w-.':.(1) 7~ ~* »-]:= <?__17]7} -3! {[o}.fL. (~ ~Oi9-c.J-)
Lf l=Jl, ~* ».] := .!f-<3!0] ~ -¥-~ ~ '5}~ "}.i ~014Je ~.Dict"f..i {1 =f ~ o] -wo}-6~.fL.
(2) 7f ~.§:1 ».] o~,<:_ 31{<?__11:-j]£ ~~ ~-5H=- -3! ~o}.fL. (~~ ~<3"}q)
q l=Jl, q~ o}o] ~ .!i!q Oi ~ ~ o] ~o}-5}J.-j].fL,
(4) 7~ ?~ g~~:A}9-~e>i.fL?(%2Jl~ g~~:A}9-~q)
q ~%~ -3! ~ ~o}i>\J.Ai ------------------------------
*{! =(5) 7~
».] \t%).~0] e>i ~1:-j]£ :7-}9- ».}%].fL? ('i:t%).~0] ?:J\:!-0] {l<3"}q)
q :7-}9- »-14lll ~.fL.
2 '-(O}L/~ lt10ICF;; .kl%fiK.k1 q~ CK:2.~ ~{:!c5~AiiR.
(1) 7~ o] .:g.~~ o]-6~<3"}7] 7} Oi~%liL? (Oiifl:A] ?J-q)
*q o}L-J.fL, .=1.~71] 01~f.l 0J~ ~OICf"f..i 0 ]"6~W ~Oi.fL.
*{!(2) 7~ ».]7} !E. ;g-7]oj] ~')1q~J.i.fL? (~7J-5}q)
*{! =q .=z_~t:Jl.fL. '5}:7-]~
».] i}l:lJ 1..-f% 71 oj].fL.
*(3) 7~ 0~~ l:l}llll} .!i!_O] ::r:11 "'r~oJl::% ~ ~Oi.fL? (~7}<3"}cf)
=q l=Jl, .=L2jj£ 9-~oJl %
D2l. ?'--1' ll2lll.-2Jl Y-
78.::t:~ "6~iL.
*{!(4) 7f ».] ~ -%~ ~~ <?__1- ~o}-5}J.-j] .fL? ({jo] i'J"c.J-)
*q l=Jl,
.0.:;:!_~ 0:01 ~.._ !i!}iL.
(5) 7f '?t<?.lr:ll£ .A}.!f-{loj] ~ ~ ~ *2.-J.-j].fL? (.A}.!f-11°1 Oi%c.J-)
q l=Jl, <5J-.AJ ~ ~ 7-:J "*o}o]: ~.fL.
7~ .:z.}o]: »l !@~.£ _2_~ 7-1u~ ~~~Jl?
Jaya, why did you wear a skirt today?
Lf ~-6- ap-j ACl%l 1i!.0 1Jl 4{~.AiJl. .=:1.%~ 1:1}.7.1
~ ~~riy ;,p~r ~ 0 1 .:z.1~ \t.A}£ ~~c}.::ilJl.
I wanted to look a little more ladylike. After wearing only jeans
recently, people started mistaking me for a guy.
7~ OJ7J »-1~ %<5~ ~-%l_~ ¥-lo:J1Jl?
Yang Gang, what's your New Year's wish?
Lf %<SW~ "t.R J-}~~:1!} "t.R~£ .:z.}~ A~JU
01°1=71 ~ %[ ~ 91~1 ~'i1 -%=-~~Jl.
This year, I want to become able to talk fluently in Korean with
Koreans.
'A'Ejc.f:::: ~.A.~Oll *Ol.A.i 'Cfi2.1 ~.A.~2.f ~:: LltJOiq o.A.7f ~q·:::: ~~ qE~~ rrH .A.~g)"LI Cf.
The phrase .6~ ct is attached to a noun and means having a feeling or quality just like the noun.
.A.P~J".A.'E1 q
N l::l ~~~q
• o}o]~ ~1~ cij::-<} ~-=jl-~ ~if~ .Aj-l:!JA~t:}~ ~o]l:l}c.}.!i!.~ifYt:i-.
Michael looked at his girlfriend in a loving manner.
• .::J..~Jll i>H=- 3:!~ t1}~~~ ~%'?JYcJ-.
This kind of behavior is silly.
• :Ail ~ 7 ~ ~A~jl-} 7)4f<>jjl:J1 <5H ::-<}2JA~Jll ~l--<5Hit.
My friend always speaks proudly of his fam ily.
308 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll...e · Intermediate
'A~Cf'2.f l::ll~i>f711 MOl::: W£ '§Cf'7f ~:::c11 Ol-"f- R~~ q.g:l!f ~~ ~fOilf ~~Lief.
The phrase ~q has a meaning similar to that of .6.!;jq. Their differences are summarized below.
.Q.ID I -~.A.f.2.f ~.g .!::.7~ 01 Lf ~7f ~cfe ~~ '.:::J.2.i ~ ~~~ ~0 1 7f;J;IJl ~ere £1ol~
LfEf~ [~ .A.I§~Lict. LfEfL~Uj ~.!;f. ~~0 1 gj.e ~.A.f011'2! ~Li ct.
Used to indicate that something has the Used to indicate a sufficient amount of a
same feeling or quality as the preceding certain qual ity and is only used with some
noun. nouns w ithout final consonants.
on J.j-2J"A'%Jt:j-, l:lj-.!i!_6'%Jt:j-, O:jJ-cj.6_'%Jt:j-,
Z:j?:cJ.6_'%Jt:J-. 7.}2c]·6'%jq ~
::J_ %~~ ?:cj~- --81:1jA'%j-;iyt:j-_ ::J_ %~~ ~w .-s l:I J~li'-1ct.
That cave is really mysterious.
That cave really looks mysterious.
-+ ·~1::11~ ~j:~~ .!i!.<2Jct'e £1DI~Lict. -+ ';zJW£ ~l::l l afct'e £ID I ~ Lict.
It means that the cave "appears It means that the cave is "really
_.:....______m__y_s_t_e__r_io__u_s__"_.___________________________________ mysterious".
1 7f LB~ ~~ ~ .!i!.c-1 Zl-t:f~J.-1..9..? Oj~~~
Best Leading Actress Award
q 1.:]1, <5JAJ ~~ ~ .!J:I..c-1 7}~ zp~J01 N°1 ~lV-1
*LB ~s:. ~w <V_~::z1 Z:J-A.:P --Cl%1..9...
OJ'C:JOIJ ():j~~~~ ~q ~~ 12:!~~ .!i!2.i 7 rl2:! {.!:go I t'JO I £H.A.i LH~.S:. ~ 4-
B4- J.AI7 f {:!J~ IIfEI~ .2.~0li.A.i o[q
'll~A I 2:j~Oiq
'2:!-71 ~-E ~~ '2:!-lil !q01.A.i ~~ .f:,l-~0 Jq
.2.~0li.A.i ofLI77f ~~ !f-@O ICf
2 7f 1l_9- hl-1 lf--.2_\3 ~ u:j2=_~~_Q_£ o-pt]_ Oi ::Z~ ~O}i>}J-11Ji.? &~\;Jq pleasant
Lf ~if01 ~Ac-1-& Oi ::Z~ ~O}i>}J-11Ji.. \:1'4~\;J q
capricious, unpredictable
~4- J.AI !f-2.'S-§ D4~5:1.f:t2.£ 01't"! o:tA:~ ~Ofof.A.Iq -{:i~OIIi!:!~ I 'ctA:fE ~q
~:2:1 WE- 01't:! 'etA:~ ~01-ofq ~-a- 01e 1!=;!oJe- ~ .A.f.:il ~q
01't:!~.A.f.:il ~Cf
(1) 7f 4J9:Io1 ~F?- ).~9:l~E11 ~Ttl~~~ i;)-~ :'§:-g7l)-Jl?
Lf ~»-i1Jl, t;J.Jf- ..\f.-"c:tl::.~f-1 ~,<: ~~ i;)-~ 1io1 f~ 1i ~o)-Jl.
(3) 7f Jl~ :A1 l:IB ~7l- ~71 ~ ~i;J-i=. ~ ~:A1Jl?
Lf l;jl, ~~~ ?;j--c-JL-j ~71 7)- -c-J - - - - - - - --
q ~o)-Jl. ~i} ------------------- 1i ~o)-Jl.
(6) 7f oP§-o1 .& '(;~).~o1:A1 Jl?
Lf l;j1, i;)-:A1 ~ ~l--5-J-i=. 1i ,<: o)-? ___________________ ~~ ~~ trJl 7)-
<Xl ~Jl .
(7) 7f q:j:§j »-1 ~ <SJ.AJ 01~-c}:A1~q -5HJ.i h(~L-J-Jl.
Lf ~oJ-Jl. ~uj-L-j- :Af £ ~7)- ~ trJl7)- -g{o)-Jl.
(8) 7f :Ai S:.:A)-717)- o)-? l:l1»-1· ~o 1 l;j1 Jl.
Lf ~cl o)-ti1:A17)- o)-7J1J.1 ~ 7-j2.)-J.i :AiS:. ~:A1717)-
(9) 7f 2Jl .:z. .I!. E ~ <?} <iJ.2.C;j .:iL -5H? ~o:jJ.i Jl.
q 0 1 :Ai1~ i}"8"Jlo1 :A1L-]-J.i
3' 0 Korean Grammar ;H 'li.•·e · intermediate
7~ _2_~ 7-i ~97r 2R 7-i \1711 ~ 71 ~ *~r.ft?
Why isn't that player competing well today?
Lf -=:L~/11 R. _2_~ ~71 £~ ~ J-11 7-11 ~~ 5;-7 ~9
IJ7-1 7} ?J-l;j]Jl.
I know. His play today is unlike that of a world-class soccer player.
7~ ~u}, o] * o-]n:flR? 7-i~EJ] o-J%2;]R?
Mom, how are these clothes? Do they look good on me?
Lf * o] -=z_J1] lf-1 Y? ~;_~ ~ ~J.~ IJ/11 ~ ~ ~o-j o):;;z.].
~ Ei ~~~ *_9_£. ~o}~o-J .
What's that you're wearing? Students should wear something fitting
for students. Put on something a little more modest.
''8Cf ~ ~Af<>\\ ~Oj J ~J-.p~ :X\L\ ~ ~~O\q ~0\ <ll.q~ ~ ;; qE~'§ [[H J-.I%~L\q. ~ . Ojrt\ ~0\ -?:\2.H
7 ~.A\~ <L!OlO ~ ~:X~~;; 7~:X\~ <L!q~ ~0 1 ~Lj q_
The expression gq is attached to nouns and used t o indicate that som ething has the qualities or
characteristics of the noun. Specifically, t his expression refers to having the qualities t hat are typically
expected in the particular noun.
~=~----~----------~=~~~------~
N gq 'a:X~
),. ~~
---······-····-·················"----~------------------------------------------··-····-··---------------------------------~----
• "611~ ll-1 ~ o:j7-}t:f& 1:117} i5}l-j-s=. 'il:i~.:;! ~o}Jl.
Hyejin doesn't seem to have any womanly qualities at all.
• %).~oJ1 711.:::I~7]1 ~~ ~~ i5~ .:;! ~ :AJ~ ~ lff:Al ~~ -&-~%01°1=.
Speaking so harshly to your little brother like that is not becoming (behavior) of a big brother.
• .:::l:§:jJ.}oJ1 ~ ~Llj j,j.JIQj :§:JJ.}"'ifrll ?~~¢1-%).~ 01 ~0 1 ~~Y-cf.
That company has a lot of outstanding employees, which is typical of a top domestic corporation.
- - - - -- - - - - --
''gq'!r_f 'A~q·~ C~~f ~~ j:fOJ7f <X}~LJq.
The differences between <gq and ~~q can be summarized as follows.
-----------------~-------- ---------~-----------------------~-----~--- - --=----------------------- ----- --- -- -~-~~~----~
gq
£1DI '£[9.j ~Af7f .AIL10~ ol-2 ~OILf J\f~. 9.JDI~ 'il9.J ~Af7f 7f.AI.::il 'X..!l= ~130I Lf Wl~ 7f.AI.::il
7f.AI.::il 9,!Cfe 9.joi~LICf. 'X..!l= ~5':~'E/ !i!.'2JCfl= 9.jDI~ LICf.
Meaning
Something has all the qualities and Something appears to have the qualities
characteristics that the preceding noun and characteristics of the preceding noun.
should have.
:g.1o.q 7lt!" ~Af ¥-lOll Al§oH.<r_ J\f~~~-§-LICf. ~Af %0ll ·~~~q·q ·~~~Cf'j':~ 'E/ :g.1,q
71-t!" ~Af ¥-lOll Al§of~ W.!l~LI Cf.
Can be used after nouns denoting places
and institutions. Sounds awkward when used after nouns
denoting places and institutions, such as
on ~~~q and §{~~q.
Examples
Example • <>1:: :=. <>1 -et:.J-q.~oF -&-H_fl_. ( o) • Jf-c.j o}o] ~ 01-e-:::cj q.~_fl_. ( o)
Sentence • ;zl o}o]~ <>1-ecJ-%]_fl_, (x)
• ;zl o-j :': :=_ <>1-e-:::cjq.~_fl_. (X)
-+ OieOI Oie££Ai 7 f.A~O~ ol-E ~O ILf J\f~.
9.JDI~ .AI\::!Cfl= 9.JD IOI9£. OfOIOllllll= AI§ -+ OieOI 7f.AI.::il 'X..!l= ~130ILf .Af~~ 7f.AI.::il
~-'?- 'ilt-§-LICf. 'X..!l= ~j':~'E/ !2.'2JCfe £1DIOI9£. OieOlllll
AI§~-'?- 'ilt-§-LICf.
Because this refers to having the exact
qualities required of an adult, <gq Because this refers to having qualities
cannot be used to describe someone or characteristics like something else,
who is not an adult, such as a child . Oie~~q cannot be used to describe
an actual adult.
