Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

Eunhye, are you doing okay?

q g ,~::z] ~Ol . ~ ~?

Yeah, I'm doing fine. And you?

7~ %~ot. ~»-1 {:l{JJ,]Z}o]ol=. {:l{J qj_Q_cj :Q"77t?

Donghyeon, it's already lunchtime. Shall we go to lunch?

There will be a lot of people if we go now. Let's go in a bit.

Okay. Let's do that.

\:!"~:= ~~ ~.::rq ~l¥-tJH .A~ol, 7 ~ .A~O IO!I.Ai ?£ .Af§~LICf. ·-of/OiR'.s!Cf ~ ~%of7 1 rrHg.Oll ~cH~OI
012.1c-J2.~~ ~ofAI t>i:= ~~Oil ..v.'C:! ~2.ll7 f ~Lief. cH'T:I ·-oUOJR'Oli.Ai 'R'~ ~st.AI7~.A1 .Af§ofAI'2.! g.
:g ~E./lOll f42.f ~2.fAj71~ g)-Lief.

The informal form is used mainly when talking w ith close friends and classmates and among family
members. Because it is less polite than the -Qf/Oi.S?. form, if you use it when speaking to someone with
whom you are not familiar, it can come across as rude even if the person is younger than you. In most cases,
the informal form is made by omitt ing R from -Of/Oi.S?., but there are exceptions depending on the sentence
style.

1 ~.A-jg.J:!f 2.1:Z:Z: ~;_-jg.J:!f .£1:Z :Z := ~XH~:i!f :i!f7-J~ .2Ef. -Z,f-Z,f '-O f/OiR'. '-W~OiR'.£1 ~EHO!I.Ai 'R'~
~S;I".Aifl ~EH7 f £11Jj DI2.H~ := Oj-c_fOll '--(0 )2 7-jOf~ *'~ Lief.

Declarative and Interrogative Sentences: The present and past tense forms of declarative and

interrogative sentences in the informal form are made by removing R from the ends of -Qf/OiR and -W"JJ..
01..2. The future tense form is made by adding -{£)2 710no the stem.

X Korean Grammar U1 9/se ·lntermediatc

~~-~;;- ----=~~~~--:--·---:~~--: ---:~~

-·· ·· .. .... .. . -··· ·· -··· - .. ... . . ··-- ........... .

A/V -0~/0i M~C~ M~

.. . .. .. ..

:

r·--I~.Ad~ f Dl;;;~ -(.2.)2 7i Ot l£j q l£j ~ 7-jO~
--------------------------- --~~-------------·······--
~---~------~- 2-j ),.~O i q 2-jJ,.~~Oj

~Oi

INOiq \'"H OI~Oi ~~o 1q 2:,1-~ 0I~Oi
2.IJ,. f0~
(01}0~ 2.1,q o1q
2:,1-~ 0 I O~
~~01 q

-'-----

-~,t/~Oi?, Mfq ~Oi?. ~LI ?
-<ltf~ LI ? l£jq l£l ~Oi ?. l£l~LI ?

I A/V -0~/0i?, -LI? W?. WLI?
i£l0i?. i£lLl?
O ICI Cl ~ 7iOP. ~ 7iLI?

~h.LLL

(1) 'O fLiq'£1~~ ~AH ~ 'O ~Lior. .J::!Pi~ 'O fLI~Oi'7 f ~Liq. EE~ Cli'B~ rrH'L·JI' ~ ·~'O ILf 'Oi'. 'OfLI£'
~ 'O fLJ'7 f ~ Liq.

'*O~Liq is written as O~LIO f for the present tense and as O ~LI 'ltOI for the past tense. When answering a

question, or 01 is used for Lil. and O~LI is used for O~LIR

7~ 9-~oJl ~:§:)- ~771-? 7 ~ LH ~ ~-"i-t!-oJl ::Q- ~t.l ?

Wanna see a movie on the weekend? Are you going to the library tomorrow?

q g' J ell. q o}t.l , <j ::Q- ~oF.

Sure. Sounds good. No, I'm not going.

7~ o)-77} J .A}'Ef B of? 7~ 7]-~t:q »-]~ o ].;:--"}'Efojof?
Who was that just now? Is Kylie American?

q LH %-A~ ojoJ:. q o}y , o ].;:- .A}tg-o] o}yo]:, ir~~J!'= .A}tg-ojoJ:.

My little brother/sister. No, she's not American. She's New Zealander.

(2) '-O f/Oi?'~ ~~ %)J,.fWOll lll~ ;,.!§~-'? ~0 Lf. '-LI?'~ %)J,.fWOll lll ~ J,.I§W-'? ~.:LL ~~ ~.:yrq

Of5t!J,.fWOlllll'2.! J,.I§W -'? ~~Liq.

While -OUOI ? can be used wit h superiors and those older than you if you are on familiar terms with
them , - LI? cannot be used in such cases.

1~ ~- 6()[::. .A] .O::L =-iUi oi!1h'"11?. oi!ll n-1.J ?.

Se;u'l: Beomsu, are you reading a book now?

Beomsu: Yeah, I'm reading a book.

(~c!J:i!~ .!:rq AfOI)

§AJ ~Lf. .A]i} ¥-! "611? (o) I .A]i} ¥-! i>~'-]? (x)

Little Brother: Sis, what are you doing now?

~Lt ~ ~ <>l .

Big Sister: Reading a book.

2 ~~g 01{_1Qii '--O~I01'~ ~O I 7~q '--0~1012-F~ ~~Lief. !f.~ ~~~:= ·- AI or Ef.~ ·-AI D~cP~ -ElLIEl

Imperative Sentences: For imperative sentences, either --0f/Oi or --0f/Oi2.f is added to the verb stem. To
make a negative imperative sentence, either - J::I Of or -J::I Df2.f is used.

· - - --···-··--··-·-···---------····-- - · - - - - - -
-OU01, 7~ef 7 ~. 7 ~e~
=7'1
Dji!'IC v -OU01e~ 9:jef 9:j0i , 9:j0ie~
ooi:!:' C> 0
.. ... -----· ·- 7~ef .. .. .. .. ..
..
-AI o~. 7~A I o~. 7~AI D~e~
t::l;>;:-i
L _ _- L .__ "T" O -AI 9:jefD~c~ 9:j AI o~. 9:jAI o~e~
----. -------------~-----
------ ---- -------------

7f 1:1]7~ .2.1-]77} 4-AJ 7~.A].l!. 7~. I 7}-el-. Don't be late tomorrow.

It's raining, so take an umbrella.

q ~'lt<>l, 7~.A].l!. :Q~l. q .:::L?j1 , ~ ~ ~~1.

Okay. I'll take one. Okay. I won't be late.

* *.:J.iC!Cil '--0~/01 '~ 7~77~ %)A~Oi1Jii.S:. Al§w ~oq '-0~/01cF~ .:::!.~ ~~ Li ef. ~- '--0~/01cF~

cH~Q£ "Bf-E ~cH~£1 qo 1q A~£1~ ~I* I~ '-0~/0i'!i!.ef c1 o ~2.H~ LICf.

Note that while -O f/Oi can be used when talking with those older than you or superior in social rank if
they are close acquaintances, - Of/Oi2.f cannot be used in such cases. In other words, -Of/Oi2.f is used

with those younger or of a more inferior social status when compared to those with whom - OU<>i can be

used.

(~c!J:i!~ .2.HH~ A~OI)

§AJ _2_1lH~, o] _:;! ~ 7} 2~ -?-1. (o) 1 7~ 2~ ~cr. (x)

Little Sister: Big Brother, teach me (how to do) this.

£HHf .:::L?j1 , 7~2 ~ ~~]_

Big Brother: Okay. I'll teach you.

60 Korean Grammar u1 'lise ·lntennediate

3 ~~~ : ofc_fOil ·-o~;orq ·-AF~ ~~ Li q. -¥{:! ~:::·-AI ~A~·~ ~~ LicL

Propositive Sentences: For propositive sentences, -OUOl or -:q can be added to the verb stem.

To make a negative propositive sentence, -J:I ~;~:~ is added to the stem.

- - --,----l·--·-----------------.--···········-··------·-·:·----·----·------·---·------------------- --·-··········-·--
! I = A-i : -0~/0l -A~ : 7 ~C~ 7 ~. 7 ~A~
' : 9:jq 9:l 0l. 9:j :A~
v:§~~ Ii 00 :

t ... ··- ·-· .... .. ·- U OUO
OU 00 oOO • OU u u" - HU m •U • u u uu u• u UuU u OOOHO -·

"---~--'~---- __! _ .!¥{:! -AI ~~~---·-----~;~- ~:: :;~-------

Let's go to the beach this summer. Let's not exercise today.
Okay. Let's do that.
Lf .:1.ttl , ¥-1 W77}?

In that case, what shall we do?

4 8 0l£1 ~.2.~ Word Variation
':Ai/A:il'~ 'Lf/LH'7~ £1.Jl. 2rc!~~ LfE~LH~ ~::: ' L:l/L11'7~ .!§Liq.

In informal Korean, t he 1st person pronoun :Ai/J.:il changes to Lf/LH. The 2nd person pronoun is Li/L:ll.

Ai ~ L-j ~
A:il7 ~
:Ai ~ L:H 7~

A:il (Ai£1) L-j~

!.:11 (L:j £1)

1~ Lt~ ~F"'J~17B ~ ~ {i-c11t=j ~ ¥-1 ~ ~ :J-1op

I'm going to have doenjang jjigae to eat. What will you have?

Lf5:.Lf -@.:Z.J~1 7B ~ ~ cJ1 . l'llalsohavedoenjangjjigae.

7~ o1:J-1 l=l] %-ci1~::§:} o}yop Isn't this your mobile phone?

0:] 71Lf '3[o}, 1.fl %-cB~.::§:}o]:. 'l)_<~F?-L-f. Yep. It's my phone. So this is where it was.

5 q:= APS'£10I ~~ -¥~ rrH Calling Others by Name
q:= A~'S£1 0 1 ~~ -¥~ rrH ~~ ·ouo~· ~ 01~ ¥1011 ~~Liq. O I ~ O I 2~££ ~q~ ·o~·~. :A ~££

~q~ 'oF ~ ~~ Liq. ~2.i Lf ~~ o1 ~0 1 o~'L::! 2.1~ o l ~ rc! ?:l~Oll 'o~;o~· ~ ~0 1 ~ Oi~-oP-H ~EJLiq_

The particle Of/OF is added to the names of others when calling out to them verbally. However, it sounds

strange to add th is particle to the non-Korean names of foreigners.

• ~~oJ:, _2_~oJ1 ~\{77}?

• i>}~o}, :Q-o1 7-1~ ~7-1-.

• 3.c.J ~~0}, 017-11.:I. c 2fu} 19:01? (X ) - 3.c.J~~, 01 71,1.:I. ~2.}u} 19:01? (0)

: 21~ ).f'S OI~Oli-E- 'Of/Ot'~ ~O I:AI ?,t§Licf.
Of/Of is not added to the names of foreigners.

:~-=- ~ =:~eoo e's Names
:-=. ~--=- :J ~~ ~ rr!l .:J. .A.f<EtOI ~~ .A.f014 4017~ OjiE:] ~~ :Af-g-.2..£ M4::. 01;; ~Oll ·or ~ ~():j

~~-=--- =-~4 2R- .A.f<Et Ol ;;on::_ ·or~ ~OI:AI t>i'-;;;;Liq_

;er --a•emng to a person by name, if the person is a close acquaintance or is younger than you, then
- :;-o..IC oe added if the name ends in a final consonant. However, Ol is not added to the names of

&;::re-:g'1ers.

· §.~ ~ (x)- §.~o]~ (o) 3.2-j~rt! o] ~ (x)- 3.2-]~rt! ~ (o)
· §.~ ~ (x)- ~ ~o ] ~ (o) 3.2-]~rt!o]~ (x)-3.2-]~rt!~ (o)

c5~:AII2! ~ .A.f<Et 01;;~ ~~~:A~ Ol;;.££ t!W-j ~~ rrH ::_ ·or ~ ~~Liq. OU~ ~- '.A.t2Jt!('J~)'£1 ~~

~Oj ~~.££ ~2:AI ?i.JJ. ~~ ~:AI%.££ ~~ c5~'t! '±~'OI £1::.cil '.A.t2It!' .!f-10!1 :::. '01'7~ ~:AI ?i.JJ.
'±~' Cf%0!1:::. 'OI'~ ~~LIC~. .:J.2.IJJ. Ol;;~ ~~ llH.S:. ~~ ~:Af%2..£ ~2Jll £1't! '0 ~/0t' ~ ~~Li q.

Note, however, that for Chinese names in Chinese characters that are pronounced according to the

Korean readings for the characters, Ol is added when the name ends in a final consonant. For example,
the Chinese name ...q2JC:! (,J,~) becomes .::::,.g when read according to the Korean readings of the two
Chinese characters. Thus, while .A.t2JC:! does not take Ol, .::::,.g does.

.A.t2.Jt!~ (0) ±~ol::. (o)
.A.t2.ll!OI:::. (X) ±:=~ (x)
±~o~ (o)
.A.t2Jt!O~ (x)

1 7f tlj~ ot, .2..~ cjA}%01] 7]-Y ?

q g, %5: o] 1.=].:£ A]Z} ~_Q_~ ~o] 7]-7.}.

EH'2..! I .2.~ '2..!.A.I§Oil 7fCf
'2..!.2 I nj;q .A.I~Cf
~g I ~~Oil AH~O I '2..!'§ 7iCf

2 7f 4'-~ o}, 7.]\:J:Jtioj] {!- ~Z} .6!J 7-]u]- ~ ~J:!;j ?-1.

cr:=q ~Y . .:z.~ ~7]- 0}77]~ 71°t. 7-JuJ- ~J:!;] ~711 .

