ทฤษฎีไวยากรณ์

434 13

(48) Jasmine rolled the rock down the hill.
AGT [+trns] PAT [+lctn] LOC
+Nom -Nom -Nom
actr

(49) Jimmy resembles a rabbit.
PAT [-trns] COR
+Nom -Nom
actr

(50) The wind blew strongly.
PAT [-trns]
+Nom
actr

(51) Water filled the tank.
AGT [+trns] PAT
+Nom
actr -Nom

_________________________

435

( 13)

1.
2.
3. (features)
4.
5.

3
6. (case relations)
7.
8. (case forms)
9. (macro role)
10.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6. The two friends chatted about the weather.
7. Terrorists bombed several police stations in Peking.
8. The trapper lured a monkey into a trap.
9. This music reminded me of my father.
10. The police tortured the fugitive by keeping them in a cage.

436 13

11. Anna has been cohabiting with Tommy.
12. Bill cherished the winning of an Olympic medal.
13. The girl impressed her boyfriend's family with her

loveliness.
14. He was extremely fortunate to escape injury.
15. Julie annoyed me that I did not have time to do more

study.

14

:

(Lexicase Grammar:
Rules and Syntactic Representation)

14.1 (Syntactic
Representation)

(Dependency

Grammar) (X-bar)

1 (bar)
(node)

(feature matrix)

438 14
(surface structure)

14.1.1 1
(?)
1)
2)
3)

4)

5)
()

: 439

6)
14.1.2

1)

2)

3)
(?)

I parked the car in the garage

440 14

parked

I +V car in garage

AGT +trns +N +P +N

Nom +fint the +Det +lctn the LOC

Actr ?[+AGT] [+Det] PAT [+Det] -Nom

?[+Nom] -Nom ?[+Det]

?[+actr] -_[+Det]

?[+PAT]

?[-Nom]

-_[+Nom]

-[-Nom]_

?[+P]

-[+P]_

N Noun PAT Patient trns transitive
V Verb LOC Locus fint finite
P Preposition Nom Nominative dfnt definite
Det Determiner actr actor lctn location
AGT Agent

parked parked
([+trns]) ([+V])

([+fint])

: 441

3 in
(?)
([AGT]) ([+Nom])

([actr])

([- [+Nom]) I

([+PAT]) ([-Nom])
car (-[-Nom ])

the garage ([+P])
([- [+P] ])

parked
3

14.2 (Lexical Rules)

442 14 (Lexical Rules)
(grammatical rules)

3

1)

(Redundancy Rules) (Subcategorization

Rules) (Inflectional Redundancy Rules)

(Morphological Rules)

2) (Derivation

Rules)

3) (Anaphoric Rules)

(Linking Rules) (Chaining Rules)

: 443

14.2.1 (Redundancy Rules RRs)
features) (semantic

(feature matrix)
(Starosta 1992: 7)

[ + prnn] ( [+N]
(prnn pronoun)

(pronoun

[+prnn]) ([-prnn])
baby (Noun [+N])

([-prnn])

444 14 [+N]

(Noun[+N]) baby
[-prnn]
he
[+prnn] baby
-prnn
he +N
+prnn
+N

[-prnn ( [-mass] (pronoun [-prnn])

[-prnn] ([-mass]) baby
[-mass]
baby

baby
-prnn
+N
-mass

: 445

[+N] (? ([+Det])
? ([+Adj])
? ([+V])
? ([+P])

(Noun [+N])

(determiner [+Det]) (adjective

[+Adj]) (Verb [+V]) (preposition [+P])

baby baby

baby
-prnn
+N
-mass
? ([+Det])
? ([+Adj])
? ([+v])
? ([+P])

446 14 (Subcategorization Rules
14.2.2 3,000

SRs)

(subclass)

2 common noun proper
noun

[+N] ( [+cmmn]

(cmmn common)

2 (definite noun)
(indefinite noun)

14.2.3 [+N] ( [+ dfnt]
(dfnt definite)

(Mophological Rules MRs)

: 447

(morphological marker)

baby
babies

[ Z] / -prnn
+plrl

([-prnn]) (])
(plural [+plrl])
Z
babies
baby [bebiyZ]
-prnn
baby +plrl
[bebiy]
-prnn
-plrl

14.2.4 (Inflectional Redundancy Rules
IRRs)

448 14

+ V [ > ? [+Nom] ]
+fint
(fint finite, Nom Nominative)

finite ( [+fint]

(Nominative [Nom] )
>

(1) She swam. *Swam she

(2) We love spagitti. *Love we spaghetti.