1 7f ~ \:f;z}7} ~%1:1J] -i'"O}Jl? .~.
q 1.:]1, AjW ~l-}~711 ~%~}7-] ~Jl.
::1. 'cf.Af7f I ~q ~w ~Af 1~-§ofCf
.Ai ~.£Af7f 1~-6-ofCf 2.-E ~~ ~§7 f 1 ~ j':i2.lofCf
eo@ 1 ~.g-~~~7-ll ~-§ofCf
31 2 Korean Grammar ~~~ 'lt.·e · Intermediate
2 7~ .Ai ~97} <'>H=- q~ 737]S:.. ~Oi.R? ~4:c ~ team (of association)
q t:Jl, .Ai ~1'~ 737]S:.. ~<'>}.Jl J::4;r '€} OI~Cf to lead
c.Jt:1 1ff~l '€1 ~ ~ 0 ]~t:i2.f.JI.R. 'l,IQ1 villain, bad guy role
:i!I§51Cf to torment, to harass
J:i {:!*7 ~ ti-E c.t-E ~71£ .!i!c.j- J:i -t:!*E ~71£ ~~.:il ~4;- ~ 2.JC-j I ~~~ OJ~q
Ai t:tH~7 ~ Lt.2.-E c.t-E E.2.~0 ~£ .!i!q J:i ttH~ Q,tQl ~g. ?17JJ:~ I ~<2.!~ ~~tiE- ?171~ ~~q
J:i 7iUJ§QiJ)..i 7iUJ~ 0~}..1 .!i!q
q~ [!:2.7I]Oll.k1 ~W~ 801~ ~i:l.~ ' Etq'~ A~<5HA1 g~~ ~{15~AiiR.
[ · - 1~~ ~ A~m == -- ~~f mJ A~ -~{J =~I ~A~i~~~J
(1) 7~ o}712.f »-17} ~R~~ ~<5}.A1.R?
q t:Jl. ~"1-5-}7] t:}j:§:joj]-"i 1%% ~l f..~"Stf11 AJ~ ~R~~ ~<5]--E~.R!
(3) 7~ W0rl:l-J.A17Jll-"i ~:A~EjojJAi ~0 r71-1f<>i.R? %{1-"1 ».1-Jf-q
q Li1, Jf-2.] woJ-l:l-J:A1~ ~q~:A~oj].Ai
%0]-7}1f~yq _
(4) 7 ~ ;:_ ~ ».] ~ o-j Jtl \:[:A~ ~0}<51-J-.i]Jl?
q Jl~e>i1~ o:j:A} :Q-;: 2-].2.~ 7}~ \:[7.}7} ill0}-"i .Ai~
J-~Z} \:f:A]-7]- ~o}Jl.
(5) 7~ ~t:H~~ ~ o-j u: 5:1~~1.5:.. ~~"6]-t:j]Jl.
q t:J1, 10 ..:g::cB~~ %~~ _____ _ _____ :iP·J-01~ ~ 1-]-.R.
(6) 7~ ..2.~-¥-EJ ~<'>l-7ll -8 ~~ -"J--%l7J~9~Yl:J-.
q ..2. ~ .Jf-Ej -2--¥- ~ J.1~~_<:?_y - - - - - - - - - - - .2.~~ ~ 11 ill
~-BB ?-"1711:11-'ft'-ll:J-.
1 ~ ~o] ~9.1 0 2-}.R
CD ~ol 7.}--? 2.}.R @ ~o] ~ ~.£ 52.7.] '?J"o}_9_
@ ~o] 7.}--? 52.~ ~~e>i.R ~ l:l}_lil__lil_q ~~
@ l:l}_lil_j.-J~ _lil_o]~
2
CD l:l}_lil__lil_q t:~~
@ l:l}_lil__lil_q *~
3 7f Xi ~gOii.A.i ~.A.~oH ~01R?
Lf Lil, - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - -
°CD _g_ ~ ~ -6.1 ~I:Jl.£ .2. ~ g -6.1 l 32-~t:~ c}JlJl
~ _g_~ ~ -6.1 ~lftlll .2. ~ g-6.1 °l 32-~r=j cfJlJl
@ _g_ ~ ~ -6.1 ~A 'fl/jj .£ ~ g -6.1 O j 32-~ t:-jcfj]_Jl
°@ _g_~ ~ -6.1 ~0lcf.£ .2. ~ g -6.1 l 32-~t:~ cfj]_Jl
4 7f o~~ J,q~ £~ X~~ D~.A.=!R?
Lf Li l. X~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 7ffi ~01 O~JI~R
CD u}~ J(!o]c}l--j ~ u}J-] ~ ~o]c}l--j
@ u}J-]7.] ?J-~ J(!ojc}J--j
@ 0 u}J-] ~ J(!o]c}l--j
CD 7<i] %"'~~ i§ 7'71]7} 80kg~ J(!o]oj].R.
~ ::z-j~ 7'-j:rr.J ~ 7.}--? u}J-]i:- 3(1~ 7]cxj]Jl.
@ 7.-j ~ &_ -g ~;,~ n:Jj ~ 'g ~ ~<5}-E ~ 0 j~e>iJl.
@52. ~~ q~ ~_lil_q ~i} ~~ ~o-]1-f-E J(!o ]oj].R.
CD Aaz=Jo] ~~~c.-J-& J-}'Ef~ Aa~ {Jo-J.R.
~ uj~ »-]7} l:ljJtl- ~ ~ ~ ~ Al ~i} lJ!-1:fAc-j%jJl.
® *oj c}J-~ Oi"'a ~c-J-& ~~ 0 1 Lf~ 5: ~ J-}.JI1ie>iJl.
@ 7<i] ~ ?-~ 7.}7] 7~~ oj] I:Jlt>H ~J-;_J- 7-}~ Aifj/j] ~t>HJl.
....... -.. .. .. -_____
~--- ~---..
314
How was your trip to Tokyo? Was it interesting?
Lf l;j1, .:::1~ 7.1~ .£j!!_Q.j ~7}7} ~o}Lf- l:l1tJ.-7.l
*~i!}ll. ~7}7} tJ1»+y 77}~Tid~ u}g l:Jl.£
<5RJ.i 0r~-%1Jl.
Yes, but I can't tell you how expensive things were there. The prices
were so high that unfortunately I couldn't shop like I had wanted to.
Why do you look so surprised?
L~ ~ ~ ~i.:il CV,~ t:-11 :q;z.}71.go1~i:.';jJ.i ~o}Lf
7.1 'LJl~2 2M.l-,'L_-
..e!i!.:':-~ f .
I was reading a book, and the door opened suddenly and really
surprised me.
*Ol .H.~~ .:J. .g~o1q .gEH ~~~ :Y~%1- rriJ A~g]Li q. ~Af~.££~ A~%1- ~jl, -§A~s>.~ ~~Af<>ll
2~A~~LICl
This expression is used to emphasize the degree of a particular situation or state of affairs. It can only be
used in declarative sentences and can be used with both verbs and adjectives.
.r-:v - ?jDfLf~=~:~XI-,-----~~f Oli~ !::J:I
~ ~!::J:I
Oll~~q
A -Qq
v ~!f!o~q
~q
3· 6 Korean Grammarut 'ltre · Intermediate
• ~'{) )}.]7t o-J 51 ~ IIJl ~ 7 ~ <>il;;rJl ~n}L.}- '?17]7H'J~~:>:<l %etA.
Hoyeong was very popular among his friends when he was growing up.
• ~2.] 0 t0 ]7t71£0 ] £lt:--1L-J ~ntL.}- ~~ '?1- ~ "!:::::Al.£*Y"cf.
I can't describe how disobedient our son became as soon as he turned seven.
• SJo-jtlji[J_ 7Jot:AJ ~ S:i} ~<>11 ~~o-JA. 7Jot:AJ ~ qA] ~kltA'i ~n}L.}- 7] ~:7-l %etA.
I found my lost puppy a little while ago. I'm so happy to have found my puppy again.
.u.m1 oi.H.~oH-5-Am ~ ~~ ·~~ol', ·~·. ''fiol'. ·~·:1!~ ~::: ~..s:.~ qE~LH:::: ~A~.s>.~ g)'JJll ~LICl
When used with a verb, this expression must be used together with a degree adverb such as 'il:!{:Jol, ~.
\'jOI, or~-
• :A}o~ »-]7} ~o}Lj- ~lf-'b"H':-7-J %2-}.R. (x)
- :A}o~ »-]7} ~ o}Lj- ~ 1)<5] ~lf-'b"H':-7.] %2-}.R. (o)
*: Oi:;.!.g ''il:!{:Jol'7f ~2'i:! ~¥~ ~ .Aill 0!-E-J;:i ~ ~Cfo'= 2JDIO I~ ~.S:.~ LfEfLHo'= ¥-"f2.f g)-7Jil J.AjO ~
~Lief.
Here, without the adverb 'il:!{:Jol, the sentence means that the speaker does not know the amount of
time that Jaya studied. Thus a degree adverb is necessary.
2 o~:A:I~ 'MI-§OI qq·, '.2:~7~ qq·, 'b"-5-o~q·~~'El ~1-E A~~£1 L 7~o 1 q 7lg~ ~~ rrH:::: ~..s:.~
qE~LH:::: ~A~ A~o~:A:I fi'O~..S:. ~ Li q_
However, it is unnecessary to use a degree adverb when expressing the speaker's feelings or attitude
toward something, such as with the expressions J;J;f-§0 1 qq, ~Pf qq, and ?:t~ofef.
You can 't imagine how upset I was because of the traffic jam.
• ::1. ~% .!i!.2 ~o}LJ- 1f%~-i::-:A] %2-}.R_
I can't tell you how much I was touched after seeing that movie.
3 :1!~7~£1 ~%,1-o l q ~EHOll cHoHAi ~~ rrH:::: '-cx.t/~ :::::A:I-§-2.~£.'~ A~~Liq_
When used to refer to past situations or states of affairs, the form -91:/~o'=J;:I -§-2.fB. is used.
• o-].A~J :::: tl}tgo] ?J-o] ~<>i.Ai ~u}Lj- ?~-i::-7-] %'fr<>i .R. (x)
- <>i.A~J :::: t~}tgoj pjoj ~<>i"i ~o}t.f ?5':i-i::-:A] %2-}.R. (o)
- - -- - - - - - -- --
1 7f ~9- »-17r ..8..~011 ..:g-J:f-~ ~{]-&-1 -&-re ~ {[:A1..8..?
Lf l=ll, ..8..~011 ~01-lf ~{]-&-1 ..:g-J:f--&-H::-:Al ~t!fJl.
{.!* AAI7 f R§-OJI ~!f.~ '§1~<5J<5fef R§-OIJ I '§1~<5J ~!f-<5fCf
Lf.2.n AAI2: 2l~ A.~~CiJ oHg ~~ ~ r;!:jCf
:XJ5 ~OJ 'rJOJ ~Jq oHg~~~~r;tjq
R§-OIJ ~A.~ oHA.1 ~oJ I 'rJOJ Qf<5JCf
2 7f 01 15~ ~ ~77} -&-H::-EJ1~Qf-8-0 1Oi rr}1..8..?
q ~Q.}--8-~ 7cJ;7.1 7} ~ol-1-f o}~q-8:-:Al ~t!fJl. ~ 7} 5!.5:.~ <5"}).11..8...
Q:j~ ~77f <5f2:CiJ ~Q,f~ ~Q,f~.g ~j:llf I of-§.gq I ~ 7f .s!Cf
1t.~~ ~llf <5f2:CiJ~cHgA.J~ ~cHgA.J~.g ~?:!OJ I A.l.f.:il 'Clef I~ 7f .s!Cf
~2.J2:,fi!f *<i?d~ ~ ~7Jf l5f2:CiJ f:l .ill*'cJQj *'i?;j f:l.lll.-*''cl2.l -*<i?dOJ I :xHoJ~Cf I ~ ~Oi .s!Cf
318 Korean Grammar ;, 'lise ·Intermediate
1 ·~o~q -(O)L/:::AI ~q· ~ A~~BHAi q~ CH:2~ ~~o~AiiR.
(1 ) 7~ ~»-17} "P£0] .!f-lfl7<l.B..? (~»-17} .!f-lfjq)
q l:Jl, 7-J-u}~olcP·-1 Lfll-llr ~DrLf !f."G!st-7-1 %cr.2..
(2) 7. 7<19 »-1 ~ .Aj .z:j 01 01 rr]1.B..? (~.f.Jl ~ <'Jii}q)
q 7<1 9 »-1~ .Aj?::j ~
(3) 7. 7<}%7.}7} ~~ql QjJ 7<lii}~~ Ef.Jl rfL.]J.il.B..? (7<] ii}~ol ll:J.ii}.J1llll}2q)
q *~-2- .AlZl-011 ~
(4) 7~ J ~~ ~~;.l %Sit:.}~kl .fi.? (<ij7<} -'T-~-E-o] ~J-ii}q)
q l:Jl, .Aj-<'Jii}-E- .A}'it01 ~Oil ~ Pj J.-j
(5) 7~ "'5--;;-01 ~ l:lfl~rf7} ~7l~rf~J.-j.fi.? (~;;<~ M~ -3!01 01~1:})
q l:JL
(1) 7~ £]-;;-~ ~7-J- {(q 01 A~l %OW~ql-'T-9£oj]Bl7} ?£oj ~q~.A-j.fi.? (?£ol .2..1:})
q t:JL 7<J\:f .:r9£011Bl7r ~nrl-f 0JOI .9;!:-'e-7-1 %cr.2..