~ I :AI'cl\!!Oil ~ 1~Rt61! ~IDf §- ~2.~ ~Cf ~LI. .:J.{:! LH7f Of771-E 7iCf I Cf-E ~!Of ~21 ~Cf
-§':.2 I :AI-5 fr.lliOil 7f.A.i 2.f~ §- .A.f .2.Cf .!rq , :AI-5 q ~:2.f -80ICf I ~-5 Oj[[f7f .A.f .2.Cf
~~ I .2.~0il ~I:IH7f .2.~ Lil7f §-~Of ~Cf .2.UUf. .2.~0ii-E Lf£ ~Oil ~Cf I ~LIOil7il !F-~H ~Cf

62 Korean Grammar in <tlse · Intermediate

....

1 q~ CH£:~ 'r!~£ I:I~.JflAiiR.

(1) 7 ~ -£7-1 #.], t.H ~ :Q-o]Si:.~-oj-2.-j :Q-77]-Jl? 7~ %7-IO~, L!l0J. IJ.OI Ai:.li6orcl I~:?Jr?
q ·~, IJ.Oilr7-r.
q .=LcjJJl, :Q-o1 7]-Jl.
7~
*(2) 7~ ~~ #.], ;_l q:J #.1 :rr}Ej oJ1 % 71 oJ1Jl?
q oj-1-] Jl, :Q- :5)_ :Q-oJ-Jl. q

(3) 7~ %2.1 #.1, 0 1Jf-AJ %2.1 #.] 71 oJ1Jl? 7~

q oj-1-]Jl, 7-~] 71 oj-yoJ1Jl. q

(4) 7~ _2_~ ~ ~~ -7-f-~ ~7-1 oj-J.i1Jl. 7~
q Q]JJl? _2_~ f!lo] ~ ~ o]: £HJi..?
q
(5) 7~ _2_2-h. .A-1Alojj2= ~9']~..Q2.. ~..Q..;_1q
0D 1- 7~
t:J •
q
q ~#.171- # Y 77J- ~li:! ~ Q:j7-1 W"'1 t:J-.
7~
(6) 7 ~ {!."§:1 #.], ~ 7-~j I?l q:j #.] ~J±~ Jl?
q
q t;Jl, ~X{OiJl. .=l~t:i1 Q]JJl?

~---- -------------------- -- ----------------------- --- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- ----------------- ------------------------\

-i=-q, (1) 2.~ 0~ 2 1:l ~O!E oHAi ~8 ~~OiR. (2) 2.~ :Ai~Oll ~Oll ~~ ~ 7iOliR?

-l::l~J_oj

(3) 2.~ J;:il7 ~ 8~~7-!IR. (4) .!f-1 ~Jl {lOiR? (5) lli:A~ ~S2.2-i ~77fR? (6) Of. § R~

L_-:_ _ _ ______________ __ _____ _ _ _ ______________________________________________)

1 7~ .!;=-q, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
q g , .=:l~C·ll 2H?

G) LJl <?J .A]:j- <V_o-j ~ LJl <?J .A]:j- <V_y
® LJl <?J ~-=t- 1I1-\t 71ol= @ LJl <?J ~-=t- I?}\t ~ oj] _g_

2 7~ .2UU~. - - - - -- - - - - - -

q .=:12.H ~~Oi.

*G) 78 ~"51-e -3! .5:..2}?-j *~ 78~"51-e -3! .5:__2}?).-j]it
*@ 78 ~"51-e -3! .5:..2}?-]2} *@ 78~"51-e 5! ~ 4- <V.oJ?

3 G) ~2.1 AAI:: ~~OH g :XI 1t:10I £1~::q. ~ 1t:1 ~~ ~~OH ~~:XI'2.! 0~~~ ~~
~~:= -a:x1 <rJ::q_® .=:1~:= ~~~01 o~~ .A.i~27~~q. @ ~~~~ C:J ~~o-1 ~
!:f-<5H.A.i ~~ .A.~Et~~EJ ~0~.:12 ~q.

*4 G) R8 'rt:= !:f-.2~01 0~0~~~ 2.1~2...£ ~2t .s:!.LHq. ~ ~'@ rrH ~2t~ 7~'2::! 2.1~~
~ c-j ~ tlH~ ~q.:il ~z,t-<5H.A.iq. @ .=:12.H.A.i :XiS:. 01'@ rrH Dl~2...£ ~2t~ ~q.
® -o~:xl'2.! ~7 1 ~2t:= ~~s:. ~:xl'2.! 8~s:. u:=q.

<D ~Y. t:1 ~ .2.~ Brllllr?

~ .2.llllr. .2.~ :=. ~Oil <?J~ 7t~-r.

® ~~°F, o]u:J-7r tJ! "'lOil ~Y.?
@ q;J~oF, ~.A] :Ai] A]{f-§.:- ¥1:<>1?

.... ·-------
64



~
( 24)'

7 ~ 7-}0l= »-1, _2_ ~ .5:_ 01 ~ ~011 7}2=] j]_Jl?

Jaya, are you planning to go to this restaurant again today?

Aawq l:JL Oi717t l)l-~ 71 ~SL.

u}3. »-1£ ;Q-o1 ~~Jl?

Yes, (because) this place has really good food.
Do you want to go, too, Mark?

Why do you look so tired today?

*q e>-l:A11 ~~ .!i!_L2.}_ll ;g-g ~71 ~Jl.

I didn't get a lot of sleep yesterday (because I was) trying to

watch a movie.

01 .H.~:= ~cHtg:l"OI ~ ~gojq :A~t!OI ~~ LHg.Oll cHoH01~q .g<2.)2.J ~-2.J"~ ~~ rrH .A.~gJ-Li cL OlrrH2.1
Oj~q .A.I{J:= ~cHtg,l-01 £E.:= ~~Ljq_ '-7~~£.':= ~~Oli.A.i'2! .A.~"O~~ ~~Oli .A.i:= .A.~"O~:AI ~J~ LI Cf.

Ef.~ ~.H.2~ ~::: ~~~<2.) :A~2.10li.A.i := .A.~-Q~:AI fijl_5:1_~ ~~ .A.~OIOli.A.i'2! .A.~gJ"LjC~.

This expression is used to respond to a question or to add to a statement the speaker has already made to
provide t he reason or thinking behind the answer or statement. The listener has no knowledge of the reason
or facts being stated by the speaker. Note that the form - 71§£. is used only in conversation, not in w ritten
Korean. Moreover, it is only used among close friends or those on familiar terms with each other. It is not
used in formal situations, such as when giv ing a presentation.

A/V ~ 7-j7~~£.
66 Korean Grammar ;n/lll·e- · Intermediate gj ~ 7i7~~£.

-~-- , - - - - - -----,-------·-·---·--·-----·--,-----·-···-----·--·------·----·--------·------
~7i~R ~-=fl-Oiq ~-=fl~7i~R

OI~Pi~R OH ~Oiq OH ~ O I~.Pi~R
--- ... ..... ..
.... ....... .. .. .... -- ····· ····-· ·------ ---···· .....

(01)7i~R ~-=fl-Oiq ~-=fl7i ~R

- - -·--·--·· OH~Oiq OH ~ OI7i ~R

7~ :A~J"?S:."il n~ rrJl t.l-c.J-{..}-ojJ-&2f7H1<>1Jl?

*Did you go up Mt. Halla when you went to Jeju Island?

q o}-yJl, ~<>1Jl. \i/,1.]7}- <?]- ~~rj !:A.

No, I didn't. (Because) the weather was bad.

You must be tired, and yet you're going to yoga class?
Yes, (because) I feel so relaxed after yoga class. So I go to yoga class even when I'm tired.

It's really been raining a lot recently.

q A~ AJuJ-~ o] rj !:Jl. ~ 1f %<?l~ 7-l]~% rjoj]Ji..

(You see,) it's currently the rainy season. It will rain for a full month.

1 '0 1~'2.1 2.ID I£ .AI§~ [[H'7i~R'7 f <n~ g~~ CH.2:f0li.Ai Ail~ <£,!-011 ~ * ~Jl. W5!-2 .Af'EJOI

w~ g~ C~O I Lf ~cHtg£1 ~iE-011 CH~ CH'8££~ .AI§~* <n~ Liq.
When 7-f§ R is used to indicate a reason, it cannot appear in the first clause of a new conversation. It must
come either after an initial statement made by the speaker or in response to a question asked by the listener.

7~ ~o}-5")-E 7)-9 'V_~..Il?
Is there a singer that you like?

Lf ~1. ~~ ~ ~}71 !:: ..11. 7)-9'tl]' ~ ~o}iifl..ll. (x)
- ~~ ~ ~ilfl),i 7)-9 'tlj'~ ~O}iifl..ll. (0 )

I like the singer Rain, because he sings well.

7f J 7}1" ~ .2J1 ~O}iifl..ll?

Why do you like that singer?

Lf -1) ~ ~~ ~ ~}71-E-..Il. ( 0 )

(Because) he really sings well.

2 o1 IE~ ~ W"51-2 .Af'Etol ~~ .Af'Et011lil ~~~ wo1 <n7i Lf olo~7 15fJI ~~ ?-jol <n:; rrH. ::1. w;;

5f7 1{"!011 ~~.££ .AI§5f7 1~ ~Liq. [[f2.f.Ai ~011lll4r£1E O I0~717 f <nq::: ?-j:; ~.A I5fJI <n~Liq.

This expression can also be used to preface, or introduce, something the speaker wants to tell the
listener. Thus, it provides a hint to the listener that the speaker has more to say.

7; ~*~I:il..ll, 01-2-_j.~oJI ~~ 01 ~t:.joj] ~~.R.?
Excuse me, but do you know if there's a bank nearby?

q o] ~£ ~ 7]-J..] ~ Jtl.Qj{jo] t{..2.r ]-§Jl. 4l1Qj{l {it.-JJC!oj] ~~o] ~~.R..

If you go straight ahead on this road, you'll see a convenience store. There's a bank across from the
convenience store.

7~ %~ ».], .Ai]7]- ..2.~ 9-~ ».] ~ 't}t{7]£ ~7'1-§..ll. %~ ».]£ ~o] 7]-1l,2Jl.R.?

Yunho, I've arranged to meet with Juyeong today. Do you want to go, too?

Lf .A~:S:. 9-~ ».]7]- .!i!.Jl ~':~t:~:i] ~ ~Li] Jl. ~o] 7]-..ll.

JThat's great because I also wanted to meet with Juyeong. Let's go to_g_e_th_e_r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1 7~ -%;3-J-011 7' ~ ~.£ 7t.Ai1£.? ~
q .2.~ -¥-.2..\3 o1t..R011.2..A1~ !:.a.
( 25 )1
~~lOll ~ ~.£ 7fq
2!l O l~lil ~~ 'i'JOI frl:l lofq 2.-§- ¥2.'aOI ~~I2...A.Iq
7~III~ 2ll <2_1- Df.A.Iq ~Oil -B~O I 'i'JO I 2.q
7~III~ Df.A.I'2:! ~~ ~ ;qq

2 7~ 9-W011:J_ E.2.}u~ ~11~£.? to have no empty/available seats
q oty£., *~~£.. {l-=f-2JQ.j=-4fo1 ~~~!:..9...
'&~ !:lq to shop at a market

~~Oil ::1. £2.f0~ !;!q ~ -ofq 1AI~ !IIl2.f xf2.l7~ ~q
~Xil B 1BOII.A.i ~¥ofq ~:Ail-E ~Xf ~~ !;!q I 'ct:Jt'!OI ~~ 7~q
~Xi!£ 'c:H~'!:i!l- ~0 I ~~ !i!C~

68 Korean Grammar,/, Ure-·Intermediate

,. ·-··-····--. ···· -·-·-······ ........ . ·-. -········-·-· ···--···· ... .-····-----····-·--······ ··--·-·----J--·

II fib 7~q ~ o~o~q ,~.qq ~q 7 ~ 5!.2.~.:il o~q ~ 7 ~ Et!.q

- - - - - - - - --···· - - · - - - - - --- - - - - - - -- - --*--·····-· ----------

l;!~IOI~ -?~<>1] !f-1 <'>H1OiJl.?
0~712.~ ~%<>1] o-jo-Jl-j {21§~ J.~cj :n-Oi..R. r:.J-%-?<>1] Jl15-Jojj (1)/fr{J§-.2...
!;!JIOI~
-?~ojj Jl15-Jojj 7~J.j ~-irJl.. .::1.~-c-jj I(;:: {-} 1§ ~ J.~1:J.OiJl.?

o~7 1 2.~ ~ :7-J ~ ite>i..R. Oio-JL.J7J11 J.-l ~R ~ :7-J ~ (2)_ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

l;!JIOI~ .:Z.~t;J] .1'1:~ ~ rrJl ~R~ ~ ~ *t>~l-j ll~ ~ ~ .A] ?:J-.2..1:!OiJl.?
0~712.~
l:Jl, ~ ~ .A] ?J-~OiJl. . Jl.~ ~% 7~71]<>1] ~ ~~Oi ~ ~t>H=- J.~'f:}- ~ o]

(3)_ _ _ __ _ _

!;!~IOI~ o~, .:Z.~-irJl.. .::1.~-c-jj ~:7-j ~ J.~1:J.OiJl.?

o~712.~ o~LJ<>ll..R, ~:r ~ ~t:;j.Jl ~Ai *tr ~ ~ ite>i..R. ~RoJ ~~.!i!.q -:£-~oJ woJ
(4) . ~~]o] ud ».] ~ l:lJ~ rrJl.!f-AJoj] Z}q.Jl "91-A]Jl.?

l;!~IOI~ l:Jl, o~-3] Jf-AJoj] ~ Jt!S:. (5)-------------------
0~7 12.~
l;!~IOI~ .:Z.~-irJl.. Jf-AJoj] 7~J.j ~ -5H-&r:H<>1l ~ 7~ _!il_J.-j]Jl.. :AJ~ o}%q %1Jl..

:rl:Jl, .A-j5:. -5H-&r:H <>l 7~2;j .Jl "'~Zf<'>~Jl 'V,OiJl.. ~ ~ 0 ] -5H-&r:H <>l ~

(6)_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _

7~ :Ai 7}~ .2R -¥0 }"0Rii.?

Why do you like that singer?

q ~tl1 5:. ~"0"}Jl 3!S1?t0 }A .

He sings well and (as you know) is good looking, too.

7~ 7}~ 2.J »-]7} ~~Oi ~ :AjW ~-o-}~1..9..!

