Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

• Intermediate

Ul/ ·

, Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung

* Many grammar points and expressions appearing on the TOPIK
Intermediate Levels 3 and 4!

* Detailed explanations of grammar points and practice exercises for easy
self-study of Korean!

* Comparisons of grammar points with similar meanings and forms to
highlight their differences!

* Grammar patterns and practice exercises specifically designed for
preparation for the TOPIK Intermediate Level!

ir]DARAKWON

Preface . ........ . ... ··· ·· 4 q~ J.}1f~ ~0]1-J- ~~ ~%W ITl

How to Use This Book . ..... 6 • Citing the Speech or Writing ofOthers

01 -Cfll <M>? ....... .... .. ' .. 94

02 -Cf.:il ofl::!cil .. 98

'f-~3!1- ~P·J~ 1-J-El-~ ITl 03 - Cfi21.A.iR? ......... .103
• Expressing Conjecture and Supposition
04 -CfLIR? .......... ""'" '107

01 -O f/Oi !i!.OICf 14 ~{:}3!} ~£~ 1-J-El-~ ITl
02 -(O)L/E 2.~01Cf ... .......... 17
03 -(0)2 'M)c·u • Expressing Resolution and Intent
04 -(0 )2 EiiLIJJf · . ... ... ... . 21
OS -(o)2~R .. . ..
.. 25 01 -(0)277f ofc.f . .. ... .. .. .. .. ... 114

29 117
120
06 -(2.)L /~/( 0)2 ~~CI{~~tq) . . 34 03 -(2.)2.:j\::! ~to ICf .................... ' 124
04 -(2.)2 f3 -(0)2 f3 127
01 -(o)2::X::I£ ~q .37 OS -Of/OiO~::X:: IR ···

qj~~ 1-J-El-~ ITl {'-~3!} ~<{! ~ 1-J-El-~ ITl

• Expressing Contrast • Giving Recommendations and Advice

01 -71~ of::X::I~. -71~ -::x:: l~ 42

02 - (O)L/E ~121011 . · 46 01 - (0)2 ~ofCf ...... .. 132

03 -(O)L/ECi l£ .. . . . . . · . · · . 49 02 -£~ ofCf . ... .. .. . .. 136

03 -::X::I.:J.cHR? . . .. . . . .. ... .. .. 139

J.i~~~l~ lft~~l ~P·J~ 1-J-El-~ ITl
• E:~.'pressing Recollection
• Narrative and Informal Forms

01 .A.i-~~11 ''' '' . . ..... ' ......... .54 01 -\::! .. ' ' ...... 144

02 ~~~11 . .. . ....... .. ..... ............58 02 -C::j2.fll<i=? ' .. .. ........................ 148

ru -1::!~~ .............. 1~

o]%~ 1-J-Et~ ITlJ • nJ% ~ 1-J-El-~ ITl
• Expressin~ Reasons
Passive Expressions

01 -7~ !::R ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .......... .. 66 01 80i n1~ (- OI/ol/2.1/71-) .... .. ...... 158

02 -fJOfR · ·· .. ,. .. .. .. .. 70 02 - Of/Oi::X::ICf 162
03 -711 £1Cf 165
03 - !:o.2.f.:il .. .. .. .. ' ''" .. ' ..... 73

04 ~ tlf'2:f011 ' .. . ........ ' .. 77 J.]% ~ 1-J-El-~ ITl
.. .. 81 • Causative E'Xpressions
OS -(O)L/~ ~011

06 - .:il f>H.A.i . . ''' ''' 85

07 -(2.)27Jf ~ ............... . 88 01 80i .A.~ (-O I/ oi/ 2.1/ 71/Sf./?-) .170

02 - 711 ofCf . .175

~7.:1 ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl ~{l:i!} ~~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Discoveries and Results
• Expressing Conditions
.......... 182 01 -.::il !i:!Li ........ .. . 258
01 -O f/OiOt 186 261
02 -7~§ .. 02 -q !i:!LI 265
03 - q !;:!'2J ...... 268
{=-7~ ti-El-~ n:Jl 04 -CiLI ..
• Expressing Additional Information
OS -9)j<1!c-JLI . ......... ...... ..... 273

01 --{£) 2 ~'2! o fLI2.f ..... ... .. .. ... . 192 06 - Cf7fE ... ' ................. 278

02 -{.2)L/E Ci iCf7f ..... . .. .. . 196 07 -{ 0 )L /E {!JO ief ........, ........... 283

03 ~j:~ ··--· ..... ... .... . ..... 200

04 '2! 5H£ ....... .. . ..... ... . ........ .. ..... 203 AJ-Elj ~ t.fE}-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Situational States ofBeing

£:g ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl 01 -0 f/Oi ~q . 288
• Expressing Mid-Action
208 02 -O f/ Oi .!f.Cf ... 291
01 ~ ~01i 211 03 -{0 )L 5:H£ 294

02 -Cflf .. 04 -{ 0 )L/~ CH£ . ... ' ., ... 298

. . 78£ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl AcP~:i!l- 4fAJ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
W' Expressing Degree • Expressing Attributes and Characteristics

01 --{0)2 ~5:.£ .... . 216 01 -{ 0 )L k ~Oi Cf . · ......... 304

02 '2!'5fCf .. . ..................... 218 02 A~Cf ···· ···· ..... ... 308

03 -{£) L/~/(£)2 '2ls · ··· . .......... 221 03 gq ... ' .............. '' . ' . 31 1

1!l2lj ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl 7J-~~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Choice
• Expressing Emphasis

01 OfEf+{OI)Lf I Of.!pt£ ......... ....... 226 01 ~OfLf -{O) L/~:A i 2...§.Cf .... .... 316

02 {OI)Lf ···· . .. .. .... .........229 02 --{0)2 ~~01i 'il:ief . 320

03 (01)2.f£ .. . ..... .......................... ..232 03 -( 0 )2 ~OiCf ... 322

04 :=:xi :=:xi .. 236 04 (OI)Ot'§t£ .......325

05 -{ 0 ) L/~ CH~01i ..... 239

6A ;,]:{1-a]t.f ~;t}~ ~ '8 ~ ti-E}-~ n:Jl ~~ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
W' Expressing Time and Sequential Behavior
• Expressing Aims and Intentions

01 -7ii ..., .. .. .... ... 330

01 '2!01i ....... ..... ... ......... . . 244 02 -£~ .. . . ' .. ' ...... 333

02 -Of/Oi 7f:Ai.::il ....... ..... ... .. ... . . . 247

03 - Of/ OiCf7 f · ·· .......... 250

04 -.::il.A.i ............ .................. ..... 253

~.li~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing Completion

01 _c~.u~q7f ..... .................... ....... . 338

02 _cW~'Cl ........ . 342

03 - Of/01 t:tj2.jq .... . 347

04 - .:il ~q ... 350

±%~ g ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl

• Expressing Futility

01 -(.2.)Lf DfLf .. .. · -- .... -- 356

02 - 0 f/ 01 ~;q .. ... . .. ... . .. .. ... .. .. .360

. . 7}78 J.J-~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl

U ' Expressing Hypothetical Situations

01 -(L} L Cf~ ... --··-·-··-··· ·· · . . 366

02 -~/~Ci2.f~ ..... -- .. -· . 370

. 373

~~ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing Regret

01 -(0)2~ =z.~q ·- .. ·-.. ............ 378
02 -W~010~ ~~ e-ll - ...................... 382

-:;~j!} Ell£ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing Habits and Attitudes

01 ~ -ofq .................. .. - .. 388

02 -71-E:-£. . .. ..... .. . -. .. .. 392

.. 395

• Appendix

• Answer Key -- -···----·-··· ........ .. -400

• tH~-t 'L~<>t -intJl.? . -- -412

• Grammar Index ...... ....... 431



7f o}-=r. »-1, ~"€o] ~~<511 .!i!..o:JA. ~
•[ 01 )
lf -::_ ~ 'V_o-J _g_?

Mark, you look tired. Did something happen?

* :::Jl.Lf o-J;;z1] ~;z,l] -o}l-2.}.:12. {[~ 2):7-1

I wasn't able to sleep yesterday because I was trying to
get my homework done.

Akira, I changed my hairstyle. How does it look?
You look much younger now that you've changed your hairstyle.

Ol IE~~ ?i)Q£. ~ ITH Oi't! Af'M2.1 i:J~OILf .gEH ~~ ~?:!O I Lf ~2.1 .gEHOU CHfiH L7~7'17~Lf ?::';£1~ -3:!~
.R.~~ ITH Afgg)"LICf.

This expression is used to indicate one's conjecture or feelings based on the outward appearance of a
person, thing, or event.

w=_:_: -Of/?i !i!Oi:E::"T :==:====: :::== :=
-QCf ~f() f !i!~Cf
'2-~ 0i !i!~Cf
.... ... ···········- · --···-·· ··· -----

A

-QOf !i!~ -3;!01Cf

·- - --------- ------------~----·------~------------------------............... '2-iJOi !i!~ -3;!01Cf

-- --- -~ ---- --- ------ --- ----- ---------------------------

7f wo}Bj ::z.J. 7-.:J t1}::Z.1 <1].2..1J.t:J1il... Grandpa, you're wearing blue jeans.
Lf .78!:1};<,1~ '"?J.2..Y7.71· G1 ~ e>-1 l: Z.l?~o Don't I look younger now that I'm wearing blue jeans?

7f o1 g -6.1 ~ ~J-o1 uR%J ~01 ::= t=Jl .:@.~~Olil..? This food looks really spicy. Is that okay?
Lf 0 lA11 uB-&- g.6.1011 Q.j~i>R;z,:jl-1 .:@.~J.o}..fl... I'm used to spicy food by now, so I'll be fine.

14 Korean Grammar ,;b'lis~ · Intermediate

7f <{) ~ ,¥,]~£:11 lf .::_ '?l <jo-j.B..? Did something happen to Yeongjin?
Lf .2Jl.B_? Why?

7f S:.J.-j~ 'i[oj]J.-j ~--:-= -ci] ?J-o] Jf-%'31J.!i!-~o-jA_

I saw him in front of the library, and he looked really sad.

1 Ol 1!.~2 ~-§.A.f6fjl'2! M~LI Cf. ITf2.f.A.i -§.A.f7f 'ifOll .2.\::! ~iC:) .g:go1~Li ef.

This expression is only used with adjectives, so combining it with verbs results in grammatically incorrect
sentences .

• ot-712.} »-]7]- "t.RW~ ~-5TI .!rl.o:]ii.. (x)

~ o\-7]2.} »-]7]- "t.RW ~ ~-&-H::- ~ ~o}.fi.. ( o)

: ·~ofCf'7f ~A.fOIE@. '-Of/01 .!i:i.OI Cf'~ ~12'! ~~Lief.
~ofCf is a verb and thus cannot be combined with -Of/Oi .!i:i.OICf.

2 '-7i].!i!.OICf'£ .A.f-§£171~ ~Lief.

-711 .!i:i.OICf is an alternate form of this expression having the same meaning.

• :J. J. ~ 'i).Q.y~J- \tJt!-5TI .!rl.o:jii._
= :1. J. ~ 'i).Q.y~]- 'i:[-t\<5]-1]] .!rl.o:j.R,

1 7f ~~ »-]7} .£.. ~ ~~'8ll.!i!.0l~Ell ~ (': ~ 9)o-] .£..? .!!2.i~~ 11[q

Lf o:j{J ~Oil \:[7-} {l.::r-~EJ]J.l Tic]~.A ~ ~~'Cf].fL_ to receive a marriage proposal
~~'6fef to be hospitalized

!Jj~ ~Oil 'ctAt ~.:r~Eii.A.i g2.-j~~ ~q
OiDiLI7f ~i':JOll ~i':lof.A.Iq

2 7f 7}l:lJo].!f-7-J-?-~ .!i!_o]~Ell ~ o-] :=.1@77}.£..?
Lf .!i!.7] .!i!.q 7}l:J:j~y77} {!l_~o}.£...

7 f~OI !f.f:Jq I ~OJ E.2.lq 7ft:Ji~LI77t f:!!-t'ict
AI.S:.Oii.A.ie 7f'8'Lf 1~omq 0-jLIJJf t:Ji~~ Efe 7il ~~q
~O I ~q I% .s:.2.f E.2.lc.f ~AI ?;t.2.LI77f 5:£t-'?AI 'C~Of.S:. £1q

. ~~.

7f

(1) q <5rc-~ \fl:lJo1 ~Z}~ \fl:lJ.!il..q G1 HRd.tiH .5!.01.2..
<5rc-~ \fl:lJ~ J-1-J-11..11.

7f ~~1op:Jd »-1~ l:lJo1 D]-3. »-1l:lJ_!tl_q ~71-..ll?
(2) Lf 01-L.J011..1l, ~1op:Jd »-1~ l:lJo1 77HxilHJ-i u]-3. »-1~

l:lJ_!tl_q Gj - -- - - --

7f op- *o1 ci L.j-o]-Jl?
(3) Lf 77]-Jt}~ ~Tij ~ ~ <i:J_2_L.j 771- Gj - - -- - - - -

771-Jtl-~ ~Tij A~ <i:J_2_J-i1Jl.

