Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

7f o}oj 7} ~~ ~ ~o}.fL.

The child hugs a doll.

The child was held by the grandfather.

7f 0}3. ».j7} .g. ~ ~ Oi.fL.

Mark opens the door.

The door opened. I The door is open.

01.R~~ ~01 2.1 ®sOl q := .A.~iM2.1 ~-5 rrH@Oll OI-9-01;J;I7~q 4-017~ ~~ ~ ?A!O I o~LI2.~ q := ~o1q
.A.~W ITHfEOll .:J.'E:i {,1':@0 1~ ~ ITH.A.~§~Liq, Ol .R~ ~ ~!f. -§.A.~Oll '-O I/'51/2.1/71-' ~ ~():j.A.i '2.!;;; Liq,

This expression is used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed

by someone else or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. It is made by

attaching - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- to the verb stem. Note that only some verbs allow this affix.
c -§.A.~
+ - 0 l/'51/2.1/71- ---->

,v..q + -01- MO!q

~q + -'51- ~ f51 q

wq + - 2.1- W2.lq

___.lj!q + - 71- .!j!7lq

_ _ _ _ _.., __.. - - -..· - - - · - - - - - - - - -- -------·

158 Korean Grammar ,;, 'lf.,·e · Intermediate

-...-.: MOl::: [email protected].!-E C~:i!~ ~~ Liq.

--a 'Tlost common passive verbs are as follows.

Ol 51 2.1 71

~q ~Ol e~ gq '25l q ~q ~ 2.l q ~q R 7l q
to be put to hang to be hung to cut (off)
:o put to shut to be shut to be cut
(off)

j ~ilq t:l~1j11 q ~~ q . ...., ..... ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q
to read ~~ 51 q to listen to hold to be held
: change to be to be
changed to be read heard
... .. ...
. ........ ...
.s!q .s!Oi q ~q ~5l q ~q ~ 2.l q ~q
to block to be to open to be to pursue ~7l q
:o see to be blocked opened to be
seen pursued

..uq MOiq .gq .g5lq ~q ~2.l q ~q ~7l q
to sell to tear up to be torn
;:o use/write to be used/ to grab to be to be
written grabbed cgJq sold
.... ........
.g.:J.q .g7l q 9:1 51 q to push cgJ 2.I q ~q ~7l q
9:jq to wash to be
to lock to be locked to be to be washed
to eat eaten pushed/
jostled

------·------- --- -- - - -- - -

" ese single word passive expressions are used in the following forms. The original action form is shown on
:O'le right, and t his is changed to the passive form on the left.

(1)

• ~~ o] :>S~ofl~l {f~<>JJl. (:>S~o] ~~ g {f~<>jJl.)
The police caught the criminal.
The criminal was caught by the police.

• '?l 7r .JIOJo]oj]7]] ~7].Jl 'll<>J.fl... (.Jl0J'0] 7t '?j ~ ~.Jl 'lloJ.fl...)

The mouse is being chased by the cat. The cat is chasing the mouse.

Ol ~EH~ 'CJOI ~-'? CU::: -§.A.~::: ·~7 1 q, 9:l5lq lfolq ~71q ~5lq' ~01 exl~ Liq.

Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~71Cf. '2jolef. ~ICf. ~7 1Cf. and

~oiCf.

-·--·-··--··-·•·•••••-••••••••••••·--·-··----··--·-·-··-·· ·-··-·· ----- --··- --·-··~~~~·-··r·--···----------····-····------------·------------·-··

(2)

NOI/7~ V + -OI/ol/2.1/71- ,_ (N ~/~ V)

• A111c1-&- g Q{-0 1 ~ Cl.fl... I'm listening to loud music.

I can hear loud music.

• A~1 ~~Jti.:Q':.7} l:l}fl~c>J.fl... I changed my phone number.

My phone number has changed.

01 ~EH£ ~01 ~-"?~~§.A.~~ ·~c! Cf. .!:i!.OICf. l::l~J?-Iq, ~o-lq_l§"clq. ~2.1 q ~71q. ~2.1 q. ~:P I
q, @o!Cf :301 ~~Liq_

Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~2.1Cf. !1!.0 ICf. ti f-\1-ICf. ~clef. W2.lef.
~2.1Cf. i'P ief. ~2.lef. ~PICf. and '201Cf.

(3) (N10ll N2 ~/~ V)

N20I/7~ N1otl V + - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- + -Of/01 ~q

The clock is hanging on the wall. (I) hung the clock on the wall.

• 7}tlJoj :3' \j--'·J ~ oJl ~o:j ~c>J.fl... (:3\j.AJ q.1oJ17}tlJ ~ '*~c>j.fl...)
The bag is (placed) on the desk.
(I) placed the bag on the desk.

Oi ~EH£ ~01 ~ -"?~~§.A.~~ 'MO!Cf. ~Ole~. ~Ole~. ~2.IC~. ¥ olq' :301 ~~Li q.

Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~O ief. ~Oief. ~fO ICf. ~2.1Cf. and

~cl ef.

1 7~ .R~ 1:f' 2 .31l 0 1 ~71 7} W0 }.R?
q 0 1.31l 0 1J..}lf:J-~011 ~1 W0 1 <i-l i>l ~ 1! {[ot.a.

2 -§- ~ ~o I '2..!7 17~ Btef Ol ~OI.A.~-§OIIlll 'CJO I ~c lef
~-=jl-7~ 211 {!£~ R~ef J;:lcl{;! vo l2.f.A.i {!£!-7r a~ef
-§-1'-c!JOI 211 ~ef -§-1'-c!JOI ~OIIlli -~JH~~ HH~'3J~ef

2 7 ~ A1\:!-Jti011 _<f-cj7} ~01 ¥J ~ J..}~01 Oi-c.] 011 ~Oi .R?
Lf A~1l:IJ- J:!l 011 ~ al ~Oi.R..

J;:l \:_1-~011 ~2.l7f ~01 ~g Af-t! ~011 ~2.lef
All£ {!- ~#Ei ~.g ~011 ~O i ef

J;:l \:_1-~011 '2:1--§ ~ ~~lOll ¥clef

160 Korean Grammar ;," 'lise- ·Intermediate

7~ ~o1 o}TI}Jl?

(1)

q 1.:]1, 0r~ oJ1 ~J~ Bi-" <j-ojlJ-i ~01 ~..!;'Eril--i 0}TifJl.

7 ~ 211 .=2~711 h{~O1~oi A?
(2) q ~~ oJ1l-i g Q{ ~2.1 7} t;j ..!f- 3.711- - - - - - -

-:g--¥-~ ~ 97} ~ oi Jl.

(3)

{1) 7~ 211 ~oJ1 <j- ~oi7}Jl ~oiJl?
q .g.o1~&11 °J,01.Sl. 7-1.:a- ~~7} ~oi J-i ~ o~ 71t:f2-1Jl ~oiJl.

oJ:::? »-1 no1(2) 7~ ~
~~0' '\..!.- L-

q .Jlo}%]Jl. t:fJ-1 %oi°F~oiJl.

(3) 7~ 7-i 71 ~oJ1 ~~ "'}~~ H l-}~o1oJ1 Jl?

Lf Jl"O"J=oJ17-jJ{l lfL.2_~ J-}~01 oJ1Jl.

(4) 7~ ~-2- J-1.:Q-S:. 0}1JEll 211 °1 ~711 il 01 ?
q 7-l~·oJJ l-i _:g-;.~ t>}Jl ~~ ~ ~o}Jl.

(5) 7~ ~Jtl-oJl ..!f-<3!01 ~oiJl?

.2..~ <j-~ ~ <j- 7}7-j.Jl Q}l-i <j-

q _2_~ l:l~-£ .g.~ oJ ojJ Jl. oJU:}7} 7-~J -:g--3}j ~ .!I!.o:j ~71]Jl.

~
( 70 )!

7~ ..<f-~ 1fr ~Fr ~<)t.Jl cct:A11 ~"'}%f7J}Jl?

When shall we eat with our classmates?

q .A-1 ~ 0 Pf- IT11Y- :@.?i0 }Jl. <2f4f0 1.Aj till.Al~ ~21

"T-.Ai1Jl.

Anytime's fine with me. Please let me know when the details get
decided.

Why are you having such a hard time writing?

q ~~01 <£}- ~2_ :;! ~O}Jl. ~~17} ~ <{}- ~l~Jl..

I think there's a problem with my pen. It doesn't write well.

Ol .!±.~£ 801 III~:X~ iEJ ~01.2.1 ~~01 c~~ A~'S.2.l ~~ ITH-l'E-Ol OI~01A:I7~q ~01 7 ~ ~~ ~ .:;.:!01 O~LI 2.~

q ~ ~o 1q A~'S rrHiEOli.:J.iC! ~%!-O I ~~ rrH Af§-gLiq. rrls~ ~c:::: '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1-'7 ~ *:AI ?tt::: ~A~I

*OjAi Af§-gLiq.

Similar to the previous passive form in which an affix was added to the verb stem, this expression is also
used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed by someone else
or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. However, note that t his form is
only used with those verbs to which an affix -01/5 1/2.1/71- cannot be attached.

-0~/01Z!01R 7~Z!OlR

:i-············· · · ·············::·· .... .UiZ!OlR

v ~;;H 7~A:~R
.UiA:~R
DI~H I "}~
7f~ 7~ 0liR
..
JJ.f~ 7~ OIIR
-------------------------~
·- -- - ·-··- ·-- --·--········--~---------~-

u.162 Korean Grammar ,;., IP . Intermediate

• %1:Jl ~:§:}7j- ~ ?;j~A. JI.AJ-o1 \::1" 3:! ~oJ-Jl.

My cell phone won 't turn on. It seems broken.

• ri31J7j- cj- %Oj-~A1 7j-l:lJ-oj1~~01 A~~c1Jl.

The coffee spilled out , and the bag became stained.

• c1::9NJ-o]1A~17J- ~#E1~ ~TIJI-1):~1:11 °]-{H1~c1L.J-Y 77J- 7Jj~ <ll~e>lA.

Last night, I went to sleep without turning off the computer, and in the morning, I awoke to find that it had
turned off.

1 ~ §~Oll '-0 ~/0iAICP~ ~0 ~ Cj%2~ ~~ ~ EH7 ~ -EJLiq.

When -OfiOiXICf is added to an action verb, it changes as follows.

~----~~~~---- ----~

NOI/7~ v + -0 ~/0iAiq (N ~/:i V)

2 O I.H.~~ '- OI/ ol/2.l/7 l- '7f ~AI ~~ -§)..fOil A~ofA I~ R~Oll~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l-'7f ~ ~-§)..fOil

.S:. A~oj-E ~Sf.7 f <ll~ Li q.

Note that while this expression is supposed to only be used with verbs to which an affix -0l/51/2.1171-

does not attach, in recent years its use has grown to include such verbs.

• ~~ ~~ojJl. - ~:§:l-7]- ~~ojJl. I ~oj~ojJl_

The phone call ended.

• -t'-:?Jle>ll ~»-1 ~ ~ojJl_ - -t'-:?Jle>ll ~»-]7]- ~o:J ~ojJl_ I »-i71 ~ojJl_

Letters are written in the notebook.

3 ~.g."'f .!f!Oll ·-of/OiAiq· ~ ..v.~ .gEH2.1~£~ LfE.f~Li q. o l-3:!~ ~E- 87=110ll"'i l:lHU.~ ~.:il
ofAIJ I t:Jf'EtLiq.

The form - OfiOiXICf can be added to adjectives to express a change in state. Please see in the beginning

level for more details about this form.

• o]t..j- ».]7]- :>:j'?{ oj]llllj~ojJl. _ _j

Mina has really become pretty.

· ;;.a~~ -crR-"i BJoJ llR-3:-~~ojJl.

I t idied up the room, and it became clean.

