Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

• oj "]non:= 7} ~t-fo}t-f 7}711-:r. ~ ~~~ Jillr1] t.H ~ 7}:= 711 e>irrll.B.?

Even if you were to go now, the store should be closed, so why not go tomorrow?

• oj ~~ J;i]~~ ~y77}-~ .2_t-fo}t-f J;HoJ~~ ~.:Q-o}.B.. ~~~cJl.B..

Judging by the title, I can tell this book is boring without even reading it. I'm not going to bother reading it.

• 0 l BC>i := .B.~oJl J-H.£ J-~{1 <?JE-1 1)1 %e>ic}A-j "}~ ~ ~~-~tf o}t-f ~ ~ 71oj].B..

This word is a new Internet term that probably won't be in a dictionary even if you search for it.

1 oiJt~:: ·~m~q·_ '<5,!0jtlJc.lq·. ·~<>itllc.1q·2t ~:: J¥~~<cJ L7,?dol ~:::§.A.~::: ~ .A.~fi~:A I Bt

t:;;Liq.

This expression is not used often with verbs having a negative connotation, such as ~'2J'C>fq, ~(}ji:Ji 2.lq,

and '?~ (}ji:Ji2.lq.

• 1lnJ-&-j-t.j- o}-t.j- :1. ).j-W' ~ 'li 'tl-'.t 71 oJIR. ( x )

• ~ojt:lje.jt.j-o}t.j-:J..).}~o1~~ 71Q:j *'6~R. (x)

2 '-(0 )Lf o~q· <ftoll::: .!¥~~ LfE~LH::: '<c)-'OI Lf ·~'OI ~ 4- ~t:;;Lj q_

The negative particles~ and ~cannot be used in front of - (.'?.)Lf DfLf.

• 'li gj.Q.l..j- o}-t.j- llH7}- .:il~71!::: o}~7}-.AI '?J 7-] oJ1R. ( x )

~ gj.Q.t.j- o}t.j- llH7} .:il~71 !::: o}~71·.A1 <?J 7-j oJ1R . ( o)

'-(3 Oi .R~:: 0 )Lf D~LfOUR'£1 ~EH~ .A.~~ 4- ~t:;;Ljq_

This expression can also be used in the form of - (.'?.)Lf DfLfOIIR.

• o}3. »-1 oJ1;;tJ1 :1. o1o]:71 ~ '6~.£ 'li ~ ~ 7-j oJ1R. -&-}t.j- o}t.j-oJ1R .

Mark won't listen to you even if you tell him that. It's no use (even trying).

1 0~7] 2-} »-1011 7-ll J 7-~.li~ ~)1~ 7.] ~~-5B ~ll~R? @),

q 0~7]2-} »-]s=. o-];~.1] ~7-ll ~o-j{t_Q_1-]7J~ ~~-5B ~Y- u}l-}- *~51~ 7-~o:j]R.

.2.~ ~ -2'!7 10li.A.:j Oi~ ~O I O I~E-:A I Of7 12.f J..qs:_ Oi:A:il ~7il ~Oi~£LIJJf ~:2:f5H !i!.Cf

<cJEi~££ ~fOf!i!.Cf ~~~q

:AI-'?- JJ.IOll7ll 'cl"Af ~-=?-7f '1!1=-:AI ~Oi!i!.Cf :AI-5JJf:AI A~~ ~OI%~£LI7Jf ~fO f!i!.Cf
I A~~ ~O I O I~Cf

:AI-'?- JJ.IE- 'cJ":A~Oll7ll <cJ7 17f i'££LI7Jf ~Oi!i!.Cf
I ~E!~OI 'UCf

2 7f 7-J-%7.~7}27-J-o] ~~1:1] 27-] cj cj-7}R? .£~
Lf 7-J-%7.}7} _2_c)1~!-l 27-]l-}- u}l-}-o:j]R.
J-R 7.~ J-}o]:~e>l R. (TOPIK: Test of Proficiency In Korean)

~i:j~

:Ai%7.:f7f .:il~OI ;d"l=Cii .Jlj,:l2.i 8 7fCf :Ai%7.:f7f .2.2.H£HA~ .Jij,:ICf I .A.H7.:~ Afq
~2.il7 f L-j.!:f- C-j2.iifCi l8 'l!ltCf L.:l-9- C-j 2.i~A~ 'l!ltCf I .:J.'c{ ~ 2.1Cf
:g!;f.~ 8 5HA~ !i!.Cf I .:J.'c{ cf%~0ll !i!.Cf

358 Korean Grammar i11 'lb.·e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ ~-9- »-loJ1.7ll ~ s:.Q} ~2.)-JI -¥-12t-<'>H ~77~.9..? (lf-12t-<'>rt:f)

q :J._ J.}'i:f,<:_ -¥-~rl.f orl.f <il- ~ ~~ 71 01l.R.

(2) 7~ Q{-4f J.j{}o] 7-Jxt ~ r·l] L-j-..2..I!. »-]7} o}~ <i} .2.J;l].fL. Gj 7]qcj ~77}.9..? (7]t:f2.lt:f)

q <i1% EJJY77} 7Jt:f2.17-J w;.Jr:.~.

(3) 7f u~o]~oJJ.7Jl 7-]i} ~~ "6~tti ~~77}? (~~"6~q)

q 7-Ji} -9-~ %o]2.)-J.1 <i} ~~ E]Jy77~ o]u:}7} "6}J.i].R.

(4) 7f 7J.]7} l@~~"Gll 7-}0 ]: »-] ~ JJfl%77~.9..? (7Jfl~q) ~o]\t

*q ~/\i] J.Hl;!:J 2J.]7} ~o]J.-1 7-};.1 7-]i},<:_ _ __ _ _ __ _

7-l oj].R.

(5) 7f %).~ 0 ] 0 ]Jt! 9-oJl ~~ J.j~ ~ .!i!..~r-1] 7-1~.711 ~7]J?l "6}1;]].9... (.!i!..q)

