Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

*7 ~ '%] _2__£ o:j <%' ~ ~ 7-j cxj] Jl?

Are you going to take a trip to Europe?

*q 1;]], '%] ojj 7N::- ~ojj PoojJ ~ 21Al ~ 7 ~ 1?}\t

7-j cxj]Jl.

Yes, and on my way to Europe, I plan to stop by Hong Kong to see
a friend.

7~ ~u}, :J-1 -A]i} ~-2-Z>H::- ~o]ojl..fl.. !f-1 ~Jl~ 7-j

~_2_ ~ J.} ~77}Jl?

Mom, I'm on my way out of the office. Is there anything you need
me to pick up (buy)?

q :r'%:1. ~ojJ _2_~ ~Oll fr-:rr:JojJ 7}J.1 H% J.} 9-l-.

In that case, stop by the supermarket on the way home and get
some tofu.

Ol IE~ ~ Ol-§o f-E. .l!~ g OJI Oi't! q~ ~§~ ~ [[H '"q§gLiq.

This expression is used when t he speaker does an action while in the process of going somewhere.

:: ~011

v 7~q 7f-E ~011

-----------------------~------·- ~1 2-o~q ~12of-E ~011

- -- - - ···········--· - - - - -- -

• ~-2-i>J-E ~ofl -Aji>}~ o]] J-i ~ca_i>j ~ 7 ~ ~X]:o-J.fL.

I met a friend by chance on the subway on my way home.

• {)011 ~1-.2.. ~ ~ofl 6J~01Vi ¢1J.}-i>}-.:il ~o-J.fL.

I ate at a restaurant on my way home.

• .!jl-AJE£. o:j ~ 7)-E ~ofl ~%£ ~ ~ 7-jcj].fL.

I will also visit Andong on my trip to Busan.

208 Korean Grammarul/ Vsl!/ · Intermediate

1 01 .H.~~ · :::: ~olq'.£.£C. £li"OI J...f§oi-Ec~l OIU/1:::: Ol§oi-E ~01 <§l~q.:il ~ ~ ~ qE~LH::: ~o
£ ~[q~ <§!~ o~.:il ~:::: %012.1-E ~~Liq.

This expression is also used in the form ::: ~OICf. In such cases, it indicates that the speaker is in the
process of moving from one place to another. Thus, it refers to being in the middle of doing something.

7f <>j l:j 7H=- ~o]oj]..ll? Are you on your way somewhere?

Lf 41. ~T J?ll-j-cj 7!i=- ~o]o]l..ll. Yes, I'm on the way to meet my friend.

*2 ' ::::~%Oil '~ 1:11:::::~ 2.Jo l ~c~l O I.R~~ §J...~2.1 A~IQf ~01 :;q~7jl J...I-§W ~A I '2.! ' :::: ~Oil'

:::: 4-£ '7~Cf. '.2.Cf . •q7 ~q·2.~ ~~ Ol-§-2.1 2.JOIJ~ ~:::: §J...~2.f ~lJil AA~Liq_

The expression ::: S:.%011has a meaning similar to ::: ~Oil, but there are no restrictions on what verbs

it can be used with. ::: ~Oil, on the other hand, is generally only used with verbs indicating physical

movement, such as 7fef, 2.Cf, and Lf7fef.

• '?J15H=- ~ oj] ~4}Ej 7]- 7J]~ tlj~<>J ..Il. (x)
~ '?J15H=- s:_~oJI ~4}Ej 7]-7J]~ tlj'Xi<>J ..Il. (o)
: ' ::: ~011'7 f '7fef', '2.Cf'. 'Lf7fef'2f ~g. O l~£1 2IDI7f 'll-E ~)..f2f ~IJII ~OI:AI ~ext~£ ~~LICf.
Here, ::: ~Oil cannot be used because the verb is not one of movement, such as 7fef. 2.Cf. or Lf7fCf.

• {!oJI 7H=- s:.~oJI ~ ~~ oJI ~ Xi<>l.R. Co)

{lo]]7}-E- ~oJl ~~~oJl ~Xi<>l..ll. (o)
: ' ::: ~011'7f '7fef'. '2.Cf'. 'Lf7fef'2.f ~g. O l~£1 £IDI7 f 'lle ~)..f2f ~IJII ~~~ ~f.t§Lief.

Here, ::: ~Oil could be used because the verb is one of movement, such as 7fef. 2.Cf. or Lf7fef.

*7f J ~ <>itiJ.i it<>iJl?

Lf ~ OlJ _2:!::: ~ofl AJAJ"OlJAi it<>iJl. 7~ 2Hj:~ client (of a business)
~g3 fq to visit

:=1. ~ OiCIA:j Afef ~Oil .2.Cf I .A.I~IOfi.A.i .A.fCf
:=1. ~~ Oj ci.A-1 ~qq 7~2.H~~~ [email protected] 7fCf I ~<z:!31 ~qq
:=1. 7 f~~ OiCI.A.i .s!Cf 2.,1-ii!.OH.2.Cf I .gJZ!- 7f/il0ll ~2.~.A.i .s!Cf

7f oj-3. »-1, 7-J-6- <>itiOll 7J-!::: ~ 0l011Jl?
Lf ~-T-7J- <?J ·%li>RJ.i ~~ 7}i:- ~ 0loflJl.

~T-7 f %lf:!5H.A.i g~ 7fef
~OI Oj~OII.A.i ~Of2f.A.i ~~Oil Df%'5f2.~ 7fCf
~.:il {l.g ~01 ~Oj.A.i Bi~l ~2.l 2.i 7fef

(1) 7~ oj-{loJl oj-o]7]- ~:7.]- "§:}.ll!.oj] 7]-..9..? (~J.j-oj] 7]-q)

q Oj-'-]_9._, Al]7j- ~f..toillrJe- 1.l0ll t:1]C;jq ~..9...

_9._JLIL t.J=O _ _ _ _ __ _ _ E2.Ma-~] nI.l •
(3) 7 ~ ~o]-, Jlj-~g_ QjJ .:::Z.\'-~1 t!J:o] J.j-~o-]..9..? (~oJl %oJ-_2_q)

q 7]-~] oj] J.-j »-]-~] ~j-J.-j t!J:o] 1J:oJ.

(1) 7 ~ oj~oj] 7]-Ai]il? (~ '8-6]-cj 7]-L:})

q ~%t>~ lr.!e- 1.lOIO!I.2. .

q

(4) 7~ ::z.]~ o] J.]{l-oj] ojt:.] 7]-y? (~.:;z.Qj <?:J.£tg_ ~.:il l-}7]-q)

q

(5) 7~ .fr ~-6]-cj 7]-..9..? (--li:3Jl-5]-cj 7]-q)
q oj-yil,
- - -- - - -- - - - - - - -----------

21 0 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediale

What did you do this afternoon?

q ~~-31l ~ ~ 1:}7} ~.:r--8-}Jl ~0 1 ~~~Oi B..

I was reading a comic book, but then I went out with a friend.

Hey, Eunhye, it's been a while. What's up?

q 01 ui1 ~~ »-1:f7t ;,~ zro1 1-fJ--1 .:z.\f ~~~Oi.

I was writing an email and then thought (about you), so I just called.

: .:±~~ Oilt! ~~01 :A I~£1::: %0ii .:J. ~~0 1 %8£17-J q q~ ~~~ 1::1 ~-11-1 ::: 3:!~ qE~~ [ H.A.I§~Liq.
-::.p r~ '-Cf£ ~Q:j.Ad .A.I§"6V I.S:. ~Lie~.

-- s expression is used to indicate t he speaker's interruption of one action to immediately start doing
~"'!Other act ion. - Cf7f can be shortened to the form - Cf.

. .. . ......··-··~~~ .................... ··· ··· .....

v 7~q

l;tjq
----·---··

• ~~ Qjt:J-71- ~~ ~.J~ t.i cr.

I was eating and then answered the phone.

• .:g..!jl- ~ -51-t:J-71- ~c;u-..g.yq_

I was studying and then dozed off.

• :AJ <5l-~ 1.:§:.1i ~ Ej-JL 7l-t:J-71- J-]7-JQ:joj]J-i 2.:§:.-i!~ ~ol-EJ-J-i]Jl.

Take subway line 1, and then change to line 2 at City Hall Station.

• '"'5'1]o]E ~ Ej-t:J-71- 'Bo-];z;JJ-i q~o-JJl.

I was skating and then fell and hurt myself.

1 OI.R~~ t!~~Qj ~§Oilll~£l~Ai ~~~Qj ~§01 ~0-jq::: ~.!:fOU5=_ AI§~Liq_

This expression is also used to indicate that the action in the preceding clause continues while the action
in the following clause occurs.

• ~~ :A}-1:}7\- .!f-J-i-& :g.~ J,9.oJ.R.

I was sleeping and had a scary dream.

y.;_;• 7,;1~ ~ oJ7\-1:}7\- ;Q-:A\-7] ,..~z.j-o] -{!~~oJ .

I was walking along and suddenly thought (of you), so I called.

• {1-=jL~J-.:L!. 0]0]:7] ~ ~\-1:}7\- -:£-~oJ.R..

I was talking to my friend and laughed. (= laughed while talking to my friend)

2 O I.R~~ t!~~Jl~ ~~~£1 ~017~ ~0 ~~ ~Liq.

The subject of the preceding and following clauses must be the same.

• (41 7\-)~~ '2il:f7\--{!~7rf±1tt-11:f. (x)
- (417\-) ~ ~ g:jl:}7\- (417\-) -{!~ ~~-;:;ycJ·. ( o )
: ·~~f7f ~.gLjct'-E -9-0i/f ·~~f'OIE!..£ -9-0Pf '§2.f;t:~.A.i ~~-* ~.gLict.

The sentence is ungrammatical because the subject of ~~7f ~.gqq is ~:2.f. So it has a different
subject from the preceding clause.

-\) 22g ·~E~ Lt£f~ rrJI'Qj 01 '-W~ct7f'~ §~W,il£

See Chapter 22 Expressing Completion. Section 01 -~/~ Cf7 f.

1 7f ~:A~] ~ q ~o-J.fL? ~
Lf o}y.fL, ~:A~] ~ i>lc}7} ~-=j1-oj] ;Jj] ~~7} Q.}J--1 1-f{to-J.fL. •[ 93 )1

~;J;il~ q ofCf ~;q~ ofCf 1~-=i!OfiJil ~:2.t7f .2f.A.i Lf7fq
~~ .!i!.Cf I !.=I!f. !f..A.i .!f.l.A.i -5~fOil ~ff.Ei~ ncf
~~Cf.!i!.Cf ~-§ ~q I L=I.!F ~2.~.A.i ;t:fCf

o~2.1~ cfj:ICf 7118-§ LH2.:17fQ I DITI2:lXICf
Cf2.1~ Qj:IQ :ilf~-§ ??.fef I ~-§ t!jiQ

~7~-§Qj:IQ

21 2 Korean Grammar t/t- Use-· Intermediate

(1) 7~ 0 t0 17t 2H cf~o-JJl?

Lf OR-% t5tl:flt Jloj1 ul-Ol-o-jJl
;;<:;.).).. •
0

............... ------·· ··········· ..

7~ ~-n ~ <ilt:-J12H ~o-J xto-JJl?

(2)
Lf ~ o-J Jl.

............... ... ..... .... ......... ·········· ..

(3) 7. o-j ,A-J1 :1._ .E_2}o~ q .!i!..JI ~o-JJl?

q otL.JJl, TI1 ~i>TI"'-1 ~o-JJl.

7. {17 ~ ~;Jo-JJl?

(4)

Lf otL.JJl, - - -- - :J._~ ~ e>i1 no-JJl.

7•(1) "'-1%~e>i1 o-J~~1 7t°F ~Jl? (E}.JI 7tcf)

Lf 7-1 <5}~ 2~~~ ~Jl ltl:flt 1-17cJ~e>i1-"l l~{i.Q..£ ~otE}l-1Jt! ~Jl.

(2) 7. it~ 71 ~ ~ 2H "*~o-JJl? (%f77t ~7lt uJ~o1q)

Lf ~7.1 ~)io-JJl.

(3) 7f o-J t:le>i1 c}-J.4..2.1--J1Jl? (Jl~ ~ <Slcf)
q :rrJ-7t ~o-J!--j -"t ~o-J Jl.

(4) 7f {1:§1~ ~1 ~ o-Jt:le>i1 n o-J Jl? (~iitct)

q li!.Ol .!i!_cj ~7Jj- L.j-71-o-jJl
22 '-' M .

(5) 7f 2H i§.~ cf-"1"'i1Jl? ("'i1cf)

q ~0t<il 7-1 ~o-jl:l-j)io-JJl.

13. .£%% c.tet';!IIIII 213

1 0 7rl-1 77r

CD 7}-~).-j @ 7}--::::: l:l}-'EfoJl

@ 7N=- %Zl-oJl (6) E.. -::::: £ %oJl
'2 @ ~ C4 JI ~N=-t:i]

CD c ;::_c}.Jl

@ E.. -:: ~~oj]

7~ o~~Oll ~Oli A-1 ~~ ~0-1£?

q O ~LI£, - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - --

CD '£ 2<5}-~).-j J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]J.-j ~o].fL

<6> '£2W lillt:ll ;..r 7}-:A] JI 7}-).-j :§"1J..roJl).-1 ~Oi.fL
® '£ 2 <5N=- ~oj] J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]).-j Q:j oj.fL
@ '£ 2 <S"jt £%oJl J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]).-j q:j oj.fL

7~ A-I~~Oll 0-1~ 711 7 ~0~ £H£?
q O:IJ IOliA-1 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

CD :7.]<5}-~ 7~J..j~ Ef.Jl 7}-c}7}- 0 ]4:<2:JoJ]J..-j 4~~.2..£. ~0rEf~ Qj.fL

:=(6) :7.] <5}-~ 7~~~ Ef.Jl 7}-~ 0 ]4:'2:Jojj ).-j 4~~.2_.£_ ~0rEf~ Qj.fL

@ :7.]<5}-~ 7~~~ Ef.Jl 7jt ~ojj 0 ]4:'2:Jojj).-j 4~~.2_.£_ ~OrEf~ Qj£.
@ :7.] <5}-~ 7~~~ Ef.Jl 7}-7]-::::: ~r:A]J?} oj4:Q:jojj).-j 4~~.2_.£_ ~OrEf~ Qj£.

