CHAPTER 2 How Essential Oils Work 17
17
Understanding Essential Oil Chemistry 22
Standards and Testing 26
Powerful lnfluence of Aromas 31
CHAPTER 3 How to Safely Use Essential Oils. .
Basic Guidelines for Safe Use . . . 31
Essential Oils Certified as GRAS
Before You Starl . . 32
Topical Application 34
Diffusing 35
Other Uses 39

a Section 2 41

CHAPTER 4 Single Oils 43
43
QualityAssurance.... 44
Single Essential Oil Application Codes 46
Single Oils

CHAPTER5 Essential Oi! Blends.... .. 115
.........116
Formulating Essential Oil Blends. .. . .

Essential Oil Blends Application Codes
Essential Oil Blends.

Section 3 L145
L145
CHAPTER 6 Techniques for Essential Oil Application . . . . .
146
The Use of Different Techniques
Neuro Auricular Technique. L148
Lymphatic Pump.
Vita Flex Technique L149
Raindrop TechniquerM
155
Overview of Application
Application of Raindrop Technique and Vita Flex Technique L160

162

Section 4 171
171
CHAPTER 7 Personal Usage 173
173
Taking Charge of Your Health . . . . . 175
Addressing YourOverall Health . . . . 176
Getting Started. 177
Developing Your Program 180
Personal Usage Recommendations. 184
Application Guidelines
Quick Usage Guide. L
Personal Usage Guide

Section 5

Appendix A. Product Usage for Body Systems 367
Appendix B. Single Oil Data . . 387
Appendix C. 409
Essential Oil Blends Data .. . . . -
INDEX

Acknowledgments

'When Young Living's late founder, D. Gary purchased his first farm in 1992 in St. Maries,
Young, brought back 13 essential oils from Idaho. His passion for extracting Godt healing
Europe in 1985, virtually no written information oils from Mother Nature's bounry made him
was available about their uses and applications.
The essential oils that were sold in a Few health the world's leading grower ofaromatic herbs and
food and novelry stores were perfume grade, with
little to no suggested rherapeutic use menrioned. plants [or the distillation ofessential oils.
lX/ith 18 privately owned and partner farms
This opened the door and led the way ro a
neu,, exciting frontier that propelled Gary into the and distillation operations throughout the u,orld
research of an ancient knowledge that had been
lost to the synthetic production ofperfi-rmes and as of 2018 and numerous partnerships and
food favorings. His work began a resurgence of contract growers stretching to the far corners of
healing modalities from out ofthe dust ofhistory.
He was ridiculed and laughed at for his ideas the world, Gary set new standards for excellence
about therapeutic uses, even though the medical
world was beginning to awaken in Europe. for the production ofpure, authentic, therapeutic-
grade essential oils in today's modern world.
He spent decades conducting clinical research
on rhe abiliry of essential oils to combar disease Gary's long experience as a grower, distiller,
researcher. and alrernative-care practirioner not
and improve health. He also developed new only gave him unsurpassed insight into essential
methods ofapplication from which thousands of oils but also made him an ideal lecturer and
people have benefited, especially his integration
o[ therapeutic-grade essential oils with dietary educator on the therapeutic properties ofessential
supplements and personal care products. In our
research, we have found no evidence of anyone oils and their applications. He was sought after
formulating these rypes oF qualiry products with by thousands of people to share his knowledge
essential oils in North America prior to those on the powerful potential ofessential oils and on
formulated by D. Gary Young. how to produce the highest quality therapeutic-

Gary grew up learning to love and work the grade essential oils.

land as a farmer and rancher in ldaho, which made The dedication to his belief, his knowing,
it easv for him to see the vision ofdeveloping his brought about the research and discovery that
own larms. That vision soon became realirv as he u,e have compiled into this publication. His
tremendous contribution to this new frontier
of medicine is immeasurable. The material
conrained in this book is compiled from his

research, lectures, seminars, workshops, and

scientific publications, as well as from the work
of other practitioners and physicians who are ar

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the forefront of understanding the therapeutic To D. Gary Young and orher researchers, rhe \
L
and clinical potential of essential oils to maintain publisher is deeply indebted to be able to bring this
physical and emotional wellness, as well as aid information to all those in search ofnatural healing
modalities found in the world of essential oils.
in alleviating physical, emorional, and spiritual

dysfunction.

il

D sin gle Oils Directory

Amazonian Ylang Ylang . . 46 Dalmatia Bay Laurel 61
Laurus Nobilis Vitaliry . . .
Angelica 78 Davana. 6l
Anise . .
47 Dill ... 61
Basil ... 47 Dorado Azul b/
48 Douglas Fir
Basil Vitaliry 48 Elemi . . o/
Bay Laurel 78 Eucalyptus BIue . . .
48 EucalyptusCirriodora 63
Bergamot 49 Eucalyprus Clobulus 63
4ct Eucalyprus Radiara . 64
BergamotVitaliry .. ..... 49 EucalyptusSraigeriana 64
Biblical SweetMyrrh .... 65
50 Fennel . 66
Black Pepper 50 Fennel Viraliry 66
66
BlackPepperVitality ... . 51 Frankincense 67
5 I Frankincense Vitaliry . 67
Black Spruce 5l FrereanaFrankincense ......... 67
BIue Cypress 51 Ceranium 68
52 GermanChamomile........... 69
Blue Tansy 52 German Chamomile Vitaliry . . . . 69
52 Cinger . 69
Calamus 53 Cinger Viraliry 70
70
Canadian Fleabane . ..... 53 Goldenrod 70
54 Grapefruit 71
Cardamom 54 Crapelruir Vitaliry . 71
Cardamom Vitaliry. . . . . . 54 Helichrysum 72
Carrot Seed 72
55 Hinoki . 72
Carrot SeedVitaliry ... .. 55 Hong Kuai 73
56 Ho Vood 74
Cassia.. 56 Hvssop . 74
Cedarwood 75
Celery Seed 57 Idaho Balsam Fir (Balsam Canada) 75
57 Idaho Blue Spruce . 76
Celery SeedVitality ... .. 58 Idaho Tansy 76
CinnamonBark........ 58 Ishpingo 76
77
Cistus . . 59 Jade Lemon 77
Citronella 59 Jade Lemon Viraliry .
Citrus Hystrix/Combava 60 Jasmine . iii
Clary Sage 60 Juniper .
Clove . . 60 Kunzea .
Clove Vitaliry
Copaiba (Balsam Copaiba)

CopaibaViraligv ..... . ..

Coriander

CorianderVitaliry ......
Cumin .

Cvpress .

v

Single Oils Direotory pontinued)

Laurus Nobilis (Bay Laurel) ..... PeppermintVitaliry ...... q5 L
Laurus NobilisVitaliry ..... .... q5
Petitgrain (
Lavandin ...96
Pine... ...96 L
Lavender Plectranthus Oregano ..... ...97
...97 L
Lavender Viraliry . Ravintsara ...98 L
Ledum . ...98
Lemon. RomanChamomile...... L
Rose... oo
Lemongrass \
Rosemary 7.) c)q L
Lemongrass Viraliry . Rosemary Vitaliry L
Lemon Myrrle .. 100 (
Lemon Viraliry Royal Hawaiian Sandalwood
Lime... 100 t
Lime Viraliry Rue .. .
Mandarin Sacred Frankincense ..... . 102 t
Manuka . Sacred Sandalwood . ..... .
Marjoram Sage... t02 L
Marjoram Viraliry .
Sage Vitaliry 103 \
Mastran re 102
Sandalwood L
Melaleuca EriciFolia 103 L
Melaleuca Quinquenervia (Niaouli) Spanish Sage 104 L
Melissa . 104 L
Micromeria Spearmint L
Mountain Savory . r04
SpearmintViraliry ....... (*
Mounrain SavoryViraliry ... .... 105
Spikenard (
Myrrh . . 105
Myrtle . Thngerine L
Neroli (Bitter Orange) . Tangerine Vitaliry 105
Northern Lights Black Spruce . . . (
Nutmeg Thrragon 106
Nutmeg Vitaliry
Ocorea. TlrragonViraliry ........ 106
Orange . 106
Orange Viraliry Tea Tree .
Oregano Thyme . t07
Oregano Vitaliry.
Tluga .. 108
Palmarosa
Valerian . 108
Palo Santo Vanilla .
Parchouli Vetiver. 109
Pe ppermint
'Western RedCedar .. - -.. 109
iv Vhite Fir
110
\White Lotus
'Wintergreen 110

Xiang Mao 111
Yarrow .
111
Ylang Ylang
tt2
Yuzu...
112
113

Essential Oil Blends Directory

3 \W'ise Men t17 Fitness . 125
125
Abundance 117 Forgiveness 126
126
Acceptance 118 Freedom 126
126
Amoressence 118 Friends .
118 Fulfill Your Destiny . . . r26
AromaEase
118 Fun.... 127
Aroma Life 127
Aroma Siez 118 Cathering 127
l19 GeneYus (KidScents and 128
AromaSleep 128
119 Reconnect Collections) 128
AustralianBlue......
AustralianKuranya... 119 Gentle Baby r28
Awaken .
119 GLF ... 128
Believe . 129
120 GLF Vitality 129
Brain Power 129
Breathe Again Roll-On 120 Gratirude 129
Build Your Dream . . . 130
1.20 Grounding 130
ChristmasSpirir..... 130
120 Harmony 130
Citrus Fresh 131
Citrus Fresh Vitaliry . . 120 HighestPotential ..... 131
Clarity . 121 Hope . . 131

CommonSense..... 121 Humiliry t32
I t)
Cool Azul 121 ImmuPower
Deep Relief Roll-On ).32
DiGize . 121 lnner Child
t32
DiGizeVitaliry...... 121 InnerHarmony ...... 132
DivineRelease...... 132
122 Inspiration t33
DragonTime ....... t33
122 lntotheFuture.......
DreamCatcher...... 133
EgyptianGold...... 122 InTouch r f .f
t22 Journey On L)t
EndoFlex
122 Joy.... v
EndoFlexVitaliry ....
123 JuvaCleanse
En-R-Gee
123 JuvaCleanseVitality . ..
Envision t23 JuvaFlex
Evergreen Essence.... 123 JuvaFlexVitaliw .. . . . .

Exodus II 123 Lady Sclareol
Faith ..
Family . 124 LighttheFire........
t24 Livewith Passion .....
Field . . . 124 LiveYourPassion.....

Finance . 124 Longevity

t25 LongeviryViraliw.....

1l< Loyalry .
1)5 Magnily Your Purpose

Essential Oil Blends Directo(\ eontinued)

Melrose........ t34 SclarEssence....... 139
134 SclarEssence Vitaliry . r39
M-Grain 134 Sensation r39
Mister . 139
134 Shutran . 139
Motivarion...... 139
MyDestiny..... 134 Sleepylze
OolaBalance.... t35 SliqueEssence..... t40
OolaGrow...... r35 SniffieEase 140
Owie . . 140
PanAway ....... 135 Stress Away 140
Peace & Oalming .
Peace & Calming Il 135 Stress Away Roll-On . 141
PresentTime .... 136 Surrender 14r
Purification ..... 136 The Gift 142
Raven .. 142
R.C. ... 136 Thieves .
Reconnect...... 142
RedShot ....... 136 ThievesVitaliry.....
136 TianquilRoll-On... t42
Release . 137 Transformation..... t43
143
Relievelt....... 137 Tiaumalife....... 143
RutaVala ....... 't43
137 T.R. Care
RutaVaLa Roll-On 144
137 Tieasure of the Season 144
Sacred Mountain t44
138 TirmmyGize .. . ... .
SARA . .
138 Valor . .