7f 0r7'1c.f »-1~ 7-1-%:7.1-71- ?cJw %1:J1Jl.
(4) Lf 0r7'1c.f »-1::: ~01 _ _ _ _ _ __

o1(5)7f.7-lLQ.. 7\-1ol-

' ' - 0 2 - - - - - -- -

'*7f ,<:.~1 »-1 71- 71~01 _ _ _ _ _ __

(6) ,<:_ ~01 'V.L.J- .!i!\-..11.

Lf 1:]1, AJ~~ ~~ti1Jl.

16 Korean Grammar l,b 'lise, ·Intermediate

7~ q~1 °1°d »-17} _2_~ ~JiLoJ1 ~ ~1.:l1Ji...

Wei Ming didn't come to school today.

q o-]7.11 %0 1~ ~q.Jl ~~ci1 W0 1°}~
.5!.oJ=oloJlJl.

Yesterday she said she didn't feel well. It looks like she's really
sick.

There goes Akira!

q ~~~~ ~ ,<:. ~ ~J--17!} ~oJ1 7re .5!.0J=0 loflJl.

Judging from the hiking clothes he's wearing, it looks like he's
heading to the mountains.

'2<y'~ ~f:JAHq 2~ :; .::!:51-E ~.£ Ol R~Oli.A.i::: .gEH· ~f\:'1:; .Q.jol~q.:il ~ =? <ll~Liq. [[r2.r.A.i Ol R~
~ ~;~;H.s?.l Oilt! .g~o 1q -9-~ .g!J, ~?17 1 ~ !2.7-jq ~.:il q.A.-j Oilt! ~0 1 ~Oiq.:il 'U71 Lf 011t! .gEH ~ 3:!0I2.r
.:il ~~ . '7'~~ rrH Al§ru-Liq. Oilt! 3:!:; !2..:il ~~51-E 3:!01~ '-(0 }L/::: 2~o 1q· ~Oll '7'~2.1 2717r
£1::: R~<z.) '-(0 }L /::: ~ !2.LI77r' ~ .A.I§-5!-E ~~7 r I'i'~Liq.

Meaning "shape" or "appearance", £~ is used here to express a particular condition or state. This
expression is thus used when attempting to infer or guess the circumstances of a particular situation after
directly seeing it or hearing about it. It is often used together with -(.2.)L/E ~ .5:!.LI77f, which comes earlier in
the sentence and expresses the basis for making the inference or guess.

.. ..... ··! ···· ··· ~;~ ·· -(.Q)L/::: £~01q

~q ~~@

~'" IIIE~t!
....... ................ ............. .... ·······-··· ........ ······· ·······- .................
AI :~~ ~.,.. .0_

__j ~-(~O))L~~=-····-~:!_;_:::=mm : :

- (O)L {!
C--H, .,Q_.

.. .............

v

...

0]2./l -(0)2

-----·-···· +-----+- ______________:_____ ~C!:________L______ ~~-----------;

:i!t7-j ~f2! 2.I.A~o Iq 2.I.A~~f2!
·· ··· ·· ···
NOICf Ol~rc! 2t~OICf 2t{!J O I~rc!
~i\H ..................... .. ....... ·-··· .......... .. ·- ·····

.Q.j.A~OICf 2.].A~~

2t~OICf ~{!j ~

I heard that Soyeong quit working for the company.

q 1.:J1, ~J-} ~ 01 7<j~ ~~ ~~ .!2.0J'0 loflA.

Yeah, apparently the job was really difficult for her.

Has Jena not woken up yet?

q t1JoJ1~~ DVD7} ~~ ~ .!i!.Yll} W~;zJ]ll}:Al ~~ ~ .!2.0J'0 loflA.

Seeing that there are some DVDs in her room, I reckon she watched movies until late at night.

Do you know what Juyeong is doing during vacation?

Judging from the fact that she reserved a plane ticket, I'm guessing that she's going to her hometown.

r

1 Ol It.~~ '7'~2.1 27-17~ £1::::: .g~ .5:!.7-jq ~7-jq ~ 3:!~ 1::1 ~§~ 5H.Ai .AI-§<5~7 1 rrH-EE-011. ~1-E
.A~i@:tOI ~~ ~~~ ~011 CH5H.Ai::: .AI-§<5~/.:I fi~LICf.

Because this expression is used to express the speaker's inference or guess based upon having seen or
heard about the situation being discussed, it cannot be used to describe something the speaker did himself/
herself.

• AH~A~.zl6J~oj]Ai gjoj ~~t:i] %6jo] :@.Bt.g..£.oJ=o]oj].f!.. (x)
- Aij~ A~.zl6J~oJ]J·i gjoj ~~t:i] g6jo] {!1-Qf.g. ~ .:Q-o}.f!.. (o)

18 Korean Grammar n1 C!l.s·~ ·Intermediate

2 .::;<:~2.1 27·m ~tt~OIJ:I ~~ rrH. ~ Q.i~5~7il .:1'§7-11~zro~7iq ?TI~<2.! ~~~ rrH.s=. .A.~~-'? J

~~Liq.
This expression cannot be used when the basis for the inference is not an objective fact, that is, when the

speaker is simply describing something he or she only thinks, or subjectively believes, to be the case.

r• 41 -"~ztoJ1 ;<~71 \'J0 <V.:::: o:j.AJ-.i::. *-¥-~ ~'6J-.i::. .£0Jo1oJl..ll. (x)
r- 41 -"~ztoJ1 .7.171 \'J0 <V.:::: o:j.AJ-.i::. *-¥- ~ ~~ 5! ~oJ-Jl. (o)

: 12{~~ !:::.~2.1 ~~~'2.! ~OlE!£ '-(.2.)L/E £YOICf'~ .A.I-§ofJ::I '('Jjl '2.t~of~.A.i ~~~'2.! ?~~
LfEfLHE '- (.2.)2 -3;! ~Cf'-~ .A.I-§gj"LICf.

Here, because the speaker is expressing a subjective feeling, -(.2.)L /E £YOICf cannot be used.
Instead, - (.2.)2 -3;! ~q can be used to express such subjective notions.

- -- - - - - - - --

1 7f 0 1 ~-"--§-~oj] :::= .A}tgo] NJ.:l]..B... .A.I{;i facilities

Lf .A}'i:f0 l tlf~ ~ ~L-J Al ~0l :l'~ .2.0J=0 lOilJl. ~ ~:;VH± real estate agency

LHLH throughout (a time period)

Ol ~.6~;gOli.A.fEJ'O I i'ief .A.I~O I ~Cf
±~ .UI7f .!of.~~ %7H±Oll ~:2:~ ofjl ~q O I.A.fof~Cf

2 7f .A~~ »-]7} 7]cf~ Al W.JI ~ A~ Q:j.2_cJ1..B...

q 7l cf~ A] W.JI ~A~ Q:j-2_2}::: ~ ~L-] 7!} ~::xj] -£ .5!.0J=0 ll.:i1Jl.

7ICf2IJ::I Wjl ~J::i Q:l£2f.:il ofef ~7ii2.~Cf
cf% 2?-0ll ~Lf:Af.:il <5fef
2.-§- of~ %~ ~ 7i 2f.:il <5fef Ol't! ~Oll ~01 t\tef
~IOJI.A.i BtO I TII-2-~Cf

1 '-(.2.)L/~ £<llO I CF~ .A.~5H.A.i qg cH~ ~~<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ 0}7]2.}- »-]:: ~~~ :.z}? ~oiJl. (~~~ ~0}<5-}q)

q IJI::Ij~ Jl~ OJ. I;: ~ .5!.1-l IJI::Ij~ i'-Ot~rl;: .£0JOIOil.2...

(2) 7~ ~ ~~ »-]Qj {l ~oj] -{].go] il"o:J ~l;j]Jl. (o:j~ o:j~ ~ {1:-q)

q

(3) 7~ (5ro-ojJ 7 ~o ] w oJ 7l]oi ~~] Jl. (~o ] ..2..~q)

q
(4) 7~ ~?:J-oj] .A}~o] Ef~]Jl. (~:§"}7} ARu]~q)

q

(5) 7~ Ell-2- »-]Qj ~~ lt?:.:jo] <U- ~~]Jl. (o] ~oj]£ -6"~~ ~:~q)

q

Jl~ :.z] (5}~ oj].A-j .!2.Lj 7l}.A}~~ o] Ell~?! PC(tabletPC)~ Ef0]7}:A]Jl qt9Jl. Jl~

Ell ~?:! PC7} (1)-l}-~goJ. .2.0JOIOil.2... o}-27- l:i].Ail...f TV, <?JEjl)lo] ~ Jl ~:.z}~£ ~ ~ 9

~oi.Ai 0}-? (2) . All ~T 0 }3. »-]£ Ell ~'}! PC~ (5}1-f

{3) . Jl~ 7-ll4f Ell~?:! PC01] -cJl i>R '€!0}.!2.2 ~71 ~Jl. ~ ~

~.!J!-£1 o} 2l:l}o] E ~ i>R.Ai .§.£ 3!Jl (4) . .::::Ltei1:1] oi~ Al]g ~

.A}o]: W:A] (5) . Al]i§-u}q ?:J-~ 31} ~H:jo] q q 27-j ~Jl. :A-j£

(5}1-f T-~"(5}Jl ~:A]Ttf o}-31~ 3!Jll:l]»-}Jl. .::::Lt!Jj.A-j 7}Zjo]l.}laj~ rrjj7l}:A] ~ Gj 7]qajo]:

~oiJl .

20 Korean Grammar in 'lli·e · Intermediate

7~ l:l}~o] -p£o] .!f-l=]]Jl.

It's really windy.

q 11:1}~0 ~~ ~~ "'illt:ll ~<)}Jj] <ilJJ. 7}i::- Jll

~~o-]Jl .

If it's windy, it should be cold, so it's good to wear warm clothes
when going out.

Did Wei Ming say she would come to the alumni meeting today?

q .£.S~o-]Jl. ~»-i 3':.qp~;Jg ~~g "'illt:ll ~~o ]

~l=]] Jl.

I'm not sure. She should have received the invitation, but I
haven't heard from her yet.

Ol R~::: '7'~01 q .Q.j.AI ~ qE~LH::: '-{0 )2 EiO ief'OU~~o1q ~.Q.j l:lH~~ qE~LH::: '-(0) L /:::Ci!'7 ~ ~~~

*~~Li ef. :c!Wo~Jil ~~<W~ '-(0 )Lf:::ci l'2.l '7'~ ~:= DI2H~ R~~ rrHA~oi-E ~O ic~.JJ. ~ ~~ Lief.

-t.!~~ou ::: Oi't! AI{JOiq ~~I cH~ ~~ '7'~ 0 IL~ D I 2.H~ qE~LH::: ~01 2..Jl ~~~ou ::: -t.!~~i!t ~~£1

Jiq tt)"CH7 ~ £1::: ~01 ~LICf.

This expression is a combination of -(.£)2 EiOICf, which expresses a particular future situation or intention to

do something, and -(.£)L/-l::C11, which expresses t he background situation or state of affairs related to what is
to follow in the sentence. As such, it is used to express an expected or intended future state of affairs. In the
first clause of the sentence, a strong intention or expectation about a future event or situation is given, and
in the second clause (following -(.£)2 'E!)c11), a statement either related or contrary to t he first clause is given.

-(.Q.) 2 ~ Cil

j]Pi 9:i ~~ ~[·fl
.. ··············· ·· ···· -··· ---------------------
A/V .... .............
NOief
~;~;H -( 0 )2 ~Cil Qef ~~ ~Cil

. 9:ief 9:i ~ ~~
-----'--~-~-E-.i)-Ci-1--T··-·-····~~~O~C~-··----,- · - - - !j!:;q~~-~~~---·-··-·-

j]_Pi Ol~~ ~Cil ......~..{..!J--O i ef .... ....... ........ ~{!JOI~ ~ ~Cil

... ... ... .... .... ·-- ·------- ·---··- ........ ... ... ... -- -- -· ·---··--··-- .. .
!j!.A~~ ~Cil
!j!.A~O I Cf

7; ;.1 ~~-¥-~ ~ i>H;,~ -e-~o1011Jl.

I'm in big trouble because I haven't studied for the exam.

4 7--J£R. .A1~ g * .!:2_~ ~if-g * Wlillt:J1 :z:1.AcJo1011Jl.

Me too. If we don't do well on the test, we won't advance (to the next level/grade), so I'm worried.

I'm expecting a delivery this evening, so please make sure that you receive it.

Lf 7--jS:. 7--j ~ 011 ~ ~ 011~ ~ Jillt:J1 o-J1!J-6}7-1Jl?

But I also don't expect to be home this evening, so what should we do?

