Korean Grammar in Use Intermediate by Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung (z-lib.org)

v -(L-) L ctLI.H.? ; Q:jq , Q:j ~ctLIR?

- - - - --- -: -------·---~---- ~---·------:---~---·----··--------------

~ctLI.H.?

Ol~ctLI.H.?

NOlet (ol}i!~LI.H.? II~E.IOiet II~ E.I i!~LI .H.?
~<§J Oict ~<§J Oii!~LIR?

Qj)...~Oiet Qj)...~~ 7i i!~LI.H.?
2:!-~0IC~
~~~ 7i i!~LI.H.?

(2) {tcH tgo12.1:= ::;:.2£ 'M~ ~ rrH

When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:

:em -~/~LtLI.H.? ~ et ~J:i! LtLI R?
Q:j ~LtLI.H.?
NV .... ........ Q:jet ..
~~ 7iLtLIR?
DI2H I~~ -(.Q.)2 7iLtLI.H.? ~et Q:j ~ 7iLtLIR?

Q:jet

-LtLI.H.?, .l.l.fqLIR?

A ~ LtLI.H.?. ~LtLIR?

- 0 LtLI.H.?

v -LtLIR?, 7 ~LtLI.H.? . 7f.!:::.qLIR?
Q:j LtLI.H.?. Q:j LqLIR?
-LLtLIR?
_...:_._ ----.-:--- Qj)...fLtLI.H.?

Qj)...fO let

NO IC~ 2:!-~0 iet ~~ olqLIR?

~qLI.H.? 2.j)...f0 let 2.l)...f~LtLIR?

_____ __________ _ ______ ______________..:........._ 2:!-~ 0ICf 2t~ OI~Lt LI R?
Ol~qLI.H.? :..

.:.__

* ~~A~ ~XH~2l ~.!?- '-qLI.£?.?'~ '-.Q.qLIR?' 2.~7f 71-5-o~Ol. ~A~.Q.j ~XH§g '--LtLIR?'~ ·-~qLIR?' 2.~7~ 7f-5-~LICf.

For adjectives in the present tense, both -LIL152.? and - £ LILI52.? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -LILI52.? and

-'=.L~LI52.? are acceptable.

(3) {JCH'2JO I '~iR5:2£ ~~~ rrH

When the other person uses a propositive sentence:

- -- - --- - - - - - - - -

v . 7fAfLI.H.?

-l::r:l:o:>~:i _ _- - · - - · · - - · - - - - · - - - - Q:j A~LIR?

7fAI ~A~LIR?
9::!AI ~AfLIR?

;.___

108 Korean Grammar in/ zts~ · Intermediate

(4) ~cH tgO I ~ ;~·HE~ W~~ [H

When the other person uses an imperative sentence:

.::::Z./.1: 7 ~2.~LIR?
00
Q:j 0 2.~LIR?
v ~"....·-'....·- .... .... ......-;--................-..
7~A I ~2.~LI R?

_____ __ Q:jAI W2.~LIR?
___:. ·-- ···-···--···-- · - - -

7f ,<:.'OJ] »-]7)- -2'\--r!oJl ~{:ls.j~rJliL.

I heard Eunhye won the lottery.

Lf -2'\-.:r!oJl ~{:ls.j ~t:}y.ft? .::.llj] J-)-Acl_o]oj]iL?

She won the lottery? Is that true?

7f ~zt;.J ~o] ~::<~] ~7.] oJ--"iliL?

Do you know when the midterm exams are?

Lf ~::<1] ~7.] 0 )-LfY.fL? LJ1~~EJ1 %5J.-OiiL?

When are the exams? They're tomorrow. You didn't know that?

7f :§:jJ-)-oj] ~7]-"1] 7)- ~o] L.j-_2__1...]77)- .2.~ 5J-] o]~oJl~ oJ] Oi-{!~ ~.A] oJ-.Ai]iL.

The company's electric bill is really high, so please don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.

Lf 5J-] 0]~oj] oJ]Oi-{!~ ~ .A] ~2.}-Y.ft? .A1'='lrrJlS:. ~uj-L.j- Gj-£:-r-]]Jl.

Don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.? But it's really hot in the evening, too .

*1 [email protected] ~AH~J!~ J!~7i ~. o 1 2.H ~~ £¥ ·-qLIR?'~ w~ ~~ Li q.

This expression can be used in the form -qLIR? not only in the present tense but also in the past and

future tenses.

7f .Ai:::: :1. -"}'if~ %2.}il...
Lf :1. -"}'if~ .2.-E-t:.ft-lil..? J?-2.1 :i!.} ::8-=JL?J-o}.fl...

= :1. -"}'if~ .2..S.r:ft-1 il..?

7f 1;"f ».]7} ~-?:!oJl ~-?:!~<>lil...
Lf 1;"f »-]7} ~-?:!oJI ~-?:!~r:ft-lil..? {1-7.}7] 2Jlil..?

= 1;"f ».]7} ~ -?:!oJl ~-?:)<5}r:fyil..?

7f .AJ\±~oj] 2-Eo] 'T~~<>lil...
Lf .AJtJ~oJI R oJ ~~r:fLJil..? <>lu-JJ.-17} woJ9-1J.-Gfo}.fl...

= .AJtJ~oj] R 0 ] ~<5}qLjil..?

*2 :: =~ ·-qLI'2.J ~EH£ M():j g§ ~:CIO!I ~ ~~Lj q

-~s expression can also be used mid-sentence in the form -ctL/.

7f %~ ».]7t §:jJ-~ .::L~.!f-~t:H.R.

I heard Yunho quit his job.

*7rq Aa~oJ.R? %~ ».J7t §:J.A~ .::L~.!f-~t:ft..J ~ ~ ~oJR. ~c.J §:J.AtoJJ.Ai ..2..'9!%~ ~"5t.:il

1it:f.:il ~~:: t:i]il-.

Really? I can't believe Yunho quit his job. He said he wanted to work here a long time.

Tomorrow will be a new year.

Lf ~».i .AH"5H2fl-J .A]{}o] 1J~ ~2.] 7]-2 ~ {[ot.R.

(I can't believe) it's already the new year. It seems that time really flies.

3 ~CH'6f0llll1Ai ~::: g§OI <2J§5:<2J ~~£ .:Z. <2J§5:£1 ~EH2.f f£::: g§ ~~Q£ '-qLIR?'~

~ ~Liq.
When repeating w hat the other person just said, the same sentence form used by the other person is

also used before -CfL/2?

7f ~ir ».J7t ~RoJI ~o}.g-t:J1.R. (~.,~.i.g)

Minjun said he's returning to Korea. <declarative sentence>

Lf ~».i ~o}.g_qy.R? ~~oJI1\11j.S:. V.~t:f.:il "9Y.?.f0 }il-. (~.Ai.g)

He's already coming back? (Don't you recall that) he said he'd be in England for a year.
<declarative citation>

7f .!pJ\:Jo] ..2.. ~ o]:.:C"5r2fl.R. (~ 'tj.g)

The department head said to work overtime tonight. <imperative sentence>

Lf ..2.. ~ .£ 0 ]:-2--5}2.}-y.R? oJ7.i].S:. "9Y.::t;J] .!E -5}2fl.R? (~ttj.g)

He said to work overtime again tonight? (We) worked overtime last night, and now he is telling us to
do it again? <imperative c itation>

110 Korean Grammar iN Us-e · Intermediate

1 7~ '-11 ~ ~01..g.qj.£...
q 4~oJ1 ~o1 ..g.qyJl? ..8..~ tg-»-17} :AjW o1.AJ~~1Jl.

LH~ ~o1.g.q 4~0ll ~O I .g.q I R-§- '§t.UI7f ~'Y Ol.g-Qfq
~ t!H~7 ~ ~~~ ~q ~~~ ~q I Al89-'2! 5H£ tg-§OII.A:j O:jAf ~T-7f ru_q.:il

~q

~ ~.A.i.§.~ !i!2.i 7fAt 1.R7f 30'2! !f:!o l oa-Eq

2 7~ ~~ »-1.9.1 \f:A} ~-T7l- -fl-~~ <?:!cxJ1<?.J.o1c}~).-lJl? to be apt, prone (to do)

Lt <?:!cxJ1<?.!0 1crY..8..? J.lJ ~~~ "§:}J-~o] 1fl~1..8...

9-~ Ml£1 ';:,tAf ~T-7~ ~~~ <i:!oti<2JOiq <c:!oti<2.!0 iq 1~\S ~li!:J~ ~{!Jolq
7JI'ti Ml7~ Of-? {g~6lq {g~6fq I Al:z.t:ilt ~61~ ogJ- Q:j~ 6fCf
E/1[! Mj7f O:jAf ~T-.2.f 0110-J~q

(1) 7~ ~~ »-], ~A~j ~<fji5lJ.fL?

Lf OJJ.il ~"J~Ii-fl-!.2.? -3f\J A~j ~<fl~oj] .2.11~r:i] 7] ~ ~ LfJ-i].fL?

(3) 7~ 97cl »-]~ .A}i:!J-5} ~ ~ ~0l-.fL.
q _ __ __ __ ________? 9fcl »-]~ ~.g.~ o:j:A}~o}.fL.

wLf _____ _ _ __ _ __ ? LJ1 ~01J..j'~ <?.!El -ti--¥- ~ 71oj].fL?

(5) 7~ oi7] ~ ?-]~ ~ ~o] 20,000-%lo1CJI.fL.
_ _____ _ _ _____? t:l .!f- l:l]».}-l.:]].fL.

1 7~ ~* ;,.q q~ .2?-0UAi~OII .gq~AiR?

q Lil, gtO~R. Oj~Jll <gi~OjR?

CD ..g.q 1-j.B. (g) ..g.q J2 <5}7-] ~c.}-J2.B.
® ..g.qJI ~~~t:i] ~o}.B_ @ %7-]5:. .2. ~cf~ r!] .A}1lo]oj].B.

2 7~ R~ ~O I XJ:~Ai AECjiA ~O ~R.
q ~H~~ o~~ ~01 HH~~qjl o~rc!Cil ~H~~ ~It! 5HS!AiiR.

CD {to] 1f£o]llll}7-]l-j77} (g) {(O j llllj-~ 78~0 ~ ~~~Ejj
® {fo]llll}:A] ~ rj] ~1lt>}l-j 77}
@ {fo] llll}~q ~ oN7] ~ ~ ~~t:i]

3 7~ 01~~011 ~o I ~LiiR

q

CD ~o1~qJl.B. (g) ~Oj ~t:}~.Al.B_
® ~o] % ~ ~1{-e>i.B. @ ~o] ~qJl t>}~ t:i].B.

4 7~ fPIOII ~c.~Ai gJ~OiR.

q

CD l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~ ~77]- 1i!J-.Al C6> l:l]E}ll! C7} {j?]oj] ~qJI t>}~q]
® l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~o} 7}7-]Jl @ l:l]E}ll! C7} {f7]oj] ~7] ~ <5}7-jll}

CD 7~ oj 7.~]~ ~ ~oj ~ !§ Llr:f.

q ~o ] ~ 5:jqJI.B.? ~~~o j ~ ~t:i]S:. ~ £]1.B.?

:6: 7~ §1-2-t>}Jl l:l}cf .!I!.c-] ~77]-.B.?
l:l}cf .!I!.c-] 7}7-}Jl.B.? {}-7-}7] Qll.B.?
4
.,. 41~ .Aj~ o] e>ia:J Jf-qJI t>}~q] ~1]<5] -E-.!f-t>}.Ai].B..

~ 7~ t;J]. ~3!1e>i .B..
~J'6 , 41 ~ ~.±f.~ 7.~] 7} ~ <5Rol= 5:jt..}.B.?
Lf
~ t;)lol= ¥!_ql-j.B.? 7-]\:l-Jtioj] %Jf- »-]7} <5}7].£. ~~~~Bfo}.B..
'7 7~

!.;



wcr7~ o}71 »-1, -?W~1 ¥-1 71 oJ1Jl? ~
{ 46 ]'

Akira, what will you do this weekend?

*q .::I%~ O:j-fl-7} ido-J.A-1 ~0:] ~~~E11

-?W011~ ~-if~ 711 <?:J ~ oj-~.A-j % ~77} "8flJl.

I haven't had any time to have any fun lately, so I am thinking of
playing some computer games.

What are you going to eat for dinner?

q ~-=r ~JI} ~01 {{{11[~ -=r-~ Q:j ~77} "8flJl.
.:§:.~ »-1£ ~01Q:j ~ ellJl?

I'm planning to have some Korean barbecue (pork) with some
friends. Do you want to eat with us, Hoyeong?

[H .A.f-g.gj-LIq ,

This expression is used to indicate the speaker's vague intention or rough plan that has yet to be finalized
and could therefore still change.

-(0)27}~ ~q

v ~m t>~c~

-(0)277~ 5~q
__________ ______________,_ __,________Q:j ~m t>~q
___::......._

• r:J-% ~¥E1 .fl..7~ Bfl%77} -&lJA.

I'm thinking of learning yoga from next month.

• .2.'il!ILJ-oi] ~~l=IJoj] {{71} '5}-ec]] ~o] ~~.B..?

I'm thinking about going to the sauna for the first time in a while, so would you like to go together with me?

• ~A~ %~71} '9J.~cjj -%lif0 ] -£2f.Ai =z_lJ rfY 7]~ ~Oi.fl...

I had been considering changing jobs, but I got a raise, so I decided just to stay here.

114 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

-~-- - - - -

1 01 ±E~:= ~Aig-'2.! 71fsoLil 2.1:=:::o1q ~~g ~ii'~Oil::: A~~* ~~LICl EE~ o 12.W~££

A~~ -"? ~~LICL
This expression can only be used with declarative sentences and not with interrogative, imperative, or

propositive sentences. It also cannot be used in the future tense.

• rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ '%[77} <5~Jl? (X) rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ %[77} '5'}J,i]Jl, (X)

rJ-% ~-¥-E1 -"?~ ~ %[77} ~-"lr:f. (x) rJ-% ~-¥-E1 9-~ ~ '%[77t'%[ 7~oj]Jl. (x)

~ t:]-% ~.!f-E1 *~ ~ %[77} is~Jl. ( 0)

2 Ol ±E~~ !f.~§££ A~~ rrH ::: ''2.! -( 0 )2 77~ o~cf. '-:AI ~7Jf o~q· ~ A~gj'LicL ~2.1q ·~

-( 0) 2 77~ o~q· ::: A~~-"? ~~Li q.

When using this expression in a negative sentence, either the form 'r! -(.2.)27Jf ofc.f or - fi:l 'MJJf ofc.f can

be used. The form~ -(.2.)277f ofCf. however, cannot be used.

*• ~{l<>ll :::: "§:!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>j];,i ~~ ~%77} is~Jl. (x)

~ ~{l<>Jl :::: "§:!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>ll;,i ~~ '?l ~%77]- is~Jl. (o)
~ ~{l<>ll :::: "§:!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>l1Ai ~ ~ ~.A] '?{77]- <5~ Jl. (0)

DI2.H2.1 711~~ ~~ rrH A~oi-E '-(o )2 7iO!IR', '-( 0)2-.~.::il o~cv. '-( 0 )27J f 0~q· ::: 1::1 1~~?..:! ~A: I'2.!

Cf*Jl~ ~::: j:fO IJ~ ~~ LI C~.

The expressions -(.2.)2 710liR. -(.2.)2-til o fCf, and -(.2.)27Jf o fCf, all of which indicate a future plan, may appear

to be similar, but they actually have the following differences.

---- ~ - .......... - (0 )2 7iO!IR

............... ...~ --· ·· - .. . -- .... --·· _; _____ --·---- ·- ·---- ---·· ·· ____ .,__ _____ ________ __ · -·- . . . . · -· • . ..• . .. . ..h•·····"••h ... ···- .......... . ......

DI2.H£1711~~ w~ rrH

Refers to a future plan

~ rrH ~-6 .:;:r~JI~~ 711~~ 1::! ~*~~ 711~~
Refers to a virtually
definite plan W~ rrH W~rrH
Refers to a somewhat Refers to a plan that can