138 ValorRoll-On.....

138 rMhiteAngelica... . .
138 lVhite Light

vt

Siti Nor Asyikin 0189180554 : EOPR#18 - [email protected]

o Personal Usage Directory

O

Abscesses and Boils .337 Attention Deficit Disorder .195
.201 (ADD and ADHD) .196
Absentmindedness.... .. 45?
Autism (autism spectrum disorder, ASD)
Abuse, Menral And Phvsical .184 Back Injuries and Pain (Backache) . . . . . .265
Baldness/Hair Loss (Alopecia Areata) . . .275
Acidosis . .184 Bedbug Bires .275
.337 .197
Acne... Bedbug Bires
)-7 z.
AJdicr ions . 185 BedBugs
Addisons Disease . .186 .305
Bee Stings .324
Adrenal gland disorders . 186 Bell! Palsy .247
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) . . . . .274
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Binge Earing Disorder )a<
Bites . . .
Agirariorr .187 Black \Yy'ldow Spider Bite .198
AIDS (Acquired Immune Bladderi Urinary Tiact Infection (Cystitis) .214
Bleeding ( Hemorrhaging)
Deficiency Syndrome) .188 Bleeding Cums . , .3r6
Blisters . .338
Alcoholism . 188 BIoar ing/swelling
Blocked Tear Ducts . . . 198
Alkalosis . 189 .253
Blood Circularion. Poor .
Allergies .r89 BIood Clots (Embolism, .2t4

Food Allergies .189 Hematonra, Thrombus) .215
Blood Deroxificarion . . . . .215
Hay Fever (Allergic Rhiniris) . . . . . . . . . . 190 .216
Blood Platelets (Low) . . .216
ALS (Lou Gehrigs Disease) .308 Blood Pressure, High (Hypertension) . . .338
Boils . . . .199
Aluminum Toxiciry . .269 . 199
Bone Pain . 199
Alzheimer's Disease . .201 Bone Problems .199
.200
A nalgesic .r90 Bone Pain .320
.212 Broken Bones .201
Anemia. Osteoporosis (Bone Densiry Loss) . . . .201
.201
Aneurysm .213 Bone-relatedPain... .202
Brain disorders and Proble ms
Angina. .213
Absenrmindedness .....
Anorexia Nervosa . .246
Alzheimeri Disease .
Anrhru . . 190 Concentration, Impaired

Anribioric Reactions . 191

Antiseprics and disinfectants, Need for . . . .192

Apnea . . .r92

Apperire. Loss o[ . .247

Arteriosclerosis (Hardening of the Arteries) .214

Arthriris . 193

Osreoarrhriris .193

Rherrmatoid Arrhriris . .t94
Asthma .
Arhletei Foor .285
ArhlereiFoor...
.257
) <o

vI

Personal Usage Directory (continued) o

Confusion .202 Blood Clots (Emboiism, Hematoma, i
Convulsions .203 Thrombus)
Memory, Impaired .203 .2r5
Menral Farigue .204 Blood Deroxificarion . . . .
Breasr Cancer Blood Platelers (Low) . . .2t5 \
.21t Blood Pressure, High (Hypertension)
BreasrFeeding Problems .2r6 \
Dry, Cracked Nipples . .204 B ruisi ng
Mastitis (lnfected Breast) . .204 .2t6
.205 Cholesrerol.High...
Broken Bones Congesrive Hearr Failure .2t7 L
Bronch iris .t99 Fibrillarion
Brown Recluse Spider Bire .286 Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) .2r7
Bruised Muscles )a< Hearr Healrh
Bruising .218
Bulimia . )c)o Hearr Srimulanr .2t9 L
Bunions .
Burns . . .217 HearrViraFlex.... .219_!
Bursitis . .248
Cancer. . .258 Hemorrhagic Srrokes . .220
.338 Phlebitis (lnflarnmation olrVeins) . .
Breast Cancer .205 Plaque . . .220 \
Cervical Cancer .206 Strokes.
Leukemia .211 .220
Lung Cancer .211 Tachvcard ia
.211 .22t \
Prosrate Cancer .211 Thrornboric Srrokes .
Skin Cancer (Melanoma) .211 .22t
Tumors. .211 VaricoseVeins (SpiderVeins) .....
Uterine Cancer .211 VascularCleansing, Need for ..... )-r) \
Canker Sores .212
.2r2 Carpal Turr nel Syndrome .223
Candida Albicans (Candidiasis) .. .... . .259 Cartilage Injurv on Knee, Elbow, Etc. \)11
.212 ))1
Canker Sores .212 Cararacts
Cardiovascular Conditions and Problems .212 Cellulire .224 !
.213
Anemia . .213 Cerebral Palsv .305
Aneurysm Cervical Cancer
Angina . .214 .231 \
Arteriosclerosis .214 Chapped, Cracked, or Dry Skin . . . . .
.214 Chenrical Seniirivir; Re:crion .. ... . . \.253
(HardeningoftheArteries) ..... Chicken Pox (VaricellaZ-osrer) ......
Chigger and Tick Bires ))\
Bleeding ( Hemorrhaging)
Blood Circulation, Poor . Cholera . .21 r

Cholesterol. High . . .340 \

Chronic Farigue Sl ndrome .226
Chronic Pain
Clogged Pores .226 \
Cold Sores (Herpes Simplex Ivpe 1) . .
.276

,zL/
111

.227 \

.320 '

.341

.228 !

\

vlil \

eO Personal Usage Directory pontinued)

Colds. . . .228 Diverriculosis/Diverriculiris .... .238
.239
Colitis . . .229 Dysentery .240
Ulcerative Colitis . .229 Gas (Flatulence) .240
.241
Viral Colitis .230 Giardia . .242

Coma .. .230 Hearrburn .242
.242
Concentration. I mpaired .202 Indigesrion { Bloaring) .243
.243
ConFusion .202 Spastic Colon Syndrome/lrritable .238
.244
Congesr ive Heart Failure .218 Bowel Syndrome .313
)51 Stomachache .204
Coniuncriviris / Pink Eye )lq
.328
Connective Tissue Damage Srornach Ulcers . . .329
.231 Diphtheria .245
(Cartilage, Ligaments,Tendons) .... .244
.244
Cartilage Injury on Knee, Elbow Erc. .23r Diverriculosis/Diverriculiris . . . . . . . .245
.246
Ligamenr Sprain or Tear .232 Dizziness .246
.244
Scleroderma .233 Dry Nose .246
Dry, Cracked Nipples . .246
Tendin iris )4) .247
Dysentery .247
Constipation (Impacred Bowel) .... .. . .237 Dyslunction (Men) . . .248
.203 DysFunction (Women) .343
Convulsions .258 .248
Corns and Calluses . .249
.249
Coughs, Congesrive and Dry .287 Ear Infection ?qs
.250
Cramps. Sromach .238 Ear Problems .250

Crohni Disease Earache .
Cushingi Syndrome
.187 Ear Inlecrion
Crrts. Scrapes. and \JTounds
.341 Hearinglmpairmenr ..........

Cysts . . . .234 Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears) . .
GanglionCysrs... .234 Earache .
.234 Earing disorders
a Ovarian and Urerine Cysrs .266 Anorexia Nervosa .
Dandruff

Denral Visits .316 Apperite. Loss of . .

f)epression .235 Binge Earing Dirorder

Postparrum Depression .235 Bulimia .
Diabetes
Diaper Rash .236 Eczema/Dermariris .....
.343 Edema (Swelling) ......

Diarrhea .238 Emorional Trauma .
Digesrive Problems
.236 EndocrineSystem Problems ......
Constipation (lmpactedBowel) ....
.237 Endomerriosis

Cramps, Stomach .238 Epilepsy .

Diarrhea .238 Epsrein-BarrVirus...

tx

Personal Usage Director\ Gontinued) c

Mononucleosis .251 (lenital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) .331
.295 Cenital \Warts/Blisters
Excessive Bleeding .330 .332
Excessive Sexual Desire (Both Sexes) )<-) (Herpes Simplex Type 2) .
Eye Disorders Ciardia . .240
.253 Gingiviris and Periodontiris
Car r racts )5a .316 L
Corrorrhea antl Syphilis
Coniurrctiviris / Pirrk tye .... . .. )\) .))L \
Cour ...
Age-Relared Macular Degenerar ion .253 .264
(AMD) . .254 Hair and Scalp Problems
.254 Baldness/Hair Loss (Alopecia Areata) .264 \
Blocked Tear f)ucrs . . .254 Dandruff.
FainLing . ,<5 .265
Farigue . Halirosis (Bad Brearh)
.255 Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis) .266
Menral Farigue .219
.256 Headache .266
Physical Fatigue .256 Migraine (Vascular-rype Headache)
Fever . . , .189 Sinrrs Headache .190 \
Fibrillarion
Fibroids. )\7 Tension (Srress) Headache ....... .267
Fibrornyalgia Hearing Impairmenr ....
) <-7 .268
Food Allergies 1<a Heart Attack (Myocardial lnfarction)
Food Poisoning Heart Healrh .268 !
.258 Hearr Srimulanr
FootCondirionsand Problems ..... .258 .269
Athlete'sFoot... .258 HearrVitaFlex...
Bun ions . .329 .246 \
.259 Hearrburn
Corns and Calluses . )<o .2tg
Sore Feet Heav1, Metal Absorpt ion .220 \
l-rigidiry (\Women) .259 Aluminum Toxiciry .
.260 .220
Fungal {Yeast) lnlecr ions .261 Hemorrhagic Srrokes .
Arhleres Foor .261 Hemorrhoids .220
Candida Albicans (Candidiasis) . . .344 .241
Ringworm and Skin Candida . . . . .262 Hepatitis
Thrush . .234 .269
Vaginal Yeasr InGcrion .263 Herniated Disc/Disc Dereriorarion . . .
.240 .269 \
Fungal Skin Infections .263 Herpes Simplex Type 2 .
Callsrorres (Cholecysriris) .222
Ganglion Cvsts . . Hiccups .
Gangrene .270
Cas (Flatulence) Hives . . .
Casrritis. Hormonal Edema (Cyclic) .283
Huntingron's Chorea . 15)
Hyperactivity
.330
Hyperrhyroid (Craves' Disease) .... ..
.270 L
Hypoglycemia
Hypothyroid (Hashimoto's Disease) . . .271

.296 \

.309 \

.271

.359

.360

.360

x

o Personal Usage Directory (continued)

Hvsterectomy .296 Liver Diseases and Disorders .283
.328 Hepatitis .283
lmpotence(Men).. . ... ) l.') .284
Jaundice .285
lndigestion ( Bloati ng) .27 \ Toxic Liver .345
lnFection (Bacrerial and Viral) . . . .328 .313
Inlerriliry (Men) . .329 LiverSpors (Solar Lentigines) ........ a<,
Inlerriliry (Vomen) )7)
Loss oFSmell .2tt
lnflammation .300
.300 Lumbago (Lowerhack pain) ......... .285
Inflammation Due to Infection . . 1a7 .285
lnflammarion Due ro Injury . . . . Lung Cancer .286
Influenza .274 Lung lnfections and Problems .287
)7\ .288
lnsecr Bires and Stings Asthma . .288
.274 Bronch iris .289
Bedbug Bites .274 .290
.275 Coughs, Congestiveand Dry ..... . .290
Bee Sri ngs
)7\ Plerrrisy. .291
Bires . . . Pneumonia .292
Black Vidow Spider Bire . . . . .276 Tuberculosis )qa
Brown Recluse Spider Bire . . . .276 Vhooping Cough . .
)11 Luprrs . . .294
ChiggerandTick Bires .. . ... .205
.276 Lyme Disease / Rockv Mounrain )q)
MosquitoBires... )7-7
Scorpion Sring . . Spotted Fever .294
Vesr Nile Virus . . .278 Lympharic Sysrem . .203
.296 Malaria . )o7
Insecr Repellent. Need for . . . . )7ct Male Hormone lmbalance
Masritis (lnFected Breasr) . . ao<
Inso mnia .344 )q5
,284 MCT (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease) ao<
Irregular Periods . .279 Measles.
.280 Memory. Impaired .296
Irrirable Bowel Syndrome ...... .296
.280 Menopause .296
Itching. .281 Menstrual and Female )ct7
.328 )at7
JaLrnd ice .330 Hormone Condirions
.356 Endometriosis .298
Joint Sriffness or Pain . Excessive Bleeding
.2tt Hormonal Edema (Cyclic)
Kidney Disorders............. Hysrerecromy
.282 Irregular Periods .
Kidney lnfl ammarion/lnFecrion ltl Menopause
(Nephritis) Menstrual Cramps .

Kidney Srones Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) .. . . .
Lack of Libido (Men) .
Lack of Libido/Desire (\Women)

Laryngi ris

Leukemia

Lice....
LigamenrSprain orTear .. .... .

xt

Personal Usage Directory (continued)

Mental Farigue .254 Resrless Legs Syndrome .312
Migraine (Vascular-type Headache) .268 .313
Moles . . .345 Schizophrenia .306
.251 Neuralgia .306
Mononucleosis .304 Neuriris . .308
.276 Neurological Diseases . .307
Morning Sickness . .304 Neuropar hy .313
.317 .313
MosquitoBites... .298 Nose and Sinus Problems .313
Motion Sickness .310 Dry Nose .314
Mourh Ulcers Loss of Smell .314
) c)o .315
Mucous (Excess) Nosebleeds .3r5
Mulr iple Sclerosis (MS) .299
)oo Polyps. Nasal .3t6
Mumps (lnfectious Parotitis) .. ... .300 Obesiry .
.300 Oral Care Problems. Teeth and Gums .316
Muscle Problems .316
.300 Bleeding Gums . . .317
Bruised Muscles .301 Denral Visits .318
Inflammarion Due to Inlection . .301 .318
.301 Cingivitisand Periodonritis ..... .318
lnflammation Due to Injury . . . .302 .319
10) Morrth Ulcers .318
Muscle Spasms, Cramps, and .303 Oral lnlecrion Conrrol . .193
Charley Horses .334 Pyorrhea .200
.303 Teeth Crinding .234
Mrrscle \il/eakness .353 Toothache and Teething Pain . . . . .319
.305 Oral lnlecrion Conrrol . .320
Sore Muscles .307 Osreoarrh rir is .320
Osteoporosis (Bone Density Loss) . . . .321
Muscle Weakness .308 Ovarian and Urerine Cvsrs .321
Muscular Dystrophy .311
Nails, Britrle or Weak . .308 Pain.... .221
Narcolepsy .308 .255
.308 Bone-relatedPain... .221
Nasopha ryr:giris .309 Chronic Pain .288
Nausea . .310 .288
Neck Pain and Sriffness .31 1 Pancrear i r is .353
Nerve Disorders
Parasires. Inresrinal (\X'orms) .... ...
Nervous Sysrem. Auronomic .....
Parkinsoni Disease .
To Stimulare Parasympar heric Phlebitis (Infammation ofVeins) . . .
Ncrvous S1'srem . Physical Fatigue
Plaque . .
To Stimulate Sympathetic Pleurisy.
Nervous Sysrem . Pneumonia

NeurologicAl Diseases ....... PointerTechnique ......

ALS (Lou Cehrig's Disease) . . . .

HunringtoniChorea ........
Multiple Sclerosis (MS). . ... ..