7~ o-j:A~1 oJ:-2-<51·.!:::.2}Jl Bf0 1Til~~~ Jillt:J1 .2.. ~ ~ ~~ ~o-j7}J-i1Jl.

You must be exhausted after working late yesterday, so please go home early today.

It's okay. I can work late today, too.

I-

I 01 .H.~~ '-(0 )2 l[i!c-JIR'£1 ~EH£ ~.g i§}OU A~~ * ~:::c-11 OI[H::: Wof-E A~iM£1 ;;;"~o1q 7~~

.g~~ qE~LH7 1~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form -(.2.)2 'C!JCiiR. but, in this case, it can
also express the speaker's supposition or assumption about the situation being discussed.

7~ 7.-j]L(- »-]oj].l]] ~o] o:J-qJ 7]-:Aj-..Jl %[77}Jl?

Shall we ask Jena to go on the trip with us?

q 7.-j]L(- »-]:: Jl~ 1:1~ tl)J;j]Jl.

I think Jena is busy these days.

7 ~ 78-'? »-]7]- Jl~ Aj~ ~l:lj '5j-.':::cj- l:lj-lllll:JlJl.

I heard Gyeongsu is busy trying to prepare for his exam.

q oj\'J.oJJ :: .Jif ~Z'l<'>Ho): %)- tl)c-j]Jl.

He really has to pass this time.

7 ~ EJ1%o] Q}J--j t1]-qJ7]7} .2.-!f- {'l.i:£1Si01Jl. I

All the flights were canceled because of the typhoon. l

Lf EJ1%0 ] .2.:A] ?£~Gjcj-li'J. 1:1]-qJ7]7} ~_i:£l::z.] ~.J:~% Jillc-j]Jl. __j

They wouldn't have been canceled if there hadn't been a typhoon.

22 Korean Grammar u" 'lit<~ · Intermediate

'-{o }L/~C~I'2~ '-{0)2 iE!!C~I'~ C~:il~ ~:: ~OliAi j:~0 17~ ~Ljq,
The differences between -{£)L/-l=Cil and -{2.)2 Fti]Cil are summarized below.

-(.Q.)L C~l ~:AHLf Dl211 ~~I cH5H ~IE ).~Qj ~.H.~~~

~:AH ~~I CH~ I:IH~ ~~O ILf .!f!OU L~ LH§OII cH~ .J..I'§~Lic.f.
.£~~ Xii.J..I~ [[H .J..I§~LI Cf.
Used to express the speaker's supposition or
Used to provide background information about assumption about a current or future situation .
the current topic under discussion or to introduce
information about what follows in the next clause.

• (:::<]-5-) l:l]7} ..2.~J:i] ..!f-AJ% 7}:7.].Jl 7}!-i]il... • (..2.~oJD 1:1]7} % !ffi~:iJ ..!f-AJ% 7}:::<J.JI 7}!-iJil...

It's raining (now), so please take an umbrella It's supposed to rain (in the afternoon), so
with you. please take an umbrella with you.

-+ l:ll7f .2.Jl CX.PI ~goJI '-{.Q.)L/ECil'~ -+ 'i:t££ l:ll7 f ~ ~017 1 ~gojl '-{2.)2 ~Cil'~

.J..I§of.:LI '1!eLICf. .J..I§of.:Ll '1!gLICf.
-{2.)L/-l=Cil is used because it is currently -{2.)2 Fti]Cil is used because the speaker

raining. expects it to rain later.

1 .~.

q :AlE- 7iiLI~ ofA.I~ .go1 cr.!' 2.Cf I~~ o fA.~2.f
Ail~ %OI2.fA.~O I UCf I C~l7f:Af
7~Ill ~B ~A.ICf ~ .!fi!.:AI~g ~.uj ~';iq I Cf-E ~~~ S!Af

~WOII ~~011 ~o I 7fCf 2.~011-E '§!'.UI7f !.!HEJq
.!fi!.:A I~ '%J'::i!f q·~ .5=!2.1 7fCf 7iiii.g.§ A.ITI'E;1Cf
Of712.f .UI-E .Jlg,t'OII ¥0f~q
2 7 f _2_~o]l .:Q-0 1Ell Y-""- ~77}Jl?
q _2_~011 ~ ~»-1 7} 3Ql tl~ '@EllA.

2.~011 ~OI EIILI.6. ~ICf

2.~g 7~ILigojl7fA.i ~¥ofCf

Of712.f Mli$ ~0 1 ~~~ S!Cf

l1) ~J-"§l-<S-J-ta 1l1l~ ~oJJ Jl. + ~cJ ~oJJ ~c-1 .2."-ilJl.

_. bl~ti.t5ttlj. 1--JI--Ji5-l 'q\'{;11lf.Cl ~JO!I ~Cl .2.1-115L

(2) l:l~ 7} .Jl~ ~oj]Jl. + o]~-€ E."-i]Jl.

...

(3) ~~o] E{o]% ~oj]Jl. + g~ ~ ~o}Lj- f?l:l] <5~oF <S-};z.]Jl?

...

(4) ;.}.£ ».]7} .!i!_l:j~~ ~~~ ~oj]Jl. + ~'§jLJ12.}.:il <5Jlol=3;9_01Jl.

...

2 '-( 0 )2 'Bl Eil'~ .A.~5H.A:j qg EH£.~ ~~o ~Ai!R.

(1) 7~ 0 ] ~~ 0 }3. ».]~El]-?a].Jl <5~~~ 01rrJlJl? (~~~~Ell 01if1c.})
q oj ~ ~ £j~OJtije(j OJ~% 'q\'{;lj c.}~ ~ ~ ).~ :Jj] 01rrJlJl?

(2) 7~ ~~ ~?loJl ~01~ ~l-<5}-E;.}~o] ~Y.Jl?.!8-Q:JW~ 0] ~Oi;.iJl. (~01~ ~}c.})

q ~ill] ».]7} o]~oj] ).i 1{o};.i ~ill] ».]oj]:711 ¥ ~<5jj

.!i!_l-i]Jl.

*(3) 7~ ;z.i ~ ~Jti ~ 01 ~77}Jl? (;z.i :£ ~ -3fc.})

q c.}~ :£ ~ ~01 .!i!_l-i]Jl.

net(4) 7~ 4f-:rr~o}~oj] %:71]Jl. (~ ~ ~~c.})

q ;z.]i}~ 4f-:rr~o}~o] LJ1~ 7~ :711 ~3;9_01Jl.

(5) 7~ OJ=7J- ».]7} 7:J-~~ 1)11:J1Jl. (1j;z_J ?.f~c.}) 7:J~ 1:]1~<58-Jl.
q :§:!;.} ~ <S-}TtJ.;.i -t}.!f-<5}7]7}

- Korean Grammar in litre · Intermediate

7~ 1:1] ~~~1 ~ Jl~J~ ~<Jio]: ~<V_;z] Jl? c::;:...

( 07 }

Doesn't bibimbap need red pepper paste to taste good?

q 1.:]1, <'>}7-JJ?l- JI~J~ W0 1~.Q_~ oH% Ell till}

~:=jS-1?} ~.Q_J.i]Jl.

Yeah, but it will be spicy if you add a lot of red pepper paste,
so only put in a little.

I wonder if Mark did well on his interview.
I'm sure he did well, so don't worry.

Ol IE~~ WI-E .A.~.Qj .t;S~~ qEfLH~ ~£ '.t;S~ojq .Q.IJ:I' ~ qEfLH~ '-(0 )2 EiO ICf'Oll Ol~~ qEfLH~
'-(0 )LI77P f ~~ ~~Liq. 1¥-~~0ll ~ 4-£ W!-E .A.~O I ;t;ij~f]iq ~~ol-E ~O I 2D=l ~~~Oll ~ ~~lil

;t;ij~f7iq ~~ol-E Ol~~ .t;S~o f'2'!.A.i ~g)-Li ef.

This expression is a combination of -(.£)2 EiOI Cf, which expresses the speaker's supposition or intention,

and -{.£)LI77f. which expresses a reason. In a sentence w ith this construction, t he second clause contains
the speaker 's suggestion or statement of advice to the listener, while the first clause provides the speaker's
reason for giving such a suggestion or advice.

A/V ··············--··-------....l ------------------------------------..·-···-···················· \;ilq

-( o) 2 EjjLjJJf 7fq

OfO IOiq O fO I ~~ EjjLjJJf

NO!Cf 2f~Ojq ... ......... ... 2f~O I ~~ Ei!LilJf

----- -----.. ···-- - ····-·· - .... .....

~AH I DI2.H i ~ EiiL!JJf OfOI ~ Ei!LI77f

-------·- ·-- ---·--j_________________ _ ___ _________i__________~~-~-~-----J.-------~~~ ~~J?7f --- ·---

- ~2~ ~--'5'-~77} .A}~* .A} {l-77]-Jl?

::.- -: =-- s.=~: a,:)ot=s s nee Mary likes fruit?

2.~ ~- ~o' 2} .g-7]7} »fill3[<ll ~ Ci] Yll} .g-7] ~ .A} 7}Jl.

=.,:.-a se ~s mwoerry season now, they should be cheap and taste good, so let's buy some strawberries.

;. f'-gi:j ~ 'lft..f.:il ~~ t:·l] oJ qoj]7-jj.Aj~.A] 0 }.Ai]Jl?

Nant to meet with the teacher, so do you know where she is?

4 .A}~oJl 7-Jl1l. EilY77} ~7] .£ 7} .!i:!..Ai]Jl.

She should be in her office, so go and check there.

7t o}~ :§:j.Qj rrJ1 gli?'lf €-1:1]<5}~ ~77]-Jl?

Do we only need to prepare drinks for the morning meeting?

q t:H"tf ~ 0}~ ~ ~ 1;!:] 91~ Efly7l} ;.JJ_~~:7.] S:. ~o] €-l:IJ-5H=- 71] ~~oJJl.

Most people probably won't have eaten breakfast, so preparing some sandwiches too is probably a good
idea.

1 O I .H.~~ '--(0 ) 2 Eli LI77~£.'2.j ~EH£ g~ -FIOII .A.I§-"6VI~ ~Liq.

This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form of -{2.)2 EiiLI7JfR.
• ~ ~ ~~i5}Aii.R. -%J..R~0 ] 2.)- ~0 ] ~~ El]Yllt..fi..
Leave early. There will be a traffic jam since it's Monday.

2 '--(0 )2 EliLI77F£1~~~011 ::: '2.:j~o1q·, '.:il~q·, 'o lm~q'£1 wo1~ -9- ~~Liq.

Expressions such as :z:j~OICf• .:il~Cf. and Dl~fCf cannot follow -{2.)2 EiiLI7Jf.
ol:lj-!f!I_1J Ej]t..jllj- 1}6j<5jj "f:-);jJ.i ;g-Aj-~t..Jt:J-. (x)
-l:IJ-!f!I.1J !ffir:i]1}6J"5H ?);jJ.i ;g-Aj-~t..Jt:J-. (o)

• .IIJ-E-~ E!]t..jllj- ~~ l-j-..2..e}.:il i>HJ.1 oJ~"5H..fi.. ( x )
- .IIJ~%1" lffir:i ] ~~ 1-j-..2..2.)-.:il i>HJ.i o] ~"5H..fi.. (o)

3 OI.H.~~ WI-E .A.~?:J'OI Oi't! C§l~ <SH:Qq::: £1.Aiq £1~~ qE~LH71~ 5f-EC·HOlrrH::: ~Oj 7 ~ 1<2..!~
'2!' ~ -9- <ll~ Li q_ ~~~011 ::: ~£ ~ ::: .A.~?:J'OIIlil Oi ~lil 5~.xp-Jq Oj ~7il 5~2.1-E LH.g.ol ~Liq.
Ol .H.~ ~ '-(0 ) 2 EIOICP~ .Q.j.AI~ qE~ LH.:il -FIOII '-( O )LI 77P ~ ~~ W%JLiq. Ol ~~ '-( 0 ) 2
E:liLIJJFCfiOII::: -§.A.~'2!' ~ -9- <li0 Gj j::tpf~~ ~ -9- ~~ Liq_

This expression is a combination of -{2.)2 EiOICf. which states an intention, and -{2.)LI7Jf. and is also
used to state the speaker's will or intention. As such, it can only be used when the subject is in the first
person. The expression is then followed by the speaker's suggestion or request to the listener to do
something. Additionally, only verbs can come before -{.£) 2 Ei1LI77f, and they cannot be in the past tense.

26 Korean Grammar ir1 'lise ·Intermediate

7~ 7.H~ ».], ~.£..£. op~!~l '\1~<5}~ ~ll}..ll?

Jaeyeong, how should I contact you from now on?

Lt 7.11 °loJ1~ 9-J:: ~ 7}..§..;7;] E.~ CJ1t..]7l} o:j 7j.£ '\'!~ 9-;,11..\l..

I'll give you my email address, so you can contact me that way.

