ทฤษฎีไวยากรณ์

34 2

English Old
the la

(determiner) : le

the blackboard - le tableau (m)
the table - la table (f)
the moon - la lune (f)
the sun - le soleil (m)
the house - la maison (f)

article determiner le la
le la
definite article

(classifier)

35

2.2.1.3 (number)

(1) (=1) (= 1)
(2) (=1) (=2)

(= 2) (=2) (=3)
(3) (=1)
3)
(4) (=
(=1) (=2) few (=

) many (= )

1 boys
boy

36 2

""

2.2.1.4 (case)

(inflectional language)

(

11 12)

(Nominative case)

(Accusative case)

(Locative case)
(Ablative case)

37

(Genitive case)
(Dative case)

0 /-de/
/-i/

ev ‘house’
evi ‘house’
evde ‘at the house, in the house, etc.’

2.2.1.5 (definiteness)

a man the man

,, ,
"

38 2 "
""

2.2.1.6 (countability)
cup
2.2.2 sugar, rice, hair, water, gas
a, an

man, house, tree, flower,
a, an

1 23

2.2.2.1 (tense)

39

I play tennis every weekend.
I played tennis yesterday.

El se preoccupa mucho. ()
El se preoccupo mucho.

()
()

say, tell, report

40 2

I am going shopping this afternoon.
Anne said she was going

shopping this afternoon

2.2.2.2 (aspect)

present perfect
He has done it.

(continuous) are playing

The children are playing. (habitual)

gets My daughter gets up late every morning.

2.2.2.3 (mood)

41

(indicative)
(interrogative)
(negative)
(imperative)
(subjunctive)
(conditional)
(potential)
(narrative)
(reportative)

(modal

auxiliary) may, might, can, could, would

vivir 'to live' 2

(t ) vives (indicative) 'you live'
(t ) vivas (subjunctive) '(if) you lived'

42 2

(t ) vive (imperative) 'Live!'
(t ) vivieses (imperfect subjunctive)
'(if) you had lived'
(t ) vivir as
(conditional) 'you would live'

2.2.2.4 (voice)

(unmarked)

2.3
(overt and covert grammatical categories)

2 (covert categories)
(overt categories)

43
-ed

(determiner) (

2.4

)

44 2

“”
“”

(universals) (typology)

-----------------------

45

1. ( 2)
2
3
2. 2

3. 1
4.

5.

1)
2)

46 2

3)
4)
5)
6) This book presents select case studies that illustrate

the state-of-the-art of language management.
7) There will be a fascinating show about Thailand’s

growing health and beauty industry, covering spas,
hospitals, clinics, health tours, health food and
beverages, medical products and equipment, natural
health products, and herbal treatments.
8) The Bangkok Transit System, also known as the
Skytrain, opened on December 5, 1999 as the first
phase of a fully automated, elevated electric train
system linking key areas of the city center.

3

(Grammatical Units)

() (structural units)
(informational
(grammatical units)
3 1.4)

(functional units)
units)

3.1

(

48 3
3.1.1 (word)

“”

(Robins 1964: 193)
(Edward Sapir)
(unwritten languages)

“”

3
(semantic)

(phonological phonetic)
(grammatical) (Palmer 1971: 45-51, Brown &
Miller 1980: 162-165)

”“ 49

sang “
put up with ”

“” sing
“ singer
(one who sings)
“ + past tense”
3

heat reheat
”

heavy smoker

()

heavy smoke smoker

artificial florist

artificial “ ”

50 3 florist
florist

criminal lawyer (
)

the king of England’s hat (
)

1980: 162) (Brown & Miller
2

(word boundary)

uncivilized “”
un-er-civilized

(stress)

avion general

51
armario

ventana

( Palmer 1971 : 47)

ev ‘house’ evin ‘my house’ (e i )
)
goz ‘eye’ gozum ‘my eye’ (o u )
yol ‘way’ yolum ‘my way’ (o u
kiz ‘daughter’ kizim ‘my daughter’ )

(i

(juncture)
(Palmer 1971 : 47)