5 C!-* ~~ ~ ?.:! % ~ iE! ?.:!~ ~.2.AiiR.

CD £).-j~ojj ).-j :3ll ~ ~a:j 7}-:A].Jl .2.-2 ~o ]oj].R.

(6} ~=jL ~_g~~ 71±- ~oJj -?A ~ J..}- 7}-:Aj.Jl ~Oi.fL.

® :§"1J..roJJJ..-1 ~4¥-El .£. ~<5H=- ~ oJl ~#E17r JJ17.:J l:l-J ~ Oi.fL.

@ o}-LJl 7r o:j ~ oj] J..-j ¥ o}-Q}J..-j ~-&-J-oJl u}-%<5}-~ 7}-i:::- ~o] oj].R.

6 q~ ~~ ~ .!:j:!.~£1 £1om q 2 7il M£.) ?.:!~ ~0AiiR.

CD ~ ~ ~t:.j-7}- l.;j.!f- ~ :rr~).-j %~ 0i .R.

(6) :3ll ~ ~q7}- ~-¥- ~ aj).-j ~7{1- ~~1-lct.

@ A 7j ~ ~ '8oj7.:j).-j ~ ~ ~ q~~ l-l ct.

@ 1ft ~ ~q7}- ~.:r-oJl~l ~21 _g_ ~~ ~<V:-~1-1-cr.

214



Did you get a lot of sightseeing done today?

q 111, Iij~t>~J,l »-~~ 78.5:..£ RfO] ~o}q)l e>i.R.

Yes, I was so tired from going here and there that I could have
collapsed.

It's really raining hard!

q 111. 1-;j.!f- W0 l _Q};,-j <i£0 1~ <j- .!I!.~ 73£<:xll.fl.

Yeah, it's raining so hard that I can hardly see in front of me.

Ol R~::: ~~~£1 ~EH2f t:il::;::~ 1-2~ 1¥-~~£1 ~8~ <SP~Lf ~01 {!l ~ [H ;_~gtLICf. '-{ 0 )2 ~~·
Lf '-(0 )2 ~~OICf.Q.j ~EH£ BtOI ;_f§gtLICf.

This expression is used to indicate that the action or behavior in the following clause is being done or is
occurring to a degree similar to what is described in the preceding clause. It is mainly used in t he form
-{2.)2 ~5:.£ or -(2.)2 ~£0 1Cf.

-(0 )2 ~~

A/V -(.£)2 ~~ ~ ~~
~ ~~~

• ;~;i ~ oW~ -¥-lEI~ ~ :1J.£..£ '1l~ ~oJ-'5RJl.

I like movies to the extent that I watch about two every day.

• ~~oJl ~ ~ 41~ Ttl9 ~] 7)- ~ ~ ~ ~.£...£ ;:~;]9 ~]7)- Lf ~ ~~ ~ 7-]cxj]Jl?

Did Jisu do something so bad that Minsu, who normally never gets angry, became angry?

• o]Jti J.j~ :=?.. 0!-? 91.5f-l~i %~A~5:. .2..!f. ~ ~.!C.~CiA.

This time, the exam was so easy that even a middle school student could have aced it.

21 6 Korean Grammar t/t 'll.i·e · Intermediate

1 7~ J#oJ1l:l}'i:}-o1t'jo1~<Ji_a? {9;)'

q 1.:]1, J.}'i:}-o1 ~o}~ 78.£.£. t'J-01~<Jik.

!:1-J"Olll:l ~Eto 1g~-o 1~q .A.~OI \;;t0~7fq I 'i'JOI ~q
t~H7f 'i'JOI j]_g_q I~2:{Aiq t!H7~ j]_g_q
.:::1 ~~ Oj2.i 1:! ~mq q 2l~q I Oj2.i \::! ~~q

2 7~ 7--1 7~-=r E_£-=rt@,<:_ ?.a~ /\flo1SJ.A1k?
q 1.:]1, ~ u:J1o}q ~-¥- t'jo1 -:9:-<JiJ.i l:l~7} 0~ 78£oflk.

7H.:::l.!!.£.:l~g ~~ .AHDI<x,!q ~ rrHo~q Li~ t'JOI ~Oi.A.-t l:lH7 ~ o~_gq
A~g ~0 I ~~ HH~gq
Li~ ~2.~).-j ~01-§-717~ ~~q
.2j~ .A.~g ~~~~ ~~ ~~q
0~~ ~HA-t~~ .A.~OI2.~jl {:!J:z.t£1q

*(1) 7~ 9-0J »-17} ~ ~ lf£01 o}-ji~Ji.? C::>;a--8_ ~ 7-tc.]q)

Lf t;J1, "?.ji--J% JR- 1-Ri "?.~ ~o1 oj---8_ ~ ~oJ-Ji..

(2) 7~ ~1- »-17)- 1fo1 lfl0111ll)-~7-1 Ji.? (* <?J-oj-~q)

q t;J1, 7--1£ 1fo1 t!.fo111ll)-~ ~ ~o}Ji..

(1} 7~ 7-19- »-17)- \3~71J.i ~01 q~~Ji.? (%~ 017-1 -5!:-t>J-q)
q t;J1, ~0 1 q~J.i %"?.~017.1 JR--5i "?.3~011.2..

(2) 7~ J.1~-t?-lf- ~o1 ~~£.? (tJi2.l 7)- oj-:rrq)

q t;J1. -t?-lf-~ i'-J-0115nJ.i ---------------------

(3} 7~ ~'i:! oJ-o1<?Jt:11 ~21--& ~7.~ £ f. ~t;J1Jl! (.2.. ~ J.j-tg ~ o1 ~2-}q)
q t;J1, t=J-¥- -'87115RJ.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

7~ Jf-.2.}! A~ 7fl ~ 7.~~ 3.l;j]Jl!

Wow! That dog is really big!
Yeah , it's as big as a calf.

How did the glass window break? Did someone get in a fight?
No. Someone threw a rock the size of a fist into it.

*·Ol .R~~ .3.7 lq Y.2.1 .2.1 DI ~ s.t::: ~AI-OII ~OI.A.i Ollt! 3;101 .:::1. ~.A.~2.~ i::!l.lll~~ ITH~~ .3.7 IOIJ~q

~~ ~.£~~ qE~~ ITH .A.~~Lic.L 'N'2.!" fi~q· EE::: 'N'2.!" ~ N'.2.1 ~EH£ '[liOI .A.~~LI CL

Used w ith nouns denoting a size, number, or amount, this expression indicates that the noun under discussion

is approximately the same in size, amount, or degree as the noun. It is usually used in the form N't! ofq or

N't! ~ N.

--~---···----~· '"~---·-·--·-----·-··.----···~------~·· ·------

N -9-~ '2.!" fi~q

_____________________________-------~-----------------~------··--------------:__

o .JI-8"J=oj] ~1.:: {jS:. 7<.] ~ ~.Jl 9) ~ ~ 3.7] ~ "3fiA.

My house back home is just as big as the one I'm living in now.

o o}_lf-cj 3?:lti xS:. ~ ~ ~ x~ 'il;tOiA. ~7] ~ "6~.5:. ..<f-cj {lo] 7-~]~ 3?:lt>~.B...

No matter how comfortable a place may be, nowhere beats home. It may be small, but our house is the
coziest.

o ~cf')! ~~ %J'~ _Q_j 7]7} ~».~ A_lf-1[~ "8{J 'l} 15}1-l].fi.!

My 15-year-old little brother is already as tall as my 20-year-old big brother!

2• 8 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

'N'2.! 5~q· ~ t!-§~Q.£ MO l ~ li~~O I ~OI ~~C~I ~3;!::: C.f%:il~ ~~Liq.
There are many idiomatic expressions that use N~ i;fef. A few are given below.

• -%!-go] 9j2.22.j ~ ~.fl.

(My) salary is the size of a rattail. (= meager, very small)

• ~~o] -?9:1~ ii~.fl.

(Someone's) face is the size of a fist. (~~01 ~Cfe £1DI)

• -l!l-j::2.J7} 40J-).i .2.7] j::c.J~ i;~Jl.

(Someone's) voice is as small as a mosquito's sound.

• t.:j_!f. ~CfAi 71-@-0j .=g.~~ ~iJ_ojJl.

(I) was so surprised that my heart shrank to the size of a bean. (= be terrified; be scared stiff)

• ~~ ~ oj-~7} 'ait:.J-.

No younger brother is wiser than his older brother.

• 7Joj-:<.] 3.7] ~ ~ 9J

A rat as big as a puppy.

• ~o] ~57:7~~ ~Jl.

(Someone's) eyes are the size of buttonholes. (= small)
• oj:: ~~~ ~ %.:1!.7] ~ {f~e>1Jl.

(Someone) caught a fish the size of a grown man's forearm. (= very big)

• <~Jo l :f. '8 ::.<.J~ ii~Jl.

The room is as big as an athletic field.

1 7f Al J.}:i!}~ :Aa~ 3.1=jj.R! ~I I
q Jf-2-J-! J.}:tq-7} ~12f~ "8-}Li]A.
CU:Aie71St the thumb

.A.f.l!}E ~~ 3.Cf .A.fj!f7f "?I;!{
t:tH* ~~01 ~~ ~q
~cH~:2:1-E 3.7l7f ~~ ~q ~~OI-9-~
W.cH~:2:f7f ~fi:l~7 f~

2 7f 2)1 oj ;.~ ~ 7}-.R?
q _<f-t.J "5~~ opf:-ol Y ~ ~ ~~o] ~71 ~.R. .=I.~ J.4 ~ 7}.R.

.sf-2.15~~ Of-9-D-iLI I -9-<2..!01 gtq I '2I 7fef
A~Oillli-E ~I ~OI gtq I '2I ~q
A~Oillli-E ~LH I Oj~fi: l7 f gtq I £1~ Oj~g '2I 7fef

q;; ~EJ:;;; !i!.:il [!i!7I]OII.Ad <§tgt:_: 80i~ ~0~ ''2.!' c5~q·~ A~5HAi CH~ ~{::!c5~AiiR.

, .. ---- - --- --- -- --- --- -------- -- -------- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

~~7~c E~ ~~.1J.2.I ~ Oj~ W~ l1 •

\____-- - -- - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - ----- --------------------------------------------------------./

7 ~ -¥-'3:! ~ ~j]_ <;U<>1 Jl?

(1) Lf ;(j{t~ ~j]_ <;V_o-]Jl. t-J%"'1~£0J t;_t ;(j {t~-cl]
<(!- _!rl_0 ]l;j]Jl.

7~ ~-9- »-]-:::= ~.:g-~ "@o] ~o}Jl?

(2) q o} L-] Jl, ~.:g-o] _ _ _ __ _ __ {{7]7}

<>1 C;j %1 Jl.

7 ~ o}~/(]7} \fJ-] ~ ~}cj 7}? 7}J-i]Jl?

(3) q l;]l, A-]\l- 9-WOi]s:. 7}J-=jJ--j _ _ _ _ _ _ __

~j]_7] ~ {fo} _2_jio-]Jl.

7~ .:LCl]S:. ~o ] %J-~_!r!_q ~Jtl o-j ~ :Q-;(]Jl?

(4) q .:LCl]J--j ~~-¥-E-1 - - -- - - - - - %-"~ 0 l

~L}j]_ ~F&·o}£...

-c7~ o-J7-i] ~?OiV-l 78W Q.)-o-]7} L-J-"Efxtl:Jl £...

(5) q A-iS:. ~<>1£... Q.j-o-]7} L-]-E}L-j-J--j

~~ ~~l:Jl£...

220 Korean Grammar iN 'lt.w~ · Intermediate

How much money should we pay?

q ZfA} Q:j ~ 1il% ~~ ~ 1:! ~o}_9_.

Each person should pay an amount equal to how much
he or she ate.

7~ ..2.. ~ ~01 ~~ ~77}_9_?

Shall we see a movie today?

Sorry. These days, I don't have enough free time to see a movie.

O I.R~~ {:!~~.2.1 ~@-:ilf .gEH7 f -¥-~~:ilf t~l;:gt~ .R~W rrH J.-j%~LICf. ~J.-f2.f ~01 J.-i%W rrH::: {:!~~
:i2f -¥.~~ ~Af.Q.j ~~7f t! l ;:gt~ qEf~LICf.

This expression is used to indicate that the action or state described in the preceding clause is similar or
equivalent to that stated in the following clause. When used with nouns, it indicates that the nouns in the
preceding and following clauses are similar in degree.

-(0) L /';::./ (2.) 2 ~E

A -(O)L ~E 3.Cf e ~s
~ ~~a
v ~q
~ ~a
1£1 ~ ~a

Dl2.1j -(o)2 ~a ~ ~a
1£1 ~ ~a
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - · -- ···-····--···· .