7 ~ e\:Jol .£;,1Y7lr ~2.1 ~ ~ ~ 2.15HoJ:~01il...

I've got to clean up the house fast because some guests are coming.

Lt 7.i17r/ii!~ ?.J2.l~Ellt.17lttg--8~ l:lJ~J::%5ll~2Jlil..?

I'll clean up the living room, so will you clean the other rooms?

'-(0 )2 'E!!Cil'2f '-(0 )2 EilLl7JF::: ~ q ~~~ [[H '5!-E 'YOl:AI'2! Cf§:i!f ~~ ~Oil-"i j:f0l7f 'gLICf.

Although -{.£)2 li:!!Cil and -{.£)2 EiiLI7Jf are used to express supposition, they differ in the following respects.

-(0)2 'E!!Cij -(2.)2 Ei!Lim

~.Q.j ~~ .Q.jDI~LICf. ~.Q.j Ol~ .Q.jDI~LICf.

Refers to the actual situation related to the Refers to the reason for the speaker's supposition
supposition or assumption. or assumption.

• llH7} .TI~ 'ffitil 0 !Ai E.;,i1Jl.. llH7r .:rr~ CJ1t..J7lr 01;,1 E.Ailil...

You must be hungry, so please have (Because) you must be hungry, please have
something to eat. something to eat.

1 7~ ~J..1 :A11Y- »-1 ~~7-1 °}J.i1..8..?
Lt .s:.~ »-17} ~ Ellti7!t .s:.~ »-1TIEl1 %o-J_l:2_J.i1..8...

A:i!Lt .U.I <c!ill;fj:i '§tq £~ .U.I7~ '§tq I£~ .U.I~Eil ~Oi.s:!Cf
'2.! ¥~7Jl!Ai ~Xi! ~.2.AIE:XI '§I'Cf 5tg ~Oi.2.AICf I .g~.J 7ICf2.1Cf
Af£ .U.I7~ OiL! '1!-E:XI '§tq ~'8<>11 '1!Cf I 7PI£ 7~ .s:!q

2 7~ 7-1~011 ~-7-t'J- 0 1=-7- _!:2_~ 7}71.£ ~o-]..8...
Lt .J.if:l. 7tc.1 :tl ~ 7}7-1JL 7t~ ~n i=-~o-J.R. 7-1~~ ~~~ C:flt17lt.a..

Xi~OII ~.:r;g 019 .5:!2.i 7~q 7~Cil!~ 7fXI.TI 7fCf I XN~ ~~fC~
LH~ 0~ SAlOl! ~'§iofCf Xl-5~~ EfCf I~ All!-012.~ ~O I Pt<>l Q,f-51Cf
~'§tOll II.fEI~ -5fq ~~~-51 frt:ll-5~q I ~~OI2.f Afia~OI 't'JOI2Cf

·-·----··-·····-·--······-·-·····--·---···-·-····-·- -·---· --·····-·----··-··············-·····-·····-··-·······l
(1) *~ Ml 7 ~ :;q.:il <ll~q. -----@-----· @ Jt1~ -t!~~ -t! ::: .7-11~~OiR
(2) LH~~ UO I ~~q, 01 [[~7~ ~:2-~~..q q _
.

l (3) .A:.1l~~~~!¥~ol~fLo2~.~~~c~L ~~q . · ~£ 7 ~: :· © .2.~ ~ ~ *-IJ.iiR JI
(4) · @ q::: .7-11OjiTHR?
·

--------------------·· ·------------------------------------------------------------....--······--------------------------------------------······-··----------·········

(2)
(3)
(4)

2 '-( 0 )2 EfiLim· ~ A.I*5HA.i q~ cH~ @~o~J.11R.

(1) 7~ Q}% ~Si~ EJ] 7-J]4:f 0 }E l;j]it. (~0}:A] cf)

q ~i?- ~.2.~ i>-O~'-J ~IL·fln ~ -i=-%1"-1 <?Jl-i]it.

(2) 7~ ~.J..J~ :Al-~.2..£ %7]~ lll ~~ o-J it. (..!f{jq)

q ~:A} %7] 7]0il ~ Ai]7} £Q} .E.~ /]] it.

(3) 7~ oJ Jt! %7r0il %i>H.£ ~77}it, J-1i>H.£ ~77}it? ("-}%foJ W't:f)

-nq .0£0 """LC-" "-1t>H.£ 7}~ lll o-]u:Jlit?

(4) 7~ Q}, 7j]o].3.7} 13!-~~o-]it. (~"B- o]u:f7} ~11 ~ ~q)
------------------ - ~-E-li} c J-i]it.

q ..2..~~ ------------------~:A] ?£~ :;;tjoj]it.

(6) 7~ o-jAi] ~~ LJl% ~ ~ -9- ~~77}it? ({f-6:] ~ ~q)

Lf :7.-j£ {}-6:] ~ ~ t>H"-1 ~2fit. l]]o] .:rr. ».]7} - -- -- -- -- - - - - -
/]]0].2 ».]~Ell % o-J 2i!.l-i]it.

- Korean Grammar U1 tzlse · lntermeruate

Did you happen to see Mark?

q o}o} 71II1%oJ1<V. ~~.fl.. 0 }77} 71II11:foJ1Z}t:}_TI.

~7-1 ~Jl.

He's probably at the coffee shop. I heard him say that he was
going there earlier.

Do you think Yang Gang went to play tennis yesterday?

*q o}o} <?} ~~~.ft. o11 ~oJ1 EJ1Y A~ ~q_TI.

~lfl ~ {{o}Jl.

I doubt he went. I think he once said that he can't play tennis.

2£::::OI R~:: o~ ~Ojq;:l Bt:: ~o 1q ~ ~011 cHoH '§lo~ .A.~OI ~~~~ ~~~ OIOt71~ rrH ~Liq.

?A.:il~~Oli.A.i::: .A.I§f>~;:l ~~Oli.A.i'2.! .A.I§f>~IJj ~2~ .A.~OIOli .A.I§g,fLiq.

Th is expression is used w hen the speaker st ates an unconfirmed assumption or supposition about a
future event or something he or she is not sure about. It is used only among close friends and appears in
conversational form only, not in written form.

-(£)2~R

A/V ~1-71 r;!::jq r;!::j ~~~R
............................... E-~~~R
~q

-----··-····· ···· ····· .......................... ····················· ...

-(o)2~R

- -----------r------- ; - - -- - - - - - - : - - - -- - - - - ; - -- -- - - - - -

~:2..A.~<,a ~ ~R

0 £!-~ OI~~~R
~::~ · E~%i~· · ···· ··.········::··········[· ············
··· ········ ,...... ~:2..A.~~~R

l £!-~Oiq £1"-gj ~~R

- ;::~-1io; 7~.::1! i>li::-t:l] J+iffo ] ?,f~ll}Jl?

- ::>!ann ng to go to the department store, but do you think there will be a lot of people there?

_. ~ ~o]Ljll} ?:[ ~ ~Jl.

:·s right before Chuseok, so I bet there will be a lot (of people).

7~ {j ~oj] <V, ~ o}§..7]- ~ l-]oj] O:j ~7-] o]-J.i]Jl?

Do you know when the little mart in front of the house opens?

q oJ-oJ-lOl-] ~ <€1~..\l. q~ o}E~o ] gj lf ~ lOl-]oj] ~7-l:=Jl.

I think it opens around 10 because most of the other marts open at 10.

7 ~ <2.f4r l-] {[~ ~ ~~.Jl1{ ,C:. t:1] 7-J-o]: J,1.]7]- *~"9].~7l}Jl?

I want to change our meeting to a later time, but do you think Jaya has already left (her home)?

q ~),1.1 *~~%~Jl. 7-J-o]: J,!.] {jo] ~?if<>J-Jl.

I bet she's already left. Jaya's house is far away.

·'Q '-{.£)2 ~ .:::J!~~q·on.A.-1 '.:::J.~q·7f ~?,!'.§ '-{.£)2~·.g ~p~on ~~on Clic5H ~~~it !Ill~ ..~..~~Lief. £q2.f.A.i ~~ IIIIE- ~

Ll£f~ !Ill£}~~~ Lte.f~ UII2J ~EjPf ~f()fA:~ ~~2.IXI ?J~& ~~5fAjJR (Q-g ·~~~ Ll£f~ UII'2J 01 '-{.£)2 ~ .:::J.~Cf'

§~)

The expression -(.£)2~ can also represent the contracted form of -(.£)2 ~ :J.'ll!CI, in which :J.'ll!CI has been omitted. As such, it can also

be used to express the speaker's feeling of regret about a past event. For this reason, you must pay special attention to this form when it is
used informally because it can mean either supposition or regret depending on the situation. (See Chapter 25 Expressing Regret, 01 -(.£)2

1.1 :r'l;l!c.t.)

1 O I R~:: .gcH~£1 £1?1011<2,to~lll ~cH~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Li ct OlrrH.gcH~O I <§t.:il ~:: .A.f11 ~:: .gcH~£1
7 ICH 7~ ~ 2.17-Jq ~1-E .A.~'S.i!~ q2q:: 3:! ~ qE~~Liq.

This expression can also be used to softly disagree with the listener, that is, to express the speaker's
belief that the listener's statement or expectation is wrong or different from his or her own.

7~ o}~ 8AioJl ~~%f7l}il..?

Shall we leave at 8 in the morning?

q :::L J-j{l-oJJ:: ~o] woJ t'j-%)~il...

The traffic will probably be bad at that time.

7~ 0}7]2..} »-]oj];<J] .78~7:-~ -=jL.7dA]?-j -'€7!} 15~ il...

I'm planning to take Akira sightseeing at Gyeongbokgung.

q 0}7]2.}»-J:: .78~7:-oJJ:: ~»-17} ~%~il... .2.].;::-~ ~ 0] "tl-.;::-o]]..2..'B All~ li':!.A17J-.E:£-o]{lfo}Jl.

I think Akira has already gone to Gyeongbokgung. It's one of the first places foreigners visit after
coming to Korea.

3C Korean Grammar ,;, 2/se · Intermediate

~~fif-E 27~ ~ ~~~ rrH::: .A.~W-* ~~Li q.

This expression is used when only the speaker has knowledge to back up a supposition or assumption.
Accordingly, it can't be used when both the speaker and listener share the same information.

7f ~~71}7.] ~M-i ll~~!r.]~!;Jl.R.
It's already sold out for the entire weekend.

Lf .:Z.cj7j].R. ~~7]- .::<Ho]~%~.R. (x)

- .:Z.cj7j].R. ~~}7} .:<Ho]'V_L.} .s!}.R. (o)

Yeah, that movie seems popular.

: ~2.1 27~7f £le .A.I-M~.2t .R7f -'?~77f:AI oH~£l'Xi!Cf)~ £f. .A.fEt cf ~-"2 ~7 1 rrti-§OJI '-(£)2~R·~

.A.!-§~* ~1:§Lic.f.
The basis for the assumption that the movie is popular-that is, the fact that the tickets are sold out
for the entire weekend-is shared by both people, and therefore -(£)2~.£ cannot be used.

7f o] ~~7} .::<Jlo] ~g71]'.R?
Do you think this movie is interesting?

Lf .R~ %i5JJ lq.j2}Jlc5}Lj71]" .::<Ho]<V_%~.R.

Well, it's number 1 at the box office these days, so I reckon it's interesting.

: Ol ~~7 f ~~ 1~2.f-"I ofe ~!I:!.~ ·q·~ 7f:AI-"2 ~71 rrH-§Oll '-(£)2~.£·~ .A.!-§~* ~§Lief.
Here, only Lf (the speaker) knows that the movie is number 1 at the box office, so -(£) 2 ~R can be

used.

3 Ol If.~~ .A.~W rrH:= g :g ~2.1 Qj~ Q{l!' ~EJ Ljq,

The intonation of sentences using this expression rises slightly at the end.

7f 7Jf:l.s:.:: \;[M-] 7 } ~ttl,7.] op..-j].R?

Do you know what the weather's like in Gangwondo?

q li(~o]2} J-i%.!I!.c} ~%~

Since it's in the north, I bet it's colder than Seoul.

4 '-{o)2~Sl' ::: '-{ 0 )2 7~0liR'.!i:!.c.f-E "}~Ofl cH~ ~~01 Q{~Liq.

In terms of strength of conviction, - (£) 2 ~R expresses a weaker belief than -(£) 2 7-j()!IR.

(1) 7f *~ M-]7} ~1l g l;tj ~g71]'.R?
Do you think Suyeong has had lunch?

Lf l;tj~%~.R. .::<]-5' 3A]-Qfo}.R.

I reckon she has. It's already 3 o'clock.

(2) 7~ *~ ».]71- ~ {] ~ Qj~~7l}Jl.?

Do you think Suyeong has had lunch?

q Qj~% J1oj]Jl.. 0 }7!} .61~oJ1 ~ Qj..Q..c-j {1-q.:L!. t>J-t:it:!f.:L!.Jl..