? ( [+Det] ) ? +Det
+dfnt +dfnt

( [+dfnt] )
( [ +Det] ,[ +dfnt] )

: 449

(3) The baby *a baby

14.2.5 (Derivation Rules DRs)

(4) this
(5)
(4) This is mine.
(5) This book is mine.

+ Det : + prnn
+ dmns + dmns

(dmns demonstrative)

:2

450 14

-ly beautifully
quickly
beautiful :
quick :

+Adj . +Adv
+qlty . +qlty
(qlty quality)

([+Adj], [+qlty])
([+Adv], [+qlty])
ly

ly

hard : *hardly
pretty : *prettily

truly : ly
only : ly

true
one

: 451
5

2
(?) 2

14.2.6 (Linking Rules LRs)

(Valence LR) 2
(Internal LR)

14.2.6.1 (Valence Linking Rule)

2

(modifier)

(attribute)

452 14

[ ? [ + WCi ] ] [ n [ + WCi ] / n ndex
+ WCi

WC word class
ndex index
i feature

(?) ([?[+WC ]])
(n) (n
[+WCi])
([n ndex], [+WC]) n
n ndex (?)
(n [ +WCi ]) i (WC)

/

[ ? [ + Det] [n [+ Det] ]/ n ndex
+ Det

(Determiner

[?[+Det]])
([n [ +Det] ])

: 453

([nndex], [+Det])
some fun

fun
2 ndex
[ ?[+Det] ]
some
1 ndex
+ Det

fun [ 2 ndex]
2 ([?[+Det]])

(?) some
(?) 1

some

fun
2 ndex
[ 1[+Det] ]
some
1 ndex
+ Det

454 14 2
(obligatory)
(optional)
construction) (endocentric

(exocentric construction)
2

verb
+V
? ([+N ] )

read some books eat chocolate
away stand up run
chocolate eat

( ? [+N] ) chocolate
chocolate 2 ndex
+N
eat
1 ndex
+V
2 [+N ]

: 455

2

(prepositional phrase)
(coordinate phrase)

with sincerity

with
+P
? [+N]

jasmine and rose 2 )
( cnjc
and
+ cnjc
? [+N]
? [+N]
conjunction

([? [+N] ])
sincerity

456 14 P

with sincerity
1 ndex 2 ndex
+P +N
2 [+N]

and
jasmine rose

and

jasmine 2 ndex rose
1 ndex + cnjc 3 ndex
+N 1 [+N] +N
3 [+N]
14.2.6.2
(Internal Linking Rules)

: 457

“Valence LRs have the effect of bringing the indices of
dependent words into the lexical matrix of the regent word. While
Internal LRs have the effect of assigning interpretations to external
dependents.” (Starosta 1992: 20)

n ( [ + WC ] ) [ n [ + Fi ] ]
? [ + Fi ]
(n
([+WC]), [?[+ Fi])

People encourage him.

458 14 him
4 ndex
encourage +N
PAT
people 3 ndex - Nom
2 ndex + V
+ N + trns
AGT + fint
+ Nom ? [+AGT]

? [+Nom]
? [+actr]
? [+PAT]
? [-Nom]

1.

(?[+Nom]) ([
+ actr] )
[n [+ actr] ]
? [+ actr] (?[-Nom] )
n [+ Nom] ([+PAT])
+ trns

2.