Lf :J._cJ .7Jl, Al ~ .7JJ ~7JJ?l "6H::- ~ .!i!..Y 0 JJt! ).j ~ £ - - - - - --

~~~ 7-jOJ:.

(-·--············------·---------·-------- ... --···---- -------··- ······

• -o~q ~q

(2) ~o] ~-5-~oJl ~o]J.-1 ~cj ~ojl£j_Q_~ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ -3i ~o}Ji..

:J._C1 Y 77~ .g_:A} CJ.i]it.

(3) .R:;; \t»-17} t=l.!f- GJ-%V11l-%7J ~ - - - -- - - - -. ~2.1 oJl ~~ ~

J.}o]:~o-].9...

(4) :1_ ).}'i:[~Ejj~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - O~_!f- ~£ "6}7-J ~j]_ :1._\:f .!i=-1- C'.

7~ Aj-E" 7}~ ~~~ ~- 9 <V_gAj ~2fJl. l~J!{2-j

Aj<S"}~ ~_Q_.£ 7} ~!-Jr.}.

You might be able to catch the last train if you leave now. Please
hurry to the train station.

Lf Aj-E" 12!-]7} llJtl '8~J-l Aj ii}~~Oi]7} ~A}

~~}e o]o] *l~f91g 71oJ1Jl.

It's already way past midnight, so it's no use going to the train
station since the last train has probably already left.

7~ .!j!-.2.\:]l)j] f t g ~!:r·l] 2lJ o}2B}op:= ~ t>HJl?

You get an allowance from your parents, so why do you have a
part-time job?

Lf f t g ~o} ~A} Ajii}~ Ef.Jl r.}yJI ~ ~ Jti
;_} l2:j _Q_~ \:)·!::: Jl] <jrt71 ~ _R.

Even with my allowance, I hardly have anything left after paying for
my subway commute and a few meals.

01 IE~~ ~~~2.1 LH§~ .A.Ix oH.s=. .:1:~01 ~:Piq 7ICHOil DI*IAI ~gjc~ qE~~ rrH .A.~~Liq. .:J.2.I.:.il ~Oi
qAI ~~ ~Oil cHoH ~~<S'~~.A.i W5!-E -3:!~LICL

This expression is used to indicate that there's no use even trying what is stated in the preceding clause or
that doing so would not live up to expectations. It is used to refer to something that has not occurred yet as
a form of supposition.

-OUOi ¥,t;,I.:~

NV l::liWq
~q
- - -- --- ·-······-··-·- - - · -------- -

36C Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

• ~~o ] o}.!f-2.] oj]llllj W7-} .2_-c~ o] ~ 1"~ ~~ 7-Joj]il... 7-}ot ~1~ 7]7}- :Q--Gfo}il...

No matter how pretty your face, you probably can't become a model. You're (too) short, Jaya.

• -'PJ-\l;:. LJ17} 1i-~<5}~1 ~ W:Al- LJ1 ~~ ~7-J ?:.f.2.1l 7-J oJlil...

It doesn't matter how honest I am to the department chief. She won't believe me.

• _2_ ~ .:Q-o ] {- ~ ';:[ ;:_ o] Q]lf-~ <?J Oi ~7-}- ~%~ ~ 7-] oj]il... 7.}-c}c.j )?;~ o=j~ 7~ ~.2-.Ai]il...

On a cold day like today, it's no use Qust) wearing this overcoat. You should wear multiple layers of clothing .

1 01 .H.~~ {:!~~2.1 LH~OI .:J.~ lfl cH8o~X I ?J7~q ~~ 0 1 o ~LI2.~::: ~~ 2.1o1~ [[JJ ;..~-o~7 I.S:.

gj"Ljq_

This expression is also used to indicate that what is stated in the preceding clause is not that great or
noteworthy.

• :J.. ~o1 ojaJ-?-~ ~~} ~Jld-'t! ~.!I!.c.j-!:: *1% 7-JoJI.R. uj~ ~oJ1-if'i!! ~ 'V_.Q.y77}- Zj7:,3i5}~1 o}J.i1.R.

Even if the task is difficult it should be easier than the last one. You can finish it in a few days, so don't
worry.

• 0}017} W~ Qjoj ~~} ~o}t.f lfl01 Qj~ojJl? :J..tg Qj.Jl1i~ t:jJ.£ QjrJ17}'i!- ~).1c.J-.

The child won't eat a lot of food anyway, so let's just let him/her eat what he/she wants.

2 '-0~/~ ~Xf' ~o jq -'i'-1011:i!~7~ ~EH 7 ~ ~ -9- ~~LJq_

Past tense forms cannot come before or after -Of/Oi !_&Xf.

• o:J71oJ1,A-J 7-J7171J-~1 -?<JoJ.s:.. ~Am~ ~2.J'-177J- ~1-E- 31 ~~1- ~ ~ 7'1oJ1.R. (x)
oj71oJVi 7-17171}~1 -?;joj.S:.. ~,A]:{} ~ ~2.jy77} 7} ~~1- ~~oJ.R. (x)
- · oj 71oJ1-'i 7-171 71]-~1 -?;jo]£ ~ -'1 ::fr ~ ~2.11-] 77]- ~1 -E- 7} ~~1- ~ ~ 7'1of1ll.. (o)

3 .::1.2.~q i!j-7~ ~~~ 71{:loHJ.i ~~ [[JJ::: '-0~/~ ~X~ -cx.t/<Xi~ 7~0liR' ~EH£ A~~ -9- ~~Lj q_

However, the form - Of/Oi !_&Xf -91/9:1.~ 710!1£. can be used when supposing what likely happened in a

past situation.

7f 0,J=7J ~loJl rll :J..1IJj :J.. ~ ~ -t]-~1 ~2-}.:il 0H71~oJ 0]: ~ !::t:i] ~ ~ 711 ~2]7} £ll.R.

I should have told Yang Gang not to do that back then, and now I regret not doing so.

q :J..1IJj oH71t>H ~~J- ~~1 ?,f'V,-% 7'1 of1.R. c-j o1""J {178 ~~1 o}J.i].R.

He wouldn't have listened to you even if you had told him back then. Please don't worry about it any
more.

Lf .!f-~"811 ~A} ~%<itt~ 7-JcxJ1Jl. ~~ »-17} Jl£ l:l} llli7-j ~_B_. ~ -
c~OI Aj[q stubborn

~12..! .UJOlllil O I.A.f~ Uli §- £21- '§2.f11.!?-~fq 1?-~fc.f I ~12..! .UJ7f R§ ttf~Cf
.A.~l)jJ ~~ ~2.~ '§2.fj! ~~£2.~ .!i!.Cf ~~£2.=1.!i!.Cf I R§ ~.A.f .A.~OI ~ ~q
:XI-'?- .UJOlllil o j g ~ l:lJ-¥2.f11 opJ~H .!i!.Cf oH7 lofef 111~0 1 L.:J~ .AiJcf

2 7f optl_ o:j~Oi1 lf!-AJ.£..£ o:j~~ 7}2 11~-ci1 \:£0 1 G-] ~77}~* 7}3!)~Jl.
Lf 1[!-AJQ] ~»-17} -c+%1 ~A} ~o}L-]- ~3!)~Jl? .J~ 7}J.i1Jl.

OJ~~~~~.£.£~~~ 7f1! {l.§Ci J't'jOJ .§[email protected]~fDii.A.i ~O J I:lJ.Ufef I .A.fef
0-j'E:JOJ ~2f7f !j!{;jef I .!i!.Cf
*C-j~Jlf !i!f 7fef
*:X-j ~O J 01-@-0IJ£-ECiJI:lJ~77f !i!f .A.fef
*:X-j ~~ .!i!.jl {l.§CiJ ~.A.-j~77f !i!f .!i!.Cf

362 Korean Grammar,;, 'la·e · Intermediate

(1) 7 ~ ~oj] 7}Ai -6_j;.}<5}~ :71ji? (7}q)

q ~oj] l~ ~f.~ ~ ~ ~o] o}.!f-~.£ ~~ 7-]cxj]S. Ai"'J- ~o1 Al~ c ~cJ1S?

*(2) 7f ~c.].£. O:jt>~ ~ ~A1 o}-31 .£ ~:Aj ~ ~~s. (.Jl~<5}q)

q 7;j]4:f o-12.]~ o}:uJ-. ~'oF ljl!{2.] ~:Aj"5TI_

(5) 7~ Ljj 7} Qjj .Jl~~JiL rrJl_:g-_!f-~ ~{]<51 <(}- ~~A1 ~~7} Ql . (~~i>}q)

Lf A].:g. ~%~.2.1-] 77]- Al-E-lf-E] 2}.£ ~{]<51 -5H.

(1) 7~ u]-o ] ~ »-1 O:jA} ~-=Jl-7} :AjW cxj]llllt:JlJi.. (cxjpmq)
Lf 0 ]-.!f-2.] 0111!11 ~f.~ ~ cxJ1 ~1?}% cxJ1lll:l ~ ~_g_?

(3) 7~ ~~ »-1~ Aa-Z=1°1 LlVa-3:1°12-l-"i .Al--=f17]7} ~ ~ ~A1Jl? (~ ~ q )

q ~u}l-}-~~~~Jl?

7;j14:f x~-.5}~ ~-=Jl-7} ~ 9 ~~ 7-JcxJ1Jl.

(4) 7~ ~E]ljl.Q..£. %~~ "}~ ).1:AJ-~q Gj ».}t:Jl Jl. (».}q)

Lf ~u]-l-}- ».}~~Jl?

Lf~ "1:AJ-oJ1 7}"i -311] ~.Jl .A}{:- 71] ~01-Jl.

(5) 7~ ~JiL <i[oj];.i {[~ .!f:l.~}2.] 7-1 u~ ll}-~r:-J1 :@.?i~77}Jl? (~q)

Lf {[~ .!f:l.~}2.] 7-]u}7} ~u]-l-}- ~~~Jl?

A}A1 uj-;.i]Jl.

1 ~ 1; ~ 7-] O:j].fL
CD 1-go ] ~oj-_g_ @ 1'; ~ ~o]oj] .fL
@ 1%~ ).Jjo]oj]il..
w~ .S:.Q.j- ~2.]-j]_ *~Oil <id e>i _g_
2
@ .s:.Q.} ~2.]-Jl oH£ cj- .s:.~ 7-] O:J].fL
