ทฤษฎีไวยากรณ์

GRAMMATICAL THEORIES

Amara Prasithrathsint
Yupapan Hoonchamlong

Saranya Savetamalya

October 2011

ISBN 974-347-088-3

3 . . 2554 300

. 025141436

Published by A.S.P. Publishers, Bangkok

Tel. 025141436

10330

. 022183557, 022183563
http://www.cuprint.chula.ac.th/contact.php

i

()

. . 2546

2554

ii )

(

. . 2544

(concept)
.

2546

() iii

..

2535 .
.

iv

.

.

16

7
10 .

4

11 12 4
13 14 4

.

v

.

. .
.

2544

vi

1 -- " 1
1.1 " 1
1.2 3
1.2.1 "
" 3
1.2.2 "
" 4
1.2.3
6
1.3 " " 10
1.4 " " 15
1.5 " " 20
22
( 1) 25
2 25

2.1 25
2.1.1
28
2.1.2
30
2.1.3 32
33
2.2
2.2.1

2.2.2 vii
2.3
38
2.4
( 2) 42
43
3 45
3.1 47
3.1.1 47
3.1.2 48
3.1.3 53
3.1.4 54
3.1.5 56
3.1.6 57
3.2 60
3.2.1 64
3.2.2 65
3.2.3 69
3.2.4 70
3.3 72
3.3.1 73
3.3.2 74
3.3.3 75
3.3.4 76
3.4 79
( 3) 80
81

viii 83
83
4 84
4.1 85
4.2 85
4.2.1 86
4.2.2 87
4.2.3 88
4.2.4 90
4.3 91
4.4
4.4.1 91
4.4.2 93

4.5 93
4.5.1
98
4.5.2
99
4.5.3 101

4.5.4 102
4.6 103
106
4.6.1 107
4.6.2
4.6.3

4.6.4 ix
4.6.5
4.6.6 108
4.7 108
4.7.1 109
4.7.2 109
4.7.3 110
4.7.4 110
4.7.5 111
112
( 4) 112
5 113
117
5.1 117
5.2 117
117
5.2.1 121
5.2.2 122
5.2.3
5.2.4 123
125
5.3 128
5.3.1 138
5.3.2 152
153
5.4 155
( 5) 155

6
6.1
6.2

x

6.3 ( 157
6.3.1 163
6.3.2 163
6.3.3 166
6.3.4 167
6.3.5 173
175
6.4 180
6.4.1 180
6.4.2 ) 181
6.4.3 186
6.4.4 186
6.4.5 187

6.5 191
193
6.6 195
( 6) 197
197
7 198
7.1 199
7.1.1 200
7.1.2
7.1.3 201
7.1.4
202
7.1.5

7.2 : xi
7.2.1
7.2.2 209
7.2.3 216
219
7.3 227

7.3.1 1957 228
7.3.2 " 228
7.3.3 231
7.3.4 231
232
( 7) 232
8" 234

8.1

8.1.1 235
8.1.2 235
8.1.3 238
8.1.4 239
8.2 242

8.2.1 243
8.2.2 244
8.2.3 248
8.3 248
8.3.1 249
8.3.2 249
254

xii ( 8) 258
260
9 260
9.1 274
9.2
9.3 281
283
( 9) 285
1970:
10 285
10.1 :
286
10.2 289

10.2.1 299
10.2.2 306
306
10.3 312
10.3.1 314
10.3.2 328
10.3.3 332
334
10.4 334
( 10) 343
1968 346
11 1968 347
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.3.1

11.3.2 xiii
11.4
349
( 11) 1968 353
12 1970
354
12.1 356
12.2 1970 356
12.3 359
12.4 363
12.5 1970 371
387
( 12) 388
13 390
390
13.1 394
13.2
394
13.2.1 394
395
13.2.2 395
13.2.3
13.2.4 395
13.2.5 396
398
13.3 402
13.3.1 406
13.3.2 406
408
13.4
13.4.1
13.4.2

xiv 414
417
13.4.3 418
13.5
426
13.5.1 430
13.5.2 432
435
13.5.3
437
13.5.4 437
438
( 13) 439
14 : 441
443
14.1 14) 446
14.1.1 446
14.1.2 447
449
14.2 451
14.2.1 461
14.2.2 464
14.2.3 467
14.2.4
14.2.5 470
14.2.6
14.2.7