N
"=-====~·--~ -~---· - - - - -

To the extent that you pay for it, you should receive good service.

*• 7-1 ¥-1<>11 ~~ J-}-'€(5:. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3_7]] ~1t511 ?J-i].B...

Please speak loud enough that the person behind can hear you, too.

• J-}-'if~ ~ .!il..~ o}-~ ~ J-j4;'-<5~~q.Jl ~~ ~1-J r:.}-.

It is said that people mature to the extent that they've experienced sorrow.

• t..j-5:. i@ ~ ~~ ~ ~~1-]77]- :zp-jt>}-7-] o}-J-i].B..,

Don't worry because I can do (it) just as well as my older brother.

1 7f ::L ~:§:}7} W"oJ ~~ e>l.R? ~
•[ 99 ) 1
q 1;]1, ~%0] '€! ~ ~ *e>l.R,
~O J Lfql~q
.:1 ~~m I(JOI ~q
o1~1 cHoH.Ai uo1 ~cf cf-E .AfWOlllll ~a- ~~oH ~ 4- ~q I ~q
OJ~ .UJ7f Of%.uj.£ ~q
~~oI Oll!!!!q I of%.UI.S:. ~q

2 7f oj-%o] 7]7} 3..A].R? oflfiA:I I :t l7f .3.q
q Li1, o}l:lj .A] ~ 7]7} ~.R, ~Of I Oll!!!!q

ol-§-ol 7l7f .3.q ~I :S7~ ~fCf
~0 1 Oll!!!!q
3-"c:!lO I :S 7 ~ ~fq

222 Korean Grammar iN 9.1.-'e · Intermediate

q*1 '-(O)L/:::/(0)2 '2!E-'~ .AI-§5H.A"l CH:2:~ ~~<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ o]~ J.j~ ~:ilj-7}- e>i~ Al R"6Jl1l. (<€1{]<5] .:g..!f-<5}-t:f)
q ~~J-51 Jo:l-.rt\l,i;J.~. O"~'";oL ~o.Q' -. :oA-12~ l:cl}..eQ... ~~j_fL.

(2) 7~ ~~ ~:ilj-7}- f g_Aj Z:j:A.Jojoj]ll. (~~ g_ c.}-<5}-t:f)

q ~~ ~:ilj-7} ~g_ ~~lll.

(3) 7~ o-jc.j7}- ?:[o] o}-E.Ai]ll? (~g_ 9 ~q)

q 1;]1, o}-Tij-J.-j ~c.J ~-%loJl 7}- *l=~e>ill.

(4) 7 ~ 2J1 Gj <i.l- CAi]il? (~q)

q Al~ 1fo] ~J.-j ~if~~ ~e>io]: £111l.

(5) 7~ ~u}-~% 7}-Aj~ £]11l? (7}-Aj.Jl-iicf) 7}-7;).5:. ~ 1-j ct.
q ?J-o1 ~_2_1-j77}

2 [.!i!.7I]Oli.Ai ~~~ 8<>i~ ~o~ c~ cH:2:~ ~~<5~AiiR.

( ----- -----------··· ---······· ······---···-··········---···· ···---···-····· --·-····· ·-···--··--·- ···---····· ····---·-·- ·····---·-··- ···-··--···

G» <5~<(} ~ o~7lc~ .UI -=:1.~ .Ai~ qo1

L-------------------------------------------- -----------------------~--------------------------¥ --~

(1) 7~ A}-oj: ».] ~~~ :AJ~ <5}-~Aj il?

Lf 1;]1, tto_r _l;fOJ% :@ -3! ~0}-il.

(2) 7~ ll~oj]~ L-}-o]oj]l:l]i>~ J.-1 ~o] ~ !: J.}~~o]!f£~ -3! ~o}-_g__

q _2cj ;;zJ].B... -A.]~~ J.}~~ o] £1o-jo]: ~ Jill-c;J]ll.

(3) 7~ _Q_J.j-7"}- ~ e>i rrjj.B..?
q

(4) 7f 0J7J- ».]7}- ~l:lfl ~ ?J-o] IiJ%11l?

Lf 1;]], ?J-o1nJ ? ~ -3! ~o1-.B...

(5) 7 ~ Al ~ o]-3!o] c-j -wor .!i!o] ~t:i] :§:19 ».] ~ e>i~ 7Jl c-j ~o}-ll?

q o]-3!£ ~o}- .!i!O:]ll. Al ~ o]~~ 1[ClJ1l.

14. ~.S:.~ 1-lEt~ ttl! 223

CD i!:-%01 Lf.TI.:A]- ~ i!:-%01~ ~B-
@ i!:-%01 ~ ~~- o]-ycj-
@ i!:-%01 Lf ~ t:i] I:f7]-

CD .=L;3!J~ o:Jc-llfl ~iOiJ.-j Qj~Jl:Al-~Tiil.._
~ .=L;3]j~ o:Jc-llfl ~OiJ.-j Q1%£0d'01oJlil...
@ .=L ;3]j ~ o:Jc-llfl ~OiJ.-j Q1% ~.£ ~Oiil...

@ .=L :3!l ~ o:Jc-llfl ~OiJ.-j Qj~aj~ ~01oJ]il...

3 7f ~4- JJ.I7 ~ q LI::: .2:1}..~::: Sf-cl .2:IJ,.~!;!q ~80 1 ii.Atl U:AIR?
Lf ~p I :::R ~80I ---------------------

CD ~1L!.2.]~ ~t:i]il.. ~ ~]X!.2.] 7-j :::: ~~Ol _g_
® ~1L!.2.J oJJ1:11 ~TI;.-1 ~ ~ t:i]il..
@ ~1L!.2.] ~B- ?£~ t:i1 _g_

4 7f :A-j o~qgJ,.i::: ~0 1 ~~ HH~~ ~ f}O ~R
Lf wo ~R ------------------------------------

CD ~o}%717]- ~ ~ OioF ~o ] ~cj-il.. ~ ~o}%7]7]- ~ ~ :Aj.££ ~o1 ~cj-il..

:=@ ~0}%717]- ~ l)!-oj] ~o1 ~cj-il.. @ ~o}%7] 7]- ~ ~ Ei]'-1 77]- ~o1 ~cj-il..

CD ~':3 »-1~ ~~0 1 O:Jl~ ~B- u]- g »-].£ .Jl-8:- -3l .:Q-o]-il...

® -E-~ ?Jo1 ~ ~B- ~~ J.-j1:11~~ ~.2..1l ~ ~~YI:f.

@ ~~ ~ ~% 'i1B- 1:1~7]- oj-II}J.-j ~2.] ~-%loJ] 7]-0F~Olil...

@ J.j-~~ ~ _lif.:~ oj-~ ~B- -'-j~~H~q.Jl t>}-Et:i1 :Aj~ .=Lc]1il..?

CD J.]-~o1 ~o]-7}-2 :Aj.£.£ 1:1)-<g-o] t'£o1 ~Jl ~Oiil...

~ o1Jti J.j~ ~ o]-9- ~-'fclJ.-1 %~-'-~.£ 1f: :Aj.£)10iil...

@ :A-j .nu1t:j ~:§:}7]- ;;{Tiu1~<Jl J.-jl:IH 7J- oj-~ :Aj.£.£ -:£:-~Oiil...
@ uj-3. »-]~ ~R~~ ~"6jjJ.-j ~R J.j-~o1 2.}Jl -'-~z{~ -1J£0:J1il...

:.2-



May we look at that newspaper over at the entrance to the subway?

q .J.~Jl, .!f-liY 77} .!i!..Jl i!~ J-}%}-~ o}.!j!-1..} 7}7.1

7}.5:. ~Jl.

Sure. It's free, so anybody who wants to read it can take a copy.

7~ Q{4.f ;_]{}0 ] 7-]~~r;j] 0 1-.!f-£ <?1- ~~Jl?

It's past the appointed time. Has nobody come (yet)?

q 1=]1, 0 1-.!f-£ <?.}2{-;.i 7-1 ~7.} 7] -c.}Cl.Jl <JJ.~~Jl.

Nope, nobody's here yet. I'm waiting by myself.

'0~¥· ::: ~~C>I Oi't! -3:!~ ~~Ci~AI ?i".JJ.. ~~ ITH .A.I-§"61-E -3:!~ .A.~E!"Oiq .A.I 2~ 7~2.1~ rrH .A.I'§-gJLiq.
.A.I-§£1::: ~.A.fOll rr~2.~.A.i g-g-Oji.A.i .£12.J DI 7~ ~2.~A I :::c·JI .A.~Et~ 7 ~2.1~ rrH::: 'O ~Ef.q' EE::: ·o ~Ef,.s=.'~ 'C;tOI ~
q q_ 'O~Ef.Lf::: 'Oi't! .A.I-E!"OI~AI ~t!"OI ~cf::: ~OI.JJ.. 'O~Ef,.s=.' ::: ·~ .A.I-Et.s=. ~q·::: ~01 ~ Li q. 'O~Ef._s=.'
::: ~~~Oll .!¥~ .R~O I ~Li q.

The word Of¥ is used to express the not choosing of any specific thing in the sense of "any" (e.g., anything,

anyone). Depending on the particle that follows it, it can either refer to people or things. To refer to people,
t he word O f~Lf is used to indicate "anyone" or "anybody", while Of~.S:. is used to indicate "no one" or

"nobody". Note that a negative expression must follow the use of Of.!f!..S:..

.g± 1o~¥ c~1 q o~¥ ~o1q 1o~¥ c~1.s=. o~Ef. ~.s=.

_ _ ···-:---·-o_~.!f:_c~_l~ q _l _o~~ ~_Ol_IA_:l L-~-----:-···--o-~_.!¥_c~I.A.i.s=. 1 O~.l¥ ~Oli.A.i.s=.

~{:! l O~.l¥71 q, O~Ef.-3;!0iq l
~
:

226 Korean Grammar u1 'lise ·Intermediate

• on:~ ~ 7Jliq}LiltB ot.!f-"Y- ~o-]~4- ~-;':;t-1-cf.

Anyone can enter this place as long as you pay the admission fee.

• 0 t.!f-.£ % ~;;z] *-oPe -:£.£S_ 7}J21{o-]Jl.

I want to go to a place where nobody knows me.

• ot.!f-~ "Y- J..}J21{~ ~ ~ ~c.J-li!t.

Choose any book that you want to buy.

1 'Of!f.+(OI)q'.Q.I ·q·~ ·~.::;:r-tq, Ojcj+q, !f-<3i+Oiq, ~Xil+q'2.f ~0 1 .Q.jgcH~.A.f2.f ~7711 MC§j 4-
~XII2! 'O f!f.+.!:e.'.Q.j ·.s=.·~ .Q.jgcH ~.A.f2.f ~7711 MOl~ Oi6!Jgj"L!Cf.

While the Lf of Offi!+(OI}Lf is also used with interrogative pronouns, such as in 'r-T'+Lf, OiCI+Lf, !f.'3:!+0ILf,
and '2jJ;ii+Lf. it sounds awkward to use the .S:. of Of!f..S:. with interrogative pronouns in the same w ay.

2 'Of!f.+(ol)q' cf-gOll~ 3~ ~%J'OI 2.jl. 'Of!f.+.!:e.' qg011~ !f.~ ~%J'O I ~Lief.

A positive expression must come after Of!f.+(OI)Lf. while a negative expression must come after Of!f.+.S:..
7f ¥-1 Q:j ~ CJ1.R?
q xl:: o}.!j!-7-]t..j- ~~o}.R. (o)

A~:: o}.!j!..')!.S:. Q:jJ21,\A] ?:.fo}.R. (o)

1 7f *7}oj] ~~.£ o:j~ ~ 7}.Jl1i~.fl..?
q ~%~ xo] ~ o}Jf- t:i]t-f .JIR?:J-o}.fl...

-~PIOII DiLL~ O:j~~ 7fef ±~~ ~o I'2:! of¥ Cil I t!!flcf
i=-=?-ofJI ~~ .!i!.Cf .no1c1 ~£~~ rol-E AfEtOI'2:! of!f. 1~cr
!f.<):!~ DfAICf Al-j?:!~ 3;!01'2:! Of!f7i I ~~q

x2 7f o:j 7]oj]J.~ ~l:lfl ~ ~% 4=- <V.-::: 0 1 <V.~.fl..?

q o] ~%oj] J.~-::= o}Jf- t:i]J.-1.£ ~l:lfl ~ ~Jf-~ ~ ~Llt:f.

LH'§!-"?-~~Cil -"?-~~ rrH77f:A:I Qj~-"?- '1!-E ~ Ol ?:!~Oli.A:J-E Of¥ CiiAi I ~,'ltH~ III.Sf.Cf
Cf2.j~ Cf~ECil ~-"?- 'l.!E ~ -"?-~~ rrH7Jf:A:I-E Of!f.?.:! I Qjcf

CIIBIIIIw-

1 'O~£f-+q'~ AI%15HAi q~ [H:2.~ @{:1"5~AiiR.
(1) 7f ~.7.~] ~0}5!.]1?1 ~7/}.fL?
Lf .2.~011~ ;.Jzi-oJ :;,gj_?J.Q.l-j77} or~ Ul!Lt .2-J..i].fL.

(2) 7f ? ~ -6lj~.£ £~77}.fL? ?J..i1.fL.
Lf r:.} ~jill:! 1-J 77}

(3) 7f ¥-1 Q:j ~ ell_g_?

.A] 12-fl?'l0} 0~t :;,gJ_~o }.fL.
Lf ' U5 ..Q_ ..0Q..-A-l, L.!.