Parkinson's Disease .

xil

o Personal USage DireCtOf\ @ontinued)

Poison Oak/Poison hy/Poison Sumac . . . .314 Genital \7arts/Blisters
Polio . . .
.346 (Herpes SimplexTyp.2) . .........332
Polyps. Nasal .354 GonorrheaandSyphilis .....332

Postparrum Depression Herpes Simplex Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

Pregnancy Problems SexuallyTransmittedDiseases .. .......330

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) ........ Shingles(Herpeszoster) . ......333

Prostate Cancer Shock .. ...........334

Prosrare Problems ...... SinusCongestion ............335

Prostatitis SinusHeadache ......268

Psoriasis. Sinuslnfections ....334

Pyorrhea Sinusitis/Rhinitis. .... ....336

Radiation Exposure Damage . SkinCancer(Melanoma) ......211

Restless Legs Syndrome Skin Disorders and Problems . . . .337

RieumaricFever... AbscessesandBoils .........337
Rheumaroid Arrhritis
Acne... .........ji7
Rirrgworm and Skin Candida
Blisters. .........338
Sagging Skin
Scabies . Boils... .........338

Scar Tissue Burns.. .. ......338

Sch izoph ren ia Chapped,Cracked,orDrySkin ......340

Sciarica . CloggedPores... ..........341

Scleroderma Cuts,Scrapes,andVounds ...........341

Scol iosis DiaperRash ......343

Scorpion Sring. . . Eczema/Dermatitis ..... ....343

Scurry .. FungalSkinlnfections ......344

Seizures. Itching. .......344

Sexual Dyslunction ..... LiverSpots (SolarLentigines) .........345

Dysfuncrion (Men) . . Moles.. .........345
Dysfunction (Vomen)
Excessive Sexual Desire (Both Sexes) . . Poison Oak/Poison hylPoison Sumac . . .345
Frigidiry (Vomen)
Psoriasis . ........346
Impotence (Men) ..
InFerriliry (Men) . . SaggingSkin ......346

lnFerriliry (Women) Scabies. .........347
Lack ofLibido/Desire (\Women) . . . . .
Lack of Libido (Men) . . SkinUlcers .......347

SexuallyTiansmitted Diseases . . .. . . . StretchMarks .....347

Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vitiligo. .........348
lVrinkles .........348

SkinUlcers .........347

SleepDisorders ......349

SmokingCessationProblems ....349

xilt

Personal Usage Director\ @ontinued) 0

SnakeBites .........350
Snoring.
SoreFeet L...........350
SoreMuscles
SoreThroat L...........258
trush. .261
ThyroidProblems ...... .359
.359
Hyperthyroid (Graves' Disease) . . . .

........301 Hypoglycemia L.360
.........357 Hypothyroid (Hashimoro's Disease)
.360
Spastic Colon Syndrome/lrritable Bowel Syn- Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears) . . . . . . .
drome.. To Stimulate Parasympathetic .246 L
...........242 .308
SpinaBi6da Nervous Sysrem
.........350 To Stimulate Symparhetic
SpinallnjuriesandPain ........351

Back Injuries and Pain (Backache) . . . . .352 Nervous Sysrem \.308

Herniated Disc/DiscDeterioration .....352 Tonsilliris .358

Lumbago (Lowerbackpain) .. . .......352 ToothacheandTeething Pain ... .... .319
NeckPainandStiffness ......353 Toxem ia
Sprain.. ...........355 -foxic Liver \.361

StomachUlcers.. ............243 Trauma, Emorional ..... .285

Stomachache .361
........247 Tiigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis) .362
StrepThroat ........357 Tuberculosis
.289 L
Stress . . . .355 Tumors.
.211
StretchMarks . . . . .
.347 Typhoid Fever -)oL

Srrokes . .222 Ulcerative Coliris . . ))q

Tachycardia .223 Uterine Cancer .212

Teeth Crinding .318 Vaginal Yeasr Inlecrion .26t

Tendiniris .232 Varicose Veins (Spider Veins) .223

Tension (Srress) Headache . . . . .269 Vascular Cleansing. Need lor .224

Throar lnlecrions and Problems .356 Viral Coliris .230

Laryngir is .356 Vitiligo . .348
Sore Throat 1\7 'West Nile Virus . . . .276

Srrep Throar .357 Whooping Cough . .290

Tonsillitis .358 Vrinkles .348

Thromboric Strokes . .222

i

xtv

Essential Oils-The N/issing Link in N/odern N/edicine
a Plants not only play a vital role in the ecological Definition of an Essential Oil
balance of our planet, but they have also been An essential oil is that aromatic, volatile liquid

intimately linked to the physical, emotional, that is within many shrubs, flowers, trees, roots,

and spiritual well-being of mankind since the bushes, and seeds and thar is usually extracted

beginning oftime. rhrough steam distillation.

The plant kingdom continues to be the subject The chemistry of an essential oil is very com-

ofan enormous amount ofresearch and discovery. plex md may consist of hundreds of different and

Most often prescription drugs are based on unique chemical compounds. Moreover, essenrial

naturally occurring compounds from plants. Each oils are highly concentrated and far more potenr

year millions of dollars are allocated to private than dried herbs because of the distillation process

a forlaboratories and universities that are searching that makes them so concentrated. It requires a large

new therapeutic compounds that lie undiscovered volume of plant marerial to produce small amounts

in the bark, roots, fowers, seeds, and foliage of ofadistilledessentialoil.Forexample,ittakes5,000

jungle canopies, river bottoms, forests, hillsides, pounds ofrose petals to produce I kilo ofrose oil.

world.and vast wilderness regions throughout the Essential oils are also different from vegetable

Essential oils and plant extracts have been oils such as corn oil, peanut oil, and olive oil.

woveninrohistorysincethebeginningoftimeand Vegetable oils are greasy and may clog the

inare considered by many to be the missing link pores. They also oxidize and become rancid over

modernmedicine.Theyhavebeenusedmedicinally time and have no antibacterial properties. Most

to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses and to combat essential oils, on the other hand, do not go rancid

insect, bug, and snake bites in addition to rreating and are powerful antimicrobials. Essential oils that

all kinds of mysterious maladies. Oils and extracts are high in plant waxes, such as patchouli, vetiver,

stimulate tissue and nerue regeneration. and sandalwood, ifnot distilled properly, could go

Essential oils also provide exquisite fragrances rancid after time, particularly if exposed to heat

to balance mood, lift spirits, dispel negative forextendedperiodsoftime.
emotions, and create a romantic atmosphere. Essential oils are substances that definitely

deserve the respect of proper education. Users

should have a basic knowledge about the safery of

the oils, and having a basic understanding of the

'l

chemistry ofessential oils is very helpful. However, methyl chavicol is more anti-inflammarory rhan
antiseptic. A third rype of basil, high in eugenol,
it is difficult to find this knowledge taught in has both anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects.

universities or private seminars. Chemistry books Additionally, essential oils can be distilled or
are difficult to understand for most people, and extracted in different lvays rhat will have dramaric
they don't usually address the specific chemistry effects on their chemistry and medicinal action.
of essential oils. There is very little institutional Oils derived from a second or rhird distillation of
information, knowledge, and rraining on essential the same plant material are usually nor as potent
as oils extracted during the first distillation. Yet
oils and the scientific approach ro their uses. with certain oils, there may be additional chemi-
The€uropean communities havr righr conrrols cal constituents that are released only in the sec-
ond or third distillation.
and standards concerning botanical extracts and
Oils subjected to high heat and high pressure
who may administer them. Only pracririoners have a noticeably simpler and inferior profile
wirh proper training and certification can practice
in the discipline called "aromatherapy." of chemical constituents, since excessive heat
can break down many of the delicate aromaric
In the United States, regulatory agencies have compounds within the oil-some of which are
not recognized these disciplines or mandated the
type and degree of training required to disrribute responsible for its therapeutic action. In addition,
and use essential oils. This means rhar in rhe oils that are steam distilled are far different from
United States, individuals can call themselves those that are extracted with solvents.
"aromatherapists" after atrending brief classes
in essential oils and can apply oils ro anyone- Of greatest concern is the fact that some oils
even though the so-called "aromarherapisrs" may are adulterated, engineered, or "extended" with
not have the experience or training to properly the use of synthetic-made compounds that are
understand and use essential oils. This may not added to the oi[. For example, pure frankincense
only undermine and damage the credibiliry of the is often extended with colorless, odorless solvents
entire discipline of aromatherapy, but it is also such as diethylphthalate or dipropylene glycol.
The only way to distinguish the "authentic" from
dangerous ro rhe patienr. the "adulterated" is through analyrical resting us-
ing gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and
Essential oils are not simple substances. Each an optical refractomerer. So-called "nature identi-
oil is a complex structure ofhundreds ofdifferent cal" lab-created constituenrs can be detected only
chemicals. A single essenrial oil may conrain any- by using GC/IRMS (Gas Chromatography, Iso-
tope Ratio, and Mass Spectrometry) technology.
where from 80 to 300 or more different chemical
constituents. An essential oil like lavender is very Unfortunately, a large percentage ofessential oils
complex, wirh many of irs consriruents occurring marketed in the United States fall in this adulter-

in minure quanrities-bur all contributing syn- ated category \ff/hen you understand the world of
synthetic oils as well as low-grade oils cut with syn-
ergistically ro the oil's therapeutic effecrs to some thetic chemicals, you realize why the vast majority

degree. To understand these constituents and ofconsumers never know the difference. However,
ifyou do know the sme[[ ofthe pure oil or the tech-
their functions requires years ofstudy. nique for recognizing adulteration through scent, it

Even though an essential oil may be labeled may be possible to perceive a difference.

as "basil" and have the botanical name Ocimum
basilicum, it can have widely different therapeutic

actions, depending on its chemistry. For example,
basil high in linalool or fenchol is primarily used
for its antiseptic properties. However, basil high in

2

Different Schools of Application particularly in the case of back or muscle injuries

Therapeutic treatment using essential oils or defects. Topically applied, marjoram is

follows three different models: the English, excellent for muscles, lemongrass for ligaments,

French, and German. and wintergreen for bones. For indigestion, a

The English model puts a small amount of an drop or two of peppermint oil taken orally or
essential oil in a large amount of vegetable oil to put in a glass of water may be very effective.

massage the body for the purpose of relaxation However, this does not mean that peppermint

and relieving stress. cannot produce the same results when massaged

The French model prescribes neat (undiluted) on the stomach. In some cases, all three methods

topical application of therapeutic-grade essential of application (topical, inhalation, and ingestion)

oils and/or the ingestion of pure essential oils. are interchangeable and may produce similar

Typically, a few drops of an essential oil are benefits.

added to agave nectar, honey, a small amount of The abiliry of essential oils to act on both the

vegetable oil, or put on a piece of bread. Many mind and the body is what makes them truly

French practitioners have found that taking the unique among natural therapeutic substances.

oils internally yields excellent benefits. The fragrance of some essential oils can be very

The German model focuses on inhalation of stimulating-both psychologically and physically.
essential oils-the true aromatherapy. Research The fragrance of other essential oils may be
calming and sedating, helping to overcome
has shown that the effect offragrance on the sense

of smell can exert strong effects on the brain- anxiety or hyperactiviry On a physiological level,

especially on the hypothalamus (the hormone essential oils may stimulate immune function

command center of the body) and limbic system and regenerate damaged tissue. Essential oils may

(the seat of emotions). Some essential oils high also combat infectious disease by killing viruses,

in sesquiterpenes, such as myrrh, sandalwood, bacteria, and other pathogens.

cedarwood, vetiver, and melissa, can dramaticaily Probably the two most common methods of

increase orygenation and activity in rhe brain, essential oil application are cold-air diffusing and

which may directly improve the funcrion of many neat (undiluted) topical application. Other modes

systems of the body. of application include incorporating essential oils

Together, these three models showthe versatiliry into the disciplines of reflexology, Vita Flex, and

and power of essential oils. By integrating all acupressure. Combining these disciplines with

three models with various methods of application essential oils enhances the healing response and

such as Vita Flex, auricular technique, lymphatic often produces amazing results that cannot be

_ massage, and Raindrop Technique, the best achieved by acupuncture or reflexology alone.
possible results may be obtained. Just 1-3 drops of an essential oil applied to an

In some cases, inhalation of essential oils might acupuncrure meridian or Vita FIex point on the

be preferred over topical application, ifthe goal is hand or foot can produce results within a minute

to increase growth hormone secrerion, promote or two.

weight loss, or balance mood and emorions. Several years ago, a professor well known in rhe

Sandalwood, peppermint, vetiver, lavender, and field ofaromatherapy ridiculed the use ofessential

eucalyptus oils are effective for inhalation. oils against disease. HoweveE many people are

In other cases, however, topical application living proof that essential oils dramatically aided

of essential oils would produce better results, in the recovery of serious illness. Essential oils