(2) 7~ 7<-j o}o]~ ~ o}-'T- 01<Bcil.£ ~;.l ~ ~ 7<]7]\:jl.fi.. (~J.-j ~ ~ A]7ll:f)
q t;J], %7.]%1 °}0 1~~Ell ---------------------------
7•(3) ~u}, <tl~.£ 'idol ~711 ~ o-jQ.}.A-j ~%<5RJl. (Z::j:Aj ~ ?£ol ii}q)
q l:Jl7} ~ 71177]-7<1 Cj- ~ o-jQ.j-J.-j - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(4) 7~ \:[7<} ~-=f-011 711 7-J-ul~ ~ 100%01Lf ~~q~J.-j.fi.? (~'(!} ~ il}q)
q t;Jl, . ~%01 q ~ ~.£~o-jJl_
7•(5) l-H7} u~ q »-1 Bl'B -3! ~ ~D}7} o}11_l-]? (:§:}7} f'jol 1-]-q)
q g I Jt!ljA-j --------------------------
Jtll-]77]- ~~ ~%-o}q.JI ilR .
7 f o:J.!t, :£ ~ 3:. ;.}ap:n
Dear, are you planning to buy any more clothes?
q %~Oil ~~o-J;z] ;z] i>£_2_3]~ 3- ~ ;z}? 1[ ?14te>il
~t>lA.
If I am to keep up with fashion trends, then I have no choice but to
buy clothes often.
7f :@-78.2..~ .g.;z1]7} ~~ c-j {JZf<5R;zl.TI. ~o-Jl--j
~~Ole>i] Jl.
Environmental pollution is getting worse, and it's a big problem.
Lf W0 } Jl. :@-78 ~ .!t~i>}A1i>£_2_ttl <if_2_.£_ <?] IT ~
~uJW ?14te>il ~~ ~oflA.
Right. If we don't protect the environment, mankind will be unable
to avoid extinction.
Ol .R~ ::: Olrt! ~~OI £1~~ [H q::: ~Sij£1 Oj.AIJ ~ ~01 .:1.~'2!~ iiHO t ~q7~q Oj2.i 7~.AI ~:&2..£ !i!V,i
.:IiE! :~filf7~ q.2.::: ~01 '8~6~q::: ~ ~ qE~~ ([H .A.~gj-LICf.
This expression is used in situations in which there is no other choice for the subject but to do the preceding
action (in the case of a verb) or to be in the preceding state (in the case of an adjective).
-( 0 )2 *~ton ~q
O!illllq
A/V
7f ~~..2...5.!.. 4jaj.Jl.B..? Are you planning to pay with cash?
q o] 7]-;<j]oj].A-1 ::= ~%7rc71- '?.} ~q.JL '0]-1-]771- ~~.Q_.£ ~ ~~oj] ~t.i].fL.
This store apparently doesn't take credit cards, so I have no choice but to pay with cash.
OF-2-W7f o:].!i!., .2.~5:. ;;z.Joj].fL? Dear, are you going to work late tonight, too?
Lf .AJ/']-~oj .2._!f. Of2 ~ '5']-1-]771- Lf.S::. Of2 ~ W ~~oj] ~Gl.fL.
All of my superiors work late, so I have no choice but to work late, too.
320 Korean Grammar ,;., 9/.~·e · Intermediate
»-]7~ .7.]4- o}o]7} .Aj~ ~o}.A]_R? Is Jisu's kid really bright?
Lf _!f-.2.7} c} :!j :!jo}l..-]77]- o}o]s=_ :!j :!;W?~oJl ~.AlA.
(Her) parents are bright, so she couldn't help being bright herself.
1 7 ~ ..2_~u:}2.} .A-1~ ~p,j-7} 1)2-o] ~l.:]].fL.
Lf {] {J oJ] J.~7-j] W0 l ~ ~.QJ-1 1)2-o1~ ~ 9-l:lfoJl ~.A]Jl.
~o I ~'§1" gJ~q ~{;IOU .:::1.~7-ll i'£0 I Q:J9,!..2.LI '3!"0 I 'iltq
~'§1"~5~q ~~ D I ~Cp~ ~77j't!Oll 5~LIJ7~ gj~q
'r:!{;l~ g :£IA~IAl 'i:!~~ ~7 1£ ~ '§O I LIJ7~ ~5~q
2 7~ 9-'tJ. »-]7} 211 .A-1 ~7-Jj ~~~ J.,l2f-2 .A].fL?
Lf {)-.AJ-71 %oR WoJl %~~ 7}7-Jl ~;,i ;,i .!f- ~ 9-l:ltoJl ~~ ~<xllA.
"*-'C! JJ.I7~ 211 A:j~Jll -§1~~ AlEf,s.q ~A:~71 ~oH '§tOll ~2:!"~ 7 ~7-ll £HAl AlEf,s.q
j:H±~oI 211 0 l'&7il 'i'JO I ~5:;!:q R§-ll l~ 1::117~ .2.-E t:I~'EJOil ¥~01 ~Ol:A~Al .2.s.Cf
?! i![-g"'c:JOI 211 {J~ W2.~jl 5~q ~A:~7 1 O~OI7f Ofll~Al §OI \'JO I 'l§!R5fLIJ7~ {J~ '\§!"q
/
(1) 7~ -t{~ o] ~o] 1.-f-l:l]ii... (-t{~ o] 1.-f-r:f)
Lf ~ g~ ~ ~o ] ~~.2_1..-] 77} ' -k%01I{ Jr.Cl~l ~f.I .Si..
(2) 7f *"q3 »-1 ::= \:[;zj-%o] £-!f. ~oJ-oH=- ~ ~oJ-..fl... (\:f.::z.J-%o] ~o}r:f)
Lf ;,d~ 0 J ~f.Jl ~ t:t<S"}Y77]-
--------------------~----------
(3) 7~ 211 % 7]r.}-2.].::z.] ~.Jl <5J-JJ- -l:j] 7} ~ .::z-.1 ~~~ <S"}y ? (LB 7} ~ .Ai ~~ ~ o}r.}-)
Lf ~ J-}'ft0 l ~Sf" ~ ~ o}l-] 77} --------------------------------
(4) 7 ~ 2!1 ~ ~ 711 ~~~ i>H..fl..? (~~o]-c})
q {f.A]-7] 1.-f-0 ] ~ %oi ~Y 7!} ------------------------
(5) 7 ~ .A] ~ »-19.1 ..!¥-~ ~ ~ ~ oi~c} ~J-i ..fl..? (71 ~<5"]-r.}-)
q t.i.!f. l:lj-llll}J.,i .A]~ »-19.1 ..!¥-~~ -------------------------
7~ 7-}°F »l ~~ »-1~ %-0 }-&-}Jl :U.A1Ji..? ~
Jaya, you like Hoyeong, right? •[150)
q l=JL o}:J-1~ Jl~W %717} ~Oi-"i .A1i5-~ tl}2.}~
71 ~ W~01ofl..fl.
Yes, but I don't have the courage to declare my love, so for now I
can only watch (him) from afar.
7~ ..2-~ ~~ ~ 8-"1zt0 1Y- ~~rl1 ~.Aa~ -3! ~ ~Jl
-"1zt~ ~JY. ~ ~Ol~l..fl.
Today's meeting lasted a whole eight hours with nothing getting
decided. We did nothing but waste time.
You're right. So do we have to hold another meeting tomorrow?
Ol ±E~~ 01't! ~-§-Oiq .gEH'2! <li~ q:::_ -?.;!~ ~g ~ qE~~ [ HAf-§g)"Liq. O:P IOliAi ·~· ~ '.2.~'2.1 2.IDI
~Liq,
This expression is used when there is only one available course of action or state of being. In such cases,
~ has t he same meaning as .2.<5.1 (solely, merely, only).
-(0)2 ~01q
Oll 1111 q Oll~~ ~01q
~q ~~~ ~0 1 q
Oll ~ ~0 1 q
A/V
.._____ ________-:--- --... ... ______ ____ _ _ _~ ~ ~01q
.. ...._, ....
NOiq ~~01q ~~~~01q
______~{:!j'EJOiq
_;..____..
~{:!j'EJ ~ ~01q - ..·--
- --
• .A]-6-~ 0 r.!f- ~5:. ~r.:i!. {i;z] ?iOtA. {}-~ 7-}-.:i!. {i ~ ~0]oflA.
Right now, I don't want to do anything. I only want to sleep.
322 Korean Grammar u1 'Itve · Intermediate
• ~~ »-1011r:Jl~ 0 1°1=71 ~ ~.g._Q__£~ ~ ~~ ~oloflA.
As for the news about Jinsu, it's merely what I've heard from rumors.
• 7.11'~ 1(!7.1 ~~ :ilJ- ~.;z.~ ~~Ell t:f~ J.Pft ~ o1 °H~~ ~ ~o}Jl.
Jisu is simply a friend in my department, but other people think she's my girlfriend.
01 R~~ c-J .Y~oH.A.i .A.I§~ rrH~ !2.~ ~Oll 'N'2! -(0 )2 ~o]q' EE~ 'A/V-71'2! -(0) 2 ~o]q'2.1
~EH.£ .A.I§gJ-L]q ,
This expression can be made even more emphatic by using the form N'2! -(.2.)2 J&':Oief or AN- 71'2! -(.2.)2
J&':Oief-
• ;z.~ :: :L'c/' .:::u..}iif£1 ~w!fr ~ ~'?JL-Jt:f.
I really only know that person's face (and nothing else).
• .:1 A}iif~Ej] <;1~0] ..2..7]tfr% 7]t:}cj Jl ~% ~O]oj]Jl.
I'm just waiting to hear from that person.
1 7~ 1-j-.2-.IL ».] ~ ~~ ~7fl % "5~ ?"il.R.
q ;7;-1£ ~ %2-}.R. .::L\:}= o j ;; \1 ~ ~~Yt:l-.
q2.I!. J..q~ ~'i!1 ~H -§ aH~q -t!!file~ I 7lg.'2! ~-5 ~q
t'JOI O ~£'i!1-§ -'?jq -g.uJICf I A:-1-E :L'c!' ~'2! ~~01 ofC~
2 7~ 7.j~ \fJtli5~;7;j 1J_~]Ji.. q oj o-j E~o-]Ji.?
q o}L.].R, o}{lu}q ~7 ] ~ '8\130~~ ~~ ~o]oflA .
~~ 1§t~aH~q 1 CfOIO-JE.ofCf o~o~q f:!7 1~'2! ~ 0~q
~01 ~~ 77H:£-aH~q I cH~~ofC~ :L'c!' ~2.1'2! ofCf
~~ QlAIOll cHaHA-l ~ ~q 1~¥ofC~ Q1A~Jl'2! ~ i! ~c~
(1) 7f 2ll ~ -AH »-1~ ~ ~o}isH_g_? Cwttl cS-}q)
q .:Q{i "3-J%~ "5}.Aj ?j.Jl "3-J-AJ D,te_t t>,t ~Ojfi~Sl...
(3) 7f ~~ »-l7r ~ %~~ %7.J.AJ ?:J-~ct~ w~ A~~ ~~_9_? c~ J-r~ ~~~g.
q ~ J-}~o] ~~~] ~~_Q_L-j7J} - -- - - - - - - - -
q if»-1]_9_. 7}5:. 7}5:. - - - - - - - -- - - ~~ ;Q- ~ ?! ~ ~-&!
'Hil;j]_g_.
(5) 7f 0]:Ai] t ~ S:. q 11.~ 10]] 7}AJ t>}.J11i~ ~o ] ¥-]oj]_B_? (*l.J11iq)
q .A]~~ o}_!f- ;.~zr 'Hlo] - - - - - - - - - - -
(1) 7f o-J~~l t>}~ ~~~1 4:~ ~ ~~ 4: ~o-J_g_? (l:IH-8:- t:ll£ <t! ~cS-}r:f)
q .A~~ ~\)l= l::lij~ L.il~ q;-5)i~ ~Oj0{1.2.. .
(2) 7f ~~ ~~7] 7} ~~"51 ~2.}~o-J_9_. "¥l cS-}..U 7-joj]_B_? (7-] ~ttl 1:1}-1(-q)
q q~ ?!~ ~ "5}.J1 ~~ i£-~7]7} ~2.}~o-J_9_.
(3) 7f ~4: »-]7} o-JIE! \:J".A}~.A] ~o}_B_? -Ai] ~-=[1-7} ~o}t>}7-] := _g_. (~~ttl ~J-~7] q)
q ~'--'OA »--1;:':-::- . ~5:. 'Hi.Jl. J-j~S:. ~!i!..oj]_B_.
(4) 7f ~ o]o):7]7} J-}1lo]oj]_9_? .s=_;z.~-5] ~ ~ 4:7} 'Hlo-J_B_. ( ~ ~ ?! ~ ~iiH c 2.]1:.})
q ;z.~~ ~\)l=
(5) 7f o}tl-j .A] JJjjJ-~ 2Jl .A~~~] :§:}7} L-j-1J.t..J? (.A] ~77}.Aj J-~Zfi>H ~~ ?!~ ~~ceiq)
q :A~~ ~\)l=
324 Korean Grammar u1 <t~·e ·Intermediate
7f ~R2.1 ~28- .2--;:; ~ ~2 -§i2. E11 01 -cl .£ 7}1?:1
~ ~77}Jl?
I want to see the traditional side of Korea, so where should I go?
-=¥-£ 0}7,10} <15'..L.!..=-'1Lo~].6•-:.31.'.:.-.olol-roal..-;;:c:2:.. _n:LlA=l
/ ...... U5 L:.
* 10]1Jl.r~l.~s_ 7-1£
\...!.0
~ ~710]17}7-J'%-2. 0 ~~~0]17}..tiU-11Jl .
While there are a number of places you could go, the Korean Folk
Village is just the place to see traditional Korea. So you should
check it out.
7f .61.-..:.-.1u-1 , r'-l1.s'-_- /--ilI1 ul.I.Qo..t."..J. I1 o} .2E..L~.:.. 01 rLlj 7,LI o\.]...!..Q,__._.
\...!.
01 rriJ.11Jl?