·- - - - - -- - - - - - --···- - - -- -

163

1 7f ~-qj~:§:j-7} <>1~~1 .Jl:AJ-o] xt<>l..R? (7;1'
q ~7.} tl-j ~ o] ~ ~2-l ~Jl..
Q!j~ liquid crystal
~:q ttle~ <c.t ~.sq

~~~<c.!" 7=1 Cf

~ Oj~2.~Ai Q!j~~ ~q

2 7f lr-7} .f}-t:q7c}-~ ~<>1.£..?
q ~ .£2~<>1.£... o}~oj] .!il..l-177} ll~ Ai ~~<>1Jl..

~2.~~~7JHCf O~Oil .!i!Lillf 7JHCf
~Oil ~f£1- .!i!LI D lef
lc!j:gJ:!.~ D lef j:il:~Oil ~.2LI77f 7=1Cf

q:;1 '-0~/0P~ Ir.F ~ A~aHAi cH~ .!tt~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f o] -:£-oj] ~~o] %~<>1J3... (~ 7.]-i>--c.J-)

Lf J-i] l2f~oj] ~~ :::= l:J] Oj f-19=1~01.2..

(2) 7f 2Jl -=z.~ Jj] ~~ lf.:A3o]oj]J3..? (77Rc.J-)

q %2-J~o] q~ ~~Ol.B..

(3) 7f ~»-]7} t:l.!f- #Yllr ~2-J ~oJ ..2.~ w39.<>1J3... (7lc.J-2.J c.J-)

q:;2 ·-oUOJAir.F~ A~aHAi cH~ .!tt~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f 2ll 7-JT c.j-J.j % <>1};!}.B.? (J.}-iJ ~ ~ ~q)

q .::?o] »-]7} ~.:g.~q:::= Hf-JOI Oj Dt01fi'l.2..

(2) 7f o:j ;;%7} 1IJ1 o:j~ ~ 7Q-oj ~7l}-J3..? (~o ] '[t<>1J.i oJ-{io] q )
q 7.-j.£ 7}-i!. {i7.]~ ------------------

(3) 7f -&~ ~oj] ~~ ~..2..~ ~ .!9:::= ~o] ~7.] J3..? (~ ~ ~ ~ 7.]7]c.j-)

q 41. "5}7.]~ - - -- - -- --

164 Korean Grammar in <lf.)"e • Intermediate

Is it true that Jaya is in the hospital?

She got in a traffic accident a few days ago and was hospitalized.

Have you gotten along better with your husband lately?

Lf 1=]1, Ai~ o]Of7] ~ BfO j "B ~ojj Ai~ ~

o]<5Hi>}~ ~~OiJl .

Yes, we came to understand each other better after we talked
about a lot of things.

: ;:~~III §~ .H.~~ rrH .A.f§£1 ~C~I Gilt! <§JOI ~01.2.1 £1:AI2~ Blll ~01 <§1011§ rrH .A.f§gJ-Liq.

-- s expression is used to exp ress the passive in cases in which the subject 's will or intention is not
- olved.

-7il £jq

-Jil £1~01R /~q 7~7il £1~01R

... ... 9:jq 9:l7il £1~0lR

..

v -7il £!1R /~q

9:jq

... ................ ...... ···-······ ......

£1 7~0!1R 7 ~q 7~7il ~ 7~0!1R

-7il 2
____9:_jq___ 9:j7il----~--.._________________________________:.
~ 7~0!1R

~---·-·-·············---~----- ------ ----------

• "tR~£ %~ Q.}--"-1 .:Q-\:J.-!f-E-1 -"1%D111!-Jll :!9~<>lA.

I came to Korea to study, and from last year I came to live in Seoul.

Because my friend likes this store, I have come to frequent it often, too.

Pr• r:f% ~71Dl1 ~ 7 ~ 01 .£..!f. JI.15J=~ %0 }7}JI. ~1~ "tRD11\fJll ~ ~ ~1-o}A.

Next semester, all of my friends will go back home, and it looks like I alone will be left in Korea.

1 01R~ ~ ~;x;H OI~Oi{! ~o1q ~~.§ ~Oil cH<SH.A:f:: :!!Pi ~EH~ '-.7-U £1~0iR'~ Bt'OI AI§~LI
q, '-.7-U £1~0iR':: ~O!Ai '-7-11£!0jR'~ Af§"5f71£ ~Li q.

This expression is often used in the form -711£1?.J.Oj£. to indicate a state or situation that has come to be
true in the present, or that has been decided. It can be shortened to -711 ¥)!0j£..

. .q~ .A}~o] ~ ~oJ-.Ai o]l;li ~<>11 ~.A~ .:Z.~.!f-711 ~~e>1Ji..

Our company is financial trouble, so I quit working at the company this month.

2 Ol R~~ J;:f~OliJ-11 ~Oi'd ~~ ~~~oj ;x; j crlJ-11.!:;:!.c~·pjj R~5f.:il {,!~ rrHAl§5f7 1£ ~Liq. Ol

*~7-11 ~Pl! ~p-jq ~~ ITH ~~~.2.£ R~~ ITH~q ~0-g[~ ~ ~~ Lj q,

This expression is also used when the speaker wants to tell another person something that happened
to him or her in an indirect and gentle manner. Using such forms allows conversat ions with others to
progress more smoothly compared to when more direct expressions are used.

: Ol~.§ ' ~Q.t~ ~CUgLI Cf.'.ti!.Cf ~E.~711 .H~~ ~~Lief.

This form is a gentler way of expressing ~2!"~ ~CUgLICf.

3 Ol R~~ ·~.£f2.1 ~:L!f~ qEf~ ITH£ AI§~Liq.

This expression is also used to express the result of a change.

• ~>g<>!l:: £;7 ~ ~~0r~ ::t:il 'itA} {)_-=jL2}7.\-9-Ji!.cf.!i!.\..j ~Oj-<5}711 ~~ojJi.,

I used to dislike soccer, but after watching it a lot with my boyfriend, I came to like it.

• {17 ~:L!J- .x.2Jl~<>ll 71-.Ai 7.\-9- <?!*<S}l..J77r x2Jl ~ ~<51-711 ~~e>1.R.

After going to a noraebang to practice karaoke with my friends a lot, I (have come to be able to) sing well.

1 7~ ~RoJl Q]l ~Oi .R?

q .iii.~~;,~.Q..£ ~"&] J.i ~S}oj] ..2..:7l] ~ 9icJi .R.

~~12/1 .2.Cf iil~~~ ~6:J.A.i ~~Oil .2.C~

~* .UI7~ OJ!::. ~IAI<>II ~~6~Cf c~ ~!f.Ef !f.~ :2j.A.f<>II.A.i ~6~~
AIs ~.Jl '1!-t= 6~~~ OJ~711 ~q -tJ.:r2.1 .1:.7H~ ~t-c~

2 7~ _!f-AJ.Q..£ 0]).~ ~ 7-joj].R?

q 1=1], \:f~ .?,j.AJ- n:}Jif-oj] 7}/ll ~9iOiJl.. ~.A.f7f~ £lq

to have poor sales

o~££ I.A.~ 7~Cf 'BJtl ~~ rrtlg.OJI 7 ~q

7~/ll~gq v~.A.~7~ ~ £fi.A.i ~ gq

c~ ~Oil t:!AI~I~ ~ q ~~01 £2.1-ff 1£/~0ll ~q

166 Korean Grammar ut 9-a·e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ 7-1g.!f-E-j ~;z} {f~o-jJl?
q ;z11J~011 ~01 {[~ ~.::;z-7} o1 ;.~ 7}J.-1 -!7-r f...J:1ll :!qOJ.01.2..

(2) 7~ o-j ~711 \:f;<.} ~ 7 ~ 1{1-Jfo-jJl?
q ~R011 1:£i;z1 -8:- ~.::;z-~ ~.7~£

(3) 7~ QJ1 ~ ~ 6 ~ ~"§1'91 o-J Jl?

q 0}~ ;<.1 7} i>}c}JL "5}!-~.Ai

(4) 7~ If "r!- »-1 ~ Jlti ~ ;<.}9- i>N=- -3:1 :Q-o}Jl.

q ~R011 Qf"'-1 ~;z} J.}y 7.7} Jlti ~ ;<.}9-

(5) 7~ ~ 01 »-1~ o-J~711 ~o}Jl?
Lf ;<.1\:t '&71011 ~~ ~~ ~ ~o-J.Ai

r··-······-·-- -~ - -~ -~---------~~-------·-·· · ···-············-· ···- ~- --------~~----~----- ----~-~-------------~------- ----- -----------------~- -- ----- -- ------------------------- --J

4!b ¥o7lq A. ~'Ef-o~ q ~c~ ~ -o~q S!q

'------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------- - - - - - - - - -- ------ ----------------------------------------------------------- -----

x2-£{1~ »-1 ~ ~J.}7} Y.!f-- ~o-jJ.-j {1011"'-1 7}7.7}-& (1)~ll1il :!qOJ.7-1°.t "'R ~J.}7} o}%011

~;z1 ~'Xk~Yr:f. ~clV-1 {:l{:l ~i>} ~ -3:1011%o1~ (2)- -- -- -- -- -- -----------

G) ~~ ~~o-j _8_ ® ~:§:}7} ~~o-j _8_
@ ~~ * ~~o-j _8_
@ ~:§:]-7} <:d %o-] _g_

2 7~ ~ ~ q~OiR?
q Lil, O~~OH I:TjA 8"01 ~lfoHAi q::: A~'EJOll/il _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _

G) ~~o-j_8_ ® ~~o-j_g_

@ ~aj ~o-j _g_ @ ~~ ~ ~o}_8_

3 7~ Ai~£ OIA~ 7 ~~q'2:!AiR?
L~ Lil. 0~01~ ~!f. rrHgOll _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

G) ol .A} 7}.5:.~ "5~_8_ ® ol.A} 7}7-11 £1 ~o-j _8_
@ ol.A} ~ ~ ~~o-jJl @ ol.A} 7}e;j ~ ~Ol OilJl

CD t.RC>il 2t.Al ?:l-01 9:1 ~ l:l}'ftOil %%"-5Hil,o-]Jl.

® ~»-1 7} ~.!¥- ¥ -1-] 77} U:l*~ *01 71-c.J-v)?r]Jl.
@ %"&~ 7}.=1!.1i.Al~ ~ol ~o-j;.l .Aj-JfL cJ~ o:j ?:JJl.

@ £2.}-u}Q.j {f%.Ati_g- AJI(! ~ .!i!..=t!. -t:-%ol ~o}il,o-] Jl.

G) %).~ 01 Jlj-.A~ Q:jaj ~~ Jl.
® l:l}iftol ~o-j).l ~ol ~-7-11 £1 ~o-]Jl.
@ ..8_ '8-:§:1-9.] -t:-ol ~~ ?:J .Al -c.J-.Al %~o-]Jl.

@ 7-1~ t.RoJl .g. ~Oil 7-1g .Q..£ 52.l .:;:;-Oil ;.l1fo }~o-j Jl.

G) 1:!:1 Oil .Al:l-117} ~ 2j ~o-]Jl.

® ~AJoJl ~ol ~7;] ~o-] Jl.

@ ~).J ~ Oil 7}1:J1 ol "*o:j ~o-]Jl.

'*o:J@ ~).J Aac.J ~ *"5~Al ~ol Uo-]Jl.

168



Why is Jinju crying?

q ..2Jlll}7} ~9-~ %~~ ~ Jl .

Her big brother made her (Jinju) cry.

7f ot717r w~ J;I:j-;;t-1-ct.

The baby eats.

The mother makes the baby eat.

Ol R~~ ~£1-9-0.P ~ ,J,.~'SOi q §~. ),.~ ~Oil Ol't! ~(5~ <Wil 5V-Jq Ol't! ~EHOll O l~~ ol-e 3:! ~
2.ID lg)"LI q _~!f. -(5-,1,.~2~ ~g,1,.~ 01-l.i"Oll '- 0 l/ol/2.1/71/~/??--' ~ ~Q:j,J,.i '2_!~ Ll q_

This expression means t hat the subject makes person(s), animal(s), object(s), or other similar t hings d o
something or come to a certain state. This form is made by adding -O I/ol/2.1/71/~/~- to the stems of some
verbs and adjectives.

+ -o 1/ol/2.1/7 1/~/??-- ,J,.~N
.. ·~ ·4-----~~-----~

r:!:jq + -01- r:!:J Oi q
cr,tq + - ol- CC,tol q

~q + - 2.1- ~2.l q

-§:q + -71- -§:7l q

...77Hq + - .5f.- 77H ~ q
~ ??-q
~q + -*-

170 Korean Grammar u~ '1'/.~e- · Intcrmediate

--?MOl:: .A.f§.A.f-E Cj%.i!~ ~~Li q.

-~e most common causative verbs are as fo llows.

...Ol 2.1 71 0

~q ~01q ~q ~~ i>l q cyq '§t2.l q ~q ; ~7 l q 7JHq ' 7JH~q ~q
to eat
! to feed ; read ! to make to 1to make to laugh : to make to . to wake to be to
wake : (some late p o st -
! make eat read know : known laugh pone;
up ! one) up
to
delay

~q ~01 q ~q ~c51 q ~q · ~2.1 c~ ~q ~7l q :;qq J\H~q 3;!"q 3;!".:;s.q
to die to kill
to sit : to seat (a to live to let to to to to to be to
under- entrust sleep cause low lower
' person) live take
to sleep

.s:!.q .s:!.OI C~ ~q to put to cry to make to take to cause to ride to give
to show (some cry off
to see to lie -one) to
down
bed to take a ride

off

~q ~01 q CfJq CfJ i>l q ~ q ~ 2.l q ~ q ~ 7 l q .A.-jq Ail~q

to be to to wear to dress to to make to wash to have to to make
(make listen heard a person stand; stand
deceived i deceive wear)
wash to ! (up); to
stop · make

· stop

~q ~01 q Q.jq Q.Ji>lq ?::) q . ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q Mq ~~~q
to melt
! to (cause become 1 to make to . to make to lose to let a to put to cover
· to) melt ripe; to j ripe; to walk walk a meal; person on; to · a thing
ripen; : boil; to wear : with; to
to be · cook to go
cooked starve hungry ' put on

~q ~01 q wq Wi>lq .gq : .g2.l q bf"q b'"7lq
to boil
! to (cause to be i to hit (the to to let to wash to wash
play play (one's) (some-
' to) boil hit; : mark); one's)
hair
to be to guess hair
correct correctly

~q ~01 q '2ijq

to stick to stick to be to widen to to turn to to leave
to; be
affized to (some- wide turn (some- remain; (behind)
thing) to; thing) to be :
to affi x left

(some- (behind) !

thing)

'------·····---·· ---------··· - - - - - - --------- ----·-··-·····------ - -- - -- ------