Kylie is really good at Japanese!

q 7}~ 2.] »-1 ~ ~~oj]l,i .:g-_!f-'9l?t0 }A. :7.]\:!-Jtioj]
7 }~ 2.] »-]7} w~ ~ c1] },~ Zf <?.} L.}.fL?

(As you know,) Kylie stud ied in Japan. Don't you remember she told
us that the last time we saw her?

1 o i.Y.~~ ~::::: "'~~o 1 o1o1~J! ~::::: o1~~ ~w IT/I EE::: .gct~tgol 01~ Af1!~ ~Oitfi2.~Ai .:I?.:! ~ qAI
7 l~qJII 5~2.~.:1! W rrH A~g,fLiq. %JWOliAi'2.!" A~5~[}j ~WOliAi::: A~5~J:I cc.t~Liq. Ef.~ ~61~<2.!

J:~2.10li.A.i ::: .A.~5~J:I l'J~Liq.

This expression is used when the speaker wants to state a reason that the listener should also be aware
of or when the speaker wants to remind the listener of a reason that he or she has apparently forgotten.
It is used only in conversation, and not in written Korean. Also, it is not used in formal speaking situations.

.:l!j-7-j -~/~-flO ~R 7~q L!"fJO~R
···- ---- -·- ... .. ... ~ ~q gj~ ~fJO ~R
... .. ..

A/V ~XH --f.tO~R 7 ~q 7~~JO~R
gJ ~ q gj~ fJO~R

... ··--·· ..

DI2.H I 1'~ -(0)2 7-JtJom : 7~q ~ 7-jfJO~R
gJ ~ q gj ~ 7-jfJO~R

_____~--------~--------- . ---------------.-----------------~-----------------------.;_ ~------ ------- -········-·---- - -------

NO IC.~ ~-=flOi q ~-=fl=QtO~R

--------- - - - - - - -.-------------------·······-----.---------O---H-<-2--.!-0--iq-·····-----. ---- OH <2.! 0 i fJO ~R - - ---------

----------------------------------------------

70 Korean Grammar u1 Cfl.ve · Intermediate

7~ o]l(!oj].£ OJ=7J- ».]7} 1';; ~ ~t=j]Jl!

Yang Gang got 1st place again this time!

q OJ=7J- ».] ~ i>J-.AJ- ~{Ji>] -%-¥-<'>~}A.

(As you know,) Yang Gang always studies hard.

7~ t=j], wo}Jl. OJ=7J- ».]~ <?j_7.i]Lf ~{Ji>j -%-¥-<'>}7-]Jl.

You're right. Yang Gang studies hard all the time.

7~ .:?~ »-]7} <?:}7.1] Jli>J=~ ~0}7}7.]..9..?

When will Sujin go back to her hometown?

q 7.]\:!--? .£Jl~oj] ~o}:r{~}A.

(You might recall that) she went back last Saturday.

7~ o}, wo}Jl. .:?~ ».] BH%<'>}cj -%"8(,1-oJ].S:. ~o] {):~7.]..9..?

Oh, you're right. We went to the airport together to see her off, right?

7~ J-i]~ ».]7} ~oj]..g.q.JI t>BJ--1 l!l~o~% iJ:C1.B...

I bought some peaches because Seyeong said she's coming by the house.

q Oi.!i!.., :1. tl7-~ ~~o}~ej] 27]7} ~~}.

Dear, (perhaps you've forgotten that) she's allergic to peaches.

7~ o}, :J.~1i? ?t)-lll!j-~t=j]Jl.

Oh, is that so? I totally forgot.

2 Ol .H.~~ ~cHtgOfllll ~.:i!Lf ~.:il~ ~:::ciL!r_ ~cHtgO I ~ AI ~o~ ;;AI~~ ~01 ~:cl ~~Oil ~cHtgOliJll

Jt!B~ ~;:01 ~W rrtj5:. AI§~Liq. OliE:i ~~ .!:2.~ ~§:I~~ ~7Jll A~§~ ~Liq.

This expression can also be used to scold or rebuke the listener for not heeding the speaker's advice or
for allowing something bad to happen even after being warned about it. In such cases, this expression is
often used together wit h a statement indicating what was previously said or advised.

7~ ~0}, C1~7'll t>R.B..? "&ii!.oJ] ~~C1Jl.

Mom, what should I do? I'm going to be late for school.

q :J.t'jj).-j C17-1] ~~ 7.}2f.Jl ~~t.

Now (you shou ld know) that's why I told you to go to bed early last night.

7~ :1. \:}"7.}7} ~Jl.!i!..y 7-j~ L.f~ ).}'€}-o]~C1Jl.

Once I got to know him, I realized that guy was really a bad apple.

q :1.7-j li!}Jl, t.lJ7} .!j'-~2.j-Jl ~C1Jl. :1. J-}'€}- Lf~ ).}'€}- ~q.Jl ~~}A.

Look, now what did I tell you? (Didn't I say that) he seemed like a bad person.

7•1 7JJoJ:IL »-]7~ _e_~ Jf-%tJRtiR£.0 c.:;;....

4 .:1.~ 7l]0 ]:IL »-]CJ ~0] ..2.ll]]% .!i!.Ci 7~--'i]£.0 •[ 27}

7jjo j:IL »-] 7~ ..2.ll]]% ~o~"B"~~o]-£.0 2llll2.f opera
\__ l:liEf'2.! vitamin

~7 1011 ~2.~J..i gJ~q JIIOI.I!. JJ.I~ ~OI2.nll2.~ .!:2.2.i 7.q I JIIOI.I!. JJ.I7. 2.IIil2.~

l::l iAf ~~5f-E Jll Li!f. ~lfofe.f ~ •5•q

2.~AI 4-.6~ BI"OI Df.A.Iq I 1:1 IEf'2.! C7f ~PIOII ~q

01®J..f011~7lq I 01~J..fOIIJ..i CH~ ;jH 4-q

2 7f J-j~o]] ~oj~oj£.0 AI~OII <gop: ICf to flunk a test
Lf .:1.~ --'i .Ai] 7~ lf-jc.}Jl ~oj.R? 'el±OII always, as part of one's daily routine

~~a]] ~{115] ~.!f-i5~c.}Jl ~~o]-£.0

J.. I~OII ~of~ l q ~.1,011 '§1{:!51 ~¥5f2.f
Li!f. £\tO I t;!:j-2- 3:! ~q
ttH~O I q q
~~1::11~ q JJ.j l::lj2.lq ~-§-Of~ ~2.f

(1 ) 7f ?WoJJAa%-{loJJ n-cr -&~Jl? (~rt)
Lf ~%-{1~ t.l..!f- qpo~~.2.0 71-771--&- t;JJ£.. 7rtB w39.0iJlo

(2) 7f ~{l oj] ~oo] ~~l:l] ~ l£j ~771-Jl? (* Q:jq)

711w39.0iJlo

(3) 7f l::lJ~-51-tB ~ 7 ~JI} .:Q-o] \fo]{ioj] ~~Jl? (l(q ..2..q)

q .A]\± l:Jl ~oj]S:. \fo]{i oj] --------------------0 .:Q-~ ~± W.::il q ;::

x oJl 7rtB w39.oJJlo

L• 0}:1]2} ».]7} --- - -- - - - - -0 g Q{ CD~ --'1- 9-tB oj~77}Jl?

horean Grammar u1 ll1·e o Intermediate

7• 7.}°F »-1, 2R ~:::<~1 ~ <il- ~~Jl?

Jaya, why didn't you do your homework?

*Lf ~~WoJl $;-7 ~ .!r!.~~JI ~:::<~] ~ ~~Jl.
I couldn't do my homework last night because I was watching a
soccer game.

7• ?WoJl ¥-1 <s-}it~Jl?

What did you do over the weekend?

Lf ~;zJ~~Jl. ~:AJ~ ii}~~Jl :AjW ~ ~~~Jl.

I made kimchi. (Because of that,) I was really exhausted.

.2.::: .2.:::OI .R~::: ~~~Oil
~01 ~~~Oil ~2.1 Oli?Lf ~'2JO I @ ~ LfE~'tiJLiq. ~~~Oil ::: -'?£ ¥~~'2.!

OIOPI~ OI ~LICl '-L 2f2l:L!. .A.~5H£ ~Liq.

This expression indicates that the statement given in the preceding clause is the reason for, or cause of, the
'ollow ing clause. In most cases, the following c lause is negative in nature. This expression is sometimes
shortened to - .!:::.2.f.

v -L2.~jl -.!=.2.~jl / ~L 2.~.:i!

/~ q Qj L 2.~jl

Qjq

7f ..fl..~ 7}~ 2..] ».]!: op~J1] :Ajt.J1Jl? How's Kylie doing these days?
Lf ~~ € t1] ~ il}l-c}J!. :Aj--80] 'ilJ.!: ?>! ~O}Jl.

She seems really busy due to preparing to get married.

*:A]Jl?7 f .Aj ~ 1IJ1-@-ol] -gfo ] l:lpn1
You're really busy because of all your tests, right?

q t;jJ. Jl~ .AJ~~¥~ -&-P-ct.:TI. :B7 ~ ~ ~ t:frxroJ..fl...

Yeah , these days I haven't been able to meet my friends at all because of my test prep.

7 f QJ1 ~ ~Oi..fl..? Why are you late?
q ~*tiR..fl... ~-*Ei ~ .:TI.~l el ncr ~ct ~ ~Oi..fl...

I'm sorry. I'm late because I went to get my computer fixed.

1 '-L 2.~.:il· ~ ~Q.j ~-§-01 lll~~l cm .!f-12.1~-§-O i q ~EH2~ k:f~~££ ~ ~ {!~il~££ ~~ ~Oj q,
¥ ~-§-0 1 ~:1!~~.££ -§-AIOil ~~~l.:il ~g ~ qE~'t:\lLiq.

The phrase -!:::.~~11 expresses the fact that the action or behavior in the preceding clause continued to
occur either partially or completely simultaneously with the action or behavior in the following clause.

• ~~~~e.jAJ-.!j!.5:oJI 7}~2}Jl ~.iiLoj] * ~<>J.f:l...
wasn't able to go to school because I went to the immigration office.

...,._ _ _ _..,.*~AIn

: -'?~ .A.If! %~ ~~~-E!-~I.A.~.!?-~011 CU'i'i.11 .:J.2.H.A.i -'?~ .A.I:Cf.Otl ~ -'? ~'i'i.§LI Cf.

I was busy going to the immigration office during class time, so I therefore couldn't attend class.

2 '-L2.~.:il·~ A~~ [H 'rJ~ XiiQ{O I ~~ L] q. C~:il~ ~~ 3,'! ~ ?Q.J5HO ~ ~Li q.

There are a number of restrictions on the use of -!:::.~f11. It is important to remember the following points.

(1) '- L 2.~.:il' C~Oil ~ ~~~CZJ OIOP I{t! ~~~q. ~~q II.I~'6~q ~'6~C~. <21' '6~q ~~012.7 1
[H~Oil ~~~Oil ~~~CZJ OIOPI7~ 2.12} 01~~Liq.

Because the clause that follows -!:::.~[11 is negative or undesirable in nature, it sounds unnatural for a
clause that is positive in nature to follow it.
• c-j]o ]§.~ ~}~ 2}Jl 7] ~o ] ~o r.f:l... (x)

- c-j]o]§.~ -6JIJ·i 7]~o] ~or.f:l... (o)

- !OJ] o]§. ~ ~}~2-\-Jl .fl..~ AJ.no] ';li<>J.f:l... (o)

.!£~. '.:il~'6~q', '*.:il'6~q·.2.~ ~~ §-A~ ~Oj~ ~ -t!~~££ '-L 2.~.:il'7 ~ M~ Li q_

In addition, -!:::.~f.':il is also used idiomatically with verbs such as .:i:l:~ofCf and -'?11ofef.

• 0]:-2-~l-~2}2 *2~}1l,<>J.f:l...

• .:J..%<d' -?-e.J ~ 7}.§.~]A] ~2}2 2/.~ '?l.£1l,<>j.f:l..,

(2) '-L 2.~.:il' ~Oil~ Aln. ~. ?012.J Q.J.A I7 ~ ~B.~ §-Am ~Liq.
Only verbs that require the will of the subject , a force of energy, and time can precede - !:::.2.[11.

• .iiL.!8-A}JI7} t.f~2}2 ~AroJl -A]Zf~<>J.f:l... ( x)
o~:l] 7r 'i'£oJ .2..~2}2 ~{}% *~<>l.R. (x)

*· l:l}~2}2 o:j ~~ ~<>J.R. (x)

: '.iiL~.A.f117 f LfCf'. 'I:JI7f 2.Cf'-E .A.If!OILf ~. ~OiQI 2.J;>;:I7f ~£.~ § .A.f7f OfLIQj. 'I:Jf.!!!!Cf'-E § .A.f7f OfLI71
ITHiEO!I ~* ~§Lief.
In .iiL~.A.~117f qq and t:JI7f 2.Cf, the verbs do not require the will of the subject; in the case of I:J~.!!!!Cf.

it is not a verb.

74 Korean Grammarut- Zt...·e · Intermediate

(3) Ol .H.~~ ~ @-~~~ .!fl @-~£1 ?OP ~ ~0~~ ~Liq.

The subject must be the same in both the preceding and following clauses.

*·~-tot »-1-e- {)·~ A}~e}..ll (A}0t »-1-e-) ~~ ~~-;:;t..J!:f. (o)
*• A}ot »-1:: {)- ~ A}~e}..ll u}.3. ».J-e ~~ ~~-;:;t..J!:f. (x)

*(4) '-L2.~.:il' C~Oll::: ~~~m ~~~01 ~ ~~Liq.

The propositive and imperative forms cannot follow -~2.f.::il.

• -;'!; ~ ~~e}..ll t..}o1 E~~Hl {f;.11:f. I 7}1!).1.2.. (x)

~ '@ ~ ?~ t..J-o1§.~'floJI lfA1cf. (0)

• .:D:~ ~ <5}~2.j-..TI..g.% ~;.11:f. I !~~_,~;,].2.. (x)

~ .:D:~ ~ -&-}~2-f..TI..g.~ c} ~oJJl. (o)

*(5) ~p~ AIA~I ·-~/)~;!-'~ ~ ~~Liq.