'L-

(4) 7f *).}71 ).}%<5H::- l:lJ~ ~ .!r--:r-011:711%o-].!r!.J?i £jj.fL?

Lf .2..!f- ~ o}l-j77} %o-].!r!.J..i1.fL.

(5) 7f ~o}, o:J 71 <V_~ g~ Q:]OiS:. £11.fL? Q:j a-] s:. £11.
Lf g, o:] 71~ ¥Jllll~t:Jo]l-j 77}

(1) 7f 7}l:lJ ~011 .!f-]7]- ~a-] <V_~o-].fL?

Lf or~';!!i:. ~ ~~1-J r:.r.

(2) 7f i:J l:J1c.J\:l , .2.~ .7.~]7]- ~AJ Z}- ).j-o]01] ~}.g.;.}~ ~~o-].fL?

Lf 0 }1-J, ~ ~~~t:iJ.

(3) 7f lf 2 ° ]0 ]:7]~t:Jl .=7_~;zjj DJ~o:j.f?_?

Lf o j o j o]:7] ~ l::lj~o] l-j 77]- ~ 1:11 - -- - - - ~]-..7.] o}J..i] .fL.

(4) 7f 211 _g_~ {1 011~ <Ua-]_g_?
Lf '?4°} ~011 t:fc.J ~ q~;.i

(5) 7f ~A!- ~ i>R.fL? Q:j~o-].fL.

- - - -- - - *Lf .A]if l:lB7} ~ o}:rr}J..-j

228 Korean Grammar ut 9/se · Intermediate

Akira, it's really been a long time.

q .=:J..c] t:J1.R. .2..2l]~010i1.R. ~r_q .2..'ili~Oi1 ~)±~
~1 :7-}L.f ~ {} u}J-1Tt!J--1 °1°~71W77}.R?

You're right. Long time, no see. Since it's been so long, why don 't
we go and catch up over some tea or something.

7~ <tju}, tl-T-"5"}.Jl ~.Jl %~1.R.

Mom, I'm off to play with my friend.

Stop playing and read a book or something.

Ol .H.~~ Oj~ ~0 1 ~l-t!2.1 ~.s=. O~Lijl ~~A'E:1J:I~ ?J.AI~ t!!fi::: ~.s=.2.1 ~~-t!~~~ LIE~~ [H .A.I§gj"Liq.

{4::~2.ljl ~~5~7il-t!~5~jl ~01 ~~ rrH. o~!f.7~LI -t!~oH.s=. t!!fi:~ [H .A.I§5PI.s=. gtLjq_

This expression is used to indicate that although something is not really one's first choice, it is fine as the
second-best option. This expression is also used when the speaker wants to express a view that anything is
fine because he/she does not have any particular preference in mind.

N! (ol)q ~.2:~ q

__.............. __)__ -· . .. ~ O IL~

..---·-..--.. - - - -

• W~:s:_ ~:=r:i] -8-~ o]l-f W77}?

We've got nothing to do, so how about taking a walk?

• ~o] lf ~<5}y77} 7}nj]2.}1EJ] t:JHl<:>il o}oJ]Ci7}~1-f o}~o~~Jl..

I'm low on money, so I think I'll have to drink an Americana or something rather than a cafe latte.

• .2..:; .2..~<:>11 l-]{1.- <V_.Q.~ ~l-J-%ofl4- :q;_]q,

If you've got time this afternoon, let's go somewhere like lnsadong.

1 Al{! c.f%0\l~ '0\lq·~ A\%<S~o~ o~.:il. ~~ c.f%0\\~ '(o\)q·~ '0\\Lf ~ ~L ~~ A.\-%t~!I.. ~~

L\q.

When attached to nouns indicating a particular time, OfiLt must be used, while both (01)4 and OfiLt can be

attached to nouns indicating a place.

• ..2..~oj] ~ ±.:a-l:l}~y77} ojn:j- /l.NoJlt.f 'fr';;fJ..] t:f.

• oj~ ~ t:j _!f. o1 l-] 77} 7}77}-& ~~oj] t.f t:J-L1..2../l.}. = o] ~ ~ L-j.!f!- o1 l-] 77]- 7}77}-& ~~o] t.f t:j-uj ..2../l.}.

*2 '(OI)Lf' C.i-%0\1~ ~m~OI ~ ~~ Liq. .:J..2.I.:il.!i!.~ ~~f~OILf ~~~.£.£ ~L]-0 ~ :A~<c!A~~
L]q
The past tense cannot be used after (ol)q. M oreover, sentences that end in the imperative or propositive
form sound the most natural with this expression.

3 Ol .H.~~ Qj:AILf QjS:.~ LfE~LH ~ ±E~O I £]-0~ :A~<c!A~~Liq_

This expression should b e used together with an expression indicating one's intention or will.

• (/l.~ ~) oj t>.!Jo] t.f '6\J.R. (x ) ~ (/l.-j ~) oj ~o]t.f ~cJI.R. (o )
(/l.-j ~) ojt>.~J o] t.f -&-}2 -iio-J.R. (x) - (/l.~ ~) oj ~ o] L} -&-}2;]2 ~H.R. (o)

'(OI)Lf'~ q :.; il~ ftO I t'~~ 2.1017~ <ll~ ~~2.I:Ai l'iS:.~ ~Qjo~.A.I7 II::l~'EJ'Liq.

The expression (ol)q can carry a number o f different meanings as described b elow. It is important to learn
them well to avoid confusion.

(1) ~ o1.g2.1cH.g ~ Lf~o~7~Lf .:J..%0\1 ~rt! ~~ ~~gJ-~ LfE~'gj rrHA\%~Liq

Used to enumerate or express a choice between two or more things.

• /l.~ ~ ~o] 'V_.Q~ :3!j o]t.f CD .A}i::- 3l_ g 'loJ-~t-J t:J-.

I like to buy books or COs when I have money.

(2) .:J.. ~OI Oll.g£1~ ~5:.~ 'S CX,t7~Lf ~-Z{.!i!,q t'i:.;~ LfEf'gj ITH.A.~gj-Liq.

Used to indicate that the amount of something is more than expected.

wg• l:lfl 7} 2li}J..i 3.:r~ o ] t.f 12j ~o-J.R .

I was hungry and ate (as many as) three bowls of rice.

(3) ~~~2.1 ~5:. O~LI.:il. '2!~A~:A I ~ l'i:AI'2! .W=ti~ ~5:.2.1 j:~~~~ ~ LfEf'gj ITH .A.~gj-Liq.

Used to indicate that while something may not be the best choice, it is satisfactory as the second-best
option.

• -?-a] {]{J~r:i] ~ ~Lf %J..]t:f.

We're bored, so let's go to see a movie or something.

230 Korean Grammar iN <1!.1·e · Intermediate

1 7f *~ <?Jt:J1 ¥-] i>}A1? ~cH~ ) -~
bindaetteok (mung-been cake)
Lf .=z.LJ {folY. A}A}.
:g I ~qq
~~OICf DVD I S!Cf
~~ofc.f ~CH~ I '2!~01 r;!:jef

1::1J7f2.Cf 'EJ"OI 'il12.'i!l 2.f'i!J I r;!:jef
7~lll7 f 'il12.'i!l ~I Of.AICf
2 7f 1:fj-O1 ~ ~ t:11 <>j ~ 7J1 W7!}? Ail9£0li 7Ji::-1::1J~!PIR7f 'ilt£'i!l ~ I 7fef

Lf 1:fj-o] ~.£_~ 2.}~ o14- Q:jA}.

'EJ"OI'iltef
7~lll7f 'il:J_Cf
Ail-9-£011 7Ji::- 1::1 l~!P I R7f 'il:J_Cf

,---------------···-·-····-------------------- ··-----------------·------------------··------------·-·--- -

f!b ~~ <i?3.2J ~*OI q g ~~ ~-=?-
\...______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

W(1) 7f ~ 0 ] ~~t:j] ~ i>}A] ?

Lf W ~ o] ~..2..1(! ~~OI L{" 7-]cj 7t-i=- 71] <>JrrJl?

*(2) 7f A1~ A]{}o] c}- £1 ~~1:]] ¥-j ~ gll}il..?

q 1:1fl 7} ~.£. ~ Jl~ l:Jl A}c}- ~ g77}il..?

* * *(3) 7f ..2..i@~oj] ~ E-j 711 ~ t>]-ajJl 91 ~ t:1] ~ E-j 7]- Jl:AJ- 1-} tJi xt<>]il...
Lf .=z.Cjjil..? .=z.~ A1i>}jl ~o] ..!tC1 ~Cjjil..?

(4) 7f ~4- ».]i>j-Jl CJi ~ 7-j]~ oj] t:lji>~A~ Q.Ji=-"5~ °F "%[ Jffit:1] ~Ai] ~1-}A]il..?

Lf opti ~ ~ A]{}o] ~..2..Lj77} ~\t"'lt:f.

(5) 7f ~4-ol=, ..2.. ~ 2_ ~D}7} ~oj] ~711 % ~ ~o}.

Lf .=I.Cjjil..? 7-1.5:. ..2.. ~ 2. ..2..i@~oj] ~\t77]- 91 ~ t:1] ~ ~l;j]il...

7~ \:fit!o1~ § ~ :A}9- -5R..R?

Does your husband buy you a lot of gifts?

q o}L-] Jl, ~~<)}.Jl ~ Jt)_s:_ ~§ ~ ~o} ~ .¢:Jo1

~Oi J-i .AJoj"* ~ -i'-0 1ct£ ~o} .!I!.~ ~~OiJl.

No. I haven't received a single gift since we got married. It would be
nice to get even a rose sometime.

7~ lf ;-: <?J ~t:-1] 0 }{llf-E] {1% "91L-J ?

What brings you to call me in the morning?

*Lf 7-12.1 -5R0 l= ~ -8-~ <?:I 0 1A~ Ji ~ t11 ~ -%l ~ 0 1.£-f-
L-j-.g.q], J~ L-] 77} t;j c}-5:. 2}J-i % S:.Q}zt-1 .
An urgent matter came up, but none of the employees can come in.
So I want (even) you to come in and help out.

'(01)2.~.s=.·::: Oj2.i 7~:AI80i1Ai .::J.-3:!01 7~~ org011 ~:A I ::: \?l 0 Lf .::J.iC!CH£ .f!!'fJ::: -?.:!~ -t:!~W rrH;,.~~Li ef.
''2.!012.~£'. '!f.Ei 2.~£'. '( 0 )£2.~5:.', 'Oil/ii/~E:il2.~£', '0112.~5:.', 'OjiJ,.-j2.~£', '5~~2.~£'xi ~ ~),.~2.~ gj"7Jll A~~
4- <;]~Lief.

The expression (OI)2.f.S:. is used to indicate the speaker's choosing of something that will suffice even thougr

it is not the best option among t he available choices. It can be used in combination w ith a number o'

particles, such as in '2!0I2.f.S:.. ~Ej2.f.S:.. (.£).£2.f.S:.. O!l7li/~Eil2.f.S:.. Oll2.f.S:.. O!IAi2.f.S:.. and a f-"22.f£ .

N (0I)2.~.s=. ~:2:~2.~5:.
~ 0 12.~£

• ~Oj lo"j lf- ~o-j J-4 %-.Jlj,j-2}.£ tl- qj .A}o~~o-j_R,

My house is so far away I think I'll have to buy a used car (or something).

• .:::L~:lj] *!.A] ?:.f.TI. ~~ oj-t(! o-j ~Jj] t>Rit? o:j 7] ?)-oj-J-4 ~7(!-o] c}.£ % *1-"ilit.

How can you work all the time and never take a rest? Please have a seat here and rest (even for) a little while

• ~{lo] -%-¥-tl-ct.TI. t>R~.:l!.. ..2.. ~ 5:. ~oj-l:l-j~o-Jit. LJ1~-¥-E1 2f.£ ~{J oj oHo~~o-J it.

I said I was going to study hard, but I played around again today. I'll have to work hard from tomorrow.

232 Korean Grammar in 'lt,·e · Intermediate

'(01)2.~5:.':: 'Oj L', '0~~·. ·~~:!'. '?2'. ·~· ~:i!~ gj"l}jj A.~-6~~ OJ't! ~~2.~5:_ D~~m.AJ~:; qE~'tljLJq.

When (01}2.f.S:. is used together with Oj!::=., Of~. ~~. ~2. or.!;=--=?-, the expression means that something is t he
case no matter the circumstances or situation.

• oj~ *o]2}..S:. J-}~<5'f·i::- J-}'i:[J!j- W7Jl] ~ ~ 9 ~qt;J'! .A~!:: .AJ:tfo] 'ijioJ.fl...

If I can be together with the person I love, then the location doesn't matter.

• o}.!f- ~0]2.)-..S:. w..2..l-J77r Aj]~ qj"Ef ~ tH E!J-i]SL.

It doesn't matter what you say, I'm begging you to p lease respond.

• CZJ9 ~~!:: .!f-2 ~01cj-..S:. ~ 9 ~!:: J-}'i:foloJISL. .::J.2-] 1.-]77} ~Jl W'~ 5!!-i].fl...

Yeongsu is someone who can do any job no matter what. That's why you should trust him (with this job).

I intend to talk to whoever I reach first. It doesn't matter who (that person is).