concrete plan still be changed

• fi:1-i= -'?'MOil Oi~~ • fi:1-i= -'?'MOil Oi~~

~ 710liR. ~7Jf <>HR.

I'l l go on a trip this I'm planning to go on a I'm thinking about going

, weekend. , trip this weekend. on a trip this weekend.

_ ____j _ ________ __ ____ _______________ __ ___ _____ _ _____ _____ _:__________ _ ___________ _______ ____ ----------------~-----------~--------------------------

1 7~ lf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7-joj]Jl?

q ..2..tili_~oj] ~:§:]-~ ~ ~t:;lJ.i ~i ~771- i>llA.

~~c~ 'C!~~ ~~.A.i ~q
~~!;!q
:res~ 5~~ .I!.DICI ~~ !i!q
-B-=?-5~~ ~01 EIILI-6~ };:lq

w2 7~ .A-1 ~ ~J.} ~011 ~ 7-joj]Jl? to be left undone, to be overdue

*q .7.]\:l- ~We>ll -5TIJ.i ~itl ~cJl ~ %f77l- i>llA.

AN~.A.~~ Al'd ~'MOll ~ oH.A.i ~'E:! ~2.11~ 5~q
Al'd ~~IQJIS:. ~ 7~.A.i ~2,1011 7~~
Cf% ~§t OI.A.~ oHo~ oH.A.i AH 5~~~ ~to~!i!q

'-(£)2m 5~r.F ~ A~c5HAi c~ [H~ ~~5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ -8~o:j~ ~ Oi~ £ :Q 7-joj]Jl? (-5]-2}o]£ 7}c.j-)

q o}-3j ~ _2_ 2 ~.A] ~ t>t-2f01:£ ' i77r t>HSL.
(2) 7~ J.j~oJ 1lY-Ttl ~ W7-joj]Jl? ({1-T- {loj] ~cj 7}c.j-)

q 6 E cjj A ~ ~jl1t<>iJ.l -------------------------
(3) 7~ {loj]J.i "&.liL7!}.7.] ~ .A]Jl? (o]J.}-5}c.j-)

q l=Jl. -=rcJlJ.i "&.liL -2-7-1.£. ------- - - -- - -

(4) 7~ lf!-AJ-7!}.7.1 oj~Jll ~ 7-joj]Jl? (l:l] ~ 7] ~ E}c.j-)
q .Aj.:jo] ?J-o] ~_Q_L.j 7J} - - - - - - - - - - -

(5) 7 ~ 1f-_2_\:]7J]] E_ ~ ~%.£. -i!-<3!. ~ 1[ 7-joj]Jl? (~{}- ~ .A}t:.})
q ~Re>ll J.-1 %~ -5}1-J 7!} _ _ _ _ __ _ __

116 Korean Grammar in 'ltre · intermediate

7~ oj ~.A}-oj] 7-J-%±~ o]i}7}- -¥-<3! <iJY77l-?

Why did you apply to work for this company?

q .7.~]7}- ~5:i~ trll-¥-E-1 7}-7-]Jl ~~ i}~ ~ ~
Si.Jl7-}- 7-]-%±<5}-711 ~ S>i~ y -ct.

I applied because I wanted to realize the dreams I've had ever since
I was little.

7~ OJ=7J».]! oj .AjZ}-oj] 'T~ ~o]oj]Jl?

Yang Gang, why are you calling at this hour?

q ;z-1, ¥12J-~ ~ £~ JI;zl- ~~ £Xi~Y-ct.

I'm, um, calling to ask you a favor.

: =~::: ~1-E .A.~OI ~~~2.1 ~ 6~ 51-E .Q.j.s=_q ~~:JO I ~~~011 <llg~ qE~~ [[jj .A.j§~Liq. O l.!l~

:: c::!~O iq ~g:il~ ~::: ~6.1~<2.! ~01q ~011 ~~ .A.j§5~[Jj <fJ~O iq i:! I-2:16.J~<2J ~%,f0ii.A.-J .A.j§5~\:!:! ~5

:-~~LI Cl

- -s expression indicates that the preceding clause contains the speaker's intention o r purpose for doing the

~..on stated in the following clause. It is mainly used in official situations, such as when giving a speech or
~uflg a report. Thus, it can sound a bit awkward when used in casual conversation or in informal situations.

v ~q.:il:;q
~.j.:ilA:~
· ~a lf !::= J.H£* ~.7.~2.1 ~ ~~ii~.:i!..7.~ ~1Jiil ~~ii~.=il ~~Yet.

The government is working hard to create new jobs.

cr.• -¥--2.\:l7Jll c 2-l.:iiA~ o1%{! ~ .:r-~ ~~ Y

I bought this item to give to my parents.

The two countries signed an agreement to maintain good relations.

- -- - - - - - - - - - ~l

1 Ol .R~::: -t:j~~:ilf .¥-~~2.1 ~Opf ~OfO~ ~Lief.

The subject of both the preceding and following clauses must be the same when using this expression.

• Y.:: ~.3115}27.} %;,~o] ~{l15] ~.!f~ ~-;;,yq_ (x)
- Y.:: ~3115}.Jl7-} ~{l15] ~¥~ ~-;;,yq._ (o)

2 '-jl;J;:f' ~Oll~ :ilf7-jQf DlcH~ qEfLH ~ ·-~/~-':ilf '-~-·~ ~01 ~ 4- ~~Lief.

The forms -'UI'XJ.- and -~- for expressing the past and future, respectively, cannot be used together

with - .:L!.:Af.
• Ljj~llj-7.] ::1. ~~ ~~Jl7.} ~{li>] ~~r:f. (x)

41~77]-7.] ::J. ~~ ~41.]!27.} ~{li>] ~"9ict. ( x )
- LJ1~77]-7.] ::1. ~~ ~Ljj.Jl7.} ~{l15] ~"9ict. (o)

3 '-jl;J;:f ofef'£1 ~EH£ ~~ of'21 ~ol-E .A.fE:!"£1 £15:.~ qEfi::\!Lief.

The form -.:L!.:Af ofCf expresses the speaker's intention.

• oj Ai]i}o] 7.]4:f-3cj.2..£. ~.'?. ~g ~ '?;!Jl 'XJ.o-J.Ai ;,~-02J'% ~c.j27.} ~Yet.

This product continues to get good reviews, so we plan to increase production.

Ol .H.~Q£ .!¥-2:1-§.~ '2._1-~ [[H~ ''2._1-'0iq ·~·01 -5-l.!-Oll ~Ol7f'21 ~~Lief.

When used in this form, the negative particles ~and ~cannot be inserted.

• .q-c.j ::: ::J. ~J-}9.} ~j Q{% 15}Jl7.} <j- ~y ct. (X)

.q-c.j;: ::J. _zjJ-}9.} ~]Q{~ 15}27.} *~Yet. (x )
~ .q-c.j;: ::1. _zjJ-}9.} ~]Q[% 'j-15}Jl7.} ~Yet. (o)

~ .q-c.j;: ::1. -Zl""l-9.1- ~lQf% t>J-7.] ?/27.} ~Yr:f. (o)

I_ -

1 7f :§:jJ-} qy ~ J-}1{~ ~ £ g wo1 o}J-17-1Jl?
q lo]l, A EtJV- ~ ~Jl7-} £ g wo1 o}J-1 ~ ~ :Q-~yq_

~.21 AJ.I7f ~Oi~ ~ilf>l ~¥5fq AE2.il!:o.~ ~q I~ '2JO I Of,q q
~* AJ.Il= :All£!011~JIJ :AfCf
~Q'1Af7f !Lief I ~ilol ~¥-ofq
o~011 ~JIJ ~Oi LfAi g:;~ ofcf 1 ~JIJ :;qq

2 7f ~~011 {[ rrJ1 lf 2 71 ~~ E}e;J.JI WY77}? to receive/entertain guests

Lf J-}7-J\:J g .2.l-1.Jl 7}71 rrR¥011 KTX~ E}Jl7-} WL-1-ct.

.gj-~011 ~ rrH.!:f-2 7 lj:~ EfCf Al{t\3~ 2.AI.Jl 7f71 rrHgOII KTX~ Efq
~~%!" O:j:Af ~-=?-OIIlil ~q
::J. ~:AI~ w-olllil ~q :All£!011 £.2.1~ tHAi ~\3~~ CH~f>fcf

11 8 Korean Grammar in U 1·e- · Intermediate

(1) 7 ~ Jl~ J-}7-J\:Jo1-!f-<3!~ ~-5R x~-5}.i!. ?i1J-11Jl? (~ J-}~~ 71~ ~711 ~~q)
q ~"r .ll-!flll~ 1=-111 o.t%27-r x.~-6}.i!. Ji1{JYL.f.

(3) 7~ 01 ~ ~ J-1Zl-011 ~~.£. ~~ ~~Jl? (R~ ~ 01 <V_o-]J--i% Oif-15!.1:})

q ~~~ ~YL.f.

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 7}1:';].i!. ~YL.f.

(5) 7~ ,<:_<5~011 r+GJ%~Jl? (~~~% -6}1:})

q l:J1. L.f13J%~YL.f.

q:;2 ·-.:u.:A~ 5~cr ~ AI-§<SHAi cH.£~ ~~5~AiiR

(1) 7~ -¥-<3!011LJ1~ 01°1=71 ~ -6}aj.i!. ~Y llr? (~R9.J x.~ .g./\11 011 LJ1 -6R 01°1=71'6rr.f)

q .2.~ ,c:. t>£~.2.1 .!I:.OJ ~t-11011 1:ffc5H o!Ofllc5r.llf.r ~.tL.rc:r.

(2) 7 ~ 211 ~Ro-] ~ ~1J-61 .:g.lf-~Yllr? (~R011 <U~ LJ1-&JlL011~-&-6}1:})

q 1'5-'R- ~ _2§._ O2:lt.:AJl -61 20 1~=~-6RJ--i

(3) 7~ .§~ W"01~o-]J--i ~~711 »-aj.i!. ~Y771-? (%L.f)
Lf .£%01~_g_~ J-}~ ~ ~

(4) 7~ ~<i:l ~011 ~ ~ ?i1 ~'?JY771-? (Qj-=r;-.Q.£. *-& ~ 71-L.f)

q

(5) 7 ~ .2.~,<:. -¥-<3!~ ~7H-6R ~;.1~~ Y llr? (.i!.15J=9.J *~~ g~ 011 LJ1 -6RJ--i ~7fl-6}q)

q S>_...'=-.0
2.-;::::-

7~ 7--j ~~7} ARo1<V_qJl -o}~T:11 7--j ~~ f;).

~tR iL?

People say that movie is interesting, so do you want to see it?

q %'-O}_R. -=:1.~ 7-1 <(Jo}s:_ L}s:_ _!i!_e1 ~ {to1~o:j Jl..

Sounds good. Even if you hadn't asked, I had been planning to see
it anyway.

Jaya, what are you doing?

q l:lR7} Jlll}l--j 2.}~ ~ ~0 1 Cl~ {1-~ql ~01

o-:t,...2Q..:'-J1ll1_R?•

I was just about to cook some noodles. Do you want to
have some with me?

01 .H.~~ q~ -"~'SOl¥~~ 0~;;:~jl Xil~~ 't:J~£ .::1 -"ll!"OJI' EE ~ ' 7~7JJ-g oJ2.H'Oll Oi't! '§!~ o~2.~jl ~~.&j~
o~7~ q 2.1.s:. ~ o~jl ~ ~ rrH .A.~gt-LJcL o1 g~~ -5--"~'2..!" -"~~ 4 ~~ LJ cL

This expression is used to express the fact that not only had the speaker been intending to do the very
thing the other person is suggesting, but that he or she was either just about to do it at that very moment or
intended to do so very soon . It can only be used with verbs.

•• • · ·~ •• · · ·· - ..____';~' · · - --.c=, ,_;p.•• ~~ --~--~ ·-,;'1;;.·~· · ...:..=..• ..o;...--~~- --- ..a:;............_ _
'
'

v 7 ~2.~'2:! ~oJq
~ o2.~'2:! ~o J q

7~ ~if .If.-Ajo]2]1.=z.~.R? Whysucha(surprised)face?

q rr1~<5B!.-J ~7ll- ?1 ?1~ ~<?.lt=Jl !.}7-J\3°1 ~Oi.5!..J.:l!.-J ~~<5BJ.-J .=z.~.R.

I was tired and about to take a break, but the company president came in, and I was taken by surprise.

7~ .§. ~ ~1-oj-o]: ~~r:i] L-j_lf- l:l}llll}J.-j ,<:_~oj] ~ J.j;jo] ~Oi.R.

I need to withdraw some money, but I'm so busy that I can't get to the bank.

Lf .=l.~Jl? 7-i]7} 7<]i5- ,<:_<'>~oj] 7]·PJ~ ~<?_lt;j] ~1-o }cf C~7J}Jl?

Really? I was just about to go to the bank, so shall I withdraw some money for you?

1 20 Korean Grammar i;, 'll.s·~ · Intermediate

7~ ~~ »-] %1 i>~JI. ~o-]ii.?

What are you doing, Suyeong?

q 7-Jii] ~ o~.A] a:j"'fl ~o]~~nll ~o] o}1!eJl.R?

I was just about to have some coffee, so would you like to have some with me?

1 '-( 0)2.~'2! §O iq'Q~ '-( 0 )2.~'2! §OI~q·:: ~0 1 .A.I§-5H.s=. t!!fi"~ Li q. .:J.~:A I '2J '-( 0 )2.~ '2! §Oiq'

:: l::l~£ :AI-5 ~~o~2.~.::il ~q :: A.~~ qEf~ rrH. '-( 0)2.~'2! §o l~q·:: oti~J¥Ei .:J.%17-11 ~ ~z,r
~ 7f:AI.::il ~~g~ qEf~ ITH .A.I§-~Lic.f.

While both --(£)2112! ~01q and --(£)2.~12! ~OI<ltq are acceptable forms of this expression, -(2.)2.~12! ~01
c.f is used to indicate that the speaker was just about to do the action at that very minute, while -(2.)2.~ 12!

~OI<ltq is used to indicate that the speaker had already been intending to do the action.

CD 7-]~ :J ~~ .A}ajtB ;g.o]oj]ll...
® :J ~ ~ .A}aJtB ;g.o]~o-Jll...

: Ol ~~ (j)g .::1. ~~ 1::1 ~.£ Xl5 A~2.~.:il Cii-E ~~ qEfLH.:il ~.:il. ~ Oli~Ef.Ei ~~ Af2.~E ~Zj"~ Cif.:il ~<lt
qE ~~ qEf~Li q.
Here, G) means that the speaker was just about to buy the book at that very moment while ® means

that the speaker had been planning to buy the book from before the time of the conversation.

2 Oi't! -?.:!~ o~2.~.::il ~Z/"O~.::il ~~:: cil .:J.ITH q~ .A.fiE:!"O I .:J.-?.:!~ ~0 1 of:Af.::il ;I;il<2.!"~~ rrH ·o ~~·. '.::1.~

:AI ~o f.s=.', '<2..1" .:J.cH.s=.' ~~ .A.I§-5H.A.i cH Et~ ol-2 ~~7f t'i~ Lic.f.

This expression can be used along with phrases such as Of~. .::J.~:X:I ?;tO~£. and ~ .::J.2H£ when

responding to someone who has suggested doing something that the speaker had already intended to do.

7 ~ ~o ] 6j.A}W2Jlll..?

q oj-~ ~% 9:j..2..aj tB ;g.o] ~o-Jll...
'li :J2jj.X. ~ ~ 9:J..2..aj tB ;g-o1"illl...

.:::L~?-1 ?.foJ-.s:. ~~ 9:J..2..3JtB ;g.omo-J..a.

3 OI±E~ ~ olc.H .A.I;I;il:: .A.I§-of:AI ?i'~Lic.f.

This expression cannot be used with the future tense.

• ~~Oil ~;@il}cj 7}3JtB ;g.~ ~oj]ll... ( x)
~ ~~"11 ~;@il}cj7}3JtB ;g.omo-J..a. (o) I ~~Oil ~;@il}cj7}3JtB ;g.o]oj]ll... (o)

4 ~~~011 ~ rrH:: '-( 0 )2.~'2! §OII'£.s=. .AI§-~-* ~~ Li ef.

When used at the end of a clause that is followed by another clause in the same sentence, the form

--(£)2.'112! ~011 can also be used.

• lJ17} ;@~ ii}aJ tB ;g.oj] o-jDj y 7} ;@~ ii}1io-Jll...

When I was about to make a phone call to my mother, I got a phone call from her.

'-(0)2.~.:il5~c.f£~ '-(0)2.~'2! gojc.f ~ c.rg.:i!~ ~~ x~l7~ exl~Liq.

The forms -{2)~.:il 5fC.f and -{.2.)2.~'2.! ~fOICf have the following differences.