The past tense form -CUI~- cannot be used with -~2.f.::il .

*• oj;(~14;-;(~1~ ~~2.f..ll {)-~ 1{oJJl. (x)

*~ oJ7.114i-A11 ~ -&-}~2-f..TI. {[~ 1{oJJl. ( o )

1 7f .R~ 2Jl o]~l-J]l:l}-llll}-.R? \ ~~ At~ (schooQ admission forms
I ~~0 1 ~Cf to be extremely busy; at wit's end
Lf 0}-21::1}-0]E-5}-Li!}Jl l::l}llll}.ft. \ !2.:il.A.i report

l:lf.!!!!Cf Of£1:lfOI§.ofef 1l:lf.!!!!Cf
~-t!OI ru_q ~e:t -'i-ff~ frl:llofef 1~-t!o1ru_q
AILI-01 ru_q .5!...Jl)..i~ ~q I AI{JOI ru_q

~~]}j4fef
to turn off (power to) a phone

~ofef 1~ tgtq
~¥ofC.f 1~~~ 7li ~q
~~ofC.f 1 ~~f ~2.1-1- ~ g.q

*}. ol:Ai] 2ll rr.}E1 e>ll <?} g±~ it? (~ ~e>ll n-l:f ..2..q )

-t ~~0\ll~t:t .2J::.~:ll nf~~\ 1J:e>lit.

(2) 7 ~ 7-i]t.f »-]7} it~ f£o]l:l}~7} .!i!}it? (~ #-E-1 ~~e>l] qyq)

q l;j]. :Ai]Lf ».]~ it~ l:l}1111}it.

(3) 7~ it~ .2j £ ~ <?} il}A] ~ -3! ~O}it. (0}7] ~ 5!_q)
*.21 £ ~ ~ ~ iiTiit.
q l;j].

(4) 7 ~ oj:Ai] 2Jl oJ:-2-~0iit? (5!_Jl}.i ~ o}.!f-c.li>}q)

q 0l=-2-~oj it.

(5) 7 ~ ~~ 3:. J..B -'f-1l ~ it? (\:t:A} ~.:rCJ %:§:1-i>}q)

q l;j]. ~ ~ ;..B ~~it.

r--···· ........... ---------------- - ----------. ------- -------· - ------- ......... -- --------· ------- - --------- - --- ------- - ,
I
~OLi-i3tq!tg. 0nll~E0I~.r3r.HA~AI ~~O:lci!.:Ai.li~ :;~~II~EI7~ ~01 .A.~.A.iCU<X;;!~ LIC~. 0~.3. AA I ~~~IIL~EiI qfr.-l::l~l '[[H§gtOg,lll-0~!1~~£n~~E~IO<lXl ;cH;-o!H
§-E£
II q

1 {!J:z_t-o~q .s:!.LI .g£ 2.A.I-ll"'.f0ll ~ ~~ Li q_ 0 ~.3. AAI~ ~o ~-o~ ~B AAI7~ 2.71 rrHgOll '?;;!B

II~EI~ ~Jl {,!<X;;!~ Liq.

.JiC!c-H II~EI7 ~ .A.I~.r.l;qo~il:~ 0~.3. AAI~ LiEf- IIIEoH.A.i .go1 ~.:il ~<x..t~Liq. .J2.1l.A.i ~B
AAI~ mEl LHLH 0~712.~ AAI;g OIOP I ~ ~~Li q, 0 ~.3. AAI7~ ~Oj';J~ rrH~ 2.~ o ~~O I<X;;!.:iJ.
~7 ~ ~ q ~oP ~.:il ~<X;;!~Liq. o~.3. AAI~ rr~EI [[HgOll i~: li~:-HE·oHB ~~ j:l~o~ -oH.A.i ~ii!
Oil£ ~<X;;!~LICL ~ii!Oll 7~LI7Jf ~-7-~0I ~B AAI;g 0~712.~ AAI7~ A~~PI .A.I~~q~ OPI~
oH "-'?<X;;!~Liq.
' ------ ---------- ------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------ -

*(4) o}.3. ».]~ ------------------- if-~ ».]cJ- o] o]:7] ~ ~;; y q,

76 Korean Grammar in 'lise Intermediate

-_1...

~
( 30 )1

I hear that Mark is in the hospital.

q Iil, .ii!.-!8-).}Jl7} tf~ H}'ifofl t:}~ J.i ~-%loJJ

CfJ -%1~~_9_,

Yeah, he was injured in a traffic accident and went to the hospital
(as a result).

*7~ J ~~7} ~oJl~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~EJ12ll :tt.AJ_9_?

I thought that athlete would win the gold medal. I wonder why he
didn't.

*q 7cj 7j ~ "0}1:}7} ~~ .A] ~ H}'ifoJl ~ojj ~ ~

;a-~ _g_.

He had a fall during the match and didn't get the gold medal (as a
res ult).

2.:=Ol R~:= {:!~~0 1 ¥lOll ~2.1 -'f:!~O iq Oli?-7~ ~ [H A~~LICL .!i!.~ -t:!~~£1 .g~O I .!f-12.1 ~§Oil

~ ~ := ~~ -'?7-Jq -'f:!C.H 2.1~~\:::! -3;!:1!1-E q ::: ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H §;:= -'E:!<5~AI ~:= ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H A~

~Li q.

This expressio n is used when the preceding c lause describes the cause or reason for t he statement in
the fol lowing c lause. Usually, the preceding clause d escribes a situatio n or circumstance that negatively
influences the following clause or that causes an unexpected or unwanted result.

• %-t:Jl ~:§:j-7} {J-7:}7] .:iLAJ t..H::- l:l}iffojj <;1~g *~e>i iL.

My mobile phone suddenly had a problem , so I couldn't contact you (as a result}.

There was a typhoon, and the flight was cancelled (as a result).

I ate in a rush and got indigestion (as a result}.

~ cai'l precede :: tJf'§l"Ojl.

• ~ -,:. 7,f7.\-71 # 1:1\-1:)-0\1 ~710\1 ~)1.0\.R. (x)
-\ti.I.\7\- 7J:A\-71 ?Sf~~ 1:1\-1:)-0\1 ~710\1 ~)1.0\.R. (o)

: '®Q'-E ~§Af2.fA:i ~ -9- 'ai.2.E!£ ~Af~ ·~~AIQ'£ tJf-=f!OiO~ ~LICf.

®Q cannot be used because it is an adjective. It must be changed into its verb form ~~AIQ.

2 01IE~~ OIDI <§1018 ~:i!K>ll cH~ 01~~ ~~'0~71 rrHgOJI' ~ t:J~~Oll' cf-gOJI~ gt.g :il~7f~O I

~Liq.
Because this form is used to describe the reason for something that has already occurred, the following
clause must be in the past tense.

• 1:117\- ?,fo1 ..2. !::: 1:1]'1:)-0\1 ~7]- 'it -3!. ~or.R. ( x)
~ 1:1171- wo1 ..2.!::: 1:1\-1:)-0\1 %1'7r ;.±<>l.R. (o)

*3 · ~ t:J~~Oll' ¥-1011~ gt.g :il~7~ AIJ\il~ .271 rrHgOll ~~go1q ~~~01 ~ ~~Liq.

Because only past tense forms can follow :: tJ f'§l"Ojl, imperative or propositive clauses cannot be used.

• .J..J%7]-£~ ~<>l ti-J2.J !:: 1:1]'1:)-0\1 ~ ~0\17]-{j.J-.1..2.. I ~77]-.R? (x )
~ {1%7]-£ ~ ~ojl:i-J2.1!:: l:lj-1:J"oJ1 ~~"11 n~L.J t:f. (o)

4 Ol IE~~ CH.!:f-~ ¥~~'2.) .g%'0f1Ai~ Al§g[Liq . .:J.2.HAi ~~~'2.) .gtfOliAi Al§o~~ Oj~g[Liq.

This expression is mostly used in a negative sense, so it sounds unnatural to use it to describe positive
situations.

*• ';:[7.\- ~T-7]-Aj:§ ~ .J..j- l:lj-'i:foJI 71 ~o1 ~ot~ ~ Yt:f. ( x)

~ ';:[7.\- ~T-7\- ~ :§ g_ J-j- -?<>JJ.-j 71~o1 -t-or~~ Yt:f. ( o)

.::12.iq 71-B ~~~'2.1 .g~OliAi AA71~ oi-ECil. ol rrH ~ ~O:l 7 I CHo~:AI ~~7~ q Oll.g ~;;~~2.J ~:il~7 ~
{!Jn ~ rrH AI§~.:? ~~ Liq.

However, in some cases, this form can be used to describe positive situations, but they are limited to
cases in which something completely unexpected or unintended has occurred.

7f £_.,. ».], 71 ~01 i 'Or .!i!.01L-J1.R.

Yunju, you seem to be in a good mood.

Lf ~Y7r {[7.\-71.!f-AJ2..£ 0 1;_~ 7]-.E ~:~tif:foJI <~J% P r »-;>J1 £1Si71 ~.R.

My sister suddenly moved to Susan, and I've got a room all to myself (as a result).

78 Korean Grammar ~~~ 'll.fe · lntermediate

'-O~/OiAi'2t ' :::::: l:i ~E,foJI':::::: ~ q Oi~~ ~~:A I '2_1- Cf%.1!1- ~;:: Qj oj.gQj .X~O I7~ ~~ Ljq_

While both -0fl0i)..i and :: t!f<50U are used to express reasons, they are different in the following respects.

8-frol ~~~0 1 ~7 1Jil .§ Ol~~ ~~LI Cf. ~~~01 ~7 1/1 1 .§ O l~£1- ~)}jl ~~~~ ~ 2.l.£7f

Indicates simply the reason for what follows in the OfLj~~.£ .QJDI~LICf.
next clause.
Indicates not only the reason for what follows
• ~o1 ?l~~,.~.i ~oJI ~~Oi.fl... in the next clause but also that the result was
unintended.
I was at home because the appointment was
canceled. • Qj'4foj ~~£!~ tJt'ifoJ1 ~oJ1 'V.~Oi.fl...

-+ ~011 ~~'2! Ol~~ ~~Lief. An appointment was canceled, so I was at
home (as an unintended result).
This statement only provides the reason that
the speakers was at home. -+ ~011 ~~'2! Ol~£1- ~)}jl ~2.fle ~011 ~.£2.~ '2! 3,-!0I

-·---------- OfLI~~.S::. .QJDiof.Jl ~8LICf.

This statement provides not only the reason
that the speaker was at home but also the fact
that he or she had no intention of doing so.

1 ~
{ 31 )I
~01 ~olefi~Cf
~ .AI7jl7f \:! ~2.1Cf
~Et .A.Illl7f 't! ~2.1 Cf I ~lil '§!OILfCf
(the) alarm clock does not ring
.Xf7f jl.g- q q 1-"?2.1{!!E-1011~q .210~ 5fq
-'?2.1 ~Ei repair center; service station

2 7 f <J-1 :A~j .2.<iJ oJj 2Jl ~ Lf.2.:~<J-1 £.?

*Lf ~-=t-7} ~-;;(}7] ~0}_2. ~ Bt'i:J-ofl :Q<J-1£..

OIXil £~011 211 't! Lf2.Cf ~-T7f fj"Xf71 ~I-Of2.Cf I~ 7fef
oI{JOII .g.§5f2.i 2H 't! 2.Cf
Xl\:i~ AiiDILfOII 211 ~~5f:AI ~q OfOI7f Cf.XICf 1 ~f:!OII 7f0 ~ 5fef
8~ '§!ol ~71Cf I Y-"? ~q

== ~=- ~ A~4l.Ai q -§ CH~ ~~'C>~Aii.R.

- o,l'l' -&-tt:f7t §-E ~ t:f 1i0i..ll? (~.:;z-t=g- ~~:rj]7J};A] 1§ ~ u}J-]t:f)
--' ~-r=r~ \:1&~:-r\\TJ\'t-\ ~~ orHI;: 'd~\ ~~ -q ~01~.

2) 7 ~ 7tl:lJ~ Oi~:rll "6tt:f7t ~Oil:i-]~Oi..ll? (;7;]-&-t~oJ]J-i ~q)

q 7p:~J ~ \=-.:i1 t.H ~Oi..a.

(3) 7~ oj-l:i-j;A]lJj]l:lJ"§} rrJ1 O:j~ Zl-t:f~ ~~ g E.~Oi..ll? (o]lct J-]~oj]J-i F ~ ~q)
q 0 fl 7] ~ 7flt.H;A]5:. ~_.~OiJl.

(4) 7 ~ ~{JJ-]~ ~ ~Oi..ll? (~{j rrJ1 {l:AJ-&-tt:f) *~o}r.jS:. "910i..ll.
q oj-y..ll,

(5) 7~ *o] 2Jl op~!:rj] GlcJ-%1].0i..ll? (~ oJP·i ~Oi;A]q)

q *o] o]'i!:rll ~Oi..ll.

(6) 7~ $_ 1' ».] 71- "§}.lli. ~ .:::L~.!f-Lj-..ll? (o}CJ1 ;7;] J-j-~o] ocJ--6}t:f)

q l;j], "§}.liL ~ .:::1~.!f-7!1 £j ~Gl..ll.

*(7) 7 ~ 4:;'-A~j ~ QjJ "910i..ll? (4;'-A~j"5}cf7} {foj ~ cf)
*q 4:;'-A~j ~ "91OiJl.

(8) 7~ 2Jl -t?-<tl %Zl-oJl LJ-71-110i..ll? (~;7;}71 ~w~-oJ LJ-t:f)
q -:g-<ti g .!.l!-t:i-71- LJ-ll.-Oi..ll.

80 Korean Grammar u"'ZI&e · Intermediate

7~ oJ7J ».]7} ..2..~5:. ;.-Hf· o}# llll}l:t:Cl.TI. ~~

~q~;.-1Jl?

I understand Yang Gang forgot to bring one of the documents again
today.

Lt l;j], J.j~ 0 ]-B-TI 1J!"ofl 1}*7}9[~ ~ ~o}Jl .