Miss, if there is nothing else that you like, how about this design?
Lf J -cl7.}<{}0l 0l=~.£ 7-117} ~~ 7~ <:x11Jl.
~Jti {!01 ~J11Jl.
That's exactly the design I was looking for. I'll try them on.
Ol .H.~:: <£tOll q.2_~ ~ .A.~£1 :.:~ !2.q C::j .yQ~7ji .H.~%1" ITH.A.~g[Liq. ::::;, q::: 3:!.5:. ~i:A1 '2.!' <£,!-£1~.A.P ~
=.:::I2.r~ 3:!~ .Y~%1" rrH -"~grLJq.
-~ s expression is used to strongly emphasize the meaning of the preceding noun. That is, it emphasizes the
noun as the prime example among a number of other possible choices.
N £1-"ro~~£
~~ 0 1 0~~£
7f ~s;.g c:RRi>~ ~~7-] 7} ~-clo:]].B..?
Which sightseeing destination best represents Korea?
Lf A~j~.s:.ot~.£. ~s;.g c:RRi>~ ~~7-]c}JI ~ 4- ~7-].B...
You could say Jeju Island is just the place to represent Korea.
7~ T 7 ~ 7}AJ- ~78~1--)77}?
Who do you respect the most?
Lf _!f-.2.\:J OlOf~.£. A~j7} 7}AJ- ~?8<'>H=- ~~ <f:JYrf.
My parents are the ones I really respect the most.
7~ ~1' ».]7)- "'Jt'-<'>Hl tlj~o] !f-loj]Jl?
What's the secret of your success, Munsu?
Lf l-j-t;'-i>J-i::. t:ijojj;: ?J",C: 5!~oj ~Jli>j-Ajqi ~~~ :':r:_l2j OlOf~.£. l-j-t;'-Qj Wtlj~oji:_j-_i!_ ~
'V.e>lJl.
A lot of things are necessary to be successful, but I would say that persistent hard work, and nothing else,
is the secret to success.
1 7~ ~7Jg 7-]7]~ 10j]7}.AJ-%Jl~~o] Jf-12-}.Jll-~Zf<'>BJl? A
q ,<I_ '8 o]o~~.£ 7)-AJ -%Jl~ ~o]2.}.Jl "'~Zf<'>BJl. { 153)
?:!b'"~ AI71-E cii7~%Ro~q ~I 7~ %R~ ~o 1 q
21~ ~~I-Ofl ~ ~§o~ cil 7~ %Ro~q
.2-I.A.IOJIJ..i '2J~~E Cil / ~:g 'iMRo~C~ .:J. Lf2.f '2::!0i~ ~.l1t2.1 t!H~ ~I 7~%£.~ ~o1q
1:i~g I :2:I.A.IOJI.A.i '2..!~~-E Cil 7~ 'iMR~ ~Oiq
2 7f 7-]~77}7-] ~\] OJ~ -%oj]J,l 7}.AJ ~~ 1!~\J OJ~~ Jf-l ~] Jl?
q '.£.o}~ *~' olo~~.£ 7)-AJ ~%~tj OJ~S101Jl.
0 Pf-01~ 9- ~ ~ ;,}tg-Oj] 7}% oj-~7-1 ~Jl.
*£D~Qj %'§)I 7~ b'-~'2..! ~:2:f~q I
O I~Of~ ~-E A~~oH 7f-@ ofl}lq
*~I 7~ 7IQ:l0ll 'a-E ~o1q I
q~~ A~'Ef~~~ g£:~ ~ '1[~q
~.Jl7 1 I 7~ 9!'1!-E ~o1q I
9!£ '1(.Jl ?:i-b'-011£ ~q
326 Korean Grammar u1 Ur~ · Intermediate
(1) 7 f 1\1 *Oil).~ 7PJ 71 qe:j .A] ~ ~ ~ 9iAiloJl.B.? (J.~ ~D
q Ail f.~OJ.OIO!=OJ:£. 7}:AJ 7lcf2:J.Al ~ ~o] oJl.R.
(2) 7f Q.J~Oi ~ ~w -9- cv_~ £l.:i2Q] l:lJ~ol ..lf-9-t~llr.B.? (lfr~ ~-;;;;-)
q Q.J~o-J ~ ~w -9- 'V-~ £l.:i2Q] l:lJ~o l .Al.B..
(3) 7f ~7J~%oJl ~ !f-17)- 'V_ ~ 7!)-.B.? ({17.1)
q ).il7-ll ~~ ~ 7J~%0 lc.}.:il W-9- 'V-o-J.R.
(4) 7f ).j{}JI} AJ~~ 7)-2-J.Al ?.f.Jl W-9- 'V_~ ~% o1 'V_~7J)-.R? ({:!71)
q ).l{}JI}AJ~~ 7)-Cl.A] ?/.:il W-9- 'V_~ ~%O].A].ft.
(5) 7f ~.:rz. ).j-oloJl 7}:AJ *.R~ ?>!o] !f-]c.j-.Jl .A~z,l-<'>H.B.? ().~.£~ ~~ u)-%)
q ~.:rz. ).j-oloJl 7)-AJ *.R~ ?>!olc.}.:il J.~z,l-<'>H.ft.
(6) 7f ~RoJl).~ 7)-AJ %~~ ~~%ol !f-1oJl.R? (~)
q ~qojj).~ 7)-AJ %~~ ~~% *Qj i>]-L.f<i:JL-Jq.
(7) 7f .AJ-oF »-1 ~ o-J~ 7-J]11 ~ 7)-AJ %0 r<'>H.R? (7]-%) ~~ ~7]ojl 7j-AJ %~
q .A~ ~ 71 ~ ~ Ail~ %oJ-i5H.ft.
7-ll ~ 0 11-j7!)-.R.
(8) 7f ~Cl lfroJl).l .f:-71- 7}:AJ .AcJ 1J.t>H.R? (-9-~ »-1)
Lf Aclw .Aj1J.~ ).j-~oloJJ.B.. ~.ill.oJ]s:. 7}:AJ ~~
.2..7-j ~ .£_0
..-::--
1 ~ :r1o:l-&:A1 .2. 2 ~ojJl
@ :r1o:J-&:A1 ~.:E. ~ojJl
CD 7c:i W :r1 o:1 ~Jl
® 7-jW :rj~:A] ?J-o}Jl
2
3 7~ 7~~2.1 JJ.I rgo1 ~'§t Oil ~ ~ ~O ~.B..
Lf ~ 0 ~7~ Ollt!t!LIJ7~ rg.s::_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CD oj]~~Jl ~ oj]lllljo]: Q1Jl
® oj]~:A] .£ %c.t-Jl @ oj] ~ ?l;j.j-01] ~:A]Jl
4 7~ A l 'd~Oll ~ Li m A ~t .UiiEJ" OP io~'C! Cil ~0 1 A~;tiOi£?
q O ~LIB.. .:::Z.'cf - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
CD :§:1A} %.fi_~ 7-1 oj]Jl ~ :§:1;,} %.fi.~ ~o]01]Jl
® :§:1"'} %.fi.')1.Q_~ ~~ojJl @ :§:1"'} %.fi.~ ?l;j.j-01] ~ojJl
5 CD 0J=7J »-]7} u~~ 2"']{1-~ .g '8i>~Jl. ~o}L-f -R ~-6}-E:A] %t.\-Jl.
C6l ~~o]o]:w£ 7-jW 7}.:E. ~~ -xoJ011Jl.
® o}3. »-1 ~ \:fJt!~ ~~~:·n ~.::rz.~ ~ ~o}Jl.
@ ~~01] ~ l:l}llll}),l :A] \l9-~01] 1lht ?l;j.j-01] ~oJJl .
6 CD <>1 7.~] ~ ~ ~ :A}.:E. 1i ~ ~o1011Jl.
~ oj:A~1~ ~o 1 ~o}L-f ~-o]~:A1 %~<>1Jl.
® ~o1 iifo}J--j :A1\l9-W011.£ ~ ~ W -9-'4[011 ~oJJl.
@ ~P·1o]:W£ ~R~ qjJ£~~ g~o12f.:E. %f -9- ~oJJl.
328
-~
You are aware that today a special guest is visiting us from abroad,
right?
Lf l=j1, .:l~01 ~3{j<5};;zj ~/11 --8.7(l g »-39~Y ct.
Yes, I'll make sure they them feel comfortable (not uncomfortable}.
7f ~l-~\3. ~ojj J.i ~ ~ <i} ~ 0JJl.
Teacher, (we) can't hear you well in the back.
*Lf -=z.~ . ~;.}~~.5:.. ~ ~ g ~Jll u}0l3..~
J.l-§-~Jl1Jl .
Then I'll use a microphone so that the people in the back can hear,
too.
Ol ±f.~~ .!f.!Oll q2::: ~§Oil Cll~ ~~01q 71-ff. ~~ 7ICH£!::: ~:i!~ :3~ qE~~ UH Af§~Liq. ~ . {:!~
~2.1 ~§ol OI.5FOJ;t;l71 ~aHAi ::: ~~~2.1 ~§OI ~R<5~q::: 2.1DI<fJLiq.
This expression is used to indicate the expected result, goal, criterion, or standard of the following action.
Thus, it means the following action is necessary to realize the preceding action or state.
-----~ ,- ------- ---- -----~
- 711
-711 Al~5~7il
A/V
1£! 711
EJ ;t;l ~;1-711
Q:! ;t;l U7il
• LH~ <f:l ~ .::?- ~:JJl .2-~ J-il~~oJlJ--l OJ~~ ~rt:.l- ?J-il.R.
Please pick up my suit at the cleaners today so that I can wear it tomorrow.
• ~;.~~Ol %7-J ?J"}j] \:fl:lJ-_g.s:_~ %';(i.o-JJl.
(I) raised the temperature of the heater so that the students wouldn't be cold.
::::':::; Korean Grammar u1 2/.se · Intermediate
• Q.j=j;- ~ ~~tJic17-1 ?£~1 ~.::r-<>11~1 {!~ i5~ 0l=39.~Jl.
I've got to call my friend so that he doesn't forget our appointment.
1 '-lll'~ .Y±~ rrH::: '-lliB'~ AA7I.S:. gj"L]q_
The form -711~ can be used as an emphatic form of - 7!1 .
• %Ji.~ 1.]1 § g_ '5-Joj l:lj i:'.1 Aj ?-J-7-]1 4'-{:J "11 uJ1£ ~ i5"}.J.i1Ji..
= -'6-Ji.~ t..J1 § g_ '?.JoJI:Iji:'.1A1 ?J"J1J-i=} 91J"11 uJ1£~ i5"}-"i1Ji..
Please take notes in order not to forget the important points.
2 '- 7-]]'7} PJ- ¥1"11 .2.]-.J.i !>':.~ 4'-.5:. <V.-;:;1..-]c}.
- 711 can also be used at the ends of sentences.
Please dress warmly in order not to catch a cold.
• -;; ~%<5"1 <5~ . t:f:': ,!,}1f~o] .:g._!f-<5"}7-]].
Don't make any noise in order to allow other people to study.
1 7~ OJ'7J- »-1 },~ ~ 011 lf 2 {1_ ~ ~ tl}~ ~ ~ JJ}_9_? ~.
q OJ7J- »-17} ~01 A}~ ~ 7}:A1.Jl qyt:-jc.}.Jl.B... ;tillliJIIO I;ti
7~ .=Li!Jl.B..? .=L~ Be>l ~ ~2-1 ~~ 9- <ll~l ~:7-}A}~ ~ A} ~7!}..9..?
coffee maker
§O I .Af~~ 7~A:].Jl CfLICf *801~ ~2.1 ~~ ~q I ~A~A~~~ .A~Cf
7'~lll~ :q~ Df.AICf
~Oli.A.i.S:.. 7'~nl~ o]1,i-* ~q I 7'~niOliOI 7'~~ .A~Cf
'~L.;j .AICH'-~ ~0~5 1.q
2 7~ 9-~ »-1, .=2~7]1 tri ~ ~ o}Ol 7} ~ ~ ~ 9- ~~o}.B...
q DlCd-i>R.B... 0 } 0 17} ~~ ~ 9- <ll7Jl ~%til %1-711..9...
*rr~~'2:! 0~017~ g~ ~ ~c~ *O~OI7 f g~ ~ ~q I ~~5 1 5~Cf
.gQ.,f~ 3Jil ~.2.'2:1 Cf-E .A~Olllll ~H7 ~ s=.1c~ *~HS:.IA:I 'CJCf I OIOi~~ 7JICf
~2.1 ~f'2:! .2.1~ ~~01 OI5H%f -* ~q .2.1~ ~~.5:. OI5H%f ~q I ~~51~~
1 q~ .A.~E[~~ ~g-Oli.A.i O~~OiLIOll7il Ef!-9:!~ .!:?-~~mR? .::IE!~ .5!~ '-Jil'~ .A.I-*<5H.A.i g ;g
~ ~{:jc5~AiiR.
(3) (4)
(1) 7f ~~ ~~ *~77]-.R? (l-]-'E[~o] ~ ~ _2_7.] ?Jt:j-)
q f...~%01 %01.2.7-1 °J111 ~ ~ {}.=L.Ai].R.
(2) 7f oJ %7,::! ~ 77H7.J:: :):! ~L.J7!J-? (77H7.J7.J ?Jt:J-)
q t:Jl. .=z.c.1L.J77J- llH ~w rrH ±{:loR9--"il.R.
(4) 7f l:J¥ ?-9=Jl--J %£ ~c.J jl ;z e£ L-J-ii.. (%01~o-H ;;z.Jq)
q .=L'EJ, 0 ] 7.~ t=J1 li!_.Ai].R.
Korean Grammar ut 'ltre · Intermediate
7~ g~ ~ ~a}L.f ~l:l ] t>Bo~ ~77}Jl?
How much food should I prepare?
Prepare enough so that we don't run out.