14.3
(

1

(Basic Concepts in the Grammatical System)

1.1 --

3

3

21

(Traditional Grammar)

(Structural

Grammar) (Case Grammar)

(Lexicase Grammar)

(Transformational Grammar)

"" (syntax)
(morphology)

(text) (paragraph)
(discourse analysis) (discourse)

3

(Halliday 1985: 287-314)

1.2 “ ”

“grammar”
2

“”

1.2.1 “ ”

"grammar”

grammar 1.1
1)
2)
3)

(Chomsky 1965)

41

Generative grammars as theories of linguistic
competence.... (p. 4)

A Grammar of a language purports to be a
description of the ideal speaker-hearer’s intrinsic
competence.... (p. 4)

Before entering directly into an investigation of the
syntactic component of a generative grammar.... (p. 18)

A grammar can be regarded as a theory of a
language.... (p. 24)

A linguistic theory must contain a definition of
“grammar” that is a specification of the class of potential
grammars. We may, correspondingly say that a linguistic
theory is descriptively adequate if it makes a descriptively
adequate grammar available for each natural language. (p.
24)

1.2.2 “ ”

(Palmer 1971: 11-13)
" " grammar

(1)

grammar

to write

“ 5
(2) ”

amare ‘love’
100
love 4 love, loves, loved loving

John saw Bill. Bill saw John. steel

sheet sheet steel

(3) It’s me. "" " "
" " "" bad grammar

(4)

61

1.2.3

(normative rules)

(descriptive) (prescriptive)

It’s me. It’s I.
owing to due to prepositions
each other
one another

preposition

preposition 7
the kind of pedantry up with which I will not put. 1 This is

What
did you bring that book I didn’t want to be read to out of up for?

preposition

2

(convention)

It’s me.

(Palmer 1971: 14)

1

preposition
This is the kind of pedantry that I will not put up with.

22

What did you bring up that book for? What did

you bring that book up for? I didn’t want you to read out of that book

to me. I didn’t want you to read to me out of that book.

embedded The book (that) I

didn’t want to be read to out of. 2

What did you bring that book I didn’t want to be read to out of up for?

81

" "

4
.

. I didn’t see nobody. I didn’t go
nowhere.

9
( + /)

.

They was there this morning. (They were there this morning.)

He ain’t coming. (He isn’t coming.)

Don’t talk to I. (Don’t talk to me.)

I seed him this morning. (I saw him this morning.)

10 1

.

& (Brown &

Miller 1980: 15) This book is different

from that book. 20

This book is different to that book. 10

This book is different than that book.

& 1980

1.3 " "

(system)

(structure)

(function)

(elements)

3
2

11 3 725 11
21 2 4 8 16
31 3 579 98
32 64
23 11 13

3

3

12 1

1.1
(parts of speech)

1.2
(Halliday 1985: 151)

(Functional

grammar)

13

middle: The glass broke.
clause active: The cat broke the glass.

effective
+Agent passive: The glass was broken

by the cat.

1.3

1.3

2 middle clause effective

clause Agent effective

active passive clause

(para-digmatic class paradigm)

paradigmatic class (determiners)
a, the, some paradigmatic class
man, boy, house

14 1

DETERMINER NOUN
a man
the boy
that cat
some house

determiners a, the,
that some 4

1

1 paradigm

amare ‘to love’

1st person singular am ‘I love’
2nd person plural am mus ‘we love’
3rd person singular am s ‘you love’
plural am tis ‘you (plural) love’
singular amat ‘he/she/it loves’

15

plural amant ‘they love’

1 paradigm
puella ‘girl’