~~~ :APc t:l~£2.j ~ ~~ 7PJj.g OJ2.HOll AI§~ :AlE- t:l ~£2.l ~ ~~ 7PJj.g DI2.HOll Ai§W-'?

-"? exl~Liq. 'V~ Liq.
Can be used for actions the speaker will do
Can be used for actions the speaker will from now or in the near future.
do from now or in the near future.

'2:! DI2.H2.J ~Oli.S:. AI§W-"? 'V~Li q '2:! DI2.H2.J ~011 ~ AI§~ -"? ~~ Liq.

Can be used for actions the speaker will Cannot be used for actions the speaker will do
do in the distant future. in the distant future.

• Y.:: 4l\1oJI oJ.;:- o:Jti~ ~ 5}aj.I!. i>H..R. • t.f:: Ljj\:!oJI a].;:- o:jt;}l ~ 5}ajJt! {}ojojJ..R.

(o) (x)

---'----- - ---------- - - - - ···-------------··--------------------------- -------------

1 7f t;J-5f-1-j7J} ~ g % ~.A] q, .~.
q _:F~l :A] ?£o}s:_ .g g ~ allfl {1-o]ofl..R..

C-jSf-LilJf ~ -§ 'i§!Cf ~ C!I t:JI~~ ~~q
~~ofLJ7Jf ~Cflt:JI~~-§ .!i:!.Cf
Al:c._l-0 I gj,,2.LJ7Jf -§ Ai-9-E.Cf :AJE- q 7fCf

2 7f <2.f-4f .Aj{}o] q ~ ~ 1:1] :A] ~ ~~W7!}..£L?
q ~o}..ft. Cd' -=z.~s:__ :A] ~ ~~}311fl {1-o]~<>lA.

<2,1'~ AJ:Uo1 q ~ec1J :AlE- ~~ofCf :A JE- ~~fq
~* .UJ. ~in.J ~Ef DfAJ2.i 7fCf
~1-il- R2.l~ ttHSf-2.~.:il ofEC1J ?JOI ttHSf-Cf ~in.J ~~OJ qAi DfAJCf
:Ai.£ ~1-il- R2.J~ ttH%1 5:!.Cf

122 Korean Grammar ri1'l!d·e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ ~.A~\:J . ..2_~ 4i'-1-~1 ~ ¥-1oJ1Jl? (0101=71o1-q)

q ~ ~~£ :A1~ O[Ofl[~~t:"j_ 7-.;o[01[5l .

(2) 7~ q-2.] _2_<ili~<>l1 Ho1-cJ ~7!}? (~ '8 ~ oj-q)

Lf ~o}. 1-]-£ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __

(3) 7~ f{l_§..o]:, ~#-Elll1<El ~~-&-1-.:il 01 7-~1 -H--¥-oR 01=:AJ. (~#-cJ ~ nq)

q ~~OiJl. :A1~

(4) 7~ ~~t:~1.2J1 ti-j~~ ~OiJl? ("€1JA1 ~ E}q)
Lf ti-j-"71- 2.]-J.,-j ~\3= ~Oi Jl.

(5) 7~ 01~ »-1-&-1-.:il ~01 1fll1~~OiJl? (01;._}-&-j-q )

q 1;]1, a}{j 01 ~ »-1£ 0 1 ;._~ <5}7]1 ~7-] ~Jl.

2 '-(0)2.~12:! ~O[~q· ~ .A.f*c5H.A.i qg CH~~ .gt~f;~AiiR.
(1) 7~ ~~ <2{1;~ *:A] ~~ ~~t:~1 Oi~ll1 <5j-:A]Jl? (<2{1;~ a1Jf-t:f)
q J8!U"o}Jl. 1-j-£ if~ ~o] .A~F-1;._-1 0.\'1; ~ Dl~~t:"j_ 7-.;o[OJ_Oi5l.
(2) 7~ 0] .g.~~ cf 0]oR~ Oi Jl? (~.g.<5j-q)
q o}yJl, ~ %ct;._-1

(3) 7~ ~~ »-] ~:§:}~§..~ 0}.Ai1Jl? (q;:: ~.:rz-<>117]1 %0i.!i!.cf)
q o}yJl, :A1£ %ct;._-1

(4) 7. ~~ lfr ~7~ o]; ~ cf Qjq-.Jl ~OiJl? (-H-:311<>11»-q)
q o}yJl, q * QJ%1;._-1

(5) 7~ l:IJ-~<>11 7-i1~£<>11 ~ ~~Jl? (r:f% l:IJ-~oJl 7}t:.j-)
q ~:A]Jl. ~~:A] ?J-0}£

Why did you come to Korea?

q ~R ~.:r-.5:. J.}~ ~ ~RW£ Bfl% ~ ~RoJl

~Oiii..

I came to Korea to make some Korean friends and also study
Korean.

7f _g_~ f11-T:J..s:_ ~ Bfl~.Jl 9JOiJl?

Are you learning taekwondo these days?

q l:Jl. .g%£ ~ ~ ~R~ {!~ ::c~.s:. Bfl% ~ "5f!J.i
Bfl~.Jl 9JOiii..

Yes. I'm learning it to get some exercise and also learn about
traditional Korean culture.

Ol .R.~:= !f. / ~:AI Ol.g2.J -§-~O i q ~-§- .2.-Ef.~ 5~~~ 51-e 2.l.!:e.~ 7f:AI.:il <U ~ ITH .A.~~Liq Ol .R.~~
~~ rrH::: 'N.!:e. -(o)2 ~ N.!:C. -( 0)2 ~·. 'N.!:e. -(0 )2 ~ N.!:e. -(0 )2 ~ oH.A.i'2.1 ~EH~ t'tl"O I .A.~~Liq.

This expression is used to indicate the speaker's intention to do at least two actions or behaviors. It is most

often used in t he forms N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l or N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.£)2 -f'l 5H.A.i.

v -(0)2 ~ -(0)2 ~ '2Iqq, .:C:::~5~q '21'2'" ~ .:fr.~W ~
~~ ~ ~ ~.!¥W ?4
--~ ---- ~q, ~.!¥5~q

N --- ··- - - - - -··
··-=----~--·-

• ~5:. ~ ~ ~ .:g..!f-5:. %[ ~ .:£J.i~l 7}-aj.Jl "5~..9...

I'm planning to go to the library to read some b ooks and also study.

• 7]~ ~~.:£ %[ ~ 11:~ 5:. %[ ~ ~%oJl n-oJ..s..

I went to Myeongdong both to relax and do some shopping.

These days, the number of restaurants where you can eat both breakfast and lunch has increased.

124 Korean Grammar i/1 Us·e · Intermediate

::>I IE~~ V-(0 )2 .f3 (oHAi)'£1 ~EH~ AI§~* ~~c-11 OlrrH~ .:I~~ ol-E 0:12-i 7f.AI£1.s:. g.~ 7f.AI
3~ -t:!§loHAi w~ rrH Al-§gj-Licf. .::J.~.AI'2.!" ~~ ,q~~ q:= £I.S:.7f ~q~ -3:!~ ;;;::~~*~~Lief.

' lis expression can also be used in the form V-(£)2 ~ (~H.Ai), but in this case it means that the speaker is
::~oosing only one of two or more intentions to do something. This expression allows the other person to infer
:nat the speaker has other intentions even though they are not explicitly stated.

: Ol g:g.g ~oh'= .Af'ENI ~~ '.!!ll 2.1.5~'2!~ ~~XI'2.! ~:::: .Af'EJ".g ~~ '.!!ll 2-I.S:. 2.10ii.S:. Cf.§ Qj.S:.7 f ~:; ~

*?~~ ~gLICf.

Here, the speaker has only stated one reason for exercising, but the hearer can infer that there are other
reasons besides just losing weight.

1 7f ~u j »-], £_~ o~ 2B~o jE ~ <5H.R? ~
q l.:j], § .§£ ~ ~ 7S~£ '%} ~ ~ •{ 53) 1

0~ 2B~OjE ~ i;~.Jl ~o]Jl . §§~ 'i!~ Cf to make some spending money
~gj~ ~tq to accumulate experience

i::! f'Ef~ !tiCf to enjoy a cool breeze

OfEI::! fO I.S.~ ofef %§-.s:. ~q 1 ~gJ.s:. ~q 1 OfEI::!fOI.§.~ ofef
.ag. ~~ol-E ®.s:. ttH.5f.Cf 1 AE2.il~ ~q 1~ ttH.5f.Cf
~ttH.5f.Cf l:lf~~ ~ICf I ~.z.t.s:. ~2.l ofef 1Xf-9- 7fef

~Oil Xf-9- 7fef

2 7f 0 ]Zf lf-JO:j].R?

q ~-AJ- ~ 61~_2_£_ l-1-§-i>H=- 71a:j].R.

Ol~.!f,JOICf ~~I 6J~2.£.. .AI§oi-E ~O I Cf
OI~OiCIOICf 7-l~ I ~.!i;!J~,fQ£.. .AI§oi-E ~OICf

Xi .A~g. ~o ICf

1 '-(o)2 ~ -(o)2 ~·~ A"*c5HAi qg tH~~ ~{:j5~AiiR.
(1) 7~ .::?~ »-l, l!ll~~oJl 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9..? (-=jL~S:. '5}q I ~-=r- ),~~ {!%.5:. A}q)
q 1.:]1, .:pg.£ ~ fi ?.J-lL f..~O.l f.."J%.!2. f..J: fi 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9... ~o] ~~..9..?

(2) 7~ ~77}::Z.] ~o-JAi ~ ~oj]Jl? (J:::~S:. Aj7]q I ~tl -=r-~s:. "5}q)

q 1.:]1, J:::~7} Cj Qj).i ~ o-J 7}Ci.Jl <5ll..9...

(3) 7~ ~1lQj J:::~ %~o-J..9..? (~~7].5:. l:lPfl-t:f I 78S::.s:. -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, ~7.] ~ l::l}~o-]..9...