£1~ .gj~Oll <1!~ ~§ ~ EH£ l::t~1117ll ~ Li q.
Causative expressions are formed in t he following ways. The action, or intransitive, forms of verbs given in
the sentences on the right are changed to the appropriate causative forms in the sentences on the left.

(1) (7-}o): ~]7} * .Jl ~CiA.)
Jaya is laughing.
N20I/7t Nt~/::i V + -OI/O"I/2.1/7 1/~/~-
The boys woke up.
• q~]o]oJ »-]7} 7-}o): ~1 ~ -:£-'iJ.OiA.
The water is boiling.
Weiming made Jaya laugh.

• '?:]oJ-7} o}o] ~ g_ 77H~OiA.

The mother woke up the boys.

• 4'-~ ~]7} 7-jn:j ~ o}).jajJl %% ~o] .Jl ~CiA.

Suyeong is boiling water to drink coffee.

----- ----------- -·--------· ----------·--------- - - -

(2) .=s:.

C> C>

• $:~ ~] 7} ~ 7 ~ oflll] iil.~~ ).}~~ g .!i!.oj ~CiA. Her friends saw the photos.

Soyeong showed the wedding photos to her friends. (~A~ ~ o] ~% p,fo] ~ CiA. )
The students read a lot of books.
• ~o] ~] 7} ~.A~ ~ ofl7ll ~g p,fo] ~ ~ 1.-J-cf.
Yeongmi makes the students read lots of books. (o}o] ~ o] ~oJ-1:1-]7-]Qj
o]o):7] ~ -A}-? ~ CiA.)
• i,l-o}l:l-]7.]7)- oJ-o] ~ ofl;zJ] ~';[o ] o):7] ~ ~ Pj-?A~A. The children often listen to
Grandpa lets the children hear (=he tells) a story from a
long time ago. Grandpa's stories.

(3) A~ .=s:.

N20I/lt N t ~/~ A + -O I/O" I/2.1/7 1/~/~- C>C>

• o}o]~ o] t~J g_ c-j~ ~..~-1.-J-cf. (t~Jo] c-j~ <frl.-j q .)
The children dirtied the room.
The room is dirty.
• oJ-tRIJ-7} .Qj7.J-.Qj -fro ]~ ';;t1l~1.-Jt:l-.
Father lowered the height of the chair. (.Qj7.}.Qj -fr0]7} ';;t%1.-J-cf.)

The height of the chair is low.

- 72 Korean Grammar ut 'l/.re · Intermediate

1 ~A~ %011:: TII~:i!~ A~ ~EH7~ ~~ 5101 <U:=c~l @0!011Ai .:r~~ ~Li q.

The passive and causative forms of some verbs are identical, so these verbs must be differentiated by the
contexts in whic h they are used.

• oj ~~ i'J"~ ;,j-~~oj]rj] ~~irYcf. - Passive
This book has been read by many people.

• -jl-~'i:J ~ ~9oJlrll ~ ~ ~~irt..JcJ-. -Causative
The teacher made Yeongsu read the book.

The ocean can be seen from our room. - Passive

I let a friend see a picture of my boyfriend. -Causative

TII~:i!~ A~2.1 ~EH 7~ ~~ 51 %011 I'JOI MOl:: 51~ q-@-1!~ ~~LIC~.

Some of the most commonly used verbs with identical passive and causative forms are given below.

~ 7 ]c}

·<3 ~'III~ qE[~ ITW~ ~~o[AiiR

See Chapter 9 Passive Expressions.

2 A~:i!~ TII~2.l ~EH 7 ~ ~~ ~~OI7~Lf ~ ~ ~AI 'ri~ ~~0112.~5:. A~ ~EH~ ~~<'>P.il f>~.::L!. ~~

([H :: '-0~/~ ~q· ~ ~<E:l Liq.

Regardless of whether the causative and passive forms of a verb are the same, it is possible to make it

unambiguously causative by adding - Of/OJ ;;;;.q.

• 4c.f:::= t:ie~%]~ .I!.0J=o] ~ ~Xl.~R.
= c.f4:::= t:i ~%]~ J:!.OJ=o] ~ ~7-j ~~.fL.
Lala gave the dirty cat a bath.

• <tJuJ- :::= oj-o]oj]rj] o:j]~ -"r.!f-~ ~XJ.irY!:J-.

= <tJ uJ- :::= oj-o]oj]rj] o:j]~ -"r.!f- ~ ~7-j ~irY!:J-.

The mother had the child wear some pretty shoes.

1 7 ~ ~OiJ !I:_A E <)}_oj EfOJ ~<Ji ~l:jJJl. lj!A E ~

q Al~ -'3'-Jl~ lf !I_o}q - !I:_AE<)}_g_ ~Ol~~Jl. Post- it note

~Ojl :Y:AE<;JO I \:'JOI ~Oj '1/Cf A-j~ ~£.~ ~D~Cf lji.A E <;J~ ~O i ef
-'?'6f()j1Ai ~0 I ~.ll '1/Cf
O~OI~OI '6f()jiAi ;:~Jl '1/Cf 7-jii.I~ D ~AI.ll {,!OjA-j ~ ~OI.ll '1/Cf

~Df7 ~ 9AI'2"! o~~~~ xH~Cf

Ol ~g ~'§)" ~g ~O i ef to entrust

'2..!~2. AAI7 ~ ~~ ~'§)" ~fef O~l()ji 7JI IT~~~ ~o i Cf
~2.1 O ~OIOjl 7il.s=. ~ol ef
O l ~ ~~ ::L A~Oji7JI ~7 1 Cf

~) (4~- ' ..-
J
. . 'f)0.
u:' . . , · ,_. :::. .

(4) -fl-7-J-%! ~ ~ ----------J_1_ .2.7.}s:_ ------------

174 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll.s·e ·Intermediate

~
( 76 ) 1

I'm sorry for being late.

How could you make me wait for a whole hour?

7~ 7-}0l= »-]oj]~] ~Pj.Jl ~ j1-0 ]oj]Jl.

I bought this flower to give to you, Jaya.

q 1"j~o]Jl? OJ7J »-j ~ 7-l ~ Li.!f'- ~~i>}~j ti1Jl.

Really? Yang Gang, you've really made my day.

1 Ol IE~:= <Wt! .A.PsOlllll Oj't] ~~~ f>~~~ .A.Iflct~ QjD I£ ~.A.~ Cl-@-011'-lll f>~cV ~ ~Oj .A.~g[Lict.

A~A~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7~ N~/~ V- lll f>~ct'£ .A.~f>~I!. E~~.A.~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7 ~ N20lllll V-lll f>~ct'£

.A.~g[Li q.

This expression is used to indicate t hat the subject makes someone else do some behavior. It is formed
by adding - /ll 5fC.t to the verb stem. With intransitive verbs N10I/7t N2~/~ V-/ll 5fC.t is used, w hile with
transitive verbs N1 0I/7 t N20ll/ll V-Jil5fC.t is used.

A/V * lq :rl~lll i;~q

... -·· ·········- .......~- ·········--~-----------·------------·····-·-····---- *llll iitq

------·-·······-------·----·--··-

• .Aj-"~~~p,-j~ ~-"~~ g 1~ %~ 41 :1 ~H:lc>lA.

The teacher made the students rest for 10 minutes.

• 01-B-]7-1~ ?:§:1 011711 ~~~ '?f011.A-j TI1°}~ ~ :7.]:1 ~H:lc>lA.

•Juhee's father made her play the piano in front of the guests.
.ill.*~ ~ ~-"~~Di1711 -i?-A~77}7-] 4i-:Ai] ~ YJ 71] ~H:lc>lA.
The professor had the students turn in their homework by Friday.

2 Ol ±E~~ ~-§A~ q:;on '- lil 5~cp~ .2~ ::1.. A~'M~ Oj~ ~EH 7~ £17il ~q::: QJDI7~ ~Li q. OIIT!I :::

'N10I/7~ Nz~/~ A-lii 5~q·£ A~-§~Liq.
When -711 ofCf is used after adjectives, it indicates that the subject causes another person to be in the

state described by the adjective. In this case, the form N101/7f N2~/~ A- 7'11 is used.

• o}.3. ~~ ~ ~:I ~ t-i¥ W0 1<5H).i % .:r-1~~ <5Jlll.

Mark annoyed me (= made me feel annoyed) with all of his questions.

• Jl~ ;<i~ ~i>}'lj 3"~ ~~oj EfO] ).~~<>JJl.

A lot of things have happened recently to make me feel depressed.

3 Ol .H.~~ OjCt"! A~'MO I Oj~ ~!H5 ~ 5f-E ~~ 5~~5~7-jq 51~5~A:I ?J:::q::: .2.I DI.S:. ~~Li q. OI[H '-Jil

5~q'.£1 '5~q·::: '5~~5~q'.£1 2.JO J7~ ~Lief.
This expression can also refer to a person either giving or not giving another person permission to do

something. In this case, the ofCf part of - 711ofCf actually carries the meaning of Oj~fef (permit).

• <>lo-1'-1 ~ 0}0]7} i>}f-oJl ~ ).j{} %~~ ~ej]l:l]~g_ .!i!.'ll <5Jlll.

*The mother lets her child watch TV for one hour a day.

• .!f-.2.~ .':_ 7.~] 7} ~;;:: '1] Lf7} 'l] t>K:J.<>JJl. My parents won 't let me leave the house late at night.

1 Oj~ A~'MOI Ojrt"! ~(5~ 5~A: I l'ilil ~cf-E .2.IDI£ A~W llH ::: ·~ -7il5~q'£ A~~Liq.

When used to indicate the prohibition of some action by somebody, the form ~ - 7'11 ofCf is used.

*• till"?»-1:: o}ol ~ ol o}o]~~ :?, 'li t;!;j 7-]] ~1-Jr:.J-. (x )
~ till"? »-1 :: o}ol ~ o1 o}ol~3..~% t;!;j7JI i)-1-Jr:f. (o)
Hyesu doesn't let the children eat ice cream.

*• <d_1..-j :: {):§:}~ LijJ:: 7-}71 tlJ"ojl 'li %oj.£.7-Jl i;~..fl.. (X)
- <d 1..-j:: {!:§:!-~ LijJ :: 7.]-71 tlJ-"11 %oJ..2..7-ll i;~..fl.. ( 0)
When my big sister is on the phone, she won't let anyone in her room.

2 '-.S:.~ 5~q·q '-lil '2!~q·.s:. '- Jil 5~q·2.~ l::ll ~~ QJD I£ A~~Liq.

Two variants of this expression, -£~ ofCf and - 7'11 rel~Cf. can also be used to express the same
meaning as - 7'11 5fCf.

• j11_4-'c] .':. ~.~-~ ~ "117-Jl ~:?, ~io-J ..2..7-]l -&H1o-J..R.

= j11_4-'c].':. ~.1-~ ~ "117-Jl ~:?, %-Jo-j ..2..£.~-&"j-il_o-j..fl..

The professor had the students read the book (before coming to class).

*• ~ttl »-1:: 0 }0 17}P r '#"11 l-}-7}7-JI ~o;..a..
r P r *= ~ ttl »-1:: 0 0 l7r '#"11 Y.7rs:..~ ~o;..a..

Gyeongmin prevented her child from going outside alone.

• .':.till »-1:: % *7-11-6}-E .1-}~ol "ll..R.

= .':.till »-1:: % *7-11~£i=- J-}~ololi..R. Eunhye makes me laugh.

176 Korean Grammar u1 'ltre · Intermediate

• ::J_ ~-%)_~ 0}712.}»-17} "'" %cJ1~~ "'}711~o-J il...
= :1. ~-%!~ 0}712.} »-17r "'" %cJ1~~ "'r711 ~~o-Jil...

That employee got Akira to buy a new mobile phone.

~Atq ~~Atoll '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1/~/~-· ~ ~OI7~q '-7-ll otCV~():j At§~ ~c:::: -?,:!~ ~AI~ Ct§:ilt
~~ ~tol7r cv-;;;;Lict.

While the causative can be formed by either adding -01/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~- or -711 ofCf to verbs and adjectives,

these forms are different in the following ways.

-0 l/151/2.1/71/~/ff$-- (1) '-711 ofCFE- £-§ 8 0i011 A~ 4- ~B'LICf.
-711 ofCf can be used with all verbs and
(1) '-0 1/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~-·E ~.!¥ 80i011'2.f A~LICf.
o1/ol/2.1/7 1/.!p---, and -~-can only be used with adjectives.

some verbs and adjectives. -&~ii}t:f- -&~<5}711<5}t:f (0)
'il c.} - 'il711<5}1:.} (0)
-&~ii}t:f- -&~ii}o1t:f (x)
'il<51t:j· (0)
-&~<5}711 ii}t:f (0)

(2) ~QI ?Oj7f e~ §~017iLf 5HAi ~~~'2.! ~~ (2) ~QI -'?Oi7f W~ 5HAi .:J. AICMOI ~~ of.S:.~ of
~CfE- ~~ LfEf't!JLICf. E- ~££ -'?Oi7f ~~ tt]jloi-E ~g of't;JLICf.

This indicates that the subject of the sentence The subject of the sentence verbally makes
performs some direct action, such as, the use someone else do something; the subject has
of the hands. no direct physical connection to the action.

.... 'Ejof}f ~ §~OlAi O fO I ~ ~ 7 1-E- ~~~'2.! ... 'Ejo j-E -§~OIA:I 'rJ.:il OfOIOI1711 W~ ofOl Of017f
~~~Lief. ~E- ~ Wll ~Lief. ~~~££~ofA:I 'Gl
The mother uses her hands to directly -§Lic.t.
perform the action of wash ing the child.
The mother tells the child to wash himself
without physically doing the action herself;
the mother is not directly involved.