7~ OJ7J )).], J.l%7} :Aj 2.]7} ~ ~J.llf-<):!_0] ~ cjoj]
<V,~.Aj ~~ +7} ~Li]Jl.
Yang Gang, these papers aren't organized well, and I can't figure
out where anything is.
+q ).l% ~ ~ :rll ~g_ <V,.£~ 7}l..fcj- -2-_2_.5!..
:Aj 2-1 ~ <5]-~;:; y cj-.
I'll put them in alphabetical order so you can find things easily.
~ *~;:;;Liq.
When using this expression , the action stated in the preceding clause is the speaker's goal or reason for
doing the action stated in the following clause. It is interchangeable with -711.
C""7--,....-.,-..---..,_-~..,...-~...,..--,.--=·---~-------~-- --------------- ---------,
A/V ~fE.o- ~c ~ ~fE.o~s=.-&
L .gq .gs=.-&
- AI \:'i!:C.-& !f.:;:;o~A I \:'l£-&
.gAl ?.tEe.-&
--·- ~---- -- - ~------ - -- -- -- ··----- - -- --- - -- -- -· - ···- --- -- - -··· · -
7~ ~{:l rrH J1.7] ~ lfJ-0 ] Qjo-jJ.-j .=Liti:A] 4;:-0 ] ~1fl'6H.fl...
I think eating a lot of meat for lunch may have given me an upset stomach.
Lf .=L1::j /\-j ~ Dil:: 4i-0]1fl'6)-£~ ~{[o] -¥-~~-& ~ ~ ~J-i].fl...
Really? In that case, please eat something light like porridge for dinner to go easy on your stoma&
7~ .fL£ i!:-~ 01 if-i>E0 1c)l.fL.
I heard that eye infections are common these days.
Lf i!:-~ 011 ~ c.] Al %f£~ ~g ~ ~~o~39_Li1R.
(Then) we' ve got to wash our hands well to keep from catching an eye infection.
7~ ~Al-011 :;]~<5}:ll 1i~ ~ o1 ~~Y 77r?
Do you have any suggestions for the company (to consider)?
Lf 1.:]1, Al-~ ~ 01 ~<5}-t:f7l- ~ 4- ~£~ %:7111!0 1~..2.li:l_ '%?~~Yt:f.
Yes, I t hink it would be nice if there were a rest area where employees could go to rest while worki ng.
'-.s=.~·~ *~~Oli.A.i Lf.2.~ ~~£1 ~.s=,q ~6.1~ LfE~LH 7iLf .A.ILf£1~lll ~ LfE~~ rrH.s=. .A.I§~Liq.
The expression -.5::.~ is also used to express a time limit, degree, or method related to the action stated in the
following clause.
• ~Oj llll}Aj .!i:.~ ~~ 7]cj-)j_Aj 1(!- ~~7} ..2..Aj %f'V_-oj Jl,
I waited with a craned neck for the phone call, but it never came.
• %J.~ o] ~ 12A]7} c} ~£~ ~ oj] ~oj ..2..Aj i',fo}Ai .C:j:-'J- 9.Y,oj.R_
My little brother/sister didn't come home by midnight, so I became worried.
'-lj]'2.f '-.s=_~· ~ 7~£1 i::l l:::::'5flii.A.I§'5fAI'2! ~~'5flil ry'5f'2:! Cj-§:i!f ~~ * fOI7f ~,;;; LI C~.
While -711 and -.5::.~ are very similar in meaning, their precise differences are as follows.
- 7il ~~.!i!.Cfe OjC[::l ~EH Lf ~.!i:.7 f £1e ?;!Oil-§ Ci .:'t~~
-8LICf.
~~:i'.f ~.R7 f c-j ~~Li ef.
The goal or purpose is more certain. The focus is more on the surrounding state or
degree of something rather than the goal itself.
• o}o]7} Qj% 9- ~~~ oH-& -3! g 'i\A] o}-"i]Jl.
-+ of017f ~~ * 'lie ~.s::.£ '2!E.e ?;~o l ~
-+ OfOI7f ~e ?;!OI ~
The goal is to make the food such that the
The goal is to get the child to eat. child can eat it.
334 Korean Grammar,;"'lise- · Intermediate
1 7~ o:j.!i!_, Oitti {].2...£ olJ,}ii}J?:! %= ~77}il._? D~ to one's heart's content
A~~ xji~51Cf to experience nature
q o}o]7} u}g ~ !fle>i~ 4'- <V,.£~ u}t~·o ] ~~~~ :i'I~Cf to cultivate one's imagination
<V.::= {].2...£ ojJ-}<'>H=- :71] ¥~0i_g__
Ol~ ~~ OIA~6~Cf *0~ ¥-101~ <x..!Cf I D~'5fOI <x..!E- ~~ O IA~61C~
*;qca~ ~11gj%t <x..!Cf I AI~ ~~fOil 7 ~c~
Ol~ .2?-~011 OlCI£ O:l~~ 7~Cf *~~Sil~ 71~ <x..!Cf I ~~f"....lj~ A~ .2?-Cf
O~IOIIlil Ol~ ~~ N-2?-Cf
2 7~ _g_~ "lZl- W2 ~ ~ -5::- <'>H=- ~ ~o};,l 4:y-J5H_g__
q J-j{l-~ 'cfl:l]ii}.A] ?j.£~ 7-ll~ ~ ~ J--j]%1 .!i!_J--j].fl_, 7 f7jl~
household account book
.:I~~ X-j~~ §OI 6fL~£ ~Cf AI~ \3t:JI6~AI UCf I ltl~~ ~ AiiEf.Cf
~ OlCIOII ~XI~-"? <x..!Cf I 7 ~lfl!i!~ ~q
7~7il011 ~'cl~OI ~Ol~Cf
*~'cl~OI CfAI ~ <x..!Cf I 7 ~7'11 ~71~ t:Jp.:l-Cf
(1) 7~ ~).~~. oj .g.~ g ~ £23)l.Oiil._. (oJ5HW 4'- <Xlt:f)
q -"=L'E!, o:jcj{!!:-o] ~ OI'OH~.t -'T- 0J.Y~ t:fJ-] ~~ 1l~-6H ~lj].fl_.
(2) 7~ .2. ~ ~ 7 787] ~ _!rl_cj ~ 7-]o:j]il._? (~4'-~ oj ~ g ~ 4'- <Xlt:f)
q l:j], 7}J-l ~{J <5] %-%l.W 7-] o:J]il._,
------------------------- -?~~~ ::: ~ 9j).-jj.fl__
21. ~% qep~ a:ft 335
CD 0iJ-dAc-J%1 .!2.0 1711 ~ o:p.dAc-j%].!i!_ ~q~
@ o:p.d Ac-j %1 .!;:!_~ EJ1 Y7lf
@ Oi"-dAc1%1 .!i!.0 1Lf u}t.f
7. LH~ ~.H.~ ~~ * 9):A:IR?
q Lil. ~.H. rrH ~*o~:A:I ?i7ll frljl~ I[IJ"OI ~OlR
CD 1!9-Wll}!il- ~ 1!9-"5}7-1 U.£~
® 1!9-"5}7-1?J_2_C;j~ ® 1!9-"5}7-1 ?J-71~i>R.Ai
7. Ol .2.'§1~ J-.ii::IIA7~ ~~ ~ ~LiiR
q -f:j-,1-.~~Li q. -e:~~OI ~o~7ll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~~{:!~ qo~.i1. 9)~Liq.
CD 7-1~ JillE11 ~ 7-1\11 .Ad.£.£
® <?l.Jl i>R.Ai @ 1J 9- ~.£~
CD <5J"-J ~Hi~ cj-"91.£~ o}o1~ ~ 7}2~cJ-.
~ .ill.{J 0 1.A1 TI~:A1 *o}.£~ ~.g.~ ~~01..a.
® ~..!f.Oi1 1:1J-i>R 7r !il .£~ -3f ~ -&~c.J.£ 01 °~71"9101 .a.
@ ~ 0J'0 1 ~"5}7-1 ?i".£~ g~ ~ ~Jl~ 12:J01°~ ~y q-.
7• {:!~~. -§.UI7~ ~o~J-.i 8 .s:!.~R
q .:L2.HR? .:LEi ________________ 3..7il .Ui ~7liR
~OI 'afOI 2.q I ~O I Dl.n~q I ,1-.~'EJ'~OI 'SOl:A:I:A:I <(Jq I ~~ j:j.Sf.q ~
-(
336
7~ -ci-&t:1] .7ol-!I. ~ ~ ~77}Jl?
It's hot, shall I open the window?
q ~01l=j-¥- },]11if:l "Ci 2.}.JIJl.
:l~Ai .7c}-.g ~ ~ 9j_q7} rfA] ~~o-JJl.
It was really noisy outside. So (earlier) I had opened the window,
but then I closed it again.
Do you have any special plans for the weekend?
Yes, I'm planning to go to Susan (and then come back) with a friend.
Ol .R~ ::: ~~~2.1 ~§0 1 ~£.§ .!f.IOU~~~2.1 ~§~ g}~ QIDI~Liq. OI[H ·-~j~q7f2.1 '-~/~-· :::
·~p~ AIAil' ~ qE~LH ~ -3;!0 1o ~LI 2.~ '~§O I ~£%!' ~ Ql olru-Liq. ~~~Oll ~ ~71, ~AH, DI2.H AIAil7~ q
* * *~ ~ 0 1J:j ·-~/CXi!q7f ~ ·-~/CXi!Cf~ '§t~ ~~Liq. §.A.~~ <ffOll ~ ~~Liq.
This expression ind icates t hat the subject performs t he act ion in t he following clause after the act ion in
t he first clause is completed. Not e that in this case the -<ri.f<xJ.- part of -'W<xJ.Cf7~ does not indicat e t he
past tense but rather t he completion of the action. As for t he following clause, all tenses can be used ,
including the past, present, and future. The phrase -~/<xJ.Cf7~ can also be shortened to -~/<xJ.Cf. Finally, t his
expression can only be attached to verbs.
v
• =i'1 E ~ 1£t:f7}- u)-%oj] ~ ~ Oi).1 ~'§!1<>!.11..
I bought a coat but then returned it because I didn't like it.
• l:l]~ 7] Jf.~ oj] Q,~t:f-7}- {f:A}7] ~o] J,~:r-j).-j ~~~Oii1..
I had reserved a plane ticket but then cancelled it because something suddenly came up.
338 Korean Grammar iN U·e- · Intermediate
• :g-7(!- ~~~~~oJl 31t:.l- %7l].R.
I'm going to make a quick trip to the post office.
1 Ol .H.~ ::: {:!~~:ilf ~~~2.1 ?OPf ~OfO~ ~Li q.
The subjects of the preceding and following clauses must be the same.
• OJ7J ),.l.j:: Jt\7-j ~ 'fj_t:j-7} 7-}0j: J,.l.j7} ~ ~ oj.£l, (X)
- OJ=7J ),.1.1:: Jt\7-j ~ 'fj_C}7HOJ7J J,.l.]7}) ~ ~e>l.R. (0)
2 .5:!.~ {:!~~:ilf ~~~Oll~ .A.i£ ~CH£1~ ~6~ qEfLH ~ §-.A.Pf ~Lief.
In general, the actions described by the preceding and following clauses reflect mutually contrastive or
opposite situations.
• _nE ~ 'fl~t:j-7} '3!~oj.£l,
I put on the coat and then took it off.
• ~ ~ ~cJ-7} e>l.!f.·W·i t:J-).1 ~e>l.R.
I turned the lights off but then turned them back on because it was dark.
• ~oj~t:j-7} ~alJ·i t:J--'1 ~e>l.R.
I woke up but then went back to sleep because I was sleepy.
3 o1 .H.~::: Oi~ ~6~ of.:JI ::::1 ~§-ol ~~~ ~:AI£1~ .gEHOli.A.i Oi~ ~~ ~~of7-Jq ~::: 7lcHof:AI
*.s:.fJ::: ~01 {!!~~ llH .A.f~~
'll~Liq. .1:2.~ -t:!~~.£1 ~§- ~ ~ ~Oll ~~~of:AI cri::: ~01
*!?-<c:!ol {!!71./il £1cx.t~ rrH ~Lief. ?£ Jif710ll ~Oi'd ~011 cHc>H.A.i'2.! .A.~of[]:j .5:!.~ '7fq. .2.q Efef.
~2q' §-.A.f2.f ~OI ~Li q. OIITH~ ·-~.Ucx.t~C~I'£.5:. t::!f-¥-1 ~ 'll~Liq.
This expression can also be used to indicate the speaker's doing of some action and then experiencing
something noteworthy or unexpected while doing that action. In this case, it usually refers to the
occurrence of an unplanned event after doing the action in the preceding clause. It is mainly used to
refer to past events and is used together with verbs such as 7fCL .2.Cf, EfCf. and ~£Cf. When used in
this meaning, it can be replaced with the expression -'U/~eCil with no change in meaning.
• ~~HloJl =llt:J-7} Jf-'?:!t>l J1. ~~.lll. uJl ~ 7 ~ ~~e>l.R.
= ~~~oJl =u-::t:i] Jf-'?:!t>] _ll. ~~.lll. uJl ~ff 'i!·~oj.R,
I went to the department store and happened to bump into a high school friend.
• ).-j ~ ojj %"-cJ-7} AR oJ~ :: ~ ~ ~?,:l~oj.R,
= ).-j ~ ojj %"-i=-t:·l] AR oJ ~:: ~ ~ ~?,:l~oj .R,
I went by the bookstore and came across an interesting book.
\) 13~ '£~ LfEf~ Ujf2.j 02 '-Cf7 f'~ ~~ofAiiR
See Chapter 13 Expressing Mid-Action, 02 -C.I7f.
·-q7F£~ '-<n:/cxtq7F::: ~EH~~::: l::ll;:o~:AI'2.!"2.JDI~~::: l[i~ ~f017~ <ll~Liq.