(4) 7~ ~R ~A~]{!~ g ~.Jl ~o-]..9..? (~A~] ..:g-lf-5:. "5}q I ~Ro-J ..:g-lf-5:. -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, A~j ~_:g-o j 7Cj A~j ~o]2.}).i ~

~o-]..9.. .

(5) 7t ~~"5}7] ~ oj] ~ g fJ-o] oj-J.~.fi.? (Zl~-s:. ~q I ~.5:. ..!f-E-.~7-]] -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, woJ oj-J.~Jl.

(1) · 21£ 1 gll!'*lq
(2) ·
(3) . ;g~ 77Hq ... ... .... ... ..... ............. .... ..
(4) if§~ 0~q
(5) :
~7 ~ '2,!qq

(1) t-6'£ ntt 'i t-snJ-.t?l 'i '5Hf..i 71~% D~f.-1~2 i5Ji-lt:f.

(2) - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -

(3) -------------------------------------------------

(4) - -- - - - - -- -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - - - - -- -- -- -- - - -- - -
(5) - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -

126 Korean Grammar u1 'lt•·e · Intermediate

Jii>J= g ~ 01 t-i..!f- ~ JI-itr.t.
q g ~J~Oi1 ~ J2i>J=Oi1 7 t-"i ~ ut7 t <5] ?-8

~ ~ 1l~ ~ c>lOf:AL

I really want to eat some food from back home. During the next
vacation, I'll have to visit home and stuff myself with mom's
cooking.

7~ :3f\:!Oi1 ii!.~-8~ ~ c>l7i -"i ~-5 ~ Et0 1:&:A1Ji_?

Last year, you ran a traffic light and paid a big fine, right?

q l:J1. %<5].!J!-Ej ~ ii!.~-8~ ~ ~ :A1?-l0 l=:Al.fl.

Yeah. From this year I've got to obey traffic signals.

Ol R~::: ~51{::- .A.fEtOI :Af71:Af~:i!f Q{~~ 5f7-JLf 0-J't! ~ ~ W 3:!0 I2.f::: ~~~ ~ rrH. ~::: .:::J.2.-j~ £1:AI
~ LfEf~ rrH A~IDLiq. ~:Af ~:z.t~ 5f7-j Lf ~~~~ 51{::- ~~011~ A~5f!J:j OIITH ::: 5!.~ '-O f/0-JO ~:AI'Qf
~0 1 ~~£ .A.~g)"Liq. '-O f/0-JO ~.~.'£ ~Oj.A.i .A.~5f71~ g)-Li ef.

This expression is used whe n the speaker is making a pro mise to on ese lf, making a decis ion to do
something, or simply expressing such an intention. It is also used when thinking or speaking to oneself,

but in such cases the informal form -Of/ OJO tXI is used. This expression is also used in the shortened form
-Of/OJO t.fr..

-OUO-JOP~ I R

.:::UC-i 7fq 71-Ct:X:IR
9:jCf 9:j 0-JO ~:X:I.R
00
7f:X:I ~OI'Ot:X:IR
v

____________ _________ .....:.... ···---- ------- :________ 9:j :X:I 'MOfO~:X:IR

········--_;_______________________

7f o-J7.1] '{j ~'2f:= ~ ~ t:f-"] ~:= t:·l] .Aj~ 7.Ho] ~~o-J .

*Yesterday, I saw the movie "The Way Home" again, and it was really good.

q \:[ 0 }-315:. ~:=t:i] .:1.~/l] 7.H 0 l ~o-J? .:L~ '-1-5:. li!.]-<>]:7.1.

I haven't seen it yet, but is it really that interesting? If so, I'll have to see it, too.

7~ .:l~~~ 7-Pfl 7-]Z,l-i>j-q7R::- ~~"8-j-7] Oiaj% 7-jO~.

It'll be difficult to get a promotion if you keep coming in late like that.

q LJ1~.!f-Ej ~ ~ qj :§:j.A]-ol] 7-]z{-8"]-7-] ~]-<>}:7-]A.

Starting tomorrow, I won't be late to work under any circumstances.

7~ ).i]o]LJ-on ~ 7]-o~ ~?

Do we absolutely have to attend the seminar?

q -=z.~A, Jf-2.] .Jl!..er\3o] ~.H.~ <5]-.A]Ljll]- ~ 7]-<>}:7-]A.

Of course. Our professor is giving a presentation, so we have to go.

01 IE~ ~ ~= .A.f~O I Lf q:= .A.f~OI OJC.:! '§!~ ~ <SHO~ ~ere ?A!~ LfEf~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Lief. :!!~7~ ~EH
'2.! '-<U/~~O~AI'~ .A.~<S"~~ ~~ '§! ~ <SHO~ <51-ECil <S"~AI ~<Ug~ :r:!Eroi-E L ;gjOI CX}~Lief.

This expression is also used to indicate that the hearer or some other person should perform some act ion

or behavior. Moreover, when the past tense form -'1t/'X;!Oiot;q is used, the expression conveys a sense of

scolding or rebuking the other person for not doing something that should have already been done.
7f .R~ oJ7} ::<]4 o}n}.R. My teeth really hurt these days.

q ::1.'El. ~21 :7-J.:i!.}oj] 7}oj:::<J.R. Then you'd better go to the dentist promptly.

7f %OJ~ ~~ciJ ~ ~oJ <V_~ A1 ~~ 1!l_r;j y u-]21£ ~::<J~..ll 78~ ~.SJ;j].R.

I wasn't feeling well, and then I stayed up all night to get things done, so now I feel dizzy and am

l really tired.
q %OJ ~ ~.2..'B .!f-21"6}::<] ~Jl ?J~~oj:::<].R.
_ _ If you weren't feeling well to begin with, you should have rested instead of pushing yourself too hard.

1 7 ~ %<5~ ~ <5~oF3:Qq.JI "~ Zf~ ~ o ] <XJ.Ol.R?

q '%<5~ ~ ~ if.'f;l.2.£. l:lfl\:J-01~ ~ 7}0~A]'2}.JI l-~Zf~OlJi..

~~££ t1H'aO:l~~ 7fC.f

'at!H~aq

]!l2.ill:ll~ .!:2.-E .A.I~ ~o 1q

2 7~ ¥ £ \3°1 ~RoJl.2...A] l(! f-71- ~Lli ~ W 71oJl.R?
q Jf-£ \3 ° ] .2_.Aj::I:i] '8-<?1-6] :Ai] 7} ~tli ~ t>llO~AlJl.

¥2.'c!OI ~~12AI~ .!r7 f <zlLH~ 5fq %£.~ 2.~ 'C.!Cil '5~51 ~~~ ~q

LH~ 2.~0il :~;Fg~ ~..11.7 fq .2.-§- .A. I~.S:. ~x,t-E:Cil '8<2:!51?jq

.2.-§- .2.~0ii-E ?jq

128 Korean Grammar in 'Ike- · Intermediate

1 AHc5H7~ Al~£10lAi A~Et~OI q;;:c.~ ~01 ~~~ ~~Liq. Ojtt! q~cz.!AI [5!7I]OIIAi ~2.~Ai

~AiiR.

(1)

(2) t.R~ ~ Ll1 2.17,:! g ~ li~-5}2 1!~.

...2 ..:51n12~:=.. :51.. ------- - - -- -- -------- ------
e
'

(3)

:51..

' --------------------

(4) ..e.2..."51n1..~!:=. :51..

' - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - -

2 q ;; [.SDI]OIIAi <MW~ .H.~~ ~o~ ·-o~/OlO~AIR'~ A~f>HAi cH~~ ~~-o~AiiR.

_____................................. . ··················-·-············-····-········ ........ ················-----················-· .... ···-···-·-·-·········--·······--··----·--··--··---·)

Gfb ~77~AI c5H.s:!q ~Ol .s:!q 2~ ~ .s:!Oiq ~£5~q I

_________.!

(1) 7~ ~o] ~ ~ -3:! i{A] ?J,c:>_r:-j] .:::l~T ~ /1] ~A] ?jg 77]-.fL?

q .:::rt!lJs:. ;.]~~.Q.L-]77]- ~7W7-I <>« ~~f-1.2. .

(2) 7~ J.]-7-J-\:J 0] ~ :71] ~ 2 "5}J.]Y77]- -3J ~ ~5:. .2...-f- ~ :711 ~"5}-E -3:! :Q-0]-.fL.

q ~J.}if:to] ~A-j . .:::rt!lJo} o]-tJiJ.]-if:t~S:. u:]-c.]--5}A].fL.

q .!f- J.]-if:t 0]0}7] ~ .2...-f- ---------------· ~ J.}if:t 9£~ ~Jl 3?:ftd--5}Jtj_

<?]-~.fL.

(4) 7~ o]-~ J.]{}o] q !C1~.Q.L.j77]- ~~ 7<1]*"5H01=3!l.o-J.£L.

1

CD u]-~ i:1 (f) u]-A] alL} ~"Gj]

@ u]-~ -3:! ~~ t:i] @ u}A] aj.Jl c5H=-t;lJ

2

CD 7J~s:_ ~JI # £ ~7] q.j"6JJAi (f) 7J~ ~ i1"7] q.Ji>RAi § E ~ ~24JI

® 7J~~ i1"_2_24~ §Eo] ~.fl..i>RAi @ 7J~~ i1"_2_24~ §-E 0 l ~.£1..9£7!} 1;!}

3 7~ .£I.A.~ ~{.! qci LI .:::1.'<5' .:::1. .2:I .A.~OU qLI.Jl ~OiR?

q

CD ~A~ %~7!} ~:::"Gll ~if-~ %24?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7].£ ~oj.£1..
(f) ~A~ %7] 24~ ~ojj ~ \:}~ %24?-JAi .=:L'(f cfl-j7].£ ~~_a
@~A~ %7]24JI ~:::"Gll ~if-~ %C;j?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7].£ ~oj.£1..
@~A~ %7]Jl {i~ ~~o]] ~if-~ %C;j?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7].£ ~oj.£1..

4 7~ Ol ~:= .A.I?!Oll -'f:!!~£ ~~ ~OiR?
q ~%o~X I'2l. ------------------------------------------

CD -¥-~~ 9£ 'ill"Gll ~~ ~~yq

(f)-¥-~~~ E.~Jl::Zj- ~~ ~~yq

@ -¥-~~ ~ E.2.]C;j.JI ~~ ~~yq
@ -!f-~~ ~ <5]-Jl {ioj).i ~~ ~~yq

5 CD ::Zi ~oJ] ~).]- A]-~~2} ~~ ~ 9£7!]- i}A] cf.

(f) t:l-% ~-¥-E-1 .£1..7~ ~ l:lftq_j ~7/t 9£ Fj oj].£1...
@ %e:J ~ oj] e:j <5~ ~ ~7/]- ~-Et:i] ~017]-::: 711 oj lilJ·il.£1..?

@ 0 ]~ .5Ul~oJJ:::= ~7 ~2} ~0] -¥;-::z]~~ ,!il_t':j ~7/t ifYcf.

6 CD ~B- ).j-3f~ ~ ~ {f7lj-::Z] <5)J ,!il_o}:::z].£1...

(f) q_]AJ-~oj <il._2_1-j7l} "£ ~ uj-~::zj wo}o}:::zJ.

® %OJ <i} i='_2_~ -!f--2.]-o]-::z] WJI :J:lq.jo}:::z].£1...

·. @ LJi~ Aj-AJ-\3 ~ ~Lf ~ :::"GlJ t:J-~<5] A,pJ-~ <fJojo}:::z].£1...

130



7f ~RoJl"'i 7} ~ ll!-~ R ~ ~ 4-~t>H

9-"'l ~~.R?

Can you recommend any places in Korea worth visiting?

Aawq ~<?.f{}oJ ~rrfl .R? .AJif 7J-%0 12.f"'i B%0 1

o}~l:f% ~oj].R.

How about Mt. Seorak? Since it's autumn now, the fall foliage
should be really beautiful.

7f ~jo] od ».]7} '?.}~ g~ oj ~ ~~.R?

How's the food Wei Ming made?

q ~jo] 0d »-]7} .R~ ~ ~t>HJ-i .2.¥ '3!-~<Ji.Aj '?.}
=; -oJ ~'i:f1} ~ :AaW l2:J ~ ll!-~Oi.fl..

Wei Ming is a good cook, so all of it was good, but his Vietnamese
rice wraps are really worth trying.

Ol If.~:= Oi't! APE!"O iq A~O I .-:J.2.i~ ~§~ W n~ll~ 9}7-j q Oi't! ~sO l ~01'2'" ~~ 7 ~5::17~ 91:;~

qE~~ ITHAf§gj"Liq_ ..::::1.2./lAi 5!.~ q::: A~'E,I"OJI.7JI ?~~ rrH Al§gj"Liq_

This expression is used to indicate t hat somet hing is worth doing. Thus, it is mostly used to recommend
something to someone else.

-(0)2 ~~q ~ ~~q
9:j ~ ~~q

--- --- --····· ................... --- ········· ..

v !':. -(0)2 ~~~q 7~q ~ ~~~[.~
9:j ~ ~~~q
,.,_,.., [.L

...., I
... '"! .................... - ------······· ............. ······················ ......... ............... ------·-···· ··-... ...

.,· ol2./l 1 ~~ · -(0)2 ~w ~o1q i 7~q ~ ~W ~O le~
,.,._.,,cL
·':. :_ 9:j ~ ~w ~o1q
...., 1

• ~9»-]~ ~ ~ tfr~ A}'E[o] y ll}- ~~ ~o] ~~~.!JL~ .!i!.J-i]iL.

Yeongsu is trustworthy, so you can ask him to help you out with difficult tasks.

132 Korean Grammar ,/,, Ure- · Intermediate

• :J_ ~~ .JlA~W 'H-~ 7}:7.]7} ~_Q_y7J} <5"}:7.] r.f:: 711T~OiJl.

That job's not worth the effort, so you probably shouldn't do it.

~ 7 ~oj]/1] .JI<5J=oj] t:Jli>JlA-j ~7H~ tll-~ -3io] ~_Q_~ i>H ~Ai]Jl.

If there's anything about your hometown that is worth telling your friends, please do so.