10. A~%% qe~';ll o:fl 177

1 J.Argqq to feel frustrated;

gJ-~ Qf~ .A.Il.f~ ~ :XI7V,i :xi~ :2fLfCf to be impat ient
L=l.!¥ !f.Sf~ '[JO I i5H.A.i :Xi~ »;fgLfCf
7H<i'J~<(! ~~ 'CJOI <>H.A.i :Xi~ 'a%1-!:::.~Cf \3~.6.'E)Cf to feel embarrassed

2 7f 0 )-0 17} %0 1Q{t>H.Ai Z:J7.jo1o]1R. e>l~~1 -o}li:l f ~771-R?

Lf g ~ ~ ~.Jlif- ~ ~1 t>P,ilA. =z.~ Zl7Jt>H~ 7-191R. .g~~ well-balanced
\§! (to do something) less
E-OI Q{'Bfcf
7f7710 1Ai up close

~-¥}E:illi<E:l~ L=l.!¥ 'CJO I ofef ~~Oil Lf7f.A.1 ~q 1 ~-¥}Eilli<E:l¥ '§ ofef

'§!~It:! I~~ 7f77fOI.A.1 ~ .s:!.Cf I t:OI C-j LflJUf:XI:XI cr.tef

178 Korean Grammar iN 'll.s·e- · Intermediate

J~3. JJ.I£1 7~~~:12~ -B.:r~:= 0~3. .UI7~ .!.F-<3!~ f>~JII gj-Lim? .!.F-<3!~ ~ f>~JII gj-LIJ7~? q:; .:IE!~

~ '-JII f>~cr~ .A.~a-H.A.i ~~~ .gt~f>~AiiR.

1)

:r2) ~ ~ ,<:_ uj-3. »-1 ~ -------------------------

3) o)-1:1-]7-1 ~ uj-3. »-17)- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
e>io-JY~ uj-3. »-17)- _ _ __ _ _ __ __

'1J ,<:_ uj-3. »-17)- _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _

3)

(1"-' 5) c.j-g [5!7I]Oli.A.i ~gt:: 80i~ ~~~ '-OI/ol/~1/71/~/~-·q '-7il o-~q·~ .A.~iiH.A.i cH:2:~

~{1-o~AiiR.

I

!

Lf .=LcjjJl? .=I.~ ~%{Jojj.A-j A~1!~ 7J]4J ~010~fiJ.OiSL.

- o}jo-joj:)!)o-jil..

q2 7~ ~7]7]- ~~o-] Jl?

q oj-L.]Jl, oj-:3] ~ ~ ~o-]Jl. ~7] ~ ~i} t:-j -----------------------

3 7~ .2.7]7]- ~-¥- ~l:i]Ji..

Lf oj Qf~ .2.71~%

-(.Q.),t.i]il..

4 7~ oj-o]7]- Ji.~ 1fol ~.!f. ~ o-]Ji..

Lf .=I.~ ~#Oil L}7j-.A-j

- (.2.Hjil..

5 7 ~ ~»-l 7r ~.!f. Gj5f-l.A-j ~A~~ Ol tg ~ ~01 ~24Ji..

q -=z.'EJ, ~A~ ~ Ol i§ ~ 7-~

- -E-711w39o-JR

*6 CD 0]-u-]7-] ~ ::<il7r .g..~-6-}71] -6-J-AilJi..
~ ::<ilL.] »-1~ 0r0l ~ 0l 711 <fJ% Cj- o}711 i>HJi..
*@ ~ ~ »-1~ ~1J ~ ~~ .A-j rr:j-X~ %0l L}.2_711 ~o-j Ji..
® -3f\1Oil c.fL.J ~ :§:J.AJ-Oil.Ai ~ :3J-%! ~ ~ t>J-AJ ~ 71]77]-7-J <?d~711 i>HiL.

7 CD tlH 7} J1 :rr ~ 2}~ ~ ~o:J ~77]-Ji.?

~ 1!A~\::]oj ~A~~ojJ71l ~~ ~i ~~L.Jcf.

@ oj-o] 7]- o-]C4.A-j ~o]-~ oJ-olOil71l ~~ ~~L.Jc.f.
@ :1. ~:&7} ~-¥- ::<H nl~o-] .A-j 7--j ~ ~:&.!I!.~ % Cj- 7-]]4:f ..£-;i~Li c.f.

180

II~

(fa),

7 f ~~ Q} -?-j).i .Jlu}-?=l. op:ry7!} l=j.!f- ~ ~ -3:1
~0}. ~tl if-11-.5:. c}).1 <)}.Jl ~.Jl.

Thanks for visiting me while I'm sick. I hurt so much. I want to play
basketball again soon.

q .=Ic-jl-] 7!} ~tl 1-j-o}. {!7Ji>llot If ~ ~o1 ~7.1

W* 9)7-1.

That's why you need to get well soon. No matter what you want to
do, you have to be healthy to do it.

7f ~R~ ~ ~-¥-W ).1Zl-0 1 ¥ ~i>H).i t=l-¥- ~.Aj

0 1oJ1Jl. .=z.Cljs. ~¥~ 7-l14fi>H 01=~-A1Jl?

I'm really worried because I don't have enough time to study
Korean. But I guess I should keep studying.

q .=Ii%1Jl. ~R~~ ~i>l1°t ~RoJ1Ai 1{717}
3f:!<)}l-j 7!}Jl.

You're right. You should learn Korean well to live comfortably in
Korea.

Ol IE~::: {:!~~0 1 ~~~.Q.j .g%[01 OI~OiAI::: C·l ~ WR~ ~-c!'E:l~ qE~~Li q.

In this expression, the preceding c lause states the condition(s) necessary to realize the situation stated in
the following clause.

.. ····-·-····-··--.___.....·~--- -OUOiO~

A -OUOiO~ .3.q

~q

.. ······ ··········-·--··· ......................................

v -OUOiO~ 7 ~q

Qjq

NOiq 7~*o 1q 7~* 0j0~

.2.1~~o1q .2.l~~ OIOjO~
--·--- ------------------

• 82 Korean Grammar u1 'llse- · Intermediate

- T .3.q .3.AI '(>,tO ~O ~
IA =QJ;:I t>~o ~o ~
=Qq
.... .......... ..... ........ .............................. ....... .. .... ······-···· .... ....................... .... ... 7~AI ~o ~o~

v r;!:j J;:I ~o ~o~

NOiq Ol/7~ O~LIOjO~ 7 ~-'?0 i q 7 ~-'?7 ~ O~LIOjO~
£1~~0 1 q £1~~ 01 O ~LI OjO~

• 2~{!g Ef.:il7}c}7} ;_l:?SQ:Jo]]J-1 ~{!.Q£. {{0 }EfoF~2.] {[ .:::;=: <V_~Ycf.

The only way to get there fast is to take Line 2 and to change to Line 1 at City Hall Station.

• ojl{! '~:F?-~J!l-7}~}ol= :lll4i'--5R;_1 q~ ~7~ w.:::r<V_o-J.B...

The results of the current research must be good if we are to do further research.

Only a person who has majored in math can solve that problem.

1 '-0~/0iOt'~ ~~oH-"1 .H.~o~.Jl {,!~ rrH::: '-J;:I' ~ ~0:1 '-0~/0iO tJ;:I'q ''2.!' ~ ~0:1 '-OUOiOt'2.!'.Q£
-"i"§af71.S:: g,t-Ljq _.:J.2.iq '-OUOiOtJ;:I'::: -9-£ ~WOll-"1 I'iOI -"1-§a~.Jl '-0 ~/010t'2.!' ::: ~.H.go 1q
5!..:ilA10ll-"1-9-£ _A_i"§g)"Liq.

To emphasize the meaning of -Of/OiOt, either - A:I can be added to form - Of/OiO tA:I, or '2! can be added to
form - Of/OiOt'2!. Note, however, that -O f/OiOtA:I is generally used in casual conversation while -O f/OiOt'2!

is generally used in speeches and reports.

• ~-;;;; ~ pJ-oJ -&-RoJ: ~ g o1woJ-~1-J r:J-.
= ~-;;;;~ pJ-o1 -&-RoJ::A1 ~go] "*oj-~L.Jr:J-.
= 'i"!-;;;; ~ fJ-o1-&-RoJ:tr} ~ g o1w0r~ L.J r:J-.

2 OI.H.~::: ~~~Oll ~ff.~:L!~ ~~~::: -"i-§o~A I 'Cl~Liq.

The clause following this expression cannot be in a propositive or imperative form.

· ~R ~C11l:l1~ ~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~ 71 ~ ~t"r/11 .£!1l-'1..2... (x)
~R ~C11l:l1 ~~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~ 71 ~ ~t"r/11 ~-'1r:J-. (x)
~ ~R ~C11l:l1~~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~71~ ~t"r/11 :<f;1 7191£.. (o)

3 OI.H.~::: ~-c!~ .H.~o~7 1 rrHgOll ~~~011::: :i!f7i~OI ~ .::? gt~ Li q.

Because this expression indicates a conditional statement, the past tense cannot be used in the
following clause.