Yeah, I'm sure she has. A while ago, she said she was going to the cafeteria to eat.

: (1)g .!i!~ cH~2.1 .A.f'Et~OI 3.A.I~OII-E ~~~ r;!:jg ~EHLillf *~ .u1~ r;!:j~~ 7-J2.fil ~ofil '?10-J.A.i
'-(.2)2~R·~ ~~.Q.IJ:j (2)-E '*~ .UI7f ~ Qj.Q.2.-j -t!Cfil ~Cf'2.f-E@ Ci ~j-JI~'r.! ~2.1-27-J~ CHi!
'?1~ '-(.2)2 7iOliR'~ ~~€rLICf.
In (1 ), - (.2) 2 ~R is used because Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the fact that most
people have normally eaten lunch by 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In (2), -(.2)2 7iOliR is used because
Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the more concrete fact that Suyeong actually said she

was going to eat.

1 7~ %.:Q:. »-]7} :7.]-E" {loj] <V_~7J}Jl? ~Xifg rep roduction
q o] J-]Zl-oJl ~ .!2.~ ,?_ "'8 ~ -&-}1-jll} {]oJl <iji ~{iJl.

%:2: .UI7f :x1-s ~on <llef Ol A.I?JOII-E .5!~ 5:§~ '6fLI7Jf ~011 ~q
~:Ai@O I LIJJ~ t:il.uf:AI 'rJCf
:Ai .:J.~Oit:ii.Ufef
.:L!.~77f:AI ~~~ ~.s:. ~2.ILI77f I§!.Uj .s:.~~q
~f .:L!.g,l{)ji.S:.~f1!;!C~

2 7~ ~2.] ti1~ J-}~~ ~ li}l ~? »-]£ ..!f- ~7J}Jl?

q ~ ? »-]~ J-]{l-o] <ijj ~{IJl. l:lJ-"§:} t11t11 o}21:l}o]E ~q.:il ~~~Jl.

A.l-l!OI ~q I~~ LHLH Ofsl::lfO I.§. E!"Cf.:L!. a-~q
OfD f 'r.!" 7 ~Cf I Oli{!OII A.f~Oiq .:J.~OIIE- ~1=10 1 ~Cf.Jl '6fC~

.:L!.g,l{)jl ~mq I :A it:!~OII.:i!.~OII:c.!"Cf.JI '6fCf

.. Korean Grammar Ul/ Us~ · Intermediate

------],-·--·-··-····----·-·-··-··-···---···· ----------·--- ----·-···-··---- ----·-····------ - - - - -
G J..lnEJq 77H3:-o~:A:I cr.tq ~q o ~:; Oll ~ q ~;..~7 ~ o~~ 8"1l~q
l··-···· · .·-········· ....._ ........................_. ----------·· ·····-··· .................. ..... ............ ···--·· .. -····--··---- . ···-····-··· ..

7~~<'-1 ~~ ».1, 0 1-2-j,1oJ1-"i .2.~ -"}it:A1Jl?
7.~1 7} 0 1-2-j,1 °}IrfE£_ 01-"~ _2.C;j_ll. -&-H::-t:-J1 D1~ 0}IrfE ~ o-jl!JlJl?
u1~o}Irj-E ~ ?~oJ1 '%{lo1 ?J-o}-"i :A~ ~ oJ1~ (1)f..I1!.CI%'i51..
.::J.~Jl? .::J.~ ~?o}Irj-E ~ o-jl!JlJl?

~?o}Irj-E :::= A-J1 -"}'€1'0 11f71 oJ1 ~ {1°1 (2)- - - - -
.=L~~Jl. .::J.~ A-J1J.:110}IrfE ::: o-j JillJl?
A-J1J.:11°}IrfE ~ :A1~ :A1_2.~Ql l-i (3)_ _ _ _ _ _ __

A11J.:11o}Irj-.§5:. ~£..~..9... .=L~ ~7Jo]-ILJ-E ~ o-j~77rJl?
7-j 71::: .:Q-\1-¥-E-J -)!71-"1.:Q-~71 Jill.g.oJ1 (4)_ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
q :A1.2.C4tB -"1{}0 1:£jJ ~2.J19.!;]1Jl.
f.C-1°}Ir]-E oJ1 ~Jti 7} .!2J i1Jl. :7-]71 ~ :A1~ :A1 ~u} ~ Ql-"i llR:£-<5}2 {].£

:='ifi1 :7-J Jl. .=L {] ~ (5)------ - - - - -- -

7~ :7.}0~ »-], 9l1 ~:A1] <{}- i>}1)_~.R?

Jaya, why didn't you do your homework?

q _2_~ ~:A1] 7} ~~~Jl? Al ~ ~:A1] 7} ~ ~ ~
~~Ol.R. ~:A1]7} ~ ~ ~ ~<V:Ol.R.

Did we have homework for today? I didn't know we had
homework. I thought we didn't have any.

7~ ~i>il »-1 \:t~ ~11~.R? ~a~ '3:l~~E1J.R.

Did you see Eunhye's husband? He's really handsome.

q ~ i>i] »-]7} ~_g.~ ~~ Jl? Al ~ ~ i>i] »-]7}

~.g.~ ~ ~~Ol.R. ~.g. <{}- ~ ~ ~<llOlJl.

Did Eunhye get married? I didn't know she got married. I was
under the impression she wasn't married.

'--(O)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q·::: ~1-E .A.fWOI ~~~2.j OIOPIOll CHoH ~~7-jq ou.g E:E.::: 7 ICH~ <5'~XI ~~:i

rrH .A.f§g,t-Liq .:12.1~ '-(o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~cF ::: ~~~Sll LH~OI ~qjl ~2,1'~c~1 .:J.~OI .A.~OI O~'cl :i

~711 £1~ :i [H .A.I§~Li q.

The expression -(2)L/f=/(2.)2 ~ ~q is used to end a clause stating something the speaker was not aware
of or did not anticipate. -(2)L/E/(2)2 ~ ~~q, on the other hand, is used to end a clause stating what
the speaker had assumed to be the case; therefore, it expresses the speaker's realization that his or her
assumption was incorrect.

- (o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q(~.Jcn

A -(O)L .. .... ... ouuuq Oil ~
-(0)2 :-A,~...Q_.
?~ - (O)L ~q Oil ~ + ~~~q
~q
v Ollllll q :-A,~.e2.

Dl2/l I?~ ~q I!
7 ~q
- -- - - - - - - - O- ,i ..Q._.
Q:jq

7 ~q 7~ :::

O- ,i ..!.:_:. -·

-(0)2 i!

- -- _- · O- ,i .e2 .
...........
___ _ _.. - ·------· ....- ....- .......- ....- ..............
...,.....- - ........

Korean Grammar ut lise · Intermediate

. .-------------------. ---- -------··-- ----- ------- -~-----

£IN ..... £..I.-·A·~··~··:· .:. + ~~~q
-······· ······· ..... '5~AH OI
-, C> '-'
2)-~

L. 2.j)..l 2.j--.-A~..~ ~~q

I '5~AH £t{!j ~
-. C>
___j__ _ _ _- - - - ' - -· ____ ______________01
2 _: £1.A~ :______£_1.__A~_~_______ ____..........:.. _________

• <W_cj -V-]7} _2_~ ~.JiLoj].g_ ~ ~,J<>JA. ~.JiLoj] .2..7-] ?J~ ~ %'$9:<>JA.

I thought Andy came to school today. I didn't know he didn't come.

• t1}i%J-o] 1f£o] ~<>J).-j ~-V-]7} 4-&- ~ ~,J<>JA. .=l~t:-Jll;J.foj]l-j-_2_L.j7!} ~7-] '(£o}Jl.

The wind was blowing so hard I thought it was cold. But now that I am outside, it's not cold.

I didn't know Juyeong was Chinese. I thought she was Korean.

»l g1 7~ ~* Q{ :5::~ ~ ~~ ~).i]Jl. 0}7]7} 7-}Jl <V_~Jl. ~

•[ 12)

q o}, ~~tsHJl. 0}7]7} 7-H::- ~ ~~<>l.ft.

%2f .±"-I~~Oief

to turn down the volume (sound) of music

0~717~ J;:fC.~ I ~2.1~ ~Oiq
I.A.I~~!f-5fC.~ ~2:ill::ll~-§-nq
~F?-21- ~~ golq I ~-§515~q

2 7~ o]~ »-]. ~»-]7tm~"GJ12H ~J~ 7}7-]Jl~~Jl?
q o}{Joj] ~»-]7} <5aj.A-j 1:1]7} ~ ~ ~~<>lA .

og.up~ ~g.Cil.211 ~-§- 7 ~AI~ .2.q O~Oil 'g.UI/~ ~2.~ .A.i 1::1 1 7 ~ .2.~q

~R~Oil-l= ~.li!. ~'aOI ~ @-l=Cil.211 7~q ~R~Oil£ Bi-E!-01 ~Qi.A.i ~'a.S:. ~ ~q
o~7Jf 2.f2.f .upf ~* AAIOillll ~~ %1.A.i
~* .UI2.J {!j~ Ilj-EI-l= LH~<c.!Cil 211l!IOI.::i~ {!l~ II.fEI7f .2.-§-0iq
)..~ .2.q

=-~- o 2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~c~)' ~ ,q·~c5HAi Ci-%~ ~::: ;:01 £1£-& 1:1 ~¥AiiR.

=~'<)l q.x'5JJJl. .=L~t:J1 :A-1 :::= .EJLAJs:. ).-1%7.-1~ *t:f.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.

..... Jil..jOI Uf~c5,t ~ ..lf-~.2... J¥-f..~ f..i%;.i'1! ~ ~ 0i<'J01.2...

2 .¢.~ »-17} •§:[J-~ 01oJ1Jl. .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 4-~ »-17} ~).~ 01 °}1-]c}.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.
-+

(3) .!f- ;.}~01 <5J1~~~Jl. .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= !f- At~01 7-l14f ;.}"ilt:f.::il ;,~zr~o-1Jl.
-+

(4) 'i:!''i:!' »-17} o1~oJ1 n-~Jl. .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 'i:!'~ »-17} ~RoJ1 ~q.::il ;,~zt9l~Jl.
-+

2 '-(O} L /~/(0)2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~q)' ~ A~c5HAi Cl-% CH~ ~~i'>~AiiR.

(1) 7~ o-j:A11 ~E-j »-17} :rr}EloJ1~ ~.A1Jl?
q l=j1, Al :::= ~E-j »-17} :rr}El AJ-5::_~ %~~).i :rr}EloJ1 % ~ 0i<'J01.2_,

(2) 7~ 0}3.. »-17} ~{! ~ ~ ~o-j).i HB7} .::ilE.t:JlJl. 12:j ~ 7-1 ~.9_J-11Jl?
q 0}1-]Jl, 0}77} 0}3.. »-1~ ~~oj1).i ~).i 0}3.. »-17} ~{! ~

(3) 7~ ~:§:] »-1.2} ~.A1 »-17}.A}uBClJJl.
q .=LeljJl? !f- ).}~01
-&-J-J-J- ~01 t:ft..=Pi ~-=r-~ ~ ~~~Jl.

(4) 7~ .211 °1'%/11~~ ..2.11,~Jl?

q £Jl~o1 c} :-Qo1 ~~ ~~9l~ !:Jl.

.=L~t:11 7fl01il}l-}.5:. ~ ~-&J;.i ~~ .£-3)-~~Jl.

36 Korean Grammar ut Use- · Intermediate

-(.2..) 2:Al.£ 9 2 ct

Honey, take an umbrella with you.

Ci1.R.q ~A.Z17l- ~{ ~ But the weather's fine.

7~ :AJul-~ 01Bf0l-.R. :AJul-~011 ~ {f::Z.l-71 1:1171- %::Z.l.£

%etA.

It's the rainy season. In the rainy season, it might start raining
suddenly.

7 ~ Ul-3. A.Z17l- ~ul- ~011 --8- ~ ~ q ~~~::Z.1.R?
:Ai17} ~ ~ a:J.Ai ~.Q_a:J.:il.R.

Don't you think Mark has finished reading that book he bought
recently?

r"'i *q .R~ ~ 01 W0 q ~ ~~::Z.l.£ %ct.R.
There's so much to do these days that he may not have finished
reading it yet.

*Oi .R~:= Ojif! 9;101 ~1:) 7f-6~:= ~i1:1'2J .:J. 9;101 9;10j'§ -'?~ ~:;~ ~~~ ITJl AI-§~Liq. '-(0 )2il:l

£..£q·~ w~ ~~Liq_

This expression is used to indicate the speaker's view that something might happen or could possibly occur.
The form -{£)2:AI££q is also used.

r--:p~ :U~J:I£

rA/V ~;~:HI DI2H ~~~J:I£

... -~(~-)~il:-1~ ... ;· ........ Jf~-f ... -- . ··---·-

-!- : : ~q : a ~J:I~
- -------- , --------+------~-~:i:·i~----------:------~~-;-,-~~-------+-----· ~~~-~A~~----i + £2q

INOiq :t!P~ OI~~AI~ ~EJ"OICf ~EJ"OI~~il:l~

j ~;~:H ·--· ~.y.o Iq l ~-=?-~J:I£
~J:I£

. · '_______j _________________,___________________________c___
~go1q ~§"9;1J:I£

··- - · - - · -- - --- - · · · ·- ·- - - ----- · · · ·· -· · · · --- - - -- -------

J · 1..)-~ .Mj7} e>icJ ~=.AJ ~J-j 0 }.AiJ.B.?