Yes, it seems he frequently makes mistakes due to his hurried
disposition.

7~ 1:1]7} .AjW ~o] ..2..l;j]Jl.

It's really raining hard.

q 1:1] 7} ~o] ..2..~ lJ!"ofl TI7J ti-2.1 ~ 7~7} ~;\11£1~

t:HJl.

Apparently, a number of bridges over the Han River are closed due
to the heavy rain.

-~·~ q~ ~01 ~717-11 .§ Ol~q .![:1'2._! ~ :;::~Li q. .:J.C.H)..i '-{0 )!.= ~oll'::: {:!~~OI .¥-~~QI.!¥~~'2..! )..~{:!
Olq ~0 1 ~717-11@ .![:1'2._! ~~ Ol~ ~ qE~IJlLiq:; {:!~~ rrH.gOll ~~~01 ~(}j~q::: ~~ QIDig)"Liq .

n e word ~ roughly means the cause or reason why something bad is occurring. Thus, -(.£}E 5:-.fOII indicates
mat the preceding clause is the cause or reason why the negative event described in the following clause
occurred. In other words, the following clause happened due to or because of the preceding clause.

~~7~1...... tJI~e! ~on
~CUe! ~on
A
-(.£)L ~(}jl
~J:: H - - -·-···--···-··---- ~ ·····---~-~~----·--'------··------~ ~ ~on ·--·--·- --·
. ' 7 ~q . l! ~OU
-- ··+··--··- -(.£)L ~ou
~~7~
7f-E ~Oll
v -~:.-------Q-:j-q--------------7---·-·-···------Q-:-j -::-:--~-O-l--l --------------

: ::: ~Oll

~-. ----····· ------····--
: ~e! ~Oll : 3.JJ.Oiq 3.J:I~e! ~Oll

Ol~e! ~Oll 2:,f~O i q ~~OI~e! ~Oll

3.JJ.Oiq -··- ····

3.JJ.'2.! ~Oll

2t~01q ~~'2..! ~Oll
· · - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - · - - - - - - · · · · · · - - --- --- - -

• %~ ».1~ ~4¥-Ellll<?J ~ ~JJJ77r.AJ .sr-e- 5foll .AJzt~ .sr-e- ~~7r w1:f.

Dongho is often late due to his playing games until late at night.

I had a bad headache this morning because I drank a lot of alcohol yesterday.

It rains often because it's the rainy season.

-l

1 0] .:!!~~ 'N 5,tOJI', 'AtJ-(O)L/~ 5,tO]q'2.] ~ EH.£5:. .A.I§~-'? <ll~ L] q.

This expression can also be used in the forms N ~OU and AJV-(9.)L/E ~Oict.

*• \t»-]7} ~:-J -& 7!-oJl WoJl ~~*:Ali::- A}~go] ?.fo}.f!...

= c-J-& \t»-1 7!-oJl WoJl ~~ .-xH::- A}~ go ] "@o}.f!...

A lot of people have trouble sleeping at night due to the hot weather.

• ::1. t~H-7} nJl~oJl ~iC! ~~ >8-t~H ~ f£0 1 nJ-& 7!-<flYJ:f.

= ::1. t~H 'i' ::: >8-t~H ~ 'i\t0 ] nJ-& 7!-oJl nJI~oJI ~ Xi~Yl:f.

That actor got lung cancer from smoking a lot.

*2 '-( 0)L/~ ~ou·~ ~:c.p~ q~ ~~011'2.! .A.I§~ <ll71 rrHg011~:ct7~ ~~ ~~ou .A.I§<W~ 01~

~L]q.

Because -(9.) L /E ~Oil can only be used in the case of a bad or negative result, it sounds unnatural if

used when the resulting situation is positive.

•{.17 g o] .5:.~ 7!-oJI ~R ).~~~ ~~-? ~~oJ.f!... (x) I
- {17 g oJ s:.~ ~~oJI ~R ).~~ ~ ~~-? ~~oJ.a. (o) I

- {17 go] .5:.~7] n:Jl~oJI ~R ).J:~[~ ~~-? ~~oJ.f!... (o) _j

Because my friends helped me, I was able to adjust well to life in Korea.

82 Korean Grammar u1/ '1Ll·e · Intermediate

Ol~~ qE~LH::: R~~~ P)OI <U;J::I~ c~g.Jlt ~~ ~~ ~~~01 <U~ Liq_

Many expressions are used to express reasons. Here, we note some of the differences between them.

-71 Ufi@Oll

~.Jlt2.1 ~<2.! ~g~~2f Lf~~~2.1-'f:l'2.! Lf~ ~:i!f£1 -'tl'2.! ~~~2.1-'tl'2.!
Cause of Cause of
Lf~ ~~2.1 -'tl'2.! Cause of
a bad result a good result
Good vs. Bad Result__'.: ___ Cause of a good a bad result
or bad result All OK

~<2.!2.1 ~* All OK 21-l¥~. Ofl~f.XI All OK 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
~~-'tl'2.!
Cause Type All tenses OK
External, unexpected :
···:-··· cause 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
~~~ AIJ;il
All tenses OK
Tense of Preceding 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5 ~:AH £-§ AI:Ail 71-5
Past tense £-9- 71-5
Clause All tenses OK All tenses OK
All OK
(:i!f7-j - ~:AH . DI2.H)

~~~ AIJ;il 2.-§ AIXil 71-5 :i!.f7-j 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
Past tense
Tense of Following All tenses OK All tenses OK
Clause
2.-9- 71-5 -§Aft'._!- 7f5 2.-9- 71-5
(~7-j - ~:AH- DI2.H) - ~- Verbs only
All OK All OK
~At
Parts of Speech

Used with
(~Af - -§Af · ~~Af)

1 7f ~Cl] -"' ~ t!J-o] ~!:::?!Oil {}7Jo] ~ T,o}~~Jl. AECII.6.~ ~q to relieve stress
Lf AECjjA~ ~ ~ ~s:_~ ~D j .A~~~ "5jj .!i!__).i]Jl. ~6ji;fC.f to eat an unbalanced diet

AECJI~~ 'i'JOI ~q I ~~OI '2.]- ~~q *AECJI~~ ~ ~il-'F- evenly; well-balanced

'1!£~ ~DI ~!I~ iiHS!Cf

Oi:Ail ~OI 'QtOI ~-cf I ~OI DITI'EiCf Afj]_7f Lf.XI ?J'£~ ~~5H.A.i g~~ 5fCf

OfOI7f ~6l~ 5fCf I 717f ~q

-3!2 7f Jl-6 ~¢1~}7] 7} ~C;j_g. ~O}Jl.

*Lf J{i 7SAi]7} ~ "J!-0 1~~ - ~7f7f 2.£Cf to go up in price

2g ~~5f7 17 f Oi~Cf \111 \§.'7.1!1 a number of months (in a series)

~'.::!S!Cf~5H ~~l::ll7f c; 'ai'OI ~q 71-§ drought
~:Ail7 f'2.]- ~q
Ot;i;H~OI 'i'JOII::II.U~q
~'.::!S!Cf ~7f7f 20%Lf ~'HCf

~ ·~P;(H 7~0illl4i-£1 ~Cf

+

1-fJl. ~J11 (3)------- --------- o}- 21:l}-01EoJ1 7.}? ~o]Jl. o}-21:l}-01EoJ17.~
(4)_____________ ~g ?J-o1 ~7-1 *"6~Jl. ~g ?J-o1 (5)________________

+++

go:j~ (3)-------------- ~ ~ 01 ~oj.Ai {]{]~o]Jl. (4)--------------

84 Korean Grammar ,;'" 'lise · Intermediate

You're tired, so why don't you take a taxi?

q t:Jl' ~s:. ~J-o}Jl c511J'i ;zj -o}~ ~ Ef ~ 711

'%- ~ o-Jii..

Well, there's a lot of traffic and all, so I think taking the subway will
be better.

7~ ;zi ~ ~o] E.{:lcHJl?

Would you like to have dinner together?

q 13 {jS:. ~ 71] ~ Jl <5fl.Ai ;zi ~ ~ ~ ~ _Q_i:;jJ!Jl.

I had a late lunch, and that's (one of the reasons) why I'm planning
to skip dinner.

Ol .R~ ::: ~~~£1 LH§O I .t?.~~£1 ~ § ~ 3f-E. ():j 2.i 7 ~J.:I OI-F?- 3 £13~q<E:J ~ qE~~Liq, ~3f-E A~'EJ'O I
1?-~~Qj ~ § ~ 3f-E q ::: OI-F?-.£ ~AI~~~~ CI/l§Oll ~~~Q£ .:J. ~ ~ ~q::: ~~ QJDI3~.Jl ~~Liq,
7IE~£1 q ::: OI-F?-7 ~ ~q::: ~ ::: <6"AI~ ~ ~ OIOPI::: 3~J.: I ?l~Liq,

This expression means that the reason given in the preceding clause is just one of a number of reasons for
the behavior described in the following c lause. The speaker uses this phrase to state the primary reason for
doing t he act ion in the following clause while also indicating t hat there are other reasons. In t his way, the
speaker only hints at the other reasons and does not explicitly state t hem.

A/V III~ 3 ~q III~3~.Jl 5HAi
~q.Jl 5HAi
~qq - - - - · · -- - - - - · -

~.:ro 1q ~-=?-0 I.Jl 5HAi

2:[{;ilOiq 2:f{;!JOl.:il 5HAi

:rr.]~-o}.:ll -3JP-i Q.]=~ ~ ~~~~ Yrt.

I was tired (among other things), so I cancelled the appointment.

• .§s:. ~.:il "31P·i .2_~ ::. {l <>11 ~.Q.C1.:il WYq.

I don't have any money, for one thing, so I plan to stay home today.

• ~.:g-5:. Ef.:il "3JJAi ~7 ~ <>i1 7'J1 ~l§:j ~o-]Jl.

I got paid, and that's (one of the reasons) why I treated my friends to a meal.

1 oI IE~~ 'N.S:. V-:J1. tiH.A.i. A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. tiH.A.i'£.5:. ~ -9- <1!~LICf.

This expression can also be used in the forms N£ V-J1 5H.A.i and AIV-71£ 5fJ1 5H.Ai.

• ~% t;!JJI ~lV·i ;.J~ ~ ~e>-l.R.. = ~:s:. t;!JJI ~~-"i ;.J~ ~ ~e>-lil...

= ~% Qj7]£ 15t.JI "6ll-"i {!-~~ ~e>-lil...

• \;[».]7} *Jl "6Jl-"i ~oj] ~~ %0}~ojil.._ = \;[».j£ *Jl "6Jl-"i ~oj] ~~ %0}~oj..ll..
= ';t»-]7t *7]£ <5}Jl15~-"i ~ oj] ~~ %o}~e>-1Ji..

2 'N.S:. A/V-:J1. N.S:. A/V- :J1. tiH.A.i' ~~ 'A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. A/V-71.5:. tiH.A.f~~ ~ .A.f§5ff2:! {:!~~0 1 ~~
~.Q.j ~6~ 51-E:- Cil 'Ci~ 0 ]~7 f <1!AI'2! .::J:g ~ 7fA I O l~~ CH.H~.££ ~5f:JJ.. <1!Cf-E -3:!~ LfEf

i:llLI Cf.

When used in the form N£ AIV-Jl N.S:. A/V-Jl 5H.A.i or A/V-71.5:. ofJl A/V-71.5:. 5H.A.i, this expression

indicates two representative reasons among many for the action in the following clause.

• oj 2.j£ o]-.E.Jl ~?()- -?]JI{l7]£ ~~-"i i'-lfi15}r:}7t ~ ej]l:l]~~ ~e>-l.li..

• oj2.J7t 0}1!.7]£ 15t.JI ~?()- -?]JI{l7]£ "6ll-"i i'-.!Ji<5tr:}7} ~ej] l:l]~% ~e>-l..ll..

: ~i'.iltJI~~ g Ol~7f Oj2.-j 7f:AI7 f '?1-ECil .:J. Ol~~ 8 ~2.1 .!=f. 7f:AI~ CHB.~££ W5f.:il '?113-LICf.

There were various reasons why the speaker watched TV, but the speaker is only stating two
representative ones.

1 7f u}§..oj] 7}J.]l..f ~Jl. DfE. mart; grocery store

q l;Jl, e\:l o1..2...Jl t5flJ.i :AJ g 1:2.c-1 7}2.. :g~ S!.q to go to the market

71~..1: the price of gas

Et~H~ ]'iq to quit smoking

e\::IOI2.Cf I :g~ !:2.2.-J 7fQ

7IW.JOI 2.£Q I R-§- ~~ <2! tifQ

§Oil <2! ~q I 'al:lH~ R~Cf

*2 7f 0 ]Jti %o}c.j MToj] nt:f1~/·iJl? 7}2.. ~f2.1 (school) club
*q l;j], o}2l:l}o] E.£ "8}.Jl -tL..!f-£ t>Hol= ~}.Jl t5flJ.i MT membership training
.A.~ the countryside

Ol't:! ~Of2.1 MTOil ~ 7fcf Of.§.I:J fOI.§.£. tifQ I~¥£ 5HO~ tifQ I~ 7fQ
.AI~.£ O I.A~ 7fQ
R§ ~~-§-~ Oil CfLI Cf ~%5fef I ~7 1.£ ~q I O I.A~ 7fQ
-c!:Y.S:. <2! ~q I~.£ MIQ I QLIQ

86 Korean Grammar tit 9./.fe- · Intermediate

7~ 7~~2-J »-1~ j.~;Aj-? CJ.-1~ ~ ~O~Ji_

(1) Lf t:Jl, ?sJOi -t.:il <W-i :A}? D ~J.:jJl.

%0ii!C. l-.:L!. ll.lt-!C. -to~f.l.:il tiHf..i -A}? o~J.:!Jl.

7~ :A~ot »-1~ o-jc.]011-"l 1.1:~ ~ i>~.Ai1Jl?

2) Lf Al~ -----------------------------

%l:J1.g.-"1AJ011 :A}? 7~Jl.

7~ OJ7J »-1 ~ ~ 1l011.!f-<3! ~ C11_o-jJl?