3

-

have been pivotal in helping many people live pain Science and technology hisrorian E. J. L
free after years of intense pain. Patients have also Holmyard wrote that the process of distillation
witnessed firsthand how essential oils have helped "is of very grear antiquiry; a primitive form of (
with scoliosis and even restored partial hearing in distillation-apparatus daring from abour 3500
those who were born deaf and complete hearing L
with someone who had had some loss of hearing. BC has been unearrhed ar Tepe Gawra in north- L
east Mesopotamia [todayt Iraq] and described by
For example, a woman from Palisades Park, Marrin Levey of Pennsylvania State Universiry"r \
California, developed scoliosis after surviving
polio as a teenager, which was fi.rrther complicated The Egyptians were masrers in using essential L
by a serious fall that dislocated her shoulder. L
Suffering pain and immobiliry for 22 years, she oils and other aromatics in the embalming
had traveled extensively in a lruitless search ro process. Hisrorical records describe how one of L
locate a pracririoner who could permanently the founders of "pharaonic" medicine was the L
reset her shoulder. Upon learning about essential architect Imhotep, who was the Grand Vizier of L
oils, she topically applied the oils ofhelichrysum L
and wintergreen, among others, to the shoulder. King Djoser (2780-2720 BC). Imhorep is often L
\flithin a short rime, her pain began to diminish given credit for ushering in the use oloils, herbs, L
and eventually was completely gone, and she was and aromatic plants for medicinal purposes. In L
able to raise her arm over her head for the firsr L
time in 22 years. addition, the Egyptians may have been rhe first to L
discover the potential of fragrance. They created
\i7hen one sees such dramatic results, it is L
difficult to discredit the value and the power of various aromatic blends for both personal use and

essential oils and the potenrial they hold. One religious ceremonies.
would certainly think thar it would be well worth
investigating further. It is so sad thar many rurn Many hieroglyphics on the walls of Egyptian
away because of Iack of knowledge.
temples depict the blending of oils and describe
Man's First Medicine numerous oil recipes. An example of rhis is the
From ancient writings and traditions, it seems
Temple of Edfu, located on rhe west bank of
that aromatics were used for religious rituals, the Nile fuver. Over the centuries it was buried
rhe rrearment of illness, and orher physical and
spiritual needs. Records dating back to 4500 beneath sand drifts, rvhich preserued the temple
BC describe the use oF balsamic subsrances
with aromatic properries For religious rituals nearly intact. The smaller of rwo hyposryle halls
and medical applications. Ancienr writings tell
of scented barks, resins, spices, and aromatic leads to a small room called a laboratory, where
perfumes and ointments were compounded.
vinegars, wines, and beers that were used in rituals, On the walls are hieroglyphics listing recipes for
temples, asrrology, embalming, and medicine.
The evidence certainly suggests that the people these aromatic perfumes, including two recipes
of ancient times had a grearer understanding of for kyphi, a blend of incense rhar contained
essenrial oils than we have today. frankincense, myrrh, honey, raisins soaked in
wine, sweet flag, pine resin, and juniper. Another
4 recipe was for "Hekenu," with wood pitch, fresh
frankincense, dry white frankincense, and acacia
flowers, used to anoint "divine limbs" of rhe gods
in the temple. Similar medicinal lormulas and

perfume recipes were used by alchemists and high

priests to blend aromatic substances for rituals.

\Well before the time of Christ, the ancient

Egyptians collecred essential oils and placed them

in alabaster vessels. These vessels were specially

a
a

I-

Ancient balsam distillery in Ein Gedi, lsrael, in the Tetra cotta distillery from 350 BC, photagraphed by D. Gary
Judean Deseret, found by D. Gary Young in 1996. Young in the museum in Tuila, Pakistan, in 1995.

cawed and shaped for housing scented oils. In abiliry to help with infections of the skin and
1922, when King Tutankhamen's tomb was throat and to regenerate skin tissue. Because of
opened, some 50 alabaster jars designed to hold its effectiveness in preventing bacterial growth,
350 liters of oils were discovered. Tomb robbers
had stolen nearly all of the precious oils, leaving myrrh was also used for embalming.
the heary jars behind that srill contained traces
of oil. The robbers literally chose oils over a The physicians of Ionia, Attia, and Crete,
king's wealth in gold, showing how valuable the ancient civilizations based on islands of the

essential oils were to them. Mediterranean Sea, came to the cities of the Nile

In 1817 the Ebers Papyrus, a medical scroll to increase their knowledge. At this time, the
over 870 feet long dating back to 1500 BC, was
school of Cos was founded and wm attended by
discovered. The scroll included over 800 different Hippocrates (460-377 BC), whom the Greeks,

herbal prescriptions and remedies. Other scrolls with perhaps some exaggeration, named the

_ described a high success rate in treating 81 "Father of Medicine."
different diseases. Many of the remedies contained
myrrh and honey. Myrrh is still recognized for its The Romans purified their temples and
political buildings by diffusing essential oils
and also used aromatics in their steam baths to

invigorate themselves and ward off disease.

_ Early History of Essential Oil Extraction

Ancient cultures found that aromatic essences or roors was crushed and mixed with olive oil,

or oils could be extracted from the plant by a animal fat, and some vegetable oils. Cedar bark
variery ofmethods. One ofthe oldest and crudest was stripped from the trunk and branches,

forms of extraction was known as enfleurage. ground into a powder, soaked with olive oil,
and placed in a wool cloth. The cloth was then
_ Raw plant material such as stems, foliage, bark,

5

- ffi =)

t E,. ,{ I

3,500-year-old stone incense bumer dug out of the ground Stones lrom Queen Hatshepsut's temple in lJpper Egypt, with
in Shabwa, Yemen, in 2009 by D. Gary young. reliefs depicting healing with plants and the lotus oil.

heated. The heat pulled the essential oil out ofthe steam into the condenser, where it returns to .
bark particles into the olive oil, and the wool was its liquid form and is then separated from the
pressed to exrracr the essential oil. Sandalwood oil \
was also extracted in this fashion. watet.

Enfleurage was also used to extract essential Many ancient cosmetic formulas were created
oils from fower petals. In fact, the French word from a base ofgoat and goose fat and camel milk.
enfleurage means literally "to saturare with the Ancient Egyptians made eyeliners, eye shadows,
perfirme of flowers." For example, petals from and other cosmetics this way. They also stained
roses or jasmine were placed in goose or goat fat. their hair and nails with a variery of ointments
The essential oil droplets were pulled from the
petals into the fat and then separated from rhe and perfumes. Fragrance "cones" made of wu
fat. This ancient technique was one of the most
primirive forms of essenrial oil exrraction. and essenrial oils were worn by women of royalry
who enjoyed the rich scent ofthe oils as the cones
Other extraction techniques were also used, such as: melted wirh rhe hear of rhe day.

. Soaking plant parts in boiling water In the temples oils were commonly poured
. Cold-pressing
. Soaking in alcohol into evaporation dishes so that the aroma could
. Steam distillation, meaning that as the steam
fill the chambers associated with sacred rituals
travels upward, it saturates the plant material,
causing the plant membranes containing the and religious rites throughout the day.
oil to break open and release the oil, which Ancient Arabians also developed and refined
then becomes a vapor rhat travels with the
the process of distillation. They perfected the

extraction of rose oil and rose watet which were
popular in the Middle East during the Byzantine
Empire (330-1400 AD).

6

o 'l
o
I
q
\
,.1
Offering of lotus oil, photographed by D. Gary Young.
o
o
o
a

[,

Offering of lotus oil and alae in the Edtu Temple in
Upper Egypt, photographed by D. Gary Young.

Biblical History of Essential Oils The Bible also lists an incident where an in-
The Bible contains over 200 references to cense offering by Aaron stopped a plague. Num-
bers 16:46-50 records that Moses instructed Aar-
aromatics, incense, and ointments. Aromatics such on to take a censel add burning coals and incense,
and "go quickly into the congregation to make an
as Frankincense, myrrh, galbanum, cinnamon, aronement for them: for there is a wrath gone out
from the Lord; the plague is begun." The Bible
cassia, rosemary, hyssop, and spikenard were used records that Aaron stood between the dead and
for anointing and healing the sick. In Exodus, the the living, and the plague was stayed. It is signi6-
Lord gave the following recipe to Moses for a holy cant that according to the biblical and Talmudic
recipes for incense, three varieties of cinnamon
anointing oil: were involved. Cinnamon is known to be highly
anrimicrobial, anri-infecrious, and antibacterial.
Mlrrh-'fue hundred shebek" (about I gallon) The incense ingredient listed as "stacte" is believed
(inn4a6n-'lvp h undred and ffty sh ehe b" to be a sweet, myrrh-related spice, which would
Calamus-tuo hundred and ffty shekek" make it anti-infectious and antiviral as well.
Cassia-' fue bundred she kels "
Oliue Oil-'hn hin" (about 1 1/3 gallons) The New Testament records that wise men
presented the Christ child with frankincense
Psalm 133:2 speaks of the sweetness of and myrrh. There is another precious aromatic,
brethren dwelling together in uniry: "It is like the spikenard, described in the anointing ofJesus in
Mark 14:3:
precious ointment upon the head, that ran down
the beard, even Aaront beard: that went down And being in Bethany in the house of
ro the skirts of his garments." Another scripture Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there

that refers to anointing and the overflowing

abundance ofprecious oils is Ecclesiastes 9:8: "Let
thy garments be always white; and let thy head
lack no ointment."

7

-

came a woman having an alabaster box of frankincense was offered on the great aitar of Bel
ointment of spikenard very precious; and in Babylon.

she brake the box, and poured it on his The Roman historian Pliny the Eld,er (23-79
AD) complained rhat "by our lowest reckoning
head. India, China and the Arabian peninsula take
from our empire 100 million sesrerces every yea!
The anointing ofJesus is also referred to in John for aromatics."
l2:3:
Diodorus oFSicily lived in the 1.,century BC
Then rook Mary a pound of ointment of and wrote of the abundance of frankincense in

spikenard, very cosrly, and anoinred the feet Arabia and how it "suffices for the service and

ofJesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: worship of gods all the world over."
and the house was filled with the odour of
the ointment. Napoleon is reported to have enjoyed a cologne

See additional biblical references ar rhe end of water made of neroli and other ingredients so
much that he ordered 162 bottles ofit.
this chapter.
After conquering Jerusalem, one of the things
Other Historical References
Throughout world hisrory, fragranr oils and the Crusaders brought back to Europe was

spices have played a prominent role in everyday solidified essence of roses.
life.
The 12'h-centuryherbalist Hildegard of Bingen
Herodotus, the Greek historian who lived
from 484 BC to 425 BC, recorded that during used herbs and oils extensively in healing. This
the yearly feast of Bel, 1,000 talents' weight of Benedictine nun founded her own convent and
was the author of numerous worls. Her book,
Physica, has more than 200 chapters on plants

and their uses for healing.

The Rediscovery

The reintroduction of essential oils into proportions in essential oil literature. His orvn L

modern medicine firsr began during the late l9,h words about rhis accident are even more powerful t
than what has been told over thc years. L
and early 20'l' centuries.
Dr. Gattefossd was literally aflame-covered
During Vorld War I, the use of aromatic in burning substances-following a laboratory
explosion in July 1910. After he exringuished
essences in civilian and military hospitals became the flames by rolling on a grassy lawn, he wrote
that "both my hands were covered with rapidly
widespread. One phvsician in France, Dr. developing gas gangrene.'r He further reported
that "just one rinse with lavender essence stopped
Moncitre, used essential oils extensively for their the gasification of the tissue. This treatment was
followed by profuse sweating and healing which
antibacrerial and wound-healing properties and
began the next day."
developed several kinds of aromatic oinrmenrs.
Robert B. Tisserand, editor of The Intemational
Rend-Maurice Gatrefossd, PhD, a French
Journal of Aromatherapy, searched for Dr. Gatte-
cosmetic chemist, is widely regarded as the father fossdt book for 20 years. A copy was located and

of aromatherapy. He and a group of scientists Tisserand edited the 1995 reprint. Tisserand nored
began srudying essenrial oils in 1907.

In his 1.937 book, Aromatherapl,, Dr.

