Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

Do you two know each other?

Lf 1:]1, 7.1 gojj~ f~:A] %51-~J:i] ~l{Jl.!!Y

~ ~~_ii7_ %~oj~o-JJl.

Yeah, at first, I didn't know who it was, but after meeting, we
discovered we were schoolmates in elementary school.

7f ~] o]ud ~1. ..2..~ 7}l:lJ ~ 7}:A].Jl ~o-]Jl?

Wei Ming, didn't you bring your bag today?

Lf :Aji>}~ojj -%=-.Jl ~ 5;io-j Jl. ;;z]i>}~ ojjA-j ~ 2-J Jl

.!ty 7}l:lJo] ~E-]2-j-.TI.Jl.

I left it on the subway. I got off the subway and found that I didn't
have my bag with me.

Ol R~~ Oirt! ~-501q ~01 ~Ojq71 ~011:::: §x,t:::cil .:1 ~01 ~018 "*-Oll OiiC! ~~ AH§lll ~lll £17iq
~~~~ ITH ~~ OI~Oll {!F-!"~'2.! ~:1!~ ~Xl~ ITH .A..I§g[LICL '-jl !:2.LI'::: '-jl !:2.LI77f'~ .A..I§iiH.S:. ~Li q.

This expression is used to indicate that the speaker learned something new, discovered some new piece of
information, or found out something was contrary to what was previously thought after some action or event
occurred. The form -.:il !i!LjlJf can also be used for -.:il !i!LI.

-jl.!i!LI J. . . .. · · ·· "·=··"·"·=· · · .•,·.·,·..,.,....u,...,.,.

v - .::il .!i!LI

• "11~~ {!-q.:i!. iiRJ-i 5: ~ i(o-J.fL. -=rteJ."r:i] 5: ~ A}.:il.!i!.Y -3}-1fl "'J-%o]~o-J..9...

I bought some clothes because they (said they) were having a sale. But once I bought them, I discovered
they were last year's merchandise.

• l:l];:ii}7j] ""~7-lAi All ~~'?..l ~ '?£.:i!. ~~o-J.fL. -=r'C}Ej] ~.:il.!i!.Y %""~.2.J ~~o]~oJ.fL.

I put the shoes on because they looked just like mine. But when I did, I discovered that they were my little
sister's shoes.

258 Korean Grammar ut cthe . Intermediate

• ttiA~ E}Jl.!i!.Y71H l}l:J1 BJ-~J=~ 7H=- -5:!0]~0iiL.

I got on the bus to find that it was going in the opposite direction.

'-.JJ.S!.L]' <ii"Oll::: -§.A.~'2.! .g.::?- CU;:;;L]Cf. ·~g.A.~'q '~.A.f+O]cp~ 2.~ ~iC! @~0] ~Li ef.

Only verbs can come before - ::il !:i!LI . If an adjective or noun + o ICf precedes - ::il !:i!LI, then the sentence is

grammatically incorrect.

• ~0] 'irt~ ujj:: %51-:=t:i] ~0 ] 'af.:Jl .!i!.Y GJ Qj{i-t:.f:: ).Ez.J-0 ] ~'XJ.Oi.R. (x)
- ~o] <;rt ~ ujJ:: %Xl::: "']] ~o] "p,foj-A].:il .S!.y t:-j Qj{i-q:: ).Ezro] ~'Xi oj.ll_(o)

: ''[';tCf'-E §~A.fOIE'..£ '-O f/OiJ.:ICf'~ ~Oj § A.f£ l::lff-lA.i MjOf ~Lief.
Because I'JCf is an adjective, it must first be changed into a verb by adding -Of/OiJ.:ICf before it can be
used with - ::il !:i!LI.

• llHJf-7} ~7] ~on:: llHJf-~Qj ).E~o] .!f-c:~~Oi.ll.
.:I.'\:J.t:iJllHJf-0 ].:i1. .li!.Y llHJf- ~Q1 {J-o] ).Ez.J-~if"Al 'i'J"cJ-:: ~~ ~:;tJJ ~'Xl.Oi.ll. (x )

- .:I.'\:J.t:1JllHJf-7} ~.:il .s!.y llHJf-~Qj {J-0 ] ).Ez.J-'i't% if"Al 'i'J"t:f:: ~~ ~:;tJl ~'XJ.Oi.R. (o)

: '~H.Sf.O ICf'-E §A.f7f OfLIE'..£ '~H-5f-7f £1Cf'£ l::lff-lOt g)"LICf.
Because ~H.Sf.O!Cf is not a verb, it must first be changed into the form ~H-5f-7f £1Cf before it can be used

here.

1 7f 211 o:j<5~ 7}l:IJ~ 11:"L}7} q;_] ~e>-l.R?
q 7}BJ~ M-}.:illi!.Y o:J~<j-LB~ ~ <j- ~stc-Jc}JI..a.

():j~ 7 fl2t~ ~fef7f qA. ] ~q
.6.-'f.l ]Ef~- ~~q7f q.A.] ~q
Qf~ %!Cf7 f l:lff;l_Cf

~~fC.f to take time off from school

q g_;.g actually

.Af~ a business enterprise

:g~l Of.!!.Cf annoying; troublesome

-\'?2f0fq I {J{Jof.:il 2l"ii!{!f~O I .:I.'Elq
.A.f~~ .A.I~fq I ~j:l Of.g ~OI L.:J.!¥ t'Jq
.s:.AI£ OI.A.f-ofq 1.A. ITI~.:il ~~01 ~q

(1) ~~ J.171Jl Lf"'i ~01 .2-:A}t(!- ~~ ~711 ~:d,ciS.

-t ~ 1-.\ ~ f..F'I[il ~L.j It-OI .£f.Rt~cr.Jl.2.. .

(2) J:t1-"oJ1 Ef.Jl Lf-J.i :Al{J-01 ~!::=~~~~ciS.

....

(4) 7}/11oJ1J.i L}.2.Jl L}J.i ~-"~.§ ~ ~ ~,<::~~~~ciS.

....

(5) 3(!:A1~ q »-Jl Lf"'i 41%01t:J¥ -lf-7.1%}1:.}!::= -"~Zf0l ~:d.ciS.

....

(1) 7~ :Al \:J:-~ oJ1 ~ ~nj-7} 0}Y1;]1S. (wl:f)

q 1;]1, .:::Z. ~~ {loJ1-f-.J:!. ~L.j ~2.] {ll!} <?.! ci%2.] ~ ~ :Q-o}J.i Lf~ ~£

l:l}f). ci s .

*(2) 7~ ~Ejlj!.Q.£. ~~~ ~.Q.1tciS? (~q)

q 1;]1, .:::Z.'CiJ:11 ~~01 ~~l!} 1:.}2 Gj2fJIJi_.

(3) 7~ g~ 3!"01211 °l ~7111fl:A1S? (~q)

q ~-5-~ ~ ~~!::=~:11 - - - - - - - - ~~0l :d, ciS.

(4) 7~ S~ -&~i>~J.i ~J.}oJl q yy 77)- 3(!i>~S? (-&~ ~ "'l~i>}L})
q o}ys, -&~i>}~ :!= ~ ~ ~~~ t:11 - - - - - - -------- - - ---
AEcJl-"~ ?J-0 1~l;]lS.

(5) 7~ "§:}.ii!.~ ~<i:Jil}y77} "*":A1S? (~~il}q)

___________q oj-yS , "§:}.ii!. q~ rrJl!= ~2.] ~~il}Jl1i:d_!=~:·J1 ~-AJ-

Lf"'l "§:}.ii!.oJl LfYJl1ici:A11;]1S.

260 Korean Grammar u1U•·e · Intermediate

~
•[ 120)

This place (house) is a mess.

Lf ~:A} 1fq .!J!y {] ;l:j~ ~ ~ ~ "0}:7]1 £HJl.

Once I started living alone, I started not cleaning up as much.

7~ :A}ot »-1~ 0J 7J »-1~ ~ o-j"O}:A1 ?£51o-]Jl?

Jaya, don't you dislike Yang Gang?

Lf _j.1 gem ~ o-] ~~~1 ufl~ ~01 ~-Q}q .!J!y OJ7J
»-1~ ~ ~ ~ 01.!I!_01'Cl2-f.TI.Jl.

I didn't like him at first, but after working together with him, I have
come to see his strong points.

* 0J·-q !2.LI ' ~ -§.A~ ¥-lOll OJ Ct'! ~ c;~ O I~.!¥Ei 711~3~~ :i!.~~Oli.A.i ).H£g Af{j~ ~Pil £Pi Lf ~:i!.~~.Q.£

OJ't! ~EH7~ £1~ ~ ITH A~g[Li q, ·- q !2.LI'Ol1Ai '-CF~ 'OJ 't! ~ c;~ 711~31-E £g.Oll'~ LfE~LH ~ ·-q7~'

*7 ~ ~OJ:= -3:! 0IO:j '-!2.LI'~ '!2.q'oll '~?20 ILf ~:i!.F2.1 2.1 0 1 ~ 7~{! '-( 0 )LI77~'7~ *~ ~0 1 ~OJ:= -3:!~ LIC~.

IT~2.~.A.i Ol ±f.~ ~ '-em !2.LI77F~ ~ '- q !2.LI77F££ ~ <ll ~ Li q.

This expression is used to indicate that the speaker learned something new after doing some action or
behavior continuously from some time in the past, or that a certain sit uat ion has occurred as a resu lt of

that behavior. The - Cf of -Cf !i!LI is the shortened form of -cflf, which refers to something occurring in the

middle of a continuous action, and -~LI is the shortened form of the combination of the verb ~q and -{2.

Lillf, which refers to a discovery or result. Thus, the forms -Cf7f ~LI]Jf and - Cf ~LI]Jf can also be used to

express the same meaning.

-q !2.LI [!'qc~ !2.Ll
9:jC~ !2.Ll

• ;l:p(- ~ q .!i!.Y o ]Ajl u~..g. ~5:. ~ ~Jl] :!9~o-J.f?...

After eating (it) frequently, I'm now able to eat spicy food well.

.!J!.y• ..2..'ili~oj] ~'d ~.:;z.tt o]o]:7]3}q o-jL-).H 12).]7)- ~~c-12f.:L!Jl.

I kept talking to my friend, whom I hadn't met in a long time, and before we knew it, it was after • 2 o cloc

• 7ClA~j {I :I_ g uw~ ~ q7} ~t-jll} :A}~A'flJjj 7(jA~jojj J:j1 '6~ ~ ~Jjj ~'Xio-]Jl.

After reading an economics newspap er every d ay (for a while), I naturally came to be knowledgeable about
economics.

·-q .!=2.LI' ~011 §~Arq 'O ICPr 2~ {:1~~0 1 ~~~2.1 O l~q ~~01 @ ~ LrEr~ LICL

When an adjective or O! Cf comes before -q .!i!.LI, the preced ing clause indicates t he reason or cause of the

event or action in the following clause.

• ::::1. ~o] ~'f ~il..'6]-t:.j- _lil_Lj P l- ~.Aj~ 9 'iji~~il...

Given the fact that it was by nature an important issue, I couldn't make the decision by myself.

• cH~<'S ~ ~l-j-2.]-.Qj cJ1 .H.0 ]t:.f_lil_y ?cJ~i5H::-J.]-~~ 0] t;'J"~ 9~01] \li~il...

Because a president is the representative of a country, it is unavoidable that he or she will be heavily
guarded by a lot of people.

1:!12~o1n) J2L.,1l....0u..?..

'-.::il.!=2.LI'2.r ·-q .!=2.LI'::: cr-g.llr ~~ ~OliAi ~:f0 17 r 'BLICf.

The differences between - J2 .!i!.LI and - q .!i!.LI are as follows.

(1) ~~0 1 ~8 Cf§ (1) ~~ 5f2 :ili{:JOII-"i
This occurs after an action is com pleted.
This occurs while an action is taking place.
-+ {:j~'ci 21 ~~~ Cf ~.g * Oil OI5H7 f £12:tCf2
• ~;,~';32111~~ %t:.J-_lil_y o]15~7]­
~~L!Cf.
£]~t:.f.
Means that the speaker understood the
teacher's explanation after hearing it -+ {:j~'ciQJ ~~~ ~ ~ :ili{:JOII-"i OIW f £1~Cf2
c om p letely .
~~ LI Cf.
Means that the speaker understood the
teacher's expla nation while listening to it.

tre(2) ow~ ~~ Oj2.i ~ :ili{:JOII-"i

This refers to a time after perform ing an action once. This refers to a time during the process of
performing an action multiple times.

-+ E)'~ '2.!'8 * Oil ~f.[.g A~'t) ~~ ~Jil £!~Cf.l= -+ Oj2.j ~ '2.!'Lf2 :ill{:jOII-"i ::::1. -"fW~ -"~f711

~~ L!Cf. £12:tCf2 ~~ LI Cf.

Means that the speaker realized that the Means that the speaker came to love the
person was a good person after meeting with person after meeting him or her a number of
him or her once. times.

262 Korean Grammar r'JI 'll.··~ · Intermediate

(3) ~~~ou-e AH~g A~~ ~/ll .xp~q oJ{!Oll ~.zm (3) ~~~Oll A~g A~~ ~}jJ .xjJ~Lf ~$:l.2.£
t! 3:!~ ~~Cf-e L/1§01 ~LIQ. ~'ti {tEJm .xj~Cf-E L/I§OJ ~LJQ.

The following clause contains new or The following clause contains newly learned
unexpected information learned by the speaker. information or information about the state of
affairs resulting from the preceding action.

-+ Of71~ ~PI {!Olle .!f.7ig% '§l<]leciJ '2!jl LfAi -+ Of71~ ljJ~ 'ZJOf -9-e ~~ ~ ~i!f D-j2.J7f
~:z{!i!.Cf .!f.f;IJ;:J ?Jg 3;!~ ~}jJ.XJ~cf-E 2.jOJ~LJCf. '2! ~~Cf-E 2.jDJ~LJQ.

This means that the speaker thought the This means that the speaker's lower
baby would be heavy before holding it, but back became bad (sore) as a result of
learned that wasn't the case after actually continuously holding the baby.
holding the baby.
----------·----
-------·-·--··---------------------

*1 7f Ol1 ~011 ~ ~Tij ~ ~ o}J.1A1 ~~~il..?

Lf 1.:11, <5}A1 ~ ~~ uflo}q ~Tij ~ o}J.1 -cf .!i!.y 0 17-11 ~ ~~01 ~~il...

7illlii ~ -§i?: DfAICf ~'§ rrHofq 7inl~ of.A.Ic.f 1oi:Aile ErBol £Jq
5jl~ J.I.J2.J- ~~ cz.t ~-ofq ~IE ~1:11~ ~01 ofc.f 1~~H;~;:Icf
'cl"Af ~T-2.f J;:f~ ~PI~ !i!2.i qqq I ~fof7il £lc.f
~ !i!.e ~~ ~OiofCf

2 7f ).J--6.] 0 1 -11~ -%-!f-<5}J.11.:11il...
q u~~ {l:g ~ ~ q .!i!.Yll} ).J-6.Jo1 ?jo}~ ~ {[o}il...

{l-6101 ~w 3-¥ofc.f OH~ ~~ ~q I {l-6101 £'/OfJ;:ICf
oH~ g~~ ofef 1 ~~ ~ ~7il .s:.1q
~~~w~~q R% 'ai:IH~ CZ! n1~q I -c!~O I ~OfJ;:ICf