61
paradigm

(Nominative) puella
(Genitive) puellae
puellae
(Dative) puellam
(Accusative) puell
(Ablative)

paradigmatic relationship paradigm
a, the, this, some

1.4 " "

(structure)

16 1 syntagmatic
relationship

(interdependency) (1) (2) (3)

(1) (
(2) (1) (2)
(3) the man

*man the

)

17
(3)

-) The red book (the-
-) le livre rouge (le-
N+Adj. Adj.+N

(Structural

Grammar)
(Traditional Grammar)

18 1

(Immediate Constituent Analysis IC Analysis)
2 6

(test frame)
(Fries

1952)

" "
blue ()
a blue tie blue

4
1 (Word Class 1)

The _____
______s
A _______

19

verbs, adjectives 2, 3, 4
words) adverbs

1, 2, 3, 4
A, B (function

The concert may be good.

Group Class Group Class Class
A 1 B2 3

The concert may be good.

2

(1) He has pants. (2) He enjoys dancing women.
He has panted. He enjoys dancing with women.

1 -s -ed pant
dancing 2 2 with

20 1

1.5 " "

(function)

(2520)

21

(Halliday 1985 1994) (Halliday 1994:
XIII)
(Functional Grammar) (formal)
3

2

3
( 7)

Halliday (1985:27)

adjective noun
tall tree

22 1

modifier head
tall tree

modifier head

3
-------------------------

( 1)

1.

2.

3.

4. “ ” ” “”

5.

6.

23
7.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) Bathing women are interesting.

Bathing women is interesting.
(10) The pretty girl is young.

The girl is pretty young.
(11) His problem is age.

His problem is aging.

24 1

(12) Those boys love challenge.
Those boys challenge love.

(13) His job is to ticket the merchandise.
His job is to merchandise the ticket.

(14) The photography class will film the exhibit.
The photography class will exhibit the film.

2

(Parts of Speech
and Grammatical Categories)

2.1 parts of speech
word classes
form classes
parts of speech word classes
form classes

2.1.1

( 5)
8

(noun)
(pronoun)

26 2

(verb)
(adjective)
(adverb)

(preposition)
(conjunction)
(interjection)

(2480: 70-112)

1

1

27

adjective
adverb 2

2

... ... ...

“ ...” “ ...” “

28 2
...” 3
,

2.1.2

(1 1.4 6)
123 AB

(Lexicase Grammar) (Starosta

1988, 2001)
8

V (verb)

29

N (noun)
Adj (adjective)
Det (determiner)
Adv (adverb)
P (prepostion postposition)
Cnjc (conjunction)
Sprt (sentence particle)

“( )

8

8 ” “...no language

(including Thai) may contain a word class which is not identical

with, or a subclass of, one of the ...eight classes..., though not

every language necessarily utilizes all eight classes.”

universal constraint “ ”

(Generative

Grammar)

(
13 14)

30 2
2.1.3

(Halliday 1994: 214)

nominals noun common
verbals proper
adjective pronoun
numeral
determiner lexical
auxiliary
verb finite
preposition

adverbials adverb linker
conjunction binder
continuative

2.1

31

(group) 3
(nominals, verbals
adverbials)
3 proper noun, common noun

pronoun

pronoun

preposition

pronoun

noun (Starosta 1988)

(Lexicase grammar) (

13 14 pronoun noun

(simplicity) preposition

verb Starosta

(derivational process)

white (adj.) whiten

(verb) (Halliday 1994: 212-213)

preposition verb

preposition

non-finite verb

near/adjoining (the house), without/ not wearing (a hat), about/

concerning (the trial) non-finite verb

preposition regarding, considering,

including

preposition

32 2

2.2

grammatical categories

33
2.2.1

()

2.2.1.1 (person)

23 1,

I, we / me, us 1
you 2
he, she, it, they/ him, her, them 3

inclusive we 1
1 exclusive
we

2.2.1.2 (gender)

(masculine gender) (feminine
(neuter gender)
gender)