While -ef7f and -CUI<t:tcf7f are two similar forms, they have a number of differences as show n below.
·-·----- - - - - -
(1) Oj~ ~01 ~OjLfil '?l!c 8l.IOll ef-E ~01 ~Oj'tJLICf. (1) ofLf£1 ~~01 ~li@ -?lOll efe ~~~Lief.
The second action or event occurs while the The second action is performed after the first
first action is still occurring. action is completed.
• --'·H:loJI 7}r:f7} ~ 7 ~ 'r!xtoJ.R. • --'i{:loJI :;:(cJ-7} ~7 ~ 'r!xtoJ.R.
I met a friend on the way to the bookstore. I went to the bookstore and met a friend there.
-+ .A.i~Oll 7!-E 8l.IOll ~~ 'Cf~C!-E £1DI~LICf. -+ .A.i~Oli.S:.~H.A.t ~ .A.i~Oll I!" ~~01 ~li@
Here, the speaker met a friend while going ~Oll ~~ 'Cf~Ci-E £1DI~LICf.
to the bookstore. Here, the speaker met a friend after the action
of going to the bookstore was completed.
(2) '-ef7f'!c 2.§ ~.A.f2.f .A.I§OI 7f5~Lief. (2) '-CUI~ef7f'!c -?-£ l;llcH£1 £1ol~ 7f:XI!c ~.A.~OI
- Cf7f can be used with all verbs. =4=4 ~~~~ ~~~Oll ~Lief.
-<UJ~cm is mainly used with verb pairs (in
the preceding and following c lauses) that form
opposites or contrastive meanings.
1 7f .2Jl Q..]=1; ~ 4j:i:<S"}it~..9..?
q .:::1.~ ~~o] CX1.t:i2.fJl..9... .=:I.cjp,l Q..]=1; ~ ~q7} 4l:i:~~..9...
j:IDf£ ~l(}f~Cf ~'§" ~~01 CUCf I Qt~ 15fef I ?l~i5fef
l::lf:XI7f ~ <21" Oi~2.1Cf I l::lf:AI~ ~q I j:jDf£ ~IOf~Cf
Cf.A.I~OII~2.Cf :AI~~ <21" 7f:AHtef I Lf7fef I ~Oll Cf.A.I ~2.Cf
340 Korean Grammar ;, 'll.re- · Intermediate
2 7f oJ;<iJ <?:!oJl<?..l ~ ~q~-"iil?
Lf t;Jj, rzJ%oJl 1-f31t:t7} ~:§:1-l:lfl.!f- ·~lfl' ~ ~o-J.fL.
Qi;J;il ~Oll<2.1~ !i!Cf ~~Oil Lf7fef I ~.2:ft1H~ ·~'e.J·~ !i!Cf
'cJ":Af t)~ ~~OJI.A:j ~Lfef ~'C!Oll ~~I O:j~<5f2.-J 2.Cf I 'ctJ:l -B~ ~qq
O:j~ 7f.A.i j]:~~ I'JO l<5fC.f ~Oil ~Oi7fef I ttllf ~012.-1= ttfW"Oll.:il~ <5fC.f
l a.
(1) 7f .g'l§<S"}cj 1-j-;jqJl <5"}7-1 ?:1-~0l.R?
Lf ~oJl Lf7J:t:flr 1:117} 2-l---'i I:f---'1 ~ <>1*01£..
(2) 7 f 0 1A~1 ~ oJ )fo-J.fL?
Lf o}Ljoj]Jl. 0}77} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :rrJ~<Sfl-"i t:f--'1~oJ.fL.
(3) 7f ~717} ~ i=-~ I:l1~7{1- :7c{.g ~ ~7/j-.fL?
Lf ~»-1 71- #LJ77J- ~21 t:f--'1~-o]- ~Ai] Jl.
(4) 7f C>iti qt:j..2..-"121Jl.R?
(5) 7f 2J1 ~ -"'-oj]Al Lfl5:J_oj£.?
Lf ~A ~ - - -- - -- A}~01 Ll-¥- ?J-oj-).i Lfl5:J.Ol.fL.
~~oJl ~.:r-2} ~o ] t~J-I:foJl .gcj {toJ.fL. t~}I:foJ1 (1)~~ 'J:t:flr ~:§:!- ~~-oH::- 1,! ~ ~
oJ.fL. ~:§}-l:lfl.!f-~ 01 ;<a~ oJJtlllt:J2fJl.R. ~cjJll:lfl~ Xl:o-J£.. ~'tlc:l1Bfl~ (2)_ __
~D1 ~ {:]3}/11 <5flAl L:jlf- ~ ~ ;doJ.fL. ~Cl1Al <?_f~ A}cj ~ojj L.j-{(oJ.fL. ~i(it:~1 ~ojj
(3) ojj~ O:j.A~ ~oJ.fL. ~2J1Ai ~ O:j .A1~ u:.j-2.}{(-o-J.fL. ~i(it:i1 ~
Where shall we meet?
Let's meet at that coffee shop where we met last time.
Those are nice clothes. Are they new?
q 0}7]2.} ».] ;_~~ n}~ rrJl ~ ~1£! *~t:i] 7] Q:j
~ LfAi].R?
These are the clothes I wore to Akira's birthday party. You don't
remember them?
01 E~~ ~P~Oll ~~8 ~o1 q .gEH~ ~.g~ IT!I .A.I-§51-E ~~ ~J:HOII:: ::1. ~01 :AI~£1:AI ?i.JJ. ~:;~
qE~'EJLiq. OlE~~ ~.E.~ 2.IDI6~:: '-cxt/~-·~f .2:.1-g~ qE~LH:: ''2!'01IDj::j-tJ ~Q£ ~.A.f <itOll ~Liq.
This expression is used when recalling a past event or state of affairs that has not continued to the present.
It consists of -'~J./'Xi.-, indicating completion, and \:!, indicating recollection, and is used before nouns.
AN ;
-- --- --- --------
NOICf l .£I.A.fOiq Qj.A. f~t!
2,1-~0iq -"§:j-~ 01~12:! - - -
- - - - - - - - - - ' - · -- - - --
- - -- --. - - - -··-
Yunju, who used to be modest when she was young, now has an aggressive personality.
• Oi:A~] ~{lrrJl ~ ~~ ~ o];;o] ljQ::z].B..?
What is the name of that food we had for lunch yesterday?
• -3f\J ~ ;;oJJ ~~ :u-~ xoJl ctJ..l 7}.Jl -itOi.B...
I want to go back to that place we went to last summer.
·<j 8~ ·~~~~ LfEf'g! Ulf2j 01 '-\:!'~ :g~ofAila
See Chaptec 8 Expressing Recollection, 01 -12!.
342 Korean Grammar /n 9t.·e · Intermediate
1 OI.H.~:= OJL ~.!I. XI~~~ 7~XI~ §AK'~cf. '2¥o~cr. ·qLjq'. 'AR-Icf :3)£~ ~~AlE '-'2!'
.££ l::l~~ ..Ui.!I. .:1 ~Oil ~ q~ ~~017~ ~~Liq.
For adjectives and some verbs that express a certain degree of a continued state such as ~c.f, 2.!f.c5fef.
efLief. and AfTlef, the expression -'W'tiel can be replaced with -el without a change in meaning.
• oj ~~ Ai]7} oj51g IIJI1f<'.Jl:[! ~~t..Jcf.
= 0 ] ~ ~ Ail7} <>151% IIJI1fttl ~~t..Jcf.
This is the house I lived in growing up.
• Jl%~.ii!.IIJI H~ttl %~ 0]~ !:Jl~.ii!.oj]2}J.i 1[g ?1"0 ]llllj] 'it'tl15Jl~;;t..]q_
= Jl~~.ll!. liJl Hti}ttl %~o] ~ qj~.ll!.<>j] 2fJ.i 1[g ?l"o]llllj] 'it'tl15Jl~~t..Jq.
Yujin, who was chubby in high school, went to college and became thin after losing a lot of weight.
*2 ~~A~I ·-~/~'2!·~ ~01~ §A~I :£~ rrH£1-l= '§2.1 j2~712.1 ~EH7~ ~;;H£1-E ~cH~'2! ~¥£~
j2P12.1~EH7~ ~AH7JfXI XI~£!~ ~.5f ~ q AI§W <x,!~Ljq_
Unlike the case with verbs, when -~/'tiel is attached to adjectives there are two possible interpretations.
It can refer to cases in which the present situation has become the opposite or contrary to a past
situation or state of affairs, or it can refer to cases in which a past situation has continued in the same
state until the present.
• ~%~.ii!.IIJI~ 7]7} ~~ttl £~0]7} A]i}~ I1JH1.£1l!g %[ ~.5:..£ ~!:Jl.R..
Doyeong, who used to be short during elementary school, is now so tall she could be a fashion model.
: .:c.j-7i£1 ~EH2f ~;:~:H£1 ~EH/f ~CH'i'J ~.!f.
The past and present situations are contrastive.
• <>1 ~ ufl.!f!.El ~~ttl 721"~ qj~.ll!.oj] 7]-J.i.S:. ~J-.AJ 1~ ~ ~!:Jl.R..
Gyeongsu, who was always bright as a kid, is always first in his class (even now) in college.
: .:c.!-7i21 ~EH 7f ~;~:H77f;\j :AI~£1e ~.!f.
The past situation continues to the present.
1 '-'2!'~ ·-~/~'2!·:= ~EH~ l::ll~o~XI'2! c~~ ~I<:JI7~ <x,!~Liq.
While -el and -~/'tiel are similar forms, they have the following differences.
- '2! .:c.j-7i011 AI~HAi OlDI .:c.!-7i011 ~q ~AH77f:AI :AI~£1:AI
?Je ~011 ~~Lief.
.:c.j-7i011 AI~HAi 0~ ~Lt:AI '(jg ~- ~ .:c.!-7i011
:Af-'? ~ ~011 ~~Lief. This is used in cases in which a past action or
event ended or was completed in the past and
This is used in cases in which a past action or does not continue now.
event has not ended yet or in cases of a past
action or event that was repeated often.
• <>!51~ rrJl Q:jg g-6jo] Q:]Jl1i_<>jJl. • <>! :A~] Q:j ~g g .6) ~ .2.. ~ 5:. Q:j Jl 11 <>! Jl.
I want to eat the food I used to eat when I I want to eat the food I ate yesterday again
was small. today.
... :i!f7i0il ;q~ ~~~.H.~ ... :CPiOil OlD I ~ ~.2.£ ~'cl ~
This expresses an action often done in the This expresses an action that ended after
past. one occurrence in the past.
• 7.~]7} 0]·7J} .!i!.Td {l:t ~ cxj 7]oj].!f-~:::r:·l] • o] {} ~~ :A~] 7} 0}7J}~Td ~ t:·l] t:f ::': {}if:
*~).] .!i!.~<>j Jl? 'irt <>!Jl?
This is the (same) newspaper I read earlier.
I put the newspaper I was reading earlier Do you have a different one?
here. Did you happen to see it?
... :i!f7i 0il A.I~HA.i OI DI ~'cl ~
-+ 2.f7i0il A.I~H.A:j O f~ ~Lf.A I 'i'l.g ~~.H.~
This expresses an action that started in the
This expresses an action that started in the past and already ended.
past but has not ended yet.
2 '--{ 0 )L':: 8~ol Oitt! ~-5-0]q J,.~{:!O] Jlf710il ~Oi;d::;~ qE.~LH7-Jq ::J.. J,.~{:!O].gj".fi..'@ ~ ~:X:Hllf
;: ] J;:]~£1::: -3,:!~ qE.~LH '-~/cxt\::!'Jlf j:~0]7f 9.J~L]q_
The phrase - (.2.) L can refer either to the fact that some action or event simply happened in the past or to
the fact that the completed state of an action or event has continued to the present. Thus, it differs from
- 'X.t/'X;!'2! in the following ways.
-(O)L
• 7.] ~ »-]7]· Z} *~ o].;::-o]oj]Jl. • 7.]~ »-]7} I(g *~ o].;::-o]oj]Jl.
The place Jimin went to is t he U.S. The place Jimin went to is the U.S.
... :cf7i0il oi~Oil ~Jl :1 o1~£ 7114i- o 1~0il 'Xli91 ... :c.f7i0il o 1~0il ~Jl. :1 ol~£2- o1~0il 'XJ.AI u~
'irt2-.AI ~ "i" 'irt§LICf. ~ 21~f0j OIWiof.Jl 'X,!§LICf.
Jimin went to the U.S. in the past, but Jimin went to the U.S. in the past, but it is
whether he is still there or not cannot be understood that he did not subsequently
determ ined . stay there.
3 Jlf7-j ~ qE.~~ [H -5-J,.f-E '--{ 0 )L 'Jlf '-\::!' .2Ef.~ J,.f§.~ ~ 9)~ C-j] ~H ~-§J,.~q 'O]Cf'. 'OfL]q'£] ~
?::: '-~/cxt'C:!' ~ J,.f§.'OHO~ gj'L] q, Oj[[H::: ·-~/~'2:!·:: '-\::!'~ J,.f§.'OHS:. £]o ]-g~ j:~ ] 7f ~~L]q_
When expressing the past with verbs, both -(.2.) L and -'2! can be used, but in the case of adjectives, OICf.
and OfLICf, the expression -'X.{/'X;!'2! must be used. However, -'2! can also be used in place of -'X.{/'X;!'2! with
no change in meaning.
oR• 10\:l. ~oj] %~-"~~ ~~0] 7} o]:A~] ~~o}o:j 'tjo}7} £j~<>JJl. (x)
~ 10\:l. {ioj] %~-"~o]~Td ~~0] 7} o]:A~] ~~o}o:j oR 'tjo}7} £J~<>!Jl. (o)
oR~ 10\:l. {ioj] %~}-"~oj g ~~ o] 7} o]:A~] ~~o}o:j 'tjo}7} £j~<>JJl. (o)
Sugyeong, who was a middle school student (only) 10 years ago, has now gotten married and
become a mother.