• :AK'- tr}Lj-oj: .AJ o] %~o-JR. (x)
~ :AK'- tr}Lj-oj: .A<Jo1 ~o-JR. (o)

4 'OIOiO~jOjo ~· ~ 'O I 2.f0 ~/2.~o~·~. 'OI/7~ O ~LIOi O~·~ 'OI/7~ O~LI 2.f0~·~ 1:J ~f4 ~ -'?- <U~Liq.

The expressions OIOiO~IO:!O~ and Ol2.f0~/2.f0~ can also be used as Ol/7f OfLIOiO~ and Oll 7f OfLI2.fO~.

respectively.

• ~c.J "&.ii!. -&-"~o]<>Jot o] AJ-o] Eoj] 7]-'?,j~-'?- ~~L-Jr:.f-.
=~2.] -&.ii!. -&-"~o] c.J-ot o] AJ-o] e oj] 7]-'?,j%[ -'?- ~~ti r:.f-.

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5 Ol R~:= ~~~OU Oi't! 3:!~ oH.S:. ~~~.Q.j ~21-E O~.!:f- ~§OI ~711 %1~ ~~ ITH A~5~7I.S:.
~Li q. 'O ~.!:f-2.1 - Of/Oi.S:.. -0~/0i ~.Af'.2.~ ~:= 5.':~ A~gj'Li q.

This expression can also be used to indicate the futility of expecting the result described in the following
clause regardless of what action is described in the preceding clause.

• opj!.c.j o]oF7]~oF ~T!:: ~ A] ?J~ -5!oJr:.f-.

=o]-_!f-2.] o]oF7] 8R£ ~-T!:: ~A]?£~ -5!o]r:.f-.

I doubt my friend will listen to me no matter what I say.

• A]if Ai%2.10): 9AJ tlj-3'~7] ~ Ej-7]!:: o-] 2;]~ ;;<joj].fl...

=Ajif Ai%21 ~Aj- 9A] t1]"3'J)7] ~ Ef7]!:: <>jt!;j~ ;;<joj].fl...

It will be difficult to catch a 9 o'clock plane even now.

1 7f ~\3 ~ g ?1°1 .2..~1 <5}2;jli:! e>-1~~1 <SRot <SR.R?
Lf .!f-~.!i!.q.£ g ~ 01 3!-<V.<>i°F ~\3 °1 ?1°1Q}.R.

9-<3:!.5:!q£ ~o 1 '3!~q 1-eoao1 uo12.q
~~~ 7 f%l~ -ofq 1~~ ~q
-@-~OI.AI ~j! ~ *-lq I 'lllt2.1 ~q

2 :J_ O]_Q_ 1~"~\.lu':--'-j _AlLoe.1-o1 o}..Q... _¢. l'>?OM~ltl"\..l.o- .
2'---
E2 ,

o:jt"\.lg ; :<J..~lol- oJ....Q... .A olt"\.l....,
0~12 2 v n r E e l M~J..tl- .

of.3. AAI-E <2:!.Ail ~~~ 5fq t::I~ q .UiA:j .Ail~5fq I~~~-* ~q
~?jg <2:!.Ail .s:!LH ~q
*'C:J.Ai ~ §55fq I~?:!~ .s:!LH ~ ~q

184 Korean Grammar u1 'll.w! · Intermediate

{1) 7~ 2Jl tll9- »-1ii}.=il :Q-o1 ~ g ~ ii}-'-11£..? (oJ-%o1~q)
q Dr%OI 0-toroF :Q-o1 ~ g ii}.A1£...

(5) 7~ <jA~1 ~~ .§g ~g 9- ~~£..? (o1Jtl ~ ~-g-g E}q)

q ~45'-~Yt:J-. ~g 9- ~g ~ :Q-~Llt:J-.

2 ·-AI uo~or. ·-AI ~o~or~ A~5HAi q :; CH9:~ ~{:!<5~AiiR.
(1) 7~ ~J~g ~_Q_2;j~ <>1 ~711 -5R0J: £1.A1£..? (~.li!.011 ~6jii}t:]-)
q i5.fli!.Oil fiA-~t5ff.l 0-!0roF ~J~g ~g 9- ~~Yt:J-.

(2) 7~ ..!f-2.] ~.li!. oJ:.:r~o1 o1Jtl t:R~011 -"l ~ ~ g YJ- 9- ~gll}-..9..? (.A]-%lg o}7!1t:J-)

q ).~ AE.oj1 -cRt>~ <?=J A<)R).l 0 A~{Jii1
'-'-tl
'-'-'2 '-'- 1 0At2;l-. I MOl ..2Q..

7jyt:J-.

(3) 7~ Wo}q 2.]-rt1_g 12Jc;dr-jy 1fo1~ ~ :Q-o}£... (2-}~g 12jq)
q %uR ~ il-.A1 ~ 9- ~o-]..9...

(4) 7 ~ o1 g~g o}o1~£ 12jg 9- ~ gll}£..? (oJlq)
q o}o1 ~£ g:jg 9- ~~t:i1 o1:tl_ ~ oJj~£...

(5) 7~ Ll1~ oJ1 ~j-cR £ O:j~ g ~ 7-J.A1£..? (%t:J-)

q t;J]. ii}.A1~ £]~t:i1 ~71 oJ1]i!..011Al %t:J-.=i!. t;R).-1

~~01 011£...

7 ~ <tjo}, o1~~1 r:·Ht-I:i1 ~ :Q-o17}0]: ~Jl?

Mom, do I really have to go with you in this heat?

If you don't want to go, then you don't have to. I'll go by myself.

*7~ 015!-, 0 1 ~ IIlJ_a? Al 011~1 <i} ~%2.] ~ ~
:Q-A1Jl?
Dear, how are these clothes? Wouldn't you agree they're not really
my style?

If you don't like these, then let's go to another store.

Ol .R~ ~ ·~~~2.1 Oj'tj ~01 A~£. ~~£1'2:!'2.1 ~~ qE~~ Liq, 5!~ ~WOiiAi Al'§gj"Liq.

This expression has a meaning of "if the statement (in the preceding clause) is actually true, then ..."
It is generally only used in casual conversation.

- 7i:::

A/V -7i::: .3.q

~q

NOiq (0 1)7-f::: MOiq

- -- - -......, ..,_,_- - ----------- ........... ~~\::JOiq -

- - · - - · - · - - - -- - ·--·-·- - - · - - · ·

• tlj-llll;;zj ~~ ~ ~7(1- ~\fJ.]t:f.

If you're not busy, then let's meet for a bit.

• ~ ~o] ~~ ~ ..2.~ ~o] ~\:!- 4-Dil <5J-1-i]_9_,

If you've got something to say, then let me know after work today.

• ~~o] Til ~~ o:JQJS:.oj] ::k=f 7CJ~ <5]-t!:j 7]-_9__

If the cherry blossoms are in bloom, then let's go flower viewing in Yeoido.

• .:I J.j-if[o] ~~~,:Y.~~ o:J~ ~ ~-o] 7]-;;z]-.JI -5R .

If he/ she is a close friend, then ask him/her to come along on the trip.

186 Korean Grammar ut 'll.o.·e · Intermediate

O IR~:': ~~~ou ~~~o1q ~~~. 2.l:Aiq '7'~~ qEfLH ~ ·~-·. '-{0)2 ~olcf. '-{0 )2.4-:il -ofq'

~ ),,qo~ :Af~A~~ Liq.
This expression on ly sounds natural when the following clause contains an imperative, propositive, or a form

which expresses the speaker's will or conjecture, such as -~-. -(£)2 ~O ICf. or -(£)2.4-JJ.. ofCf.

• Jl<5"J'ojj.S:.~oj-rj~ ~:§:t~t-Jl:f. (x)
- Jl<5"J'oJI .S:.~ol-rJ ~ ~:§:l-<51-).il..ll. (o)

• tlJ-~<51-rJ~ llR'<fo:j -B~g 71-~oJJl. (o)

• ~H- »-loJI/ll oJal-&- ~ 01 A~7jrj~ 'C\;<1]~7-j.S:.~/ll..ll. (o)

• ~~jojocJ ».j7j- ..2..rj ~ *~j-aj.Jl ~L-Jt:f. .z~~ 7jt:faj -?-1-i]Jl. (o)

g:g %l!"Oil ;...1-§-o~ '-7-J :::':ilf g:g2.l -fg0il ;...1-§-o~ '-7-l§R)'~ ~EH~ l:ll~ of:AI~ 2.1o1 ~ Of? ci--§-
Licf.

The meaning of the -7+§ form which occurs mid-sentence is very different from the -7i§ form which occurs
in the sentence-final position.

(1) ~ 8?..!011.A.f§.~LICf. -7-j :::(R)

Used mid-sentence. (1) ~ ~011 .A. f§.~LICf.
Used sentence-final.

(2) ~:c!~ qEf~LICf. (2) WOre .A.~'i!.!" ore Ol~ 'Y~ [[H.A.f§.~LICf.
Expresses a conditional statement.
Used to express a reason known only by the
speaker.

7f 2ll ~ g ~ ~oJJl?

-+ .g:g 8 l..f0ll .A.f§.£1~2.0l WOre .A.~o I -9t!"~ q l:IR7l- .:il~7.l ?J-ri.§.Jl.
<2.! ~:c!~ R~of.:il <]JgL!Cf.
ue-+ .g:g2.J ~011 .A.f§.£1~2.0l ~~ QJ::q o 1~
Used mid-sentence and expresses the
speaker's subjective condition. on CHiiH cHcg~ f;f.:il ~gLICf.

Used at the end of the sentence, here

the speaker is expressing the reason why

he/she is not eating.

·-- -- - - ----·- - ·--------- ·---------

1 7~ _a~ -¥-2..] ~ "6~).i llj~~ ~ {fo}Jl.
Lf .::::Z.t!11Jl? llJ~<5}~ ~ ..2.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-2-<5};.i1Jl.

gAil~ aH~c5~717~ Oi'Elef I <2:j;J;ii§:AI OIOP I5Iq
~~q I-§- *I~Cf7~ Cf.A.I c5~Cf

2 7~ q~ ;.}ift~ 0 1 ..2..~ .2.<iJ 0 l1 2lJ <if ~'-l-j:Jl <5}~ %]2.}2 W7!}.R?

*Lf q~ ;.}ift~ 0 1 %o-J~~~ 0 }n};.i ~q.Jl ~"5~ .2f:.J.i1.R.

Cf~ .A.~~OI2.~ 2.~0112!1 ~ ~.!:::.q.:il c5~Cf Iq~ .A.~~OI ~Oj!i!.Cf O~ll~.A.i ~ ~q
~~7~ ~10~2.Cf ~~7~ ~to~2.Cf I ~2.=1Ai 7-Jrr.l~ A~2.i ~q
Dlt! .up~~¥~ ~q I~ :AILH.:il ~q
oIt! .up~ ~¥~ ~Oi!i!.Cf

----I :::-~:~~~:::~~ :~~:: ~::~:::~1:~~~~q

(3) 1::!1 7~ =r~R · © ~01 ~ ..q0~2.i f,fAiq.
· @ ~~Oil ~ 7~ ~J..il£..
(4) 0~~ ~A~ ~ ~OiR

I

'-

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

:. ~ Korean Grammar Ut 'llre · Intermediate

2

7f uj2.]7} o} n:t;J]S..

(1)

q tJicjl~ O~Eli1§. o] <2{% .E.Ai _!rl_).i]Jl.

7f Jl~ ;:_ ?£o]l:l}llll}Jl.
(2)

q - - - - - - - - ~oj] ~lJA]cf.
7f .2..~ ;:_ W ~o] ~~;.-j1)1Ji>HS..

(3)

q .Al ~ S:.~cH S.?
7f .AJT 7]{lo] t.f.2fS..

4)

q ----------------- ~~ j_~ c Ai _!rl_).i]Jl.

5)

1 (?) 5:.~"5}~
@ S:.~<'>}C;j ~
CD 5:.~"6~5:.
(?) 010]:71"6~5:.
Q) 5:_~"6~0]: @ 01°]:7]~ EJ1lfri>~

2

CD o10J:71<'>}~

Q) o1o]:71i;}~ ~

7f ;:I::-j -"?2f g;:il::: ~W Oi 2.f~CiiR
Lf ~O~R --------------------------------------

CD 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o j ~ ~ 9- <V,~ 3:! ~-o}.fi.
(?) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1cj-S:. ~ 9- '&i ~ 3:! ~o}.fi.
Q) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o10io]: ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_
@ 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1~ ~ ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_

*7f LH~ Oj~ ~ ~ ~~m.B.?

Lf

CD *:A1 ~J-o}oj: ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oJ1.B.. (?) *:A1 <(l~ "GJ1 S:. ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oj].B..

@ *:A1 ?£~ 1):!-<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~ojj.fi. @ *:A1 i>£~ lfr~<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~oJ1.fi.

CD ~R ~Ffl-i;}.:il 01°1=71~ :;z;}? i>~o]: Wi;}71 ~ ~<'>}711 ~;.Jc.J-.
(?) ~R {1-=t-i;}.:il o1o]:71 ~ :A}? i>~oj: ~l-5}71 ~ ~<'>}711 £j{j ).1.2..
® ~R {1-=t-<'>}.:il 01° 1=71 ~ :;z;}? "6~ 01= W<'>}71~ ~<'>}711 ~ 7-~oJ1.B...
@ ~R {1-=t-i;}.:il o10J:71 ~ :A}? i>~oj: ~l-5}7] ~ ~<'>}711 ~77} "6~..9...

CD ~ojl:l}lli:I:A1 ?£~ ~ u}3.. ».] ~ {1-7(1- ~\tll}.B..?
(6} ~O jl:l}llli:A1 ?£~ ~ u}3_ »-1 ~ {J-7(} ~LfAi].fi..
@ ~O] l:l}llll:Aj ?l~ ~ U}3.. ».] ~ {1-7(1- ~'tl-Yc.J-.
@ ~o11::l}llli:A1 i>£~ ~ u}3.. ».] ~ {1-7(1- ~\t;.l-cf.

190



7~ ~~ »-1 ~ .AcJW 0}~ :111Bt~ .:;:! ~o}Ji..

Hoyeong really seems to know a lot.

q ~-o}Ji.. ~ ~ 1f:io1 ~i ~ ~lil- o}yt!f uH ~ --8-g.S:.

llll}~ ~01 5!}!--j .:LtS .:;:! ~01-Jl.

You're right. I think it's because he not only reads a lot of books, but
he also reads the paper every day without fail.

7~ 7J-%l£.£ 01~~ ~ ~7!} ~H=-t=l1 e>l ~7!}Ji.?

I'm thinking about taking a trip to Gangwondo. What do you think
(about such a trip)?

q %-;A1Jl. 7J-%l£~ {1-oj Bt ~ ~1i} o}yt!} tl}r:}£

<lle>l.A-1 01~~~}71011 °}? ~~ :£-0 ]oj]Jl.

I like it. Gangwondo not only has a lot of mountains, but it also has
beaches, so it's a very good place to travel visit.

OI.R~~ ·~'@~2.1 LH-§12.!"01 o~LI .JJ. ~'@~2.1 LH-§O I 7 ~2.1 7 1:::: ~77~:AI~ cio~O:I'2.~ ::: 2.101 ~ LfE~~ [H .A.~
~Liq. '12.)"'~ {!l~o~O:I '-(0 )2 ~ O~LI2.F2.1 ~EH~ .A.~gLiq.

This expression is used to indicate that "not only what is stated in the preceding clause, but also what is
stated in the following clause". This expression can also be used without ~ as in -{.£)2 ~ OfLI2.f.

-(.2.)2 ~'2_1- O~LI2.~

.3.q ~~ ~'2! O~LI 2.~

Qj ~~ ¥'2! O~LI2.~

AN

~ ¥'2! o~LI2.~

···· · - - ---- -···· --------·--·--------- ---------·-' Qj ~ ¥'2! O ~LI2.~
''
NOiq '' ~------- -- ····---·-' - --------------- --- ---- --
''

····--- --------' -- ----·--- - - - ------.------ - · - - -.' ------------- - - - - - -- - - --

N

0~~

~-----·------------------------ --------.!..----·· --~------...!-----------

192 Korean Grammar ut CZI...·e •Intermediate

7f 7J\f~oj].Ai tt}';t77}Jl?

Shall we meet at Gangnam Station?

q 7i 7]~ ~ ~ttl- o}y2f .ii?)~-5:. .J0Ji>}L-]77} t:.J-:= <=1].Ai tt}\f.A]t:.J-.

It's not only far away, but the traffic there is really bad, so let's meet somewhere else.

7f 0J=7J ».]~ tl-j~t:.j- .7.]<5}-~ ~ .7.]-? Efl-]- !i!.}Jl.

It seems you (Yang Gang) takes the subway more than the bus.

q .7.]<5}-~ .':_ J..]{}% 73~i>r711 .7.]7-1 ~ ~ 0 1-Ycr 3l:!t:qi5Jl.Ai .7.]-? o]%il"L-Jt:.J-.

The subway not only runs on a more precise time schedule, but it's also more convenient, so that's why I
uses it.

Why are you eating in such a rush?

q .7.-l~~ttl- oty2f iJ1Js:_ ~o-].Ai llR7r t;J.!f- .:i1.3IJ-Jl.

I'm so hungry because I skipped not only lunch but dinner as well.

1 O l ~~ {:!~~01 ~~~~ LH~OI'i:! ~~~£ ~~~~ LH~~ Mil, {:!~~01 ¥~~~ LH~O I 'i:!
~~~£ ¥~~~ LH~~ MiOt ~Liq.