CD .S:.Q.j- ~;g. t:J1 y 77]- ~ c:j %l _g_

w@ .S:.Q.j- ~2.]-j]_ ~ ~'Xte>iiL

3 7~ ():j5:!., 8:1: 01 ~ 7JH~J:I .:::1.2./lR?
q (}iAil --'H~Oll 3J-.I 7~ 'aOiJ-i. J:~J-.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _

CD 77H~y 77]- ~ e>i L.f_g_ ~ 77H~~ ~ <>1 ~ 7-J O:Jl_g_

@ 77H~~ ~y77J- cj- ~~\te>i iL ® 77H%J ~-:::<} cj- ~<>1~ ?la:JliL

4 7~ J:i ~§ :;~ol ~~ 9-.f~Oi _~i!_():j.£.

q J: l-5 ~ l:lHJ ~ O ~rr~J-.i 0 ~.!?- ~~ ~~ -'?-7~ ~OjR_

CD 3!-~e>i ~~ lill-c1] ~ 1)!-~o-j ~o]L} o]-L}
® 3!-~<>1 ~0 1~ -c1] ~oH @ 1)!-~o-j ~0] ~ .2_OJ~1::1]

5 CD :1. ~~ ~~tiic]L} o]-L} q;._J 'ii.Jl 1t:::<J ?J-o]-.fL_

~ :::<]-5-o] J.,]:froj] {!~oH ~L} o]-L} cj- ~ ~ 7-]0:j]il.._
@ :J..xojJ 7}Al1iUJ<5}Lf Dj-Lf Al ~ 7}Jl 1i:::<J ?J-oj-_9__
@ :1. ~- ~ cj- ~.Q.Lj- o]-L} BH7} lf-2 1-]77]- ~ ~ ~ cH.fL.

6 CD ~~]7]- ~.!f- t:-j%];.,-1 ~-%7] ~ ~ *":::<} ~%<id<>1iL.
~ ~~]7} ~.!f- G]%jJ.,-j ~-%7]~ ~ *":::<} ~%<fd~e>i.fL.
@ ~~]7]- ~.!f- t:-j%J;._l ~-%7]~ ~ ~:::<} ~%W,% 7-ja:j].fL.
@ 'i~] 7]- ~.!f- t:-j%];.,-11!-%7] ~ ~ *":::<]- ~%<id% 7-]0:j]il...

364



-(~)Let~

7t ~~ .A}1J_t=]]Jl.

~~oJl rt~~~ ¥-1 <5}Jl1i~.fL?

(I see) you bought a lottery ticket. What do you want to do if you
win the lottery?

q ~~oJl rt~~q~ 1):!{} :A}%:7.~ .A}Jl1i~Jl .

If I were to win the lottery, I'd (want to) buy a fancy car.

I hear you two met in Korea?

Lt t=Jl. 7-1]7} ~RoJl ...2..:AJ ?l~t:l-~ o}7]2.f »-1 ~

~l-f:A] *~~ 7-]cxj].fL.

Yes, if I hadn't come to Korea, I would not have met Akira.

Ol .H.~~ 7f~ ~%}~ q EfLH::: ~Q£. ~.xHq :;)_fl-j£1 ~~ ~CH£ ~~~ rrH ~~ Of~ ~0-jqAj ?J~ ~011
cHoH OIOP I~ rrH AI§~LICl. ijt~~Oll::: 7~ ~~o 1q ~~~ qEfLH::: Wee.! ·-~01£.'. '-(0 )2 71011£.'.
'-(o)2 'B!C·ll' :;oj -9-£ ~L!Cl.

This expression is used to refer to hypothetical situations either contrary to what actually happened in the
past or what is happening in the present, or to situations that have not yet occurred. The following clause

usually includes an expression such as -~OlR, -(.£)2 7iOIIR, or - (.£)2 '2)Cil to denote the hypothetical or

suppositional situation being described.

-(L..)L.q'i!:!

~ ~q'i!:!

Ojj HH q Oj j ~q'i!:!

A

~q ~ q'i!:!

Oj jHHq OjjHH Cl'i!:!

366 Korean Grammar '~' 'll.fe · intermediate

-(L)Lq~ n q'i!!

r;!:j ::: q~

():j;.t.:~O i q ():j;.t.:~~q'i;!!
£j"~Oiq ~~ O I ~q'i;!!

NOiq

(0 1)2.~'i!! ():j;.t.:~Oiq ():jA:~2.~'i!!
~~O I 2.~'i;!!
£j"~O iq
.... :..·-·--------------~·······:·----···

• ~»-]7} ~~q.~ t.l-cf-i.l-<>11 ~ ~ <ll~~ lillt:iJ.

If the weather had been good, (we) could have gone to Mt. Halla.

• o]ltioJ]£ ~~ ~ ~--~}q~ .!f-.2.'cJo] 7<j~ 1!t:rJ<5t1l ~o:j]it.

If I don't graduate this time, (my) parents will be really disappointed.

• l-]17} .!f-.:<-}2}~ 7}\f~ J,}~~ ~ £~ ~ <ll~ lillt:iJ.

If only I were rich, I would be able to help the poor.

1 OI.R~~ 7~~.9.1 .g%,t~~ O~LI 2.~ ~-c!£1 .g%,t~ .R~oPI~ ~Liq.

In addition to indicating hypothetical situations, this expression can also be used to indicate conditional
statements.

• l07H 0 VJ- J..j-AJc}t(! lOo/o{t ~~~ E.c.J~!):~-t..Jc.}.

If you (intend to) buy 10 or more, I'll give you a 10% discount.

• :AI~¥-EJ ~11151 ~¥-~c}'B t:Jl'§f.ii!.oJl ~ 9 91~ rlaJl.R.

If you (say you are going to) study hard from this point onward, then you should be able to get into a
university.

2 ~J;H~<2J '-{L) Lq~·~ '-( 0)'i!!'~. :i!P~~<2.) '-<1!'/~q'i;!!' ~ '-W~ 0 'i!!'. '-W~Ci2.~'i;!!·~ tlp[l~ J

~*~~Liq.
The present tense form -(!=.)L q~ can be changed to-(£)~. and the past tense form -~j~q~ can
be changed to-~/~£~ or -~/~C:f2.f~ with almost no change in meaning.

• _Q_~oj]l:l]7]- :l~c}t(! ~ '%'15]-cj 7]-.R,
= _Q_~oj] 1:1]7]- :17.] !(! ~ '%' 15]-cj 7]-..ll,

• o-J:A1] TV~ ..!i!.:A] ?,f~c}l[! ..!i!.JIJ..i~ if~~ rlaJI..Il.
= o-]7-1] TV~ ..!i!.:A] ?£~.2..1[! .!i!.JIJ-i ~ if~~ rlaJI.R.

= o-]7-1] TV~ 5!.7<] ?.f~t:iCJ-1[! ..!i!.JIJ-i ~ if~~ rJoj]..ll.

·ej 24g '7~ ~~ LfEf~ rrH"2.J 02 ·-w~c-J2.f~·~ g~5fAiiR.

See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 02 -'Lt/~C~2.f~.

'--(O)~':v_~ '-( L)Lq~·:: ~zj:V.~ 7~~2.\J:F. £1Di~ q 7~:A i.J:l ~:Ai'2J" '--(0)'2}':: '-(L) Lq'2}'5!q 7f-5

{:jOI \:'i:: ~Oll .A.~£io:j ~Oi'§t 7fE{:jOI ~~ ~~ [H~ .A.~o~:AI '2i'~Liq.

While both -{5?.)~ and -(.~) L ef~ can refer to either a condition or a hypothetical situation, -(5?.)~ is used for
things which have a higher possibility of occurring than -{.!:::.) L Cf~. Accordingly, if the event being referred to
has no chance of actually happening in reality, then -{5?.)~ should not be used.

-(0)'2} -(.!=.)L C~'i:!:!

011t! ~01 ~01'21" 7~01 i'J~ rrH .A.fgof££. 7f5~0I 011t! ~0 1 ~01'§ 7f5~0I 7-J.£1 ~1::- 71{1 {t~fOII i'JOI
7-l£1 ~~ rrHe .A.fgofXI 'rJ§LICf.
.A.fg~Lief.
Used to refer to events which have a high
probability of occurring and is not used with events Often used to refer to events which have little or no
that have little or no possibility of occurring. chance of actually occurring.

• ~o] p_J·O![! :S: ~ fillciJ. • ~0j p.J"I:j-1[]_ =t ~ fill Ci]_
-+ 'i,t££ §OI i'JO~ 7f5~0 I ~§Lief.
-+ §OI t',to~ 7f5~0I 7-j£1 ~§Lief.
There is a chance that the person will have a
lot of money in the future. There is very little chance that the person will
have a lot of money in the future.

-+ WQ~.A.~OI '~'7f~ 7~01 ~C;j ~OI:Iii! -+ WQ~ A~OI '~'7f ~ 7~01 ~C;j ~oo§! 71{1
Aj-g%t -9- ~§Lief.
{t~ LfEfLHE '(01)2.f~·~ AfgoHOt Xf~~'E:j§LICf.
Here, -(5?.)~ cannot be used because there is
no possibility of the speaker actually turning Here, because there is no possibility of the
into Dongsu. speaker turning into Dongsu, the hypothetical
form (OI)2.f~ should be used.

- - - ........... - - - -·-·-----

1 7f ::1 ~~ ~ 9Je>1..9..? ::1 l:lR~7} ~~"i[;<.J s:_ S!..;::J:llii..

Lf .Aj~Jl? ::1 l:lfl~7} ~~~q~ ?£~ 0:1;<.}%o]1JuJt>}3:Y.e>1Jl. anniversary of th€