• <>!51 ~ rrJl 3:·2·.-~1-?-~oJ ::: ..ll';'§.}.li!.oj] ~ <>j7}li:lJ.i ~~~ o}o].£ li"\~<>!Jl. (x)
~<>!51~ rriJ 3:%~Td 9-~oJ ::: ..ll';~.li!.oj] ~ <>j 7}li:l.A-] ~~J o}o].£ li"!~<>!Jl. (o)
~ <>!51~ rrfl 3:%o}Td 9-~oJ ::: ..ll '; ~.ll!.oj] ~<>j7}li:l.Ai ~-~~ o}o].£ li"!~<>!Jl. (o)
Juyeong, who was quiet as a child, has become a lively kid since entering high school.
344 Korean Grammar u~ 'lb.·~ . Intermediate
1 7~ o]Jti o:j ~*7}~ 01J:l£ ~7!}.£..?
q -3[\:1 o:j ~ oJl n-~ :AJ~£ c}.A] 7}tti 01 rrjj.£..?
Ol~ Oj~~7!-E OjCI£ 7~Cf ~'.:1 Oj~~l 7~Cf I~~ CfAI 7 ~Cf
.2.~ A:N~I Ojci~IAi '2_!-Lfc~ r~2.17 .X+§ '2.!-Lfef I ~-'f:!~IAi '2.!-Lfef
A: l'cl ~161 rrH ~gq I ~2.H~ CfAI ~gq
2 7~ _2_~ :A~~oJl~ ~7-llEJ~ l£].2..ttl 01rrJl.£..?
q ~~oj]l£] ~1(! ~2-}J-i ct:= ~ 1£]21!01.£...
.2.~ A:N~IE- ~741§"~ ~q ~~~~ ~Cflef~~ ~q
.2.~ n~EI~I ~ rrH Ol-'f:!nl.6.~ ~q A:l'cl~~l ~q I q~ ~ ~q
~'.:l~l.!i!.Cf I q~ ~~ .!i!.Cf
OID~~2.1Cf
(1) 7r 1!J.~'S. o] ~ljl;j ~ ~ _5l_?.~e>iJl. (l:lfl~q)
q :A]\± ~7]oj] "H~t:-j_ :tftol] 7] ~o] ~ t.fJ.i]Jl?
(2) 7~ J-}.£ »-1~ ~2.] :§:)J-}-oj] _2_7] ~oJ1 Oit:ioJ]J--j ~-5Hl_e>iJl? (~o}-q)
*,<: -3[,<: ~.:il :§:)J-}-$1e>i.£...
Lf 7<~] 7}-
(3) 7 ~ o] ~ ,<: _2_c)J ¥J. ~ ~o}-Jl. (~q)
Lf 1.:]1, 7<i]7}- Oi ~ ~ rrJl - -- -- -- ~ CjEll :A].:;:},<: 7<i] ~01 ~~.:il 'XIe>iJl.
(5) 7~ ~Y. o] ~~J cacel]A~ <?:ju} ~ o}-yo~? (<fJq)
q g, <?:ju}7}- ~.:g.-5}-{l rrJl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :tfl:i] L}17}- q;.J <fJ.2.. ~.:il.
2 oL= ..UI.!=. [1-171]1\JI)..J =2.LI~
~ .n.Z2...LH.:.D.;~Lf...\:.JVIl .7;C..~.5~,~...,.;.1C.>-1,!.7J [[H :L*,.1...;=.l .25..22 D~L~6LICL .:r. V1 ·I O2H=H". Q' -. C.~f\.JE! 2 f '-oA~;Ao-tAcA..L-.t.: '
L...:.M..t::::1 (•
L-.:V(a
~ J...I-§<5HJ...i ~.::r~£1 010~71~ .g_i-{"J5~AiiR.
.?. '8 ~ (2)---------------- CW c rr ~ ~ 7 1i4-7} :£1o-J ~<Xi~Yt:J-. ~~~.ill. LRLR
o-J 'Jl(3)________ _ __ C§-2°1~ l:J1 ~.ill.o11 7}.Ai s=. ~J-~:§V·J ~ -5}JI ~<Xi ~ Yt:J-.
. <5JJ-J0 } 0 17} .!f- ~ 0]Lf ~ ~ ~ 0}7} :£l<;d_~yt:J- .=I.CiJl ~ 7]] ~ OiLf (5)
- - - - - - - - -- -
- - <{1-T ~ .=I.\[~ lA]{}0 ]Lf ~~ .2.J- ~<Xi~Yt:J-.
.346 Korean Grammar Ul u~e Intermediate
Jaya, why are you so angry?
q /Z~1 7} J-}c} ~~ r!1°13. ~ %J.~ o1 cf ~ <>1
tii ~ ~~Jt.
My little brother ate all of the cake that I had bought.
What should we do with last year's products?
q cf% MEJ -8_-AJ¥§ g ~0}°F <5-}y 77} -?,f\1 /Z~1%
~ ~ ~}711 ~0} tii~J-1I:l-.
We've got to sell the new products from next week, so let's sell off
last year's products at cheap prices.
Oi .R~::: Oi~ ~0 1 ~~'61 ~~q;: -?,;! ~ Q.jO j'6fE ?,;!Q£, .:J. ~Jl~ O~.!:f. -?,;!~ EJ':AI <(l~:; ~ qE~LH7 1~
'6~jl. Oi~ ~01 ~8' Cil cHoH~'6fE A~'E]-2.1 O:l2.i {J2.1 ~EH~ qE~LH71~ grLJq. ~. o ~-EJjl ~~~ org.,
£m~E~77fg org. ~:::: ~[H£ ¥'Et.YOI ~Oi:A4 AI~~ org., qjl Oiom ~:::: o~:;~ qE~LH71~ g[LJq.
*~A~f2I <£!011 ~ <li~ LJq.
This expression refers to the complete and thorough finishing of an action or event. It can refer to the fact
that nothing remains after the completion of the event or action, and it can also express a variety of feelings
and attitudes toward the completed event or action. For example, it can express the speaker's feeling of
regret, sorrow, and lament at an unfortunate result, the speaker's feeling of relief about a positive change
of events, or the speaker's feeling of anger or surprise about how a situation turned out. Only verbs can be
attached to th is expression.
-OUOi I:J:j2.jC~
v -0~/0i l:tj2.jq 7 ~q
.. · -- ·.'---·-·······-······- ··------------------------ ___ ..____;______ l£jq
• %~0] /Z]Lf '?J7-] ?J::: ~ ~ ~ cJ- .:?-]~~ aJClD]Jl ~.£..
I plan to get rid of all the clothes that are no longer popular and aren't being worn.
• ~»-]7]-lflJJ. -6JP·i o12.J ~ ~;<J] ~\.e.}- ttl~OiA.
It was so hot (and all) that I cut my hair short.
• l~~oj] ~ ~~~t:-l] ~7~ :Al~ 7]r:.J·2.]:A] ?j.Jl7]-l:Ji~OiA.
Even though I was only 10 minutes late, my friend took off without waiting.
OI.R~~ Wf>I-E j,fE,f£1 q~ 1=J2.I ~EH~ LfEf~Liq_ [Cf2.f),.-j @ruj ~OII"'i .:J.1=J2.1~EH ~ llfQ.Io'I-E
-3;!01 8-R~Li q.
Because this expression can indicate a wide variety of emotional states, it is important to understand the
emotional state of the speaker from the particular context.
• ::J. J..J-;g-oj il_.;:r rrit.+ 1:1-j~oJ.ft. (::J.~j.-1.-j t..-j.!j!- OKjJl A,;jAj i>jJ.ft.)
In the end, (s)he left for good. (So I am very sad and miss her/him.)
• ::1. J..J-;g-o] ~t:.]oj rriY. 1:1-J~oJ.R. (::J.2jj.J..i t:J.!j!- J..]%!i>\l.R.)
(S)he eventually left. (So I'm very relieved.)
(S)he hung up the phone in the middle of the conversation.
(::1. .AJ-;g-o] ~7]- 'i'J-o] J±L-J-.'i!J-.R. f ::1. .AJ-;g-~ 1:1-j:;::_'ijiJl.!j!-tlj]ii]-;;tJ] ~%~oJ.R.)
(Thus (s)he must have been really angry. I (S)he was very rude.)
1 7~ ~cH7} "@-o1~<)1. 1=]1 ..9... ~I
q l=J1 , .:J_211 .Ai .2...2b. .:J_.O£0et -1.A!i!. ~ c1..:. ll2lll-.21J .2.§.. q
'6l1 lii 2.1 P1 J1...Q.. things/belongings to be moved
~"-H7 ~ 'C'JOI ~~q .2-§ ::J.~V ~ ~I:! ~i'.H~ q 5~Cf
Ol ~0 1 oj~MH 'clj~J:!.Oll '1!Cf AN rrH ::1. ~~ q ~ c~
O l~ ~~011 Ol~~ ~2.1~ Cf 5~Cf
0~ O l~~ ~2.17~V xi~Cf
2 7~ \:fA} ~T2J' <5J1<Ji ~ql(!_;,iJi.?
q l=Jl, .:J_cH.Ai .:J_ .A}1:f0 1~ %:;:1 ~ g ~ 7 ~ 011711 c.J- ~ tli~<Ji.ft.
::1. )...~01 ~ -§--tj~~ ~~Oll7il q ~q
::1. )...~01 .S!Lcl! gAl ~~ q AI~Cf
::J.)...~:i!~~OI ~g;...~~~~ q~q
348 Korean Grammar in 9/.l·e · Intermediate
(1) 7f Ell<i:i )).]'% :§:}"5Jl~01£_? (~q)
rLf :§:l-<SH-&-}a:J.JI {1.:§:l-~ ~ ~~ Ell <i1 )).]7 {1.~ -?tO! l:li~Ol.2. .
(2) 7f 7.}0]: )).], ~Jj] 2-}J--j n]'(l-<SH£_. (-6Jc.J-)
Lf n]-3. )).]7} ~ Jj] 2-}J--] g-6jo] q _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(3) 7f OJ7J )).]'% 'T -2 ~ 'VSio-J£_? ~~o] '(!- ~o]- ~o:J£_. (% lflc.J-)
Lf OJ7J )).]7} 7.]-JTL 7.-] ~ ~a:jJ--j ~~]7]-
(4) 7f 7.]\:!-Jti011 ~*~ ~011 l:Jl<SH ~~<S}Jll ~~01£_? (~1--8-J-q)
qLf ~~"5}/j] LfY77]- lfl-lfl-~~ 0 l-%0 1 Jtli>W.~i01 £_.
(5) 7f 01o-Jl-J, ~ ~ tl -?J-i]£_. (»-q) o-] ~ Jll "5]-l-j?
Lf ~-€- 7.]7]- ~o]- '(!- ~~~~ ~)).i cf
q7 ~q
.g-:±:§:1 )).1 ~ %~~ l:lHJf-<?dl-Jct. .=r~.Ai C{}El-W-1-f
~:§:l- ~~.Q..£ <S-J--"J t!]-llll J1 C{17]S:. o]--? -gf-;;L-Jc.J-.
.:1.~~~ -"j~o] 78~ ~7.] ?J-;;l-]c.J-.
.g-:±:§:1 )).]~ 7]7.}%.J!.}- C{]_Ej-¥}<'>}7]£. <S}.Jl C{]_Eji}
1~ {1.011{1-7.}7] <2{1; ~ (1)~.a::5H l:li~ rrJJs:. 'V,.JI.
~% ~c.j-7} 7] ~0] 1-}llll~ ~_Q_£. (2)_ _
- - - - - - rrjJS:. <V,-;;LJc.J-. 7.}-82. Q{-4,:- .A]Z}oj] 7.}-? ~7.]~ cJ-:': .A]-~o] ~.Q.~
5~5:_ 7]cf2.j7.] ?j.JI (3)- -- - - - - - - -. ~Ecj] A7} ~~ rrjj~ ~:§:}~oj]
7]-.A-] .C.§~ o]--11- (4) . .:1.2-j.Jl 01Jti ~ ,<?_ %£_~ ~7-l]~o]
'V,015:. ~ t:Jl oj] -i=-.!f=1 -&-}.!f- %~ (5) -&-}~ .A]-'ff<fj l-j c.J-.
7~ u}3. »-], J..j"~~¥ W"oJ ~~ Jl?
Mark, have you studied hard for the test?
q 0 }YJl, lOif:-~ ~cf~ 711.:::L~ 0 }{:)77}/Z.] ;z.}Jl
w~~.a.
No, my idea of sleeping for just 10 minutes turned into sleeping until
the morning.
7~ ;z.}o~ »-], 0 1J!}.A~ cf Q:] ~~Jl? cf0 1<>1 E ~cfJl
<5-};z.j ~<V_-~ Jl?
Jaya, did you eat all this snack? Didn't you say you were on a diet?
q ~ 7fl~ Q:j_2_2~Jl ~~t:i1 ~cf 5!_y77} J!};z.~ cf
Q:] JI W~l:llA.
I was just going to eat one, but after having one I ended up eating
them all.
01 .R~~ o12.1 7-ll~of:AI <ri~ ~0 1 ~Oi Lf.A.i ~~q~ 5-:S2...£. .::::1. ~:c.~ ~of:AI '2l~'2! 3.:! ~ 2.IDI~LI Cf.
*~~I cHoH Of-a.i!. {1{1~ o fg~ LfEfLH.i!. ~~LICf. ~.A.f~ ~Oll ~ ~~LICf.