When using this expression, if the preceding clause is a positive statement, then the following clause
must also be a positive statement, and vice versa.

• Jf-2.] {!,"'. ~.i:i!.C>l].-li. 7}711-& ~~ o}y 2.]- o}-'? .-1.]112:J~lR. (x)

- Jf-2.] {! .'?. ~.ill.oj].-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y2.]- o}-'? ~%"8llJl. (o)

2 Ol If.~ ~ '-(0 )2 ~'2! O ~LI2.f' Ef-1011'A/V-7 I77f.AI5fef'. 'A/V-71£ 5fcf. 'Nllf.AI A/V' ~£1 If.~O I
.2.71£ ~LI q_

The expressions NV-7 17Jf;l:l '6fef. NV-71.5:. '6fCf, and N77f;l:l NV are often used in clauses following
-(.2.)2 ~'i:_f OfLI2.f.

• .7-}0F »t: oj] ~ ~~ o}y2.]- ..<.J Zjo] ~7] 71J-.7.l "8JJJl.

= .7-}0F ».] ~ oj]~ ~~ oJ-y2.]- ..<.JZjo] ~7].£ "8JJJl.

=.7-}oF ».] ~ oj] ~ ~~ o}y2.]- ..<.JZj71J-.7.] ~oJ-Jl.

1 'ElCf I l::ll.!:t. 't'JOI2.Cf
717~ .=~.q I ~i:!!~Cf
~101~ JJ.I ~01 717~ ~~ .=~.q ~:XI7 ~ O~Ejq I l::lfCf.!:t_ 7J~5fCf

Xi~.!:t.-l= ~:XI7 ~ ~~ O~E:f"Cf 'l'!Aitt Jl::,. "quick" courier service

XIOt JJ.I ~~fC.f p recise

AH£~l! ~A~
~Ail::ll.6

194 Korean Grammar ri1 U ·e-· Intermediate

(1) 7f .2..~ 211 ~~ ~-2--5BJi..? (7J~oJ ~ ~q 1 IJic.]_s:_ opiq)

Lf ll.lf-01 at -t~ ~DJ: ot-1-let- Di~x or=~ 'i! '.torH {]o]l ~~ 7}e;J.Jl -5BJi...

(2) 7f Al ~~o] 01Ui1Ji..? (g~o] 3!-~q 1 7}z=]S:. »-}q)

q A~ 7}Ji...

*(3) 7f 0 ] 0 1 Alojl7Jl ~ 01%24Ji..? (~ 01%2-]t:f I ~Jtl-5B _!rl_o]q)

q lil.

(4) 7f 211 4-~ »-1 ~ ~ ~Y.Ji..? (A}7] o] oj:7]~ i>}q I A}cJ"S:. ?J-o] i>}q )

Lf 4-~ »-1::::= ~J-'-J

otq.Jl .nAlA] o\.J0-o}Ji..•
~

(5) 7f o] 7}nJlo]l"'l ~~ ~ -5BJi..? (.!f-~ ~E-llJl ~ o]%W 4- ~q I S:%t>}q)
q lil. 0 l 7}llll ::::=

o:j7]oj]Al ~~~A~ -5BJi...

2 '¥'CJ O~LI2fL~ ·~ ¥'C! O~LI2.V~ ..q~t>HAi c~~ CH:2:~ ~{:if>~AiiR.

(1) 7f Al 7}1'::::= ~7] 7} ?J"AlJi..? (~~ I -5B~)
q .::::L~Ji... ~41~DJ: Ot-1-ler c)H2.1DiiH!C. ~7] 7} ?J-orJi...

(2) 7f .:::r <?4~ .2.¥ ~l:J1~01Ji..? (.!f-.2.\:l I ~F? ~)

q lil. .2.-!f- ~l:J1~01Jl.

(3) 7f *Al~ .!!!.~ ~ ~ ~0r-5BJi..? (~i:J1 1 %-) ~ 4- ~7] rqj _goj] A~ ~Ji...

q lil. 7}4-~~

(4) 7f 9-~op:q-1-l .::::L'tiA] o] ~~oj] J.}rgo] ?J-~ ~ :Q-o}Ji... (9-~ I lfil<?J)

q o] .A-,lo-cJ.....Q_.. A}TEtoJ ?J-o}Ji...

(5) 7f 0 }3. »-];:::= ~-"~Cj_7}Ji..? (~-"~ 0]t:f I ~01 ~-"~\::1 )

Lf oJ7]s:. -5BJi...

How was your trip?

q \t»-]7} ~~TI I:l]'Cf7} l:l]77}7-] W0 ] Q}J-i ~~e>l]li!­
~e>-1 J-i :AHa1~ Sie>-1 .

Not only was it chilly, but it also rained a lot, so I was bored just
stayi ng inside the hotel.

7~ Qlj .::1.~7]] ~~ ~{} %~ ~ ~o}Jl?

Why did it take you so long to pick up the phone?

*q %o] ~ !::: I:ll'Cf7} ~7-}7] f-7} ~o}Q.}J-i

~91-e>lJl.

The water was boiling, and moreover, I had a visitor, so I couldn't
answer it.

*Ol3:!~ t!~~2.1 ~o1q ~EHOil.$~~2.1 §:Qolq ~EH7 ~ c-JoH:A~Ai ~Ol 'a~ qE~~ rrHA~~Li q. '-(0

Lj~ Cilq'~ W~ ~~Lj q_
This expression indicates t hat t he action or state in the following clause occurs in addition to t hat stated ~

the preceding clause. The form -{2.)L /E [ilq can also be used.

-2 Cilq7~

A :Q~ CiiCP~

\-----··-············-·---··-·----·-----~---········---- ··-···-···~---········--------

.z! cilcm

~ ~ CiiCP~

v

7 f-E Cil cp~

~ ~ CiiCP~

~o1q ~CZJc-ncm

----··· ... ~{!!O i q 2t{!l'Z.! cilcm
- - - - - - - - · - - - - - - · ·-----·-·--·-
'-'-----''-·------

196 Korean Grammar ;, 'l/.w!-· Intermediate

7f 7-1-it ;,4 %mJ:§:J-~ Oi17}C;j .Jl -oN::-r:-11 ~o1 ~'2J1.fl_?

I'm about to go to Seoul Department Store. Would you like to go, too?

Lf ::2 m]:§:j-~ ,'?_ i):01l:l1{1- ~Jlq7} ~5:. ~.£.. <j- ~o};,4 7-1 ~ 71£1 <j- 7}.fl_,

Not only are the prices at that department store high, but the quality (of the products) is also not very good,
so I rarely go there.

7f 0}01~ 011711 ~C;j .Jl -oN::-r:-11 ol ~ J-~ 11.01 ~ ~77}.fl_?

I plan to give this to my kids, so which type of fish is good?

q o1 ;,~ 1J.o 1llllj 7} ffi-o1 ~ !::: t;J1-cf7} 1tS:.-!f..t=:.cj~;,4 o}o1 ~o 1 ~ 71 011 ~o}.fl_,

This fish doesn't have many bones, and moreover, it's tender, so kids generally like it.

7f 7-}0~ »-1, .2..~ ffi-o1llj ~<S~ .!il_O:j.fl_,

*Jaya, you look really tired today.