founding of a schoo

.::1 ttH.sf-7f ~~5fCf .::Ii:!H.!f-7f ~~5fCf I t'J.g Oj.A~OI ~~fq
.::1~ *!XI '['Jq I ~~tfOil ~ 7fef
vOl~ 7Hiil7 IEI~OII ?Jq

~.£ .UI7f ~ OPI7 f 7i-3JWOICf ~~ .UI7f ~ OPI7f 7-J-3J'YOICf I ~.2.£ .::I.A.fEI":L!f OP I5fXI ?Jet

2 7f e>15:! ~ IIR .:g-o1 ¥-] ~e>1Jl?

q 7}*~e>1Jl. .Xcfl ~ ~"§jq~ 7}*7} ~9i ~ 71cxj]Jl.

7f-'?OICf I ~2.H~ ~fq I 7f4.7 f £1Cf
~2.ii2.1LfO I Cf I ~2.il011 ~~01 'lief I ~2.il~ .::IV!i=-XI ~q
~ -t:-!4-0ICf I 8~iil UH Cf2.1~ Cfj;:IXI '(Jq I ~7~ 7ll~5fef

368 Korean Grammar ;, flu e- · Intemtediate

(1) LJ-l~ J-j ~o j ~Tfj-A] ?jO~Jl. + ~-Z=j-6~::: A~~O j lf:J'g_ ll~]Jl.

-+ Lff0J ~--~~01 Oi~f.l OJt:{-Oj_ "SJ-1:1,-E;r.';: f-..~1 DJ~ liOIISL.

+(2)
~:I ::'-r1l7]- <-5,1-.0Allo]~nIl]..<.i":>L, <e5.1-o'-'l-_Q2 _ l:l]-_Q_ ¢. oJ_Q_ i2-llr:J] .J<":>L ,
I
c2 .M. 2 '-'-' 'I

(3) o]Jt]_oj] 7-J~g ~o~Jl. + ~~ g ~ 71~]Jl.

-+

(4)

-+

2 ~-(L)Lq'2::!~~ A~<5HAi q~ cH£~ ~{:Jo~AiiR.
(1) 7f 9-~ »-1::: .AJW &5::~7~ 'W-AliL? ('Wt:f)

Lf l=Jl, -Afs=_ 9-~ »-]7-1'EJ &5::~7} 1'-t:{-Oj, o~y---,'t-J--]oj] -A] -%)_~g 71~]Jl.

(2) 7f 5::-% 7}7].£ ~\it l:l] 7~ -&t:f::EJlJl. (l:l]7} __2_q)

q .=Ic]1Jl?.=I\it q~ ~.£ <t1,7]<5Ho]: £]39.~Jl.

(3) 7f ~A~j ~.M.7j t:J1~oj]J--j %31. »-] 7~ -"Jg_ ~Sit:J1Jl. (~7~-6~q)

q Oil0 1u] »-].£ -"Jg ~51 g Jill101] o}~l=]]Jl.

*(4) 7f ~o] 'irt~J--] <ij <5~ g 7}39.1=J]Jl. (~ 9 <U:= J-Ho]-c.]-)

q ~O~Jl. q-~7} e:j7] -A17] u}%t:J1£ ~ JillEj]Jl_

(5) 7f ~A~j 7}9 'l:l]' ~ -3]{;j ql-xJ:~Jl. (7}L}) 'l:l]'.§. u}l---l-_Q_ i2-llr:-j]Jl
q .=Ic)1Jl? -A1.£ ~A~] _:g-<t1_7-Joj] 2 L:.M. 2 '-'-' .

(6) 7f t.H~ojTtil:lJ~o] ~L}l=]]Jl. J-j{}o]1JW llJl{~ 7~Jl. (J-]-3{-6}::= \[o]q)

q ul-o~_g_ __2_2=oj l:ll-"5"1-o] .Aclol- ~ i2-llt::-j]Jl .
o e.-o 2 '-'-'
"" • 2 o -,

What should we do? The tickets are all sold out.

q .=I.Cll-]77} A~]7} cxj]oRt>}7.}.TI ~B}o}Jl.. u]cj cxj]oR
~~2.}~ -t'-<ti~ ~ ~ CV.Si~ 74cxJ1Jl..

That's why I said we should buy them in advance. If we had
purchased them in advance, we could have seen the show.

7~ 0}7] 2.} ».], A~~ ~i>}<'>H iL!

Akira, happy birthday!

q 0}7]2..} ».] J,~~O]Oi]Jl.? J,~~<j ~ ~~~2.}~
)j § ~ €-l:l ]~ ~ "@l:i]Jl..

It's Akira's birthday? If I had known that , I would have prepared
a gift.

Ol If.~:= :i?P~Oll ~~'2! ~~ 'riCH£ 7~~5HAi ~~ [H A~ru-Liq. ~7~ ~Oil CH~ .¥-~q ~E~771-@-~
qE~LH7I=c f>~jl. .::1~7-11 5~:AI UO~ q~o1~q:= ~~ qE~LH7I=c g[Liq. '-<U/~ Ci2.~~· crg.Oll:= '-CU/exi~
7~0liR'. ·-ru/cx.t~ 'B)c~r. '--{ 0 )2 ~~cp~ :A~2?- ~Liq_ (24-§ '7~~ .g~ qEf~ ~·.2.J 03 '--{o)2 ~t;~q·

This expression is used to hypothesize a past situation that is the opposite of what actually occurred. It can

express the speaker's feeling of regret or lament with respect to an event in the past as well as relief about

not doing something. The expressions -"1):/<JJ.~ 7iOIIR. -<;}:/~~ 't!JC.il, and - (.2.)2 ~~q often follow - "1J:./<JJ.Ci2.f

\?:!.(See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 03 - (.2.)2 ~ofCf.)

-r;)JexiCi 2.~~

A/V lt Ci2.~~

-- - -··-·····-·· ------------ - · - ------:------ ~ exiCi 2.~~

-----------··-·-------------------- -- - - -

NOiq ~Ci2.~~ .!¥:A~Oiq !¥:A~~Ci 2.~~
OI~Ci2.~~
~~01q ~~O I ~Ci2.~~
------------- - - - · - - --------------------- - -·-----·------------

370 Korean Grammar ;, 'lise · Intermediate

• A~]7}- 7]7}- ~Pl'*~ R.t:ilo] £]~~ :loJliL.

I could have been a model if I had been taller.

• o}-{lol] 9i7]oj].!il..~ ~ ~nj'*~ -ue>iJ7}-7-] ?JO,J~ l@_~;l]_

I wouldn't have gone (mountain) hiking if I had heard the forecast in the morning.

• ~2-j ~f:le>il 7}-7-] ?JO,Jt:i'*~ ~9i 'it ~~<>iiL.

(It) would have been a big deal if (you) hadn't gone to the hospital quickly.

OI.R~~ ·-~;~q~·o 1 q ·-w~o ~'££ t:t i-J?.Oi.A.i ~ -"?.S:. <U~ Liq.

This expression can be replaced with the expression -'lt/'?;!Cf~ or -'lt/'?.;!.2.~.

• .2.~£ ~A}oJI ~~c-]2}~ -'PJ-'i:l~Efl 3.Jll ~)fg ~oJl.R..

= 2. ~£ ~A}ojJ ~~t:j-~ JPJ-'t:J~EJJ 3.Jjj ~)fg ~ojJ.R..
= .2.~£ ~A}ojJ ~~_Q.~ JPJ-'t:J~EJJ 3.Jjj ~)±~ ~ ojJ.R..

If I had been late for work again today, I would've been scolded very much by the director.

*'-{ L }L q~·~ 7 ~~ ~%fJ:!.~ ~:c! ~~~ ~ q qE~';Jj-"? <ll:AI~ '-~/~C:j 2.~~·~ 7~ ~~~ qE~';Jj
<U~Liq_ Ef.~ '-{ L }Lq~· ~ ~.AH . J:!.~7~ ~Oil CH~ 7 ~0 1 7 f-6-<S'~:A I~ ·-~/~C-j 2.~~ ·~ J:!.~7~ 7 ~

~ 7f-6-g[Liq . .::J.Oil t:ti5H'-{ 0)~'~ .2.!:f. 7 f-6-~Liq.

While the expression -(.!:::.) L q~ can be used to express both hypothetical and conditional situations, -'lt

/'?;!Ci2.f~ can only be used to express hypothetical situations. Moreover, while -(.!:::.)L q~ can be used in

both present and past tense hypothetical cases, -'lt/'?;!Ci2.f~ can only be used in past tense hypothetical

situations. Finally, in contrast to these two expressions, -(.2.)~ can be used in all cases.
_ - -- - ---- ·-- ···-- _- - ..... - -
--------· ---

-( 0 )~

7 ~~ 0 0 0
Hypothetical (7~0 1 '1!2 7~)

Situation ~.(:!

Conditional · - · - --- 0 0X
-- ---.,...........- - - --- - - - -
· - -----·---·-·- 0
0X
~xH

Present

Tense ~7~ 0
Past
rrHe0 '-'lt/'?.tCf~') 0
(e. m~

-----~-----------·-- ···-····- ..--·---·-· --··---- ·- ·- ····- - - - - - · - · ·- - -

r:- ...

1 7f Jtl:A1 »-17}- ~l±.~ n:Jlil.9-~ ?,lo1 9Y,t:.j-~l--]..9..? .~.
Lf t;Jl, Jtl:A1 »-17}- <(!~ ~ ?,lo1 9Y,~c}~ 1J.9--&-}-:A1 ?J-~~ Jill"E1] o}-*1-%1..9...

'2J.AI J.AI7f ~.H.~ ITH ~~ I'JOI5fef '2J.AI Ml7f <2'1~~ 'C\tO I 5fCf I ~*5f.A I 'rJCf
~01 £'JO I 2.Af2.fef ~~ 'CJOI ~tt15fef I 2.Af2.f.AI Btef
Of712.f J.AI2.j ~<2'!0 1 ~I~ICf Oi;t;il tt17f 2..AI Btef I ~I±£1.AI \'JCf

2 7f 7Jo1 ?,lo177]"X-5H ~t:.J-:A1 ..9..? !!~ '2_fj;jl environmental group
Lf t;Jl, ~7cj B-7.11 ~ 01~:c.T2j -&-}-:A1 ?J-~~ cf~ :!:lit!~ 7~5fq to donate (one's) wealth
o1~711 77]"X-5H:A1:A1 ?J-~~ ~O:J1..9...

YOI 'C\tOI77H~5H.A ICf ~~ '2-~ii~OI !:.:.~5f.AI 'rJCf I Ol~lll 77~5H.AI.AI ?JCf