Gattefossd told the real story of his now-famous

use of lavender essential oil that was used to heal
a serious burn. The tale has assumed mythic

8L

Ia -

I

a)

D. Gary Young and Mr. Henri Viaud Dr. HeNd Casabiancatrains Gary and Chris in the laboratory at
the Young Living Farm in Ecuador.

that Dr Gattefoss6's burns "must have been severe Their work was based on Franchomme's labora-
tory experience and Pdnodl's clinical experience of
to Iead to gas gangrene, a very serious infection."
administering the oils to his patients. The book,
Dr. Gattefossi shared his studies with his
colleague and friend Jean Valnet, a medical published in French, was titled I'aromathirapie

docror practicing in Paris. Exhausting his supply exact€ment and became the primary resource for
of antibiotics as a physician in Tonkin, China,
dozens of authors worldwide in writing about the
during W'orld War II, Dr. Valnet began using
essential oils on patients suffering battlefield medical benefits ofessential oils.

in.juries. To his surprise, the essential oils showed D. Gary Young sought out the best and bright-
est experrs in clinical use, distillation, and chro-
a powerlul effect in fighting infection. He was
able to save the lives of many soldiers who might matographic analysis as he began his essential oil
company. He first studied essential oils with Dr.
otherwise have died.
Jean-Claude Lapraz in 1985 in Geneva, Switzer-
Two of Dr. Valnet's students, Dr. Paul Belaiche land. Then he went to Paris to study with one of
Jean Valnet's students, Paul Belaiche, MD. Gary
and Dr. Jean-Claude Lapraz, expanded his also studied with Daniel Pdno€l, co-author of
l'aromathlrapie exactement. In the early '90s, he
work. They clinically investigated the antiviral,
studied with Professor Radwan Farag, PhD, at Cai-
antibacterial, anrifungal, and antisepric properries
ro University md Professor K. Hiisnii Can Baser at
in essential oils.
the Andalou Universiry in Eskisehir, Tirrkey.
In 1990 Dr. Daniel Pdno€l, a French medi-
cal doctor, and Pierre Franchomme, a French Gary Youngt training in the art ofdistillation
biochemist, collaborated together to co-author and essential oil testing began with his lavender
the first reference book that cataloged the vari- partnership with Jean-No€l Landel in Provence,
ous medical properties of over 270 essential oils
and how to use them in a clinical environment. France. Jean-Noel introduced Gary to Marcel

9

-

Espieu, the president of rhe Lavender Growers oils provide such significant benefirs, the facr is \

Association in Southern France, and Henri Viaud, that they do. Vith pure essenrial oils, millions \
(
a chemist and distiller ofessential oils and author of people can find relief from disease, infections,
of the 1983 book on qualiry considerations for (
essential oils (Huihs Esentielbs-Hydrolats). Mr. pain, and even mental dilficukies. Their L
Viaud had his own laboratory and small distilleq
therapeutic potenrial is enormous and is only jusr (
and Gary was his only studenr ro whom he taught beginning ro be tapped.
the finer points ofdistilling. L
Because of the research being conducted by
After studying at the Albert Vieille Laboratory many scientisrs and doctors, the healing power of L

in Grasse, France, in 1994, Gary traveled to essential oils is again gaining prominence. Today, (
it has become evident that we have nor yet found
Lyon, France, where he studied with the world's
permanenr solutions for dreaded diseases such as
foremost authoriry in chromatography Hervd
Casabianca, PhD. Dr. Casabianca traveled to Zrka and Ebola viruses, hanta virus, AIDS, HIV

Young Living laboratories in the U.S. and Ecuador and new strains of tuberculosis and influenza like
bird and swine f u.
to train staff scientists in gas chromatography/
Essential oils may assume an increasingly
mass specrrometry. imporranr role in combating new mutarions
of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. More and more
From D. Gary Young to Jean-Claude Lapraz
to Jean Valnet to Rend-Maurice Gattefossd-D. researchers are undertaking serious clinical studies
on the use of essential oils to combat these rypes
Gary Young was a pioneer in the world ofessential of diseases.

oils, .just as they were. Research conducted at Weber State Universiry

From 1994 ro 2016, knowledge and use of in cooperation with D. Gary Young, as well as
essential oils has spread throughout the world other documented research, indicates rhat most
(see map), making Young Living Essential Oils a
billion-dollar company and the Vorld Leader in viruses, fungi, and bacteria cannor live in rhe pres-
Essential Oils'. ence olmost essential oils, especially those high in

Health-minded people the world over have phenols, caruacrol, rhymol, and terpenes. It mav
learned the value of using high-qualiry naural also help us understand why a notorious group of
herbs. Interestingly, most therapeutic herbs thieves, reputed to be spice traders and perfum-
can be distiiled into an essenrial oil. The key ers, was prorecred from rhe Black Plague as they
difference is that of concenrration. The essenrial robbed the bodies of the dead and dying during

oil can be from 100 to 10,000 times more the l5'r'century.

concentrated-and therefore more potent-than A vast body of anecdoral evidence (testimonials)
the herb itself. Even though they are many times
more potenr than natural herbs, essential oils, suggests that those who use essential oils are less
unlike prescription drugs, very rarely generare likely to contract infectious diseases. Moreover,

any negarive side effects, which carries profound oil users who do contract an infectious illness
implicarions for rhose wanring ro mainrain or
regain their health naturally. tend to recover fasrer than those using antibiorics.

Sometimes the effects of administering Our modern world has only begun the
discovery of the power of God's healing oils-
essential oils are so dramatic that the patients something that the ancient world knew well.
themselves call it "miraculous"; and while no one Their time was one without laboratories,
firlly understands yet "why'' or "how" essential manufacturing facilities, high technology and
equipment, or chemicals. The earth and its
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healing gifts were the ancient world's medicine- applauding their power, and millions more are L
something our modern world should take note of being introduced and educated to rheir potenrial
and embrace. Modern medicine is certainly not each year As more and more health practitioners, L
without its miracles. Millions of lives have been
saved in crisis and malfunctions of the body. But doctors, scientists, and users of all ages venture \
the way to live with srrengrh and vitaliry without into the world of this ancient knowledge,
the methods of medicine will take on new (
pain and disease lies in what God has created, not dimensions, and exciting discoveries will be made
in what man has altered. thar will benefit mankind today and romorrow. \

Essential oils are no longer the missing link t

in modern medicine. Millions of people are L
L
Biblical References 1 Kings 4:33-"And he spake of trees, lrom the L

Cedarwood rcedar tree that in Lebanon even unro the hys- L
Leviticus l4:51-"And he shall take the cedar
sop that springeth our of the wall: he spake also \
wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the liv- ofbeasts, and offowl, and ofcreeping things, and t
ing bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain of 6shes."
bird, and in the running watet and sprinkle the
house seven times:" 1 Kings 5:6-"Now therefore command thou
that they hew me cedar trees our of lrbanon; and
Leviticus \4:52-"And he shall cleanse the my seruants shall be with thy seruants: and unto
house with the blood of the bird, and with the thee will I give hire for thy seruants according to all

running water, and with the living bird, and with that thou shalt appoint: lor thou kn owesr that there
the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with the
scarlet." ls not among us any that can skill to hew timber
like unto the Sidonians."
Numbers l9:6-"And the priesr shall take cedar
1 Kings 5:8-"And Hirm sent to Solomon,
wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast zr inro the saying, I have considered the rhings which thou
midst of the burning of the heifer."
sentest to me for: andl will do all thy desire con-
Numbers 24:6-"1s the valleys are they spread cerning timber ofcedr, and concerning timber of
forrh, u gardens by the river's side, as the trees of fir."
lign aloes which the Lord hath plamed, and as ce-
1 Kings 5:10-"So Hiram gave Solomon cedar
dar trees beside the warers." trees and fir trees according to ill his desire."

2 Samuel 5:1l-"And Hiram king of Tyre sent 1 Kings 6:9-"5o he built the house, and fin-
messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpen- ished it; and covered the house with bems and
ters, and masons: and they built David an house." boards ofcedar"

2SamuelT:2-"Thar the king said unto Nathm 1 Kings 9:11-"(Now Hiram the king of Tyre
the prophet, See now, I dwell in an house ofcedar, had furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir
but the ark of God dwelleth within cuftains." trees, and with gold, according to all his desire,)
that then king Solomon gave Hirm rwenry cities
2 Samuel 7:7-"In ill the places wherein I have in the land of Galilee."

walked with all rhe children oflsrael spake I a word 2 Kngs 19:23-"By thy messengers thou hmt
with any of the tribes of Israel, whom I command- reproached the Lord, and hast said, lX/ith the mul-
titude of my chariots I am come up ro rhe height
ed to feed my people Israel, saying, Vhy build ye

not me an house ofcedar?"

12

ofthe mountains, to the sides ofLebanon, and will under it shall dwell all fowl ofevery wing; in the

cut down the tafl cedar trees thereof, andthe choice shadow ofthe branches thereofshall they dwell."

fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the lodgings Zechariah 11:2-"Howl, 6r tree; for the cedar

of his borders, nnd into the forest of his Carmel." is hllen; because the mighry are spoiled: howl, O

I Chronicles 22:4-"Nso cedar trees in ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is

abundance: for the Zidonians and they of Tyre come down."

brought much cedar wood to David." Ginnamon
Proverbs 7:17-"I have perfumed my bed with
2 Chronicles 1 :1 5-'And the king made silver
myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon."
and gold at Jerusalem lts Plenteorc as stones, and
cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that zrc Song of Solomon 4:14-"Spikenard and
saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of
in the vale for abundance."
2 Chronicles 2:S-"Send me also cedar trees, frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief

fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for ] spices...."
know that thy servants can skill to cut timber in
Lebanon; and behold, my servants shall be wtth Revelation 18: t 3-'And cinnamon, and
thyservants...."
odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and
2 Chronicles 9:27-"And the king made silver wine, and oil, and fine four, and rvheat, and
in Jerusalem as stones, and cedar rrees made he beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and
as the sycomore trees that are in the low plains in
slaves, and souls of men."

abundance." Fir

Ezra 3:7-"They gave money also unro the 1 Kings 6:15-'And he built rhe walls of the

masons, and to the carpenters; and meat, and house within with boards ofcedar, both the floor
drink, and oil, unto them ofZidon, and to them of the house, and the walls of the ceiling: and

ofTyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the he covered them on the inside with wood, and

sea ofJoppa, according to the grant that they had covered the foor of the house with planks of fir."

of Cyrus king of Persia." 1 Kings 6:34-'And the rwo doors were of frr

Isaiah 41:19-"1 will plant in the wilderness tree: the two leaves of the one door were folding,

the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the and the two leaves ofthe other door were folding."

oil tree; I will set in the desert the fr.r tee, and the 1 Kings 9: I 1-"( Now Hiram the king of Tyre

pine, and the box tree together. . . ." had furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir

_ Ezekiel 17:3-"And say, Thus saith the Lord trees, and with gold, according to all his desire,)
God; A great eagle with great wings, longwinged, that then king Solomon gave Hiram rwenry cities

full of feathers, which had divers colours, came in the land of Galilee."

unro Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the 2 Kings l9:23-"By thy messengers thou hast

cedar. . . ." reproached the Lord, and hast said, With the mul-

Ezekiel 17:22-"Thus saith the Lord God; I titude of my chariots I am come up to the height

will also take of the highest branch of the high ofrhe mountains, to the sides ofLebanon, and will

cedar, and will set i4 I will crop off from the top cut down the tall cedar trees thereof, and the choice

ofhis young rwigs a tender one, and will plant lr fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the lodgings

upon an high mountain and eminent. . . ." o[his borders, and into the forest of his Carmel."

Ezekiel 17:23-"In the mountain of the height 2 Chronicles 2:8-"Send me also cedar trees,

of Israel will I plant it: and it shall bring forth fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for I

boughs, and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and

13

know thar thy servants can skill to cut timber in Hosea 14:8-"Ephraim shall say, rVhat have I L
Lebanon; and, behold, my setrants shall be wirh to do any more with idols? I have heard him, and,
thy servants." observed him: 1 am like a green fir tree. From me (
is thy fruit found."
2 Chronicles 3:5-"And the grea.er house he L
cieled with fir tree, which he overlaid with Ene Nahum 2:3-"The shield of his mighry men L
is made red, the valiant men are in scarlet: the
gold, and ser rhereon palm trees and chains." L
Psalm 104:17-"'Vhere the birds make their chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of
his preparation, and the fir trees shall be terribly \
nests: as for the stork, the 6r trees arr her house.,, L
Song of Solomon 1:17-"The beams of our shaken." L

house are cedar, and ow rafters of fir." Zechariah 11:2-"Howl, fir tree; for the cedar L
is fallen; because the mighry are spoiled: howl, O
Isaiah 14:8-"Yea, the fir trees rejoice at thee, ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is L
and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, Since rhou art
laid down, no feller is come up against us." come down." L

Isaiah 37:24-"By thy servants hast thou Frankincense (
reproached the Lord, and hast said, By the
multitude of my chariots am I come up to the Leviticus 2:15-"And thou shalt put oil upon L
L
height of the mountains, to rhe sides of Lebanon; it, and lay frankincense thereon: ir rr a mear L
and I will cut down the tall cedars rhereof, and the
offering." t
choice fir trees thereofi and I will enter into the
Leviticus 2:16-"And the priest shall burn L
height of his bord,er, and the forest of his Carmel.,, the memorial of k, part of the beaten corn
thereof, rnd part of the oil thereof, with all the
Isaiah 41:19-"I will plant in the wilderness
frankincense rhereof: i, /r an offering made by fire
the cedar, the shittah rree, and the myrrle, and the unto the Lord."
oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree, and the
pine, and the box tree togerher:" Leviticus 5:1 1-"But if he be not able to bring
two turtledoyes, or rwo young pigeons, then he
Isaiah 55:13-"Instead of the thorn shall come
up the fir tree, and instead ofthe brier shall come that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth
part of an ephah of 6ne flour for a sin offering;
up the myrtle tree: and it shall be to the Lord for he shall put no oil upon it, neither shall he put
a name, for an everlasting sign [that] shall not be any franl<incense thereon: lor it ls a sin offering."
cut off."
Leviticus 6:15-"And he shall take of it his
isaiah 60:13-"The glory of Lebanon shall handful, ofthe flour ofthe meat offering, and of
come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and
the box together ro beauti$/ the place of my the oil thereof, and all the frankincense which zj
sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet upon the meat offering, and shall burn lr upon
the akar for a sweer savout euen the memorial of
glorious." it, unto the Lord."

Ezekiel 27:5-"They have made all thy ship Leviticus 24:7-"And, thou shalt pur pure
boards of6r trees ofsenir: they have taken cedars frankincense upo n each row, that it may be on the
bread for a memorial, euen an offering made by
from Lebanon ro make masts for thee."
fire unto the Lord."
Ezekiel 31:8-"The cedars in the garden of
God could nor hide him: the 6r trees were not Numbers 5:i5-"Then shall the man bring

like his boughs, and the chestnut trees were nor his wife unto the priest, and he shall bring her
like his branches; nor any tree in the garden of offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of
Cod was like unto him in his beauty."
barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor

14

put frank.incense thereon; for it ls an offering Hyssop
Leviticus l4:49-"Andhe shall take to cleanse
of jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing
the house two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet,
iniquity to remembrance." andhyssop...."
1 Chronicles 9:29-"Some of rhem also were
Leviticus 14:5l-'And he shall take the cedar
appointed to oversee the vessels, and all the
wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the
instruments of the sanctuary and the fine four, living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain
and the wine, and the oil, and the frankincense, bird, and in the running water, and sprinkle the

and the spices." house seven times. . . ."