R% -c!~OI *Of !i!Oic.f

q * -'~Et~~ ~2t ~~ ~ ~.£ Oi't! ~:cP~ ~717il £1~~LP7~? .:J.~~ ~ '-c.~ .!i!LI'~ -'~i>H-'i

g.g~ ~~f>~AiiR.

tlJ~ %<?1 ;z}oF »-] ~ o-ju-jy7} _9__2-]%[ IIJ1o}q

(1)

X9.l- ~-cp::t- Ji!..L.j _g__2-] %»-]7} l?,J-0 1~ ~Oi_g___

_ ________ <tROi 1l_~ 01

(3)

(4)
264 Korean Grammar iN <lise · Intermediate

7f ;<j~ ~%"ifYrf. Jf-~ ~~A7} -R-~~J ~ ~
~0-]Jl.
( 122)1
I'm very sorry. (Our) Alex broke the glass window.

q 38!ftto}Jl. o}o1 ~ o1 ~q .!i!_~ _g_~~J~ ~ 4'-S:..

9J7-1Jl.

It's okay. Glass windows are apt to be broken once boys start
playing around for a while.

*7f 7-117} 0 1 ~2- 7.-1 g "5~ 5!.~ 71 2-}l--J ~w 91~7-1

£ 2 ~~Yrf.

This is my first time to try this, so I don't know if I can do it well.

Lf ~ ~ -5}-c} .!i!_~ -=§-BJ BJ~ ~ ~J11 ~ 71 Y77} tl-!f-

Z:j ;<j-6}7-1 u};,i1Jl.

Don't worry because you'lllearn how to do it once you start working
for a while.

Ol ±I~~ {j~~£1 ~15 ~ lll~f>f'i:! Li-3011 ¥~~£1 ~~_f7f ~{Jq~ 3:!~ LfEf~ [[H --'f§gj"LICf. '- Cf7 f
.!=2.'i:!'Q£ MJI!I. gj"LICL

This expression indicates that if the act ion or behavior in the previous clause continues, then over time the
result in the following clause will occur. It is also w ritten in the form -Cf7f !:i:!.\:1.

~~~--~....-....----...-..

v1 iEEf>fCf iEEofCf.!i:!.'i:!

~q ~Cf.!i:!.'i:!

'-----'----·-----···--···-······--··············-····-·----··-··-··--·

7f u j-3. »-1:: {l ej-~ ~ {)- ~"61-1.;]1.11.

Mark, you're so good at doing things around the house.

q ~ .;::-0]1!--1 ~7-1- {ft:.l- .!i!..~ 7-f~£. Jlc.].S::. -6]-.Jl ~~ "61-111 ~:: 3i :Q-01-Jl.

I think I naturally just started cooking and cleaning up my place after living by abroad by myse~ ' ex E

while.

7~ 7}~2.] ~1 ()-}_ll~ ~<'>H 7-1 717} oje;j.g..;:! :Q-o}_9_.

It seems difficult to get to know Kylie.

q o}yoj1_9_. ::z}? o1o}71<'>}q .!i!_Jtl. ~<'>H~ 9- <V,~ 7-]oj1_9_.

No, you can get to know her better it you keep talking to her often.

7~ ojA~1 ~~ ~-=(-()}_ll3_Jl1 ~}i':jl--j 71~01 ~ ~0}_9._.
I'm in a bad mood because I had a big fight with a close friend yesterday.

Lf :Q-01 7-1Lf1 t:f .!i!.Jtl. ~}% u]1S:. <V_:;z1_g_. ()}7.1 ~ ~2.] :§:l-t>H()}J-~1_9._.

Of course you're going to fight when you're together a lot. But you should make up soon.

* *·-q .!i!.'i:!' <itOll~ :cm~o J q o1 2.H ~o1 ~ ~.ii.. ~~~Ofi!I. :cp-J .AIJ\il7 ~ ~ ~t::iLJ q.

Neither the past nor future tense can come before -q !i!~. and the past tense is not allowed in the following

clause either.

• :1. ~fi 7114.'- li'}):l:t:f .!I!..qj -wo}~ 71oJ1.R. (x)
:1. ~ 7 ~ 7114.'- '?}L.f~t:f .!I!..qj -wo}~ 7-JoJI.R. (x)
:1.~7~ 7114.'-li'l"L.ft:f.!r!_J?:!.-wo}~oj.R. (x)
~ :1. ~ti 7114.'- li'l"L.ft:f .!I!..qj -wot~ 7-loJI.R. (o)

L

1 7~ Oi ~:71] <)}~ ~RW~ 7-}~A~~] W? 'V,~77}Jl?
q ~R ;..pg-~~ o]oF7] ~ ~o] <)}q .!i!.~ 7-}~A~~] i f ? 'V_~ ~oj]Jl .

~~'§t~ ;q~6~7i l o-~q *~~ .A.r~-§-i!f- o 1o~7 1~ 'riO I oref 1 :Ar~6~7il ~ ~q

~21" ~~~ c-J ~f;l7il o-rq ~~ ~~ PJO I .A.i"TIOi.A.i Oi~2.1 Cf I ~7-l%17-: ICf

2 7r 0J7J »-]7} "'Efl:lH~ L:jlf- TI{o] :rr.]? ~ ~ ~o}Jl.

q .=I.~:7j] ~l:lH ~ TI{o] :rr.].q..q .!i!.~ ;cJ.7Jo] 1-j-llll}{lltJlr:j] Z:j7-jo jl;j]Jl. ?.!.6§£~~

instant food

7jl~ 'E:I"Ol ~711 7-:ref 'a~H~ I'.tol II.J~q 1~:Yo I Lfl!ur:AICf
ljj~ ~711 7-:fef I Oi{JOll ~~ ~OiLf717 f gj-§-cf
ljj~ ~6'E!E.6.1~'2l '£!Cf I ~O I PJOI ;u;jq

266 Korean Grammar t"N Zt.w~ · Intermediate

(1) 7~ o-jA~1 7} 7-1~ JA1 }.~~ 01 :d1=11Z? '5J~ tti 24J-l ~W u1~-BHZ. (l:l)-1:11:17-]1 :A1Lljq)

q ~~o}z. t~r.!!!.fil f.l4fc:t .l:i.OJ. '5J~~~ 9-s:. ~:A1Z.

(2) 7~ ~oJ1 ~:A} ~.Q.~ {1{1<5}7-1 ?1°1-Z? (i:J{¥-E-17-11~ ~ <'>}q)
q ;.1{}0 1 ~~7-11 7J-.e:A1 %2.J-Z.

(3) 7~ V1Z}o11.-f ~2-j ~t:i1 ~7!}7-1 ~~~ :J1011Z? (~~<51 ~q)

q 1=11, 9-}.~Zf~ ?:jcj~ ~~Al ~o}.£...

(4) 7~ .2Jl ~~ ~~ ~o-J-BH.£..7 (~~ ~~ li!.q)

q Y-5:. ~ nj.7.-j}.i .:Z.Cll.£...

(5) 7~ -;~ 0 1 ~ ~~5:. 0 1 :§:l;.l-oJ1;.l 7-l14f ~<'>J-.e ?>:!0 1 ~~:A]£.?(~~ ~{1<5] <5)-q)

q .:z.~z. q~ 7]:§:171- ~ }.~~ {JL1L.f.

2 ·- q !i!li!:! ' ~ .A.~~H.A.i q~ CH:2:~ ~~<'>~Aii.R.

W"(1) 7~ ;.]Zl-0 1 0 l ~~71!-l ~%-WYL.f. (:§:1~<5)-q)

q ~~o}.£.. . ~.Qlti!"t:t J:i.OJ. ;.j{}oj ~~~ 9-5:. ~:A]£..

(2) 7~ .£..~ ~ ~;_l 3::"5 7-]7-]Jl n.J~~?;:! :Q-o}.£... (~~ }.~tt~ .2..cljc5}q)

q 7-17-]Jl llj~~ n:Jj.S:. ~:A]£..

(3) 7f oj-~5:. ~R~ ~ ~ ~.Q.~ oJt>H-6}7]7} ~ ~ ~ .£... (7-ll4f ~ ~ <€iL.f)

q 0 l<'>H<'>l-717l- ~-%1~ rjoj].£...

(4) 7~ 7]-i!!:-o] ~ 1IJl ~ ~ ~7-11 <'>HZ? (.Xcljl=lJoj] 7}!-l .Xclj ~ .lf-2 q )

q 7]-i!!:-o1 i=-o}/9Z.

(5) 7~ ~R -lf-~ ?l-0 1 ~Jl1i~Z. (~RoJ1 ;.l 7-ll4:f 1[q)

q :Aj-~A~l-jj{E-:§:1-5:. ~7-]1 ~ rjoj).£...

-C-ll-1

7~ ~"611 JA]7} _xt~VJ~ ~<V:"Lll..R.

I heard Eunhye received a Nobel Prize.

q .:I~..R? e>i51~ n:J1-¥-~ ~i>}~l1 x1~~F·J77}.AJ
~<V:"~..R.

Really? She's always been so smart and clever ever since she was
a child, and now she's gotten a Nobel Prize.

It seems Akira has changed.

q l;j], ~o}Jl. o}7]c} JA]7} %~<5~.A] ~l1 o}-? ~~

"6~11e>i Ji_.

You're right. Akira became famous, and (because of that he)
became really arrogant.

01 .R~::: .!!.1-/Wll Oi't! cH~~ -E!~-op~q ?3-gJ~ ?,:!:il~ ~ 0 1~2.1 ~.£~ LH§~ ~~ rrH Al§of-ECil. -E!~
LH~ol olif ~::: -'t!<2.1o1£101 ~AH Oi't! ~~7~ {!!:uq::: ?.:!~ .R~~Liq. o1 .R~::: ·-ciLI~·~ ~w

*~~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to refer to something directly seen or experienced in the
past when describing how that thing has subsequently changed. The seen or experienced content is stated
as t he reason or cause for the changed state of affairs being presently witnessed. The form -c~ LI'2! is an
alternate form of this expression.

- r.:-jLI

A/V -C-jLI Oll~~q Oll ~~ C-j Ll

~¥-o~q ~.!;f.o~C-J LI

(ol)r.:-jLI O~OIOiq O~OI CiLI

2t{!!Oiq 2t{!!OICiLI

- -- - - - · - · ····- - - -··-----···-··

• 0 r7JrrlPJ!·El ojJllll tolY llH~7r ~~Oi.R.

Always pretty since childhood, she became an actress.

268 Korean Grammar i" 'll.•·e · Intermediate

• '81' ~17} cf0 1e>iE ~ -&-}t:iLJ \:t'tliiH~l:J1.fL.

Dongsu went on a diet and (as a result) became thin .

• iZH~ ~17} .a;; .§0 1'it}_q.Jl ii}"GJYlfr 4-"§:fOl~£ :K {} 1:! 7{[0 }.fL.

Jaehyeon said he's been broke recently, and (as a result) couldn't go on the school trip.

r--

1

I

1 Ol R~::: :i!P~Oil ?3gjii~():j ~711@ AI{,!~::: .gEH7~ ~AH2~ CH~~~~ qE~~ rrH£ .A.~-gfLiq.

This expression is also used to indicate a contrast between what one experienced or knew to be the case
in the past and the current state of affairs.

• _2_~oJI:: ~ J;j Lj AN °1 ~ Lj 77]- ~~]-t;l].fl...

It was hot in the afternoon, but now it's chilly in the evening.

• u]-3. ».]7]- ~~oJ1:: p£o] tlj-!!!l_t:--]Lj .fl..~~ ',; ~7]-"5\j~ £OJ=o ]oJI.fl...

Mark was so busy at the beginning of the month, but now he seems a bit more free.

• ~o]-o]7r -3f'C!oJI:: o:j"3,JJ ~ p£o] qy c--] y~ .fl..~~ 18- liJ.toJ1t.f7rA1 ~ ?lot.fl...

(My) daughter did a lot of traveling last year, but these days she doesn't leave the house at all.

2 Ol R~::: 7 1~~.££ -9-~£ 1<2J~OI ~-'? ~.Jl2 · 3<2J~'2! ~-'? <;}~Liq

This expression can only be used when the subject is in the 2nd or 3rd person, not the 1st person.

• 4] 7} ~1]<3"] *.!f-<3"]·t:--]L-j 1'; g_ ~o-J.fl... (x)

- ~~7r ~1J<51 *.!f-<5J-c-Jy 1'8 ~ ~o-J.R.. (o )

.:J.2.iq ;:q~ ~ ~-E!-.2:~oHAi ~~ rrH ~ 1<2J~ -9-~£ '-CiLI'~ ~-'? <Xl~Liq.

However, it is possible to use -CiLI with a 1st person subject when the speaker refers to himself or

herself in an objective manner.

• (4]7]-) nj ~ ~.!f.Ej n]~<3"]-t:--] L-j _2_ ~ ~ ~5:. t.f.Jl o]-n}.fl...

I haven't felt good for the last few days, and now I have come down with a fever.

*• (4] 7]-) ~~ ~ IIJl:: A]-'Ef~ o];; ~ ~ 7]Q:j<5]-t:--] L-j .fl..~~ 71 Q:j ~ *<5r3!.!o-J.fl...

I remembered people's names very well when I was young, but now I can't remember them.

3 '-C1LI'2.1 ~~~:!!~ ~~~2.1 -9-~7~ ~O fO~ ii~.Jl. -9-.Aii£ ~OfO~ -gfLiq .

Both the subject and topic of discussion of the preceding and following clauses -Ci Ll must be the same.

• '§'<;- »-]7]- x2H~ <5]-t:--]L-j Aj-'E[~o] ~~;; ~o-J.fl... (x)
: {::j~~i'.t ~~~2.l -9-0ilf A.i£ 'g2.f ~~ gg~Liq.

The subjects of the preceding and following clauses are different, and thus the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.

• '§'~ »-]7]- !:r.2}]~ <3"]-t:--]Lj l:IH ~o] '.d:o-J.fl... (x)
: {::j~~iJ.t ~~~2.j-9-;J;il7f A.i£ 'g2.f ~~ g~Liq.

The topics of the preceding and following clauses are different, and thus the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.

L--

4 OI .H.~£1 ~~~Oll~ DI~H AI::X::il7f ~*~~Li ef.

The future tense cannot be used in following clauses this expression.

• 2f2f »-1:: v z~l '?1 -:;o~}GJ t.1 ).11111 ~J22.l ~97} ~ 7-l otl..a.. (x)
~ 2.}2.} »-]:: 7?z~l '?1-:;o~}c-jy ).11711~JlQ.] ~97} £1~012... (o)

5 Ol .H.~~ :C.f710ll 01't! ~§O ILf ~~~ t!'~ -?.:!~ .2:llfof0j WW rrH~ Af§5fECil, OI[[H~ 01't!

~§~~~%fOil t:Jf~ ~10101 q~ A~OILf ~@OI ~01'BLicf.
This expression is used when recalling an action or state of affairs directly witnessed in the past, with the
succeeding action or state of affairs occurring directly following the first.

• ~'?!o]::_: \:f.A} ~-=]1-~Ej]% Ljjl:-jy ~.Q.S!.. Lf7} B15'&01.B...

Soyeon got mad at her boyfriend and then (soon after) went outside.

• %"'~ ~ ~Oil %01..2..G]y 7J.A}7] %7] .AJ-3f1ll01.B...

My little brother/sister came into the house and then suddenly started crying.

'-c.-jLI'7 f cH~£1 £1DI~ rrH~ '--( 0 )L/~Cil'2.f t:J ff:l ~-"? '1!:AII2! q~:c.f ~~ ~OliAi ~fOI7f 'XJ~Licf.

When used to indicate contrast, -CiLI can be used in place of -(S2.)L/l=Cil. but note the following differences.

-------------------:·----- -- - -- - - - - - - -- -. ------------------~----------------------------······;··----------------~-------~-------

-(o)Lf~c-u -C-j LI

2f7f2.f 2f7i ~EH cH~ • oj5'3,~ rrJl ~~ »-]:: X

Contrast of Two Past ~211:: ~"91-1:::-J;]] ;;- ~
Situations ;\J~ * ~012...

CH~~~ Jlf7i2.f ~XH ~EH CH~ • oJ5'&-& rrJl ::7J7J-~.J:::J;]J oj~ ~ rrJl:: 7]7J- -3)-c-j y
Type of
Contrast Contrast of a Past and .Aj~~ ~ 7 ~ -'5'-ojj.Ai Alj .A]~~~-=]~-~ -'5'-oj].Ai
Present Situation Alj ~ 3.J;j].B...
~ 3.Li].B..,

~;;H2.f ~;;H ~EH cH~ • ~~»-1::~211 ::

Contrast of Two ~'6}-1:::-Cij ;;- ~ ;\J ~ X

Present Situations *{'~.B...

_ __________:___________________________..:.__________________________ -------------------- ----------------------------- --- ----

2/C Korean Grammar in 'Use · Intermediate

-t:1 · ~~~ ~Oi ~};I *• ~~ 11-]7} 4\:loJl:: • ~~ 11-]7} 4\:loJl::
nj o}~~ 3:J.::GJJ
Preceding and (~~ 11-]7\-) 7.]i}~ *njo}~~ 7.Jc1y
~;l;JJl.
Following Clauses (~~ ».]7}) 7.]i}~
*• ~ ~ 11-j-1::- njo}~~ ~;l;JJl .
Have the Same Subject 7.] :: c~j 4-~ »-1-1::-
njo}~ ~ ~ ;l;J.B... X
~ Of

Subject {:1 . ~~~ ~Oj7f

~2.f.S:.~.

Preceding and

Following Clauses can

Have Different Subjects

- - - --·-- -

1 7f 1!.5f- »-17r Q.]-AJ- ~;;z,}o1t::i7r :£1~t:H.a.. ~~_Of7JICf~

Lf op§ n:Jl-¥-EJ nlH! e>11 -tf{} 0 1Nt:l Y I X~oiQ to save (money)

~;;z,r-o 1 t::i7r £1~~.a.. \_ ~¥Sfa~

£1{!- Ci:XfOIL:J7f .!r.ICf Oi'§ [(H£f.Ei nH{JOII-tf~OI ~q I Ci:XfOIL:J7f !qq
~.:1:.011 ~ Oflljj!. :Xi~5fef I~~ Afef
~~Afef 7-114;- fiHAE¥E.'2! 9:jef I fj:Xf71 ~OI t'iOI .UICf

~ ~ '2_foH 10kgO ILf .UICf

2 7f 7-1-i}.:£ ~o1 w-o19.f<)1L.J-£.?
q o}-y£., _2._~e>11~ w-o11I[<)1 t:-l y _2._~7}- :£1li:!A-1 {!!u-or::&~£..

:AlE.~ ~0 1 t'iOIQloiCf .2.~011-E t'iOI QloiCf I .2.~7f !q~.A.i ~fsiO~q
R§.S:. Of017 f ~~ ~~ -M <2! 9:JCf Oi~~ 'B! -M <21 9:JCf I -8-~ii!.OII ~Oi7~.A.WE-I ~ 9:JCf
o~.s:. ::::r 7f~7f ~717f t'ief ~1*011-E ~7 17 f "Clef I~~~ Cf.g.!;f.Ei ~717f 'CJOI ~Oj~q

(1) 7~ <?:[2-j ».]7} 7,:}7J-<'>R~ ~ .:Q-A]Jl? (S. '(i}t>}q)
q l;jl, oH<?J %%-5~~~ 7,:}7J-<'>R~ ~ .:Q-o}Jl,

(2) 7~ ~~ ».]7} o]Jti :rr£_~E ~ Wlll :£]9JqA]Jl? (~{Jil] x?gii}q)

(3) 7~ ~u} ~01].!1!1-] ~~ ».] ~ <=§oj 1IY2Jo] i![o] ~9Jr.1 2f.:L!.Jl. (<=§oj ~~01] qL.]q)

q o}{lu}q 1IY2Jo] i![o] i="o}}tl-}li!}Jl,

(5) 7~ n:]~~Al o}o]7} i}l:lJ- ~o] ~ 'Jil;j]Jl. (~ "']Zl- ~q)

q S. '(i}:AJ-01].A1 :rrj~~~ R_OJ=o]01]Jl.

2 c~~ .A.~Et~~ ~'g:i!~ ~J:H2.1 £~01 Oi~lil ~2H~~LI77~? '-c~LI ' ~ .A.I-§c5H.A.~ g~~ ~{:j5~
AiiR.

( 1 )~~ ~1~5~71 ~: ~~~olJJ.. q.A.i:
~~~01 ~~cf. ~~~01 ~<>W~~q.
~(2) 7)\ld<l
~~~: ~~5~.Jl q.A.i :
R2.1~ ~ ~~c~. R2.1 ~ ~~711 x.1~q.

(3) ~101~ ~ .2.1~ ~~~ 5~.Jl q.A.i:
~~~O I.JJ.. !t~~ .A.~E[OI xl~q.
4------------- ---- -------- - - -
(4)Df'l<) CH 2:f.:ii!~ ~~()~.Jl q;,.-j:

~2.~C ;gQj"~ ~Q~()~7il £1~q.

(1) 061J"IIf1!- ~f.~-5!-l! f-;iot!.Je ~0~160! ~~~ ~f.~-6~2 L!-f-i.Je ~0~1601 IJ'51PJ10i_Sl.

(2)
13)
(4)

Korean Grammar u1 '/f...·e Intermediate

7~ ~ "511 »-1, ~~0 1 <j- ~0} ~OiJl.

Eunhye, you don't look good.

I worked late for a few days straight and fell ill as a result.

Aren 't you sleepy, Jaya?

No, I drank some coffee earlier, so (because of that) now I'm fine.

Ol .H.~ ~ ~H= )..~EJ"O I 01~ ~:;~ ~LH7~q 01~ ~~ ~ !FJOll :1 ~:1!~£ 01~ <§jO I ~~g~ qE~tg! ITH
;..l§g,t"Liq. :L!~7~ 0ll A~-t!o l ~.:;.~ -3:!o 1q w~ -3:! ~ :2.1lfo~Oi oloP I5H= -3:!~Lic~.

This expression is used to indicate that something happened as a result of something the speaker did or
said previously.

[ -91/~C-JLI

v -91/~C-JLI

7~ i:}-7] ~ ~ oj rrJ1.B.?

How's your cold?

Lf ~ l£j ~r:-]1.-J ~ ~o]-~oJJl.

I took some medicine, and (because of that) it got a little better.

7~ 'tRoJ7]- fio] .AJ-<tiA cJ~ ~l.:J].fL.

Your Korean has gotten a lot more natural sounding.

Lf 2°]-~Jl, 'tR c2fu~ Y~c5] ~t:ll.-J .7.]-<tl~c]~~{)_ ~~}.fL.

Thank you . It seems to have gotten better because I watched Korean dramas nonstop.

.7 f LJl ~ ~ 1' -¥-1 O:j-A} ~.::r-.5:. .2.~on 2_1-f_g_?

Junsu, will your girlfriend come to the get-together tomorrow?

Lf o}yiL, O:j-A} ~.::r-011 7-11 ~0 1 7}-A}.Jl ~t:1L-J {iq.JI -6"}Ej 2}JliL.

No, I invited her to go, but she said she didn't want to .

1 O I .R~~ ~~~2.1 ~8~ ~ ~ ~~~2.1 ~~~~of.til £1~~ rrH~ .A.I§~ -"?- ~~ LI Cf. '-( 0 )LI77F
£5:. t::!f.W ~-"?- ~~LICf.

This expression can also be used to indicate the speaker's discovery of what is expressed in the following
clause after doing t he action stated in the preceding clause. In this case, the expression - (.2.)LI7Jf can
also be used to indicate the same meaning.

• ~.£!-1l oJ1 neiL] ,q~oj '?l~Ol ..ll..

= ~.£!-1loJ1 7r LJ77J- ;,t~oj '?l~Ol ..ll..
I went to the department store and (found that) there were a lot of people.
• ..::L~~ ~t.f ~~:iy 0 t-T ~~tHf:-o j17_oj..ll._

= ..::L-lf:.~ li'}t.f .!i!.Lj 77}- o]-9- ~~t\- -lf:.oj17_oj..ll._

I met that person, and (I discovered that) he/she was very kind.

2 ·-~/~C1Li' <£!0ll2 ~ -5.A.f2.1 ~ 8 ~ ~ .A.f'E;t~ _1:;:1_* 1<2._!~<2._! 'Lf'~LICf.

When an act ion is described in t he preceding clause, the person who performs the action must be Lf.

that is, the 1st person.

• (l..jj7]-) _2_2Jl.:j-'t}ojj :I_ '8 ~ "9:Y,Gjy 7j-lf:.oj AJ-5!Jl "8"R..Il..
• (l..Jl7t) 1\:! %~ t.RoJI 1f~Gj y 01~1 t.R "'~~oJ1 Q.j~<'>H..Il..
.::J.2.iLf q :::_ .A.f'EtOI ~~ ?.:!~ Cf.A.I <2..!~oH.A.i ~~ rrH ~ .??Oi7f 3<2..!~££ M~ -"?-~ ~~ LI Cf.

However, when the preceding clause is relating what someone else said, the subject of the clause can be
in the 3rd person.

27L Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

3 -bj~~Oli3<2J~ -9-0lS:. .2::: ~~5:. ~:::c-11 OlrrH::: ~1-E .A.~~OI q~ .A.~~£1 ~§OI -'tt~.'§ ?.;! ~

.2llfo~O:j ~51-E ?.;!~Lie~. OlrrH::: -bj~~:c.~ ~~~£1 -9-0l7f .A.i £ C~20:j -bj~~£1 ~§Oil cH~

~~01 ~~~Oil .2::: ~~7 f £li'~Liq.
There are cases when the subject of the preceding clause is in the 3rd person. In such cases, the
speaker is recollecting the, completed action or behavior of someone else. In addition, the subjects of
the preceding and following clauses are different, with the following clause typically describing a reaction
to the action or behavior described in the preceding clause.

• o};;r]c} »-]7} Iljo}X.~ J:l_c-jL] ;,p~g~o] ~if"?~ J:l.-;';L]t:.J·.

Akira played the piano, so (in response) the people (crowd) applauded.

• ;,}'€[~o] *~c-J L] 7j]o]:f!. »-] ~"'€o] ~7fl~olil...

Everyone laughed, so (as a result) Keiko's face turned red.

• ~~ »-]7} ~~cj-Jl ~c-jL] 4-~ »-]7} % ~olil...

Jeongho said he'd be late, so (upon hearing that) Sujin got angry.