:Jo you happen to know where Sato is?

'-I J-}~ »-1::::: .!2.~ ~ oJJ ~~ 7}-Aj~ 41~ J-j~oj ~~L.j77} £J-i~J ~ ~.Al.£ %etA.

Sato normally goes home early, but he's got a test tomorrow, so he might be in the library.

cr ncrJ 4-AJrJ' Hj~~ 1il:JJ.B.. 41 ~ o}EoJJ .2fot~e>i.B..

We're all out of toilet paper and soap. It looks like we'll have to go to the mart tomorrow.

ncr4 41~-¥-El ~ ~%etJ-i ~ ~ <?.} '€i-Al.£ %etA. ..2..~ ..2..::::: llJ ~ ~ ~ :Q-o}.fl..

Tomorrow's the first day of the Chuseok holiday, so it might be closed. I think we should go today.

Jt :AiJ7}9~ ».J ~ ~5:!:::10J1 r:Hlfl'~ <?.} '8'}Gjc.fjljl. .A-J~Ell :§{7} )::t~llt.B.?

*I tried to get Sujin's attention, but she didn't answer. Do you think she's mad at me?

q :~.Fr ~ 0 1rJ' 01°F7J '8'}~c}JI ~ ~~.Al %et.B.. l;P?· --878 »-.AJ a}.AiJ.B..

She likely didn't hear you because she's busy talking with her friends. Don't get too worked up about it.

*.s:.1 Ol .H.~:= 7f-5~:= 7~2.1 ~:AI'2.! ::J. ~01 ~~tg <LlCf::: ~01.9..£ ~['! %£.~ ~~ Cft~j]_ :z:J~
*of~ <Ll::: )..f'SOlllil A~of'i:! ~~ll7f ~ <Ll~LICf.

Because this expression indicates something that is possible, but unlikely, to happen, it can come across

as rude to a person who is worried about an event that is important to him or her.

Jt 0]~ -"]~oj] ~ ~z:j"8jjo]: ~ Jillt:·l].R.

I've really got to pass this exam.

q '€11J-t1i?-.!f.~..Q..l-j7.1} ~.zoj~7-]S:. ~c.t..a..

You've studied really hard, so maybe you 'll pass.

7~ lf~er.Jl.R? ~]7r ~oJ~ 71-ifAJo] t:-j Efcf!:::: 0 fl 7]cxj].R?

What? Are you saying it's more likely that I'll fail?

: ·~~~;~;l.s:. ~2.~R'2.f2 ~~of~ ~~~ Jf-5{:101 0~~ ~;~;1'2..1' &AI 2ELI77f 7 ICH~ ilH .!i!.2.fE ~01 £!1Ai ~~
Af'M£1 7 1~01 L~ *~~Lief. OIUIIE .::J.~ 7f-6-{JOI Of~ ]i-cfe ·~~~ 7iOliR'2.f2 ~~ o~ 3;!01 C-j ~
Lief.

The phrase ~~~;~;1.5:. ~2{£. means that the speaker thinks the hearer might pass even though the
chances of doing so are slim. Naturally, the hearer would feel bad upon hearing such a statement. In

this case, therefore, it is better to use the phrase ~~~ 7iOliR, which expresses the speaker's belief

that there is a very high probability that the hearer will pass.

2 Ol .H.~2.1 .llP~~:= '-CU/9l~:AI.S:. -§-2.fR'~LICf. '-§-2.fR'~ ·.g~~R'2.fj]_ '§:of'i:! ~'EJLICf.

The past tense form of this expression is -~/'X;!~;I;IS:. ~2.fR. It is incorrect to change ~2.fR to ~'HOiR.

• 7j]o]5! »-]7} n}E1oJ1 Z}r:f.:t!. ~7-]~ ~ 5:.(%7-]S:. ~5:toJ.R. (x )
- 7jJo]5! »-]7} ntE1oJ1 :tlr:f.:t!. ~7-]~ ~ 5:.(%7-]S:. ~2f.R. (o)

38 Korean Grammar ,;, U"e · Intermediate

1 .~

q l:l j.Al-Ol:£ Jl?1o.2"1 "~'~1"l\.l . ~ topackabag ---. ....
01
l::l l~ first-aid medicine
~7-}7] o}- ~ 7-l.S:. .2.EJ--l7!} Q.j=.S:. .:Jt ~~7] "'i] Jl.
~71Cf to tidy up; put things i~

t! l ~-{.£ ~ q -f,fXf71 Of£q I 2.t.£ ~ ~7lq
Ef-771.g~.£ ~q 'E:l"Oii-E ~q I .!:f.lll.g ~£ ~ ~71q
Xl£.£~q I~.A.I ~~ ~OWJ 2.Iq XI£.£~ ~7l q

2 7f 79llti »-] 7}- ~~ ~ i>}E J-}-1fo] 0 }\!r:i] ..2.~ 211 ~.:uLo]] <?} ~~71}-Jl?

q l:l];;z~ ~AJ-<'>H°F ~q.Jl ~..2..y7!}- ~<?J~~~J-}~~o]] ~ ~7-l.S:. ~c}Jl..

2.t~~ 9.!01tl-J2.1-E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil 01J:il21i 2.t~~ l:l i X~ <c!~HO ~ ~q.::il ~.Q.LIJJf
9.!01tl-J 2.Iq
~'fl~B2.I.A.f!f..±Oil 7fCl
~\';tO I ~E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil21i ~.Uj -§EO I
q ~01x1q R-8- OI.A.f5f~2.f.::il ~-t!O I ~01.A.i
2.t~~ 9.!01tl-J 2.Iq

oItt:! 'gOil ~~Oii.A.i xiE~ ~~2.f.::il

~q~q

(1) 7f Oi :A~1 .g;;z} .!i!.~ ~ t:J1 ~ t9-AJ- <?1 <S-H10iii.? (7-}t:f)

q Oi~W ~ll1 .g;;z~ ~rl :=ii.. J -"1Zl-oJl -&Jl? »-]7} ?..fJ.I£ %c.tf-i ej ~~ii..

(2) 7f ~ ~ <;:!~ -t'-<t!oJ1 q~ ~ 7-}~ ~ a:j1<2.f<S-}Jtl ~~7-1ii.? (* ..2.q)

q 7.~1 1-J- »-1 ~ o}2 1:l}o1E rrJ1.goJ1 t:f-"1 ~Jt! ~<ji>H

.!i!."'i]ii..

(3) 7f o1 g-6.] ~ ..2.~ ~..Q.y 7l}- WoJ1 f-Oi.£ {]!?tf~7-1ii.? (.AJ<S-}q)

q o:j ~ o12f g~o1 . t.§;;>;J-.Jioj] ~~ 711~~ Oi ii. .

(4) 7f ~ ~ ~.liloJ1 7}Jtl % {1-"~\:l ~ ~\t 9 'V_~:A1 ii.? (Cj- Lf..2.-"1t:f)

q l:lJ~ rrJ1 ~ 0 1~ ~~ E..C;j .!i!."'i1ii..

(5) 7f .f-7} o1 ~/\}!-}~ ~ ~.Jl {l.-1.:]1 ii.. (~.Jl {1.-q)

q o}-3. »-]7} . o}-3_ »-]7} %7,:! ~ ~ ~.Jl qy~l-o}ii..

1

CD :31l g VJ-o1-wor<'>Hit ~ :3lJ g VJ-o1 ~i Y- li!J-iL

@ :31l g ;.J-:= ~ %59_-ojJi.. @ :31J g W0 ] g~i A] _£ % 2.}Ji._

2

CD ~~oj ~ AJW ~<'>Hit ~ ~~oj ~ ~<'>}.TI -ii o.j oHit

@ ~~oj ~ ~o}C:j .TI -E-Jf-o}.TI ~ 0-j Ji.. @ ~~oj ~ ~~q.TI -"~ Zf~~t:i] o]-y oj]Ji..

3 7f £.8 ,qEJ"~ O I Ol ~~~ 'C,NI ~.:ll qLIL:liR
Lf .:J.2.illiR Ol ~~OI _____ ______

G) ~7]7} w- g ~Ji._ ~ ~7] 7} w-g Aj.£ %2.fJi..
@ ~7]7]- W~ .2_0Jo]oj]Ji..
@ ~7]7} w-~ ~ ~'V:-0-j Ji..

4 7f LH~ ~~3-0ll 7 ~2.~.:ll oHR
Lf .:::L2.H£.? ~~oU ::: .§ ~ ~ ::: cil ~ %011 :::: o~~ * 1:::: '§OI ~Oi R
LH ~ 01 2.1~~o-H !I!"'iiR

G) .g.g ~ ~ till~] ~ ~ g ~ ~ EJJL.J 77r
@ _g.g ~~A] .£ .2_ 2 L.j 7Jj- @ .g. g ~ o:J :=AJ %59_-.Q..L.jllj-

5 7f LH ~ ~IE~ rrH ~*~m ~~ ~~0 IO!IR
Lf ~~o~J:I D~J,.iiR ~~o l frl:i i~ 0 LI 77~ --------------------- - -

CD ~w 71o:Jlit ~ ~<'>H .5!.e:J it
® ~w .2.oJo1e>ilit
@ ~WA] .£ %2.fit

G) u] ~ »-]7]- oj 7-i] ;.] ~ g ~A] .£ %59_-0iit.

~ 0r~ e>il ~»-] 7]- "8" 2=1 ;_1 .2..~oj] ::= i!:-0 ] -& ~ ~'V:"Oiit.
® woJt~J-.!!!!1J tJlt:il .AiJ uJY-e>il ;g~<'>H 9 J1;_1 .:tf;.}ifL.J l:f.

@ ~AJ- <ifoj] ;.pg-o] W~ ~ .5l_L.j 77]- q:)~7} 7-H u]~% .2_0Jo]oj]Ji...

40



7~ '8 e>i7,:] J.i q~ :£-~ JJ:!J_?3fo}Jl?

Is the place where you hurt yourself when you fell okay?

q o}JI 7l ~ ·8}Alli!- %g ~ <V.e>i.R.

It hurts, but I can bear it.

7 ~ e>i :A~] -'~:~il'~ ~ 0 1 ~l~-2fJl tr}-B ~ g q ~ ~ e>i Jl?

Have you read the book that the teacher told you to read yesterday?

q ~~ 71~ ~ ~Alli!- LH § ~ ~ .2.. 2 3)l, e>iJl.

I read it, but I didn't quite understand it (the content).

Ol .!!~~ cH~QI 5::~ qE~~ UH A.f§g,t-Liq. '-71::: "5~:A I'2..!"'~ A.f%"5Piq '-71 ::: -:A I'2.!-'~i'El ~~ §A.~q
~gA.~ !f. ttl A.f%"5~7 1~ ~Li q. OI[[H::: ~~~2.1 LH§~ <2.)~"5~:AI'2..!" q::: 2.1~01 <1!~ ~ qE~LH::: ?:3~011
A.f§g,t-Liq.

This expression of contrast can be expressed with two forms: -7IE <5fJ;:I'2J and - 711::: -J;:I'2J. Note that the
latter form uses the same verb or adjective twice. The expression is used when the speaker recognizes or
acknowledges t he content of the first clause but then wants to express a different view or stance in the
following clause.

-7 1::: 5~:AI'2..!". -71::: - :AI'2..!" .3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
.3.q l£l71::: ~:AI'2..!"

.3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
l£l71::: Q:J ~:AI'2..!"

A/V

.3.71::: 5~:A I '2..!"
l£l71::: 5~:AI'2..!"

.3.71::: .3.:AI'2..!"
l£l71::: l£l:AI'2..!"

42 Korean Grammar Ul et.,·e .Intermediate

- - -- ------- --- ------·-------------------···-·····-········-- · -- - -

.3.71::: <5~~AI~

~ 71::: <5~~AI~

A/V
.3.71::: .3.~A I ~

~ 71::: ~ ~A I ~
·--·-··--········-·····-~-- ·-···························.. -·.:.·--·--------------·- ·-·-··--·-·- - - - -

*• ::I --8~0] i'-7] ~ i:-:Allfr tl.!f- l:l]hi-}.A-1 .A}~o-j£._

Those shoes are good, but I don't think I can buy them because they're too expensive.

~7~ ~1-f7l ~ ~:Allfr ..2..~ 0 ] 0~7] -o}:A]~ ~~~Y LJ-.