: R~:: Ef.~ Df%011~~olE.::: ?-:!::: O~LI:A:I~ .:J.iE:!CH.£ f!lf'tt~ rrH ~::: Oi'C! ?-:!~ )..~"0~7 1011 0~~
-=:fl~ rrH;._~ID"LI Cl

-.... s expression is also used to indicate that while the speaker is not completely satisfied with something,
: s still worth doing or paying attention to.

• AJI~% AjlEjoJI 7}tB o}-3j ~Iii"~ ~Jl 7HJ.7-il~o] ~o] ~"§-Yt:f.

If you go to the recycling center, there are a lot of serviceable used appliances.

• oj :£ ~ 10\1 ~oJ]--8- *'r]t:-l] o}-3j£ ~% lil"~A-j ~ 1:1-];:l.o-j.R.

I bought these clothes 10 years ago, but I didn't throw them out because they're still worth wearing.

• t9~ ~oj] ~:: g6j'(lt:i] o}-3j~ Qj% ~~ -5! ~o}.R.

This food was made a few days ago, but it still seems edible.

Oi ~7l}.fL? ~
1[ 57 ) •
Lf ~-9- »-] ~ -"cJ{JcS-~ J-1 4:-~W ~~ l-}'€[o]oj].fL.
~~project
~AI7'1C{ to make (someone) participate

~~<5fi:f to be sincere

Olttl E£~£011 ~* .UI~ ~O:lAI7Iq ~* .UIE- {:j~<'iHAi ?~t;fq I AfWO lq
Olttl O:l~OII EH~££ ():j~~ 7fq EH~ ~~l7f o~q~Ai O:l~~ 7fq 1~o1q
c~ -9-~011 -§cHgAI.g££ .fr~~ 7fef -§cHgAI.gg ~-c!O I t'10fAi .fr~-ofq 1~o1q

2 7f AR.£ 7RJ8-~ ~~7} :A~ o] ~q~J-1.fL?

Lf 1.:]1, :AcJW ~ ~Ofl.fL. ~Jti ..!i!.A-j].fL.

AH£ 7H-*~ <i?:l~Pf J.:Ho I<L!q S!.q I ~ttl S!.q
J.:il-9-£7f O~'aq -=?-~tifef I ~ttl 7f S!.q
.:1 6D f.£.go1~ofef AI-§<5H S!.q I ~ttl AI-§<5HS!.q

1 '-(2.)2 '215~Cf~ ..q·~5HAi q~ CH.2:~ ~~5~AiiR.
(1) 7f Al q3~7} o-JIIJl..ll_? (~Jti ~.'cf)

(2) 7f o-J~.£. o:j~ ~ 7}Jtl. i= ~77}2_? (7} ~q)

q 78.2?-7} Q:)J-}¢i~ s=_;_] cfAl - - -- - - -

(3) 7f o] ~ ~ ~Jti <tj<>j ~77} <5H=--c-J] ojiiJl..ll_? (<tj<>j ~q)
q .Jli.~¢i~ O]Of7]7} EfO}Al - - -- -- -

(4) 7f 7'-1 .:£ ~ '&]] »-1 i>~1,) 2...£. o]A}'5}t:!;j.:ll t>H=--c-J] 7']-E" '5~1Jo] <>jiiJl..ll_? (1[q )
q '5~1,1 o}-?u-J Y 7} ~~t;TI;_1 _ _ _ _ _ _

(5) 7f ~ ~ ~\3 ~ &I:Jl~::t;Jl <>llt! g ~ ~ I:Jl ~-5]-Jtl. l ~77}2_? (~q)

q ~Jl7 ]1-} ~l:l ] 7} _ _ _ __ _

(6) 7f Ei]cj]A} 9t=J:: 7}\±~ ;_]-~~ ~ -'fltiTIA1 ~).~ ~ ~';&qJt!;_1 _g_? (.e?cJ ~ ~q)

q l.:il. Aaw ___ _ ___

(7) 7f o] ~~ f-.::r-oJl:Jll ~7] ~ f~77}2_? (~q)

q 9c:3 »-]7]- . ~'t! ~7-1 ~).ilit.

(8) 7f o}o] ~o ] ~~ ~~ ~:§:1-*-4'-~tiTI -?;_ilit. (~q)
q o] ~~ o}o] ~ o] .2.~ ~ 15H=- o]o]:7]2}A1 o}o] ~ o] - -- - - -

134 Korean Grammar '~' 'lise · Intermediate

J ~3. .UI7~ .:il~Oli.A.i ~.:r'-7~ .gcp~.A.i ~01 ~ '2.!~ ~ ~ ~~5H ~~~.:il gJ-LICL c~ [5!7I]Oli.A.i
~g,t:= 8-0i ~ ~o ~ '- (0)2 '2.!a~cr ~ .A.~5H.A.i cH£:~ .@!-~o-~AiiR.

······---··-·----,~--·-··-··-·-··························-·-·-··-·-····-··----··· ·-·---·-··-·--··--··-···--··- ····-·-··-· ··· ·· · · ·· ·- · ··-·- · ··-- ·-····· ···· ··

9:j 0j 5!q

~----·----·--------····---·-·--··--··-··-·-··-·-·--·-------··----·--·-·-·-·-··--··-···--··-·-·-·-·-·-··-··-····-······· ___________...................................... _)

7~ ~~ »-l, Jl<5j:oj]J,.-j ~-=jL7~ _2.~-ci] ;,.-j%oJJ;..-j -=jL?(j~ ~~ *o] Ol t:-17~ 'V_g77~.B..?

4 \:f~~~u}%o] OirrJ1.B..? 't.RQl ~~ ~ ~ 0 ] <V_Oi ;..-J (1)~'3"5-.t 0!'5H.2..

q '\±E}'~ OirrJ1.B..? 5l..:il <;U_s>_~ go] LfAl .Aj~ (2)
- - -- - - - -

7~ .=l~~.ft. .=L'EJli:~ ~ ~q oj] 7~Al '0~~% g77~.B..?

q <?_1;..}%-o] ~ rrJ1 .B..? "t.RQl ~~ ~212};,.-j (3)_ _ __ _ %~o] -gfo~.B...

q ~~~o] ~rr]1.B..? ~%o] -gf.:ll 3!-<V_Oi;..-J (4)- - - - - - - - -

g.=l~~.B... Al] ~-=jL7~ ~_s>_~J,.l O]OF7]'0~~ ~ ~O~'OH::-"Gl] ~7]oj] ~~ .AJ~~
01 q cxj].B..?

I have a fever and (resulting) headache because I caught a cold.

Please take some medicine, and then get some good rest for a few
days.

7~ Q{4f J.l{}o] ~:Ai]c.}.Jl <5}-jj_A].R?

When did you say the appointment was?

q % ~ if.R~ 2J-1~].R. %.R~ Q{4fo1Y77}

~A] W£~ <51-J-i].f.L.

Next Friday at 2 o'clock. It's an important appointment, so please
don't forget about it.

Ol Jt.~::: ~~ .A~EtOlllll Oi't! ~§~ ~~f>p-jq -E!~~ UH .At§~Liq. '-0~/0i S!AiiR'S!.q~ ~5 ~~lll.
'-{ 0 )J..il£.'!2q~ ~5 .l¥E~lll ~~ ~ <5~7-jq -E!~~ [H .At§~Liq.

This expression is used to instruct or suggest a course of action to someone. It is stronger than -oVOJ .!i!.Ail

B. and is used w hen a person wants to give advice or make a suggestion a bit more softly than what can be
expressed using the form -{.£)Ail.£?..

v •· ····· 7 ~.5:.~ f>~q
Q:I.S:.~ f>~q
• {!7J-<>j] ~ ~~1.-jllj- ~BH ~ -it.£~ "3-}J,i]Jl..
7 ~J:l ~.s:.~ f)~q
Please stop smoking because it's not good for your health. Q:I J:I ~.s:.~ f>~q

• ~'tj Lt] ~ 10;_]<>1] :§:JQ.j-3"}.5:.~ ~;_lq.

So let's have the meeting tomorrow at 10 o'clock.

• Ltl~.!f-E-j ~.:il<>j] :A]Zf-3"}:Al ~.£~ "3-l-J.ilA.

Starting tomorrow, please don't be late to school.

136 Korean Grammar uz ctlse ·Intermediate

1 01 .H.~:=: ~ ~~ o 1q ~~~Oil~ AI§~Liq. ~~P I rrH@Oll 01~~ WW rrH~~~Oil '-OUOiAf~

Al§o~.A I cri~ Li q.
This expression is only used in imperative and propositive sentences. Thus, it cannot be preceded by
-0f/ Oj.A:j to express a reason in the same sentence.

• 7]{l o] {l"8jj.J,.i <2.)'% T;!j£~ ~P·il£.. (x)
~ 7]{lo] {l~}Lj77} <2.)'% Qj£~ ~}).il£.. (o)

*2 Ol .H.~££ §~ rrH ·-s:.~ o~~~LICf2.~.:il CH'B'W cu:::cil OlrrH::: ~~Pil o~~q::: 2.I.AI ~ LfE~

~qq

When instructed to do something in this form, the hearer can answer using the similar form -.S:.& of~§
Lief, meaning that he or she will do the action being requested.

7f 7l~A~ ~ ~ .!i!}oF ~if~ 9 91..2..LJ77} '€11l~l -t'-lf-~}£~ ~r).il.fl...

You have to do well on your final exams to advance to the next grade, so please study hard.

Lf I.:Jl. '€)_{)~] -t'-lf-15}£~ ~})i~LJt:f.

Okay, I will study hard.

7f 1f-Oj ~ 7-}2 rf7} ~ojj ~g li1J:$_o-]Jl. ~ I!{IOICf to cut one's hand
Lf o:j~ % <?.} Q.}g E_J-j JJ.. ~JJ..~ AJ 7.-j ojj ~.:il~ tlf.SCI to apply ointment

~0 1~ :q.sCf7f W>!l ~ 1111~Cf ~7f -"'!::2.1Cf to have heartburn
!fll f 7~ M2.l.::il Of.!!.Cf
~~ medicine for an upset stomach
t:-o I 7f~.::il of.!!.Cf
\_ *AI£ frequently; often -

~ s_...q.::il CZ'l.::il~ {tx~011 ::q~ l:lf£Cf

!fl~~ EAI.::il-6.1A~ XiiAI.:C..fOil ofCf

<2J'O~ 4-AI£ i!:-011 ~q

2 7f ~cJl oJl %5:t ~ ~n ~0 11l ¥ 7}DJ %JR . ~i!iiOII ~2.1Cf to be bitten by a bug
~q to scratch
Lf ~Jl.~ E.~ tl]LJ77t l:I} 2 Jl. "if:Al ~.5:.~ '8'}-A~Jl.
~.6G- <51Cf to wear a cast

~2:11011 ~~f::.Cil WOI L:l.!? 7f~Cf CZ'l.::il~ E~ EiiLjlJf l:lf£.::il ?,Cf

(;7~ c5fCf7 f Cf~Ai WOI !p2.m q -f,J.6.~ '5f.::il LfAi ~ ~ §-V W£ MCf

~~I ():jE~O I 'rJOI ~q .2.-§ xl.si.~ 'E:!.::il LfAi ():j~ §-V ~£ c5fCf

*(1) 7f ~g .2...9...Jl1i ~ -c1] o-]~7-1] i>}l(! g77]-.R? (oRtg ~ t>~oj] :A1~i>}q)

Lf ~-B-~oJ2.f£ nH-c-t ~~~otl 7-i~t>r£~ t>r'-11.2..

(2) 7f ~~cle>ll :7.~ A1l%V·-l ~1'-WYct. (2[=--:7.}7-Joj] :7.~ All~ct)

Lf -cf%-¥.E1 ~'- 2-i!,..

(3) 7f !E 1J9~ i>RAl Aa~ u]~i>R. (~1Ji>}q)

Lf CS{.Q.£.~

q

(5) 7f oj-n}E ~%-oj] J.}~ ).}'if~ oj l;j.!f- ).jTICi%1Jl. (ojJ.~ i>}q)

q q;:: l:IJ~o] ~.9..1(! - - - - - - - -

2 ·-AI·~ts=.~ c5~cr~ Al-§-f>HAi q:; cH£:~ .lt!~c5~AiiR.
(1) 7f ~oj] ;go] ~ ~ Q}A-j ';it J.]{}oj] n:J-Ei>R.R. (';;!-;g g :.z.}q)

q l{").s~ 7-r7-l OJ:£~ t>r'-1L2..

(2) 7f :A1]7} ~W n:J1 2['--Q.ji>Ro~ "%[ ~o] ~~y77]-? ().}~~ %~ i>}-c.J·)

.._,Lf .:::z..o J.j'-7'-}oj,]_~

(3) 7f .!Jl-7-J\:l. !E ~o-JJ.1 ~1'-WYct. (~ct)

q 41~-¥-El ~ ~ Iil

(4) 7f .R ~ 7ffi 4fo] »-e;J.fl... (~q)

Lf ~~. ~~{} PJj7-]Lf ~ g~ g

(5) 7f ~t!Jl:7.-] .lf!-7-J\:J g li}Lfci 7Ji=.-c1] ~ ~ J.} 7}o~ ~77]-.R? (J.l- 7]-q)

g 9Lf _2_i>jp~- ~.Q.y77]- o]-.!f-~£

138 Korean Grammar ,;, 'la·e · Intermediate

This grammar point is so difficult to understand.

In that case, why not ask the teacher?

7f 5?. ~ 11-~ "G1l T:l:A}~ o1 WOil ~ ~~.B...

I bought some clothes, but I don't care for the design.

q .:J.~. q ~ *_Q_£. l:lPf-711-J- ~ ~ ~ "5}:Al .=z.~..a.?

In that case, why don't you exchange them for something else or
get your money back?

Jl .H.~~ q::: A~~Oll7il Oi~Jil 5!-E -3;!0 1~~q.:L!. T:lf?.W ITH )..j%~Liq. Ol .H.~~ '-£~ 5~q·52.q ~t]
:.i !f.CEj.:L!. Qf~ .R~~Liq.

nis expression is used to suggest that someone do something. It is a much weaker and softer expression

man -.s:.~ afC.f.

v .7 ~.XI .:J.c.H.R?

7f ~-1 g 7}::: ~o] 2f.Al ~~lj] 7}oF ~7-] ~ .!2..S~~Jl. ::[6f>~.XI.:J.2H.R?