'-CiLI'Qf '-'11:/~L:JLI'::: £1DI7f tJI::::::5f:A:I'2.! C~:C.f ~~ ~Oii.A.i j:f017f 't;'"Liq_

While -C-jLI and -'Xl/'X..!CiLI are similar in meaning, they are different in the following respects.

- - - - - - ----··-·------------

-C-!LI

<2.!~ 2 · 3<2J:§ -9-e>Pf -ELICf. 1<z.)'§ -9-0Pf E-LlCf.
Person of (1<z.):§ -9-e>P f Xf~~ ~B£foHAi w~ rrH
(CD Aii3Xf7f Xf~OU/ll ~Oj\:!" ~~ W~ ~~ CfJ,.I
the Subject e 1<z.J:§~ 7rol
'r.!§~ rrH-E 3'r.!:§ 7ro
The 2nd and the 3rd person subjects ~ 3'r.!:§ -9-0i2l ~~01 .gtSc..'§:! ~Oil cH~ 'i:!§ OI
(The 1st person subject possible *~~Oil ~ rrH-E 3'r.!:§ -9-0i 7ro)
when the speaker is objectively
reflecting on oneself) The 1st person subject

(CD The 3rd person possible when the

speaker is relating what someone else said to
someone;
~ The 3rd person possible when the follow ing
clause expresses the speaker's reaction to the
completed action of that 3rd person)

-9-0i ~}:: I The subjects of the preceding and The subjects of the preceding and following
following clauses must be the same. clauses can be different.
Subject
Agreement

between
Clauses

~..q q~J,.f, ~§J,.f. ~J,.f 7ro~LICf. ~J,.~ 7ro~LICf.

Parts of Verbs, adjectives, and nouns can be Only verbs can be used.
Speech used.

£1!ll G) :i!f7i011~Oi'cl ~Oil CH~ ~:il)­ G) :il)-7-1011 ~Oi'cl ~Oil CH~ ~:ilf

Meaning result of a past occurrence result of a past occurrence

® :i:!.f7i2.f ~J.:H2.f£! ~EH ~cH discovery of a fact or state of affairs after
performing an action
contrast between past and
present situations

@ Oi't! ~o1 ~Oi'cl ~ i:Jf£ q-E ~o1
OIOi.A.i ~Oi'a.

occurrence of something
immediately following the
conclusion of some other
occurrence

n-t:t1 7~ .:il~J=e>l1 _2_11,qJ?i);~.fL? .~.

q 1.:11, _2_cfl{}q}e>l1:U"GlY JI~J=o1 '?1°1 ~ct~t:lc}JI.fL.

j:rg,toJI ~q 2.q 2.2.H-LfDJOil7fCf I jl~OI 'rJO I '§2.~q
~'§fOil ~fOII.A.i -"i~77f.AI iR!~ 5-fjl 7fCf 5.A.I.:U -§<2._1- g~~ 5-fq I 6iC'.I7f !.:Iff. Of.!!.Cf
~~ JJ.IOil7il &-§!o l~ -t!~5fq &-§101~ -t!~5fCf I~~ JJ.I7f ~~ ~Of5fl::.f

2 7f /(1~ »-1x _2_~e>l1 ~01 ~~ S!.c] 7}1-]-.fL?
q o}y.fL, ;<j~ »-1~E11 ~01 ~~ 5!./<}.:il "9l"GlY Q}4fo j ~t:H.fL.

2.~0il ~o I ~£f .!i!C'.i 7fq ~OI ~£~ .ti!Af I Qj'~O I ~q
LH~ .A-jiDILfOil §-616-fCf AiiDILfOil §6.15-fq I gj-§-~q
2.~ 4-~~toU 2.Cf ~OI7f.Af I .Af71-E 7f71 ~q

276 Korean Grammar in 'lise · Intermediate

1 ~l1~ ~ ~ g~~ <c!~i>H.k-1 ·-~.U~c-jLI ' ~ .k~i>H.k-1 f! g~o£ '2JCAiiR .

,- - - OOoO - oo--o 0 -OoOOooO OO o o o o o - . - - - O · o O OOO o oooo - ooo -- OOO oooooOO o oooo oooo oo - - o o o . o o oo o • oooooooooo . o o 0 0 o o - o o o O O o oOOOO · ·- o

(1) 7 ~~~ t:!liiLi>H ¥tOiR. ------@--------- · @ ~~ ~ ~ <§tO ~!i=!.~C-j2.~11 R.
(2) ~7~ .2.2.Hl!-'2l<>U 'rl'M':OiR.
0 <2jE-j~OI C-j ~OiR.

(3) tg{~ 7117 ~711011 ~OiR. · © O~LH 7~ :9:~ ~q.

(4) 2.1 ~~ ~q, · @ go1 '2C>:l ~~OiR.

\._ o-000000000 - -. . . . OOOOOooooo OO _ . . . . . . . . _ o

(2)
(3)
(4)

2 ·-~/~ C-j LI '~ .k~5H.k-J c~~ CH~ ~{:1 5~AiiR.
(1) 7 ~ l:l~ o}~ ~ ~ o-jrr]jJl? (Q_fg_ Q:jq)

q O.f% ~OJ.'(;:j~ ~ L-}o}*OiJl.

(2) 7 ~ 2lJ 0 ] ~711 PJ011 ~0 1 'aiOiJl? (~ ~ 5-g Lflq)

q ~oj 'ail.:JlJl.

(3) 7 ~ ~{J Q:j.2..Cl <(}7}J.i]Jl? g(0}~ ~ll11£lr.f)

q o}-3] l:l~7} <(l.JI:!l}Jl,

(4) 7~ 2lJ J.-j ~ 011 7}J.-j 0 ]-.!f--3!..£ <(!- J.j1(o-]Jl? (J.-j ~ 011 7}q)
q ~ 01 q VfX!E-J2.J-.Jl.Jl.

(5) 7 ~ .2. ~ 2lJ :A1ztg '5"}11,o-jJl? (o-j-Ai1 ~711 :7.]-q)

q o}~oJ1 ~{{g {to-]Jl.

(6) 7~ o-j-Ai1:::= 7] ~o 1 <(!- ~o} .!i!_o1 ~J;j1 .2. ~ ~ e>ittllJl? (~ :Aj-q)
q 71 ~oj ~o}*OiJl.

7~ ~o}, °Fj H:::= {JoJ Jl. ~ ~J.i]Jl!

Mom, I hate vegetables. Give me some ham!

q o]~~l Jt!~ g i>}'C.J-7H=- 7']7} 3.7-] ug 7-Jol=.
g~ g -§-.=ilf- ~o-Jol= 7']7} 3.7-].

You won't grow any taller if you keep eating such an unbalanced
diet. You'll only grow tall if you eat well-balanced meals.

I only had one drink, so it's okay to drive, right?

q @ ~ o}J.].=il ..g.~i>}'C.J-7H=- -e~ LfJl.

_2_ ~ ~ ~J.j E}j l 7}J.i]Jl.

Drinking and (then subsequently) driving is no trivial matter.
Today, you should take a taxi.

Ol R~~ -t:!~~2.1 ~-§Oiq .gEHJ~ ]jl~£1~ :1 ~.J!I-£ DI2.HOll ~AI l'i~ <§J OI <§j0jq7~q ~ ~~ .gEH7 ~
~ ?.'!~~ ~~ rrH ;..f§~Liq. -t:!'@~£1 <§JOI OIDI O I ~.!¥E~ oH2..:ll <V:= 3;!012.~~ 'OI~Pil. :1~711. Ai~7ll'
21- ~~ ~01 A~~ ~Liq. ~j:!:oP~q ~Jl~ rrH £li'OI ;..I§~Liq.

This expression is used to express the speaker's view that if the action in the preceding clause continues,
then an adverse result or state of affairs will occur in the future. If t he action in the preceding clause has
continued from some time in the past, then the phrases 0/~711. .:J.~7l/. and :A:i~/1/ are often also used. This
expression is usually used to warn or admonish another person.

~ cpf-E

-§cpf-E

278 Korean Grammar u1 'lt~·e · Intermediate

7~ ~ ~~~ \t»-17} 1-l-9- ~l:J1Jl.

It's been so cold for a month now.

q 0 1 ~7-l1 \t»-17}~rt7H=- {:}-71:@7-~0 1 ~ ~ \t 71 oJ1iL.

If the cold weather continues at this rate, the number of people who catch colds will increase.

7~ ~.V'1 »-17} 01 ~s:. L}% 9-oJ1 o}~LlliL.

Minseo said he would do this job too next week.

q =z.?§7-l1~ ~ u1frt7H::- l.-J%oJ1~§10}7-]1 ~ ~JYHiL.

If he keeps putting work off like that, I think he'll come to regret it later.

7~ .2..~ ~ :§:j-{:loJ17},Z1 7}1:1Jo12J- {l~~ i{~Jl.

Today I went to the department store and bought a bag and some shoes.

q ~ ~:§:j-{:l oJ1 ~q. %~ Jl? A1il-7-1~ ;7}C ~ Rf01 »-q7H::- ~.:g-.5:_ _2.7.}2.}7-]1~7-1 .5:_ %2fJl.

You went to the department store again? If you keep using your (credit) card as much as you have been,
your salary might not be enough (to cover the bill).

1 '-cv~-e·~ ~A:I g~-~ ~%!-Oil ~Liq_ [[f2.f;,i -6-~~<2.! ~%!-Oil M'2:! Oi6ll~Li ef.

The expression -Cf7fe is used in negative circumstances. Accordingly, it sounds awkward when used in

positive sentences.

• -=:L~7JJ -=g-Jf-<'>}ct7}::: ;.J~ o1l ~z=Jw 7-1 oJlJl. (x)
- -=:L~;>J] -=g-__!f--<'>}cf7~ ;,j~ oJl ~oj~ 7-jo]]Jl. (o)

2 '-ef7 1-e' ~ 7~~<21 2.IDI7f 9.-PI rr~-@Oil ~~~Oil ::: o1 2.H~ ~~ol-E W<c! '-(0 )2 7i0ll£.. -(0 )2
'E!)Cil£. -( 0 )2 A:I5:. ~2.f£. -~Oi£' :3 01~Lief.

Because -i:V fe has a hypothetical meaning, the following clause ends in a phrase indicating
supposition or conjecture, such as - (£)2 7iOIIB.. -(£)2 ~Cil£.. -(£)2X IS:. ~2.f£., or -~01£..

• -=:L'li ~__Q_£ ~~<'>}t:j-7}::: ;,}.:il7} X{oJ Jl. (x)

~ -=:Ltli ~.Q£ ~~<'>}t:j-7~ ;,}.:il7} ~ ~-c-1]Jl. (o)

3 ~AH ~~ DI2.H2.1~~ 7f~oHAi w~ ~ rr~. ~ ·~;,1-t:j~~QI ~OI ~7 1 7il £1'2:!'£1 £1DI£ w~ [~

::: '-CX}:/~ef7i-e'Q£ ~Lief.

When speaking hypothetically about the present or something that is going to happen in the future, as in
"If something was to occur... ", then the form -~.U'X1Cf7 te should be used.

• LJ1 ~ ~JE~ OJ.7.]cf7~ ~A}ojj).-j ~~.Aj£ %2fJl. (x)

~ LJ1~ ~JE~ OJ~t:.}7~ ~).}ojjkj ~~.Aj£ %2fJl. (0)

·-q !:2.LI'. '- Cf !:2.'i:!', '-Cf7!-E':: {:j~~2.1 ~~0 1 ~~~£1 ::: -3:1:: ~.AI'2..!" crg:v..~ ~:: ~~0 1 7~ ~~LIQ.

Even though the expressions - Cf .!i!.LI, - Cf .5:!.~. and - Cf7f-E are similar in that the action of the precedin~

clause is repetitive or continuous, they are different in the following respects.

. -----------------;---·------- ---------···-:------

{:j~~ ~ §O I 7ll~1§. ~§01 7ll ~1§. ~§OI 7ll~1§.
Preceding
Continuation of action Continuation of action Continuation of action
Clause
• uw~ ~~'5}r::f .!2.1..-J • ufl ~ ~~1)-}t:.j- .!2.It! *• .::L~711~13'--% '?J-<)j-c]-
~}711 ~ rloJI.R. 7r:: cJl~oJ1 7r711
~'5}711 .s;.1 ~01.R . ~ 7-JoJ1.R.

CD AH~g AK;l ~~ CD AH~g AK;l ~~ Lf~ ~i:!t

Discovery of something new Discovery of something new Negative result

• ~.!f.<)}q .!2.1..-J 61J.} J.]:{!o1 • 11"'5-t>flJ.l ~.!f.-5}cj· .!2.1:! • .:2~711 4-17<1?:[Jl ~'5]­
61J.} J.lzto1 7<1~~ tiJl7r c]-7}:::: %oJ1~ ~o] J-~
;;<1~t:l cj-.Jlil..0 'i'J'OrJl. ~ 7-JoJ1.R.

~~~~ (2) ~g~i:!t/Lt~~i:!t <2> ~g ~ :1!}/Lt~ ~i:!t

LH~ Positive or negative result Positive or negative result

wContent of : • ;;<j-9. il·L}c.t .!2.y ~ w• ;;<j-9. ~L}q .!2.1:! ~
~ o1_!2.01c.; cj-.Jlil...
Following ~ 0 1.!2.~ rloJI.R.
Clause <w:: ~j!j-)
cw:: ~j!j-)
• 4-17<1 '?{Jl ~1)1-t:f .!2.1...]
• tlj-.!!!1.711 € B11)}q .!2.It!
%oJ1 ~ ~o1 .A~~01.R. llllj-§.t!.j:::: 71111% rloJ1.R.

(t..J-~ ~j!j-) (L}~ ~j!j-)

i:!t7i ~g ~xH AI:Ail CD ~AH (~~~~ ~i:!t) CD ~xH (~~~~ ~i:!t)
(O IDI OI-'F-Oi~ ~i:!t)
Present (general result) Present (general result)

~~~~ Past or present tense (result • .2.1 ~oJ1 ifc.t .!2.~ Jl<5J g • ;;<J-9. ~t:t71-i::- .:~nr ~
tifl.7.1711 £ll..B...
AIXiI already completed) 61° 1 -"~Zf'cl' tiJl7r Bf0 r.R.
@ Dl21f ~
Tense of • ufl~ ~711 7<]-t:f .!2.1...] ~~ <2> 012/f ~
Following o] £1 ~01.R. (011~£1 -E ~:ilf)
(011 ~£1-E ~:ilf)
Clause • uH ~ ~711 7<}r::f .!2.1.-J ~~ Future conjecture
~01 Y. :: 711 ~%01.R. Future conjecture (expected result)
(expected result)
• .:2~711 ;;<J-.'r- ~cf7J-i::­
• .2.1~oJ1 ifc.t .!2.It! Jl-&-J ~7J- ~ "8H.7.1 711~
7-j oj].R.
:;61°1 "'~ ZJ-~ 1Ifl7r @g_
7-j oJ1.R.