~.Q.j Oll~~ ~~ 'OjL ~~·. 'Oj't! ~t. 'Oj't! ~·. '-9:-?~.AI' 2!f, o~~7~.AIOI 71 rrH~Oll .gttOI ~q:: .Q.j

Oj~LJq.
The examples above mean "no matter what place", "no matter w hat one says", "no matter what the task",
and "no matter who", respectively, and thus they all basically mean "the same (result) regardless of ..."

tll..2.=-o1n1 i2, tr..I.u>..?,

~~:; ~ rrH A.~-61-E '(ol)q'2.~ '(01)2.~_s:_·:: q~:c.~ ~~ j:~O I 7 ~ '1!~ LJq.

The expressions (ol)q and (01}2.f.S:.. both used for expressing a choice, are different in the following respects.

~1~2.1 3:!01 gj,£~ LfDi:X Io'= 2.~ ~7 1 [[Hg011 :1 c~ ~~2.1 3;!0 I gj,71 [[HgOJJ .:::1. C~££ ~g 3:!-§ ~~~ [[H
Olio'= Oj'tj 3;!~ ~~i>H.S:. t!j{'JCfE QjOJ ~LJ Cf.
.A.I§~Li q. ~. O~Oll !::..'= 3:!011 CH~ .A.-j~-§ L/£f~ ~
This means that if the best choice is not available,
then all the other options are basically the same, .A.I§ot.'= 3:!~Liq.
so any of the available options are fine.
This is used w hen choosing the next best option
when the best choice is not available. As such, it is
used w hen ranking the available options.

~ :XI5 7~ Qj.:il ~g ~~ ~01 gj,£~ 2.f~O I§ -+ ~0 1 gj,£~ .:::1. C~££ Qj.:il ~g 3;!01 2.f~O I 2.fo'=

q~ 3;!01§ {.J't!-OI gj,~ .:J.'c)' 2.f~-§ Qj~Cfo'= QjOJ~LJq. ~OjJ 2.f~.S:. gj,.:il.:J. C~OjJ Qj.:il ~g

QjOJ~LICf. 3;!01 \£lOI2.f~ '2.f~.S:. gj,£~ \£lOI2.f.S:. Qj-§2.H.'2.f.:il

This means that if the item the speaker *~~ <1!§LJq .

most wants to eat-rice-is not available, then This means that if rice is not available, then the

noodles or something else will be fine. Thus, speaker w ants to eat noodles as his/ her second

the speaker is simply stating an intention to choice. If, by chance, noodles are also not

eat noodles. available, then the speaker could say 2.f~.S:. gj,

£~ \£lOI2.f.S:. QJ-§2.11 to indicate a third choice.
____ ____ __ ______---- ----·- - · -.. ..-
, .,

w caW1 7f ~~ 7fl<?j~Oil J..}'f:f0 ] 0 ] Q}o~ "'ill~] ~ ~J#Oil <Cl_~o] ~J..-j

Z:J Aa o1OilR.

Lf .::J.~. <Cl~-8 J..}if:folc}.£ ~ _2_2-}.Jl "5'}J,i]R.

LH~ 7H~610ll .A.~OI 'i'JO I 210t ~ 'E!)Cil ~ ~~.tOll ~Oll ~711 ~Oi~ rrH-E t:!£f I i5f2.fj! i5fef
~~ .A.!Lf I Lfefj! i5fef
'i:!~0!'2.!"£1 Cf

.5f-2.1 01-§0I DH~ ~711 ~S?.Cf
~~ £~011 lll~ ~ i£-Ecil LH~.s=. o~ oHot c5fef

o1'2.!-0H.A.i 7iiii I .A.fef
~i5f 7f£ I .!i!.LHCf

(1) 7f 0 ]Jti ~ §--E ~ q »-i t!-Jti-"1 A~~l:l] 7} .2.7-}2.}~t:i].!f-.2.\37J1l W~ E. C1 7] 7]-

~%i>H £.. (~ ::_ ~ ~-T-)

Lf -=r.'EJ . 'i% CJ.t7-J=rotl111er~ ~ t::.l~ct.JI i>H..!t-"il£..

(2) 7f ~<Cl¢i ::_ .2.-f- ~Jl -g <{j_¢i ~ ~7-]-~ 7]- 'Xl ~ t:i]£.. (%<Cl¢i 7-J-~)

Lf ~ 4- ~7-]£.. .:Lif:j 9--"il£..

(3) 7f Aj W _2_'ili~e>ll ~xt ~ ~l 0~ 7] ~ -"lZl-01 ~e>1-"1 AjW oj-~.!f-1£.. (~-"r)

Lf ~ 4- ~7-] £.. q g e>ll ~Y-li:! i>J-li:!-"1 o~ 1]i>H£..

(4) 7f Al ~ ~l:lJ ~ )..~ oj-Jl 2.}J-1l:lfl 7r -¥- 2 ~ 77]- o-jJ-1 C J-i]£., (~~)

Lf .:l~ £ 7-}0~ ll-] 7]- /~JAd A'fl~l ~~ ~ ~ 77]- c J.:j ..!t-"il£..

*(5) 7f 9-q;J »-]7]- J..]{!-0] ~o-J -"1 J:8 t:i] ~ 7]-~qj£., (7]-77}-& t:i])

Lf .:L'El' l:fl9%J..ll:f.

234 Korean Grammar ,;1 'll.\·e · Intermediate

,-- --- - - ----- --- ---- --- --- ---------- ----- ----- ---------------------------------~

I o~.3.7 ~ -'?~011 f>~i! ~ ~ ~2.1 -e;..i

I (j) ():j:X~ ~-Tf> ~i! Cii OIEf>~71 <Z:l ~;y JJ.If>~i! ~£~ }i!71 @ ~-=?-~011 7~71

L.~ ~i~ ~-~~H -~~~~~~ @ ~OII.A.i ~ifEf7ii'E:lf>~71

AIO~ D}3. »-], 9-~<>11 .!f-1 <'>}.::1!. ~o-)Jl?

o~3 e:j .7.} ~FfLo}.::l!. ~1o]E<">}.::l!. ~o-JJl.
AIO~ e:j .7.} ~.:;z-7} l:l}1l1lt:}.::i!. <'>}\:! ~ WcJ1Jl?

0~3 e:j .7.j- ~-=;z-7} l:l}lll:lt:}.::i!. <'>}\:! {1)0J'IJ" U.jiS~.Jl ~~X -'€-~.2..
AIO~ ~~ Jf7} <;rt.£.1(! o-J~/'11 WcJ1Jl?

0 ~3 -=z.~ (2)_ _ _ _ __ __ _ __

AIO~ .J\§f"::, 7 ~7] 7} <;rt.£.l(!Jl?
0~3 -=z.~ (3)- - - -- - - - - - - - -- - -
AIO~ ~Q.)=oj11:l17}- ..2..1(! o-J~/'11 W7-Jo:J1Jl?
0~3 -=z.~ -=z.'<:}= (4)- - -- - - - - - - - - -- - -

7~ 0 ] .A~ ff ~ J?-'3!.Q_~ »-1°]: ~Y 7!}?

What should I use to fill out this paperwork?

You can use whatever you want , such as a ballpoint pen or pencil.

7~ :3ljo] l=]J?- 1:1]».}~ 01~7-Jl <5}.7.] .£..? .:Z.CljS:. .A}c}

%7!}.£..?

What if the book is too expensive? Should I just buy it for you?

q 1.:11, 1:1 ] #-~.A] #-~.A] ~ .£..~ :3lj o]y 7!} ~ .A}c}
?.Ail.£...

Yes, I need the book regardless of whether it's expensive or cheap,
so please get it for me.

OlE.~:: (}j L -?.;!01 {:j~ £1()-j.s=. O ~Ef. ~~0 17 ~ ~::: ~ Ol{,l-2.1<§l~ q~~ [HE£::: CH '8£17~ q {,1-~£1 ::: Ef. 7 ~:AI

:::·Q.£%0li.A.i (}jL o~L~ {:j ~oH.s=. {,1-~0I ~7~q -'t!!-N::;~ qE~~ [ H.A.~~LICl.' ::: ~Oj.A.-j .A.~~-"?

~~ LICl.

This expression is used when expressing that any of the stated choices are fine. In this case, there need to
be at least two choices given. They can be either a simple listing of two or more choices, or t hey can be two

opposing or contrad ictory opt ions. Th is expression can also be shortened to :: ::.

v

N (oi):=:AI tg,t-oi::::AI ~o i ::::AI

---- . · ------- ----. - - 7~III ::::AI -9-A ::::A I
- - --····-- ·--···-------- - ·---·----·- -
- ---· - --- -

• i!:-o] ..2..~7.j l:l]7} ..2.. ~7.] 41~ -%~~ oJF'-al:J1.£ ~i5,!]~ i;lyt:.j-_

Regardless of whether it rains or snows, tomorrow's performance wi ll continue as planned.

236 Korean Grammar ubCZ/se · Intermediate

• 0].7.~] ~~ ~ ~ UJI !:.A] ~j-E.A] _2__!f- ~~*~~ if_,

I can now eat all kinds of Korean food, whether spicy or salty.

• .7.~] \:}"3[1_~ II:1~0j!:.A] ?~Oj !:.Aj l-j{}~ 1-j-~ ~~~ :Q-1-j-c.J-.

My husband goes hiking whenever he has time, no matter if it's the weekend or a weekday.

1 01 R~~ cH~£1::: ?-:!~ ~~oP I ~ltHAi · ::::x:1 '2! ::::x:l'. · ::::x:1 ~::::x:r. · ::::x:1~ :=:x:l'2f ~~
~6jQ.£ Af.g.of/ ].S:. -ru-LICf.

To emphasize the contrast between two choices, the forms :=::q 'CJ -§;1:1, :=:;~:1 WeAl. and :=:;~:1

~ :=:;~:1 are also used.

• l.:j]7} 7}~.7.] ~~.7.] L.J-:: _,~.J-~~.2..Lj 77} u}%rt].£ i>H.

It doesn't matter to me whether you go or not, so do as you wish.

• :1. J,.}'ifo] 7]7} 3.~.7.] 'll' 3.~.7.] ~1(\- ~·Jt! ~Lf ~1-i]Jl.

Regardless of whether he is tall or short, just meet him.

2 o]cH~ LfEfLH::: ·-~-'.c.f g7Jll Ml2:! ~iC:! g;go] ~Lief.

This expression cannot be used with-~-. which indicates a future event.

• 41~~ ~7 ~ tt!L.J-~~.7.] ~~ ~~~.7.] ~ rjoj]Jl. ( x )

- 41~~ ~7~ tt!L.J-~.7.] ~~~ ::.7.1 ~7-l oJ]Jl. (o)

1 7~ \:f.A} ~-=(- Jf-.£\37J]] c;g {!%.£. .!f-17} *g77}Jl?

Lf %AJ g J-H§-.Al ~ g J-H§-.Al ~}J.i] Jl. ~ ~;q investment in stocks

'em ~.:r ¥-£'c=J7Jlls.~ ~~£ ~7f ~q ~~ .."-fCfi~.A.fCf
~ 2..2.2.'112'! Ol~ ~'g;JOI %Cf g~Oll Oll~ 5fC.f I~ ~A~ 5fCf
N.A.i~Ef~Oll ~2.~7fCf I ~~~ -=?-~5fCf
.Jl~~I.A:j ~-=?-7~ .2.-ECil.!¥9;!~ 5f'2'! ~q

2 7f -A}0~ »-] ~}Jl. ~~l 0 ] 0d »-17} .Aj-1?- »-}? ~r:i] <Ji~ J-11 ~}.Al Jl?
Lf ~ell 7-}.2f':- »-}q-L..J77l- »-}? ~.Al W~.Al 1!78 »-:;z] D}J.i]Jl.

;qo~ .UI5f.Jl.<f.IIOI~ .UI7f ;~:p;r JJ.f~q ~2.H ;~:f-'? JJ.f~Lim w~q 1 wq 1 ~~ ~~ wq
~2.1 O~IE £§ ~~ AA? 5[2.'l.Jl 5f;1: ] 'CJCf
LfOI7f ~12'! AA? 5f7ll £.1LIJ7f A]5g 5fC.f I
!i!:g'c=J7Jii.A.i 'M~5f~ Ai .ff ~~~Of~ Cf '§!'q I 7fDJ"51 .!f-1 .!i!.Cf

~~q ¥-:g'c=J7Jii.A.i :2:~ LH~ EiiLI7Jf q ~q I ~ ~q I
Al:c!OI £.112'! .:::J.'cl' .Xil~5fef

(1) 7~ Oi;::_ Y-et g6j~ ~~CJ-i1ii_? (~R g6j I 2-1~ g6j)

q <5£~ %1--~0I~f.l 2.1~ %1--~ol~f.l c} ~ ~~ ~_R.

(2) 7~ /\117} lil<?J~ l:l}~10J1 Q{~~ ~ u1!f-1£ ~77}_R? (~~"3"}c} I ~71 "3"}c})

q ?jo1 l:l}llll ~ Q{-3; ~ u}%Lil.£. "3"}Ai1_R.

Lf ..2.. ~ ~ Y¥ ry~"3"}Ll77} - - - - -- - - - - -- - --878 ),I..A1

u}Ai1_R.

- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - ~ 7-}01:: ~ ~ ~ oJ1_R.
- -- - - - - - -- - - - "3"]-Al1_R.

(1) 7~ ~2-1 ~ 0 1 ~ ~Oi"'-i .::Lc1::I:i1 °1~ ~ 1lfl~R ~ 4- ~~_R? (~ 0 1 ~q I 7}7{)-c})

Lf ?1°1 J-}1l_:=I:·J1 ~ 0 1 ~f.ll~77J-~f.l ~ Bfl ~5fl ct;jo]:A1_R.