It's my first time to go this way, so I don't really know which way to go.

Lf ~ ~ ~ .!2..§.~ "§J.A] ~ Ef7-] .:Z.ClJA?

If you don't know the way, then why not take a taxi?

7f %r:Jl~:§:}7} 7-Pfl Jl:AJo] t.f.B...

My cell phone frequently gives me trouble.

q 7-}Jfl Jl:AJo] t.fl?1 9-~'il -&-}7-] ~Jl .AR~.£ l:l}Jfl7-] .:z.elJA?

If it gives you a lot of problems, then why not just get a new one instead of getting it repaired?

7~ ~7 ~ 't}-l.{C\ ~%~] 7j-o): i>J--e'Gjj :7-l-71- q{-~Al ~4;- Aj:zl-771-:A] *~~~or.

I've got to go to Myeongdong to meet a friend , but I don't think I can get there on time due to the traffic.

q ~o ] .Q}Ai -"J..t[i ~ ~~ 1:-j] ~~ ~ ~7\ i>}:A] .:J.i!lj?

\The traflic's) probably clue to the snow, so w'ny n ot postpone your engagement?

a1 l iE~::: ~~~Oil o 1~ ~ ~~ rrH ~ ·-o ~/Oi.A.i'~ .A.~5~A' ?i.::il '--( 0 )Lim·~ .A.~~H...1q.

When stating a reason in the preceding clause, - (.£)LI7Jf is used, not -Of/ Oi.A.i.

• I:i %P·i 7ol'!I g ~ 7.] .:Ii!jj.R? ( X)

~ ci~t..J 77r7ol'!I g ~ 7-J.::Ii!Jl.R? (o)

2 :!!~7i IE~~ '-AI .:J.~OiR?'~ Oirt! ?.:!~ 51-E- Jt'!OI C:j q~~ C~I 2/1.::1~/ll 5~AI m£LL~ ~?.!2.1

<c!-E~771§~ .R~5~7iq ~B~ ~ ITH .A.~gj"Ljq,
The past tense form -:XI .:::J.~Oi£.7 is used to express one's disapproval or regret about the fact that

another person did not do something despite it having been the preferable course of action.

• oj-~cij ~..2..1(\J.i 7-114;:- ~% ~ 7-jojj.R? 'i!.fo] oj-IIl(\ ~ 9J .7.] .:I~<>j.R?

Did you keep working even though you were in pai n? If you were in that much pain, why didn't you get
some rest?

: Ol g~g '['JOI Of-gCil 211 *!XI '['J~Li:E ~Ef77jg of:; ~ LfEfL!l.:il '1!-EfLICf.

This sentence expresses the speaker's feeling of pity about why another person did not take a break
despite being in a lot of pain.

1 7f o:Jil. %91- W ~ J.Hjf-J?!J.-1 ~ ~ 5HJ.-1 L:J.!f- :rrl~i>H.R. ~.J?-OI Cf
to decorate a house
q .:=I.~ , ~7lfo12.}.£ % ~ :7-l .:=I.i!llJl? ~fjCf to be bland

O:j~ §-~ 'E:t~ AH.sf-'2'!.Ai. '§!~ 5H.Ai. L.:J.!?- rrl2-ofCf :g-Jz_f012.f.S:. §- *lc.f
~~ §- :lfl-[):jOt oi-l::Cil ~~~ .A.f2.i ~ .A.I?JO I ~q <cJEi~2£ ~~ "Ofc.f
~01 l.:J.!¥ ~7igCil ~501 ~q ?J:g-OI2.f.S:.-§- ~q

2 7f ~w 9l ~.2..a12 ~~r;n _2_~.5:.. 3:. ~<>i Bi~<>iJl.
q .:=I.21 l-] 77} ~ojjJ.-j % ~~ ~~~£"3"}:7-l .:I;l01Jl?

LH'§I 7f:XI..:il7f0t ~ -tjt5-~0 I q -w2.lc.f ~Oli.A.i §- '§!~ ~~fq
Oj:Ail ~01 ~ ~~E-Cil ~~Oll ~c-jLI C-j <[.!" ~f:Aic.f
-§- .A.-j~2.i.A.-j ~~ .A.fCf
~0 1 ~ ~Cf..:il ~f..:il 7f:XI ~q

140 Korean Grammar u1 CZ/.,·e ·Intermediate

(1) 7 ~ a:j<5]% 7\-l:lJ~ l-J-.:i!.1i,C:.EJ1 <>1r10i1J--1 !-J-~ 711 ~0\-Jl? (\tJ:1Hi!:-l-1:AJOi1 7J-q )
q »-1-711 TI}~ 7]-7117]-lf£.Q.L-j7lj-l{"Q{Ji-F--1"7-J011l~f-l .2~.2.?

(2) 7~ :A1 ~ l:l17J- ..2..~ \t0 1'B. ~:AJ-71 71~01 -5f-%t>RhJJl. (2 °1J:1 q3~ .!:2.-c})
q .::J.i:£:Jl:l17]- _2_~ \t0i1~ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ?

(3) 7~ .2.5\:R1i}Oi1 ~Oi]J,-j ~L-]7!]- il.!f-{:]{:]t>RJl. (..:g--%l_Oi17]-l--j --8-~ 012}£ -€ -oj-q)

q .::J.~ ?

(4) 7~ o1J:ti ~ Qj-6.) ~ 1f£o1 ~GjL-j §-§ 0 1.2-:Aj-c}Jl. (.!f-.2.\:l7Jj1 ~~~ ~c.jq)

q .::J.~ ?

(5) 7f ~ROi1-&:A1llt!01 ~~EJ1 o]-~£ ~R~ ~ {f *t>RJl. (~R~7 ~ -€!-Hl-c})

q .::J.~ ?

(1) 7 ~ o-j A11 ~ <il ~ .£~ q ~ c.J-BR l--jl:l-j 5j, ojJl. (~:A1 AR B-Oi1 71 ~-oj-q)
q 0 l-~711 q ~ 51oj Jl? ~f-1 7-tlt::!Oilli%-B~f-1 2 ~.01.2.?

(2) 7 ~ ~Q.]t£ uJ1l:lJ ~2.1 ..:g-717]- ~ ~j-l--j .::J.~~:A1 -&o1tl.!f- 0 \-nfJl. (~~ ~ -€ ~q)

q .::J.cj 'B. %Zl-Oi1 ?

(3) 7~ <iJ 3!"0 1 'ilf~ EJ1£ lf£0 1 ~ ~r.1 L-] 4;'-0 1~ ~0\-Jl. (±-51i} ~q)

q 0~1 .::L?., ?

(4) 7 f ~ o]-, 1:]1~ q~ uJ1 ..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 ~ ~ :;io1~~7]- £lJJl. (..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 -oj-q)

q -=z.n:J1 ?

___ _ _ _ _____ ?

CD "'J-%iiH~ 7]-~]7]- ~~Jl ® ).l-§-iiH~ u]-%oj ~~Jl
@ ).]-§-iiH~ 'o~oj ~~Jl @ "'J-%iiH~ "'l-78°1 ~~Jl

2 ® ~~ %"'lt:f
@% .£OJ=o]oj]Jl
CD ..2..?jo]-Jl
@ ~~ _2_).i]Jl

3 7~ O:j~ ~~ ~ ~ AH!f-l"i ~~ ~cl LI L.:j!F- IIIEoH.R

q .:IEi. .g0o12.~~ ~ ----------------------------

CD ~77]- iiH..Il ® ~:Aj .:Z.CJ1Jl?

@ ~ ~ 9l<ll~ Jl @ ~ C;j Jt! ;go]oj]Jl

4 7~ AH£ 7H*~ ~:2P ~ XHDI ~q~ AiR?

q

CD t;J], ?;a~~ ~iiH..Il ® o]-y..ll, ?;a~ li!.7-j !:Jl
@ t;J], :AHuJ~ ~;z.J s:_ -@-c}Jl @ oj-y..ll, ?;a~ :AH uJ <;rt~ ~ 9l<ll~Jl

5 CD 7]~o]1JiiH"'i ~-'f:loJl 7]-S:.~ ii"r"'il..ll.
® tg-oj ?J-o] Lf"'i ~~ ~ %- ~;z.J .:Z.CJ1Jl?

@ .AJ~-!7]- \:!- *oJl <{:!JI~ :A)-? l:lj- 2:Aj .:Z.CJ1Jl?

@ ~oj ?J-o] oj-~7] rr:jJ.g.ojj <{1-Q[~ 9"']£. ~oj] ~.5:.~ ii"J-"'i]Jl.

6 CD LJ1~-¥-EJ <{]- :A] z,l-ii"]-.5:.~ iil-"'i]Jl.
® ~:Ai] ?J-o ] oj-~~Jl? .:Z.lfJ ~ ;z.J .:z.~~Jl?
@ ~).}%ojj 7j-y77j- .::;z.~~~ ~~ *Oj Ef<ll~Jl.
@ oj *~ 10\1 ~oj] ~ -:£-~r:-j] <i:J;z.J ?£ ~ ~iiH..Il.

142



7. ~iiLoJ1 _2_2ll{}~oJ1 ~l.oJ1Jl!

-wo-Jq 7}-"-1 ~ ~ ~77}Jl?

It's certainly been a while since you came to school! Shall we go
somewhere to get a bite to eat?

q ~iiLoJ1 q~ 1Il1 Jf-Cl 7} .Al--? 7}1fl_ ~t:J-011
71· ~77}Jl?

How about going to the restaurant we used to frequent when we
were in school?

7• o1 ~o-J~~ o}z;:: _2_211!8 ~ :Q-o}Jl.

This English book seems really old.

You're right. This is a book I used to study when I was a high school
student.

Ol R~~ :i!~7~0il ~~~ 71{! ~<cl' 'r!~.§ ~~o 1q ~-E.!'~ :21-lfoHAi ~W rrH AI§~Liq. '5~XI'2! .::1. ~01 ~7~
Oil~ 'r!~£1<tioq ~AH77~XI~ XI~£1X I cr.;~ .3;1~ ~~Li q. ~A· %tOil AI§~Liq.

This expression is used when recollecting a behavior or habitual act that was repeated regularly over a
certain period of time. However, it must refer to something that happened repeatedly in the past but has not
continued until the present. It is used in front of nouns.

v

~---------------------------------------------~-------------------------

• ~{joj]1[1fl ;.}~ ,<: 7<] \:J: "f:-~oj] oj;.}'9J~Jl.

The person who used to live next door moved last weekend.

144 Korean Grammar;,,_ CZ/se- · Intermediate

• o] g Q{,<:. 7.~] 7} .:l!. ~~.ii!. trlJ 7.}? ~ lfl 7-J aj]Jl.

This is a song that I used to listen to a lot in high school.

• o}t!-]7.] 7fl]J--j c}l-]J-] lfl LJ1~.ii!.oj] 7.15=- t:fl-].:i!. 'Xl ~ Y cf.

I attend the same university that my father used to attend.

-; ~§-.A.IOll '- \::!'01~ ~EH.'= 22g ·~li~ LfEf~ ITH'.Q.j 02 '-W'It\::!'~ .:g.:::;.,WdiR

See Chapter 22 Expressing Completion, 02 -~/~'2! for information about the - I:! form attached to adjectives.

1 O I.H.~:: :LlmOil ~ A~~ ~A: I '2! A:l-5:: O~A I cri~ ~~ .H.~W rrH.AI§-0~715:. g)-LICl O I ITH~ '(Jlf7~0jl)
Oj2.i \:!', ';;:f~'. '7f-g', 'gJ~· ~ ~*~ LfE~LH~ .H.~:ilf gj-7Jll .AI§-~Lic.f.

This expression is also used to indicate something that was often done in the past but is not anymore.

In such cases, it is used together with expressions of repetition such as Oj2.i ttl. ;q.;:;s., 7f-El-. and ~~-
• 4L2..J7]- 7-}9- 7J-ltl 7]-llJi e>ll cj-J..l 7} _li!.jl -}ioJ.R.

I want to go to that cafe that we used to frequent.

: Ol-3-:!g :ilf7iOII.'= .::1. 7fiiiiOII ;q.;:;s. n-.xi'2J .Aiag .Af-'?- 7f.AI 'Ci.'=Cf.'= 2.JDI7f ~§Lief.

Here, the expression refers to the cafe that the speakers used to go to often but do not visit anymore.

2 OI.±E~:: :ilf7~0il .AI~:: ~A: I '2! Of~ MLfA:I cri:= ~~ .2.l ~f():j .H.~W rrH .AI§-of7I.S:. g)-Lief.

OIITH~ !I!~ 'A:I8~'. 'A:I8~'. 'Oi;J;:il'. 'O f77f'. 'A:i \:!Oil' ~ Jlf7~£1 ~ .AI~OILf [[H~ LfE~LH ~ ~2f gj-7Jll
.AI§-g)-LI Cf.

This expression is also used to indicate the recollection of something that was started in the past but has
not ended yet. In such cases, it is used together with a word indicating a specific time or day in the past,

such as ;J::I\::.1'§. ;J::I\::.1'-'?-. Qi;l;il. Of77f. and Aitt!OII.
• o}77}7<jl7} o]-J..l!fl i"j llj ~ 1:1-] Xl_o].R?

Did you throw away the coffee I was drinking earlier?

: Ol-3-:!g Of<5.j 7iiii~ q Df.A.I.AI 'Ci~Cf.'= QIDI~LICL

Here, the expression refers to the fact that the speaker had not finished drinking the coffee.

3 AH 3:!01 OfLI2.f A: I-57JfA:I .AI§-~ %.Jl£1£1 D I ~ LfE~~ ITH.S:. .AI§-g)-Lic.f.

This expression can also be used to indicate that something is not new but rather something that has
been used from a certain time in the past until the present.

• o 1~~ 7-11 ~7]-7]- 'fl!fl *~r:il 7-11°l-0 le>li7JI ~oJ .R.

These clothes are what my nephew used to wear, and (now) I've given them to my son.

• oj 7-}%7(1-i=- oj-1::1-] 7-17]- 'EfJ..l!fl 7-Jo:Jl.R. This car is what my father used to drive.

4 OI.±E~:: :ilf7~0il ~ \:!12! ~Oi8 ~ ~ . ~*£1A: I cri~ ~Oil ~ .AI§-ofA:I I'~~ Li c.f.

This expression is not used for things that have only occurred once and do not repeat.