I met my friends, but we didn't talk for very long.

o] ..0Q...)I..l..Q2 .. D-1 7].!=. -Qj--:tll:Aj n} u}o]I D-1:7.] .!:::=. o}..Q.. F-z.Jl.-.1f]£..
"1..-. ')..).. '\..,!. 1:(5
I 'l..- U'5 2..

I will have some of this food, but I won't eat very much.

------ - ---- -

1 O I.H.~~ W~ [[H ::: '-7 1::: <5~AI12.Y. '-7 1::: -AI~·~ ~O=i),i '--(J o~AI'2._1-', '- -(J -AI~'££ 'C'iOI AI§

~Liq.

This expression is often used in its contracted forms in conversation. -71-E Of:AI\:I contracts to - {.! 6f:AI\:I,
and -71-E -:AI\:! contracts to-{.! - :AI\:!.

2 :i:!m~ W~ [ H::: '- 71::: ~AI~'££ AI§-Q~j]_. ·-~/~71::: ~AI'2.Y££ Al§oVI <(.{~ Li q.

The past tense form of this expression is -71-E ~:AI\:!, not -~/'1t 7 1-E %!:AI\:!.

• ojAl] ~7 ~ ~7]-E- -9l-'-]'?_}.2..2jj-Q}.AJ :::: ?,f~-;;;- yq_ (x)

- ojA1l ~ 7 ~ -o}7J-E- ~.AJ'?l .2..2Jl -o}.AJ:::: u~-;;;-y q_ (o)

'-:AII2!'.l!J- '-71:::: o~:AII2!':= cffi.l!j- ~:= j:l-017~ <1!~Liq.

The two forms -A:I'2! and -7lf: o~A:I'2! are different in the following ways.

(1) ~~~:!!~ ~~~_Qj .2?0Pf 'g2.~~ ~Lief. (1) ~~~:i!f ~~~Qj .2?0j7~ '®~ ~ ~Lief.
The subject of both the preceding and following
The subject of the preceding c lause can be clauses must be the same.
different from that of the following clause.
• 'dt.J:: 7]7}3.7]~3.:A]~%A~~ 7]7}
• '(1 t.j-:::: 7]7} 3.:Aj~ %J-~ ~ 7]7}
~}.R. (x)
~o}.R.
- 'dt..J:: 7]7}3.:A]~%;.~~ 7]7}~}£.. (o)

(2) 8~~ CH~ ~CH~ Ll£1\llLIC~. (2) ~~~21 LH~ ?J.JI <2J~g o~A:I'2! ~~~21 cH35.
{t~ c1~ :Y35.aH.A:1 ?J~ IIH AI§~Lief.
Used when the speaker wants to express a
simple contrast. Used when emphasizing a contrast. In the
preceding clause, the speaker states something
-+ CH35.QJ QJDI7 ~ '1-!f: 8~£.f A~'2!~ OIOPI that he or she acknowledges or knows to be true,
and then in the following clause emphasizes a
o~.Jl '1-!§Lief. contrasting fact or situation.

The speaker is only stating the simple -+ ~21 LH§% ~.JI 'r.J~o~~A1 A:f~QJ ~:z.t~ ~~OjAi
contrasting facts about the subject under
discussion. :Y35.o~.Jl '1-!§Lief.

While acknowledging the preceding statement,
the speaker emphasizes his or her belief about
the subject under discussion.

1 7~ e>iA~] ~ ~~7} e>i!Jle>i A?
q ABu]CX},7] !"::: ~A] 'i} .2..!f- oJ<5R<'>}A] !"::: *~e>iA.

01J;il.g ~~m 01'E!Cf .sw;~;Hol~~q 1 OloHofA:If: ~~q
:Ai ~?~ .A.j-E lil Oi~Cf
D~l ~q I L-j.!f. .3.Cf
.2.~ 'g.UI7~ 01~q ~q I OiJ;il!t!.qf: ~ ~q

44 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll.fe- · Intermediate

t!T-7f [[iLfA.-j ~_gq A.I~O I ~q I ~~Oil W7ll Cft..=j2.~ £1Cf
'8Cf I OiiOit!OI 'llCf
Ol~ Oj-§-Oii.S:. .jipf ~ A.I~OI ~cf

(1) 7f :A]il-S:. ~ ~J-.}o]l t:ft1 Ji..?

q l:j], t:I-L-ll l ';::: <)rf.IDt ~J'iOi.Sf...

(2) 7f -"?:Al »-loJl/11 ~~<5H ~~ Ji..?

q ------------------------- ~~ <tJ:- ~o}Ji...

(3) 7f -¥-.2..\:l 0 l ~Jl 11:A]J:l.?

q

(4) 7f Ai J.,}i:t!:1}_2Q_ O2l-M7.JlOi J:l.'.f

q

2 '-71:: -A I~' ~ .A.~-5H.A.i c~:; [H£:~ @~f>~AiiR.

(1) 7f opt1_ ~%~ :Aj W~:A] Ji..?

q {i-l l ';::: {ff.I0J :iJ!!i-.l<Jr.Sf... :A~] .:il~J= ~ G1 ~~ ~ Ji...

(2) 7f ¥ ~ -?- ~ != ~R x~ 7} ~OiJi..? *~ *2:JJ:l..
q
o] <5H~ -?- ~ Oi J:l..
(3) 7f ~RoJl ;._l ~ cj] l:l ] ~ c c.}o~ :A]-9- ~J-i] Ji..?

q

(4) 7f .:Il~J=oJl ;._-is:. ~R~ ~ .:g-.!f-~:Al Ji..?

q ~'-'R- Oi .2.s. .72-l.- £A <5HJi..•

~
'[ 17 ) •

How do you like your current company?

q <?J,<?_ lf£,<?_ ~Tf!<>ll ~-8-,<?_ -3:j ~ Ai ~A~ %~77}

t>RJl.

There's a lot of work to do, but the pay is low, so I'm considering
changing jobs.

7f 0J7J ~1 ~ 7cJW s_ %" g ~-o}l;]lJl!

Yang Gang is really good at sports!

q -o}-o}! :Ai ~ -&%" ~ ~-or-e ~tt!<>ll if-lf ~ *t>RJl.

Ha-ha! While I am good at sports, I'm not a good student.

01.H.~~ ~~~:c.f -¥.~~2.1 LH§-OI .A.i£ 'tJ"CH£1 ~ ,q~~ ~ LfEf'2\! [ H.A.~grLI Cf. EE~ Oi't! 3:!011 cHaH.A.i
~ ~ ~~ Wof'i:!.A.i Lf~ ~.s:. ~0 1 ~of.JJ. {l ~ llH.S:. .A.~W *~~ Li ef. ~.A.f 'Oil '~ .A.~of:AI 'ri.JJ. '-( 0 )L
/~ 't..!"'i:!'.£1 ~EH£ .A.~of7I.S:. g)"LICf.

This expression is used to express the fact that two things are opposites. It can also be used to state both
the positive and negative characteristics of something together in the same sentence. It can be used with
the partic le O!i or in the form --(2.)L / E ~~-

L_ _ -( 0 ) L /~ ~~011 J

A ~=-~- ---~- ~- ~.~- ~· -·"~~===

.3.Cf 2 'tl'i:!Oll

~q ~~ ~~011

-----~-~--~----"'""';---··~- -~--·-

7fef l! ~~ou

~q ~ ~~~Oil

v --- ------------ ------- --- ----·-- · · ··- .... ··-·· --- ---- 7f-E ~~Oil

-~ ~~011 :......._._______~___q____________.........:_ ~ ~~~Oil
:________________ :_____....:......---~--------·

46 Korean Grammar ut..'ll.re- · Intcrmediate

7-1i>l~~ llllr~ lft~ofl *~-2- A1zr011~ J-1-~01 it~L-lcr.

While the subway is fast, it's crowded during rush hour.

71-~2-1 ,v,1 ~ ~~71~ ~1-i>H::-lft~ofl ~l-8-1-71~ ~*-oR.fl...

Kylie is good at reading, but on the other hand, she's not good at speaking.

While that actor has received a lot of praise for his acting, he has also been criticized a lot.

~~~.l!f *~~01 't_l-cH £1 ~ ~~ LfEf~ [H '-( 0 )L/~ C~l ~H'~ A.~%/" .::?.s=. ~t:;Liq.

When the preceding and following clauses represent opposites, the form -(.2.)LI~ Cil ~5H can also be used .

• ::::z. ~ ~ l:IJ-'tf t:il ~-aJJ zr~ ~1 ~ ~£<?I~~ ~ :Q--;;t..Jt:f.

That house is expensive, but on the other hand, the surrounding environment doesn't look very good.

· .a~ =?'U ~ ~7}15~ ~I ~-aJI .-;-~~ ~~i>}.JI 'V.:Ert..J'Cf.

In contrast to the recent increase in imports, exports are decreasing.

1 7~ ~~ ~171- l[L"§fg W0 1<5~ -3! ~01-.B... L;E% worth~ J
Lt .!f-"§fg W"0 1<5H"=-lft~ofl .£%.£ W0 1<r-J.B...

~.21 A.l.j7 ~ -¥~~ i\tO I "O~Cf -¥~~ i\tOI -o~q 1£-§-.S:.l'JO I -?c~
~-§-Cf I .!i!Et£ BI"Cf
7~9:h'::- ~01 'i'JOI ~-§-~Cf !:.::~ ~-=?-7~ ~~ 'i'JO~.AICf I ~g. A~g ~~ ~.:il <L!Cf

!:.::~ ~-=jl-7~ ~~ i\tO~.AICf

2 7~ -=z. :&] g 1:.]- ~i ~~.B..?

q 0 1-Y.B.., 0 1:&J~ ~ ~ lft~ofl ~%01 ~21%1-"-1 l-~Z{..5!..t:.f .2..cfl ~21..9...

::I 6.J~Oli.A~ 7~q Ol ~g. ~JCf I LH~OI ~2.1.!f.l.A.i ~:z.t.!i!Cf 2.<:H ~2.1Cf
~O I 9!<L!Cf I Ait:tl~~ 8 ~~Ai 8 7fC.~
7iiOI3~ .A~-? 9:1Cf 7liOI3-E 9!'1!Cf I ~'eJ'OI ~f.A.i .Af-9- 8 Q:jq

7'..;;--'/'"'

"" ~ O) L / ::: ~'21011'~ AI%-BHA-1 C!-* [H£:~ ~~'5~AiiR.
- ) 7r o) *o1 ojlijjk? (oj)llllq)
q Oil~ Cl,toj.O{I % ~~ ~ :Q-o}-..&.

(2) 7f J %l:J1~~71- e>itr11..&? (71'0°1 ?i"r.f)

Lf l..oj_!f. B)».}k .

(3) 7f J 7}-9-7} Oitr11..&? (xCJ1 ~ ~-o}q)

Lf 1ft5. l:0:" ~ .A!2. -*r~..&.

(4) 7f J-~%o) Oilijjk? (%7}7} B)».}q)
q {{71~ :AB 0 1'V_Oik

(5) 7t \:[l:jj_g.J-):7-Jo) ojlijjk? (%{io) ?£q)
q ;,pgo) ?£o}-J-~ ~J-oB..&.

2 '-(O}L /::: ~'21011' ~ AI%-BHA-J C!-* [H£:~ ~~'5~AiiR.
(1) 7f q;J:§:j »-17} J-1~ ~ ~ ~o]k? (~71 ~ ~ ~q)

q O~ll ';::: '-,£ .Jt. Cl,toj.O{I »- 71~ ~ * ~e>ik.

(2) 7f o}%o) 271~ ~o}-oB..&? (7-B ~~ ~ ~ ~q)

q t:l1. 2 71~ ~ ~ o]k.

(3) 7f ~-9- »-17} ~7 ~ ~-oR..&?(~ 7 ~ *<5}q)

q t:l1, ~;(2 1·-oB..&.

(4) 7f Cjl-j 7} :Ajei ~ ~-oR..&? (1-f~ ~ *-o}q)

q t:l1. LP= Ci..§..<'?--1 ".1-70--1 2:7.12-<Sjj_.&

(5) 7f ~R2.1 %7}7} W0 1-&-XJ:-7-1..&? (%~~ Gi 0 ~o}7-1 l:f)

q t:l1. %7}~ wo1 .2..~ ~ :Q-o}..&.

48 Korean Grammar in 'It~e · Intermediate

-(2_) L /.CEll£

*7~ Oi~. <iJ ~ 0 1<5}l-}.S:. ~OiJ.l ~
( 19 )

~ ~ J.}o]:3QC>iiL.

Dear, I'm all out of clothes to wear, so I should buy some more.

You've got all these clothes in the closet, but you want to buy
more?

You look tired. Were you not able to sleep last night?

Despite getting a good night's sleep last night, I'm really tired
today.

01 .H.~~ ~~ ~~~ ol-2 '-(0 )Lf :::c-ti'Oll <y~ ~~ cH~2.1 ~~ J::l'.:! ·-o ~/OiS:.'7~ ?@gt~ ~~ Liq.
[[f-c~.A.i Ol R~~ ~~~Oll -t:!~~£1 ~§O iq ~%,f0li.A.i 7 ICH~ 9 <U::: ~:il~ q27-jq tt!CH£1 .A.~O I ~ rrH

.A. f§~Liq.

- his expression is a combi nation of --{.£)L / E:C11. which describes the situation under discussion, and
-0f/ Oi.S:., which indicates concession or contrast. Thus, t he expression is used to introduce a clause that

1ndicates an opposite or an unexpected st ate of affairs when compared to the information given in the
preceding c lause.

-(0) L /::: C-!1£

A t:i i~:::C-11£
~ ~:::c-t l £
-(0) L C-!IS:.
t:i i.Jt!'C-!1£

~ ~C-11£

:u::::c-11£

9:j ~::: C-!1£

v

7f-2C-!I£

9:j :::c-tl£

~-----L--------~-----------------·--------~---------------

- -----------,------------- -----------------------------------------

~ ::: 1:-j].S:. .2.~o ] q .2.~~::: l:·fi.S:.

oI ~::: c-fl.s:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ 01~::: 1:-j].S:.
: ......... ·-- -- ........... ...

.2.~0]q .2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.

.2.~ 'l!1:-j].S:.

----''--------------------------- -----·----------·--------·-----------·------------·---·-

• 1.~] ~ 7-~ ~i}o] ?i- ~ "[;j]S:. ~A~ ~~.!f-Jl ~~<5Ril..

Despite getting a good salary, my friend wants to quit his job.

Although I cleaned my house this morning, t here's still a lot of dust.

Even though it's the weekend, the department store isn 't very busy.

*O:l '-('-( 0)L/:::I:i].S:.' ~ ~~5HAi .ff.~o~.i!A~ W[ H.!f-10!1·~o~.JJ.'~ 0 )L/:::I:i].S:. ~o~.JJ.'~ ~Ljq_

To further emphasize the contrast or unexpectedness of the situation indicated by -(£)L/eCii.S:., the phrase

~Q"fj]_ can be added to form -(£)L/eCii.S:. ~ofjl.

• A}~J-e.t:-j] ..S:. N<5}j]_ -6J]oj7<joj: ~OiR.

Even though they were in love, they had to part ways.

·1:l}.!!!!1J.t:-JJ..s:. N<5}j]_.2} -"?--9.Ai ~~A~I-1-JL:J-.

Thank you for coming despite being very busy.

*1 7 f 0 l »-], \:[3!:!J!} If -::_ <1l~ #.}~o-j Jl?

q A~j 7} ~ ~ Jjj ~ ~<1l ~ i>}Jl <V_ ~ t;jj£

\:t3!:!~ ~cj] l:l] ~~ _!2.~01-Jl.

J:i: llf ru~.tll ~~~~ ofjl <1!Cf 1 'aJt'!.g ~Ciltt 1~'2! .!i!Cf
~iftt l7f ~ofef I ~=?@>11711 ~ J::!Jil Af .??Cf
~O I ~~q I ~5f'2'! ~=?~~ ~Oil Cil2.ljl.2.Cf

2 7f -3J7-J- A~~~ ~ 7-] :5!jj ~~..2..1-]771- ~~ ?jo] S'_2_1t3;l).o-JJl.

*q o}y oj]Jl, -3J7-J- A~~~ ~ ;zj :5!jj ~ ~~t:-fl£ ~~ ?joj .2-'llo-JJl.

~:g ~il~ ~ J::l £II .X.I~.2.LI77f ~ 'rJO I .2..2.Cf ~:g ~~~~A]~ £.jq I-§~ 'rJO I ~ .2..2.Cf
~~~ uo1 o-H ¥1.2.LI77f OIJ::il ~£ ~2.IJ::I uq
~~0-j~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-~.2.LI77f Olt!! ~~ A~x1EJ ~<c!~ BtOI o-H.!i!Cf I Ef.CHOil ~ II/IDfef 'rJOI ~2.1q