2
2

that stuff that’s tough
a nice cake an ice cake
keep sticking keeps ticking
grey day grade A

a tack attack

52 3 juncture
at all (
a tall)

(Bloomfield 1933) “minimal free form”
“”

the a an ( ) a ' ' ( ) je ' ' ( )

& Miller 1980: 164) (Brown
2
(internal
cohesion) (uninterruptibility)

1

53

2
()

” lexeme word
2 play “

lexeme lexeme played
PLAY

3.1.2 (morpheme) morpheme
Language
(Sapir 1921)
“ sing , sings , singer

”

54 3 2(
(Bloomfield 1933)
)
“
”

-s, re-, - -

dogs repeat
hens recur
cows return

4

dogs 1 2 dog
-s

3.1.3 (phrase)

in the house

“” 55

“”
(head)

, , , John,
Mary

(NP)

NP NP NP
John likes Mary
NP NP

NP

NP NP

(construction) (constituent)

56 3

3.1.4 (clause)

clause clause
1
(main clause) (sentence) (subordinate clause)
. .

[[ ] ]

.. . .

.

.

[ They called me [ before I had arrived home ] ]

.. ..

. They called me.

. Before I had arrived home.

.. 2

(mutually exclusive)

The hunters shoot The shooting of

57

the hunters
( the)

NP PP
P NP
Det N of Det N
the shooting
the hunters

1 (sentence)
1
1
1 11

3.1.5 (sentence)

(Matthew 1981: 26)

(sentence)
“

1 ”
2
2

Go away ! I’m busy.

58 3

1
“

” (Matthew 1981: 27)

I did

S sentence ( ) S
1 (clause) 1

1 Cl. (Clause)
S
SS
1

59

Yes, Friday
S

however, therefore, later (discourse
(anaphora)

analysis)

(mood) (aspect)

60 3

3.1.6 (construction)

construction) (construction)
construction)
construction) (constituent)

(noun phrase
(prepositional phrase

(relative clause
(passive construction)

(relativizer)
antecedent

antecedent

The house which you saw belongs to my father.
house antecedent which

house

61

()
()

( ) The teacher punished him.
( ) He was punished by the teacher.
()
()
( ) Dokter itu me-meriksa saja

''
( ) Saja di-periksa oleh dokter itu

''
( ) Oya wa kodomo o Nihon ni nokosita

''
( ) Kodomo wa oya ni Nihon ni nokosareta

''
( ) Le public a accueilli cet ovurage

''

62 3
( ) Cet ovurage a été accueilli par le public
''

(noun

phrase construction )

my house
my beautiful house
my beautiful house built by my father
my beautiful house near a river
my beautiful house near a river that flows from a mountain

5

(beautiful) (determiner) my
participial phrase (built by my father)
(near a river)
(which flows from a mountain)

63

(Starosta 1988: 107)
(construction)

(head)

(endocentric construction) (NP)

NP

that angry dog
[+Det] [+adj] [+N]

( +N NP
)

(obligatory) (constituent)
[+N] 1

(exocentric construction) 1
(PP)

64 3

PP
to NP
[+P] the hills

[+det] [+N]

( P NP
)

(verbal construction)

SS

NP S
the man
[+Det] [+N] came
[+V]
came

3.2 (functional units)

3.1

65

(Halliday 1970: 148)
3.2.1 (subject)

3 -s

3 (grammatical subject)
(logical subject)

(psychological subject)

66 3 The mouse was chased by the cat. The
mouse

( )(
)
(nominative case)
“”
(Starosta 1988) " "
nominative) (+NOM

(unmarked)

(actor)

The mouse was chased by the cat.

The mouse

67

the cat

(Halliday 1970) theme

& (Brown & Miller 1980: 330)
2

(syntactico-semantic)

(agent NP) NP

(thematic subject) G
3

L
T
( Brown & Miller 1980 330)

John (G, L, T) took the largest kitten.
The largest kitten (G, T) was taken by John.
The largest kitten (T), we (G, L) gave away.