2.l.A.rcOI £715fef I .::1. ~.Al-E~* ~q
.:l~.Af7f~f ~ .A.f~7f7f ;t;HH~ 7l!f-5f.AI 'rJCf I .::1. ~{:!l~g ~.ii!~
.::1.'2)-.!:f.OiO~ 5fef

Aaw(1) 7f 01Jtl J-1~ 01 o-j2;j~:A1Jl?

Lf 1;]1, A-lt;;!OI Of~f.l 0jOJ"B!Cfb! J-1~ g ~ ~g Jillr:~1..9...

(2) 7f o-j~-jc.}-7}- l-}-27}- J;tq]Jl?

*(4) 7f :A1 2]~0 1 o1 ~711 ~ ~"5}-71 ~ ~ ¥5:to-JJl.

q ~o}Jl, 7--j£ :A1 cJ ~o1 o1 ~711 ~~"6"}-717}- ------------------------

.2..7-1gf~g ~O:J1 Jl.

(5) 7f 1l~oJ1l--] i'-.!f--5}-2 %~ 01~ g ?Jo1 3:- "5}-1to-]Jl?

Lf L~1, 1l.g_oJ1Al i'-.!f-"5}-2 %~ ------------------------ -ji-"§:j- J-~~01 r:j

~ ~ ~ g 7-1 O:J1Jl.

37':. Korean Grammar u1 lise · Intermediate

7~ _2_~ ~o] l=j.!f- o]1I'fj 7-] ?J-o}Ji..? ~
•[ 114) 1
Aren't the roads really slippery today?

Lf l.;j], wo}Ji... Al.5:_ ~O1 l=j.!f'- D]112-j %lJ.-j ~.ilLOil
_2_cj-7} \S o-j~ llll"9l<>1 Jl.

Yes, you're right. They're so slippery I almost fell on the way to
school.

We almost missed the train.

Lf qg .!f-Ei ~ t:1 ~~ ~~i>Ro~~o-JJi...

Then we should leave earlier next time.

Ol ±E~:: Oilfi ~0 1 7'1.2.1 ~Oj~ 3:! ~~~c~l ~;J;il.£~ ~Ojq:A I cr.m~ rrH .q. .g.~LICf. .5:!.~ .:z.~ ~01 ~Oj
q:AI cr;o~.A.i q~OI2.f.E L?~£_£ OIOP I ~ ~Lief. .ilm£1.A.~I!Oll CHoH OIOPI<5f7 1rrHgOll ~.g '- (0 )2 ~

~q'.£ ~6~o:j. ~A~ '<5~D~E.ii2:!'J:!.~ ~OI M~ ~.5f-7 ~ PJ~LICl §.A-~'2! ~011 ~*<;}~Lief.

This expression is used to indicate that some event or action almost happened but did not. In most cases,
it is used to express the speaker's relief that the event or action did not happen. Because it refers to a past

event, the form -(.2.)2 ~~q is always used. It is often used together with the adverb 5fofEi'2:!. and it or ,

attaches to verbs.

- (2.) 2 11!:!<5~[.~

~Ojt:fi2.lef ~Oit:ti'§ I!!:!W::~

___ ____---··~-e..f..-....... ~ ~ ~<5~q
....._.._,

The movie was so sad I almost cried in front of my girlfriend.

• ~-&oi]J.-j {)"7-~7] 7.~7~ 1.{.2..~ l:l~'f:l'oi] 7-}%7.~oi].!f-~~ ~~OlA.

I almost hit another car because it appeared suddenly from an alleyway.

• ~F?-Q} .!8-~<S}c}7} ~ ~ c} Ell% l@~OiA.

I was talking with my friend on the phone and almost burned all the food.

Ol R~ ~ ~~~OJI :il~7i~ 7~~o~~ R~~ '-~/Cfi 01~f. '-~/CfiC-j2.~~·:il~ MO l ~ ~~7~ ~~Liq.
This expression is often used following constructions that indicate hypothetical past situations such as...
-'W~.Q.~ and - ~.U~C-j2.f~-

*• 7]7-\-Jl ~ o]2.j AJ-:7.] ?J-"~.2..~ Jl"8"J'oj] ~ n)1~<>J.B...

If I hadn't bought my train ticket in advance, I wouldn't have been able to go to my hometown.
• D\-.3. ~]7\- ~~ 'r} <5jJ ~Gjcj-~ ~i; ~ ~ojtij~ ~~oJJl.

If Mark hadn 't called me, I would have forgotten my appointment.

·\) 24:g '.7~ ~~ Lt£fogj [ H'Qj 02 '-W~C-j2.~·~ :g~ofA11R

See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 02 -'ll/~C:iC!I~.

1 .7f o];7J ~~] o ]oJ JA] %~{1~ o}yoj].fl..? (r:;\
•[ 175Jt
q o}, ~o}Jl. i>}u}E-]li:i %~{1~ ~~011 .!f-Jl ~ 1@"9l~l..8...

0 17~ ~101~ .UI ~cH-tJ~ ~CH-t!~ 6l'BOII.!:f..:i2 7fef
LH~o I Y-f:t .UI {!)~ Y-f:t .UI {!)~~ ~Oitti2.lq
.2.~ ~2.j7f 2AI!f.Ei

2 7f o:j7]7l}::Z.] ~o}.Q.~t}Jl ~ c~::z.] .fl..? (car) navigation

Lf l:Jl. ~l:l] 7-]] o]~ 0l 'iltdGJ2fli:i ~W JIA~W 1@"9lo-1A.

!:i:G2Ai~ %~<'>fef LHI:lllliOI{!OI ~q I~~ .:i2{!)5fq
§E7 f £2f-"?A:I ?Jq I !:i:G2Ai~ ~ ~LHCf
i:!I~7I.E~ -=?-<'>fq Q:j~.A.fOII Ol-E .A.~OI ~q I~ -=?-5fq

374 Korean Grammar ut 'l/.1·e · Intermediate

1 '-(o)2 Jtl!!o~q· ~ A~iiHA-1 q~~ ~~ ~01 £1£~ t:t~.JflAiiR.

(1) ~Jl ~oJ1 .2.7-1 ?:[0 }Al -=jL~ ~ W9- ~~o-]Jl.

.... U 0J.OII 9;!:~~ =r-~~ .!R- 15,[ ~c5.Ji01.2..

(2) ""l%~171 IT11.goJ1 .::g-~ ~ ~ 9- <XJSio-]Jl.

....

(3) .§~ Gj 7}7-]Jl Lf2-J-Al :l_ _?_~ {£9- ~~o-]Jl.

....

(4) 011~ ~ "5Hl-l .JJL9-\32.J {l.goJ11:\llftw 9- ~~o-]Jl.

....

(1) 7f ~qs »-], o1Jt! ~oj]Al ~C;j o]: ~1-i=:- 7-j o}\:!7}Jl? (7-1Lf7.1t:f)

q o}, Wl.oJ1Jl. o~71 ~}1:}7} ~C;jo]: W ~ ~ 7-I L.f1-J \tlj,cS.Jil;(l.sl.

(2) 7f 7}~2-l »-12.] o}o1~ W~"11 2)1 \:[7-} o}o1 .£~ A}Ai1Jl? ({l-* A}q)

Lf :l._cJlR? w~ ~ %xto-1.R. s=.~ »-17r 9£"5B ~7-1 ?:J-<V:-c:12-fli:! .£ ~

(3) 7f :l_ ~ l-J~?;.! :Q-.£.t177} t=J-17-1 o}Ai1Jl. (BR~o ] Lfc.})

Lf :l._c.Jl.R? o1 ? R~ o}1tc:12-}li:!

(4) 7f J 7};Jj]oj]l-l 7}l:lJ~ <1 l-}71 ~ {l-~?;.! :Q-7-1Jl? (~§:]~}c.})
Lf loll. 7i 7Vl 7}l:lJ ~ 1(c:1c.tli:!

c.}:': "11.!i!_c.J- 2BRLf B1f{:afo}Jl.

(5) 7f ~~ ~-?f-2-?;.! :Q-~"1] ~~"5B .!i!_Ai1R . (-e-~ 1-]-q)

Lf o}, <1 -?fnlol1Jl. ~C-1 »-17} W<'>H ~7-1 ?:J-<V:-c:12-fli:!

1 7f R8 ?l~ot717 t ~W gj ~ cHR.
Lf Lil. gJ"OtR 8~ i~:l5 ctLijl ~ :::::: ~~;_~ .:J.8.£f-~Ci2.tl2::! ~~~~~ 7-lOIIR

CD .::Z.~.Ef-21 ~ ® .::Z.~.Ef-~.5:_

@ .:Z.~.Ef-~cj-~ @ .:Z.~% 9- ~_2_~

2 7f Ol Dl~~~ ~R~O I *1:::::: '§O ILiiR

Lf 0-j :A-JI ¥t0 12: ! D-j2.1~ ~~ ~~0-jR

*CD Di 2.]~ ~~o-]Jl *® o-12.] ~ ~ 71oj]Jl
*@ o-j 2.] ~ ~ ~~o-]Jl_ *@ Di 2.J ~ -o}JI W~o-J _g_

7f ~12::!~ ~Oll --'tEJ-0 1[!J"LiiR

Lf ~W [!J"LiiR. O!I DH~ otil:l <[i~Ci 2.tl2::! ~'C!~Oll --------------------
*CD* ~ o-J~~Jl
* *@ ~ ~~ l@l~o-]Jl_ ® ~ ~~~ ?loJ]Jl
@ ~ o-j~ ~ .::z]s:_ %2.]-Jl_

4 CD 417} l;j2.}~ .:z.~ J- ~ ~ 'iJ ~ 74o1=.

ll,l1w® .:z.~Jll !fl o-] 7}~ 'Bo-J~ ?loJlJl.

@ t_~o1] _.2._.::Zj ?:J-~_2_~ ~-3] ~ ~~ ?loJ]Jl.

*@ 417} I:Jl~oJl wZ:l~cJ-~ 7J~oJ ~W ~ Jillr:iJ.

5 CD 7-]nj ~ ~ ~..Uq~ ;z~ c ~ll}Jl?
® 100~ -%!o] ;.~Jic--]2.}~ .!f-<3:!~ -o)-~~Jl?
@ o-J:Ai] 7-]7]oj] 7}.::Z] ?J"~cj-~ ~'V.- ~ Jillt:i]Jl.
@ 41~ tl]7} .g.q~ ~-AJ 7-j] ~ ~ ~7J t>Hol=~ ~ Jl.



Akira, have you arrived?

q o}, _51_f.~ 7-cJ?-Jg <iJJl *1l1..R. 7--jS:. 7-cJ?-J g
<i:l.Jl %~ .:L~<>lA.

(Yes,) but everyone is dressed formally. I should have worn my dress
clothes.

Computers are a surprising 30% off.

q ~~l-..R? 0 1~711 J--]1 ~%( ~ ~~__2_q! 3:i:}T{}-
71c}~~ .:L~<>lA. 7-1 \:!-9-~1 1}:71 :=A.

Really? If I had known they were having such a big sale, I would
have waited a bit longer. I bought one last week.