~fef ~~0-l~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-i5fef I~~ II/I7f rrJq

50 Korean Grammar in U;•e · Intermediate

(3) ~~OIOHR · © .A.~:!!~ <2! 5HR
(4) ~¥~ '5~A: I ?i~OiR · @ ?F~loP I 7~ Oi2.W=IR
(5) A:~~80 I '[~O ~R
· ® ~~01 ~O~R

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

2 '-( 0 )L/~C·II£'~ .A.~iiH.A.i c.~:; CH~ ~{1'5~AiiR

(1) 7f ~ ~c}o}oJ]!: %~~ l:lH~~o] 1f£o] L-}_2_A]Jl? (%~~ l:lH~~o] 1f£o] L-}_2_t:.j-)
Lf t:j], "8'}A]li} ~t:gt;_t l::IH~OI ~I 4'.2.-!et=tl£ ~ 7] !:: EfA] ?Jo}Jl.

Lf ~-E" ~oj] ----------------- ~C;jJl,

(3) 7f '81' ».] !:: _2_~.£ <?J-IQ ~~~<>!Jl? (o]:2~ "8'}t:j-)

Lf t:ll. t:.J-~ "'r~~~ t:.J- '81' »-1!:: c5J-J..J- <?J-IQ 71-t:ll..a.

(4) 7f ~"'1- »-171- ;<a~?~ .!i!O:J..a. (%t:.J-)

Lf ~Cill]Jl. ~».] 7} o]'fi!J-11 _ __ _ _ _ ~~ :7-]o~ ~.il ~l.:j] Jl.

Lf t:ll. :All ~;..aoJl _______________ -!f-.2.\3 rrJ!.goJJ <>!~ 4- ~o] *lf-"B"}Jl

<V.<>!Jl.

1 ® 1-J-017}~~ EJ1l-J77}
@ 1-J-017]- ~~ ~ ~cu-~t=J1
G) 1-J-017]- ~o} 7]-.A1,l1.
@ 1-J-o17]- ~ ~-c11s:. Ho]-,l1. *® q;:: J..1~ ~ ~ Jillt=J1

2 @ q;:: J..1~~ ~~ .2_0J<(lt=J1

G) ct := J.-j-~~ ~7.1~
® ct:= J..1~~ -w71~ oJ-7.1~

3 7~ Ol ~~ ~0 1 9-t<UOlR?

q

G) l)t~~t=l1S:. 7]-Z:l 01%59_-o]S ® 1)!-~71 ~ 15]-7.1~ 7]-.?:j 01l:l1»-]-S
@ 1)!-~~ ~-~oj1 7]-.?:j 01~'J:to-] ..9._ @ 1)!-~71 ~ 1)!-~7.1~ 7]-Z:l 01»-j-..9_

4 7~ -!fi!-AI~~ ~0 ~5HR?
Lt Lil. .:::l~AI'2..!" - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - - -- -

G) ~0}15]-L.j77} J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"i 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
® "*0}~ Jill-e-n J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l .A}2t- *!;!}..a
@ -woJ- .s!_o1y77} J..1{1-o1 ~ojJ..-j 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
@ ~0}15li::-t=J1S:. HoJ-,lL J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l 7.}2t- * !2}..9_

5 G) ~ ~ l2:J71 -e 15]-~7.1~ lf:J:0112:J.A1 ~ ~ ~ ~oJ1S.
® :1. ~~7]- ~*71 -e ~~7.1~ :l.cJIS:. ~%~ 01~o-J..a.
@ ~ 7 ~ ~Xl71-e ~7.1 ~ 01°1=71 ~ lfl0115J-.A1 ~cu-o-J..a.

@ _2_ ~ ~»-1 7]- {:-~71-e 15]-7.1~ oj:A11.5!-t:.}- ~ ~ {:-~o-J..a.

6 G) 01~ 01 ~7f1-&71-e <5]-7.1~ ~ 2 ~ ~q,J..a_

® ~TI1 ~ ?£01uJ-1f-er=ns:. H15},l1. 7-J14i- ~PJ..a.

@ 7.1 ~ ,l1.71~ ~ -woJ-if lfr~oJ1 7-H~~ ~0}-6l!S.
@ ~L.j~ oJ1.!!!!-e lfr~oJ1 %A~~~.£~ oJ1~ ~ ~o}..a.

52



10-%!_ 1~

_2_~ ,:>_ ~F7 ~Jil- w~n c~_V,l-%011 ~r:t. _=z_x011;,l Jl~J
011 7}7-1.Jl ~ ~ ;g g !.}.Jl ~~~~ u}j1q__::]_ti.Jl
~!.}%2-j ~%~ ~1£js=. !.}J-l ~ 9lr:t. <j!.}-~ ,:>_ ~7-1
2-j7} Bf<U-7-1~ ~~ !.}~01 BfO}!.l -2P-J~r:t. 0 1Jti?

*W011~ \fqj~J.1:AJ-011 7}~ ~0lr:l-. ~~011 _g. 7-11\:1°1

q ~~:A1JI} 0}~5:_ \fqj~J-1:AJ-011 7}~71 IT11~011 °}
? 71qj7} ;gq._

f'Nei Ming's diary}

October 1 Weather: Sunny

Today, I went to lnsadong with my friends. We bought gifts to take
home and drank some traditional Korean tea. We also tried a special
snack product of lnsadong, hoddeok. There were a lot of things to see
in lnsadong, but it was really confusing with all the foreigners there. This
weekend, I plan to go to Namdaemun Market. Even though a year has
passed since I came to Korea, I still haven't gone to Namdaemun Market,
so I'm really looking forward to going there.

AA::01.H~:= ~go1q 5!....:il.Ad ?:t:= -§Oli.Ai -§~ .AfEJ'OI .Af.z:!2-l LH ~~ .zlltl-~.9.£ qEf~ rrH .A~g,t-Liq.

~~- '§PI~ ~ rrH_s:_ -"i~~~~~ .A~g,t-Liq.

This type of expression is used when writing diaries or reports to describe situat ions and events objectively.

---------------,---- -

~q

A .... .... . . .. . ........... . .

..' . ..'
-~-~ -~ -- - --------- 1·--~--:--------~-~--------'------- ------·-·---------~------------------

:' -:-~L7J ': -~.u~q 7 fq Itq
e:jq
.l.!.f l e:j ~q

v ~;t;H

..··-····-··········· ...... ··-·' ·

-(0)2 ~01q e:jq , e:j ~ ~OIC.f

:
_---~---------· _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....,!_______ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _~~---~-----------------

54 Korean Grammar ul/'ll.re- · Intermediate

-- ------- - - -- - - --- - ·

NOiq ··-- ~.Y.O iq ~.y.~q
{:!~'cJ OI~q
{:!~'cJOiq

~.Y.O i q ~.y.q

{:!~'cJO i q {:!~'cJ Oiq
- - - - - - - - - - · -----'---------------- ·-- - - -

• .£.2..~o]c}.A-] ~o] fi:o ] ~J-.5]-t:}.

The traffic is bad because it's Saturday.

• '-J1 %J'~ ~ ~%~ ~c}j.!i!_t:} --81-f~ ~c}j ~ '?i"O] ~ ~t:}.

My younger brother/sister listens to upbeat, cheerful songs more than soft, quiet ones.

I am a student who studies Korean.

1 '?Jq'::_ ~A~ .!f-1011 ~o~ ~A~£~ ~~~~~ 3~jl ~~A~ .!f-1011 ~0 ~ ~~A~~ ~~~§~ ~Liq.

When '[iq follows a verb, it is conjugated as a verb, but when it follows an adjective, it is conjugated as

an adjective.

2 ·~q~ ·~q·::_ ~~A~OI7 1 rrHg 011 '-q'.£ ~'B'Li q

Because -£,!q and %q are adjectives, they end in - q.

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'::t:i::·~ ·q::·. '.:X:ii7V:: 'LH7V. '::t:i.9:17V:: ·~2.17V£ AI-§-~Liq.

In the narrative form, Lf/.sf-2.1is used in place of :Ai/:Ai~l to express "1/we". Similarly, Lf is used for J\i, Lfe
is used for :Aie . LH7f is used for Xil7f, and .sf-2.17f is used for J\i~Pf.

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8~1011Ai I:IHg '-(0 )L7~?' ~EH ~ ~01 AI-§-~Liq.

Sentences are almost never written in the form of questions in the narrative form. However, to express a
question in this form, you can use the ending -(.£)L 7f? that we learned in the beg inning level.
· ~t:Jl'il ~ ~ .2J1 J!-&~A}~~ol 'af~ 7}?

Why are there so many lonely people today?
• ~2.]!:: .211 ~73.g.7.i] ~ .:V..~?;Jl0J:tli <5J-e7}?

Why should we worry about environmental problems?

• Y.!:: .211 °] 9-7-i]oJ] t:Jl -6l''i 1)2)-<5};9] -"~z.j-<5)-.:V.. 'V. !::7}?

Why am I thinking so seriously about this issue?

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