Halliday (1970: 165)

68 3
The Borough Council (G, L, T) will restore this
gazebo next year.
Next year (T) this gazebo (G) will be restored by
the Borough Council (L).

“”

NP

“Subject”

nominative subject

(subjectless languages)
(topic languages)

69

( 3.3 topic)
3.2.2 (object)

3

1.
2.
3.

was killed. he He
(direct object) 2
2
(indirect object)

John gave Mary ( ) a book. ( )

( )( )

70 3 (complement)
3.2.3

(complement) (
)

(Generative Transformational

Grammar)
(complement clause)

(sentential complement)

He said that he was leaving soon.
My teacher was certain that I would pass the exam.

(subject complement)
That he is leaving soon is known by everyone.

71

(object complement)
We know that he is a good man.

He became a soldier.
I weigh 120 pounds.

& 2

1) (Brown & Miller 1980: 350)
2) 5
3)

72 3 to be

4)
5)

() 1)

The litmus paper is turning red. (
John is a chairman. ( 2)
Mary is in bed. ( 3)
Mary is in London. ( 3)
Mary has a little lamb. ( 4)
John is a fool. ( 5)
John is clever. ( 5)

3.2.4 (adjunct)

3

(Brown & Miller 1980: 353)
(optional)

73

He is walking his dog in the park.
He always drives carefully.
I turned off the T.V. before I went to bed.

3.3 (informational units)

“”

2

(theme-rheme) 2

(topic-comment) (given
new information) (end
focus) 1

74 3 (Theme-Rheme)
3.3.1 Theme

Rheme

Brown & Miller (1980:
357)

(1) Someone parked a large furniture van right
outside our front door last night.
(2) A large furniture van was parked right outside our
front door last night.
(3) Right outside our front door someone parked a
large furniture van last night.
(4) Last night someone parked a large furniture van
right outside our front door.

4

1 (unmarked
2 ,3
thematically) 4

thematization

(marked) 3 75
(unmarked) 2

4

(Halliday 1994: 37-38) "Theme"

(starting-point of the message)

(the ground

from which the clause is taking off)

wa Topic-

Comment Theme-Rheme
"Theme" "Topic"

"Given"
"Theme-Rheme"

3.3.2 (end-focus)

4 3.3.1

76 3 (unmarked) 1
4

(1) Someone parked a large furniture van last night
outside our front door.
(2) It was parked right outside our front door last
night, a large furniture van.
(3) Parked right outside our front door last night it
was, a large furniture van.
(4) A large furniture van, right outside our front door

last night , parked !

3.3.3 (Topic-Comment)

(Brown & Miller

1980: 376)
topic

1

(active construction) (passive construction)
100 4-5
(marker)

(marked)
(unmarked)

77

Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the most beautiful city in Scotland.

The most beautiful city in Scotland is Edinburgh.
The most beautiful city in Scotland

(Ekniyom 1981)
(1) (definiteness)
(2) (semantic role)

(3)

(4)
(agreement)

78 3 1
3 He plays.

(5)

“” “”

“” (comment)
“”

They have just got married.
Tom does have a flair for the original.

There has been a lot of bullying in the school this term.

79

3.2.1
(thematic subject)

3.3.4 ( Given and New
Information)
(Theme-Rheme)
(New) 2
299) (Given)

(Halliday 1994: 298-

you were to blame.

you

you were to blame.

80 3

2
2

I haven’t seen you for ages.

Are you coming back into circulation.

3.4

3

81

3.3

____________________________

( 3)

1.

2. (Subject)
(Theme) (Topic) (Given)

82 3 " (Patient)
3. (Halliday)
(Agent)
4. " (Initiator)

5.
(Actor)

6.

7.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8) 500
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)

4

(Morpheme and Word)

4.1 (morphology)

3.1.2
(morphology)

(accurate) (concise) (Francis 1958: 26)

“morphology” (Francis 1958: 30)
"
“morphemics” "

1

1 4 (phones)
(phonetics)
(1)
(phones)
(2) (phonemics)
(groups) (families)
(phoneme)