This expression refers to an unplanned event or action that continued until it was completed or thoroughly
finished in a way undesired by the speaker. Thus it includes the speaker 's feeling of regret or sorrow with
regard to the resulting state of affairs. Only verbs can come before this expression.
v :Afq :Af.i!. 'MCf
Q:Jq Q:j.i!. 'MCf
• .:Z.~Jj] o:J~ %~ ~~ AH~.Al ~~ -8"]-~ ~ 0 ] Lf.Jl ~ rloflA.
If you keep staying up all night working for days at a t ime, you'll end up getting sick.
350 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate
• Jf-cj ~7 11_4::~oj ~{Ji>j ~l-JJ,:Aj;1AJt:Jj %Jojjrjj :Aj .Jl ~~oJ.fL.
Our soccer team (players) fought hard, but, in the end , they lost to the other team.
• :§}AH7} LfAl .g.:§}AH7} ~01] Ej-.J1 ~4oJ.fL.
A fire erupted, and the culturai asset (regrettably) burned to the ground.
1 '-Jl Wc.f' 'i,t()jj~ ~.A.~'2J' ~ 4- <V;;;; L]ef. ~g.A.f7 ~ .2'2'! ~iCJ ~:gO] ~Lief.
Because only verbs can come before -Jl ~q, combining it with adjectives will result in incorrect
sentences.
• 'S-BH~ pJ-o] nj~c:-JL] {:)7J-o] Lj-!!!!.:Jl W~o-J.R. (x)
- 'S-t1H ~ ?J-o] nJ~c:-JLJ {:)7J-o] LJ-l!ll}7-].:il w~o-J.R. co)
: ·q~q·2 ~~.A.fOI9..£ -§.A.f~'2J 'Lf~~fll:lct'£ tlf-l'o~Of g/"§LjCf.
Because q~q is an adjective, its verb form q~~fll:lct must be used.
2 '-jl wcf~ 4-0·Pf Oi't! ?.:!~ ~ of~ef~ ~~ 9..j:Aj~ LfEfLH~ ~SF.s=. <V;;;;L]Cf. Oj[[H~ '-jl W{l!
Cf'j:~ EJ 4-0i9..] 9..j :Aj~ LfE~LH~ '-~-·. '-( 0 )2 EjjLIJJf' ~9..] OiD ]2.f ~Oj M~ ~Sf-7 f i'i"0 [):j ·~·.
''r_l-c::.A.j'2.f ~::_ W.s=. :A~4- ~0 1 .A.~g~Li ef.
The expression - J2 ~q can also refer to the subject's strong will or intention to do something. In such
cases, it is often combined with an expression that indicates the speaker's intention, such as-~- or
-(2.)2 EJILI7Jf. to form expressions such as -.:il ~~q. In addition, these forms are often used together
with adverbs such as ~ and ~E.A.I.
• 'T 2 ~o] ~oj£ S>. ~ lj!{77}7.] 0 ] ~ ~ i?'t.J1.:Jl W3:9.'8'-LJt:f.
I'm going to finish this job by tonight no matter what.
• Wo]~"11 :: ~ i}~f>}.:Jl "Ej]L]77}- Z:j~J5]-7.] oj-A,d.J.,]S>..
Don't worry, because this time I'm definitely going to pass (the test).
3 '- JJ. Wef'Oll ·-o ~;Oi lfi2.lef'~ ~j:~Ai ·-o~;Oi lfi2.IJJ. wcuef·~ A~oi-E ~SF.s=. <V~ci l. o1 ITll~
Ol-a.il. {:j{:j~ L 7~~ C:i ~~o-HAi .H~oi-E ?.:!~Lief.
This expression can also be combined with -Of/Oj l:tj2.lct as - Of/01 l:tj2.j.:il ~~q to emphasize the
speaker's feeling of regret and sorrow.
l~ @ nj;~.~ c>:Joj l:ljc.].:Jl W~Oi.R. ~~
: (2)~0 1 (j) ~_5:1_q C-j Of-a.:il {J{J'Et !:::.7~01 'rJOI ~§LICf.
Sentence (2) expresses a stronger sense of regret than sentence CD.
"-Or/Ol tfi2.l q'.2.f '-.Jl wq·~ Ol't! '§101~8 .gEHOll CH~ -3:!~ WofJ:I'2.t Of2.H.2.f ~~ ~fOI7f CV~Liq,
.Vhile both -Of/01 t:li2.1Cf and - :Jl ~q refer to the completion or finishing of an act or state of affairs, they are
different in the following ways.
--·--·-----·----·-·--·-··-·--·------,----------·------·-···-··-· ·····-··--------------·--··
-9-017f o12.1lll~of:Jl.::J. ~~ 9.I:X I~2..£ o-~-e ~.Sf-7f -9-017f o12.1 lll~zt ~.s=. OfLI:J1.9.I:X I~2..£ zt ~.s=.
'2ii3-LI q, 0 f'BLl q_
Mainly refers to situations that the subject planned Refers to situations that the subject did not plan
in advance and therefore did intentionally. for or intend to do or happen.
G) O~:Jl {;j{;JZ)- ~~ G) 0 ~jl {;1{;;1~ ~]~
A feeling of regret and sorrow A feeling of regret and sorrow
~ "-l~of:Jl.!¥'EtOI ~01{! ~,~
A feeling of relief from a burden being lifted
@ t:lj~O I ~jl .Sf.2.jlzt ~]~
A feeling that someone was ill-mannered and rude
• 'cf7.} ~-T-.2f i)j]oj~ f1 :1.. .A}'ifo] {;':- Jtl7.] ~ • 1/4'-£ 'cf7.} ~-T-7} {;':- Jtl7.] ~ ~o]l:lj c.j.Jl
l:l}t:foj] t}A-11:1-]51Ol.R. ~~oj.R ,
• :zj;.,ppcJ o] oj aj%];.,-] :zj;.,~ :J..~.!f-.Jl
~~Ol.R.
.:J.2.iLf LH £1J:I2f .gt!"~O I '§10jLf~ '§1£1~~ Cj%.1lf ~~ ~ f017f CV~ LICf.
However, in cases of events not related to the speaker's will or intention, the two expressions have the
following differences.
01'i:! ~01 ~:1!~2..£ .::J.'Ci ~EH7f .<r.I'X;!q, .::J.~lll.:g'Mfq .::J.'Ci ~0 1 {!J7 I:XI 'C.tlll of2.~:Jl !r.~~i=Cii£.::J.'Cl ~01
i= 9.IDI~ 7f~ LI Cf.
{!j~Cf-E 9.ID I~ 7~LI Cf.
This refers simply to the resulting or final state of
a particular situation. This refers to the fact that efforts were made to
prevent a particular result, but those efforts were
ineffective. The unwanted situation still occurred.
-+ ~:1!~2..£ :go 1~'li:Jl. ~.H.~ 'bf~qi= 2./DI~Liq. -+ :g~ :Xf:XI '2,1'£2.~:Jl. ~.H.~ ~f2.~:Jl !r. ~~£Lf ~
~2..£E :go 1~'l;!:Jl, ~.H.~ 'bf~Cfi= 2./D I ~ Li q.
Falling asleep and doing poorly at the
presentation were the end results. The speaker tried to not fall asleep and do
the presentation well, but, in t he end , (s)he fell
_______,,,,. ______, ,, ___ _ asleep and gave the presentation poorly.
352 Korean Grammar ,;, U•·e- · Interrnediate
1 7~ .2.. ~ .!E di:~ t>}1,1~ Jl?
q 1;]], .:r-78~ <5}C;j.Jl ~~Ell oJlllll1.Ai .A}Jl ~~~.fl. <";f.S::. too much, excessively
'f:!<";fCf to offer, to urge (a person to do)
:A: I~fq ~-?3'2.! of2.~jl ~E[11 OIIHi!lAi Afef
~:A:I U.2.2.~jl ~AI~ ~E[11 ~0 1 !;!,I'Q:!Ai :A:I~fq
~o f_.qq '2l D fAI2.~jl ~E[11 A~~OI of£ T:!oHAi DfAICf
2 7~ ~All ::1. E.c}u} .!1!1,1£:.? ~~:711 ~~Jl?
q .!f-.2.\3 °1 ~q]i>B.Ai 4-<:d~0l .A}CJ-t>N=- ~;z-}CJ- 511~:7-lJI ~.J~A.
¥£'801 ~Ql5HAi -9-~~0I A~H= ():j:A:~ 5-IIOi:A:ICf
q~ A~~ rrti-§OU -9-~~Qj £1Af7f ~fef
QjA~OI ~~~~ Cf~:A:I'2l-9-~~0I ~q
*(1) 7~ Ail% ~17} .2.~ ~.A}oJl 1-f~c.J-tB.A-JJl? (%AJ0l 1-fc.j-)
q 7-jJ~ .!f-cJ ~ i>}c-j y %1--!01l.{.:L!. O.l<'J.Oi.2...
(2) 7f :lll<i:Ji>}c.j-7} ~~ AH~~ 7-JoJlJl? (~~ AH~c.J-)
q 30-fE-~ ~c.j-::::: :711
(3) 7f ~1' ~1::::: .Al~oJl ~~1-fJl? (~Ol:Alc.J-)
q o}y Jl, <~):~ i>l x ~ ~::::: t:i]_lr_ .A1~ oJl
(4) 7~ ~ All .5:.~ ~1 ~~6JoJl 2Jl '?.}.2_1,1~Jl? (* 7}c.j-)
q .J!f 7}C;j.:il ~:::::GJl i}~ ~01 ).~7-:j).-j
(5) 7~ ~ 1' ~1 :::= Jl~.S:. -§-uJloJ§.Q} .A}Oj7} '?.} ~~7}Jl? (ol.A}ii}c.j-)
q t;Jl, LJ7-JI~ ~t~t=J ~~ c.J-~ {J.Q£ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
1 7f A!f.liEi~ ~ 7-j2.~.:il O~AI ?l~Ol.£? .:l~C11 ti~J::I~ 11l!IR
Lf A!f.liEi~ D~Oll <c.!" ~Ol"'-i ti ~J::I£ ti ~f.!OlR
CD J.l--c.j-71- ~ 1}:-c.j-71-
@ J.l--gt:i]
@ 1J:t:-1'-l
2 7f WOI 2H .:J.cH.£7 q5::I~Ol.£?
Lf Lil, Oj}:-jl (; 7 ~ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ \50JJ::~A.i ;; q~OjR.
CD -5l-q 7l-
@ "5-Ji::- ~]q
7f *J::I Ml7~ ~~Oll ~9.tq.£?
Lf frtil~ ~J"OI ~J:: I '2! {.!~~::: ti ~~Oll "'-I~Oll - - - - - - - - -
CD ~0151 01Jl (g) ~ 01 7;j 1:1-j 5'101 Jl
@ ~ o-] .A]Jl ~~01 Jl @ ~01~ *5:7-l- ~~01Jl
4 CD 0 ] :£:~ ~-=(- ~~~ rrJl <?J-g ~oj]Jl.
(g) o:j 7]~ 10\1 ~oj] :Ai]7l-1f'V:~ {lo]oj]Jl.
@ J.j ~oJl 1-fn-"C.j-71- Oi~ rrJl ~7 ~ Jtl-)i-OiJl.
@ Oi)ig rrJl ~~~ ~-=(-71- .A1~ J.l-Jl~ t8"-5H o}%o] ol-:rrJ-Jl.
5 CD -ti--¥-~ ~q7l- ~0] ~ :d.OiJl.
~ l:!:loJl .:L~ g ~nct7l- ~* ~~}.-1 ~~~e>iJl.
@ QJJ.l-n-g ~~* »-1 ~ .7-Ji} ~*E-l ~}.~ "51-Jl ~01Jl.
@ J.l-.2.2.] »-1~ :Ai]7l- -¥- 2 ~ ~2.] ~ ~Jl£ .:L'<:f 7l-1:1i52,0iJl.
354
I intend to wash my car on the way home.
q 7.-]~0111:l1 7} % 7-] ClJJl. 1:l17} ..2..~ "i1;t~
-5}1-f u}L.}y 77} t-1%011 i51-J-i1Jl.
They say it might rain this evening. It's no use washing your car
if it's going to rain, so do it later.
7f .6.jJ.}t>}.Jl 30~ ~011 ~ ~o-jo): i5N=-t:i1
~o-j ttl 2.1.JI Cj- ~ ~li1Jl.
I'm supposed to take my medicine 30 minutes after eating, but I
forgot about it.
Lf ~~ J.1Zl-011~~ !--] ~ 7-1 ?:J-_Q_~ ~ .2-Lf o}L.foJ1Jl.
.:z_cjy 77} ~ J.1 Z} ~ 7-1?-iJ.i E...Ai1Jl.
Medicine must be taken at the right time, or else there's no point in
taking it. So you really need to take it at the appropriate time.
Ol R~ ~ C£{0{1 oft ~~01 .:1:.~01 ~q::: 3:!~ qEf~ ITH A~gtLiq ~. Oi't! ~(5~ of-§XI ~ of:=XI
::J. ~:ll.ft ~~ 7~ 2.f.Jl ~ol-E 3-"!~Liq. ~:ll.ft cH~5: ~ ~~ q EfLHoj ~~::s:jQ.£ ~~::s:j<r.J .g6jolq Oi't!
AfiS£1 ~-t!<S:l<r.J ~~~ DI-9-0i ¥[~ rrHOi't! ~:ll.Pf ~XI ~{;)~ ~ ~~ ~ -'? <U~ rrHA~~Liq. ~Af2t
~A~~Liq.
This expression is used when doing t he preceding action is of no value of use. In other words, the result
would be the same regardless of whether t he action is performed. When stated, t he result is expressed as
a strong, almost definit e supposit ion. The strong supposition is usually based on general common sense
knowledge or on the consideration of someone's usual or habitual actions. This expression is used with
verbs only.
-(.Q.)Lf DfLf
v 7fq ofq
l£l 0 Lf DfLf
"--~-"----·-·---·---
356 Korean Grammar ;;, U·e- ·Intermediate
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search