This expression is also used to refer to a behavior or act that has often been repeated from a certain
point in the past.

• .2..~:s:. -'f-c.]7J- .:zJ-9- 7\-;=i 7J-~1oJP·l 1i'!''J!-.1r.f.

Let's meet at the cafe where we've often met.

: Ol3:!g :i?.f7WEi :AI-577f:AI 7jl4r .:J. 7'fllil011 :Af-9- 7f.:i2 '1!Cf.:::. QJD I ~LI Cf.

Here, the expression means that the speakers have been going to the cafe often from some time in the
past.

'-t:j':il~ :ilP~ .A.1;~:i1~ q EfLH::: '-(0 )L'::: q.g.:ilf ~::: ~f01 7 f ~t:;L1Cf.

The d ifferences between -\:! and -{.2.)L, which expresses the past tense, are summarized as follows.

-----·----

-t:! - (O)L

·-·· ·-- · ··········· :i?.l-7iQJ .A.~-§ ~AH OIOPI~LICf.
l
l.::a.§iA1 Indicates a past fact in the present.
OOO J
.............'j.

i' (1) :i!f7i011 ~li£l:AI 'r,tg ~~ LfEf~ [[H (1) :AI-§ ~xH .g~.££ -%!'-§ [[H:i?.l-7i011 ~li.§

l

.A.f§~LICf. 'l!J~ W%1' [[H .A.I§~LICf.

Expresses a past behavior that has Expresses a past behavior that has ended

not yet come to an end. when viewed from the perspective of the

present.

-+ ~ 0~ q 8 ~'XiC~ 3:!-§ QJDI -+ ~-§ Cf ~~q.:::. 3:!-§ QJD I~LICf.

~Lief. The speaker finished reading the b ook
yesterday.
The speaker has not yet finished
reading the book.

(2) :i?.l-7i 011~!&~££ ~ ~-§ :£1lfoH.A.i (2) 8~~ :i!f7i .A.~~ OIQP I~ ~ :£1-g£1 QJo l.:::.
gj_8LICf.
~~Li ef.
Expresses the recollection of Expresses only the simple past without any
something done repeatedly in the meaning of recollection.
past.

• 1!]~01~ ~s:-oJ1 1[ rrll 1£j ;=! -+ ~*OI~ O:j2.i ~ '2:l'Xi.:::.:AI.:::. 'M-'? gt.:ll 8~ol
g -6101oJ1Jl. '2:jg ~01 '1!Cf.:::..A.~~-§ 'MOt.:il 'XJ8LICf.

-+ ~~011 {! [[ij ~*OI~ O:j2.i -~ '2:j~cf While it is unknown whether the speaker
.:::. 3:!-§ QJDI ~LICf. ate ddeokbokki many times, we know
that the speaker has the experience of
The speaker ate ddeokbokki eating it (at least) once.
many times while living in Korea.

--~-'-·· -·--·----·---------------------------------------------·--·---·-·-·----·-·---·-

- - - - - - - - -~----- - -- -- - -- - - -- - - - -- -

146 Korean Grammar ul/ 'lls.e-· Intermediate

7~ .:.z)-%7-1- -"H.£ -ll"o-JSi.? ~I
q 0 1-YSi., 0 1-Hl .Al71- El--"1 ~ 7-j oj1..9...

;:!§~~ AH£ .A~q O ~l:l-iAI7~ E~AICf I 7-jCf
<cjLIJ ~ 'fJCf I 3?:0 ICf
~AH£A~q 2.HH~7~ ~q I 7-jCf

?!!~ AH£ .A~C~

*2 7~ O:j71 'V.~ --8.g. 59:o-J.£._?

q .A1* »-1 71- ~~ 71c;$,o-J..9..? ;;\1171- H-1~~1:11 ..9...

7~ 0 lrrt71- ~C;j.Jl ~~ Ell ...·· ·.

O:J71 'l.!Cf I ~g. ~ .!=i!Cf
O:J71 'l.!Cf I!@-~ .!=i!Cf
O:J71 'l.!Cf I~~ .!=i!Cf

(1) 7~ 01 Ai1 1lJ.cJ1 l:l1~ cc}u~ C£1 ~..9..? (;;\Hu1'V_rl1 ~q)
Lf l.:jl, f.IIDI0J.7il ~t:."j_ Ec}u}7} ;;\1\J?-0]1~t{ ti-]i)'j.71:':.fL.

(2) 7~ o}o1~El1 7-J\t~~ ?£o1 -"l- ~t{ ~Si.. ({1-=f- o}017r 71-.A1.Jl ~q)

Lf 0rt1oll..9... 7-J\t~~ ~~ ~011..9...

(3) 7~ 01¥l§:· 7-a ~ "*.A1..9..? (o-j ~ rrH ;z.rzr ~ ct-)

q 1=ll. :!fl-%010]1..9...

(1) 7 ~ 017'-1 Tii u}A=j£ Q1..9..? (:1.7,:! ;;\117} u}-"1ct I 7'-1 Tii 01ct)

q .:J..'i f.11lr nrf..!t:;t =rrnl'-fTir -"H£ e.t~ ~ E~rl1..9...

(2) 7~ o] -"1Zl-oll lft ~ E_;,i]Jl? (o}017r ~ q I lff01ct)

q l.:jl, ~~ \:[o}-"-1 ~.Jl 'V_o-] Jl.

Wei Ming, are you cleaning up again?

q ~».] 7} GJ-%1-"1 7-J!I_ ~ <€[~ .!f-1-]77} ~-A] 7} ?jo]

~ ~ .2_"Gl~J!.Jl.

When I opened the window because of the hot weather, (I witnessed
the fact that) a lot of dust came in (the room).

Did you happen to see Kylie?

q 1=]1, o}77} <2.-f~o] ~cf.TI-H"t>}Jl] t..j-7}"Gl~JIA.

Yes, I (personally) saw her leave in a hurry saying she had to meet
someone.

Ol R~:= ~I-E A~O I .Jlj-7~0U ~~ .!:2.7~ q ~7~q ~:= Uz_l 3:!~ .2.1Wo~Oj A:l-5 q::: A~EJ"Olllil ~'§"~ [H

A ~g,t- Liq_

This expression is used to express the speaker's recollection that he or she directly saw, heard, or felt some
prior event or action.

.3.C~ 2~11 R

A/V ~ [.~ 2~.:L!.R

2jA~Oi q 2.IA~C~ 2~.:L!.R
~~0 1q
£t~o Ic.~ 2~.:L!.R

-uo• t.RoJl;.i e:J ~ ~ "6Jl ~LJ 77~ t.RoJl ~ :Aj ~ 1?J~ ctJUl..

After traveling around Korea, (I directly saw that) Korea really has a lot of mountains.

tr• ~::z~J ~ 7 ~-.s-~Jl :Q-0 1 7 ~ ~~r:i] :§14- »-]7~ g_ '8 ~ :Aj~ ~t>}~crJIJl..

Yesterday, I played basketball with some friends, and (I witnessed the fact that) Heesu can really play well

• ~.li!. ~oJl ~-H.£ ;,~Zl 71~-if-Q.J 71~ '3!-0 1!!Jl ~?J--cictJIJl..

(From direct experience, I know that) the coffee at the new coffee shop in front of the school is really gooc

148 Korean Grammar ,;, U re · Intermediate

1 OJ .H.~:= ~f-E Af~OJ.S:!7~Lf ~::: 3;!01J cHoH Al-§f>PJ rrH~OIJ!i!~ 90P f 1cz.!~cz.! ~~OIJ::: AI§
f>f:A J crl~LJCf.

Because this expression refers to something the speaker directly saw or heard, the subject of the
sentence cannot be the speaker. That is, the sentence cannot be in the first person.

• t..f~ "5\1.2.1£. oJ~% 7} t;]2.}.RR. ( x )
- t..f~ 8-H.2.J.£ at~ ~ :n-o-JJi.. (o)

2 OJ .H.~::: ~f-E Af~OJ AH.§liJ'§tllJ .§! Af{IOIJ'2! Al-§"6f.:il OJDJ '§t.:ll ~::: Af{IOIJ ::: Al-§"6f:AJ~~
LJCf.

This expression is only used to state something the speaker learned for the first time, not something
already known .

• ;>.jJJl"fbl:..g- 7JoJ 'i'.,ft;]c}.RR. (x)
- AjJ Jl~.}g- 7JoJ '?,fo}Ji.. (o)
: OlD I ~.:Ll. ~2 .A.~OIE£. '-Ci2.f.:J:ill.'~ ,\.I§~* ~E-LICf.
The fact was previously known by the speaker, so -Ci2.f.:J:ill. cannot be used.

*3 Af~Qj f:t~OJLf 7Jg, Di-* ~EH ~ LfEf~ rrH::: 1cz.!~ 9~.5:. Ai§W ~~LJCf. 3cz.!~Qj ~~OIJ:::

'~§Af + Of/~"6fCf + -Ci2.f.:il£'£. .H.~oHO~ g[LJCf.

The first person subject can be used when expressing a person's mood, emotions, or feelings. When the

third person is used, the form A+Of/ Oi5fq must be used.

• l:IJ 7}- .2.1[! %.A~~ .!f.%-t}t;jc}.RR. (x)
- l:IJ7} .2.1[! (A-j~) .!f.%-t}t;]c}.RR. (o)

• ::1.. oJoJ:7] ~ ~Jl o-jo-]t.j 7} 4;:-AJ -t}.Aj-c-jc}.:ilJi.. (x)
- ::1.. oj oJ:7]~ ~.:il o-jo-Jt.j7} 4;:-AJ-"5\JiS\-.A]-c-jc}.:ilJi.. (o)

*4 OJ .H.~::: '-Ci~R)'Lf '-C-j2.f'2f ~ ~fOJ7f ~OJ Ai§W ~ 0 [):j <2{-l.!- C-j ~~"6f-E QjDJ7f ~~LJCf.

"6f:AJ'2! ~~WO JLf tt!WOIJ 2Ef. AI§~-*~::: '-Ci~R)'2f-E ~2.J '-Ci 2.f'::: tt!WOIJ'2! AI§~-*

~~LJCf.

While roughly equivalent in meaning to -Ci2(R) or -Ci2.f. this expression carries a slightly stronger
sense of emphasis. However, while -Ci2(R) can be used with both honorific speech and familiar speech
styles, - Ci2.f can only be used with familiar speech.

• 't:fA} ~7 ~ .A}.:rjq .!i!..t.j 77} 7}-g.~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~7jl:-j2.}J1.Ji..
= 't:fA} ~7 ~ .A}.:r1q .!i!_t.j7J} 7}-g.~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~7j nj~Ji..

= 't:f;{} ~ 7 ~ .A}.:r1q .!i!..t.j77J- 7}-g. ~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~ 7j t;j 2f.

5 i!P~ Oil ~li.§ <§:!Oil CH5H.A.i ::: ·-~/<i.tC12filR' ~ .A.f§~Liq,

To refer to things that completed in the past, -'ll/~C12.f.:i:l.£?. is used.

- - -------- -- - - - - ----

• ~~<">jj £.3)-i>}-y77}- ~oj .2.:ci2f.illl. • ~~<">jj S:..3)-i>}-y77}- ~oj ~t:i2f.illl.
It was snowing when I arrived in Japan. It had snowed when I arrived in Japan.

: ·~o l 2.C-f2.f.:i:l.£?.'-E ~01 2...:il '1!-E £~~ .2:1-WoH.A.i Waf-E ?.:!Oijl. ·~o l ~Ci.2.fjl£?_'-E ~0 1 OlD I ~jl.
~ '§l'.A.I ~~ {J"EH~ ~lfoH.A.i . ~ 01't:! ?.:!O I .gt$..!§1 ?.:!~ ~I{J"oH.A.i Wof-E ?.:!~Li ef.

The phrase ~01 .2.Ci2.f.:i:l.£?. refers to the recollection of seeing snow falling, while ~01 ~Ci2.f.:i:l.£?.

refers to the recollection of seeing that snow had already fallen, but had stopped at the time of
being observed by the speaker.

1 7f o-] 7-~] ~ '*<;:lo] o]~o].R? ~7<~1 ~I
q oJ-9- 7-Ru] ~J:r:i2}JI.R. "' '-'
first-birthday party
Oj:Ail ~ ~~
O-f:Ail 7f ~ ~~1±1~ Of~ :AHDI'1!Cf
0-f:Ail-l..f ~T- Of7 1~~~~ ~'M '.il:i! .A.fWOI 'i'ief
~~I.A.i ~-~~ 7f S!t.A.i ~7 15fef

2 7f uj-3 ».] ~o].R?
q l;j], Oj-77]- .£J-i :t}ojjJ-i '*-lf-i>j-"G12}JI.R,

£Ai-tK>II.A.i ~!f-5fef

~6~10li.A.i ~~ill- ~[;f[::.f

7-fiii§-Ofi.A.i ~T-2f OIOPiofCf

150 Korean Grammar iN 'lise · Intermediate

0 ~7 12.~ .UI7~ (}jAil ~CZ!<'> I ~~I .UI2.1 ~A~ ~7~ ¥-t~Liq. .:::12-l.::il£~ A~~ .UI.2.~ ~~I .UI2.1
~A~ ~-7-011 CH<5HA1 OI0~7 1<5~.::il ~~Liq. q~ .::IE! ~ .!i!.::il '-C~2.~.:il£!' ~ .A.~<5HA1 CH :2~

.gt~ <5~AiiR.

.:X:fO~ o}7}2} »-], o-]7-~1 ;:_ -&11»-1 \::}-7.} ~ 7 ~ ~q~J-.-jJl?

Of712.f l.:j], \::}-7.} ~-=jL7} o}? (1)qj_0J.f1[ ~glit::je{-2.2.. (l)J_'V_711;_~~q)

.:X:fO~ o-]~ L.j-2} l-.}~<{1 -3i {[o}Jl?

Of712.f %0-j .!1!.7-1 ~ ?,J-'V_-~ r:~1 (2)

.:X:fO~ (~~ l-.}~Cj -3i :Q-q)

Of7l2.f 71~ o-jrrJ1Jl? ~Jl?