---------- - --·- ------------ - -

280 Korean Grammar lN 'ltw• · Intermediate

1 7f ~OJ »-17}- _8_ ~ ~1 ~ ~ wo1 ~ :: ~ ~o}-_8_.

Lf .:1.~~1 ~1~~ W0 ] ~ ti-74::- ~T~ 01 q rril-]- B-J"M lill"Ci1..8...

:ul;;;~ 'i'JOI LHq **~ AIL!Oil A:P?- ~q I~{:!~~ 'rd~ ~q
*~ AIL!Oil A:P?- ~q
R§ crol0j§.c5f!::.2.f 7~2.1 '2.1- 9:jq '2.1- 9:jq I ~-§-Oi.A.~ !::!:2.iA:Iq

2 7f ..8..~ 7CJ:Ai]7}- l:J.!f- ~ ~1;]]..8... ~'a~OI q ~OjXj Lf7~ ~

Lf oj~~1 7:114f 7CJ:Ai]7}- ~ ~t:f74:- ?J-61-B-}-7]7}- customers leave (to lose busi:::'V

ci ~ ~ Oi~ .A] .£ %2.}-..8...

R§ ~;J;iilf L.:j~ '2.1- ~q ~Ail7f '2.1- ~q 1?l~i5f717 f c.1 ~-§-OiA:Icr
Ol ~g.g. L.:j~~~~5fq ~~~c5fq I ~'a-§-OI q \§!OiA:~ Lf7fq
R§ ~o I L.:l~ 'rJCf ~o 1Btcr 1.2.-!:i=--§- £lA~ .::J.'2.1-.!:f.cr

(1) 7f l:l17}- 78~ ?Jo1 ..2..1;]1..9...
Lf Ol~fill::lll~ 0j01 .2.."Cf7fJ;;. "&"1'7}- \t.A1.£ %2fii..

(2) 7f o}-~011.£ 2fft!g ~~Oi..G... {17Jg t>R 7.1 ~1 ~ 7-~ oJ1..G...

Lf _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _

(3) 7f c.jA}- hl-17}- ..2..~.£ ~.ii1.oj1 ~ ~Oi..G...

Lf

(4) 7f Ji.~ %~ hl-17}- ofl~ £ g oJ-A1 ~ -3! ~o}-..9...
Lf ~.I!.% (5~ 0 1~:Al .£ %2fJi..

---------------------------- ~~"6}-71 ~ ~ 1@1~1..9...

:::!.."~711 7il0~% 0,!01 c5r"C{-"7fJe t:)1~g ~~"5}71

(1)

~ ~ 7'joj1.R.

- - - - - - - - - ~ oJ1 .g.-A~17}

(2)

(3) - - -- - - - - - - - ~1<?:foJ1

(4) ------------------------- *:§:1-li.£

2E.:2 Korean Grammar ri1 'lb.·e · Intermediate

Ef7f .A}'if~ 01 0 1%.Acl~Y-Jl?

Did a lot of people agree (with you)?

Lf l;j1, 10q3 % 9q3°1 %.AcJ~_QJ..j77} 71~ q

%.AcJ ~ J-~01Li1.ft.

Yes, 9 out of 10 people agreed, so you could say almost everyone
did.

Did you live a long time in Seoul?

Lf l;j1, 20\1 °1.AJ if~_.2._y77} .A~ %o1 .:JI<5J ~

J-~oloflit .

Yeah, I lived there for over 20 years, so it's practically my home.

01 .R~~ AI{J ~ .:1~:x: 1 ::: 'ri":X:I'2! Wof::: Af~OI O:l2.i 7f:X:I ~~~ j!2.=1~ ~ ~~~££ ~~ ~.rr~££
.:1~ ~.!LO I 71Lf .::J.2.i~ ~:C.f2.f::: :!:££ Af§ru-Lief. '-2f/:i!f Df~!"7f:X: I ef'2.f::: 2.1DI~Lief.

This expression is used when the speaker, after considering a number of possible situations, concludes that
somet hing could be considered more or less t he same as t he topic or subject t hat has been mentioned. ~

has the same meaning as the expression -2f/21- Of~!lf;J;ICf.

I:J 1-::!- 1!)0ief

~q ~~ ~OI Cf
- - --- -- ··· · - - -

- (0 )L ~O i ef {! ~ O i ef

v ... ... ... .... ... ... ~q ~ ~ ~ O i ef

.. . ... ..

7f::: ~Oief

···----·····---· ·--- - ···-·· - - - -·-· ~ ::: ~Oief
· · -- - - -- -

:em ~£:! ~01q .!:F-.E.O i q .!:F-.E.~t:! ~01q
Ol~t:! ~01q ~gJ'O I ~t:! ~o1q
NOjq ~gJ'o jq
~~o1q !f..E.~ ~01q
~.AH .. ··· - ... .... ··- .. ·• · . ~gJ' ~ ~01q

!f..E.Ojq

~gJ'o jq

These shoes are more expensive than other brands.

L~ %~Jrf .A-j l:l]A ~ J.~Zf15~~ l:l]»-}.A] ?:.f~ J.~o]oJl.fL.

But when you consider the quality and service, then they're not (considered) expensive.

7~ ~J.~~o] .:?~o:J~~~ ?J-0]7~1-fA?
Do a lot of the students go on the school trip?

q +~ ~Ji!. ~).~ 95%7~ 7~l-j77]- ~2-j cf 7H::- ).~o]oj].fL.

95% of the students at our school go, so you could say almost all of them do.

7~ <>j :.<:~J .Al ~ ~.A~~~ Zf.A~ ~<>j .B.?
Did everyone pay their share at dinner last night?

q o~l-J.B., .!pJ\:)o] 200,000~ L}j.A].Jl +~~ lO,OOO~~Jt} ~<>1A.

No, the department manager paid 200,000 won, and we each paid 10,000 won.

7~ .:Z.'E) .!pJ\:JlJ]].A-j cf L}j{l ).~o]l:j]A.

In that case, it's just like the department manager paid for all of it.

*-1 7~ 0 1 0 1.!f:ltQl 30~ -%!.<?.1~1 "'i1~t>H.A-J 5~ -%!.oJ1ito-J Jl.

J:q .=l~ ~ ~.Qj .:g-~}.£ ~ .A~o1t:J1A.

Ol ~01 ~2./130'2! ~~Cil Ail~iiH.A.i 5'2! ~OII.A.~q ~ 7i2.l ~Xi;f£ -},l:q
~gg 10%~011 '2! ~~ECii ~7~ 2Q%q .2..£q
%.:il ~ff.Ei~ 10'2! ~011 -}.1:-EC-JI -*2.1tt l7~ C:i 'rjOI ~q ~E-O I 2..S.A I 'G.~'-q

%.:il ~ff.E:m "-H~ff.E-J.!i!q ci tt i.u~f

2 7f 7~7712-] o:j "6~ ~ 7-r? 7}J.i1Jl?
q ~ \1oJ1~ Jti .Aj.S:. 7}1-]77} ~.Qj <?J- 7} ~ J.~o1oJlA.

7~77 12.1 O:j~~ A~-'? 7fq <§! '.::!011 ~ \:! ~£ 7~LI77f 7-j2.j '2! 7fq
<§1-"?~011 ~ -B ~£ Of.A.ILI7Jf 7-j2.j '2! D~.A.Iq
7-j iii~ '[~O I D ~.A. I q Ai 8~g q~ \:!. OI\:J ~g. Ail\:! ~.2.LI7Jf ~-'?~011 ~ \:! 5~Q

7~:1!f .2.16J~ A~-'? 5fq

284 Korean Grammar iN ~·e · Intcm1ediate

(1) 7t o]Jtj_ o:j<S-] ,<?_ ~;.}oj]J-i 4f~l:l]2.} ~}.}l:l ] ~ LJ1 ~LJ1.fL. (~~ .!f-Ji.ojq)
q .=:J..cl].fL? .=z.~ o]Jti o:j<S-],<?_ fi.Qj !f.~OJ I-1!0il.:(1.2..

(2) 7t ;.i % -l1-78 ,<?_ ?Joj "6}il_o].fL? (~~::::= q 7} ~q)
q AJE-1 f-<>1 l:l-JA.~ Et.IL -l1-1 ~ ~~Y77r

(3) 7t ~ji.J,i::: q ~)io-J.fL? (~Lj-q)
q ojJ-~j uj-.!f- 2-j~ -6}~ £jy77]- q

(4) 7t o]Jti »-7] ;.j~ ~ ~ ~q~;_i.fL? ;.j~oj %XJ:3)l.l;j].fL. (..2.27-j ?Jq)

q »-7] ;.j~ ,<?_ ~ ~:=c~] W-6}7] ;.j~ ~ 7:- ~J-i ~~~] Ad-31 ,<?_

~~101~ uj-3. »-l, oj-~ "Q:j~o-J.fL?
ot3.
~~101~ ~~ uj-il_~y77]- (1)0J" DJ,% 1-1!0IOil.2..
ot3.
~~101~ oj-~ojj l:lj-l:ll:lil_o"].fL?
Dt3.
~~10 1~ loJl. s_ '(5"6}cf7} ~Y77r J-j;jo] ?Jo]l(o-J.fL.

Dt3. ;i '(5 ~ :A}? "6}J-i].fL?

~~10 1 ~ ~-?~Oil 5~6Jti -6}y77]- ~~ uH~ (2)

ot3. - - - - -- - -
~~101~
%, 0 ]Jtioj] ~ 7] ;.j~ o-J'fl:A] ?J1to-J.fL?

~-lL ~ LJ1lf !t 0 ] 50~ 0 ]"6~ W1tLJ1.fL.

.=:J..cl].fL? .=z.~ Al ::: Aj ~ ~ (3) . Al::: 60~ ~ W1t~ ;::.fL.

.=:J..~icl] :lljjojA.Jil ,<?_ ~ <(t- "6};.jy. ~.fL. ~~ ~oj uj-3. ».] :lljjoj A.~oj .fl._~

:74]4;:- <?Jci] 0 ]E 7} <(t- !r.Jo-J ~q.JI -6}t:ic}.JI.fL.

~ ~-?~Oil 3o~ Ad::c.~ "6}ti77r (4)- - - -- - - - -- ---

Dj-3. ».j::: ~lf-~ -6}}-j :::~.fL!

1 (f) ~A~1 ~ ~»-171- W<Xtt:l y
@ ~ A~1 ~ ~»-17r ~{<X,t g_ E11Y
G) ~ A~1 ~ ~»-17r ~frl Y
(f) A~1 l:lJ__0_£_ 1:J1 ~ ~ »-Jl 'V_Ol Ji.
@ ~A~1 ~ ~»-]7]- ~{Jl .!:2_L-j @ A~1l:lJ~ ~~ 7-jl..-j- uj-{}7]-7.1oJ1Ji.

2

G) A~1l:lJ01 'V___0_l(j_ ~)!)_~Ji.

@ A~1l:lJ~ trf.£ ~~ 7-l1~ 0 1e>i1Ji.

3 7f .g~5~~ 711 L-j.!:f. Oj2.~.<f4R ~71~77~ _lti_~R
q .!:r..::rq :kigOll~ q .::IcHR _ _ _ _ _ __ _ .:?-1~~ 710liR

G) 7-11-4:;:- -&-~<'>1-Jl .!:2_y (f) 7-11-4:;:- -&-{!<'>]-ct .!:2_li:!
® 7-11-4:;:- -&-~-oR 59:-r:l Y @ 7-11-4:;:- -&-~il]-ct .!:2_y 77]-

4 7f .2.~ 2H 2<E:l0ll ~711 .2.~0iR?
q §££ 7~~ CfjA~ ~ ~Jl X{~Cil - - - - - - - - - - - ~CH£ 7~ ~ CfjA

G) tJl A~ ~cfl(j_ (f)tJlA~ Ej-Jl.!:2_L-j

® 1:1-jA ~ EJ-t:lY~ @ tJl A ~ Ej- ~rl L-j

<D OlA~1 ~%e>i1 7rt:lY "'Fi:J-01.Aj~ W:"<lt~Ji..
(f) uR-&- g ~ g_ :.z.J-9 ~ct .!:2_1(! ~~-oR~~il...

® ::t:it! »-171- ~e>i1 ~ ~*ElY .B.~~ %~*~ct.
@ .=I.~711 ~<5]-l:j-7]--2 ~J-]-oj1.Al i}l:lJ ~ ~<51-711 ~ 71 oJ1Ji..

7f 2.1~~~ '2._1-q~ lllfoH.A.i ~,ta l ~o~c1.s:. ~ q2.~R

Lf

286



*7~ 0}77} .g.;z.} .5!..~~-ci] ~.2..1J,e>i.fl?

I sent a text earlier. Didn't you get it?

q ~~ ~0]Sie>i .fl. ~~ ~011~ *qj~~

7Jl *7-l !:.fl.

I was in class. I turn my cell phone off when I'm in class.

Dear, take a lunchbox with you.

q £J-]~ ~ ~:Ail »-1- *~Ol.fl? _5>_ ~ ~~ ~ e>i xtY-
S!.t;J]Jl. ~ 1£] ~ /l].fl. .Jlo}-%l.fl.

When did you prepare a lunchbox? You must have gotten up early
today. I'll have it for lunch. Thank you.