Nehemiah 13:5-"And he had prepared for Leviticus l4:52-"And he shall cleanse the
him a great chamber, where aforetime they laid house with the blood of the bird, and with the
the meat offerings, the frankincense, and the
vessels, and the tithes of the corn, the new wine, running watet and with the living bird, and with
the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with
and the oil, which was commanded to be giuen ro thescarlet...."

the Levites, and the singers, and the porters; and Numbers 19:6-'And the priest shall take
cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast lr
the offerings ofthe priests."
into the midst of the burning of the heifer."
Nehemiah 13:9-"Then I commanded, and Numbers 19:18-"And a clean person shall

they cleansed the chambers: and thither brought take hyssop, and dip lr in the watet and sprinkle
I again the vessels of the house of God, with the lr upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and
upon the persons that were there, and upon him
meat offering and the frankincense." that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or
agrave...."
Song of Solomon 3:6-"\(ho zs this that
1 Kings 4:33-"And he spake of trees, from
cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, the cedar tree that ls in Lebanon even unto the
perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all hyssop that springeth out of the wall: he spake
also ofbeasts, and offowl, and ofcreeping things,
powders of the merchant?"
and offishes."
Song of Solomon 4:6-"Until the day Psalms 51:7-"Purge me with hyssop, and I

break, and the shadows fee away, I will get me shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than
to the mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of
snow."
frankincense."
John 19:29-"Now there was set a vessel full
Song of Solomon 4:14-"Spikenard and ofvinegar: and they filled a sponge with vinegar,
and put lr upon hyssop, and put lt to his mouth."
saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of
frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief Hebrews 9:19-"For when Moses had spoken
every precept to all the people according to the
spices:" law, he took the blood ofcalves and ofgoats, with
water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled
Matthew 2:1l-"And when they were come
into the house, they saw the young child with both the book, and all the people."

Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshiped Myrrh
him: and when they had opened their treasures, Esther 2:12-"Now when every maidt turn

they presented unto him gifts; gold, and was come to go in to king Ahmuerus, after that

frankincense, and myrrh."

Revelation 18:13-"And cinnamon, and

odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and
wine, and oil, and fine four, and wheat, and

beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and

slaves, and souls of men."

15

-

she had been welve months, according to the him: and when they had opened their rreasures,
manner of the women, (for so were the days they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankin-

of their purificarions accomplished, to uit, six cense, and myrrh."

monrhs wirh oil of myrrh, and six months with Mark 15:23-'And they gave him to drink
sweet odours, and with other things for the purifi- wine mingled with myrrh: but he received lr not."
ing of the women;). . . ."
John 19:39-"And there came also Nicode-
Psalms 45:8-"All thy garments :mell of mus, which ar the firsr came to Jesus by night, and
brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an
myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out ofthe ivory pal- hundred pound ueight."

aces, whereby they have made thee glad." Myrtle

Proverbs 7:17-"I have perfumed my bed with Zechariah 1:8-"1 saw by night, and behold a
mm riding upon a red horse, and he stood among
myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon."
the myrde trees that uerein thebottom; and behind
Song of Solomon I : 13-'A bundle of myrrh
him were there red, horses, speckled, and white."
zi my well-beloved unto me; he shall lie all night
betwixt my breasts." Zechariah 1:10-'And rhe man that stood

Song of Solomon 3:6-"Vho i this that co- among the myrtle trees answered and said, These

meth out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, are ths! whom the Lord hath sent to walk ro and
perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all
powders ol the merchant?" fro through the earth."

Song of Solomon 4:6-"Until the day break, of Zechtriah 1 : 1s1t-o"oAd nmdonthgeythaensmwyerrteled the angel
and the shadows flee away, I will get me ro the the Lord that trees, and
mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of frankin-
said, rVe have walked to and fro through the earth,
cense."
and, behold, all the earth sirteth still. and is at rest."
Song of Solomon 4:\4-"spikenard and saf-
fron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of Spikenard L
frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief
Song of Solomon 4:l4-"Spikenard and saf- (
spices. . . ." fron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of
frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all chief L
Song of Solomon 5:l-"1 am come into my L
garden, my sister, [my] spouse: I have gathered spices."
my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my hon-
eycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine Mark 14:3-"And being in Bethany in the

with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink house ofSimon the leper, as he sat at meat, rhere
abundantly, O beloved."
came a woman having an alabaster box of oint-
Song of Solomon 5:5-"1 rose up ro open to ment of spikenard very precious; and she brake
my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, the box, and poured zi on his head."
and my fingers with sweet smelling myrrh, upon
the handles ofthe lock." John 12:3-"Then took Mary a pound of oint-
ment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the
Song of Solomon 5:13-"His cheeks arr as a feet ofJesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and
bed of spices, ar sweet flowers: his lips /zlr lilies, the house was filled with the odour of the oint-
ment."
dropping sweet smelling myrrh."
ENDNOTES
Matthew 2:11-"And when they were come 1. Holmyard, El. Alchcnt_1,, Dover Publicrtions, 1990.
into the house, they saw the young child with
Mary his morher and fell down, and worshiped page 44.

16

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o l r-i '.".,t .." 1 ';.:'

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Understanding Essential Oil Chemistry

Essential oils are nature's volatile aromatic Basic Structure of Essential Oil
compounds generated within shrubs, fowers, Constituents
trees, roots, bushes, and seeds. They are
usually extracted through steam distillation, The aromatic constituents ofessential oils (i.e.,

hydrodistillation, or cold-pressed extraction. terpenes, monoterpenes, phenols, aldehl.des, etc.)
are constructed from long chains of carbon and
The power of an essential oil lies in its
hydrogen atoms, which have a predominantly
constituents and their synergy. Essential oils are ring-like structure. Links of carbon atoms form
composed ol 200-500 different bioconstituents, the backbone of these chains, with oxygen,
which makes them very diverse in their effects. hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other carbon
No rwo oils are alike. atoms attached at various points of the chain.

Lavender oil, for example, contains Essential oils have different chemistry than
fatry oils (also known as fatry acids). In contrast
approximately 200 different constituents, of which to the simple linear carbon-hydrogen structure of
linalyl acetate. linalool, cis-beta-ocimene. trans- farry oils, essential oils have a far more complex
beta-ocimene, and terpinene-4-ol are the major ring structure and contain sulfur and nitrogen
atoms rhat fatty oils do not have.
components. Lavender oil has been used for burns,
The terpenoids found in all essential oils
insect bites, headaches, PMS, insomnia, stress, and are actually constructed out of the same basic
building block-a five-carbon molecule known as
hair growth. Because essential oils are composites
ofhundreds ofdifferent constituents, each oil can isoprene. \il/hen two isoprene units link together,
exerr many different effects on the body. they create a monoterpene; when three join, they

Essentirl oils have a unique abiliry to penetrate create a sesquiterpene; and so on.

cell membranes and travel throughout the blood Essential Oil Constituent Categories
There are l4 categories ofessential oil constit-
and tissues. The unique lipid-soluble structure of
uents. We will list each category u'ith examples of
essential oils is very similar to the makeup of our
cell membranes, and the molecules of essential oils containing such constituents. The informa-
oils are also relatively small, which enhances their tion below has been adapted from The Chemistry
ability to penetrate into the cells. When topically of Esential Oik by Yotng Living member David

applied to the feet or soft tissue, essential oils
can travel throughout the body in a matter of

minutes.

17

Stewart, PhD,r which is highly recommended, and is characteristically similar to alkanes
and from lhromathlrapie ffiactemenl by pierre
Franchomme and Daniel Pdno€1. and monoterpenes. The sesquiterpenes beta-

l. Alkanes: Few essential oils contain alkanes, caryophyllene, bisabolen, and guaiene are
found in black peppea myrrh, and patchouli,
and those that do usually contain less than I respectively. Oils with high sesquiterpene
percenr. The alkanes undecane, dodecane, and conrent include cedamood, parchouli,

hexadecane are found in ginger oil. Alkane sandalwood, ginger, vetiver, blue rypress, and
alcohols are found in lemon oil and ginger myrrh. Many sesquiterpenes are specific ro
oil. Rose oil stands alone as an essential oil one oil only, and most have light aromas, but
that contains I 1 to 19 percenr alkanes, which
not all. Caryophyllene, for example, is one
may be why rhis exquisite oil exhibits so many
unique characteristics. exception, that has a strong, woody, spicy aroma
and is found in a variety ofoils. Sesquiterpenes
2. Phenols: Common phenols found in essential
oils are thymol (thyme and mountain savory) are soothing to inflamed tissue and can also
and eugenol (clove, cinnamon, basil, and produce profound effects on emotions and
bay laurel). Phenol is found in very minute hormonal balance-

quantities (<l percenr) in cassia, cinnamon, 5. Other terpenes:
and ylang ylang. Phenols are believed to be
Diterpenes (20 carbons) are the heaviest mol-
antiseptic and antimicrobial and may boost the ecules found in distilled essentia.l oils. Jasmine
immune system in various ways. Some phenols
are strong and may cause skin irritation. essenrial oil contains about 14 percent diter-

3. Monoterpenes: This class of constituents is the penes. Therapeutically, diterpenes have some
mosr common and is found in every essentia.l ofthe same properties as sesquiterpenes and are
oil. It is estimated that there are 1,000 different considered to be expectorants and purgatives.
monorerpenes found in essential oils. Monoter-
penes contain 10 carbons and are characteristi- titerpenes (30 carbons) and terraterpenes (40
cally similar to alkanes. Many oils are composed carbons) are larger molecules than diterpenes
of mostly monorerpenes, including grapefruit and are found mostly in the cold-pressed citrus
ald frmkincense. They have light fragrances, are oils of orange, tangerine, lemon, grapefruit,
supportive, and enhance the therapeutic talents and lime and also in absolutes like jasmine.
of other constituents. They are commonly the
first aroma detected when smelling an essential Itwas once believed that diterpene and triterpene
oil. The monoterpenes o,-pinene, dlimonene,
l-limonene, sabinene, myrcene, B-phellandrene, molecules were roo large to make it through
emphene, and ocimene are abundant in pine,
orange, balsam fir, juniper, frankincense, ginger, distillation, but diterpenes like incensole have
spruce, and basil, respectively.
been documented in essential oils through
4. Ssquiterpenes: As many as 3,000 different
GC-MS analyses, and triterpenic acids (such as
sesquiterpenes are found in essential oils. boswellic acids) are detectable in frankincense
essendal oil through High Performance Liquid
This class ofconstituents contains 15 carbons Ch romarography (H PLC) resring.

18 6. Alcohols: The names ofthese constituents end in
-ol. Borneol is found in lavandin; citronellol is
in rose; linalool is in rosewood; o-terpineol and
terpinen-4-ol are in melaleuca; md lavandulol
is in lavender. Alcohols are also found in euca-

L

lyptus and fennel oils, as well x many more. A1- and valerinic acid, in valerian. Carborylic acids
are stimulating and cleansing and are very reac-
cohols are energizing, cleansing, antiseptic, and rive with other components.
antiviral; they have a sweet foral aroma.
ll. Esters: Oils composed mainly of esters in-
7. Ethers: This constiruent form is not as common clude birch and wintergreen. The names of
in essential oils as others like terpenes, alcohols, esters end in "-ate." Esters usually have a
or ketones. The names ofthese constituents end
in "-ole," "-cin," or "-ether." Examples ofethers strong, sweet aroma. Linalyl acetate is found
are anethole, in fennel and anise; estragole, in
tarragonl elemicin. in elemil myristicin. in nut- in bergamou neryl acetate, in helichrysum;
meg; and eugenol methyl ester found in some
melaleuca species. Ethers are balancing and isoburyl angelate, in Roman chamomile; citro-
calming, help release emotions, and have an an- nellyl formate, in geranium; menthyl acetate,
tidepressant effect. in peppermint; and bornyl acetate, the main
constituent in pine, spruce, juniper, and fir. To
8. Aldehydes: The names of these constituents make an ester, a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
end in "-al" or "-aldehyde." Benzoic aldehyde are combined. Esters are soothing, balancing,
is found in onycha; cinnamaldehyde, in cassia; antifungal, and stress and emotional releasing.
citral, in lemongrass; cuminal, in cumin; ner-
al, in melissa; and phellandral, in eucalyptus 12, Oxides: These are oxygenated hydrocarbons
dives. The aldehyde octanal is in rose, lavender, and are usually derived from terpenes, alcohols,
and citrus oils. Decanal is found in coriander, or ketones that have been oxidized. Examples
are bisabolol oxide, found in German chamo-
Iemongrass, and mandarin oils. Aldehydes are mile; piperitone oxide, in peppermint; linalool
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cool-
ing and have strong aromas. They can also oxide, in hyssop; rose oxide, in rose; sclareol
be calming to the nervous system, emotional oxide, in clary sage; and humulene oxide, in
stress relievers, and blood pressure reducers.
clove. These oxides are in very small quantities,
9. Ketones: A strong, distinctive odor character- but most oils produce the oxide l,8-cineole,
izes ketones. Ketones usually end in "-one." also krown as eucalyptol, in varying amounts.
Camphor is found in rosemary; fenchone, in
fennel; )asmone, in jasmine; penranone. in This is more abundantly found in eucalyptus
(E. globulu), rosemary and thyme. Oils with
myrrh; piperitone, in peppermint; B-thujone, in l,8-cineole are known for respiratory-decon-
Idaho tansy; and o,,vetivone, in vetiver. Ketones
are thought to be calming, with decongesting gesting and sinus-clearing benefi ts.
and analgesic benefits; promote healing (cell
regenerarion)r and cleanse receptor sites. 13. Lactones: This constituent group is charac-
terized by tongue-rwisting names. Bergaptene
10. Carboxylic acids: These constituents are only
minor parts of an essential oil, rarely compris- is found in fennel essential oil; furanoger-
ing more than 1-2 percent. They are easy to
recognize because they always have the word macrene, in myrrh; and umbelliferone, in an-
ise. Celery seed is an oil with higher amounts
"acid" in their name. Examples are cinnamic of lactones. Lactones, like ketones, are gener-
acid, in cinnamon; geranic acid, in geranium; ally decongesting and expectorant. They gener-
ally have mild aromas. They seem to have an-
tiseptic, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory
properties, according to Dr. Daniel P6nodl.