.:X:fO~ o}yJl, 71~ ~if" (3) . (~q)
(uRJl 'V_q)
Of712.f "i>RJl?~0 A
O2l...2Q... <'>~q.Jl •
.:X:fO ~ '--'

Of712.f ~~ ~ ~r:J1Jl. .=z.ejJJ,-j .=I.tt}7.1 71% (4)

.:X:fO~ J. ;:_ o-] ~ 711 <iJ ~o-]Jl?

Of7l2.f "ii}C£}:-6!j \:}-1:lJoJ1~o-j~ ~jl:l}7.1 ~ (5) . (<iJJl 'V_q)

.:X:fO~ f- l-.}~o1 .!f-')i~ "ii}Jl 'V_~o-]Jl?

Of7l2.f ~7-j c.Joj1J,l (6) . (o10l=71<5}q)

.:X:fO~ f- l-.}~o1 ~ o-j%~Jl?

Of7l2.f l.:Jl, o}? ~ (7) . (o-]%c.Jq)

.=z.~~Jl. f- l-.}~o1 ~~"5}~ ~39, 0-j Jl.

7-1.5:. .=z.5&.Q_~ ~39.o-jJl.

~

•[ 66 )t

7~ {]o] ~0}!-~ t:i ovJ %Zi ~ ~ t:i]7} ~o-jl-~

JI!il01 oj]Jl.

I'm worried because my house is so small that there's no more
room to put anything else.

But it looked really big when I went there last time.

7 ~ _2_~ ~ J-}:7-J-\::] 7]il-o]% :@_?J:o}7-]1to-]Jl?

Is the (company) president feeling better today?

q o}yJl, 0}77} .!£l.Y7l} _2_~£ ~i§- JE:Ajoj

~ ~_2_l-] 1flcll..fL.

No, when I saw him earlier today, he still didn't look good.

OI.H~~ :21if~ qE~LH::: '-C-j-'£f I::IH-f30 iq it-&~ AiiAI5f7-jq tr.!CH, ~§~ qE~~ ITH Al§5f-E '-{0 )LCiiR'
7f ~gt.§ ~EH~ Li cf. [[f2.fAi :i!f71 ~Oll cH~ u~o 1q ~§. 01rt! it-&~ J;iiAI~ llH ~~ ifcHtgJ-2.1 ~:i!f tr.!CH£1
::: -3:! ~ ~~ rrHAl§gtLI c~.

This expression is the combined form of - Ci-, which indicates recollection, and -{.2.)L C11R. whic h indicates

background information and a contradictory or surprising situation. Accordingly, it is used when expressing
something contradictory to what the other person has just said or when expressing t he speaker's feelings of
surprise toward a past event or particular situation.

---------~--~-,

A/V j .3.£:!CiiB.

~ £:!CiiB.

2.IA~e! CiiB.

5 fAH 2{~ 01£:!CiiB.

"'10
- - - - - ' - -- - - - - - -- -- - - -·- - - - - - - - - ---- -·- ..·- - ·- ' - - - - - -·--·- - -- - -·-- -·--- - - -- ·- -·-

152 Korean Grammar '~' Us·e · Intermediate

7 ~ op~ ;,j~o] otzr *l~:A]Jl?

The exam (this time) was really easy, right?

q o}yA, :A-j~ :A]\:!- J-]~.!Jl..q ~ o-jifj ~t;JlA.

No, I actually found it harder than the last exam.

7~ o-jA~]o}3. J,1,]'6}Jl ~J-}'6}iJ_:A]Ji..?

You ate with Mark yesterday, right?

q l=Jl, o}3. J,/,]7} ~R g~ g otzr ~ ~ ~t:JlA.

Yes, Mark can (surprisingly} really eat Korean food.

7~ ;;<.}o]: J,/,]7} ~;..~o];;<,]Ji..?

Is Jaya a student?

q o}yA, ,<: <'>E-%J.ol~t:JlA. ~.lli. <if ,<:<'>Ee>il;,-1 ~'6}~c.}JlA.

No, (apparently} she works at a bank. (I observed that) she works at the bank in front of school.

1 Ol ±E~~ g.g %l.!"Oll M71~ '51-EC-ll OI[[H~ :CP12.I .g~~ Xii.A.I'5~7iLf :C,r71.2.~ ~CH£1~ .g%1-~

Xii.A.I~Liq.
This expression is also used mid-sentence, but in such cases it is used to indicate a past situation or the
fact that the present situation is contrary to what the case was in the past.

• ut3. J,l..]= ~~ J..t~ :Q-ot .!J.l..o]\}-c-j] ~~ ~t.f .!J.l..).-j]Jl.

Mark seemed like a good person, so you should meet him.

• :.J. *o] ;;z.toF J,l..]oj]J-j] <>1%21\::l!OJ] 2Jl ~ -:0:-<>J.R?

That outfit looked good on you, Jaya, so why didn't you buy it?

• <>]:7.-j]= 'i',fo] %1fl-c-j] _2_~ ~ II~<'>H.R.

Yesterday, it was really cold, but It is warm today.

2 i!tJiOll.gj-li.§ <§!Oil CH5H.A.i ~ '-91/exie!CiiR'~ .A.I-§~Liq,

When referring to things that ended in the past, -'X.t/'X;!\:'!Cil.£>. is used.
7~ ~i;Jl J,1.]7t ~ 7.]1..\J.Jl 'V_7.]Jl?

Is Eunhye faring well?

q t:j], '?il_ut {!oj] :§:jJ..~ %~\}-c-j]Jl.

Yes, I heard she recently changed jobs.

I

I

.2.1-g~ qE~LH~ '- C.i2fi1 R'.2.f '-t:!Cil£.'~ C.f%i!.f ~~ ~fO I 7f ~~Lief.

The differences between -Ci2.f.:i:!..R and -e!Cil£., both of which express recollection, are as follows.

~----~--~--- ------------------:---- ------------ --------------- ----------------------------------'7--·------------------·-----~------·

-C.i2.fjl£. - t:!CiJ£.

i!.f7i ~£1 .21-g .A.I§- 71-5 .A.I§- 71-5

Recollection of Can be used Can be used
a past event

*.A.I§-~ ~~- .A.I§- 71-5

i!.f7i£1 ~011 CH5HAi Cannot be used Can be used

.gcHtgOI ~ ?.;!i!.f 7f ~ ~:§:} ?.j'?J" 7.Ro] 'il:t"dft? 7f ~ ~:§:} ?.j'?J" 7.RoJ ~~ft?

ttJCH£1~ ~.z.tojq q o}y.fl.., 7.~~ 7.Ru]<V_Gj2.f.:ilil... (x) q o}L.J.fl... 7.l~ 7-RDJ'V.Jdr:iJ.fl... (o)
£!~~~W ITH
Expression of an *-+ '- Ci2.f.:i:!..R' {J"CH'2J"2.12.j{1:i!f ~CH£1e 2.1 -+ {l"CH\!J"2.1 2.1{1:i!f ~CH£1e 2.1{1~ ~~
opinion or thought {1~ ~~ UH!c J..l§-~ ~gLI Cf.
about a past event Cannot be used to express an ?;!~Cil Ol?;!g "- eJ'J!f ~~~ '--(.Q.)LCi l'
that is contrary to opinion contrary to that expressed
that expressed by by another person. ouO l 2.i~ ~{:10 1 'W I UHg~LI Cf.
another person.
Can be used to express an opinion
contrary to that expressed by
another person. This is possible
because of the combined meanings

of -el and --(.£)LCil.

---------------------- ----------~------------ - .-- • -------········--------~------~-----~------------

1 7f Ejj .:rl_S:. ~ l:lflJf--7 ] 7 } Oi'fl7-1Jl? ~
Lf 0 }YJl, l:lfl%] ~y77} .A~ Z{.!i!_q <fl "lfl"G]l.R. •[ 67}

EHT:!.S::.~ tJH.sf-717f Oi~Cf tlH~ .!:2.LI77f {!!Zj".!:2.Cf 'BCf
~Oi .!i!.Lillf {!!Zj".!i!.Cf 8" ~q
~ 5:17 f ~q 1,1Ail£ .!i!.Lillf ~t'.il tt l{!.££ ~ ITH.!i!.Cf Oli.!!!!AI \'~Cf

~ tJH.sf-7f Ofi.!!!!Cf

2 7f ~~ ojjl=lJ2f:-;,.* ~.Q_2.-i ~ -%!ojj t:}GJ %0iJl?

Lf J.:1l, 7-1 W.JIS:. oj]l=Jl -9-;,.* ~.Q.2.1 ..g. J,.}TfJ-~ 0] W"lfl"G]l.fL. ~J ()jltg~Af flu shot
or~ night view

~d Oli~-'?-A~ ~.£2.i ~~011 CfL12.Cf Ai og,t.:il.S:. Oll'2t-'?-A~ ~2.2.i .g AfW~O I \'~Cf
OiAil 'cf~.!OII ~2.f7 fCf 'cfHOIIAi g .A.i~ 0F?30I Of-'?- OI%'8Cf

yy AAI7f §1~ ~og,t ~ j;:ICf

154 Korean Grammar iN 'lise · Intermediate

.... /. ~--~

1 '-t:!C·UR'~ A~5HAi q~ CH~ -@!"~5~AiiR.

7.{1) ~;z.] 7} 2J1 o}~.£ ~oj] <?.!".2..;z.]? (~oJEloJl;,i ~.Jl <V_q)

q 0}77} ~oj] .2..q .!2.Lj77} ~OI'B!Ollf.--j ~jl OJ_"C-"j_1;(1.2..

{2) 7. OJ'7J ».]7} ~{Ji>J -{?-lf-i>}A]Ji.? (12J.j77}Aj -{?-lf-i>}q)

q loj], oJ ~WoJl.£

7.(3) Al7] ?}o} <V_~ ;,}~o] HcxJ]Ji.? (~~ ~oj] ;z.}o]: ».]2J ~o] .2..1:})

q ;z.l.£ ~ £2~oJJi..

7.(4) ~~ »-]7} ojq oj] I,t;z.]Ji.? (o}77} ~-=jLil}.Jl ~o] ~;AJoj] 7}1:})

q

7.(5) ojA~] {} ~~o] oJ~OlJi.? (~~7] 7} o}2f:- ~q)

q

7f ;z.]\:f 2f:-~oj] u}.3. ».] {joj] 1:f~%;z.JJi.? u}.3. ».] ~ ~ 7}77}%1Ji.?
q o}yi?.., J-~z[.!i:!.q {1)tli"C-"j.1;(1.2.. ;z.J t>}~.£ 1;,]{1-;Aj.£ ~~oJJi..

7. .:Z.ejJJi.? ;z.J t>}~oj] ).i 4jt:';j).-j ~ ~ ~7] ~ *1~01Ji.?

q o}L]Ji., ~-&~o ] ~Jt>R).i ~7]7} {2)_ _ _ _ _ __
7f .:z.'.W_~Ji.. ~ ~ 01rrJlJi.? JJR~t>}ft?
Lf loj], o}2f:- (3)_ _ _ _ __ __
7f D}.3. ».]~ \:J"%J-~i>}.Jl ~0~ ~;z_] Ji.? \:J"%J-~.£ D}.3. ».J j.1'€:J 7]7} 7L1Ji.?
q t;Jl, ;Aj~ (4)_ _ _ _ _ _ __
7. U}.3. ».]7} Ji.c.] ~ ~i>RJi.?
Lf t;J], 0}2f'-(5)_ __ _ _ _ _

\t%J-~i>}.Jl ~01~.Jl7] ~ ~ ~ oj 9-<li ~ r:i] -?]~ ~<V_t:-] 2}.JlJi..

1

Q) o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l 1(1_ 'fJ c;do-JiL
~ o1~,<:_ :A~l o}017} oJl~Oil oqt'll(l 'f:}~r11Jl
@ o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l Jti 'fJ G12.}~_g_
@ 01~,<:_ :A~l 0}01 7} oJl~oJl oqtl Jti 'f:} ,<:_ .2_0J01oJ1Jl

2

Q) 4j:J-J-~ ~5:_ .A~ 71G1 ~_9_ -, . !:1.0\-0l-t\.l,....@ ?=
@ 4j:J-J-~ ~s:_ ).~ ~ ;:_ -oR_g_ ~1-il} Ol r ).lJ21 2 .M.
-, 0 '--'-
2 -= 0 2

7~ ~~~iF Oll'b'"?.A.~ W~OlR?

q Lil, - - - - - - - - - - -- - -

Q) BJ-o1 o}n:: Gl~Jl ~ BJ-ol o}n:: ~ r11Jl
@ BJ-01 0}:IT G12.}~_g_ @ BJ-ol o}~~ -ci2.}~

7~ ;.::-j :; Q.J-~ 'CiO I ~ Ol~ ~ ~:::c-11 ~.A.I -rJ;.:: I O~LI?
q Oj'@ rrH LH 7~ - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -

Q) :A}? ~ ~ g Q_{ol ?lfo} ~ 7-}-? ~ _2_c.:j ~ g <?fol?lfo}
@ 7-}-? ~ c;d~7-1 £ .2_ ~ g <?fo l?lfo}
o _Q_oJ-ol :A}oL~rrJ~ ;AL1="1
c o}il} o o 1..:0 I
2. 2.
1...:1..e.

5 Q) 7-1\!-"rOil 7} .!i!_~ -%-'fdOil ~77}_g_?
~ o}7J} :A~17} o}1J_~ ~ TI1 ~ tlj 51 o-jil._?

@ Ljj~.ill. rrJ1 7-}-? 7}~ ~ L:JoJl r:fJ-1 7} .!i!_~ -iio-JiL.

@ !J'j-*01 ~ ~RoJ1 1t<Xk ~ rrJ1 7-}-? 12:J~ g~o]Oil iL.

6 Q) Al ~ o-j :A~l ~~71 ~ ~ 12:J G1 2.J-~.

~ J 0l°F71~ ~ ~ o-J n] Y ~l"'i 4j:-AJ-<5}-ci2.}~Jl .
® A~17} o-J :A~l 0}712.} »-1{J oJl 7}Y 7!} ~»-~ ~<'>J=Oil 7}G12.J-~.
@ {1 -2-J.1oJl -"R.£. ).~ Zl ~~ 7]·7119.1 %;;:Io1 3!J1 :@.?£G1 2.J-~_g_.

'56