01.R~:= Ol't! ~§~ ~'cl! .!f.l ::1. ~EH ~ ~14;- ~:AIW rrH ~:= OIDI OI~Ol~ ~EH ~ ~~~ -'i?-:AI<5~.:Ll:A~ ~ rrH

Aj§~Ljq_

This expression is used to indicate either the continuation of a state after doing an action or the maintaining
of a previous state of being.

_]

v -OUOl ~q ~~ q N ~q
~~ Oj ~q

------ - -=~-----··---------------------------------------------------·---··

• 'ihl-]7}t::+~l-J77} 7.i] 7} :§:1Qj1l<>11 o]c.] 7}l-i 01] ~3[1_~ ~ Oi ~~JLllA.

Since the weather's hot, I'll go to the conference room in advance and turn on the air conditioner.

• ~.:;toj];;tj]J-i ~,<:_ .::1~ ~ ~Oil ~ <>i ~~Oi..B...

I hung the painting I received from my friend on the wall.

*'Jl• Oi7-i]Li.!f- nJ-t!:-i>Jll-i 1i~7.] ~ '?J- i5Jl ~CiA.

Yesterday, I was so tired I went to bed without washing the dishes.

288 Korean Grammar r'I! 'lis·e · Intermediate

- - -- --------~----

*1 Ol .R~ ~OU '-0~/0f.£ A I~~ <c!~ OiDI(Oll: -~/~Oi£. -0 ~/0i£. -O UOi Ai g m 2.'2:1 '-0~/0i
!q'.£ ~<2.,1'~ <x!~ Liq.
When this expression is followed by a connective ending that begins in -Of/ Oj, such as -'U/~OJR - Of/Ol
R, and -Of/OjAi, it can be shortened to -Of/Oj Xf.

• ~ \!JAH7} ~o1 l.fAi ~:I~ <;>:lo-] *~o-J.fL.

= g ~ \!JAH7} p,J-o1l.fAi ~g ~ <;':1o-J ?:(o-J.R.

• i?'~ ~ oJ1<2f'8Jl "*o}Ai ~~ 7}A1 ?:.fo}s:. ~.fL.
= i?'~ ~ oJ1Q.)'8Jl .xf).i ~~ 7}A1?:.fo}s:. ~.fL.

2 sA~ ·~cfQj ~ ?~ ·~o~ ~q'.£ '6~/\l ?i.:il '~O ~Ef.q(~<EJW: !q-Ef.q)'.£ AI§~Li q.

In the case of the verb ~q, the verb ~Of~Cf (abbreviated form: xf~Cf) is used instead of ~Of ~q.

• :>:J'd'~~ o}.!f-J;HY. .xf¥~ o-JW/'11 ~rt.J?

• ~qj ~"11 "l1 ~ }J~~ "*o}_!f.~*l.Jct.

·-~/~-·.i!~ '-0~/0i ~q·~ Cj%.i!~ ~ ::: j: ~OI7~ <x!~ Liq.

The differences between -'It/~- and - Of/Oj ~q are as follows.

-~;~q - OUOi ~q
---·-......._....____ ......_,.._~.,., ··--·-··· ·---------- .... ------ ---- .................... ------ ---:·"·--···· ... ·------···-···-··-------···- --· _.__ _........... .. .....~................

*OJ~~ ~CfE Cil .2i;.~O I 'X..!€/LICf. .:J. ~~01 Ol~ OJ~ ~~01 ~Lf.:il. .:J. ~EH7f 711~ ~:A I.!r.i.JI 'X..!i3'LICf.

OU£ 711~ ~:A I.!r.ie:AI <zJ- .!r.le:AI ~ ~€/Lief. The resulting state of an action after it has been

The focus is on the performance of an action. completed is maintained.

It is impossible to know whether the result of the

action continued following its completion.

1 7f o.p~Jll i>BR? 1':X l§ ~ {f-=r~ ~ ~@}-~e>iR.

Lf 1' :X l§ ~ ~ Oi ~Jl Y-~r:.J-j]_Jl? ~2-1 ~ 011 7} 2tJ.i]Jl.

7 f~~nq
jl7 1~ ~:gj]_OJI ~ q

2 7f ~u}, Lf7}l-i ~o}s:. ~Jl?

Lf l.:j]l::lJ~ A~tl~Y? l::lJ~ A~tl i>ll ~Jl ~0}01=7.1.

Lf7fJ..i~Cf L:ll tg,t-~ ~2.lofCf I ~q
~2:Utt i~.!:2.Cf ~Ail~ q ofCf I ~2.iltt l~~ .!:2.Cf

Cfe ~~ 7liLH .!:2.Cf

(1) 7f o}{)Oi] ~y 77} ~:AJ{J_ o] 2:AJ )±Jtlc:i]Jl. (27-]r:.j-)

Lf cj J-} »-]7)- L.f{} J-j-ojoj] u}.::=L ».]7)- 21-1 -f-OJ.Oi.2_,

(2) 7f oj7-] ~ 7'-] ~oj]Ji..? (E.j-q)
Lf C J-j2 1{.Q..r;:j_ C J.-l1Ji... Al] 7} l:Jl i}- - - -- - 7'-j ~ oj] Ji...

(3) 7f e:J~. 2_ -T ~ ~»-i L.f{} 7-] oj]Ji..? (?S~-z>]-q)

Lf 1.:]1, l:Jl ~ Lf7)-cj-2 ~ ~c:i] .=L\:f Lf7)- Bi 510iii..

(4) 7f 2Jl o] ~ Jll ~o] ? %lR? (nq)

Lf Ai]7)- Ql~·W rrJl ~ lJl:lJ ~ - - -- - - - .=z_2J1 Ji...

(5) 7f e:J ~. lij o] 2Jl 0] ~Jj] :A] :A1 ~<'>Bii.? (.=Lcj r:.j-)

Lf Oj-77} ~oj] o}o] ~o ] lij oj] .=z_~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ __ .=z_2J1Ji...

290 Korean Grammar iR 'lise · Intermediate

7. 7c}-~ ~ ~ ~ 77}it?

Shall I close the window?

No, you can just leave it open because it's hot.

7. 7-}-%:7-~ o-]~ 711 ito-Jit?

How did you manage to buy a car?

q .::J..%~ ~ i>~oJ1 7.~~'311 ~ ~_9.__£ ito-Jit.

I bought it with the money I had been saving in the bank.

1 Ol R~ ~ 01't'! ~a ~ ~ .!fl.£1 .gEHq ~:ilf7 f .:J.CH.£ ~:AI !r.l7il ~q~ ~Q..£. <fiOli.A.i I:IH.g '-O f/01 ~q·
2f t:JI~~ 2.I D I~ 7 f~ LICf. ~.A.f'2I <fiOll ~.::?~~Lief.

This expression refers to the continuation of a particular state of being following the completion of an

action. Thus it is similar in meaning to the abovementioned -{)VOl ~q. Only verbs can come before this

expression.

- - - - - - -· ----------------------------------~·------------

v ~m ~q
~01 ~q

• J.ii£}- ~l-oll ~iL~ -3!.0] pjo)-J.i 15J.AJ ;g-7t %'-lt:f.

There are a lot of important things in the drawer, so I always keep it locked.

• %~~~ ~~Jt!~~ ~ Oi ~ 9-~ ~ ~o-]J:Ji~o-].R.

I lost my pocket book in which I had written down the phone numbers of my schoolmates.

• 7,~ .Ai]%1 ~ *o] o-]t:Joj].R?

Where did you park the car?

2 01 R~~ c~:= <§!~ f?l:llo~71 ~loH 01rt! ~§~ \:!:A~ o~7~q ~ .gEH.s;. <ll~ rrH ;..~~LI CL

This expression is used to indicate either doing an action in advance to prepare for some other event or
action or the fact that something is already in such a state.

• ..2..~ ~ '?J.7.Jo] ?Jo}l-i ~{I ~ ~ 1-];fro] ~~7.]£ %c.}.fL. o]cj ~~ ~ oj f-aj.Jl t>R.fL.

Today, I have a lot to do, so I might not have time to eat lunch. I plan to eat lunch early (in advance).

• ~.IE~ n:J11J*"O"}:A] ~..9..aj~ <t!~ ~ W0 l ~ f-1-i].fL.

If you don't want to make any mistakes when giving your presentation, then practice a lot in advance.

·-a ~/01 ~cf~ ·-o ~/01 ~q'.2J- 7~2.11:1 1:;::-opJI M~Liq. .::z.2.H;..i 01 ~~;..is;. l:l~f-1 JJ.i.s=. ~ .g-Efo l ~~
?3!?-7~ '[l~Liq. .::Z.iE!Cil '-0~/01 ~cp~ '-0 ~/01 ~q·.s!q ~~-'§!~sOl ~/\l£1~ AI?!O I ~ ?3!?-7~
Bt~Liq .::z.2HAi 01rt! ~~ .s!BoP~q :A~~w UH ·-a~/01 ~cp~ c-J 'ClOI M~ Liq.

The expression -Of/01 -9-Cf is used in almost the same way as - Of/01 ~q, and therefore in many cases the
two expressions can be used interchangeably. However, compared with - Of/01 1fCf, - Of/01 -9-Cf is more often

used to indicate that a relatively long time has passed since a particular state of being came about. Thus,

-Of/01 -9-Cf is used more often in cases describing the storage or saving of something.

• o:j7]:::: 3:~ Aj t:Jl %:c\% .!i!.~"6fl ~ :£-'?JLJt:.f.

This is where we store items from the Joseon Dynasty.

• o] ~ ~ \§.7-c:f.Jloj] ~aj .!f-.JI ~.R~ !Ijjo}q 7Jjl..Jl Mi.R.

(I) freeze (and keep) garlic in the freezer to be used when necessary.

1 7f ~ ~ ~lE .f?B1 q ~ c:>i.R?

q l:Jl, ~lE ~ § ~ o1~ .21%1 .!f-~..2_1...]7!} .cpj<5}7-1 o}J-i1.R.

~.H. LH~ Dl2.1.2.1~q

~R~ .A-J.W:;~ 012.1 ~q

~ A:fli:;~ Di2.i£~q

2 7f ~~011 7}~ oj-Aj-51 ~oj1Ai o:j~ 5j ~ ~2{-~Ai.R? to stay {overnight)

q l:Jl, .=Li!ljAi Oj-Aj-51 »-1lf-.2.\37J111{].A}c}.£ %[ 9- ~7]1

I{)_A}~~ o1~ _:g-_!f-"8fl .!f-al JUl.

~.Af2.f.S:. ~ * ~7il ~.AF.J~ o12.1 ~.!:f!oiCf
~*iifA:I Bt7il ~g g~ Dl2.1 'MCf
£2.17JI ~~ -t!~ ~?j~ 012.1~l:lliifCf

292 Korean Grammar u1 CZue- · Intermediate

(1) 7~ ~.!!!_, .2_ ~ 77}1{}~ OJ~~ ~Jl 7}of "&"li::-t;J1 J.i1'12f~Oi£.?
q 1;]1, ~ii~H Jf.OJ.£1.477~ ~Jl 7}J.i1.R.

(2) 7~ {Jl:l1),i, -?~~1 tl]1E\:f~ ~J 7li::-t:i1 .:§:.~~ oj1Q{~Lf£.?
q 1;]1, ;,1ti1 .:§:.~.£ - - - -- - - - - -

(3) 7~ Lll~ :§:]Q.]~1 ~-6:1-&-1-~ ~~~1:711 q ~S:f~Oi.R?
q Li1, ~-?~ {l~1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ t:j-~-6:j-5~ ~ oj1£..

(4) 7~ ~~~1 %1-.AJ ~7~ oJ1.2.-&-j-;.11;]1£..

q 1;]1, £.:; ~cJ~o1 {Jt>R74;,l _ _ _ _ _ _ ?:[~~ :AJ-T ~ Oil:l-jt:q1;]1£..

(1) 7~ t:J-% tg~1 ~t:q ),/,171- 7~.i!f ~7J11 t.R~1 .g.t:ll.R. (.:r-&-1-t:J-)
q .:::Z.~.R? .:::Z.if:! ~t:q ),1,1 7~o1 DJ% ~ ~ o1t:q -=ttJH .!f-OjOflJ!Oi.2..

(2) 7~ 2}~~01 .2-~ t:j-~;,-j_R? (;,j-q)

q .:::Z.~.R? .:::z.if:! 7]-~ 01 .2_271 {1~1 Bf01 - - - -- - -

(3) 7~ %-.R~%~~ 01 lf£~t;J1 Oi W/11-&-J-:7.1£.? (~71t:f)
q .:::Z.'tJ , .:§:.~ ~1;,-j :A1ti1 ~ %<(} .:§:.~ .!!!_~~~1 _ _ _ _ _ __

(5) 7~ 1l~~1 lf-.2.\:l7Jj1 E.~~~~ ite>i.R? ('T:I.-&-1-t:J-)

q 1;]1, :7.1\:!"9-011 %.:D.:~~1 ~~ {1~1 lf-.2.\l 9:]~1

s:.:3fw ~ 011£..

-(..2..) L ~H£.

7f T' 2 Cj 'W,<:'_ ~ ~o-]Jl?

Did something bad happen?

q 0 }712.} »-17} Wotq ~01 ~TI ~~ .A-ioJ1711 ~~

~o-J J-i ~Po011-fJl.

I'm frustrated because Akira calls me every night drunk.

It looks like Akira likes you, Jaya.

Why are your clothes so wet?

Lf *~ ~ ~ Cj 7}.A1Jl Q}J-i :£ ~ Cf:l ~ ~~ *~ ~

il~J-i .:::L~Jl.

I didn't bring my swimsuit, so I went swimming with my clothes on.

Ol R~:= ~~~£1 Oi'tl {tEHq ~8 ~ ~ {tEHOU.A.i ~~~£1 ~§OI OI~Oi~~ qE~tg! ITH .A.~~Liq_

*'-{0 )L j:H£' 'itOll ~AH~Oiq D I 2H~O I 2.AI ?i~Liq. ~.A.f '.£'~ ~S:/'5~.il '-{O)L j:H' ~EH~ .A.~W

<XI~LICf.