14. Coumarins: Dr. Stewart notes that couma-

19

-

rins are a subgroup of lactones and are found Lemon's constituents can be categorized as
monorerpenes (limonene, gamma-rerpinene,
widely in narure. Because there is a similar-
iry to the name of the blood-thinning drug B-pinene, o.-pinene, and sabinene).
The constiruents of peppermint are categorized
Coumadin', he explained rhat coumarins and
Coumadin are zo, similar. One is natural, one as alcohols (menthol), ketones (menthone), ftrra-
synrheric, and they have very different chemi- noids (menthofuran), monoterpenes (1,8-cineole
cal formulas. Coumarins have the fragrance of and pulegone), and esrers (menthyl acetate).
freshly cur hay or grass. In fact, when you mow
your lawn, you are releasing coumarins inro These constituents listed are only a small
the air. They are found in fleabane, bitter or- percentage of the toral number of constituents
ange, lavandin (in very minute quanrities), and
cassia essential oils. Coumarins are powerful present in each essential oil.
and can have strong therapeuric effects, even
in small quantities. Coumarins have antispas- Plant Chemotypes and Constituent
modic, antiviral, anribacrerial, and antifungal Variability
properties.
A single species of plant can have several
15. Furanoids: Furanoids or furans are lactones or
coumarins wirh names starting with "frrrano-" different chemotypes (biomolecularly unique
or "firro-" or ending wirh "firran." Most of the variants within one species) based on molecular
essenrial oils that contain firrans are certain composition. This means thar basil (Ocimum
expressed citrus oils. Some essential oils with basilicum) grown in one area might produce an
furanoids are photosensitive (they amplifi rhe essential oil with different chemistry than a basil
effects ofthe sun) like angelica, bergamot, bitter grown in mother location. The plantt growing
orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime, petitgrain, and environment, such as soil pH and mineral content,
ruta (R. graueolens). Other oils containing fira-
noids, like myrrh, mandarin, sweer ormge, and can dramatically affect the plantt ultimate
tangerine, are not photosensitive. Myrrh is in-
teresting in that ir contains more furanoid com- chemistry as well. Different chemotypes of basil

ponenrs rhan any orher essential oil (q to 27 are listed below:

percent), yer ir is nor photosensitive. Furanoids . Ocimum basilicum CT linalool fenchol

can have rhe benefirs oflactones or coumarins. (Germany)-antiseptic

With this brief expianation of constituent c Ocimum basilicum CT methyl chavicol

chemistry, lavender's componenrs are categorized (Reunion, Comoro, or Egypt)-anti-
as esters (linalyl acetate), alcohols (linalool and infammatory
terpinen-4-ol), and monoterpenes (cis-B-ocimene
. Ocimum basilicum CT eugenol (Madagascar)
and trans-B-ocimene).
-anti-inf ammatory pain-relieving
Boswellia sacra essentiaf oil constituents tell us Another plant species rhat occurs in a variety
that ir is composed of monorerpenes (o-pinene, of different chemorypes is rosemary (Rosmarinus
limonene, sabinene, myrcene, o-thuiene, p-ry-
mene), the sesquiterpene B-caryophyllene, and oficinalis).

many more components. . Rosmarinus ofrcinalis CT camphor is high

in camphor, which serues best as a general
stimulanr and works synergistically with other
oils, such as black pepper (Piper nigrum), and
can be a powerful energy stimulant.

20

Rosmarinw fficinalis CT cineole is rich in Purity and Potency of Essential Oils
1,8-cineole, which is used in other countries One of the factors that determines the puriry of

for pulmonary congestion and to help with an oil is its constituents. These constituents can be

the eliminarion oftoxins from the liver and affected by a vast number ofvariables, including

kidneys. Young Living offers this chemorype the part(s) of the plant from which the oil was

of rosemary because of its great value. produced, soil condition, fertilizer (organic or

Rosmarinu fficinali CT verbenone is high chemical), geographical region, climate, altitude,
in verbenone and is the most gentle ofthe
rosemary chemorypes. It offers powerfirl harvesring merhods. and disrillation processes.

regenerative properties and has outstanding The key to producing a therapeutic-grade
essential oil is to preserue as many of the delicate
benefits for skin care. aromatic components within the essential oil as

possible. Fragile aromatic components are easily

Common thyme (Thymus uulgaris) prodrces destroyed by high temperature and pressure, as
several different chemotypes, depending on the well as by contact with reactive metals such as
conditions of its growth, climate, and altitude. copper or aluminum. This is why all therapeutic-
The following are just two chemotypes out of grade essential oils should be distilled in stainless
steel cooking chambers at low pressure and low
many more.

. Thlmus ualgaris CT thymol is germicidal and lemperatule.

anti-inflammatory. The plant material should also be free of

. Thymus aulgaris CT linalool is anti-infectious. herbicides and other agrichemicals. These can
react with the essential oil during distillation
to produce toxic compounds. Because many

One chemotype of thyme will yield an essential pesticides are oil-soluble, they can also mix into
oil with high levels of thymol, depending on the
time ofyear it is distilled. The later it is distilled in the essential oil.
the growing season (e.g., mid-summer or fall), the Although chemists have successfully recreated
more thymol the oil will contain.
the main constituents and fragrances of some

essential oils in the laboratory these synthetic oils

Another example of this variabiliry in chemotype lack therapeutic benefits and may even carry risks.

is shown in a Tirrkish study on Origanum onites.i Pure essential oils contain hundreds of different
Researchers found that the altitude at which the bioconstituents, which lend important therapeutic
properties to the oil when combined. Also, many
plants grew affected the morphology of the plant essential oils contain molecules and isomers that
and amount of volatile oil the plant produced. are impossible to manufacture in the laboratory.
The plant produced more volatile oil the higher
the altitude in which it grew. Even on the same Today approximately 300 essential oils are

mountainside, wildcrafted plants produced distilled or extracted worldwide. Several thousand

varying levels of oil. constituenm and aromatic molecules are identified

Proper cultivation assures that more variable- and registered in these 300 essential oils. Ninery-

- specific chemotypes, like Thymus uulgaris and eight percent of essential oil volume produced

Origanum compactum, will mainrain more today is used in the perfume and cosmetic industry.

consistent levels ofconstituents and oi[ produced. Only about 2 percent of the production volume is

for therapeutic and medicinal applications.

_

21

-

Young Living requires all distillers u.ho want 2011 by disrillers wanring to partner wirh Young \
to sell to Young Living to submir samples to be L
analyzed ro ensure rhar all rhe consrituenrs are Living, over 34 percent did not meet Young (
presenr at the right percenrage to be therapeuric.
Living standards and were rejected. L
You can have pure oils, but if the plants are
Because Young Living interacrs with rhe (
distilled at the wrong time of day or with incorrecr end-users who purchase essential oils, rhe
disrillation procedures, the constituents that make company is able ro moniror human response L
the oils therapeutic will nor be there, and you will to and determine the acrual therapeutic
not haye a therapeutic-grade profile. benefits of various oils, thereby comparing the t
constituents of different oils to determine their
In addition, Young Living requires that the maximum, health-giving porenrial. Qualiry L
farms and the essential oil distillation facilities and efficacy are moving, evolving rargets. No
be sub)ect to site inspection. Of oil samples L
submitted between May 2007 and October one understands rhis more than Young Living.

Standards and Testing camphor levels (1.0 instead of0.5), a condition
that might be caused by distilling lavender that
Young Living Standards was too green, or the levels of lavandulol may be
too low due to cerrain weather conditions at the
Over the years, Young Living has bought and time of harvest.

compiled an essential oil retention index and By comparing the gas chromatograph chemistry
mass spectral reference library that contains profile of a lavender essential oil wirh the Young
over 400,000 componenrs. Using this research Living pure, therapeutic-grade standard, one may
reference library, Young Living developed irs also distinguish true lavender from various species
oflavandin (hybrid lavender). Usually lavandin has
own standards ro guaranree the highest possible high camphor levels, almost no lavandulol, and is
therapeutic potency for its essential oils.
easily identified. However, tsmania produces a
Young Living's research and qualiry control lavandin that yields an essential oil with naturally
laboratories in Utah have four gas chromatograph low camphor levels that mimics the composition
oftrue lavender. Only by anallzing the essential oil
(GC) instruments, rwo of which also have composition of this tsmanian lavandin using high
a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The Young resolution gas chromatography and comparing
it with the Young Living pure, rherapeutic-grade
Living Ecuador laboratory has a GC-MS. These standard for genuine lavender can this hybrid

instruments are the only ones in rhe world lavender be identi6ed.
that are matched and calibrated for therapeutic
essential oil analysis to the instruments used at Testing lnstruments
the National Center for Scientific Research in In rhe United States, few companies use the

France (CNRS: Cen*e National de la Recherche proper analyrical insrrumen$ and methods to
Scientifque) by Dr. Herv6 Casabianca. properly analyze essential oils. Most labs use
equipment best suited for synrhetic chemicais-
As a general rule, if one or more marker compo- nor lor narural essenrial oil analysis.
nents in an essenrial oil fall outside the prescribed
percentages, the oil does nor meer Young Living's

pure, therapeutic-grade essential oil standards.
A lavender essential oil produced in one region

of France might have a slightly different chemistry
than that grown in another region and as a result
may not meer the standard. It may have excessive

22

o hl.cti@ r!r. raj. b. :
o k!. o&..tor I Errr i Iaj. vor, !
o
o o-e A
o
o b* cL&g.d I c, \.h6r2\r\Brr\!Ecaolo\1!!o,5Ea
o , c:\ssr2\r\rffioDs\rN@Br.!
o
o 2011, 0!:4r,!e F

' ndI@r@&-dEolsEohdt$&6rotturo,

A gas chromatogram for lavender tested at the Young Living analttical laboratory in Spanish Fork, Utah.

\bung Living Essential Oils uses the proper a GC are the injector, capillary GC column, detec-

instruments and has made great effort to calibrate tor, and ove n. A small sample of esse ntial oil is in-

Young Living's GC-MS instruments to the jected into the capillary GC column with a syringe.

column-wall thickness set by Dr. Casabianca, The capillary GC column is slowly heated within

laboratory director of Natural Product the oven to separate the essential oil components.

Research, at CNRS labs in France. This ensures Finally, the separated components exit the GC

identification of more components that otherwise column, and the percentage oF each component is

might be missed. In addirion to operating its determined by a Flame Ionization Detector (FID).

analytical instruments with the same calibration Using a longer capillary GC column length in-

as the CNRS laboratories, Young Living is creases the separation ofeach ofthe components in

continually expanding its analytical component a complex essential oil. lWe have found that a 50- or

library in order to perform a more thorough 60-meterJong capillary GC column provides the

compositional analysis. best separation for essential oil components. Short-

er 25- or 30-meter columns provide adequate sepa-

_ Gas Ghromatography and Mass ration ofmany components, but they are too short
ro properly analyze the complex mosaic of natural
Spectrometry

- Properly analyzing an essential oil by gas chro- bioconstituents found in an essential oil. A more
matography (GC) is a complex undertaking. The detailed analysis ofan essential oil can be obtained

injection mixture, capillary column diameter, col- using a 100-meterJong capillary GC column.

umn length, and oven temperature must fall within Every capillary GC column has an internal

certain parameters. GC is the analytical instrumen- polymer coating (stationary phase) that helps

_ tation used to separate the many natural compo- separate the essential oil components. The

nents biogenerated by the aromatic plant that most common stationary phase for essential oil

make up the essential oi[. The key components of separations is the polydimethylsiloxane phase

23

-

detector) is used for routine qualiry control ro
determine percenrages of earch component in the
essential oil.