01 .H~~ ~-o~:::: Af'SOI :i!f710ll 0-l't! ~~~ ~7-JLf of:AI \?i~ ~Oil cHaH~:21 EE:::: Of-?H£~ LfEf~ llH
A~oi-E ~~Lief. 0-j[,:! ~~ of:AI \?i~ ~~ ~:21~ rrH:::: '-( 0) 2 ~ .:J.~q·~ A~ofo:j, Ol't! ~ (5 ~ ~ ~~
~:21~ rrH:::: '-:A I ~~ .:::z.~q· ~~ ·~ -( 0 )2~ .:::z.~q·~ A~gLi ef.

This expression is used when t he speaker wants to express regret or a feeling of lament about something
he or she should have done, or did but shou ld not have done. When referring to something that should
have been done but was not , -(£)2~ .:J.~Cf is used, and when referring to somet hing that was done, but in
hindsight should not have been done, either - J;I ~~ .:J.~Cf or \:!" - (£)2 ~ .:J.~Cf is used.

7fef ~~ .:::z.~ q

-(0)2~ .:J.~q ~ ~~ .:J.ill!ef
~q

v ...... ........ ..
7fef 7f:AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
-:AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef ~ :AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
~q

378 Korean Grammar in 'lise · Intermediate

• .2..~ ~.ll!. ~A~1o11 <£}- n-~c:-11 %~~ <i:!oj1<£1~ 01 ~q.:il i>HJl. ~A~1 o11 ~~ .:Z.~oiJl.

Today, I didn't go to the school festival, but I heard that a lot of famous stars attended. I should ha.: ;-:r:=

to the festival.

• J.1 ~ 01 Li.!f- ~C;j~J.i J.1 ~ ~ uJ~e>iJl. 0 1~7]1 ;_1~ 0 1 e>ia:J% ~ ~')1~Jt! -t?-lf- ~ ~ s-::

VJ-~ .:Z.~oiJl.

The test was so difficult that I failed it. If I'd known it would be so difficult, I would have studied more.

• .2..~ {l.:r-rJ ~cJ n-~c:-11 ~7-J-71 tJ17r ~e>iJl. _2._~71-7-J w~ .:I.~oi.a..

I went out with my friend today, but it suddenly started raining. I shouldn't have gone out today.

Ol .H.~~ '=z'll!q'~ ~~oH.A.i '-( 0 )2~'.£.1r. ~~ ~ ~:;Liq. '-( 0 )2~·~ ~~ .A.~'EJ"~ .A.~OI Oii.A.i
~~£ .A.~"6~7~q ~~~£ ~~ ITH .A.~gj"Liq.

This word .:::J.<;U!Cf in this expression can be shortened to simply - (£) 2 ~-This is an informal form of the
expression used only w ith those with whom the speaker is close or when talking to oneself.

7f !f-cj i!j- ti.:r~oj oj~ :j-c~;:ri] t;jS:.. {{oj ~cR?
Lf L.j-.5:. 7~.Jl-i,!~t:i] ~oj ~Di. oj~ ~ ~'U"..Q..q:! ~g% oj-lJ.j ~~-

-<J '-(£)2~·g ~~ LfEf~ [Qi~ ~ "?- '1!§-LICf. .::2~;1:1'2_! '-(£)2~'01 ~ LfEf~ [[H~ ~1£1 Qj'[email protected] fo:j

\!.!"~j:jl£ m~ ~'fJLICf. (1-g '~:ll.f Oil~~ LfEf~ [[H'£1 05 '~R' gZ::)

The expression -(£ ) 2 ~ can also be used to express a supposition. However, this suppositional -(£)2 ~ is spoken with a rising
intonation and is only used in informal speech. (See Chapter 1 Expressing Conjecture and Supposition, 05 ~~R.)

1 7f Oi.!i!., g~g_ l:j.!f- W0 l l-] ~l--j W0 l \:[)1oj_R_
gLf ~ ~ .3::~~ l-] ~~ .::Z.~tll_R,

~~ Li~ 'i'i"OI .A.j7~.A.i ~OI 'ct'1!:Cf ~ 2.jjtJj~g c~ ~Oil Afef

Ol\:l ~Oll 7 f~~ 'i'~Oj.Uj.A.-j ~~tJI7f ~"6fef Of77f Df.§.Ojj ~~ ITH ~~ .A.f .2.Cf

R-§ tJfHHf.A.i ~01 ~0-j-t.] ~ 2E.Cf

2 7f 2l1 2fc-.A~ l-} %o1? ~-?- »-]7} g.E9~ ?Jo] 7}7-].TI. %~~1.
Lf .=:Lcfl? ~-?- »-]7} g.E9~ W0 l 7}7-].TI. % ~ ~)1.Q.~ l-} _2.7-l ~~ .

<c.l~ .Uj7f gli~ ~0 1 7 f;l:j.Jl ~ ~ ~"1.:

.£<c.l .A.f .2.Cf

(1) o-j:A~] Qj~oj]J-l -e-\:1 °] -£(~-ci] 7-1~ Qj ~o-j ~ ~o}qS:. *<5HJ-l ~lf- 7c}-rr] ~o-] Jl.
D] c.j £1 ~01-t %.¥-c5f"fi .:J..'1J.01..Q...

.2..~ ---------------------------

(3) Qj~oj] <V_~ {l.::r-~Ell 5:.£~ l:IH.£ .5!..~~-ci] 49-7} 7-] ;d-~t:i] S:. o}-3] S:.-3}g
~ ~t:J1Jl.
5:&~ l:IH£ --------------------

(4) {l.::r- ~oj] <t!t2f ~ o] ~cj ~~ t:j] {l.::r- ~oj] o}_!f-.5:. ~<Xio-JJl.

o] c.] --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(5) II}Ejoj] -£(~t:i] 0}~ J.}~o] <5-}Lf-S:. ~o-JJ.l ~lf- 7-Ho]~Li]Jl.

.2..~ II}Ej oj] - - - - - - - -- - - -
(6) D}3. »-j~Ejj ~g lf!.ef~~t:jj D}3. »-]7} 7-jj4jo- '5Jo-jl:l-j2;jJ-l D}%0] "iJ~oJJl.

c}::: J.}~~Ell J ~ g -------------------
(7) :A~]y »-]7} .2..~ :Q-o] ~cj 7}7-}.JI. ~~t:i] ~ ~o-JJl. Jrci-ci] ~oj] ~:A} <V,..<?..y 77}

1J1Jc5}.J2 :A]f-<5}t;J]Jl.
.2.. ~ :A~] y »-]"lf :Q-o1 -----------------------

(8) 7-]\l-?oll 2. ~ »-]"lf :Q-o] ~~ .5!..cj ~o-JJl. Jrcit:i] o:j:A} ~.::r-7} :A-j]7} q ;::

o:j:A}"lf ~~ :Q-0 ] ~;,l ~7} ;d"o-] Jl.

2. ~ »-]"lf ~~ :Q-o1------------------------

38C Korean Grammarr"N 9/se · Intermediate

r~ :§:l-7 L:J ¥ :AHa1~ Oi Jl.

(1) q~ ~ ~'i .2~01.2..

Oj 9!~ .!i!.f.j 0J:'i .2~01.2..

(2)

(4)
25. ~~~ :r.o· =

7• a}.::z_ »-1. ~.9-1 LR 2 g .RQ{-5H 5!.-"il.R. ~
•[ 118}
Mark, please summarize the contents of the book.

q ~ _2. 2~ ~ Y I:f, .ill.*\:1. ~g uje.j ~o-J

~o-J 0l= "9l~Cll ~%-~YI:f.

Professor, I don't know it (the content). I should have read the book
in advance, and I'm sorry (that I didn't).

Why is Jaya so angry?

q 7-~] 7} .A}Ol= »-jt}Ejj H-5H5!.~qjl ~71 :=..a.

Jrs wg <)}.AJ w9l<>lol= "9l~Cll ~~7r ~..a.

I told her she looked fat. I shouldn't have said such a thing, and
now I regret it.

01 .H.~:=~ oHOF <5~::: ~-§~ <5~:AI ~~7~ Lf ~'tl .gEH 7~ ~ £I~Of ~:::cil .::z.~:AI ~~ ~~ ~.2:1<5P~ Lf
0~*1~~ [ HA~g)"LICl

This ex pression is used to indicate regret or lament about the fact that a necessary action was not
completed or that some necessary state was not achieved.

.::I.;<;:~ A/V -~~~~Of ~:::Cil -Qq ~~Of ~::: Cil
A
L C> 0 .. .. .. .... e:jq e:j ~~O f ~::: Cil
v .3.q
A/V -:AI U~~Of ~:::cil ·-· ....... -··

-:AI ~~~Of ~:::cil .3.:AI ?J~~Of ~:::cil

-t::r:IJo;:~ -Qq -Q:AI ~l~~Of ~:::cil

7~q 7 ~:AI W~~Of ~:::cil

e:jq l£l:AI W~~Of ~:::cil

·····--- .... --------- ----··

7. ~A~j ~·JI:§:j~ ~ ~X{~.£1..?

Did the conference end well yesterday?

q 0 }Y..8... ~JI:§:j.::<Jo] l-J -?:1"9i~°F "9i~Ell tl~lJ-i .:l'S7-] *Zl-011Lf7} tijt.] :::= l-}~~ 0 ] ?:.fc-Jc.}

Jl..B...

No, the conference venue was supposed to be cooled (air conditioned), and (probably) because of the heat,

a lot of people left midway through.

382 Korean Grammar r/1 '/tve · Intermediate

7f oj;_j-~ ~o] l_;jlf- i:t-A~]7)- ~q~;_-]SL?