3) Lf

7~ 0~71c} »-l, ~~011 QjJ %~~011 ~ _2_11_o-jil..?

q

7~ ~ "611 »-l, QjJ 01-"~ i>~2;]Jl i>~.Ai]Jl?

q

7~ ~~]01 °d »-l, -A1\:t'ti01] 1{}\:t \f-A~Qj- J.-}-=A2;]JI i>~.Ai1Jl?
Lf t:Jl, ~ \:tfi-}7~ - - - - - -- - - - -

"'t-=A 21JI t>Ril...

7~ ~01 ..2_~1::11 ;~ 7}aj.J2Jl?

Are you planning to go mountain climbing while it's snowing?

q o}yJl, ~ rrJH~·o-J1 ~o1 o1TIC1% 7l} !4 ;~~

{]_Jl 1-}7 }aj JlJl.

No, I put on my mountain climbing boots to go out because I was
afraid the ground would be slippery.

7~ o}3. »-1, ;_1~ ~ ~~Jl?

Mark, did you do well on your exam?

*q o}yJl, Li.!f- ~~Jl. A1~o-J1 ~~~7/} !4

~ 7cl 01o-J1Jl.

No, I didn't do well at all. I am so worried that I failed it.

Ol .H~::: -t:!~~£1 ~~. ~~OILf C§jO I ~AI C§jOj X;.t7~Lf C§j o-j'§ *.s:. <L!q~ ~2.4-@- ~::: ~~ rrHgOll ~~
~2.1 ~:;~ ~7~Lf 0~2 <L!c.~~ ~~ LfE~~Liq. '-{ 0 )2m S!f'£1 '.!i!.q'~ 'Oll~o~q. ~.z.ro~c.r~ £1olgjLiq.

'-{ 0)277~ !i!~Ai'.£.5:. A~~* <L!~ Liq.

This expression indicates that the speaker did, or is doing, the action in the following clause out of worry

or fear that the situat ion or action in the preceding clause has occurred or will occur. The .!i!.Cf of -{.2.)277f !tf

means to guess or think something. This expression can also be used in the form -{.2.)27lf !tf.A.i.

-(2.)2m S!f

A/V I . !f.~~~m S!f

-(0) 277~ !i!~ ~~m !i!~

~~m!i!~ ~F?-Oiq ~ ~ m !i!~
o1~~m!i!~
owr..!olq iim S!f
L--··~- ~xH : C§jm !i!~
~.:ro 1 q ~.:r~~m !i!~
- -- - -'- - -· OH~O iq OH~O I ~~77~ .5!}

~.:rC§j]}~ .5!}

oH~ C§jm !i!~

88 Korean Grammar u1clt,·e · Intermediate

-e7~ <>J :Ai] .2f:-'{) »-]71- ~ ~ 'fJ<>J ~~1:-l] ot-'T- ~~tiL.

Yesterday, I tried on the clothes you (Juyeong) gave me, and they fit really well.

q * ol %- ~ ~llt ~ Z:JAa~~·c:n ~ ~~r:.tt-1 r:.}-"8"~o J 1.:JliL.

I was worried they'd be a litt le small, so it's great that they fit well.

7~ ;;z.]nj ~ pJ-o] CJ.jl:j]Jl.

You sure do drink a lot of coffee.

q J;j]. o]u:j- ~~ J.]Z}oj] ~7/r ~ atJ.l ~ rjoj]Jl. ~li:! '?I £1~1-iL.

Yeah, I'm drinking it now lest I get drowsy during the meeting later today. I can't get drowsy
(as you know as well).

7~ O:j..5!.J--j]Jl? 't}at, t:H-T-011 7~ 7];7.~ ~ X}:<>JiL.

Hello? Mom, I (successfully) boarded the train to Daegu.

q .:Ltll? r:.}-<5JJ 0lr:t. ~ 01 ~-&lJ.i !;JJ7t 7] ;7.~ **~7/l- ~Ai Z:JAa~:r-1 ~ -

Really? That's good to hear. I was worried you'd miss the train because of the traffic.

- - -- - --- -~ ----- --~------

'-{0 )2 77f !i!.t':: ~~~Oil cH~ -Z:j~ [(jjgOJI Oi't! ~~ ~7~Lf Oi't! ~~ 5f~ cvq:: ry~ .uio~ gtLiq.
DI2.HOil CH~ lll~~ M~ g!":AI CC.{~ Lic.f.

Because -{.2.)27Jf .!il.f refers to the speaker's worry about what is stated in the preceding clause, the following
clause must state the action that is, or will be taken by the speaker. A clause in the future tense about a plan
of action yet to be taken cannot be used.

• ).j~o] <>1 31%77]- .!ill- ~{1 "8"] .:g.-'f-~ 7-JOl].B.. (x)
~ ).j~o] <>1 31%77]- sq. ~{1 "8"] .:g.-'f-"9:'1<>1.£.. (o)
~ ).j~o] <>1 31%77]-.!i!}- ~{1 -B"].:g.-'f--B"}Jl ~<>i.B.. (o )

1 7f 9-~011 ~~ 7}{lqqi;,iJl?

Lf l:Jl, .:I~"Gl1 9-~011 ~»-17} ~77} ~ ~78°1011Jl.

(the} tickets sell out

-'?~OU ():j~ 7fef -'?~Oil 'g.UI7f Lf!!!!Cf
Cilttll7f .UI7f ~~ ~.A.I<>il ~~~q ~~ ~I.A.I<>il ~:;~ ~ ofef
§.A.i£ .H.~ ~ 7~Cf .H.7f q ~~q

*{]2 7f 011 "6"J--AJ- uJ1S!:ll}J-jl:j]Jl. ~Oil 0112<514 to write a

q l:Jl. ~.n_~ ~ ~ ~e>i 1:tJ 'M 77} ~ *{]011 "6"J-.AJ- uJ].2:5RJl. note in a daily planner

.H~ .:;:tc5fCf to buy a ticket

-'?~Oil ~~ oU£ofCf 7 I~J;:ICf greasy; fatty

%R~ ~~ 9.:!0il::li 2.1Cf "-------

t!I~7I.H.~ ~~ ouoH~Cf .fp~OI2.f .H.~ ~ -=jl-C;fef

~OI:UICf

90 Korean Grammarut 'lise · Intermediate

(1) 0 ~717~ 7~-* ~OiR ------ · ® ~~ ~£~ ~ ~Hi.

-*(2) ~o I 9.t~ ~OiR · ------- @ ~~ ~~2.1£ ~6HR
-*(3) tg,I"Oll .g~ ~ ~ ~OiR
· © Aio~~~ ~OiR

(4) q2.17~ o~ -* ~OiR · @ .WcH~£~ 77~ ~9.-tOiR

(5) -*~Oil tg,l6H7~ .g) -* ~OiR

(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

2 '-(£)2m .!i!.l-' ~ ..q·~5H.A.i Cj-% cH£~ -@!~o~AiiR.

(1) 7~ 'f ~ ~7cj ~.2_).i1.fL? (~lf>j-q)

q :A~] 7]- ~~ »-1~EJ1l:l1~ ~ ~1-L.f ~~7~ :=.R. ~~ »-171- q~ J.j-~011~1
0i~.t77~ Ji!t- ~ :Aj 0 1~J.l.fL.

(2) 7~ o:j~Ai1.R? ~9 ».], 'f ~ ~.£. ~§.}~]-1!o-].R? (Q}j:; ~ ~o-j tJi511:f)

q tR ~ Q}4f 7]Q:jo]-J.1:fr? ~§.l-~e>-l.R.

q .R;; :AJu]-~o 1 ~o}.fL. ~~~ 7]-.A].Jl %~.R.

(4) 7~ o}o17} ~ ~ ~l.:J1 .R. (%o1 Q}i5H.A11:f)

q .::1CJl }.l ~:Ajo1011.R.

*(5) 7~ ~~ ;.17-117} 37BL.f ~l.:Jl.R. (~~ ~2-l ~ ~q)

q ~~ iio1 .AH::- ~o1c.f ~'it J.l7-11 ~ 01 Ci 1R
~~ '*.Jl 7.]-.R.

4. o)~ L}E~'2 -

1

Q) Ell-% Uil~<>ll ® ElJ-%ol % l@l-c-n
@ ElJ-%ol _2_.::il i>R J.~
@ ElJ-%0] _2_7] ~ <5j-:A]Jt}

. 2 7~ S:.f-i-t!!Oll 7~AiiR?
q Lil, cl-§ ~Oll J- I ~OI ~,!7-j§R.

Q) J.l~o] 9J. Oi J.~Jl ® J-1~ 0 1 91~ l@l-ci1Jl
@ J.l~o] 9).~7lj- .!i!}J.~Jl
@ J-1~o1 9J.~:A]£ %c.j-J.~

3 7~ 0 ~0 1 ~ :i?:~ 'Ct"OI A~~LiiR.

q ------------------------ 'CJOI ~OiR.

Q) ~~~ 01 ~7lj- .!i!}J.~ ® ~~~ 0 1 J.il~i>j-.::il i>R J.~
® ~~~ 0 1 J-11 ~<5}-E- Jtltt!<>J1
@ ~~{jo] J.ii ~W:A]£ [email protected].~

4 7~ ~~~ § ~Oll 9:l~~c-H 2H ~~ J-~2.~.:t:!. 5HR?
q 0 1 [[~7~ .2:IQI 7~ 91f10 ~R. .2:12-P~ ~Oi;.t.: l ~ _________________ J-~2.~.:t:!.R.

Q) llfl7j- .::il ~ 7lj-.!;!} ® llfl7j- ctJl~~ J1.
® llfl 7J- .::ilE..JI.. i>RJ.~
@ llfl7j- JI..nj- 7j-:A].::il

5 Q) ~ ~ .!i!_ Lc.j-J1. ~ 711 Jt}\fJ-1cf.
® %I:ll~~7j- ~.::il!J:!-<>11 %~71- :AJ-.? ti7-JJl.

*@ ~ llflq_7j- 211 ~7] 7j- B[Lj:JI..Jl? ~-"~XJ_Bf-oJ-Jl.

@ llfl ~o1 y.~ l:lj-~<>Jl ~~ ~~~ ~ ~oJ-Jl.

6 CD ~711 ~Oit..f~c.j-.::il -&.m.<>J1 :A1Zf~OiJl.
® ~{1'51 i?-lf'-~ !J:!-<>JI AJ~ ~9).-0iJl.

@ ~»-1 71- ~%771-.!;!} ~~ :£ ~ <fJ ~ 711OiUilJl?

*@ :Aj-%7.j-7j- {f:Aj-7] j]_AJ t..f ~ l:lj-~<>jj .£<?J<>jj 3:1.-0iJl.

92



Hey, it's raining outside.

*q tl j7} .,g.q.:IU1.? A7j Efc1 7}e:j.Jl ~ ~ Ell
7}~1.:\1Jl.
Did you say it's raining? I was planning to go skiing, but I guess
I can't now.

Let's meet at Shining after class.

Where did you say to meet?

7~ ';_F0 1"8 '0 1Jl. ~.ill. <i£~1 ~ ~ ~TI1%01~1Jl.

Shining. It's a coffee shop in front of school.

Ol .±E~~ ~cH 'g:JOI ~ ~~ q,q ~Oi~ rrH .A.f§-~LI Cf. ~cH ~OI ~-5 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~7i L~ ~~ LH-§O I

~7 1 gJ~Oi ~rr..!o~2.~.JJ. ~ rrH .A.f§-of-E 3:!Q£. ~cH~2.1 ~~ Cf.A.I ~o~'i:!.A.i ~Oi!:I!. :::: 3:!<f:J L ICf. rr~2.~.A.i o 1
.±E~~ ~cH ~OI ~ ~2.1 g~ ~-*Oll rr~2.~ ~2.~A i [Jj ~EH :::: -l]-~ rr..! § ~Oll '£.'~ ~0 1 '2:! ~ Li c.f.

This expression is used when asking for clarification or reconfirmation of what another person has just said.
The speaker repeats what the other person just finished saying as a way of asking for c larification about
something t hat was not und erstood clearly or t hat was hard t o believe. For this reason, t he form of t he
expression depends on t he form in which the first speaker originally made the statement. Then, because t he
speaker is asking the other person for c larification, the particle £. is added to the end of the indirect citation
fo rm.

(1) ~cH ~O I ~.A.ig.Q..£ ~~~ rrH When the other person uses a declarative sentence:

NV ·· .. -+··· ........ ........................ ~Cfl'$??
~ ~cy;H? ?

~q ~ ~ 7i 2.~.:i!£.?
'---·~·---···--··:--····~-·------~-t-·--·--------·~-----·-t--· ····-··--···--------·-··--··-·····----· -- ··-·- -·-··-···-·-·---·-·--···--·--
MfC~I' R?
A Mfc.f

-Qcr -Qqi'R?

v -(!::::_) L Cf!' 'R?

L

94 Korean Grammar uz, Ure- · Intermediate

··-------------·-··-··----------~----·-·······-········-················-·····-:······-··--------:---------- ------·····--····-- ·-·····--··
' ex1q.J2R? 2.1-"rolq ' Ql-"rex1q.J2R?

2.r.J2R? 2.1-"rolq Ql-"r2.r.:ilR?
Ol2.r.J2R?
2:1-~0iq 2:t~ OI2.r!lR?

.. -*.--*=;-__.!,.____ _____________'' ___.:_~-----~----~--!....------------------ ----~--------------------------------------------------

2 {l'cH tgO I Ql~~~ 'gJ'~~ [H When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:

-----.-------·--------. Cj1q:L!.B.? Ql-"rolcr Ql-"rex1q.J2R?

i :ilfJ-i ' Ol~q.JIB.? 2:1-~0iq 2:1-~ 0I~q.:ilB.?

Lt:L!.R? Ql-"rolcr 2.1-"rq.:ilB.?
Olq:L!.B.?
2:1-~o1cr 2:1-~ 0iq.JlB.?

~ ~A.f ~;~:H ~£1 ~~ '-Lf~?'2.1- '-£Lf~?' 2 ¥ 7f 7i{s-of0l. -§A.f£1 ~;~:H ~g '-Lf~?'2.1- '-.!=Lf~?' 2¥7 f 71{s-~LICf.