Lf 1.:]1, ol~W011 ~~ ~ t;J]q .fl._~ ~5:. ffi"0};,4 L:j_!f. ll]~<S~.fl_.

Yeah, on top of not sleeping last night, I've also got so much work to do these days, so I'm really tired.

1 O I.H.~~ -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 ? OPf ~OfO ~ g[Liq. .:J.2.I.:il -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 LH.g.O I A.i.£ <§Jt!"~
~ 7f:A:I.:il <1!0-l '.:J.2HA.i'Lf '.:J.2.iLI7Jf'£ ~~oHA.i ~~~ 'M~-* <1!0-10~ grLiq.

This expression requires that the subjects of the preceding and following clauses be the same. Moreover,

both of the clauses must be related and be able to be connected by .:J.2.H)..i or .:J.2.i LI7Jf to state a

conclusion.

• .Aj) 01.{ ~ .3)- ~ c1]c.}7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-J.R. (.:LclP·i) Li.!f-!ff!ff-5H.R.
~ .A1) 01.{~ .3)-~ C1)t:j-7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-JJ..i t.:J-¥-!ff!ff-5H.R.

• .Aj) Ol.{~ .3)-~ c1]c.}7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-J.R. (.:Lc]Lj77}) Li.!f-lf!'lf!'-5H.R.
~ .A1) ti.{ ~ .3)- ~ c1]t:j-7} ~..g.s:. 'itt.2.Y77} t.:J.!f- !ff!ff-5H.R.

*2 ~A.f£ A.f.g.~ rrH :: 'Ollq7 f' ~ A.f.g.~ ~=c~l OlrrH:: -t:!~oi-E ~A.fOll q:= ~A.f7 f Ci oHA:I7~Lf

~I~ IE.fq:: ~~ LfE.P~Li q.
When used with a noun, OiiCf7f is used to indicate the adding of a noun in the following clause to that

mentioned in the first clause, as if making a list. It can also be used to indicate the location in which

something is done or placed.

• .fl.~ ]<j~oj]q7} ~J..} ~77}.7.] 7,37.)J..i ~~oj ~)io-J.R.

These days, I'm so busy due to the combination of housework and company work.

• oj -'8-o]oj]t:j-7} oj ;;J:!} ojuj] ~ ~:f:~ »-1 ~J..] 7] tl}if)"yq.

Please write your name and email address on this paper.

_ __ __ _ J

197

1 7f 7}77}-g. o}E.£ lf:lo1 ~~t;l] .2)1 ~ t:H~ ~<{] uR?.J77}::Z.1 ::z.r? 7}J.i1.R?

,. --q t:H~ ~<?1 oR?.Jo1 %{:!o1 w~ Ellrt7r
Q\~~1.0...\llWg
I large-scale discount store/outlet

7f7Jjg Of§£ 'CJOI CU-EC-li2H '2::! CH~ ~J DH~lJfXI CH~ ~ DH~OI ~:c!OI i'JCf I 7f~S:. .uf.A.-j
Xf-9- 7fef J;:f-9- 7fef

7f77jg ~~ tti.6.7f <lif=C-11 2H '2::! C-li7JfJ;:I 7f.A:j Alo~O I HHfsCf 177H~oH.A.i J;:f-9- Efef

Alo~~Efef

Cf§ ~S:. PJ.gC-JI 2Jl .::J. ~'t! J;:f-9- %JCf

2 7f lfl01 ~ ~ o-j.ft?
q 1;]1, '?l 01 Y- ~ E11rt7r 71 ~.£ W01 t.f.Ai ~ ~ o-].R.

~7f~V£1Cf ~OI qq I 71~£ 'CJOI Lf.A.-j ~~q
~OI DIJl~Cf
v~~~ 'CJOI 9:j~q I lll~ &Of CUOi.A.-1 .1:.2.f7f £jCf

-EO I 'CJOI 2.Cf I ~77fJ;:I ~Oi.A.-j D IJI~Cf

198 Korean Grammar lN 9t~e · Intermediate

(1) 7f .:::?-~ »-17} ~717} W,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (~:~0 1 cxjprn q I J-j~S:. ~2J"-6}q)

q ~o}_g_. ~~01 011~ "{;lrcnr "<r~£ ~~«H ~.:r ~ o1 ~0}"5TI_fl._.

(2) 7f J ~ o1 o]C;]~_g_? (~»-1 7} .:Q-t:f I ~7.}5:. Wt:f)

Lf ~1. - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - o-J C;jif~_fl._,

(3) 7f LJ1~£0i1 7}-9- 7}J.11_g_? (~ ,<?_ J-}'Ef~ 01 Wt:f I -=g-<fls:_ W01 -6}t:f)

Lf ~1. 7.}-? 7}_fl._,

(4) 7f _g_~ {..~01 W01 \:tt:f.:L~- "5TI_fl._. (~01 ~~-61-t:f I e1s:. ..2.~%<?.!- <?.!- ..2.t:f)

Lf ~1. {..~01 W01 Y-!= :J! :Qo}_fl._,

- - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - ~ 71 7} L-P?- ~ ~ o]_fl._,

(1) 7f ..2. ~ 7-14- »-171- ~sJ ~ \!!t:fli:!J--j_fl._? (1'; ~ 9:1ir:t I ~s:. ~q)

q ~1. 1%% c5_t "{;lrcnr %.:@-~ tl!Orf-i ~sJ Y1 C;].:L~-_fl._.

(2) 7f ..2. ~ ~.liLOi1 ~:z1 %o]_g_? (~:z1 ~o-J;tq I W ~s:. Wt:f)

Lf l:J1. ~:z1 %o-J _fl._.

(3) 7f J 9-j.A.~ J-}~.:LI- -BTI_fl._? (q7.}~ 0l J.11'(!~q I ?}o} .!1!._1-1771- 3J1-6}q)

Lf ~l . {£77} "5TI_g_.

(4) 7f 7.} J-J-ER 7} ~.£ <?.!- ~,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (10\101 \:j~q I~~ ;_J-ERS:. <?.!- ~q)

Lf ~o}_fl._, - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - -

(5) 7f _fl._~ 0}2l:l}01E ~ -6}.:LI_ <V,o-J _fl._? (J-}.:LI_ -}J,<?_ %~01 <V.r:t I ~5:. ~_fl._(5-}q)

q 1.:J1, o} 2l:l}OlE ~ -BTI_fl._.

7~ _AjW 0 1 l-}'E}-~ .2. 2 J.i1R?

So you don't really know who that person is?

q J.;]1, 7--] ~ :1. l-}'E}- 0 1~ S-7.} %2.}R.

Nope. I don't even know his name.

7~ l:l1il~71 l-}.Jl7} J;tq~ if"' ~ Sd_o-]R?

Did you hear the news about the plane accident?

q o}yR, _8_~~1l:j.Y l:l}t1Hy77} <?JE11J! i=f-"'S-7.}

~ l-1TI0 1 ~o-]R.

No, I've been so busy lately that I don't even have time to see the
news on the Internet.

01 IE~:= ·q~ ?.:!:=. ~-EOI.JJ. 7 ~~ 7JgoJ £1~ ?.:!~·2.~~ 2.JDI~ qE~~ rrH .Af%~Lief. 5!.~ ~-o ~ .A~EJ"O I

7ICH6~.AI ~6~7iq Oll.g'0~71 Oi2.~g ~82.1 ~SF~ qE~'2JLICf.
This expression is used to express "not only others but also the most primary one" Generally, it refers to
extreme situations that the speaker either did not expect or could not anticipate.

..·-···r------ -- ---··------- ~_:;r~j:~
O j ~ ~j: ~
__N_l ___________~~~----------·------·--

*• ~u}~} 7-1 ~ ~~;,] ::= 7'1~]2..?

(Are you saying that) even you (my own mother) don't believe me?

• G1-& \t»-]oj] 01] ~ ;;':!~} Jl:AJo] Lf tJ-12;];,1 :Aj~ ~~~2...

Even the air conditioner has broken down in this heat. It's unbearable.

.2_:::• t:j_If- ~ TI ~ ~%~} Cj- Lf 7(jq-.£ <J}~Jl,

Sometimes something can be so sad that tears don't even flow.

200 Korean Grammar in. 'lts·e · Intermediate

1 Ol .R~~ ~.£ !f.~~<Z.J .g%,f0ll ..UiO~ ;q<2JA~;;;;LICf. -5-~~<Z.J .g%)-Oll M~ 01-'>l!~ g-§O I ~ LI CL

This expression sounds most natural when used w ith negative statements. It can therefore sound
awkward if used in positive situations.

2 Ol~~ '7Jf:XI'q '5:.'2f l::lf%1-;;:;-"?- <X};;;;LICf. .:J.~:XI'2! '±5::f'~ ·~IQ.,t-2.1 ~'OI2.f~ L7~01 <X};;;,LICf.

The expressions 77f;I:J and .S:. can be substituted for _:::::_j:f. However, it should be noted that _:;:::_:i':f carries the

added nuance of "the worst possible case" .

3 Ol~~ '011:! .A.~~ .!¥~ol-E~~ ~.§.OI.il..:J.~.!=i:!.Cf '§of7~q ~~ ~7Jf:XI!f.~oi-E ~·~ q ErLH

~ .R~<Z.J · ~/~7m '-of.il. ~o1 :xf~ .A.~~LILf.

This expression is often used together with :=/e71'<§, which indicates the negation of not only one thing

but also something else on an even more telling, or serious level.

• ~cj ~ o}:: i5H Q1 o:j ~.g.;;<j\') 7.-j]~.S:..:?:~} * 7} .!;!.1)_o-J..Il.

Our mother has never even traveled to Jeju Island, let alone overseas.

• :3!l g_ ~~71-2-7'1\'1 {!.g..:?:~} *~ rrfl 7} '?£0}..\l.

There are times when I can't even read the newspaper, not to mention books.

4 o1~ ~ ~.A.r2f ~o 1 .A.~or'i:! '-(0 )2 "?-±5::f ~01.fL'2.I ~ EH£ M~LILf.

When used together with a verb, the form -(.~) 2 ~_:;:::_:i':f ~Oi£. is used.

• q2.j7} L-j.!j!- o}:rr.}J.i ~oji! -"?-.:?:~]· ~o-J..Il.

I can't even stand since my legs hurt very much.

• 7.-JI .:?:7}-2- 5{f~r:-j] S:. 7.-j]7} '?l% -"?-.:?:~} ~ g_ ~.££ o}~ 7'1..11.

Even though my nephew is just a 5-year-old kid, he's so big that I cannot even hold him.

1 7f ~.:? »-]7} o-] q .£ o:j t;~ ~ n-o-J_B_?

q if»-l]Jl, ~.:? »-]7} o-]q .£ o:j ~ ~ n-~:.z] o}L}] ~7l .2.~ Ti1 Jl.

~* J.AI7f Oi CJ.~ 0:1~-§- ~q ~* J.AI7f OiCI£ 0:1 ~-§- ~e;~: l OfLH
<EJ:£1 J.AI7f Oi!::. .2.1,.\.fOUq LIq <EJ:£1 J.AI7f Oi!::. .2.I.A.f011 q Lie:A:I ~~ ~~
*'i:! J.AI7f c~ ~P IOII ~~q.JJ. ofq * 'i:! J.AI7f c~ ~P IOII ~ofe:A:I 'a:A:f ~-=?-

2 7f 1-?~ :Aj.£ l:lfl~'E_ ~:A~~ 9 <U.AJ.R?

Lf :1. :Aj.£ l:lfl-%1J.i ~ »-7] ~71~ ~~ 7l ~~t ~ al-%1.R.

'r..!-"f. .1.1.17 f ~~~q .::1 ~.s:. t!H~.A.ie ~7 le7·J'c5 ~PI I Oi 'Elc.f
OI-§OI'i!'! AH~~ ~ -9- ~q ~~71'iJ OH<2.! I ~q
.:J. -§.2.£-E AH~fe71'iJ %~f I .A.f7 1~~q

- ___ -·-·· ··-·---·-··-····-··--····-··----·-·-··-·- . . ·-··-····-···--·--·--··....· - .._ , -, ........... .............. .....................

~ ~~ -t!£~~:2. o~~ ~ '2J.A.~ ~ %-'?-171 '2J.A.~W .!:F-2'cl

· • · · - · - · - · · - •• ••••• • • n - • - • • - • • • •• - · · • · • - • •-•-•••••••• •••••• - · · - •••••••-•-•••••••••-•••• · - ·• - - · • ·-••• -••o.•• • ••••••••-•-•-•··• ··•• •••••••• •• •--••••·-· ····-·•-••

(1) 7f ~-r!oJl tS-{1 °l ~ 9 <U ~ 77]-.R?