Is it true that you're having a lot of problems with your new home?

q l.oj], ~ ~ 7-j]Q..j=0]-7] ~Oil =g=g-o)-71] {[D:i~e>-lol= '9l~r;J] ~o ] ~oj- .!i!.Oi"'-1 =z.C17.] ~~e>-lSL.

Yes, we should have inspected the house carefully before signing the contract, but it looked so nice that we
didn 't do so.

7f {] t:Jlc.], 2J1 °]~71] .!i!.JU-joj] ~ tH 71] ~7.] _9_?

Agent Kim, why are there so many mistakes in the report?

q ~-%WYt:.J-. A1]7)- q;_] ~Jtl ~£ ~ '9le>-l0 l= '9l~1:il Cj- ~c-]y ~ 'C! 711 ~,:>_ 3:! ~~Yt:.J-.

I'm sorry. I should have looked it over once more, but I didn't, and that's why there are so many mistakes.

·-~1/~0io~ ~ ~ cil' ~ g~ !f.IOil ~ *~ ~~ Li q. Ol rrH~ !f.IOil q.2.~ O I OP I ~ ~~oH.A.i ~t i-E 3:!'fd
LICl.

The expression -~U)';;!OiO~ ~f:C11 can also be used at the ends of sentences. In such cases, the original part
that would have followed -'W'X;tOiO~ ~f:C1 1 is omitted .

7f 0 } 0 1~ 011 711 ~ 3. 2jAu1-~ .Aj% j:J:o-jil..?

Did you buy any Christmas presents to give the kids?

q o}yil.., ..2.. ~ 7}L-j 77} .Aj % o1 cJ- ~);l_c.-j c.}.Jlil... u12.1 J-}21 {(o-joj: 99_.Cci1 ··· ··· .

No, when I w ent today, they w ere all sold out. I should have gone to buy them earlier...

: 'Af2.i 1!:010 ~ ~f:Cil' Cfg ou '01 2.1~ Lf ~0 1 ~.2l'<HR.' ~ 'Oi~5f.fr?' .g2.j cg[O I ~S{.'r.IOi ~-§Li ef.
Here, a statement like 012.1 ~ Lf ~01 ~.21£HB. (I regret not going more in advance) or Oi~5f.fr? (What
should we do?) has been omitted after Af2.i 1!:010~ ~f:C11.

'-( 0 ) 2~ (.:J.~ Cl)'2~ ·-~/~Oi O ~ ~ ~Cil ' ~ l::ll::::::t~Jll .A.~.S:I:A: I '2! q:;:il~ ~:: ~Oii.A.i j,~O I 7~ ~~LICl.
Wh ile the expressions - (.9.)2-§j (.:J.~Cf) and -~U)';;!OiO~ ~f:Cil are used similarly, they are different in the
following w ays.

Expresses the speaker's lament that doing Oil:! ~~ ~ oHO~ ~f:C11 5f:AI 'G,~Cfi= Ci!Ai .2.-l::: ~.2:jLf
something else would have worked out better than
what was actually done. O f*!~ .H.~~L! Cf.

Expresses the speaker's regret or lament about not
doing something that should have been done.

• oj7.1] ~i}Ej ~ 15}!::::.2} ~:;<j] 2(-G] y 15}if- • oj7.1] ~i}Ej ~ 15}!::::.2} ~:;<!] 2(-c.-] y ~R~ uJ1

%~ JI!-2--5R.R. <>11-11 ~~ ~~ .::J.~<>l .R. 1l4'-~ 'j'J"o] "9:\!<>l.R. oj7.1] ~~ 2(-ojo]: "9:\!i=-

I've been tired all day because I stayed up ~:1]· .... ..
late on the computer last night. I should have I made a lot of mistakes today during my
gone to sleep earlier last night. presentation after I stayed up late last night on
the computer. I really needed to go to sleep
LICf. early last night...

Expresses the speaker's lament that going -t Wil ~ ~~ XfO~ ~f=Cii.:J.~lll ofXI t'Jg ~~ :!jt£.1
to sleep earlier last night would have worked
out better. ~Lief.
Expresses the speaker's feeling of regret about
not going to bed early last night when he/she
really needed to do so.

lil$141&1!it

1 7~ ?~Oil e>i~ ~ qGj_2_1f~Jl?

~WOII Cfl~ ~ CfL12.Cf ~~ ~~~ ~jl7~q I~ 7.!:f.~ ~jl7 ~A-j Li!f!. gj-§Cf
Oj:X:il ~-§0 1 ~~q
Oj:Ail ~~ §- .2.]}..~1 ~ ~'"0 ~7~Cf ~~~:AI l'J7il 't_f-§Cf I Li!f!. DWF-IA"l -t)~OI ~ Q:jef
012.1 ~w !f-1}':1~ ~'"0~.5:G:l 7 ~Lf 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~1-()f)..-J 3~o1q

X]2{0fef

2 7~ J-j ~ -%-¥- lf'l0 1 ~~? 4-2011 \l{Cf

q o]-y, ~~.!il..q7]-*~~ - ~7-1] ~~ to match a standard or (someone's) ability
.!il..7.] ~~~oJ: ~~-c"l] ..····.

~.2.~ .!i!Cf7f ~ 5~q I OiXil ~.2.~ .!i!XI Wef
~~}':~~ ~2.f}..i ~ 5fef I '2:1~}':~~ ~cH~.2.~1 :A"JlfoH .!:f.Cf
Li~ Oj2.4~A-j ~ ~~q I LH~011 W-E ~~ .J:!...§.q

v.C:- Korean Grammar iN '1/.fe · I ntermediate

7.(1) ~71oJ1 ~~-xJ.!;]1Jl. (~-5}7-11 ~r:f)

q 1;]1, o-j :Ai1 _£ g Uf~$fr11 °JOJ.Oj0~ ti)i!e"t;(( ~7-J1 ~ Jl Lf3JGJ Y ~71 oJ1 ~ 3: -- -

7•(2) "'i1<?Ji>}~ ~:AJJl ~ J.}cj {1-r:.}.Jl i>}c-jy .:::1.~ ~1;]1Jl. (7}c})

q oJ:Ai1 .2..~ 31-GJY c} ![[5J_c-jc.}.JlJl.

7•(4) o:J.!i!., o-]~7-11 "5}?;1Jl? ~ 7 ~ o1 :q?;}71 {JoJ1 -&rl!Jl. ({] g ~j~i>}c})

q ~~}Jl? oJ::zi1 <?} ~Gjy t;J.!f- A1Al~.--5H..Il.

7•(1) o}LJ17} :§:}7} W"o1 X{c}~J.-j..ll? (~~oJ1.±t.J.1-5}c})

:=..a.q 1;]1. :Ai17} ~~71 \3 <?J g ~ oJ 1:1-J 5J_/'j ~~71 'El <?J g ~011 1t.t--ltl.Ji0j0~ t>Jil;;-l::

7•(2) u}.=z. »-1, oJ::z11 .7.i1~~c}~J.1Jl? (J!}~ g "6}?;1 ~c})

q 1;]1, oJ::zi1 Al~oJ1 l;j.!f-lf£0 1 Q:j~7-~ :=..a. - -- - - - - -

7.(3) oJ:Ai1 ~~~ rrJ1 i!!:-~717} <?} ~~c}~J-1Jl? (~oj.£ ~~ g i>}c})

q 1;]1, ::z117} .2.1-=s-~ ~ oJ17-J1 t.R~.£ ::z11~oJ1 rlJ-5H ~~ g ~~~:=..a.

7•(4) ~;..} »-17} o}771· t;J IIJ1.g.oJ1-cJ-~-~~r:f.JI -6}GJct. (7B~~~ ~~ g -5}?;1 ~-c.
:=.q %, LJ17} ~J.} »-1oJ17-J1 ~.:g-o1 ~u}L.f.Jl %oJ~/'j - - - - - - - -

7. *(5) ~ ~oj1J.1 .§g ~~o]Jl? (5J.1 ~oJ1 7}c})

q 1;]1, 7}l-]77} .g.o1 ~~c-jc.}.JlJl. _ _ _ _ _ _ __

(j) q; g ~_!i!_q -c-J t.+ot.£. ~ 1;; g ~0 j ~cfAcf 1)!"~o-j _£_
@ q; g ~Ttl-~ g -6_Jo] ~o-]Jl @ q; g~~ ~ ~ ~o] G-j ~'X.t~o-]Jl

7f QiA:il !f-HOll LH2.P~cp~ A:f%j:p~ Jig ~<x;!q'2::1.A.iR?

Lf L11, ti~~~~A.i ~ ~CiLI OliC! ~01 ~~i.:JIR

(j) .A}%7.t7t ~ott+ .7.]-.? .=u,:AJ-o] t.+~::z.J
~ _!f-AJOil ~ ~~ oty2f ~~J-s=. 7to]: "8-R;.-l
@ u]2.joJ2.] ::z.J-%7.~ {1{l~'X.to-Jo]: '91~r:1]
@ ;.j;j- ~~ n:Jl ::z.J-%7.~ ~ol1(o-jo]: '91~t:1J

7f ~.5:!.. QiA:il Sf-2.1o~ol -§B~IOll 2~ .fE~ Olllll .JI~q~ @A:~ .s:!.'rl!OiR?

Lf

(j) u]2.j.g::z.~ .!2._~~ ~~o-]Jl

~ ~~::z.] ?Jots=. _!i!_LJ1t:;jl:(l_ ~-o]oj]Jl

@ {}7-J ~ti-.=iL .!2_LJ1 t:;j .=iL '91 ~ t:·l] 7t}-ll!lj-'91Li]_£_
@ <>]~~Oil .!2_"';&oi 0 ]: '91 ~ r1J :Aj -B0 l ~ o-J ;.-j ~oi tli 51t:JlJl

(j) ot{)Oi] ~~ *~'91o-Jo]: '9Y:2r1J A-J%5:11:.}.

~ ~::Z.}7}lflot;.-l ~oJ o-jiflr.}. ~oJ 41%~ ~~1:.}.
@ IYJ~oj] "8-t::z.J ?J·oj-;.-j ~o]lflo] ~Xir:.J-. oJ2.J ~l:lJ'91%~ .

@ ~-11-~EJJ LJ1~% 9 ~~.AJ %o-J~o-jo]: ~-EEJJ ~o-jtii'J1r.}.

QiA:il ~H~ 7~AI ~q I t1l7~ s:q I 7~q I A~.:il7~ q.JI ~q ).
-(

386



7 ~ ~{J~ -ci] {l~ ~.Ai] Jl?

It's lunchtime, and (all) you're having (is) gimbap?