: 459

? [ + Nom] [ n [ + PAT] ]
+ trns
encourage
1 [+ actr]
2
people (+ PAT)
2
2
3
him

([+AGT]) 3
([+Nom])

? [ +Nom] [ n [+actr ]
n [+AGT]
+ trn

4
([ +actr ])

([ +AGT ] )

? [+actr ] [ n [+actr ]
n [+AGT]
+ trns

460 14

([+PAT]) 5
([- Nom])

? [+ Nom] [ n[-Nom] ]
n [+PAT]
+ trns

3 ([+ AGT])

encourage 1

( [1 [+Nom] ]) people

4 ([+actr]) encourage

1

([ 1 [+ AGT] ]) people

5 ([+PAT])

encourage 3

([ 3 [-Nom]) him

5 encourage

people
him

: 461

encourage

people 2 ndex him
1 ndex +V 3 ndex
+N + trns +N
AGT + fint PAT
Nom 1 [+AGT] -Nom
actr 1 [+Nom]
1 [+actr]
3 [+PAT]
3 [-Nom]

14.2.7 (Chaining Rules CRs)

2 John
(matrix clause)

(subordinate clause)
(?)

(infinitival complement)
wanted to swim.

462 14

wanted

John 2 ndex to swim
1 ndex + V 3 ndex 4 ndex
+N -trns + P +V
PAT + fint - trns
+Nom ? [+PAT] - fint
actr ? [+Nom] ? [+PAT]
? [actr] ? [+ Nom]
swim ? [+P] ? [actr]

to swim ([-fint])
([-trns])

([?[+Nom] ])

([?[+PAT] ])

( [?[+actr] ]) (Control Rule)

([+actr])
([+PAT])

? [+actr] [ m [+ actr] ] \ [ m [+PAT] ]
n ndex

: 463

(m[+actr]) (?[+actr])
(m [+PAT])
(
swim )

wanted

(?) ( ?[+Nom] )

( ? [+AGT]) (? [+actr])

(Linking

rules)

([+Nom]) wanted 1
John
([+actr])
([+PAT])
([+actr]) 1
([+Nom])

wanted John
swim

swim John 1

464 14

(?[+Nom]) (?[+actr])

swim 1

John

John wanted to swim.

wanted to swim
3 ndex 4 ndex
John 2 ndex +P +V
1 ndex + V
+ N -trns - trns
PAT + fint - fint
+Nom 1 [+PAT] 1 [+PAT]
actr 1 [+Nom] 1 [+ Nom]
1 [actr]
1 [actr]
3 [+P]

14.3

: 465

(internal structure)

(external distribution)

(feature) 2
(contextual feature)
(non-
contextual feature) (+,-)
(?)

3 1
(Redundancy Rules)
(Subcategorization Rules)
(Inflectional Redundancy Rules)
Rules) 2 (Morphological
(Derivation Rules)
(Chaining Rules)
(Linking Rules)

(grammatical relations)

(case) 3

(case relations) (case

form) (macro role)

466 14 - (X-bar syntax)

constraint 1 One-bar constraint
constraint Sister-head

Lexical leaf

<

? 1992
1992

__________________________

: 467

1. ( 14)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

2
7.

1.
2. 2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 1
8.

468 14

9.
10.
11. This room smells of cats.
12. Tom sprayed the wall with paint.
13. The post office is to the right of the bank.
14. Nobody expects to win Nintendo Game.
15. Something funny happened on the way to the

forum.
16. Sue dreamed about her mother.
17. The news that Tom heard was a fake.
18. The man whom we met this morning was my boss.
19. Timothy seemed to enjoy the concert last night.
20. I expected that we would get a new computer soon.
21. The prime-minister appointed him the Minister of

Education.
22. The English newspaper disclosed that the treaty had

been signed.
23. Subsequent events verified my suspicion on this

murder case.
24. His father opposed his desire to become an

astronaut.
25. The day lengthened as summer approached.
26. The rocket’s engine failed a few second after it

took off.
27. The sediment will settle in bottle after a few days.

: 469

28. He exhausted himself trying to recover the trapped
animal.

29. The police feared for the president’s safety in this
circumstances.

30. The lawyer commanded a high fee for his service.

8.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. The garden is swarming with bees.
7. The committee elected Henry chairman.
8. David is collecting worms for his fishing.
9. He walks in a manner that reminds me of his father.
10. The accusation that John was a murder angered him.
11. The twisted buildings were going to collapse soon.
12. The strawberry was brought to Chiangmai by

missionaries.
13. I wondered why Triceratops had three horns.
14. Harry persuaded Tommy to go fishing with him.
15. The senior need a hearing aid to help him understand

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