I Chiral GC-MS

Two chiral forms of the constituent caryone. The left Vhile GC-MS is an excellent tool to analyze
enantiomet is found in dil and @raway, while the torm on
the right is'iound in spearmint essential oil. essential oils, it does have limitations. Sometimes it
can be difficult ro distinguish berween natural and
that generates a separation based on the boiling synthetic bioconstituents using GC-MS analysis
points ofeach essential oil component. In addition, alone. If synthetic linalyl acetate is added to pure
using a "wa-based" starionary phase composed oI lavender, a GC-MS analysis cannot confidently
polyethylene oxide, the GC operator can obtain a
determine whether that consriruent is synthetic
separation based on both the boiling points and the or natural, only that it is linalyl acetate. Adding a
polariry of each essential oil component. 1We use chiral (pronounced "ky-ral) capillary GC column
both of these phases simultaneously in one GC to in the GC-MS can help in distinguishing beween
provide two separations from a single injecrion of
essential oil.'fhis process allows us to make more synthetic and natural components.
certain identification of essential oil components.
Research scientists can use chiral GC-MS to
Another common analytical instrument for identi$, whether an essential oil is composed ofits
the separation and identification of essential oil natural proportions of chiral components. Some
componenrs is the GC-MS (gas chromatograph- componenrs have what is called chiral polariry.
This means they have "lefi' or "righC'versions of
mass specrromerer). The MS is a special detector the component, called enantiomers.

attached ro rhe insrrument that can identi$, To see the perfect example of "chiraliry" bring
by name each essential oil component from your hands up, pa.lms facing you. They are mirror
a library of known essenrial oil componenrs. images but exact opposites. They are different in
The MS identifies the components based on that you could not put a right-handed glove on
the arrangement of their individual carbon, your left hand. The term used to identi$, rotating

hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The GC-MS is used to the right is dixtrorotary, or "/," and rotating
in the first stages of research in order to separate to the left, leuorotary, or "/." Not all essential oil
and identi$, each component of a new essenrial
oil. After the initial research, the GC (with a FID molecules have chiraliry but many do.
A trained scientist can check for adulteration

by looking at the ratio beween the two chiral
enantiomers. Nature tends to favor one over the
other. For instance, in the Young Living 2012
studya on chiral differences, the frankincense
constituent o,-pinene in Bosuellia saffa is +8.24
while in Boswellia carterii it is -0.68. Vhen
adding an unspecified synthetic, you get equal
amounts of both enantiomers. It is possible to
puri$. a synthetic mixture down ro the individual
enantiomers, but this is nor seen much because

of the expense.

24

IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) takes oils will jeopardize the integrity ofaromatherapy
and essential oil use.
it ro another extreme. This is needed because some-
Adulterated Oils and Their Dangers
times people get really clever and adulterate oils Today much of the lavender oil sold in

where we cant determine natutalness by chiraliry America is a hybrid called lavandin, grown and
alone. IRMS measures the isotopic ratios of the in- distilled throughout the world. Lavandin is often

dividual atoms in oil. By comparing these ratios to heated to evaporate the camphor, mixed with

both a natural standard and a synthetic one, we can synthetic linalyl acetate to improve the fragrance,
and then sold as lavender oil. Most consumers
determine adulteration at the atomic level. don't know the difference and are happy to buy it
for $7 to $10 per halfounce in various stores and
Young Living researchers use a polarimeter on the Internet. This is one of the reasons why it
to identify the optical rotation of molecules. IF is importanr to know about the integriry of the
the "d" or "1" form deviates from what is listed essential oil company or vendor.
in a chiral library oF left and right enantiomers,
the sample will be Further analyzed with IRMS Adulterated and mislabeled essential oils may
testing. Adulterated or synthetic-based oil would present dangers for consumers. One woman who
had heard of the abiliry of lavender oil to heal
then be rejected. burns used "lavender oil" purchased from a local
This complexiry is why oils must be analyzed health food store when she spilled boiling water
on her arm. But the pain intensified and the burn
by an analytical chemist specially trained on worsened, so she later complained that lavender
the interpretation of gas chromatography and oil was worthless for healing burns. lil/hen her
mass spectroscopy. The chemist examines the
entire essential oil composition to determine "lavender" oil wm analJzed, it was found to be
its puriry. measuring how various components
in the oil occur in relation to each other. If lavandin, a hybrid of Iavender that is biologically
some components occur in higher quantities
than others, these provide important clues to different from pure Lauandula angastifolia.
determine ifthe oil is adulterated or pure.
Lavandin contains higher levels ofcamphor (7-18
Adulteration is such a major concern that each percent), which may burn the skin. In contrast,
essential oil Young Living offers is tested initially by
GC-MS, and every subsequent batch of essential true lavender contains almost no camphor and has
burn-healing agen$ not found in lavandin.
oil is tested using GC-FID by Young Living's
trained research and qualiry control scientists. Jean Valnet, MD, wrote about a similar

Batches that do not meet established standards are instance in his book, The Practice ofAromatheraPli

rejected and returned to the sender. A man was being treated for a fistula lan
Adulteration of essential oils will become more abnormal channel or opening in the skinl of
the anus by instillation of pure and natural
and more common as the supply oF top-qualiry drops of lavender essence. The patient
essential oils dwindles, and demand continues to had begun to recover when he went on a
increase. Adulteration may occur by diluting the journey, and, discovering he had left his
essential oil with fatry lipid oils. This is a common essence at home, bought a fresh supply at
a chemist's [drugstore]. Unfortunately this
practice by some essential oil companies to essence was neither natural nor pure: one

increase supply and reduce cost. Other methods single installation was followed by a painful
include adulterating with synthetic components
or using a cheaper essential oil to increase volume
and muimize profits. These adulterated essential

25

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infammation of such severiry that the skin. This is not rrue. Some pure essential oils L
may cause skin irritarion if applied undiluted. If
unfortunate person was unable to sit down straight oregano oil is applied ro rhe skin ofsome L
for more than a fortnight.5 people, it may cause severe reddening. Citrus and
spice oils like orange and cinnamon may also pro- L
In France production of true lavender oil duce rashes. Even the terpenes in conifer oils like
(Lauandula angusttfolia) dropped from 87 tons pine may cause skin irritation on sensitive people. L
in 1967 to only 12 tons in 1998. During this
Many tourists in Egypr are eager to buy local \
same period, the worldwide demand for lavender
oil grew over I 00 percent. So where did essential essential oils, especially lotus oil. Vendors convince L
oil marketers obtain enough lavender to meet the the tourisrs rhat the oils are 100 percent pure by
touching a lighted march to the neck of the oil L
demand? They probably used a combinarion of container to show that the oil is not diluted with
synthetic and adulterated oils. There are huge alcohol or other petrochemical solvents. However, t
this test provides no reliable indicator of puriry
chemical companies on the east coast of the U.S. Many syntheric compounds that are not flamma- L
that specialize in creating synthetic chemicals that ble can be added ro an essenrial oil, including pro-
can mimic every common essential oil. For every pylene glycol. Furthermore, some natural essential
kilogram ofpure essential oil that is produced, an oils high in rerpenes can be fammable.
estimated 10 to 100 kilograms ofsynthetic oil are
creared. Some researchers Feel that because of their
complexiry essential oils do not disturb the
Adulterated oils that are mixed with synthetic bodys natural balance or homeostasis: if one
extenders can be very detrimental, causing rashes,
burns, and skin irritations. Common additives constituent exefts too stfong an effect, another
such as propylene glycol, DEP, or DOP (solvents constituent may block or counteract it. However,
that have no smell and increase the volume) can synthetic chemicals, like pharmaceuricals, usually
cause allergic reactions, besides being devoid of have only one action and may disrupr the body's
any therapeutic effects.
homeostasis and cause various adverse side effecrs.
Some people assume rhat because an essential

oil is "100 percent pure," it will not burn their

Powerful Influence of Aromas L
L
The fragrance of an essential oil can directly the olfactory bulb. Each olfactory recepror rype L
affect everything from your emotional stare to
your lifespan. The specific mechanics of the sense sends an impulse to a parricular microregion, \
of smell are still being explored by scientists but or glomerulus, of the olfactory bulb. There are
around 2,000 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, L
have been described as working like a lock and key which receive the impulses from the olfactory
receptors and allow us to perceive many smells. (
or an odor molecule fitting a specific receptor site.
The olfactory bulb then transmits the impulses to t
\Vhen a fragrance is inhaled, the airborne odor other parts of the brain, including the gustatory L
molecules travel up the nostrils ro rhe olfactory center (where the sensation of taste is perceived),
epithelium or rhe cenrer of olfactory sensarion. the amygdala (where emotional memories are (
At the olfactory epithelium, which is only about
1 square inch of the nasal caviry olfactory recep- stored), and other parts of the limbic system.

tor cells are triggered and send an impulse to

26

oa Limbic SystemHow aromatic molecules influence the emotional center of the brain
o
o Corpus Callosum Olfactory Bulb
Thalamus ffi''g%w.rnl
n
o Hypothalmus RNSndd t
a Pineal Gland
i
Amygdala
Pituitary Gland Olfactory Epithelium

o Cerebellum
a Hippocampus
a Brain Stem tfr \\\

a )))'Buccal
Cavity
a \(
o Aromatic \
Molecules

Because the limbic system is directly connected which would allow humans to perceive almost
ro those parts olthe brain that control heart rate,
blood pressure, breathing, memory stress levels, limitless numbers of odors, as olfactory receptors
and hormone balance, essential oils can have
are runed to different Frequencies.
profound physiological and psychological effects. 'While the vibrational theory is still somewhat
An article in Scientifc American December 15,
controversial, Jennifer Brookes, a Universiry
2006, raised an interesting question regarding the College London researcher based at MIT, was
lock and key theory: "the shape theory doesnt lead author on a study rhat discusses models of
explain why some nearly identically shaped mol-
ecules smell vastly different, such as ethanol, which receptor selectiviry including those based on shape
smells like vodka, and ethane thiol (rotten eggs)."(' and other factors like vibrational frequencies.T
Speaking of Turint theory, she told the BBC in
Another theory of smell, called the vibration March 2011, "It's a very interesting idea; there's

theory, is proposed by an Italian scientist named all sorts of interesting biological physics that

Luca Turin in a paper published in 1996. He implement quantum processes that's cropping up.
theorizes that rather than the "lock and key''
I believe it's time for the idea to develop and for us
theory ofolfaction, it is the vibrational properties
of molecules that enable us to distinguish smells. to get on with testing it." A colleague ofBrookes,
He suggests that the olfactory receptors sense
the quantum vibration of each odorants' atoms, A. P Horsfield, of Imperial College London, was

also interuiewed by the BBC about the vibrational
theory and said, "There's still lots to understand,
but the idea that it cannot possibly be right is no

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longer tenable really. The rheory has to ar leasr be the limbic lobe and the hypothalamus, which is L
considered respectable at this poinr."s responsive ro olfactory stimuli. Not only can rhe L

In February of 20 I 5 writer Christina Agapakis inhalation ofessential oils be used to combar stress t
discussed the reasoning of the original proponenr L
of the vibration theory chemist Malcom Dyson, and emotional trauma, but it can also stimulate the L
who proposed the rheory in 1928. production of hormones from the hypothalamus.
L
For Dyson, the idea that molecularvibrations This results in increased thyroid hormones (our L
might underlie our sense ofsmell suggested a energy hormone) and growth hormones (our
ranmlizing symmerry with our other senses. (
The rods and cones in our rerinas respond to yourh and longeviry hormone).
the vibrating wavelengths of light; the hair
Essential oils may a]so be used to reduce
cells in our ear activate in response to the
frequencies of sound waves vibrating in the apperite and increase satiety through their ability
to stimulare the hypothalamus, which governs
air. Is smell also a vibrational sense?e our feeling of satiery or fullness following meals.
In a large clinical study, Alan Hirsch, MD, used
'il4ratever the mechanism, rhe sense of smell is
the only one of the five senses direcdy linked ro fragrances, including peppermint, to trigger
the limbic lobe of the brain, the emotional control weighr loss in a large group of parienrs (over
center Anxiery depression, fear, anger, and joy all 3,000 individuals) who had previously been
emanare from this region. The scent of a special unsuccessful in any type of weight-management
fragrance can evoke memories and emotions before
we are even consciously aware of it. lW4ren smells program.r0 The amount of weight loss among the
are concerned, we react first and think later. All
other senses (touch, taste, hearing, and sight) are subjects directly corelared with the frequenry of
routed through the thalamus, which acts as the their use of their aroma inhalers. One group in
switchboard for the brain, passing stimuli onto the
cerebral cortex (rhe conscious thought center) and the study lost an average of 4.7 pounds per month
other parts of rhe brain.
over the course ofthe six months. Hirsch suggests
The limbic lobe (a group of brain structures that by inhaling cerrain aromas, individuals with
that includes the hippocampus and amygdala good olfaction may have induced and sustained

located below the cerebral cortex) can also directly weight loss over a 6-month period.

acrivare rhe hypothalamus, which is one of the Another double-blind, randomized study
by Hirsch documenrs rhe abiliry of aroma to
most important parts ofthe brain. It controls body enhmce libido and sexual arousal.rr Vhen 31
temperarure, hunger, thirst, farigue, sleep, and
male volunteers were subjected ro the aromas of 30
circadian cycles. It acts as our hormonal control different essential oils, each one exhibited a marked

center and releases hormones that can affect many increase in arousal, based on measurements
functions of the body. The production of growth of brachial penile index and the measurement
hormones, sex hormones, thyroid hormones, of both penile and brachial blood pressures.
and neurotransmitters such as serotonin are all Among the scenrs that produced the highest
governed by the hypothalamus. increase in penile blood flow was a combination
of lavender and pumpkin fragrances. This study
Essential oils-through their fragrance and
unique molecular structure-can directly stimulate shows that fragrances can enhance sexual arousal
by stimulating the limbic system, the emotional

cenrer of rhe brain.

People who have undergone nose surgery or
suffer olfactory impairment may find it difficult
or impossible to completely detect an odor. These

28 L