"or adjectives in the present tense, both -q:L!.R? and -2q:L!.R? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both - q:L!.R? and
- -"'q:i!.R? are acceptable.

3 {J'CHtgOI ~Bg~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When t he other person uses a propoitive sentence:

7tJ:r.JlR?

~ J:r.JlR?

v
7tJ:I 'gJ'J:t.:ilR?
~ J:I 'gJ'J:t.JlR?

~) {l'CH tgOI ~~g~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When the other person uses an imperative sentence:

.::::L:>:H 7t2.r.:ilR?
00
~ 02.r.:ilR?
v
7rJ:I W2.r!7R?
---! ~ J:I W2.r!7R?
1 - - -- - --'-----------------------·--'-·----------------------"------·-··· ·············-·--- -··-------------- -- ------ - -

7f ~Cl ~], <5}-~7]- ~] 7]- ~~Jl. All ie, Haruka's here.
Lf f-7]- ~q.Jl.A? Who (did you say) is here?

7f '6]-.!:f-?r ~lii.. Haruka.

1- _.2._~~.7.] .sGLJ..i ~ .!f}--'jo}S:..~ o}-"i]J:l. Please try to finish the report by today.

_. ..2..~ 77}.7.] .!f±---'j o}c}Jl..B..? <>1 Ail::: 4-J:l~77}.7.1 <5}c}.JI <5}11~J.o}J:l?

:Jid you say by today? Didn't you say yesterday that it was due on Wednesday?

7~ 2]1 4-'{l »-] ~ J..P~cJ<5RJ:l? Why do you love Suyeong?

4 2ll J..}t:>JO}t.f.Jl.fL? ~~11..9... 11~o}71 ~ ~I:i]J:l.

Why do I love her (you ask)? Well , it's hard to explain.

1 Xil'2!~ [ HA.f-g-3!-E '-( 0 )277~R?'2.1 ~Sf.:: ~775::i!~ ~:= ~EH£ A.f-g-3~'2'! ~Liq.

The citation form for propositive sentences should be used when responding to a suggestion ending in
- (£) 2 77fR?

7~ ~c.] .2..::=; '?.l;.J-%"11 :Q-77J-il..? Shall we go to lnsadong today?
Lf '?.l;.J-%"11 7j-7-J-Jlil..? Did you say we should go to lnsadong?

2 o i .R~:= wo~-e "~Etol o1o1 ~v -3:!~ ~<2JA.I 717~Lf -st"~~ [[H A.f-g-3~7l.s.:. ~Liq. o1[ H:: ~g.

~EH7~ O~LI 2.~ ~A.i@ ~EH£ ~~Liq.
This expression can also be used by a speaker to restate or emphasize what he or she has previously said.

7~ ::9:l--'* .:J..~!f-':d<>Jil... I quit my job.

L~ lf-12.}Jlil..? What did you say?

7~ ::§:1;.~ .:J..~!f-<;dt:j-Jlil... I said I quit my job.

1 7 ~ :§:1~ 7} ~__Q_ti7l} 3"']7!}.7.] J..i]o]t.f~.£ _2_J-i]Jl. ~(

Lf ~ 'C].£ _2_etjUl?

Lf J..i]o]t.f~ o]Jl.

.2.12.17~ ~£LI77f 3..A.Il7~:A I AiiD I L~£ 2.2.~ OiL! I .2.2.~
.!f-'3:! I .A..I§o~:AI ~2.~
.Jl:g t.cl'£LI77f ~..A.~71~ ..A.I§o~:AI ~2.~ ~Ail 1.2.l-6.lof:Af

.:::1.~'2.!' 9-.J:!.-§ Bs~£LI77f ~12 ~Oil £1-6.Jo~:A~

2 7~ uR~ o}{J 5"']oJ] ~~Lf"'l o1.!.. s:: 2o "°"H.fi..

0

oH'~ o~ 5.A..IOil ~OiLf..A.i 5::5~ ofef ~~ .!¥:A I~of.A..ICf
O ~Oi~ ~H.§. :AI 3t:!OI £1'X;!Cf O~Oi~ ~~.A..I~Cf
Lilt:!Oil CHQ:J"-!:!Oii..A.i ii,"N E¥~ ~ 7ief
LHt:!011-E tl~!!!!AI~Cf
96 Korean Grammar in 'Ike · Intermediate

(3) 7~ 0 1:A~1 Al~ll1l:l ojAJ ~Sf"i5r:A1 oj-,\i1Jl.

q l:l 0VJ ? {f:A]-71 .2Jl .:::Lc-j-"~1Jl?

(4) 7~ \t»-171- #Y77r ~~ g 61°1 ~.Jl 1to]Jl.

q ~iA;"~} .2o..A-,l01 '( .:::Lei zl-~A§. u-1.2..77]-Jl?
. 0 2. 1 2 ..., 2 .

(5) 7~ Jl;;- ~~~ q;J:§:l- ~ ?~<5R 9--"11..9...

q o0 :j2~ ? ~»-~1Jl. 7--]S:. Jl;;- q;J ~ <{} ~J--1Jl.

(6) 7~ 01 .!!!., 0r01~ ~~<51-~ J-1 ~011 J--1 {[77]-Jl? ? S:.J-171- {J oj~o-] Jl?
q 0r01~ ~~<51-~ J-1 ~011;,-1

(7) 7~ Ejj~ »-171- <{} % :):! ~ 2_-ci1 Jf-cj .:::1.\f 71-Jl.

q .:::1.\f ? 10~~ r:.-1 71-c.taJ .!!!.~ o-jrrJ1Jl?

(8) 7 ~ AJ~ ~.±£:§:1 71- ~ ;,1011 J-1~t>r:A1Jl? ? .2_~ o1 o]-y 2} r:f% 9-

q AJ* ~JE:§:j7j- ~ J-1011
:§:j-Jl~ 01~01-Jl.

(9) 7~ -0--rt...:..:..". O2l. Olo-jJl? Tij .Jl<5R.!i:!.OiJl
'- •
M•

7f ~7J-e>il-"l ~ ~ @0 1~All ~ ~r:}Jl tS"}lt!Ell

~ol Cj ~~ Jl?

I heard (from someone) that there's a fireworks display at the Han
River, so would you like to go together?

q t:ll. ~o}Jl. .Aa ~ !):!7-l ~ t:llJl. ~ol 7}Jl.

Yes, that sounds nice. It should be awesome. Let's go.

7f ~7-}--'}~ ~ -"}~Jl <5H=::-r:11 01c10il 7}~ ~ ~7l}Jl?

I'm planning to buy an electronic dictionary, but do you know where
I should go?

q {1-T ~ 01 ~7-} All ~~ »-}Jll -"}~~ -§--AJC>il
7} 2}Jl 15}1(!Ell 7171 Oil 7} lil_-"ilJl.

My friends said that if you want to buy electronics at a good price,
then go to Yongsan. So you should go there.

Ol R~:::_ <2J§::C.£1 ' := q.JJ. '6fCf O{I ~~.g ~ LfEfLH:= '-e! Ci!'Jf ~:::_ ~.£. q::: .AfiEtO{Illi.Ai 01~0{1 ~:::_

OIOP!Lf ~5!.~ ~lfof[lj ~<2.1~ [H .A~gtL!q. [[f2.f.Ai Ol R~ Ql.AI OI~Oll ~:::_ @~.£! 8WOll [[f2.f ~ EH7f

'§2.~Liq. ~~~011 := ~1-E .AfiEt.£1 .£I ~O!Lf ~@. ~<c!. T:!~'6f-E ~ ~ 01 ~Liq.

This expressio n is a combination of ~Cf.Jl ofCL indicating a citation, and - \::!C11, indicat ing recollection. It is

used when recal ling or confirming something you heard somebody else say previously. Thus, the co rrect
form of this expression also depends on the sentence type of what was heard previously. The clause that
follows t his expression can indicate the speaker's opinion, q uestion, advice, or invitation with respect to the
topic under discussion.

(1) OI~Oll ~::: @~O I ~.Ai@~ [H

When w hat was heard previously was a declarative sentence:

~Cf.Jl '6f£:!Cil
9:J ~q.Jl '6fe!Cil

~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil

____________ ____......"----~------'---------
--9:J ~ 7i2.f..J._l_'6f-e!.C....il- - -

98 Korean Grammar u1 CLise •Intermediate

A ~:AH ~q w q.:il <Wc![~l

~q.:il <W2![~ 1

-----~----- -- ----------------------

v .z.tq .:il t5~'2:! [~I

l£l ~ c~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
- -- - ,-------:···--------------------------------:-----~----~:------- --- -----

.£1A~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1

. .:.............................:.................................
2.~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
NOiq .£jA~O j q .£1A~2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1
Ol2.~.:il t>~£:![~1 2j-{:!:jOI2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1
2j-{:!:jO jq

QjA~~ 7-j2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1

.-- ·····-------------·--2--j--{-:-!-:-j-o---l-q-------. 21-{:!:j~ 712.~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
- -- --- - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- -- · · - - -
----------------------- - - - - --- -

(2) OI~Oll ~~ g~OI .£1:::::: ~ ITH

When what was heard previously was an interrogative sentence:

. ..---------------------------- --------------------------------~-------------·····-----------------------------

:em

A/V ~~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
DI2HI ='}~ Q:j ~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1

A ~:AH ~q
~q

----;-------------- --- ----- -------- --- -----7·------~----- -------~-------------

v -q.:il t5~'2:![~1.

-----------~-------~' -~------L-q--i-!-.--t5-~-'2-:-![-~~------t---Q-:j-q -----;----Q-:-j -q-.-:-i-l -t-;~-£-:-![-~-1-,--Q-:j L-q--jl-t-;~-£:!-[~-j --

~q.:il t5~'2:![~1 .£jA~O j q .£jA~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1

2j-{:!:jOI~q:L!. t>~£:![~1

NOjq ·-· ••• •• • • ••• '· · · •· · ·•· •••• ••· •••· •• •• · •• ••••• · •• r•-.• • ·•

q :L!. t5~'2:! [·JI .£jA ~ O j q .£IA~q.:il 5~'2:![~1

o1q.:il t>~'2:![~1 2J-{:!:jo jq 2j-{:!:jOiq.:il t5~'2:![~j

- - - - · - - -- ' ' - - - - - -

* ~§)..f ~;;H~£1 ~~ ·-q.::il of\::!Cil'2f '-.2.q.::il oft:!Cil' 2..!=i'- 7f-5ofo.j, ~Af£1 ~;;H~g '- q jl oft:!Cil'2f '- .!:::.q.::il oft:! Ci l' 2..!=i'-

7f-5~LI Cf.

For adjectives in the present tense, both -q.I!. <'if'i:ICjl and - .'2.q.I!. <Sf'[:!Cjl are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -q.I!. <Sf'i:!

"II and -.!:q:il <Sf'[:!Cjj are acceptable.

(3) OI~Oll ~~ g~ol ~~~~ rrH

When what was heard previously was a propositive sentence:

v ... 7~A~.:il t>~£:![~1

Q:j A~.:il 5~'2:! [~I

-~-----~-:j___ 1:::1/>d _~_l•____-_A_I__~_A_~_._:i~-l--5--~-'-2-:-!-[-~1-----····j__·---Q---:-jq----------l..---~----Q---:j-:-A--I--~--A-~--.--:-i--l--5~'-2:-! [~~1 -

.-o

___

• OI~OII ~::: g-§OI '6!'e1g~ [[jj 7 ~2.t.:C. 5~f:!r:ll

,',"hen what was heard previously was an imperative sentence: ~ o 2.t.:c. 5tf:! c·ll

=:;.;:~
C> C>

~q ~ J\I ~2.t.:C. 5tf:!c~l
-- - -- - - - --- - --·

I'm worried because I've been losing some hair recently.

q ~~.=g-o ] ~£01] ~q.Jl i>]-~Ej] ~ ~ =g ~ % gjo-] ..!i!-J-i].fl.._

I heard black beans are good for curing hair loss, so why not try eating some black beans?

7 ~ .2.:~ ~{J ~ o-]~oj] Al gj ~77]-.fl..?

Where shall we eat lunch today?

q :§:p.]- ~Oil <U£ ~tg-o] J-H.£ ).~J;iq.JI i>]-~nj] /-l 7]oj] ~~ 7]- ~A] t:f.

I heard a new Indian restaurant opened in front of the office building , so let's go there.

7~ .7.iJ'-1 »-]7]- 7-J-7] ).~<fJ nJ-~011 .2.:2-f.JI t>]-~1:~ ~ /-l oj].fl..?

Jenny invited us to her birthday party, so are you going?

q .7.11 '-1 »-1 ).~'fJ<U1:11 tg-~t>J 7J-oJ:7.J.fl...

Of course I can't miss Jenny's birthday.

--1

w1 o i .H~::: ·-.:c. 5f-'~ ~O:lAi ~~ *~ cu~ Licr.

The -.::il ot- of this expression can be omitted.

• LJl ~ 4-%l~t:J-Jl -5\-Jdt:·Jl oJ-o] ~ o] :G-7]oj] ~ ~71}- !i!J- Z:j.AcJ o]oj]il_

= t.Jl ~.!j!-Ej 4-~~~t:J-Jdt:i] o}-o] ~ o] :G-7]oj] ~ ~71}- !i!J- Z:j.A<Jo1oj]il_

• ~-=(-7}- .:g=.t:J1 'i£0117}-.7.]-Jl '6]-Jdt:i] %~ »-1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?
= ~-=(-7}- .:g:t:J1 'i£011 7}-.7.\-Jdt:i] %~ »-1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?

*2 O I .H~::: g-§ .!fiOII~ ~ CU~ LJ q_ Ol[H~ ~CH'bf2.1 2.1?:!011 ~CH £1 ~ 3:!~ ~t7~q ~ ~ Af-W2.l

~g ~ 7ICH5t'i!:!Ai OI-E!Oll ~ ::: LH §~ £:lifoHAi ~1-E 3:!~Licr.