(3) 7 ~ A1 ~ *~ ~ ~77} W77} .::il~ %0 1oJ1_R. (i}~ ~ 7}cf I ~ 7}c})

Lf .::1{1 ~~ 1;]1 .g./\i1L.l 77} ~ ).~ Zf-6fl1-l ~~ 5H_

-e-(4) 7~ 4-~ »-1 :: t>J-1-J- ~ 2.].£. ~~ ~ := ~ ~o}_R. (~oJ1 1-}~01 ~cf I ~c})

Lf .::LC1~1_R. --878 ~ ~ M-E:1 2}.::il_R.

(5) 7~ '?Jo}l-1:=10J1 A1:§:1 ~ o1l:lJ-5fl7} ~~_R? (t.i-7}t:f I 2%"3"1 ~c})

Lf .::LCJ1 . 2~ l-1 1IC1 ~Ll77} 5fl 2 f.

238 Korean Grammar in 'lise · Intermediate

7~ o}3. ».]. ~{J rr:fl AE]]0]3. ~ ~77}.R?

Mark, shall we have steak for dinner?

q _2_~ ~ ~o] ~~Ell AE]] 0]3. I:l1110il ~r:Ji~ ~

~_9_~ ~rr:fl.R?

I'm broke today, so how about we have hamburgers instead of
steak?

It's uncomfortable wearing glasses because of the heat.

q

In that case, wear your contact lenses instead of your glasses.

Ol R~~ {:!~~Qj ~6~ q::: ~~~ CH}:11~~ LfE~LH 7~Lf <ftQj ~~Oil .g~of-E. q::: 3:!~ .5!-g~~

LfE~~Li q. 'Oil'~ ~~o~.:il ' ~ cHH~ .A.I§oH£ ~Liq.

This expression indicates that the action in the preceding clause can either be replaced by another action or

that another action can compensate for the action in the preceding clause. The particle ou can be deleted, in

which case the form becomes ~ cH~.

A - (0 )L CH~Oil ft cH~Oil

- 4-·--- -.-------------·-·-. ·- -- · Bt~ cH~Oil
- -···- -- ···----······ - · · - - - ·--·-···-···----
v
7 ~~ cH~Oil

~ ~ cH~Oll

N 7~III cH~Oll
~~ cH~Oll
- -- --

7~ 017}1:1.{,<: .Aj~ tl]».}l;j]Jl.

This bag is really expensive.

q tlJ»-rZl -o};x.J~ tlJJfr 1:JHlofl %{1oJ ~~}.a.

It is expensive, but (wouldn't you agree) the quality is good.

7f o}=r_ ~1. 7<~]7} ~-3(-o-J 4i'-7<~] ~ S:.~77}Jl?

Mark, would you like me to help you with your Korean homework?

Lf :Aj~o]Jl? ~~ 4-~ ~]7} 7<~]4i'-7<~]~ 5:..2ff ~ qj1} 7<i]7} 7.-jldj ~ 1t7-1]Jl.

Really? Well, if you (Sujin) help me with my homework, I'll buy dinner in return .

7f ~Til E:_l-]~o-JJl?

Would you like some coffee?

q ~Til~ o}l-] ~ {J-0 ] <?J-.2fl-1Jl. ~Til t:ll11 ~~~ ?l-]~o-JJl?

I won't be able to sleep if I drink coffee. Can I get some green tea instead?

01.±±.~::: Jif7~0il ~~-§-Oil cHoHAi~' ~ cH~Oil'£ )..!§~Lief.

This expression is used in the same form, :: CH~Oll. even when referring to something done in the past.

• <>1;<:11:::: {lojl).i .fl..cj'1! LJ1{l tiJ·oj] L-f-7}).1 2161 ~ '91<>l.fl... (x )
~ <>J;;<:1J:::: {loJl).i .RC1tl--e· LJ111 "1-toJl L-J-7}).-1 2161 ~ '91<:>1.fl... co)

1 7f J. ~ l:lRCt:f2 i>}E-1 y l:l}-f-1!o-JA? .~

Lf o}y..fL, ~;: J.}o]?:7} ~o-jJ.-jl:l}l( ~ t:ll11<>11 Ai-OI2S. size

~~'llo-j..fL. ~D f§..g smartphone

7115 function

~ I:J~q~ ofCiLII:Jf.:!f!-q gt-E .A.fOI3.7f \ll01.A.i I:Jf.:!f!-q I ~ofq
MP3~ Hq~ ofc-JLI )..fq ~ofE..gou MP3 7I-50I ~01.A.i MP3~ .A.fq 1
~Df.§..g~ .A.fq
7~~:ilf ~i?:!Oll -clef~ ofC-JLI ~q .2.Cf
tJI7f .2.f.A.i §:§?:lOll 7fef I \if-i§tfOJI Itef .2.q

2 7f <(!y, ..2. ~ ~ L]-17} z-jldj ~ ~l:l ] W7Jl.
Lf -=z.~cH? -=:L'tJl.o]]7} Z-1ldJ ~ ~l:l] i>H=- t:ll11 1l7iZ];: L]-1 7} W7Jl.

.2.~g LH7f :AN~ fri:J iofq :AN~ fri:Jiofq 1 ~7-l:A I-E LH7f o-fq
LH'§I ~.2.f .H.-E LH7 f OlloH-ofq ~.2.f .H.~ OlloH-ofq 1 ~~g LH7 f .A.fq
.if'ElOll ():j~y [H Ali£ H LH 7f0ll2.~ ~2.~ -"?-Cf
7fDil2.~ ~2.~ -"?-Cf I LH7f .if'ElOli.A.i Oll~ 7 I 'EJ~
A.f .2.Cf

2. .:.() Korean Grammar ut 'lise · Intermediate

(1) 7t £.AJ- ~ <it 7}.7.l.Jl ~~Ell ~ ~~1 ii}.AlJl.? £.AJ- ~ .J!f ~ o-JoFii}L.fJl.?
q y"J.J"% 71-~.Je- 'Q{I--JOil J.-j ~ ~ ii}J.:jS:. ~Jl..

(2) 7t cJ1 ~.:w_~ ~<f;Jii}Ttl ~-3Jw 7-Jo:Jl.R?

q Ol·LiJl., l:J1~-9:l.Oil ~~il};:;j.Jl i;~Jl..

(3) 7f .Aa-9- »-1 :§:lJ.}~ ~-B-01 W0r"-1 "*~o-J.R.

Lf o}L-] Oil.R, ~ o1t'£0P·-1 il ~ ~.R.

(4) 7t o1 ~ol ~J-il7} Jt!-t:ill-11~1=%[77}-Jl.?

q ol ~~ .:u!.%01 <i} *O}J.-j *£1-2"5}717} iJ ~ ~

~orJl. .

(5) 7t o}~ ~~~Ell ~-9:leil 7}.7.1 .::Icj1Jl.? ~ Q:jJI ~OiV-1 ~ ~
q wol o}~.Al '?£.2..1-]77}-
7-] o:Jl.R.

~*7~ O~l::liAIOIPil Qf~~ ?,;! §§~ ~2.~ -'?-7 1£ ol~q.

(1) OjiJiLI£1 ~±~ .!I.2j- C2.171£ ~q. ~~~ ~.¥f.Ei£ l:lt-¥-J -'?-71£ ot~q.

(2) ~.¥f.Ei lll ~ A I{!~ ~017 1£ ~q. 7~~:ilt ~Cil~c011 ~0 1 7t7 1£ ot~q.

*2:t(3) :il~OIIAi A~ ~71£ ~q. l:liJt!" -----·--·-g.~~ At 4-71£ ot~q. ----
~---·
(4) ~~£1 ~¥~ .!I.2t-'?71£ ~q.

(2)
(3)
(4)

1 ~ Jl~-8"}.7.1 ?j.=tL
@ Jl~~ ~li}- o}yc}
<D ? -t_ ~o1L-f
@ ? -::_ ~0111:}7}

2

<D Jl~ ~ ~ t:-J1S:.

@ Jl~ "8-H::- t:-J1 q

3 7~ J-1-gjS:. ~';d~C-JI ~ ~ 7-JOliR?

q D-j2.1£ 6J~ ~ l:l~c~ ~2.i ----------------- ~ ql3j~77~ t>HR

<D 0}lf- t:-j]Y- ~ o-j~ ~-5:.

@ 0}lf- t:-j]c}5:. @ o-j~ -:3::-01:: .7.1

4 7~ -t]~ l:lf-i!:qc-jLII:l~1¥0iR?
q O~LIR, -t]~ A~OI:A:7~ ~01-"i - ----------------------------

<D l:l~ :Aj.£.£. ~~o-jJl ~ l:lp(-.7.] ?j.=tL ~~o-jJl
® l:l}V ~ t:JHle>11 ~~o-J.B.
@ l:l~? ~o-jJ.i ~~o-jJl

5 <D 01J8 ~Woj]~ o:J*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj77} o:J~ 01Lf WJ-11:}.
~ o1J8 ~We>11~ o:j*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj77} o:j~o1LJ- ~o-JJl.
@ o1J8 ~We>11 ~ o:j*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj 77} o:j~o1LJ- :Q77}Jl?
@ o1J8 ~We>11~ o:J*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj 77} o:J~o1L-f :Q77} <5RJl.

6 <D ~g Q:j~-§-.7.1 01£]~-§-.7.1 o1-3i ~ Gj EJ.i1Jl.
~ L}] ~~ S:.J.i :t:l-011 7}~-§-.7.1 ~~ .!i!.~-§-.7.1 ~ ~oJ1Jl.
® 7:11%;.~~ ~~o1-§- ?wo1-§- J-1{1-lil- 4~ %{!-% 7}Jl.

@ 017:-J1t.R~~ ~}-§-.7.1 PJj-§-.7.1 .2.-¥ Q:]g? <ll~l ~~o-J.B..

',

242



How long did it take you to graduate after entering university?

q ~"§:} ~ c}y c}7} o}n}.A-j 1\1 ~ 91 ~71 trJ1~011
<iJ"§:}TI A15\:)_ l?}oj] ~~ ~ "91o-jJl.

I took a year off due to illness, so I graduated five years after
enrolling.

7f -A-J%011-Ai KTX~ E}y77} 3-A1{}· 1?}oj] .!p-Je>11
.5:.~-6"}1:-j 2fJI..Jl.

I took the KTX from Seoul and arrived in Susan in three hours.

q KTX7} -AjW llll}2l=J1Jl!

The KTX is really fast!

3::::Ol .H.~ := Oj~ ~0 1 ~(}jqjl q.A-j ~D~{!.Q.j .AI{!O I ¥1EE q:= ~0 1 ~Oi'a~ qE~~ UH.A~g)'Liq

.:I~P I UH§ Oil ~~ ~~~2.1 -§:QO I ~li.!§ ~EH 7~ .AI{!~££ <§! 0~7 ~ :X:I';Uq:: ~~ qE~LH :: '-(0 )L :X:I'

5~jl ~0 1 .A~.g.g)'Li q. '-'2.!0il' <itOil:: gj~ 71~ qE~LH :: ::;::::x: ~7 ~ ~LI Cl

This expression is used to indicate that something occurred a certain amount of time after a previous event
occurred. Accordingly, the preceding clause normally includes the phrase - (2.)L AI, which indicates that
the action described in the clause has been completed in a certain amount of time. A number denoting an
amount of time is used in front of -C2!0U.

'2.!011

2\::! '2.!0il
Ail ~ '2.!011

• {] ~ ~71 A1.:3f~ 7-1 3\:l_ ll_}ofl rf .A1)io.J.£t.

The house was finished (being built) three years after it was started.

• o]-o17r {fo1:= 7-13~ ll..l-ol1r.fA1~o.Jit.

The child woke up again 30 minutes after falling to sleep.

2!.L Korean Grammar u1 Cff...·tp · Intermediate

• ~u]- Jt..l-oll 't_~oj] rfl-] .2..11,o-j.R?

How long has it been since you last came to Korea?

'2..!"0il'2f t:~l~5f7il AAOI~ '-§'2..!"'Jlf ·~Oil'~ q.g.:v_f ~~ xfOI7f ~~Lief.

The expressions §-CZ! and ~Oil are used in ways similar to ez!OU. Their differences are as follows.

'Oi~ ~[HOiiJ.:i qe ~[H77f:AI .A.Ii'.!'Ql Wt! ~0 1 ~Oi'cl :AI ~o f .!flOil Ef. ·~of.:U£1 .A.Ii'.!'O I :AI'cl .!fl0il'2.f
qE ~01 ~Oi'ct'~ LfEf't!JLICf.
~0 1'~ £1DI~Liq . ~ £1 DI~Liq.
Refers to a span of time from one Refers to an event happening a
specific point to another. certain time after the occurrence Refers to a point in time
of a previous event. after some previous event
-+ ~~ q ~~~:AI '21 ~~~:AI ~-? or time.
~.JI8:A I3.A.Ii'.!'OI2.f.E .A.Ii'.!'£1 ~01 • ?Jj ~ ~~71 J.-1-3)-~ :A1 3J.-1:fr
8~ LfEf't!jLfq. Jtl-oJ1?Jl ~ c} ~i ':d.o1il... • 3J.-1:fr~oJI-3!l~ ~i~
71aJ1il...
It simply means that the person -+ ~~ 3Aii'.!'OI ~2.~.A.-j q ~i~q~
read the book for 3 hours. We -+ :AI-5!:f.Ei 3.A.Ii'.!'OI :AILf'2:! ~
do not know whether the person QJDI~Liq. ~ ~i~ 7j2.f.E QlDI~ LICf.
finished reading the book.
It means the person finished It means the person
the book in 3 hours. will read the book three
hours from now.