Lf l:Jl. ;,J zroJ ~~ ;,1Jl. ;,JzroJ ~~ IIJ1~ ~<5}~.A1
{l~ ~ ~ ~ "8ll.fl..

Yeah, I don't have any time. When I'm pressed for time, I'll often
have gimbap while I work.

7 ~ ~E-JlJl o ] {} ~o}~:A] Jl?

Did your Internet get fixed?

Lf 1.:]1, ~l~oJl ~ ~ E-J lJ! o] {J-7-}7] ~7] ~ "9l~t11
o]1ll .=Litl ~o] 7-] ~ ~ ~Jl.

Yes. It used to cut off suddenly, but now it rarely, if ever, does.

Ol .!!.~~ Ol't! ~01 ~-&£101 ~Oil§ IT/I ~ ~ Ol't! .A~EtO I Ol't! ~ :5~ ~-&~~ o~7~ q ~B~~El ;q~
w *.!r.rrH .A.I-@-~Liq. ·~~r. ·;.::~~·. '71-B-' ~21 w~ ;q~ MO I(]:j '-.Jl~ o~q·.£ ~
~ ~Liq.

This expression is used to describe something which occurs repeatedly or a person who performs some
action repeatedly or regularly. It is often used together with~~. ;q~, or 7fg. The form -.:ill= 5fct is a variant
of this form.

v 7f-E 0~q

7~ 'i:fJt!0 1{] oj]).i 7}-:g. .B..~ ;:; <)~).] y..B..? 1£!~ o~q

Does your husband sometimes cook at home?

4 til. -?~Oil~ 'i:fJtto] .B..~ ;:; "0~ "5l1A.

Yes. he sometimes cooks on weekends.

238 Korean Grammar in Use · Intermediate

7~ ~.AJ-71oJ1 ~017} .9:. ~~l;l1Jl.

The copier has a paper jam again.

Lf ~;.~ ~7J1Jti011W01 "3"}-~ ~017}- ~2.1~ "6Jl..B... ~-5- 011!}-7}- -c.J-.A1<5H _lil_.Ai1Jl.

It often gets jammed when you try to make a lot of copies at once. Try it again a little later.

7 ~ o-J~~ ITll ~ .Aj .?=J 01o-J~o-JJl?

How were you (personality-wise) when you were a child?

Lf 4'-~ g ~ W01~~o-JJl. -=:L2lj.A-j ~~ 0}-\:!t:i1£ <?i!~01 ~7H:A1 .:il~ ~o-J..B...

I was really shy. So my face would often turn red for no particular reason.

1 '-E o~q· <iiOll ::: -§.A.~'i!I ~ 4 'll~Liq.

On ly verbs can come before -E 5fef.

2 '-E o~cr::: Oirt! ~~ ~TI*~ 'S :q~ ~q::: ;.:ol71[ Hg OJI Oll£1 ~01 ~.g oHo ~ ol-E ~Oll .A.~o~
~ 0 1-ggrLj q ,

Because -E 5fef is used to describe something customarily done, similar to a habit, it sounds strange

when used to describe something that always happens, without exception.

• ~jjl_ 4~ ~ oH '!J 9J..]o]] A]-6f<'>~ <'>HR . (x) - • ~jjl_ 4~ ~ oH'/J9J..]oJI A]-6f<'>H.fl... (o)
:*~g. g)-~ 9.A.IOll OU2.l ~01 .A.I~f71 [HgOll '-E 5fef'~ ~-*~~Lief.
Class always starts at 9:00, without exception, so -E 5fCf therefore cannot be used.

3 Ef.~ '-E o~cf ::: ~~~ 4 ~= .g~:v_~ (}jL ~.s=_ :AI~OI £1::: .g~Ofi.A.i::: .A.~~ 4 ~~Liq

The expression -2 5fct also cannot be used to describe situations that do not repeat or that continue to

a certain degree.

• 7-1]Y :::: 3\'1 {!oJI .JI%~jjl_ ~ ~~<'>~ ~<>lil... (X) ~ 7-1]Y :::: 3\'1 AjoJ\ .Jl 'g ~jjl_~ ~~~<>lil... (0)

: .:il§~.iil~ ~~~ ~g ~ ~OI.:il :I Ol~£ .:il§~.iil~ ~~51-E ~01 ~~~£.£~£E..£ '-E otCf'~ A~

*~ ~§-LICf.

High school graduation normally occurs only once in a person's life, so -2 ofCf cannot be used.

: §-t!";<:~ 'Ej :1. 7f¥. *O f~ef '2._f ~Cflf ~ *~£E..£ A~~* ~§-Li ef.
Here, -2 5fCf cannot be used because it is impossible to repeatedly like and then not like a singer as if

it were a habitual occurrence during a particular time period.

Here, -;g 5fCf cannot be used because it would mean the speaker worked for five years, quit the

company, and then repeated the entire process multiple times.

1 7~ ?We>il ¥-1 -.s-Hte>i.fL? {r.::;\
q ~-=f-Qf <1J~ 59_-e>iiL. ~-=f-7} <1J:§} ~i{i ~ ~ il~ l-l •[ 181)1

~LftE <1J~ .!I!_~ <5}:;9 ~Jl.

2 7~ l-i]-&-o}, -i'-~ ~JJl. t:.}l@ rrH J-~Z{o] t.f? H~
q .=I.~ . ~JJl. {1-q~e>i] ?;{o} ~l-~5:.~ ojo]:7]<5~ "9l?.tfo}.
.=I.rrH 7} .=I.~ t:.}. lawn I

.A.ii~N I £t.:ii! CfLI Cf £t.:ii! Bc.I ~Oil &o~ 'EJ".A.H.S:.~ OIOPio~Cf
():j.!:2. I 'i:!OHo~Cf '8-t!OI?f OIOPI"Ofjl {.!Oi.Ai .A.H~llf.AI ~2.1-o-rq
~2~ AAI I .!rr&Oii.A.:j ~q

.2.-:::(1) l:l17} ~<>11:: .=J. ;.}if}-oj A~ J-~ Zj-LfJl.

-+ I:Jilr .2.~ 1.{011~ , ~--~~ ~f7-tl..f~ "5H9..

(2) l:IJ"§{- n:Jl :: }.1~ W0 }l:li A1 "91 <>11 A~ Y Oi.R.
-+

(3) A E~1 A~ ~_Q_J?1 Lf ~ i} ~ 7 H} f-lJl.
-+

(4) Oi '€l n:Jl := ~=f~ JI}o]:-=(- ~ BJ-o1 ~Oi.R.
-+

390 Korean Grammar ,/, 9t,·e · Intermediate

tgJ~ AH~q ~ q l.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................ ..........................................................................................................................................................................)

(1)

7~ l-1{}0 1<V_~It! %1 <5}J-i1ii_?
(2) q TI11 ~011:t}{J 01flO}!--j TI11 ~j]:011

7~ .JI<5J {17 ~ ~ li1L.fli:l %1 <5}J-i1Jl?
(3) q .JI15J g ~ o1.=1. 2-1 ~V-1 .JI15J g ~ ~ 1i1~ t>1

7~ Jl ~ ~~l-1 ~ .:{:1i:?Jl 0 1 <V_~J-i1Jl?

(4) q o}y.B_, ~.ill. ql§ rrJl ~ ~~ .:{:1i:?Jj ~ - -- --

- - - - - _9_~011 ~ ~ l-1{}011 ~1.:]1_9_.

(5)

7~ W0 1llj.g"5TI .!J:l..o1;_1~~1 t>1Al1S:. ~~ J-TI..<f-{1 71011_9_?
(6) q 1.:]1, ~Si~ rrJl~ ~<5}q7}~~-------­

_g_~ ,<:'_ <5}-X-~li1 ;_H %1s:. loJ .!f- IL].g<5}1.:J1_g_.

Aaw7~ -tR~~ ~-oJ-J-l l=llit!

Your Korean is really good!

q ~"0}-7] ~Jl. 0}-~.5:. Ejlf:J-0 ] l:lB%1 °t t>Rit.

No, it's not really that good. I've still got so much more to learn.

Was the movie interesting yesterday?

q :ARoJ<V_7] ~Jl. ~c}-7}- ~<X,te>iit.

Not really that interesting. I fell asleep watching it.

Ol E~::_: ~cH ~£1 ~~ 7PfPil 'tJCHoP~q 'tJI;!,f'~ rrH A~~Liq q::; A~~O I ~~~ ~~ ([H Ol .H.~~

*A~5H cH'B"o~~ ?:3~~ EH£~ .!:I!.Ol ;;;:::: 3-:!0 I ~ Li q. '-{JR'£..5:. ~~ CXJ~ Liq.

This expression is used to politely refute or disagree with the other person's statement. When used in response

to a compliment, it expresses the speaker's modesty. This expression can also be shortened to - l!R.

A/V -7I::R

N! (01)71:::£. ~-=flOiq ~-=fl 7I::R

----~ '§:f{!JO Iq '§:f{!J OI7I::R

7~ o:j Ci 7)-7.].£ S:.Q}T=-A=j).i JI.~~ '-let.

Thanks for all you 've done for me.

q JI.~7] ~Jl. ..2..<5]2;j :A~]7)- s:. g ~ ~'XJ.-~ 1:-j]Jl.

No need to thank me. You helped me more (than I helped you).

392 Korean Grammar in 9.b.·e · Intermediate