This expression is used to indicate that the action in the following clause is performed while in the state, or
under the circumstances, described in the preceding c lause. The present and future tenses are not used
before - (£)L xH£. This expression can also be shortened to -(£)L J:H by omitting the particle£.

v -(.£) L j:H.£ -(O) L j:H.£

nq

Qjq

· · · · - - - - - -- -

294 Korean Grammar;, 'tl.re · Intermed iate

• &0 1l=1¥ ~cr"-1 ~ 7J- JL ~ ~ ~o-j ~~ 7.11.£. % ~ 11J ~ q o}1j_~ LJI:f.

I was so thirsty that I drank an entire bottle of water with the refrigerator door open.

• Al :::: <ll7cJ ~ ;: 7.11.£. <ll7cJ ~ ~:::: 7cJ-iL7} 7 ffi ~o-j.B...

I sometimes start looking around for my glasses while I have them on.

• ~ ~ )).1:::: -!f.TICl-8:- ~ 7-114r Jl7R ~ ~J 7.11 o1o~71 ~ '9!1o-J.B...

Eunyeong, seeming embarrassed, kept talking with her head down.

1 '-{0 }L ~H£' ~011~ '7~Cfq '2.Cf §-.A.~ .A.f§o~XI ~~Li ef.

The verbs 7fCf and 2.Cf are not used before -(.2)L J;H£.

• ~.li!.oJI {} ~.£ ~.!jl-~e>lit. (x)
- ~.li!.oJI 7}J-i ~.!jl-~e>lit. (0)

2 ~ ~§-0 1 ~~o l ~OlB ~EHOII.A.i ~OjLKJ~ ol-E ~§-011~ .A.f§o~XI ~~Lief.

This expression is not used to describe situations that are naturally expected after the preceding action
occurs.

• 7}~ !§: g ~ ~u 2ftBg ~~<>lit. (x)

- 7r~ !§: g ~.:il ettB g ~~<>l£.. co)

: 2.f~~ ~0171 !i!-I5H.A.i e 'a~ol ~ 7M of71 [HgOJI .A.~of~ Oi~~LI Cf.
Because it is obvious that heat is required to cook noodles, here the use of -(.2) L J;H£ sounds

awkward.

3 Ol .H.~~ '-OUOl ~~ ~H£'q '-0 ~/0i ;'§ ~H£'£1 ~EH£5:. i'i'OI .A.f§g[Lief.

This expression is also often used in the forms -Of/0-j ~g J;H£ and -Of/0-j ~ J;H£.

• :I~ ~..g.~~.£ it2.J ~ '6J!J-i ~~oJl \!P·H7r 1Jot7Jl !.fit.
= :I g ~op~...g. ~H.£ £. 2.j ~ oUJ-i ~~oj] ~J.H7} {Jo};.tJ] !.f£..
= :I g ~o} ~ ~.£ £.2.j ~ '6jjJ-i ~~oj] ~J-H7} {Jo};.tj] !.f£..

The house reeked of cooking because I cooked with the door closed.

'--0~/0i ~q· ~~ '--0~/0i ¥q'2.j- '-(0 ) L :kH~·::: Oirt! ~~OI ~J:I£1::: 3:!~ ~J:I'2.! Cf*:i!~ ~~ j:~j7 ~

<L!GLiq.

While - Of/Oll!fef. -Of/Ol !f.ef. and -(£)L ~H£ all refer to the continuation of a state or action, they have the

following differences.

------------

- (O)L :kH~

,. (1) Ol't:! ~§O I ~E..§ 3:!011 ~~01 ~§Lief. (1) ~.2.1 ~EH7 f ~AI£1e 3:!011 ~~0 1 ~§Lief.

The focus of meaning is on the fact that the The focus of meaning is on the fact that the
action was completed. resulting state is maintained.

• 7ol-~ ~ '?i!e>i ¥.:il .:g-.!jL~;;yr:}. ~ ~go1 ~2.~ ~e ~EHOII ~~~ !f.j]_ ~§Lief.

~ ~~ Oje ~§o l ~s.£Jjl ~go1 ~2.~ ~e Focus on the fact that the window is in a
~Eijlf ~:AI£1-E Cil ~~OI ~§Lief. state of being open.

Focus on the fact that the action of opening
the window was first completed, and then
that state continued.

(2) C£l2j ~~01 ~E_£jjl 'cl ¥.J .:J. ~EH7f ~;q~Lief. (2) ~21 ~EH7f ~AI.§ ~EH~ Lf£fLjjE!.£ ~.Q.j ~~
[[f2.fAi Ol't:! ~~ ~fC.f7 f 'C! ~EHOII ~~ Ol~~LICf. ~fef7f 'C! ~EH£. AI§~ 4- ~§Lief.

The previous action is completed, and the The previous state is simply maintained, and
resulting state is subsequently maintained. therefore the expression of incomplete actions
Thus, it sounds awkward when used to describe or states is possible.
actions that are not completed before doing
something else.

~ jl71~ ~~IC.f7f 'C! ~~OlE!.£ Ol~~Lief. ~ ef ~AI '[J.§ jl71~ ~~ere 2joi~Lief.

The meat was not fully cooked, so this This sentence means the meat w as eaten
sentence is awkward. while it was not fully cooked.

(3) <>let! ~~I ~E..§ ~~IAi ~7lliflgotl (3) <>let! bf~OI ~:A I£1-E ~EHOIIAi efe ~~ ~ lifl
<>let! bf~OI ~:AI£1-E ~EHe ~I ?J§Lief. AI§~ 4- ~§Lief.

Because it expresses the completion of an This can be used to express the continuation
action, it cannot be used to express the of a certain emotional state while doing
continuation of one's emotional state. another action.

(4) ~~Af2.f Al§~f~ Ol~~Lief. (4) ~~Af2.f AI§~ 4- ~§Lief.

This should not be used with verbs that indicate This can be used with verbs that indicate the
the wearing of things on the body. wearing of things on the body.

296 Korean Grammar uz 9./se · Intermediate

1 7f 7]{Io] {1"5}1;j]Jl. frOI ~~£1 q eyes become bloodshot
.'II'.~XIl f Lfef to break out in a (skin) rash
Lf ~~~Oil 7cf~ g ~~ "* ~ ~.£ *Glti

~710i1 ~'8 ~ {to}Jl.

7I~OI~5fc.f Oj~~Oll §~ ~Oj ~q I ~IC:iLI-f:t7 IOJI ~2.1Cf
~01 ~:gq Oj;l:il ~Slj.§.;m~~ 771Cf I*~~ ~CiLI ~OI %~£1q
aj~ -58 rri-25H.Ai ~~ A:ISFA:I ?.tc.f I ~ciLI.!11!9-A: I7f qq
~~I %17 f '[Jo I ~q

2 7f t_ROiP·l ~;::: ~ JI} -£ g u}{J rrlJ Aj:r-Jot ~ jl}H~ ~2.1q to t urn one's head (to the side)

oj]~o] <V_~Jl?

Lf .:il7fl ~ ~~_Q_.£ ~1(! ~fl -£ g u}A:Jot :!91Jl.

OJ-E~.i!l- ~ D~ ITH .:i:l7H~ ~2.£ -§-2.1Cf I~ Df.A~O f £1Cf
-tJ~~ -tJCf I ~LHOll ~Oj7f'2:! '2! £1Cf
Cf-E .A~ ~Oil ~ ITH ~~ %JOJI ~q I OIOf71~ 5f'2:! '2! £1Cf

6j.A~ ~ ITH

'-(.£)L jH£'~ .A.~5H.A.-l c~:; cH£:~ ~~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f <?i~Lf"'l o]oF7]if77}Jl? ('f:lq I o]oF7]o}q)

Lf o}LJ.fl.., '@_~.Q.Lj77} :J.\3' o~ 7-fl.£ OI O~lltib'il9. .

(2) 7f .2..~ "§}j]]_Oi] \fl:lJo] 'ii :£1~cf~"'-1.fl..? (21-"'f-~ <iJq I 4-<fl ~ ~q)

Lf l:Jl, :J.~"'l .2.-¥- 0 }-? ~3{::1~~.fl...

(3) 7f ~~ 1lBR7} 7] ~o] Lfllll} .!l!Oi.fl... (-?niLJOil -2-~ ~q I o]OF7l ~ ~ q)

q l:j]7} :J.~A].

(4) 7f ~u}, l:lR7} o}li}Jl. (Jl}<?J ~ 0-!Al ?J-q I ~q)
q :J.t[i7} .!1!-ct.

(5) 7f :1. ~~7} lf-"'-1~~.fl..? (.!f- -2-.Q.£ ~~~ 7}c.]q I~~ .!:i!q)
Lf l:Jl, :J_~ ).l - - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - -

Aaw7~ ;;z}ol= ~17} q_t~ g~oJ 3!-<Vl;jJiL.

The food you (Jaya) made is really good.

q _g_cj~ oj] »- Oi <V~ til.£ ~r:l y g ~ 0 13!-<V711

~ e>iiL.

I made it according to my cookbook, an·d it turned out welL

Which team won the soccer match yesterday?

Just as expected, our team won.

Ol .H.~~ {:!~~£1 ~~:ilf ~~OI ~~~£1 ~8~ ~q::_ £1DI£ ~)..f2.f grJJll )..~g,fLI Cf. ~)..f2.f grJJll AA~
liH::_ ·~0112. :::_ ~)..f£1 S,::i!~ ~0 1' EE::_ ·~011 2.:::_ ~)..f£1 5.:~ [Cf2.f)..f2.j £1D I£ )..~g,fLICf.

This expression indicates the doing of the following action in the same manner as, or in accordance with ,
the preceding action. In these cases, it is used toget her with verbs. It can also be used with nouns to mean
"just as" or "in accordance with" the preceding noun.

-(O)L CH£

v

~i ::: CH£

-----------~----------------"-----------------------------------~----------------------------;------------------------------------------~-------------------
~;..i cH£

N

~ zj-r.H£

293 Korean Grammar ut 'lue · Intermediate

• 7-]i} J-~Z{o] Y- ~ qj.£. -=z.~ g ~Jti -=z.aj .!i!..-"i]il...

Please draw a picture based on whatever comes to mind.

• ~o-jy7} 7-]\:t ?~Oil ~4j.~ qj.£. ~A~] ~~{loj] 7}-"l -"fl 3. g ;,} 9-1t~.R.

Just as she promised last weekend, yesterday Mom went to the department store and bought me some
new clothes.

• O:j7] oj] ~~ g~ ~ o}%t:J1.£. .2..!f-l;!:j~5:. ~Ycf.

You can eat any of the food here as much as you like.

1 oI .H~:= .!:2.~ -§.A.~q ~.A.~2.f gr7Jli.A.~~LICf. .:J.2.iq ~-§.A.~ ·~<5~cf. ·~q's>.f ·-jl {,!Cfq'£1~Sf­

::: gr7Jli .A.~~ 4- ~~Lief.

This expression is normally used together with verbs and nouns. But - .::il ~q can be combined with the

adjectives ll!ofc.f and ~q.

.2.:: *• ii}Jl -i,]..g. J:j]_ii!_
~ ~ q ~ 'V-2..1(! %-~o-Jll...

I wish I could do anything I want.

• 41~:=_ Jt!~ qj£ 3:~ ~o-]£ £!lll...

Tomorrow you can wear anything you want.

• ~_g. 1:~5!_ ~.7.c)if}J-i1ll...

Decide whatever you want.

*2 '-(0 )L/::: CH£' ~011::::: !f.~ .H~OI ~ ~~Liq

Negative expressions cannot come before -(.2.}L/eCH£.

• Ai:= ~-=jl-7\- <'>]-;{1 %f-i::-~£ Wo-Jll... (x)
- •Ai:::: ~-=jl-7} 151--\::-qj£ Wo-Jll... (o)

3 ' ::=: cH£'::: ~~~£1-§6J"O I OI~Oixl ::: ~.A.I *-~~£1-§6J"OI '§!Oiq::=: -?.:!~ qE~~ rrH .A.~<5f71

.S:. gjLICf.

This expression is also used to indicate that the following action occurs or is done immediately upon the
occurrence of the preceding action.

• EcJ"~oJVi %0 }..2..-\::-qj£ ~'1{£cj3!).,;yq-.

I will contact you as soon as I return from France.

• tQ "11£-3}15}-\::-J:j]_ii!_ 01D11~~ .!1:!.41 ~J-171 l:I}~Ljr:J-.

Please send an email upon your arrival in New York.

• o1'i}15}A1lil- ::1. ~ ~ :g-41{::- qj£ A-1 % £.2}?J-i1ll...

I'm sorry (to bother you), but please lend me a hand once you finish doing that.

.gEH~ qE~LH~ '-(o)L jH£'2/- '-(o)L/~ cH£'~ c~~ ~::_ jf<lj7~ <U~Liq.

The differences betw een -(.£)L j:H£ and -(.Q.) L /2: CH£, both of which express states of being, are as
fo llows.

-(O)L jfl~

Ol\9 ~~ ~;;:1~7-JLf J::l~£12: ~fE!i7f t;!!ofJ::I '(J~ 'Oi\9 ~101 ~~o-f2:£'b~~~ol'~ ~ LfEf'o)JLICf.
LfEf'o)JLICf.
This expresses the fact that an action is done in
This expresses the fact that an action has stopped exactly the same way as another action.
or that a certain state continues.
• l.Jl7r ~;.J.- ~ 21 J-i.w-;; 12.J~ t:Jl.£ ~~0]
J-i.w-;; ~;..J- ~ oJI %a! ~..g. ~H ~ 2 ~ ~<>I.a.. 12.J15Jl ?Ai]R .

I left the documents on my desk when I left Please tidy up the documents just like I did on
work. my desk.

- - - ------··---------·------~

1 7f 0 1B-<>1 ~g % 7}2 :7;] ?-"-11..9...
Lf 5:i5- o-]e;jJf-t..J77} ~7} ~g i>H= til.£ rr}2.f<5B .!i!.-"-11..9...