1 7f %-~.Jl!. rrJ1 {I 7 ~ ~ut ~Oil ~\:!- 7-~ cxj]_fL? ~t I
q 7-j ~ {J \:! 1fr0il t:J-;_] ~\:!- )! ~0}A.

%£f.lil [H :tl~ ~of rc.!'Oil rc.!'LfCf ~ \::1 I CfAI '2!LfCf
5H2.IQ:j~~ ~of '2!0il Cft.=I2.Cf .2. \::1 I CfL12.Cf
~O f rc.!'OJII:ll7f 2.Cf E!' '§I l:ll7f 2.Cf

2 7f ~~ »-]7} 0}7] ~ 'i-"s:tt:J-~l--J_fL?

Lf l:JJ. 1i.g_~ ;zj 2\:! lfrOil 0}7] ~ 'i:s:(IiJA.

O f7 l ~'i!!''1!:Cf ~~E!' :AI2\::l I Of71~ 'i!!'Cf
-Q;g~ Cf\:! :A I 57H~ I .::J.rc.!'-'¥-Cf

(1) 7f %01 q;.1 Lf_2._2 <Xl_o-]..9.? (~ ;.1{})
Lf 1;]1, ~ f-lf_t 0JOil t:fA1 Lf_2._1;]1 _g_.

(2) 7f %t>R ~ .3.2.jAu}~<>i1 ~01 _2._L.j7!} 7-a~ i=-0 }..9.. (51(!)

Lf ~o}.fL. .3.2.j A u}Aoj1~01 _2._L.j 7!} 71if:-O1 i=-O}.fL.

(3) 7f % e:j ~ ~ ~~ tJ17} 1£'£0 1 _2._.A1.B.? (100\:!)

Lf 1;]1, ~2£. ~£'£~ OJ=~ tJ17} _2._2 <Xl_t:Jl.fL.

(4) 7f .A-j 7}9-7} AH gJt!- g ~~.B.! (3\:!)

q 1ol1. An g Jt!-g ~ ~ ~:11 Jt!- go1o t::r ~til _g_.

(5) 7f 0J=7J- »-17} _2._~ ~ ~.Jll.oj1 ~o] .fL? (5~)

q 1;]1, ~.Jll.<>11 ~o-j _g_.

(1) 7f %t:Jl ~~7} s=. 27-J- xto].B.? (2:7.1t:f I 3~)

Lf 1;]1, 2-;_J f.l 3°,! 0JOil q;.1 27-J-0 1 ):to].fL.

(2) 7f )-H£ 1-f-..g. ~u}E~g A}~2 oJ1 Q,~ ;.}tgo1 pJ-t:Jl.B.. (oJ1<2f% A1~-5}c.} I 9A1{})

q 1;]1, .A-j 5:. ~ ~o-j _g_. 10~ t@ 0 1Lf oJ1<2f% ~t:Jl.B..

(3) 7f J ~~7} J~~1 :AHD1<Xl_o-].B.? (JE~ ~71 A1~-5}t:f I 30if:)

q 1;]1, J t?.]1 A-j un ~~t:Jl.B..

(4) 7f 9-~ »-17} r:t% ~<>11 ~~g tlt:Jl.B.. (\f.A} {1-?-Q]- A}-=f1 t:f I 10\:!)

q .A-jS:. ~ ~o-J.B..

(5) 7f u}o1~ »-17} ~:A11 £1 ~~t:Jl.B.? (~~<>11 Cf:l~-5}t:f I 5~)

q

2~6 Korean Grammar ,;, 'Il.1·c · Intermediate

What should we do with these vegetables?

Lf ~Al "Cf%<>1 7}:7-l..JI ~;7;JJLoj1 ~Ol ~.Ai1.fl.
.AJlc1 c ~ ~~ ~011 ~ 71 oj1.fl.

(First) tidy them up and then put them in the refrigerator.
(We'll) make the salad a bit later.

7f 0J=7J »-1. :7.1~ %1 t>R.fl?

Yang Gang, what are you up to?

q ~~ ~ '8fl 7}:7-l..JI ~Jl <UOi.fl.

I washed my clothes, and (now) I'm hanging them out to dry.

Ol .H.~~ {:!~~2.1 ~-~-g:~ ~ ~011 ::I~:!!~ l:lf§2£ i>HAi ~~~2.1 ~~~ ol-E 3:!~ LfEf~LICf. ~~011

*Ai ~~01 AI-§Ofl::t:j '-Of/Oi Q~·~ ~OjAi ~iOI ~~LICf. frAi~ ~'Ol-E O I.R~~ ~Afof~'2.! AI-§W ~:;

LICf.

This expression indicates the doing of the action in the following clause based on the result of completing
the action in the preceding clause. It is often used in conversational speech and is sometimes shortened

to -Of/Oi st.:il. Because it indicates the order of two or more actions, this expression can only be used with

verbs.

.... ----------~ -
-~~- ..... '

v Af 7fAI.:il
~Oi 7fAI~
- - - ---·-····-··----·-··-·····--'-----·-------- ---·------' --··-···--·-·-·-·-·-·······-·

• .§~ ~c.J .£0}- 7}--A].Jl -A}%.:7.~ .A}-.Jl ~e>i.B...

I want to quickly save up some money and (then) buy a car.

. ';-u~ rrJ1 A~]7}- ~e>iP·l ~lff~ ~~ 7}--A].Jl ~7-]].B...

When we go hiking, I'll make some gimbap at home and to take along with us.

• ~l-o}-!il-A]7Jj].Al ~.A]~~~ 7}--A].Jl §.§~ ?il,~.B...

Grandpa called over all his grandsons and (then) gave them some spending money.

1 01 n.~:: .!FIOil ~Oild ~o1q ~EHOil cH~ 0 1~~ qEf'gj rrH .A.~oPI.S:. ~Lief. olrrH~ ~~.A.fof~
.A.~~ 9- ~~LICl

This expression is also used to indicate the speaker's reason for a certain action or state of affairs. In this
case, it (this expression) can be used with adjectives.

*• ~o}E~ J..}.JI1i ~ ti1tJ14 7}::<1.Jl J..}5!.!<>j..ll_

I want to buy a smartphone, but (because) they're expensive, I can't.

• ::<1\:ft;JioJI l:l1 till -§-7}7\- ~c1 %2.]- 7}::<1.JI ;,~~tl1 7r ~c1 ~ <>J..Il.

Compared to last year, the cost of goods has gone up, and (therefore) my cost of living has greatly
increased.

.:Z.2.iq -e.A.i~ qEfLH~ '- Of/Oi 7fA:I~'2.f Ol~~ qEfLH~ '-Of/ Oi 7 fA:I~·~ C~.i!f ~:: j:f017f

~~Lief.

However, the form of -Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_ that expresses order and the form of -Of/Of 7fA:IjJ_ that expresses a

reason are different in the following respects.

The propositive and imperative forms can be used The propositive and imperative forms cannot
in the following clauses. be used in the following clauses.

• ;,j%% ~>'-Jtill 7}::<1.JI ~~.£ .!t\!JJ..1 ct. (o) • -'2% cj-J;j 7\-:A1.Jl ~ .!(d<>J1 7}kJ1Jl. (X)
• 1!@ ~ ~7-J-"5}j 7}::<1.JI ~~.£ .!i!_lJJ..I·i1.R. (0)
• J..j@ ~ ~>'-J-5\l 7\-:A1Jl ~.£ .!2.~77\-..ll? (o) • .e% cj-J;j 7\-:A1.Jl ~-%!<>11 :Q-J..1ct. (x)

*'-Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_' 'iiOU~.A.f.OJ .A.f§~ '?JgLICf. • -'2% cj-J;j 7}7.1.Jl ~ .!(d<>J1 :Q"771·Jl? (X)

Only verbs can come before - Of/Of 7fA:Iji. • -e-~ cj-J;j 7}:A1Jl ~-%!<>11 n-<>1..11. (o)

'-O f/Of 7fA: Ij]_' 'iiotl ~.A.f2.f ~~.A.~ 2~ .A.f§-g{

* '?JgLICf.

Both verbs and adjectives can come before

*-Of/Of 7fA:Iji. 7]-..ll. (o)

• ~c] ~c} 7\-:A1Jl {j <>j] ~-'Bl

• J..j@ ~ p,fo] J..} 7}7-].Jl ~o ] .2.7.}2.]-..ll. (o)

2 Ol R~:: -e.A.i~ qEfLH~ R~<2J '- Of/Oi.A.i'2.f l:lf-¥-J.A.i .A.~~ 9- ~~Lief.

This expression can be replaced with the form - Of/ Of.A.-j, which indicates the order of actions or events.

3 Ol n.~ :: .A. I.Ail~ qEfLH~ ·-~/~-'Oiq '-~-· ~J:!.f ~OI.A.~ofAI ~ru-Lief.

This expression cannot be used with the tense expressions -91/'ll- and -~--
• ~7 ~ ~')± 7}7.1.Jl :r]n:1 ~ oj-1:J,<>J..Il. (x)

~ 7~ ~t..f~ 7}7.1.Jl :r]nj~ o]-1:J,<>J..Il. (x)
- ~7~ ~t..f-7]-:A]Jl:r-]nj~ o}1:J,<>j..ll_ (o)

2i-8 Korean Grammar ul 'ltfe · Intermediate

1 7 ~ ~ 7 ~ oJ1~1 c}.A1<?:1~i>}t:J12Jl?

Lf t:11, ~ 7 ~ oJ1~1 <?1~'8fl 71-Al.:il <2.)=~ .A1Zf~ ~ o1.fP-t:J1.:I2 i>]Jl. AI~ DIEf-Cf

to postpone; to delay

~.F?-~011711 ~s,r-o~q I QJ'4;- A.ll.!% ~ oI~Cf
~o I '2!~Cf I t!~Olllll ~ ""?Cf
£_~OJ~ '§!{Jc51 ~.!:f!c5fCf I ~~ £1NOll ~~c5fq

2 7f ~~ ~»-17} ~_Q_J?1 ~ i>HJl? wantonly; without discretion

q WoJ1 Lf7l- 71-AlJl .=z.~ ~ .=z.t:J1Jl. ~-tOll Lf7fCf I .:J.~-§- .:J.2.1Cf
t!~ '2!LfCf I ~o I 'i!'J£~ .!i!.Cf
'@AAI7f~q .i!f:A~ 'CJOI A.fq I ~:Af Q,f Q:Jq

7lgOI ~q

(1) 7f 7'-lni ~~ oj-~7!]-il..? (A]-q)
q ~oJ-Jl. :A1171- 7'171 l(!Qj~oj]J-.-j f.-r lP-I.:il %7-l]Jl.

(3) 7~ ~ <511 »-12} »-}~01 _fl_? (:: <511 ».] ~ I{}Y-q)

q t:j], .=LcJ1 J-.-j "'r# -o]-t:1.Jl i>HJl.

(4) 7f 0 1~~~ Ollffl-11%):7!]-il..? ({J-q)

Lf ~0 1 ~ ~ "'1cf.

(5) 7f -§-~ ~Ol"'-l 01-cloJl ~ 7-~oj1Jl? (-§-~ i'£0 1£2-q)
q oj] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ oj]Jl.

(6) 7~ ~~]o ] od ».], .!f-<)!~ M.Jl <V_01Jl? ({j-7']-7] ~:: .A~Z{o] Y-r:f)
q 4-{-;l oj] o]]£-oj-j]_ <U01 _fl_.

7~ <?Jo}, :i!f~ ~ 'V.~.fl?

Mom, is there any fruit?

q g' ~:AJ.Jlo]] <V..Q.y77} 7J1tllt:f7} ~~.

Yeah, (it's) in the refrigerator, so get some (out) and eat it.

Are you going to the bank?

q t:Jl. ~~ ~ ~l-o}r:f7} i>l*l:lJ ~ ~aj.Jl i>Hil.

Yeah, I plan to withdraw some money and (then) pay for my room
and board.