This expression can also come at the end of a sentence. In this position, while still expressing something
that the speaker heard previously, it also indicates either the speaker's disagreement with the other
person's opinion or the speaker's expectation of a response from the other person.

100 Korean Grammar ur 'lise - Intermediate

--------
7~ "?.Aj ».]~Ell£ .:Q-o] <;1~ 5!.7-}.Jl %/-77}il?

Shall we invite Sujeong to go to see the play, too?

Lf "?.Aj »-1-::: il~ l:l}.!!!!c}.Jl ~}li:it:i]il.

(But) Sujeong said she's been busy these days.

Do you know where Mark is right now?

Lf 0}77} ~A~~ojj {}cj-.JI15j-li:!EJ]Jl.

A little while ago, he said he was going to the health club.

1 7~ AH~71011 ~ ~~01 W0 1 ~ OiJ.l ~ ~ Oi.fl... ~
Lf ~EJ lJ!011Al .:rz-<iJt"}tB ~ »}q .:i!. t"}lflEll
~EJ lJ! ~ o1%-6H .!2.-J.il.fl... •[ 41 J•

to look older

AH~.PI011-E ~~OI 'C'JOI ~Ol.A.i ~~q <2.!E:i~011.A.i .;:t~ti~'C! C-j J.A~~ I <2.!Ei~~ Ol*tifef
R% g~ -i.!OI ~ ;;t;~.A.i UIE<'i~Cf Ig~ ~ ;;t;f2.~'C! ;;t;~7 1 ~011 ~~ o ~.A.~cf ?R~
2~ Df.A.~ .!x!.Cf
R% LfOI7f ~01.!2<2.!CfE W~ "riOI ~<>i.A.i
012.1 £Y'2lt1f¥~£ Ole~ .!x!.OICf I Dicl £~
4Y'-c:lo~f 2~ 1::1!-J?-Cf

2 7f O:j.!2.., 9-W01l 0 } 0 ] ~:i!f Oi r:J ~~ ~77}?

Lf 9-W01l ~~l;jJ7} ~211:1011 .g-q.:i!. t-}"lflt:flA.

one's older brother's family

~W011 OfOI~.i!l- OlCI ~ci 7~Cf ~W011 ~'a~l7f ~2.1 ~011.gq
.2.~ ;;t;N011 01CI011.A.i £16.lofef
OfOI~OI ~~ ~!f.E:i ~.JI71 Q:j.2.ci 7f;;t;f
~cl .2.~'2l0112.1~~.2.LI77f § C-j '1(Cf7~ ~011 OfOI~OI ~~<SH.A.i <[!:Ail ~011 ~Ol2.Lt

~Ol7fef

-9-~ u}3_ J!-17} cSJ-~Oj_!g-·~~\f·{~Oi 0 j.f.iiLf2 trt:i~i ~;_1

(1) ~O}il_?

~f)~ r.J-% ~ 1 5~ 0 10]1il...

~:I! c.JY- J!-1, ~c.J l::!J'§:fo]1 o]t:.].£ 0:]-5E ~7J}il..?

(2) ciLt -?~1°1°d J!-17} -------------------------
- - - - - - -- - - 71710]1 ~77}il..?

AiiAI A}o): J!-17} %O}c.j --B78<5}t;';]~ _ _ __ _ _

(3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~J-E:§:l-B-01 o]t:.]oj1 'V_o]il..?

~~ OJ'7cf J!-17} ---------------------------

(4) A10]1 J!-15:. ~01 ~IQlil..?

AIOil Al ~ il.. ~ ~01 ?jo};_l :k ~ ~ ~o}il_,

(5) ------------------- 9-~0]1 A1zi 'V_o-jil..?

'ct~ Li1, 'X)_o] iL. 9-~0]1 o}o1~ o]'='c)- .go1-%%!0]1 ~o1

~A1Lf.

~:2:1 t:i1Y J!-1, Ll1 ~ ~~~0]1 ~01 ~77}il..?
(6) tiiLI Ll1~o1 -%lil..~01i1o}il..? ~~ J!-17} ~~~~

------------~il..~oj1 7}~.

§ICC! ~'511 J!-1, 0}712.} J!-17} _ _ __ _ _ __
(7) ------------- ~;_1 ~Y- ~ u}g 'V_o-]il..?

g5jl 0}712.} J!-17} ~h(} .::Z.~o-] il..? Al.:S::. A}1)_ ~ ~~lj!-Ej

0}712.} J!-1~EJ1 -B-11 °1 'U:do]il...

102 Korean Grammar i, 'lts·e · Intermediate

Jaya, is it true that you broke up with your boyfriend?

I heard about it from Mark.

n-r.r7~ 7-1\l- ~~~1 11<4~~1 ~~Ji..

I went to Mt. Seorak last weekend.

q _a ~ 1l Q{~o1 :Aj~ o} ~lf}-t:p~_ J..iJl?

Is it true that Mt. Seorak is really beautiful these days?

Yeah, it really was beautiful.

OI .R~:= ~ol-E .A.PS'OI A:ii3A:f0ll7ii.Ai. OI ~Oil ~7-Jq OlDI ~.:il <1!::: LH §~ ~cH tgOillll ~~~ l[H .A.f§grLIQ.

~~ .A.~iS'OiiJll::: 'Q!Jj ?'~ ~~-'?- <L!~ LIQ.

This expression is used to confirm with another person something that the speaker heard previously from

a third party or learned about from some other source. The shortened form CfOj? can be used among close

friends and acq uaintances.

IA/V ~q j ?~ 7-J2H!!.A.i R?

1DI2.H I ?~ -(.2..)2 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
- -- - ---~- ---- ------------------- :___ 1, 2_:J_Q _ ______________l£l_~__7_-j_2_._~~_._A_._i_R?______ _

~ q~.A.iR?
A

'i'JQ~.A.iR?
... .......... ···-··--···· .....

v -(.!::.) L q~.A.iR? 7 ~q nq~.A.iR?
l£l :::Q~MR?
12:J Q

:i]m ~cp~.A.i.R? ll.j-EIOiq ll.j-EI ~q~.A.1R?
Ol~q~.A.iR?
Olq ~<§!Oiq ~<§I OI~q~.A.1R?
····•·· ..... ········ ........
~;~:H TI.~ EIOiq
(OI}c~~.A.1R? n.rEi c~~.A.1R?

- -~<§!Oiq ~<§! Oic~~.A.1R?

-------·--- ---------

7~ i;:J]-1} »-], ~;z.J- ~FfL7J- 7]7J- 3.:r:f1~J..-jA? Hyeseon, is it true that your boyfriend is tall?

q l.:Jl, .:::Li:St:~] e>i~Jl] o)-~e>iil..? Yes, but how did you hear about that?

7~ ~o] »-]~"Ell ~ ~e>iil... Tommy told me.

7~ Ejj~ »-]7} .!i!_l;jA ~J-ctnl? Is it true that Taeyeong got a bonus?

q g, .:::L~t:Jl. ~J..j-<>1]J..-j ~ g ~{]<5] ~Y-1;!}.

Yep, that's what he said. Looks like he worked really hard.

7 ~ 4'-;z.] »-]7j- ~.:§:.J..j-Cfttl_J..-jA? I heard that Suji is a lawyer. Is that so?

Al :_:q .:::L~il..? 4'-;z.] »-]7j- M~ ~ ~~o-].B... Really? I thought she was a homemaker.

O I R~::: ~1-E Aroso l ~~ ~7-Jq ~~~ ?A!otl cH.sHAi::: Af§5rAI t>tt0 1Jj, .gcHtgol ~ w~ l[lJ~~
ITILS:. .A.f§5~AI ~~Liq_

This expression cannot be used to describe something that the speaker directly saw or experienced, nor can
it be used to restate or reconfirm what another person has just said.

---------

~I oj-7]21- »-]7]- 7]% ~ 7:j..a.._ (o)

o]-7]21- »-]7} 7]% ~ ~cf1rV-i..a..? ( x )

: '.g.5tl'e Of712.f7f 7IE~ ~1£ ~e ~~ ¥!71 llfi@Oil

'-(£)L/eCf~.A.-JR?'~ AI-§~* ~§-LICf.
Eunhye personally saw Akira playing the guitar, so
-{£) L /-Ect~.A.-JR? cannot be used.

Df.3. 7.-j ~z:j~ o-j ..a__

7~~2.1 tJj-.3. »-1. ~z:j~cj-.:LL..a..? (0)

o]-.3. »-1, ~z:j~cf-1:!J.i..a..? ( x )

: Df3~Ell ~~ ~g O IOt/1~ Df3 £:.fEil Cf.A.I ~0-j~ rrH

e '-ctjl£?.?'~ .A.I-§~LICf.

Kylie is reconfirming what she just heard from

Mark, so -Cfj!£?.7 should be used.

104 Korean Grammar ;R 9.1.-.·~ · Intermediate

1 7f 4~ »-]7} ~~~q~ ~~ ~ Sj_o-]..8..? to appear Qn a movie or TV show)

Lf 1=11, ~ Sio-]..8... {.l~O:Jt& ~ ~.:S:.l=j]J..j o} ~2-l~

;Qt:fl~!J,iit?

7 r 1=11. .=r~ c:J-1 ..8...

~~3fef

~"§t 7fef
D l~ E.2.fDfOll ~~~ 7~ Cf

2 7f o-J.A1] %~ »-] ~~o]oj] ql.;j~o-JJl.. stir-fried octopus

Lf ClJ..} »-]7} .=Ic-]~~1 %~ »-] ~ 0] .=I%17-11 ~q~J..iit?
i7 f 1=11, .=1.~ t: 2.}.:il£_.

~~ .1.q ~o I ~~Iii ~q

~ ~~f7f ~~Ii i ~71Cf

'=,'"XI*'*OI ~~Iii ~q

....

1 '-q~AiR?'~ A~~5HAi c.~~ [H£:~ .!Et~f>~AiiR.

(1) 7f ts:-oJP-i :::= O:j ;; oj] 1::1(/ ~ 0JOI .g.~f..iSL?
q l=Jl, .AJUj-7]- <V_o-j}.i tl] 7j- woJ Q}J=L.

(2) 7f .A]'d-?oJl ?
?
q t;Jl, t:J-%oj] 7J.!(:l£oj] ~ 7]-JI 1to-Jit.

(3) 7f "5'-"-R' to-l-.AJ-%2 _Q1._- .£Ic
q l;j], Jf-cj _2_llll]-£ ~t:Jloj] 31-ct ~o-Jit.

(4) 7f ~~ ».] ' .::@~~~7} ?

q l;j], tlJ-~Si01Jl.. l:l]-i:l_ ~~ ~ 7}27;j C~7J]-Jl.?

( ·---- ----- ---- - - ~---- - - - ···-···--·· ---· ---- ------------ -----·· -·····-··· ---· ··- --- ···---····

(1) Al\:i 1-gj 4~ .A.i~ AI~<>H 1[1::: ~01 LH~E-Liq. (2) LH~ ~QI cy:=: 41cm£ 41 \::!

~Oll 7~~ ~i"OI LH~ 3:!~Liq. (3) f:t~.LA.~7il LH~ ~~.£ ~2~ .A-1'2.1~ 01 2: ~~~

~.:il <liE-Liq. ~.g 'gJ.l.l£ LH~ ~01 ~Oi.A.i .li!~.A.~.:L!.7 ~ PiOI ~~<5H ~.!r. PiOI 9.,l"oi.:L!.

<li~Liq. (4) E!" .A-1'2.1::: 4QgOI'22 ~g-o1 ~.::? <li~ ~~ 3.A.I-l!"OI 'EP.H ~~q'22.A.i

·-. . .. .. ..~2~QI .:il~~ ~~~LIC~. (5) 71~~:=: 'f%0 .£ 1Qrv20mmQI ~01 C:j LH~ 3:!£.£

l ..~~~~~=- ~:~~~~:...
~y ~ ilJ1»-1, Oi Al1Al%011 -t:-0 1i'£0 1(1) Lff~q-t:lif.-i.2.?

g5JI Li1, .A.]~ i'£0 1..2..t=j c.}-.Jl.B.. -t:-0 ] 41cml-} til ~ Oi .B..

o~n 41 \1 ~011 (2)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
00

0~7~
00

g5JI ~£ u] n t':j-%] ).1 J.i!..-*).}.:1!.7} i',fo] xtrl ~ Jl.
~y iT~~ .!i!.y77} 40~0lli:l ~ 9- ~ :::= 71 ~ ~ 3).1{}-ol '8 ~l

~------------------------?

o~n =z.~q] <if.££ -t:-o] (5)-----------------------?
00

106 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

That person is our company president.

q :A~ ~o] ;_pJ.-\3 op,]i!}y.fl?

13Jt1R o}:A~».] o}y ~~.R?

He's the president? Not the deliveryman?

Akira, it's late, so let's go.

You already want to go? It's just now 11 p.m.

*O IR~::: q~ APs£1 ~~ ~.:ll ~I--E AtEtol ;.:!;1-t£1 ~ol2.fAi ~2.f7~Lf ~~ ~~ rrH~::: -f:t§~ [["

Ar§~LICf. .gcH~£1 ~~ CfAI ~ ttl ~f~Ai ~ol-E APE!-£1 -f:t~OILf L7t:j~ LfEfLH::: -3-:!~LICf. [[f2.fAi

.gcH~O I ~ ~£1 g:g ~-W-011 [[f2.f §EH7f ~2.f~Liq -Li-~ ~§~£1 ~EH !f!Oil '-LIR?' ~ ~~Lief.

This expression is used when the speaker is surprised by or cannot believe what another person has said.
It indicates the speaker's emotion and feeling of surprise or disbelief while repeating the relevant information.
Thus, the form of this expression depends on the type of statement used by the other person. Specifically,
the form -LIR? is added to the appropriate indirect quotation form of the other person 's statement

(1) .gcH~OI ~AigQ$_ ~~~ rrH ~J;;.! Cf LIR?
l£j ~CfLIR?
When the other person uses a declarative sentence:
~~ 7i2.fLIR?
A/V 1£1~ 7i 2.fLIR?

- - - - - ------,-- - -- ----- ----
A
~ qLI R?
~ qLIR?