Oj 80i ~~-§ 7f~ ?Cf ~3- Oi2:l~Lillf L/Pf ~~o-IQ I III'2.foH !i!Cf
01~~ gxil-§ ~Oi ?Cf L/Pf gxi~ ~q I III'2.f ~Oi .!i!.Cf
~7H~ o-fe ~~ -§ ~2.~ ?Cf Lf£ ~ ~5fJ::I'21 LH7 f 5fq 1oH .!i!.Cf

4-2 7f .A1\:t~oJ1 J-1 ~tl- li.£~E ~ ~ ~'& ~o-]Ji..?

Lf l;j1, 7-l1~ Gl.£ ~ ~t;;!J£]Jl ~~1-Jt:f.

2.~ \;{JJ.j7f ~.£ '2! ~C·JI I::I I~717 f XiiAil.fOll £~fq cuqlll~ 1~ ~~£Jjl
Ol 717-11£1 AI-§~~~ <§1'2.~ ? Cf
ou~ I 10AIOll £~~ ~o ICf
~'i!'JAiOll CU-E ~'i!'l I Al§5f\:!:! £jq

.~.=".'-'""..~... Korean Grammar iR CZise .Intermediate

(1) 7f Jt}:§:.oJ:, 7}7-j]oj] c}l.;j~y? (.A]7].Ajc})

Lf l:Jl, f-171~J "Q{~ c} .A~o-]Jl.

(2) 7f ~~ g 7N=- x0l~~t:il ~ ~1-o1-n-<>1? C~.::r-71- ~t>H -?c})

Lf g' ~0l-71-y 77} <>1 'fl 7.] ?J-~<>1 .

(3) 7f <>1~. ~l:ll.1£1 ~ ~ ~ ~<>1Jl? (Jlc.]~oJVi .!i!_c})

Lf l:Jl. ~~~t:i] 9f~~7-j .2..§.5]_o-]Jl.

(4) 7f .5:.7-}7] ~ -3]{"1 ~<>1 .!i!_y77} o-jliJIJl? (7}2~ -?c}) i>}y 77} ~s:]Gjc}.:L!..Jl.

Lf lf£0 1<>124% ~ ~.J-~r;J]11-A~~oj

(5) 7f oj.£JI;~ lj'~ ~~ ~Y77}? (.A}i£foj ~"'i)i>}c})

Lf .2_.£ ~..Q.. cf %[A Olby c}
I.Ml=l •
'-- 2.

(1) 7f ~~ c} »-~ B-J5:!c}.:i!.. .!f-..2.~7Jj] ~~~);le>iJl? (.Al-il)

Lf l:Jl, :r]?!~~ %[771- i>}cf7l- .=!_"<f ~~J"Q{~ ~~C);le>iJl.

(3) 7f .Ai.W.~ o-]qoJ] -¥~~7.] .2..§.5],o-]Jl. 01-.!f-2.] ~o}s:. ~ .!i!_o:jJl. (Jtl.:§:.)

Lf ~Jl~ .Ai.W.~ ~ ?J-_Q_~~ 782.] ~ t>H.Ai .!i!_~t>l-s:.~ t>l-J-i lJl.

(4) 7f -c}% -?oJl 7}7].£ ~ ~:AJo] ~7]~<>1Jl? (c:xJJAc3)

Lf o}yJl, ~:AJ~ ~{lye}.

(5) 7f <?Ju]- ~oj] J-H.£ .Aj-3]-~ .A}<ij ~ ~5:].:1!.. ~e>iJl? (-A~Zf)

Lf o}yJl, ~ ~ s:jl:j]Jl.

o~· o;j

~

~

0 o;jrlr
0~
~ wru1 -ocB-
i<K
~w~ '"<~ 17f.il0wru1
Lr :(:o

o\ o\J 0 -;:r J\J ojo J)J
~ 0~
-=<t:J -=<t:J ;'KI iJJl";jO

~of nr_j ~ ,.J-

H

Oi~
L-=rr r1 r1 o~ " "........
'81U (IIU
pi PI ~
UiD @@) 5"5"
LH Lr ~@) _j
@@)

OIIU 0 i\~ ~oi C'-· 0~
~ 0~ i1T
r::-< i51 Dfo
JIJ =r•uKj 1]J MD
u~
0~
[}j
=-<~ ruj OIIU iiO K~
OIJ LiD OlD ........
~I IU L..l =L.J li!U ~
~110

!E ~ 0 "'JIJ K iiO aj o:j
JJ D Bill
r.r OIJ cK i:i'IO OlD \10'0
~~ ~~ rrjo OIIU 0 0 liiU
OlD 1fJ 'D.J 'D.J 'K
D~J r~< JIJ JIJ ~ ~IU
olo ojo
;Ko ;j(J 00
iJJ iJJ 'liJU 'liJU
;j(J JIJ o \ o!J L!J r1 oWKlfU
'=<~=~ -=<t:J ori ,.J- ,.J
oKlwfU 0~ JIJ nR.rJfolo
r1 r-l ~ " "KIO
~u 0- ........
PI pi "' (IIU (IJU
("5' ~ ~ :r 5"5"
JJ
@ 80 80 u 80

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~ r1'Y
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@) -=< 3: ,.J- ~ o:j r4 '-K::j!-(
~'N
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~~lo
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~
'K :zOIIU ~~ o;j a~· • •10 ~
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ojo uD o;j" 0o;j -
~=L.J o<t-'KRJU~ ~J
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Ol ~ ~ 0'8~ .I..l..l~ 'i\-<
,.J- £!~1 _j ;t(Krulru J\J ~ R:IS K
OI!U ~ !U\IU ~
"5"" ........ ~lo 3]1 o\IU
-=r0-' ~ 'QIU
80 :n~ ~ '0 ojru
r::-<

0~ ~JIJ
u=cK
K Ol rio o~ .Jl•io K~ 0 ,.J- pru=1 =ru1
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;jQ ru1 ru1 o-<- ,.J-
uo LH ~ o;:: ojJ
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0rH JJ r::-<~ ~IJ :(:o ~~ ';K JY!o ~•10~
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0 KlfUP-:1 J\J o\J li- 0~ Qll ~ r\
oKlwfU ~ JIJ
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~~ 'K Lr
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7~ ~] o ]uj ».] 1f:A~ ~ 7-~ :?.~] z=jo] e>-lrrlJJl?

Wei Ming, what does your boyfriend look like?

q ;;l;~j \:[:A~ ~ 7-~ 7] 7~ 3...Jl ~~ H~ ltl0 l<>llJl.

My boyfriend is tall and a little on the chubby side.

;z1~ o}7Jct »-1~ ;Q- ~ Jfr ~ ~ 6!J t~J i>R.A-J ~R~g

"Gi ~i>~~ 51 ;Q-o}Jl.

I think Akira speaks Korean better than his classmates.

q ~o}Jl. 0} 7]2.} ».]~ ~R ~=( ~o] i':i'o}J,-j

.=L~:AJ q ~ ~ ~ "&;.~~~q ~R~g

~i>~ ltl~ ~ {fo}Jl.

You're right. I don't know if it's because he has a lot of Korean
friends, but his Korean seems better than most of the other foreign
students.

OI.H~:= Oirt! Al{,l~ 8~~.£.£ '§!o~7 l!i!q::: cH~~I£ Oirt! ~Oil 7~IC~7iq ~~q::: -?;!~ .H~~ U/l A~
gtLiq . Oj710liAi 'Jtf:= 'Oj2.i .!:f* %011OjL ~~Oil ~-gr·~ 2.JD io~7 1 rrHgOll 'CH~~~~£.£ .:J.~cf ::: ~01 ~

~ Liq.

This expression is used to state a characteristic in a non-decisive way, that is, that something is more a
certain way t han another or is closer to one characteristic than another. Here, l,lJ refers to belonging to one
category out of a number of possible categories, and thus it means "generally so".

-(O)L / ::: ~OI C~ l

A -(O)L ~01q 3,[.~ e- ~o1q
-Q"C~ ~:= ~o 1 q

v :::: ~01q A~q Al-E ~o 1 q
~q
~:::: ~o1q

• Jf-2.] %t;]]~ q ~ ;;c.j ~oj]l:I]"6JJJ.i ~~0] ~-E-~ ~~t-14.

The home prices in our neighborhood are on the cheap side compared to other areas.

304 Korean Grammar ,;, CZt.ve- · lntennediate

• :A-j;: o}~~q;: :A-j~oj] cl ?,J-o] Q:] ;: ~o]oj]Jl.

I tend to (be among those who) eat more in the evening than in the morning.

t• :A-j :{17;: o-j~ rrjj;: ~o]~;:nl] 7-]"S-.': .:1~71] 7'-] ~0]7-] ~t:j].B...

That friend was one of the bigger kids when (we were) small, but now he doesn't look that big.

- - - - - - --· - - - - - -~------

1 OlE~~ <ftOll ~Af7f ~ rr~::: .!:2.~ ~A~ -*6.1o!-E !j!Aflf <1!0iOF ~Lief.

When a verb precedes this expression, an adverb that modifies the verb is normally necessary.

7f ::.15ll »-1 ~.AJ-.AJ-1:[~::_ ~-6.Jg 7-J-9- <SH.fl..?

q 1.:]], ~9-~ 011 ~ Jti~ ,<='_ ~ t-]-L.j77]- 7-J-9- t-H=- Jt!.017.1.fl...

2 !j!~Q£ ~ rr~::: ·~ -(O)L/::: .Jt!OICf'Lf '-(O) L/::: .Jt!OI OfLICf'£ .H.~~Lief.

The negative forms of this expression are~ - (£)L/-E .l2:'jOiq and -(£)L/E ll!OI OfLicf.

• A~:: \"£01 ~ 9:1-1::- 3l:'[o1 011.fl...

= Ai:: i?J"o19:1-1::- 3l:'[o1 oj-t..joJ1.fl...

3 ' ~/::: .Jt!O ief'::: ~7f .!i!.f.S:. ~~of~~~~ .g~OILf A~~ rrH::: A~ofJ;:i \?~~Li ef.

The expression -g/-E ~o1q is not used when the characteristic or quality is an obvious or objectively
verifiable fact or state of affairs.

• 41 %"~,<='_ 717]-185cm'?.l3l:'!o1oJ1.fl... (x)
~ t.J1 %"~ ,<='_ 717]- 185cm91.fl... (o)

. A~:: ~p~o1 o]-\:! 't!_o1011.fl... ( x )

~ 7.~:::: q,1.~01 oj-t..joJ1.fl... (0)

4 Ol .H.~~ £1DI.g ~f7~.2.f ~:AHI2_!- A~of~ DI2.H .H.~~ A~"Of;;:l '[i~Lief.

This expression is only used with reference to the present or past, not the future.

• A~:: :D:~ g AJ-9- i>H=- 3l:'\~ 7191.fl../3l:'\015)l.~.fl... (x)
~ Ai:::: :D:~ g AJ-9- t"l-1=- 't[o1 ~~.fl... (o)

A~ :::: :i';:~ ~ AJ-9- t"l-1=- 't!_o1oJ1.fl... (0)

5 ~f7~ £1 ~ ~ AI~O I Lf ofLf£1 Af-c!~ .H.~W rrH::: '-(0 )L ~Oief'~ A~5~0F ~Lief. .:J.2.iLf ~f7~

2.f.S:. ~f7~0ll ~~ 71{! J;:l4i-.'§ ~ OI7~Lf ~-E!~~ ~011::: ' ::: ~OI'X;!Cf' ~ AkiOF ~Li ef.

When used to describe a particular event or point of time in the past, the form -(£)L .l2:'jO iq is used.
However, in the case of past events which continued for a particular period of time or which occur
regularly, the form - -E .l2:'jOICf must be used.

• .2.. ~ ,<='_ q-:= n:Jl.!il_t:.j- ~~ ~~\:!- 't!.o1oJ:.

• .2.. ~ '£2 .A1{}011:: ~o1 ~ ~~ 't!.o1oJ:.

: O l~g '2~'0I2.f-E ~~ .A. I~OI 'XP I [[Hg()jl '- (£ )L ll!Oiq'£. Mjot Af'C!.6.~§-Liq.
Here, -(£)L .l2:'j01Cf must be used because the word 2~ indicates a specific time.

• t.f~ o-]5'1~ trjJ.:g-..!f-~ ~t>N= Jt!o]~oJiL.

• '?l!~oJl~ .Jl7] ~ 7.1-f C!1-E Jt!o]~oJiL.

: Ol~g 'Oi~~ [QI'2.f-E .A.I~OI ~.!71-E of::X:I'2! ::X:I4;;-0 ILf §t!2.1 £1ol7f ~,171 liHgOJI' ::: 12:'!0 I ~Cf'£ .UjO ~ g[LI Cf.
Here, even though Oi~~ liH indicates a time in the past, ::= BOI~Cf must be used because there is a

meaning of a regularly occurring experience.

1 7~ ~R .A}-'if~ ,<:>_ ;;z.J:Di ~ lf[o] u}-.A];<]Ji.?
q l;Jl, ~7.l-01Jl:lJt>RJ.i ;;z.J:Di ~ woJ u}-.Al ~ ~o]e>1]Ji..

2 7~ ;<]\:!-~77}-;<] {:-~til-~ ~~ ~ .£j~~Ji.? ?{)ofef to push ahead

Lf 0 l-YJi., ~?,:j~ 1:!011 l:l] t>RJ.i ~Jil-7}­

~~7-j] ~;zJ ~ ?£,<: ~~Yl:f.

A: l\:!"~llfA: I ~~o-~'2! ~.g ~ £1~L.f .!:c.~~ 3:!0il t:JioH.Ai. '§1:i!l-7 ~ .:::J.~lll ~::x:I-E ?JL.f

R-§S:. i'JOII:lf!!!!Cf R-§Oii-E ~\30 1 ~£ ~Oi.A.i ::X:I\:!"~Oilt:J ioH.A.i
.:::J.~lllt:J~!!!!::x: l ?Jc.f

~2.1 7 f~ -GJOii.A.i ~-E 3:1~ ~o foH.A.i 2.16Jg
::X:f-'? ofA:I ?JL.f

u,.e<.306 Korean Grammar inInter m ediate