OJ .H~~ ~~~.Q.J ~§~ i>~.:il 8 .!f!Oll :I ~Jl~ 7~:A J.:il ~~~.2.1 ~§~ '6!-E ~~ LfE~~LJ q. OJITH~
~~~.Q.j ~~OJ M'd ~Oil :A~2.J ~ ¥o74Ai ~~~.2.1 ~§~ gLJ i:L OJ.H~ ~ '-0 ~/0i q'£ ~04.A.i A~~*

~~LJq,
This expression indicates that the action in the following clause is done based on the result of first
completing the action in the preceding clause. Moreover, it also indicates that the speaker performed the
second action in a different location than that of the first action. The shortened form -Of/OiCf can also be
used.

v .A.~q

.. ~q .. ----------------------------------~------------·-···----------------~------·-----------------------------

• <>jAil J-].7ol-oj]J--j ~'f ~ J-}-t:f7}- ~~~Yt:J-.

Yesterday, I bought dumplings at the market and then ate them (somewhere else).

• J!j-7-~ ~<>jt:f7}- ~.il!. :{17 ~ oj i:!J ~o] ~~<>l.B...

I made some sweets and then (later, at a different place) ate them with my friends from school.

• ~uJ ot-. ..!f-~oj]J--j ~~~% 7)-;z;Jt:f ~~?

Yeoungmi, would you mind bringing (and then giving me) a tray from the kitchen?

250 Korean Grammar r/t 'll.1·e · Intermediate

'-O f/Ojq7 f' ~ i!.f7~ ~0 1Lf DI2.H~~ .A.I§~ * ~.:;Li ef.

-Ofl0lef7f cannot be used in the past and future tenses.

• 'S-2 g ~ ~ _¥.7-J-~t:j-7} ~oj].A-] ~ ~o-JR. (x)
'S-2 g~ ~ _;;_;~,h5}3!,!t:j-7} ~ oj] .A-] ~~o-j.B.._ (x)
- 'S-2 g~% _¥.7-J-<SJlt:j-7} {joJJ.Ai ~~o-].B.._ (o)

Ol If.~~ q::: .A.f~Olllll .!¥~~ [ H.A.I§~ [H~ '-Of/Oj q -"?Cf'7 f £1 ~ C~I Ol ~ ~ '- Of/ Oj -"?q'of.:il
~EH~~ l::l l ~ofA:II2! 2.1DI7f q~ -"?2.15HO ~ g,t-Ljq_

The form -OfiOJCf ?Cf is used when making a request to someone, but note that this form is different in
meaning than - OfiOi ? Cf. which looks similar.

g~ U}3. ~1. l(!.Q_j1:} ojj 7}-:: ~ojj 7jnj -§- g~ Oj-3. ».]. :A]{f~ 't} 7} 7;j ~::r:i] 7jnj ~
~ -§- .A} 9-.Ai].B.._
.A}t:.j- ~2Jl.B..?
-+ Ol~-§ Of.3Jf ~ LHA:j -§~Of!Jll 7-flll~ .A.f 9E
-+ O l~-§ §g -§~017f LH~ Of3.E [email protected] 7-flll~
.A.f.A.i -§~011711 ~q 9E ~tf~LI Cf. ~~~Lief.
Eunyeong is asking Mark to buy her a cup of
Eunyeong intends to give Mark money to go coffee with his own money.
to the convenience store and buy some coffee
to bring back to her.

1 7f {1-T ;.~ ~ ~Ell ~-ToJl lll .If-~ g {!%<s} a:j.TI. <5RJl?

q {1-T-7} ~o}-B-~ ~Cll ~ CDoJ] ~ g ~q7} ~77}- <5RJl.

health food

~.:r ~~~C-fl ~.::r-011/ll ~.::r-7f ~f5l-E ~2.H~ CDOH ~5fef I ?et-
C!~~~ Afq I E.2.1Cf
Ojl:tJOI'§"~Cil ¥ 2'S7Jll Rg i?-~51-E: ~'§f-§- Afef I ? Cf

~c!! ~~~'2JC-fl ~c!!OII7il

q2 7~ ~;;<~] .=1.~ ~ -=z.~~I'Jl .=1.5:!~£.?
q 1.:11. .=1.~ ~ q .=L2:lt:f ~.liL011 :&~ £..

-=::1~~ -=:12.Jt:!CiJ Cf -=:12.jef -=::1~~ q -=:12.lef I ~.li!Oll LHCf
.:il7j~ *-I::!CiJ Cf Q:jef
{:"!~'cJJ)jj.A:J ;qo ~ .Uj.Q.j ~£1-~.2.~ ~Oi.!i!Ait:!Cii .:i27l~ *Cf I~~ 7~A-J ~~5~.:il ~OI Q:jq
Cf ~O~.!i!Cf AjO~ .UI2.J ~~.2.~ ~q I -t:!~'cJJ}jl ~2.~ E.2.1Cf

(1) 7~ 1<-j 7.]~ ;_j;>;Joj] 7]--Ct:-J] %1 ¥12)-~ -5:! <V,o-]£.? (Jlj-9:)_ ~ % ;_j-q)

f..rt:nrq J~, ::i!fDJ:~% "?-A~l£..

(2} 7~ J :§:jAJ-.C .!f-~ :§:j)-j-7.]£.? (if-'flojj;_-j 7)-l:lJ~ ?'?J<'>)-cf)

q l.:jl, ~oJ-.B. .

(3) 7~ _2_ ~ 7.-j~ ::_ ~ l2:j ~77)-? (*~~ojjA-j Aj?]cf)
q o.-.1._,Q2_77)-.B.?.

(4) 7~ ~o)-, ~ .£2} c ~77)-.B.? (~;>;JJlojj;_-j ot~H ~ JJ1Ljjq)
q ~o »;A-lo-j T~- .

(5) 7~ oj Jlj-9:)_% Q:j~.£ :xjj.B.? (.!JL~ojj;_-j ~q)

q J~, -%=-::. 7-]l-]77)-Q:j~.

(6) 7~ *~ »-1!: ~%% 7.)-"T'- ~ ~ o-j.B_? (~Dj-7)- ~~cf)

q oj-L.J£., 1<~] 7)- ;_jZ}o] ~.£. <gi..Q..l-]77)-

"T'-A-Jj£..

(7) 7~ J <=:3:§:1- ~~.B.? ({1-=f-oj];;zJ] DVD~ ~2-]q)

q l.:j], ~o-J.B..

(8) 7~ o)-l:l-]7.]7)- \=]-Aj ~ 7.)-"T'- 7)-A-j].B.? (t- %J27] ~ ~c)·)

252 Korean Grammar u1 'll.i·e · Intermediate

7f _2_ ~ .211 ~~ ~ ~ 1ie>-1Jl?

Why didn't you wear your glasses today?

q o}~~1 ~~ ~ ~F,J- ~~1 %D1 ~JIA1 ~o-j
~ 2-1 Jl =z_~ Y-~e>-1 Jl.

I placed my glasses on my desk this morning and then just left,
leaving them behind.

7f o-];,11 9~ ~ il}r.j-7} ~~1 ?]7} LfAl o}.2f:-
Jl"tirli.E2.. oM:!~t"I\J .

Yesterday, I was swimming and got a cramp, and it really hurt.

wq =z-c1 y 77} s_ ~ ~ u:j1 ~ ~ ~tlj s_ ~ ~ <5}JIA1

<'>H°F ~ Jl.

That's why you have to do warm up exercises (first) and then
exercise.

Ol .H.~ :::~~~£! ~Efm ~Ai ~Oiq.JJ. ~~~£! ~~01 ~Oi'a~ qE~~ ITH Af§~Li q. ~~~~ $-~~
.9.1~Efl A~O I OJI~ Al~~<c) ~~ t!l-117~ CXJ~Liq. OI.H.~ ::: ~N6~.:il'2! AI§~ -9- CXJ~ Li q.

This expression is used to indicate that first action comp leted before the subsequent action started.
Moreover, there is a before-and-after relationship between t he actions in the preceding and follov• .,g
clauses. This expression can only be used with verbs.

- .:ilA1

- .JJ.Ai

• 7j-;;zj]ojj).~ ~~ 4jJI)."i %~ ~ <(}- 7j-7-]Jl L.J-%<:1Jl.

At the store, I only paid money and (then) left without taking what I had bought.

• 7-i ::= o}-{lo}-q ~7d g -o}-JI.Ai ~.iiLoj] %Yt:.J-.

Every morning, I go running (first) and then come to school.

• -3J1g ~iJI-Ai ~7~J1}£~g '9:\!0i.fL.

I read a book and (after that) had a discussion with some friends.

1 0] .H.~;:: .A.]Ail~ LtE~LH ::::_ ·-~.!/'X;!-'OILt '-~-' :3:1!~ ~0 1 .A.f%o~:X I ~~Li q

This expression cannot be used with the tense-indicating expressions - 91./9).- or-~-.
• ~.A}Jt} "9!i..JI).-j "811 <>1~<>1£.. (x)

'?_)).}Jt} 15}~.Jl).-j "811oj7.12;J.Jl iiH.R. (X)
- ~.A}Jt} ii}.Jl).-j "811 <>1~<>1£.. (0)

2 -2.A.i~ LtE~LH::::_ '-.:il'Lt '-.:il Lt.A.f$. 1::l ~fl ~-"?- ~~LJq.

Both the phrases -.:iJ. and -.:iJ. Lf.A.i can be used to indicate the order of events.

• ~ ~ ~.Jl).-j ~"'J:I ~ ~<>1.fl...
= ~ ~ '€~.Jl ~"'J!I ~ ~<>1.fl...

= ~~ '€~.Jl LfAl ~"'J!I~ ~<>1£..

1 7f ~7-i] ~oj] Lf~ 71 ~1Jl? 4tmlI
q 13jl:lfl ~ ~.TI..A1 Lf~ 71 ~] Jl.
home delivery
~ou Lt7fq
~tlH~ ~q I Lt7 fq
N.A.i'~Efi?=JOll ~2.f7fq Dl~t!"~ -T~5fq I ~2.f7 fq
O I.A.~5 fq Ol~ 2,1"7 17f ~qq I OI.A.~ 5fq

2 7f ~1!~0] woJ *5:t!;J]Jl. {!~~
q .Afl ~7]7} 5:.].TI..A1 Ef0] %5:to-JJl. lease by deposit

~~~oI 'i';toI .2Eq .A.H 2,1"717f £1cr I 'i'JO I .2.Ecr
E!"~~oI t'JO I ~cf ~~ 'ctA:f ~~ .A.RJq I t'JOI ~q
():j;q ~-T2.f .A.fOIJf Ci ~O fA:Iq ~ ~ .ut.Sf.cr 1 ci ~f:Aicr

25L Korean Grammar u1 Uw"' · Intermediate

(1) 7~ .:Z. .Aj-~~~j ~:A~j ~AJ nl] <?Jg _5l_~oj.fl..? (AJ\:f-?-oJJ ujj<?Jg ~q)

q 7-ll..;t-4-011011°~~ ~~..f.-i tlj-£ ~g .5!.~-;:;yq_

(2) 7~ o-j:A~] i!J-oj offio].fl..? (oj-llUJ-7]- Al ~ ~q) ~ -%)_7l}Aj !J'1 o-j 7]-11.o-j.fl...
q 1:]1, .:z.cJ1 J.-j

(3) 7~ ~-=j1-~~] ~ ~'-]7!} u]<'dt>J-A].fl..? (~ ~q)

q t:ll, ~:§:1 ~ w-ol 99,o-j.fl...

(4) 7~ {f7]oJl <'d ~2-Ja:j~ %-.fl..~ 711 ¥-1a:Jl.fl..? (<5J.AJ -e.g ~q)
q g~ g ~o-Jol= .£ll.fl...

(5) 7~ ~~ ».]7]- Aji} ~Jl <V_o-j.fl..? (qy~ :§:j.A~ .:Z.~f-q)

q 1:]1, q ~ ~vJg ~Jl <V.t:H..a.

(6) 7 ~ ~oj- ».], i!J-oj i)~o-j .!i!.Oi.fl... (2f-7l& ~ g ~q)

q ~.::r- ~oJl ql.;j2.j-.A-j .:z.cJ1.fl...

(7) 7~ ~:A~] ~.AJ-W 7-]a:j].fl..? (<?J g TtiAl ~~q)

q

(8) 7~ ~A~l %Tf:i l:lH'-Jo:J~ g ~o-]..a? (t:H~.ill.~ ~~<5-J-c.J-)

q

1 1~61 .,7-_l;~.1 2 10L'~-'- .o£o'-'-} u'-}'"-LM-l--t'\I..1.n".

\I..<.!.\} .'L7.-!.lI-~2 l OL1~..u..:}.3cD.. uL}":L.M-l"-t-'\'.I1....i":L 7@ ~ ~ 10\1 ~li} -o~s:_ li})±~Jl

@ ~-=r-~ 10\1°] 7-]L]-.A1 ~-)1-ojJl A·l D=l~

2 1.61
\.?'C.L!E~_ lc:ll- 0- L:. _A'-Il
<D ~~~JI.
@ ~~~JI. Lf.A1
@ ~~~-~ ~oJl

7~ o ~3. JJ.I, ~:2l~~ .A.~2.~.:il f>HR?

q Lil, _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ~7'~011/ll ~~.£ ~ 7~0jiR.

<D %~~~ .A}.A1 (g) %~~~ .A}JI..A1
@ %~~ ~ J-} 7}7-]JI.
@ %~~ ~ .A}cf7}

7~ -*~ JJ.I:::::: :A-j~~ ~~ 'CiOI o~ :::::: -3;! ~O ~R.
q Li l. uo1 o~.:il ~0-JR. §~ 'riO I ----------------------------

-cG) £o}7<JoF c1 {).2..~ o].A}o}C;j.JI. -o~Jl
-c@ .2...2..L]77} c1 {1.2..~ o ]J.}o}C;j.JI. -o~Jl
-c@ £o} 7}7-]JI. c1 {).2..~ o]J-}o}C;j.JI. o~Jl
-c@ .2..2..~ l:l}'i:foJl c1 {).2..~ o]J-}o]-C;j.JI. -o~Jl

<D J.1~oJ] .A1 ~ ~ J.} 7}7-]JI. ~~OiJl.

(g) l£j.J*o] ~ li} ~cf7} ~.:;z.~:i!} Q:j~oJJl.

@ t:§%oJ]k] ~ ~ itO! 7}7-]JI. {joj] ~OiJl.

@ nj-o~ J-] 6)-~ 7-] 2.A]{} ~oj] c} ~)1-oJJl.

6 q :; % £1DI 7 ~ q::: @~~ !I 2AiiR.
<D ±7}Q.] J~ ~ JC;j 9-C;j.JI. -o~ Jl.

@ J~ ~ JC;jJ-1 ±7}oJ17ll 9-C;j.JI. -o~Jl.

® J~ ~ JC;j cf ±7}oJ17ll ?C;j.JI. -o~Jl.

@ J~ ~ Jaj 7}7-]JI. ±7}oJ1 7ll ?'212 -o~ Jl.

256