Lf ~~il.R, :Ai ~ ~-r!oJl tS-~ £1 ~ ~ ;:_ 1-JI-JJ:.j.t <it -5fl ~OiJi..

(2) 7f :A}Of ».l, Ji.~ ~0 j -% llllj-~ ~ ~0j-Ji.. *:Ai ~ '€[oj-.!il_J.] t:i2.]-Jl..ll.
Lf ~0l-Ji.. Jl15J' oJl 31 ~ 1:-j]

*.5:.(3) 7f 9~o]-, <i} ~o]-~Jl .:::I.\:1' ~ ~ ol=?

Lf l.:j ..!f- nj ~-5fl Ai ~o]-~ ~ 97]- 'ai ~Oi..ll.

(4) 7f I:j1 7].2..~ o] {!{! {:J Z{-5fl :A]Jl <U ~ ~ ~oJ-Ji..

q ~oJ-Ji.. .:::I.tj1Ai 7H?-;?. o-j~.g- ~ ~oJ-Ji..

(5) 7f \:t'll ~ o] El _g;?. :A]4- if 9 9J.L.J-Ji.?

Lf 0 ]-Y Ji., %0 ] ¥ ~'5flAi Ei _g ;?_7'-j ~ - - - -- -- .2.:A}'i:!-t:j-Jl '5Jl.fi..

(6) 7f uj-o] ~ ».]7]- :A]\± 9-~oJl Jl15'J.Q._ii!_ ~o]-{(o-] Ji.?

Lf t;j], Z}q~ ii}:A] ?J"_ll ~o]-{(Oi ..ll.

(7) 7f Jl ';~.ii!. rrJl ~~Oi ~ l:lfl..!f-1-i:A]Ji.?

Lf l.:Jl, ii}:A]~ :A]'E-;?. A~ Z{o] <i} L.fJi..

(8) 7f ifoj-l:l-j :A]7} ~-"i] 7]- Rf.Q.A] :A]Ji.? Q.j-5(-:AJ *~qJl ~ :lli ii}-"i]Ji..

Lf t;j], .:::ltj1Ai Lf0 ]7} ~ o-jJ.i

202 Korean Grammar in 'lt...·e · Intermediate

These days, you seem to have a lot of meetings.

q 1.:]1, ~woJi:!.fA~ ~ W't:J]Jl. ..2.~ 1t} t>llS.. £<i:]o]

J-i] 7~1-j- <V_o-j ;_~ o-j ~7-j] i>Ro]: ~:A] .2. 2 ):1}.o-]Jl.

Yes, there are a lot because it's the end of the year. Just today alone
(without having to consider any other days) I have three meetings,
so I really don't know what to do.

7~ o:J~ l=lJ-&011-fr~_Q_.£ l:lfl\{o:ji>Jlg 7}~ "&J-~~o]

Jluus}-r"1l .Jl E2..MOl~r-JI .

Regarding going backpacking to Europe during summer vacation,
I heard a lot of students do that.

wo orq t:J1. Jl. 7-1] ~F? ~ 1t} t>lls.. ~»-1 o:J Ci L§ 1

c}t4 ~o-j Jl.

Yes, you're right. Even just among my friends (without having to
consider anyone else), many have done so.

OI .H~~ <i!Oll-"i ~~ ~~~<2.! -"i110iq ~%!011 CH5H-"i Oll~ ~Oi-"i ~~~ ITH ;_~grLj q, Ol~~ '.Q.j ~~121
5!1-.S:.'. '121 3~Ci2.f.S:.'£j QIDI7f ~~Liq.

Th is expression is used when providing examples to explain a sit uation or statement made previously.

It is equivalent in meaning to t he phrases 21 ~~'(! !il.f.S:. and '2.! ofCi 2.f.S:..

.. --· .. ..· ·· · · · · · -- -~- - - ~- - - · · ·- -
- -- -· - - · -- -· ·· ·· "· ·- ~-- - ~- - -- ···~ · · -··---~~- ~ ~-- - -~~-~-----~-~--~- - -~--· ··-·· -···- ···- - · ·- -

N ~.:r-121 5H.S:.
.2.~ 121 5H.S:.

• ~{! »-] 7} s~ ;Aclw ~{J i5] ~¥i5R= ~ {{o}s. Oi 7-~] !fr <5Jl£ WlOJ-]77}7-1 £J-f8-oJ1J-i ~¥
'5}G1 c.}JL.Il.

It looks like Minseon is really studying hard these days. Yesterday alone (without having to consider any

other days) she studied until 10 at night at the library.

• iL~,<:_ ~-3j-6}717}o-jaj~_B_. A~128-A~tli-<5Jl£ 2\:J.~ -3j:AJ-~ *-=t--8-}.Jl <V_7-):=iL.

It's hard to find a job these days. Even my sister without the need to consider anyone else hasn't been able
to land a job for two years now.

• ;.~~J:J17} ~o}t-j- mo1 c ~7-1 %2fiL. .ii!.-*J:J1tR <5Jl£ ~ ~oj115~ %)_ :Aj£7} ~0-]iL.

The cost of living is so expensive. My transportation expenses alone (without the need to consider anything
else) cost about 150,000 won a month.

- - - - - -- - - - - - - --

OI.±E~::_ :i!~7~£1.g%)-:i!~ 't.!cH£1~ .g%)-~ .±E~%1" rrH.s=. Aj-g.gj"Li q . <£lOll~ ~.gAl-l!~ LfE~LH ~ '§I"O I
2...:il ·~~ 5H.'I.'£1 ~EH.£ '['iOI Aj-g.g[Liq.

This expression can also be used to express a situation that is opposite to what was the case in the past.
In such cases, a time word is often followed by ~~ <>H.S::., an alternate form of this expression.

• ;z,]\:t~77]-;z.J~ <SHS:. oj *o] ~~~:::-c~] ;z.J~~ ~o}.Ai 'f]g_ 4'-7} ~Oi.fl...

Only last month (without the need to go back further in time), these clothes fit me, but now they're so small
I can't wear them.

"riff• 10\'1 ~~ <SHS:. <tR"'ll ol~711 £1~ 0l '?J;z.J::: ?J~Oi.fl...

Only 10 years ago (without the need to go back further in time), there weren't this many foreigners in Korea.

1 7f Ji_~ f--=t-1-f Au}E~o1 ~~ -3l :Q-o}_fi_.
Lf W0riL. LH {17 ~ tll- <511.£. 1:Jl 1f ~ t:J- l:lr~OiiL.

.Rg -'r-=?-Lf 6.Df§.gOI '1[Cf LH~~I CH~ q l::lf15!Cf
.Rg ~7 f7f I'JOI ~~cf 2.f'2:!Y I 10"/oLf ~~q
.Rg ():jA:~OI wg ~~o~ ~0 1 ~q :Ail ():j-§-Ac!J I ~Jg ~1 Df'2_f ~q

2 7f Ji_ ~ ~ 7 1 ~ '8 01 *ti~01.if.?
Lf W0riL. ~ \:1 ~tll- <511.£. 01~711 ~71 ~ '8 ~ -oN::- ;,pg-o1?£01 ~~~~1iL.

.Rg fP I ~01 if.~Oief ~\::!~I 01~711 f:!71 ;'r(§~ 51-e A~O I t'JOI '6i~Cf
j_f7f ~W ~0 1 ~~~cf A:I\:±\!:!Oil %':~ llH I 0 1 ~711 '21 ~~~q
~511 21~~ ~o I ~q -Q\::1 I 0 1 ~711 2l~l::ll7 f ~01 ~A: I 'Gs~~q

204 Korean Grammar i, Us-e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ -tL71 .2..<€1°1 ~~ r~ {J:zf-oR.A1.JI 'V.~ ~ :Q-otk. U·~%)
q ~o}_B_. 1--i%Dl <5HE:. -tL717]-l-j-llll}.A1 ~ 711 Til-¥-£ ~::=.7J-j.A1?if01-k.

(3) 7~ ~0~ 01 J.1{}-01lf£01~Cl.A1k? (7S:{:)

Lf .=I.~k. -¥ J.1{}-01\3711 ~t;]k.

(4) 7 ~ o1Jti tl1£ ~:3f% n]-oR7r ?:J-1:f.A1k? (~21 .!f-.2.\:l)

q ~o}_B_, BR? 1':§4-~ "0]-1-j-£ *<51-1t~k.

(5) 7~ o}~~ 1£l.A1 <?£~ ~).~~ 01 ~~ ~ .Jl <V_J:Rk. (.Jl~~).~~ A~1 ~7})

q 7-j~ .=z.tt} ~ {[o}_B_, o}~ ~ 01£j~k.

(1) 7~ Q,~01 .g ~ ~0rJ:tiiJ:iloJ1k . (20~ ~)

Lf .=I.c] 711k . ~ ').~D_t <5HE:. _go1 ~ C;j 'V_~ ~ t:l1k.

q %12}jl? - -- - - - - -- - lf.7} 'V.~ ~ t:l1·......

(4) 7 ~ uR-8::- g ~ ~ ~ c J.1 1-]- }~!}k . (~u]- ~)
q ~ * 1£1 ~~1:11 .A1~,<:_ ~ ~711 ~~~ .B._,

(5) 7~ 0.}7J »-1 71- 2lJ op~!711 -tL-¥- ~ 0 <5}.A1k? (~71 ~)

q .=I.C1711k. 7-j ~ ~ {J -o1 -tL-¥-~~ ~t:l1k.

1 ® It} 1:-j] t:f7}
@ 9J7] n:Jl.g.Oi]
G) 9J7]~7.}
® _!f-.2_\:JO]Lf
@ 9J Ej]y77}
@ ¥ .2.\37-i ~
2

G) ¥ .2.\3 s:.
@ ¥.2.\3-¥-EJ

3 7~ R~ 0~251--E l§OI U~ 7~ !i!.~R.

q Li l, - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -

G) o]Jti ?~7.} t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 ~ ~o-j.R
® o]Jti ? Oi]t:f7} t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 ~ ~oi.R
@ o]Jti ?~ -5HS:. t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 ~ ~o-j.R

@ o]Jti ?Oi] l:l]-5H).i t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 g ~o-j.R

4 7~ 2H2:,1-.lil 2j:10JI A.i ~A:I ?JO ~R?

q -2:,1-.J:il 2j:1~ - ---------------------------

G) {l{(ojl:l]-tl )!-011 ~ x£ ~lf- i'J"0 }Ai ~¥-6}7] 7} ~ ~71 ~ ii.

® 1]{(ojl:l]»+ 7]-7-].Jl ~ x£ ~lf- f£oJ-;.i ~.!f-5]-7] 7]- ~ ~7-] ~ii.
@ 1]{(oj l:l]-tl EJ]t:f7} ~ x£ t=llf- f£oJ-;.i ~..!f-5]-7]7]- ~ ~71 ~ii.
@ 1]{(ojl:lj».}7] ~ 5]-7.]~ ~ x £ ~ lf- f£oj-).i ~¥5}7]7} ~ ~7-] ~ ii.

5 G) J ;.}'if ~ 7]-~~ oj-yc} l:lH~o ] 7] £ -5Hii..
® ~7]7]- t:f 1.-j-% ~~ otyc} 7] ~£ ~o]-~o-Jii..

*® ;z}o]:».]~ .Aj~ o] *~~o]-yc} ~o]-7] 77]-;zj -5Hii..

@ ;zi~~ ~~ o]-y2.} oj-~ 7J};z] ~o-J;.i l:lH 7l- t-i lf- .JlTij-ii..

6 G) J u]-E ~ 7]-~oj -tlJ:i]t:f7]- %~£ f£o}J,i 7.}? 7}ii..
® 1QA]7} '8-E- 1:-j]t:f7} ~».] £ 4:-%1 .Ai -2\:Jo] <gi~ 71oj].R.

@ OJ=7J ».] ~ -Eo] f£o j <;V_..g. EJ19-7l- ~;.~7-J;.i ~ 7]7]- f£o}.R.

@ ~o] ?J-oj % J:i]c.J-7]- <i':!%£ ~~.Ai A7] ~ E}cj 7]--E ;.J-'i:[o] f£o}.R.

206